Allowing Absolute Divorce in the Philippines Topics: Family Law | By Atty. Fred | April 18, 2008 Divorce is a popular and controversial topic, except that it’s often discussed with hushed voices. Many are just waiting for the right opportunity op portunity to end their respective marriages, and the reasons are diverse — physical abuse (against the spouse and/or the children), sexual infidelity, irreconcilable differences and conflicting personalities, gross irresponsibility, loss (and transfer) of affection, among others. Unfortunately, these grounds are not enough to severe the marital bond through annulment. In lieu of divorce, married persons resort to annulment and according to the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), there is an alarming increase in the number of annulment cases in the Philippines. The number of annulment cases filed in courts, which never breached the 7,000-mark prior to 2006, rose to 7,138 (2006) and 7,753 (2007). Existing Philippine Laws regarding Divorce
Philippine laws do not provide for absolute divorce, but divorce was available in certain periods in Philippine history. Divorce was allowed under the Divorce Law of 1917 (Act No. 2710) and during the Japanese occupation, pursuant to Executive Order No. 141 (1943). As the law stands today, however, howe ver, a marriage between two Filipinos cannot be dissolved even by a divorce obtained abroad. In mixed marriages involving a Filipino and a foreigner (or former Filipinos), Article 26 of the Family Code allows the former to contract a subsequent marriage in case the divorce is validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry. It is not really accurate to say that there is absolutely no divorce in the Philippines. Under Presidential Decree No. 1083, also known as the “Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines,” divorce is allowed in certain instances, but this law applies only when both parties are Muslims, or wherein only the male party is a Muslim and the marriage is solemnized in accordance with Muslim law in any part of the Philippines. For the rest of Filipinos, therefore, divorce is not available. Efforts to Legalize Divorce in the Philippines
In 2005, party-list representative Liza Masa of Gabriela filed a divorce bill. According to Masa,, the annulment process has been expensive for most Filipinos and has not been Masa responsive to the needs of women, particularly those suffering from marital abuse.” In 2001, similar bills were filed in the Senate (Bill No. 782), introduced by Senator Rodolfo G. Biazon, and House of Representatives (Bill No. 878), introduced by Honorable Bellaflor J. Angara-Castillo. In 1999, Representative Manuel C. Ortega filed House Bill No. 6993, seeking for the legalization of divorce. The highlights of the explanatory note of House Bill No. 6993, in support for divorce, are:
Not all marriages succeed as a permanent union. An increasing number of married individuals find themselves subjected by their marriage partners to physical violence, grossly abusive conduct and other acts of or offenses that — rather than promote blissful, harmonious conjugal and family life — impair, debase or destroy the legitimate ends of the marriage relationship. The bill seeks to g ive spouses which are shacked by an irretrievably broken marriage the freedom to remarry and possibly succeed in attaining a stable and fulfilling family life. Divorce is not a novel legal right. The Family Code sanctions relative divorce (a mensa et thoro). Legal separation is a recognized remedy for victims of failed marriages. Our civil laws on marriage justify and allow the separation of married individuals but does not confer them the legal right or remedy to extricate themselves from the ordeal of a b roken marriage. Divorce is not exclusive to contemporary times. Before the Spanish colonial rule in the early 16th century, absolute divorce had been widely practiced among our ancestral tribes — the Tagbanwas of Palawan, the Gadang of Nueva Vizcaya, the Sagada and Igorot of the Cordilleras, the Manobo, Bila-an and Moslems of Visayas and Mindanao islands, to name a few. There were prior divorce laws. In 1917, Act 2710 allowed divorce on the grounds of adultery on the part of the wife and concubinage on the part of the husband. During the Japanese Occupation, a new law on absolute divorce, E.O. No. 141, was promulgated providing for ten grounds for divorce. These laws are no longer in effect.
Based on the increasing number of failed marriages which confines many of our citizens to a perpetual state of marital limbo, it has become morally and socially acceptable for many Filipinos to grant spouses of broken marriages the legal right to remarry. The present grounds for legal separation which are recognized in our society as justifiable bases for relative divorce should be re-enacted as lawful grounds for absolute divorce. In addition, it is recommended that “irreconcilable marital differences” be included in our present civil laws as a justifiable cause for absolute divorce because not all circumstances and situations that vitiate the institution of marriage could be specifically categorized and defined by our lawmakers. Spouses living in a state of irreparable marital conflict or discord should be given the opportunity to present their marital contrarieties before the courts and have such differences adjudged as substantial grounds to dissolve or sever the legal bond of marriage. In addition to these reasons, there are criticisms that the existing laws on annulment are anti-poor, as the high cost needed to pursue a case for annulment prevents the poor from securing one. This, however, is the very reason cited by those who oppose divorce — the high cost is intended to discourage the people from trifling with marriage. Allowing divorce would serious weaken the institution of marriage. Anyone could decide to get married without thinking twice because they can get out of the marriage easily with divorce. If the current increase of annulment cases is alarming, imagine how the allowance of divorce would greatly increase the figure. Other arguments against the
legalization of divorce are contained in the Position Paper of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) against these bills. The highlights are: 1. The proposal to legalize absolute divorce with the right to remarry violates relevant international instruments on human rights, particularly Article 16(3) of the United Nation Declaration of Human Rights. 2.The innocent spouse and the children in most cases may suffer economic difficulties. Aside from being abandoned by the guilty spouse, the innocent spouse and children, in most cases, will suffer untold economic difficulties. The divorced spouses wh o will remarry will have to maintain another family of their own. 3. The human rights of the innocent spouse is violated. The guilty spouse in the divorce case is allowed to abandon or neglect his obligation to provide company and care of the innocent spouse and the children, thus violating Article 68 of the Family Code which reads: “The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity and render mutual help and support.” 4. Irrespective of any religious beliefs, divorce of spouses with right to remarry constitutes a grave offense against a natural law. Divorce is unnatural and immoral as it causes disorder in the family and society. Because of its contagious effect in society, it becomes a plague on society. A divorce invites another divorce. The innocent spouse who has not contravened any law is unlawfully deserted. 5. Absolute divorce is destructive of the family as a social institution mandated under the Constitution. One of the basic policies of the State, as declared in the principles of the Philippine Constitution reads: “The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the young for civic inefficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the government.”(Article 11, Section 12) The relevant constitutional provisions will have to be amended before the divorce bills will be enacted into law. 6. Absolute divorce violates the concept of marriage, a permanent union of man and woman. The Family Code defines marriage as a permanent union of man and woman (Art. 1). The Civil Code also provides for the presumption of the solidarity of the family and the indissolubility of marriage bonds (Art. 220). Absolute divorce destroys the very concept of family as an inviolable social institution. The purpose of the proponents of the Senate and House Bills that it will give an opportunity for spouses to separate from an intolerable spouse and by entering into a new marriage is not altogether an assurance that the new marriage will be a happy and permanent one. The experience in countries where divorces are allowed and easily obtained, such as the United States, is that people divorces have ex perienced multiple
divorces and have remarried several times in their selfish desire to get rid of unwanted spouses by intentionally creating the cause of the divorce. There was little interest in our previous post calling for arguments regarding the allowance of divorce in the Philippines, although the informal poll reveals that 79% favors divorce. Maybe we’ll get more substantial arguments and ideas this time around. Let’s hear what you have to say.
Islamic Laws Regarding Divorce Islam allows divorce if circumstances warrant or necessitate it. Islam has permitted divorce reluctantly, neither liking nor recommending it. The Prophet of Islam has said: "Among lawful things, divorce is most disliked by Allah" (narrated in the book of tradition of Abu Daud). Islam has not made it necessary that the grounds of divorce should be publicized. It, however; does not mean that Islam views divorce lightly. In fact, publicity of grounds may not be of any positive consequence. The grounds may not be pronounced but genuine. On the other hand, the grounds may be stated and may in reality be false. Islam does not also want washing dirty linen of private affairs in public or in the court e xcept in exceptional circumstances. It is for this reason that court comes in as a last resort in the Islamic scheme of separation of husband and wife. The Quran states as regards grounds of divorce in very general terms: "And if you fear that the two (i.e husband and wife) may not be able to keep the limits ordered by Allah, there is no blame on either of them if she redeems herself (from the marriage tie) " (2 : 229). The general ground of divorce in the Quran, therefore, is hopeless failure of one or both parties to discharge their marital duties and to con sort with each other in kindness, peace and compassion. The jurists have developed some indices which may be accepted as grounds of divorce in case the divorce matter goes to the court. Long absence of husband without any information, long imprisonment, refusal to provide for wife, impotence etc. are some of the grounds on which wife can ask for divorce. Either party may take steps to divorce in case of chronicle disease, insanity, deceptive misrepresentation during marriage contract, desertion etc. A Muslim male is allowed three chances, that is to say, three pronouncements or acts o f divorce on three different occasions provided that each divorce is pronounced during the time when the wife is in the period of purity (that is not in her menstrual time). A husband may divorce his wife once and let the Iddat (the period of waiting after divorce)
pass. During the waiting period the two have the option of being reconciled. If however the waiting period passes without reconciliation, they stand fully divorced. If after the first divorce the husband is reconciled with his wife but the hostility and conflict begins all over again, he may divorce her a second time in the same manner as stated above. In this case also he can return to her during the Iddat (or waiting period). If however, after second reconciliation, he divorces the wife the third time, he can not take back the wife during the Iddat. She is totally prohibited for him. The lady, thereafter can marry any person she likes according to her choice. (Ref: The Lawful and the prohibited in Islam by Dr. Yusuf Al Qaradawi). The wife can divorce her husband if this condition is stipulated in the marriage contract. This kind of divorce is called ‘Delegated Divorce’ (Talaq Taffiz). Marriage can also be dissolved through mutual consent. This is called Khula in the technical language of Islamic law. Marriage can also be dissolved by judicial process through the court on complaint of the wife on the grounds explained before. One of the consequences of the divorce is the commencement of waiting period for the wife. This usually lasts three months. If there is a pregnancy, it lasts as long as pregnancy lasts. The waiting period is basically a term of probation during which reconciliation can be attempted. It is also required to establish whether the wife has conceived. It also allows time for planning the future. Maintenance of wife during the waiting period is on husband. The wife can not be expelled from her place of residence and he can not in any way harass her. These will constitute moral as well as criminal offence. In case of divorce, the young children remain in the custody of their divorced mother. However, the father has to provide the cost of maintenance of young children though they remain under the custody of mother. (Ref : The Family Structure in Islam by Dr. Hammudah Abdul Ati). Islamic law of divorce is based on practical considerations. The process of separation is basically a matter of husband and wife. However; when conflict arises, attempts should be made for reconciliation. It has not made judicial process obligatory in divorce for reasons explained earlier. The intervention of court has nowhere reduced the number of divorce. Judicial process in Islam is the last resort in so far as divorce is concerned. Islamic law on divorce if followed in true spirit will enhance the dignity of man and woman, reduce conflict and ensure justice.
Divorce Law Divorce, also known as “dissolution of marriage,” occurs when a marriage is legally terminated. Divorce law governs the sometimes complicated process of divorce, helping to determine how property and assets are divided as well as who will have custody of
children the couple may have. Couples going through a divorce may want to consider hiring a qualified divorce lawyer to help determine the most equitable decisions.
Types of Divorce There are two types of divorce: fault and no fault divorce. In the past, the spouse filing for divorce had to show evidence of wrongdoing on the part of his or her partner. Today most states no longer require it. There may still be divorce cases, however, when showing that one partner is at fault may be worthwhile. The following is a description of each type of divorce. Fault Divorce
In some cases, one partner can be shown to be at fault in a divorce. This is most common when abuse is an issue. One spouse may also be found at fault if it can be shown that he or she is guilty of adultery or abandonment. In addition, a fault divorce may be given if one partner is unable to engage in sexual intercourse or if he or she is in prison. In some cases, the divorcing spouse may want to file a fault divorce, because he or she may be awarded a greater share of the couple’s assets. Fault divorces also tend to be processed more quickly as there is no separation period like the one required for a no fault divorce. No-Fault Divorce
A no-fault divorce is much less complicated than a fault divorce. In a no fault divorce there is no need for evidence or proof of wrongdoing. Instead, any legally recognized reason for divorce is acceptable. Generally, “irreconcilable differences,” or the mere inability to get along, is considered a valid reason for no fault divorce. This means that the other spouse cannot prevent his or her partner from filing for divorce. By challenging the decision, he or she only lends merit to the fact that the couple does not see eye to eye. Couples seeking a divorce may want to consider consulting an experienced divorce attorney. http://www.lawyershop.com/news/practice-areas/family-law/divorce-law/
Absolute Divorce The most common form of divorce is legally termed absolute divorce. In this form of divorce, marriage is completely dissolved. Legal grounds for absolute divorce depend on individual state laws, but typically it can be granted on the basis of marital misconduct (at-fault) or because the couple simply cannot get along (no-fault). The distinction between at-fault divorce and no-fault divorce can have important consequences for the outcome of the legal proceedings.
At-Fault Divorce This type of divorce occurs when one spouse sues for divorce due to the transgressions of the other. Grounds for at-fault divorce include cruelty (inflicting needless physical or emotional pain), adultery, abandonment, lengthy imprisonment, and inability or unwillingness to consummate marriage. Not all states offer at-fault divorce. In those that do, the spouse that can prove fault may be awarded a greater portion of community property or larger alimony payments.
No-Fault Divorce This describes any divorce where the spouse filing for divorce is not required to prove misconduct on the part of the other partner. Suitable grounds for no-fault divorce include incompatibility and irreconcilable differences. All states offer no-fault divorce; however, some states require a separation period before divorce can be granted. No-fault divorces are still subject to legal battles over property distribution, child custody, child support, and alimony.
What is divorce? A divorce is defined as the dissolution of marriage. There are two types of divorce: limited and absolute. Limited divorce is also known as a separation. An absolute divorce occurs when the marriage is completely dissolved an d all marital rights and obligations are terminated. There are two types of absolute divorce: no-fault and fault.
What is a separation? A separation is defined as the termination of legal cohabitation. A separation is also known as a limited divorce.
What is an annulment? An annulment is defined as the legal declaration that a marriage was never valid. In this instance, the marriage is treated as though it never occurred.
What is child custody? Child custody refers to whom the children live with after a divorce.
What are the different types of child custody? There are four types of child custody: legal custody, physical custody, joint custody, and sole custody.
What is child support? Child support refers to the payments made by one spouse to another in order to pay for the upbringing of the children after a divorce.
Who pays child support? Child support can be paid by either spouse, depending on who is awarded physical custody of the children and who is financially able to pay support. Child support guidelines differ from state to state.
What is alimony? Alimony is defined as payment from one spouse to another that is awarded pending a divorce or after divorce proceedings. There are three types of alimony: permanent alimony, temporary alimony, and lump sum alimony.
Who pays alimony? Either spouse can pay alimony. If the wife is the homemaker and primary caretaker of the children, then the husband will be responsible for alimony payments. However, the reverse may also be true.
Annulment, legal separation and divorce By Connie Veneracion on Mar 19, 2005
A lot of Filipinos thought that with the passage of the Family Code of the of the Philippines with its unprecedented provisions on annulment of marriage, those who have been campaigning for the passage of a divorce law in Philippines would finally be silenced. Well, it did for about fifteen years. Until everyone–including the common tao – realized that there is a vast difference between annulment and divorce. Lately, the prodivorce sector has been actively campaigning once more. Annulment under the Family Code is no viable substitute for a real divorce law. While it is true that annulment and divorce both pertain to the dissolution of a valid marriage during the lifetime of both spouses, they are not exactly the same. There are two fundamental differences: 1) the legal grounds; and 2) the procedure. Let’s go back a little to get a clear perspective. Prior to the passage of the Family Code in 1987, under the provisions of the old Civil Code, there was no way to dissolve a marriage during the lifetime of both spouses. Although there were provisions on void and voidable marriages, these pertained to
marriages that lacked one or more requisites to make them legal. Hence, strictly speaking, these were not valid marriages within the legal sense. Under the o ld Civil Code, there was only legal separation which did not severe the marriage ties. Neither spouse could legally remarry. And legal separation was only available under two circumstances: 1) attempt by one spouse on the life of the other and 2) adultery on the part of the wife or concubinage on the part of the husband. It was under these circumstances that Filipinos secured divorce and , in many cases, remarried abroad. A clear conflict ensued. Generally, a marriage valid where celebrated is valid in the Philippines. So, if say, under the laws of the Dominican Republic, a divorcee can validly remarry, following the general rule, such marriage should be considered valid in the Philippines. But there is a hitch. Under Philippine laws, the capacity to marry of a Filipino citizen, irrespective of his physical location, is determined by Philippine laws. Hence, since Philippine laws do not recognize divorce, all divorces secured abroad are not valid in the Philippines. It follows that all second marriages contracted by Filipino citizens following divorces secured abroad were likewise invalid in the Philippines. I know what most of you are thinking at this point. But this and that person whom I know did that and he or she is back in the Philippines and the second marriage has been accepted. Well, social acceptance is not the same as being legally valid. How can the second marriage be attacked? In effect, the person would be committing adultery or concubinage because he/she would be co-habiting with the “second” spouse. Since adultery and concubinage are private crimes–meaning only the aggrieved spouse can file charges–if the aggrieved spouse opts to remain silent, then the other spouses’s second marriage becomes more easily acceptable. Anyway, all those problems were supposed to h ave been addressed by the Family Code with its more progressive provisions on the annulment of marriage. While retaining legal separation as an option, the Family Code introduced new grounds for annulment. Fraud took on a whole new significance. While fraud had been considered a ground for the annulment of marriage even under the old Civil Code, the Family Code encompasses more situations that are considered fraudulent. Under Article 46, these are: (1) Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party of a crime involving moral turpitude; (2) Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man other than her husband; (3) Concealment of sexually transmissible disease, regardless of its nature, existing at the time of the marriage; or (4) Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism or homosexuality or lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage.
Another significant concept that the Family Code introduced as a ground for annulment was the now much abused psychological incapacity to enter into marriage. When the Family Code was new, many believed that this ground could very well be the foundation of divorce. Since the law itself did not define what psychological incapacity meant, evolving jurisprudence would do that job. In short, depending on how courts decided, every new case that alleged acts of psychological incapacity could continuously widen the scope. For instance, A files for annulment alleging that her husband B is a mama’s boy–too immature to act independently–and thus psychologically incapacitated to have entered into marriage in the first place. If the circumstances surrounding the allegation– the very acts to show the extent of the immaturity–are sufficient to prove psychological incapacity and the court grants the annulment, then, it becomes a precedent of sorts. Later on, however, it became clear that despite the leeway allowed by the concept of psychological incapacity, there was a huge gaping hole in the law. Annulment is a very expensive legal procedure beyond the financial capacity of majority of the Filipinos. The laundrywoman living in the slums who is physically abused by the drunken jobless husband could not afford it. In addition to the expense, the process was a long and tedious one. Eventually, the divorce advocates started making noise again. As expected, the Catholic church is getting more imaginative in coming up with arguments against divorce. It is sad that most Filipinos cannot view marriage independently from its religious context. It is even more sad that most Filipinos do not consider themselves validly married unless married in church. Very sad indeed. So, will the passage of a divorce law patch the loopholes in the Family Code? It depends on what the law will allow as valid grounds for divorce and what the required procedure will be. It has happened before that a law is passed as some sort of pacifier. Congress can pass a “divorce” law which such narrow grounds and complex process that it will effectively negate the very purpose of a divorce. You know, just so it can be said that a divorce law has been passed. I doubt if that will satisfy the progressives and the divorce advocates.
