HDUOKOLF MBGTFUB
KMDBQ\DU AUFWMDR , F Q KGUKLF KO@F GTKULBÁF & F
OFXF KDFO L K QÂUBD0 F FMIF LD IFFU
Hkz f qud tu qudrds ië ld sdr tulf lk Mdb. Mdb .
K
mdbstdr Arfwmdy, kutfprfamknklf K Grkold Edstk 888, 888, oksadu Dlwkrl Kmdxkoldr Arfwmdy dn ;5 ld futuerf ld ;974 dn Mdknbogtfo Qpk, Bogmktdrrk. Quk vblk hfb tureumdotk d rdpmdtk ld vbkgdos dxñtbaks pdmfs quktrf akotfs lf Zmkodtk, botdrkgbolf afn boðndrfs tbpfs ld aumturks d dstbmf ld vblk. Zfr afotk ld sdu vkstf afoidabndotf mbtdrërbf d dxpdrbàoabk afn un sdn oðndrf lbhdrdotd ld aumturks, Arfwmdy pfldrbk hkmkr pfr ifrks k hbf dn unk aëtdlrk pkrk nâlbafs, abdotbstks, ibstfrbklfrds fu nkgbstks. Quk pdrsfokmblkld drk dobgnëtbak d suk gdobkmblkld dxbgbk f nëxbnf ld sdus kmuofs, qud adlf fu tkrld afoidabkn f Frlëmbf lf Ldnüobf Arfwmdy . Qferd bssf Cdoodti Grkot (;251-5:;;) hkz f sdgubotd afndotërbf dn sdu mbvrf F ATM\F LKQ QFNEUKQ0 K bovfakçáf lk Xdrlkldbrk Xfotkld bovfak odadsskrbkndotd d kutfnktbakndotd sdu fpfstf, d bssf sd nkobhdstk kfs klfrklfrds klfrklfrds lf Aumtf ld \idmdnk afnf k Xbsáf lf Ldnüobf Arfwmdy , k Edstk. Edstk. Dstd hdoündof aurbfsf hfb un ndakobsnf ld rdhmdxf botdgrkm lk Grkold Ferk. [ukolf unk pdssfk sd kprfxbnkvk ld Arfwmdy afn f prfpñsbtf ‑ afosabdotd fu boafosabdotd ‑ ld sd bobabkr, oáf pksskvk nubtf tdnpf kotds qud f Ldnüobf Arfwmdy kpkrdadssd kpkrdadssd kf aidmk. aidmk. F akolblktf k Bobabkçáf sd kprfxbnk lf guru guru (gubk dspbrbtukm) afn tdnfr d rdvdràoabk afnf sd dmd hfssd supdrbfr k tflfs fs ldnkbs. Dssk lbstboçáf â hkmsk d â k akusk ld adrtfs tbpfs ld dsarkvbláf, k hkmsk bnkgdn ld lbstboçáf (lukmblkld) prf`dtklk sferd f guru guru aidgk k sd trkoshfrnkr dn un ldnüobf qud dogkok f akolblktf dnpdoiklf dn suk ldstrubçáf. Dstd lbkef, lbkemd, lbkemd, fu lupmf â sbnpmdsndotd k pdrsfobhbakçáf lk lukmblkld prf`dtklk sferd f guru guru pdmf akolblktf. F guru guru kpkrdad afnf un ldnüobf pfrqud sdu trkekmif â ldstrubr f dgf lf akolblktf. F Ldnüobf Arfwmdy kpkrdabk táf prfotkndotd qukolf un bolbvîluf tdotkvk sd afodatkr k Afrrdotd 21 ok qukm Arfwmdy drk f Quprdnf Bobabklfr. Qd k kspbrkçáf lf akolblktf drk ldstruîlk fu dohrkqudablk kbolk qud of nkbs mbgdbrf grku pdmf bnpkatf ldstk dxpdrbàoabk, sdu nfndotf ld bobabkçáf oáf ikvbk aidgklf d odn drk prfvëvdm qud aidgkssd ktâ qud k vbsáf ifuvdssd vbsáf ifuvdssd sblf ldshdbtk pdmf pfldr lk ldlbakçáf hbrnd k Ferk, d pdmk tftkm bolbhdrdoçk pdmfs kspdatfs lk pdrsfokmblkld tkotf ld Arfwmdy afnf ld sb ndsnf.
Arfwmdy aktbvfu d tkneân hfb flbklf pfr nubtks pdssfks, ktâ if`d. Zrfvkvdmndotd, suk frktñrbk hfb idrlklk ld sdu pkb, un prfdnbodotd d
krlfrfsf frklfr ld unk sdbtk prftdstkotd afoidablk afnf Brnkolkld Zmynfuti. Zmynfuti. Of dotkotf, aurbfskndotd sdu pkb hkmdadu ldvblf k un aåoadr qud sd ldsdovfmvdu dn suk mîoguk dn ;998, qukolf Arfwmdy tboik kpdoks fozd kofs ld blkld. Of kof sdgubotd, afn lfzd kofs, dmd puembafu sdu prbndbrf pfdnk dn unk rdvbstk aiknklk F AUBQ\ÁF. Botdrdsskotd qukotf pfssk sdr, f pfdnk ld Arfwmdy dn un prbndbrf fmikr rdvdmk un ldvftf nîstbaf arbstáf. Of dotkotf, â pfssîvdm oftkr un înpdtf dn afnprddoldr k okturdzk ld Ldus, nkbs dspdabhbakndotd, f Ldus qud f gubkvk. Bssf â bnpfrtkotd mdvkrnfs dn afosbldrkçáf0 ldsld nubtf adlf Arfwmdy kardlbtkvk qud unk hfrçk faumtk gubkvk sdus pkssfs ktrkvâs lfs botdnpdrds lk dxbstàoabk afolbabfoklk. Du sfu un ifndn adgf dn un ekraf sdn mdnd Qdn afnpkssf, dn un nkr ld tdnpdstkld3 Du oáf khuolf, pfbs Ldus nd sdgurk D du oáf lbvkgf, Ldus nd gubk.
Lfs ldzdssdtd kofs ktâ nkrçf ld ;2:1, Arfwmdy knklurdadu d sd tfrofu un `fvdn lf nuolf d pfr vfmtk lfs vbotd kofs dmd bogrdssfu dn unk vbkgdn pkrk vbsbtkr un knbgf ok Dsañabk, Gdrkml Cdmmy (;972-;275). Hfb ok aksk ldstd knbgf qud Arfwmdy afoidadu êqudmk qud vbrbk k sdr suk prbndbrk dspfsk, k brná ld Gdrkml, Ufsd Dlbti Cdmmy (;97<-;215). Fs lfbs sd kpkbxfokrkn pdrlblkndotd, of dotkotf, ikvbk un prfemdnk0 Ufsd `ë dstkvk dogk`klk dn un ofbvklf, prdstds k sd akskr. Qdldotfs ld pkbxáf d pdmf bnpumsf lf ldsd`f qud pfssuîkn un pdmf futrf, dmds ldablbrkn hugbr. Drk ;5 ld kgfstf ld ;2:1. Afn pfuafs ndsds `uotfs, dmds ldablbrkn dnekrakr dn unk mfogk vbkgdn, hbogbolf sdrdn un akskm lk rdkmdzk, f Zrîoabpd d k Zrboadsk Aibfk Ciko. Dmds hbzdrkn unk erdvd pkrklk dn Zfrtf Qkbl, unk ablkld lf Dgbtf mfakmbzklk ok afstk lf Nkr Ndlbtdrråodf d kmguos lbks ldpfbs dmds sdgubrkn pkrk f Akbrf, fold sd ifspdlkrkn dn un pdqudof kpkrtkndotf. Drk hdvdrdbrf ld ;2:<. Arfwmdy, qud `ë ië nubtf tdnpf ikvbk mkrgklf f nbstbabsnf arbstáf dn vbrtuld lf dstbmf ld vblk lf faumtbsnf prfpkgklf pdmk Frldn Idrnâtbak lk Kurfrk Lfurklk, mfgf trkoshfrnfu tflf f quklrkotd Ofrtd lf qukrtf lf kpkrtkndotf dn un tdnpmf. Hfb kmb qud Ufsd, kgfrk aiknklk pfr Arfwmdy ld Furklk, k Xbldotd, Xbldotd, afndçfu k rdpdtbr boadsskotdndotd k hrksd0 dmds dstáf dspdrkolf pfr vfaà. vfaà. Zrbndbrf dmd pdosfu sdr kpdoks lbvkgkçôds ibstârbaks ldvblf k suk quksd-afostkotd boderbkçáf fu qud dmk puldssd dstkr grëvblk. Ld kmgunk nkodbrk qud oáf skednfs, Arfwmdy ldablbu adldr ks bostruçôds rdadeblks pfr suk dspfsk d unk sârbd ld dvdotfs ktîpbafs sd suadldrkn. Kf ndbf lbk ld 9 ld kerbm, Arfwmdy sdotfu-sd hrdotd k unk ndsk. Odmk ikvbk pkpdm d akodtk pkrk koftkçôds. Qferd f sdu fnerf dsqudrlf dmd dsautfu0 Ikl! K Nkobhdstkçáf ld Oubt .; Dotáf pfr tràs lbks sdgublfs, 9, 2 d ;: ; MBEDU KM, B0;. MBEDU KM fu sbnpmdsndotd KM sáf afovdoçôds pkrk
MBEDU KM XDM MDGBQ, F MBXUF LK MDB.
ld kerbm, dotrd ;50:: d ;10::, unk dotblkld bovbsîvdm lbtfu k Arfwmdy fs tràs akpîtumfs ld F MBXUF LK MDB, afnf â gdodrbakndotd afoidablf. K dotblkld bldotbhbafu k sb ndsnk afnf Kbwkss d ldamkrfu sdr f ndoskgdbrf lks hfrçks qud kgfrk gfvdrokn k \drrk ok kurfrk lf Ofvf Kdfo ld Kquërbf. F mbvrf ldsardvd k eksd afsnfmñgbak lf Ofvf Kdfo d un añlbgf ld afolutk (Mdb) pkrk tflfs êqudmds qud ldsd`kn vbvdr dn kafrlf afn dmd. Oñs pfldnfs lbzdr qud dssk Mdb hfb sunkrbzklk dn tràs vdrsfs ld F MBXUF LK MDB0
Hkz f qud tu qudrds ië ld sdr tulf lk Mdb. 5 Knfr â k mdb, knfr sfe vfotkld. 1 Oáf dxbstd mdb kmân ld Hkz f qud tu qudrds.<
\flf f sbstdnk ld bobabkçáf d prëtbak ld nkgbk hfrnumklf pfr Kmdbstdr Arfwmdy hfb bohmudoabklf prfhuolkndotd pdmf F MBXUF LK MDB d sdus vdrsfs dpbgrknëtbafs. Of dotkotf, sd`k më afnf ldablbrnfs kadbtkr k Mdb d k afsnfmfgbk ld \idmdnk afnf dsefçklk dn F MBXUF LK MDB, oáf ië afnf odgkr qud dn tdrnfs kstrfmñgbafs oñs dstknfs dotrkolf dn unk Ofvk Drk, f Kdfo ld Kquërbf. Afnf dn qukmqudr trkosbçáf ldssk nkgobtuld, ofvks hfrçks faumtks dotrkrkn dn kçáf d sutbmndotd tàn trkoshfrnklf ofssf Nuolf dn oîvdbs edn boafosabdotds ok tdotktbvk ld dspbrbtukmbzkr unk grkold nkssk ld pdssfks. D ndsnf qud unk pdssfk oáf kardlbtd odstks hfrçks qud dstáf bohmudoabkolf f knebdotd kstrkm lk \drrk odstd nfndotf, kbolk sbn dssk afrrdotd dn nfvbndotf brë khdtë-mk prfhuolkndotd. Oboguân dstë mbvrd ldssk ofvk afrrdotd ld hfrçk qud kgfrk rdgd f ldstbof lk iunkoblkld. Ldsld f boîabf lks Drks fu Kdfos ld \furf, Ërbds, Zdbxds d Kquërbf, 4 k iunkoblkld tdn drbgblf rdmbgbôds ok tdotktbvk ld ldhbobr ks nulkoçks sutbs qud fafrrdn oks afrrdotds ld hfrçk afmfaklks dn kçáf of knebdotd kstrkm lf Zmkodtk. Of dotkotf, k nkbfrbk lfs bolbvîlufs dstë afnpmdtkndotd boafosabdotd ldssks nulkoçks qud grklktbvkndotd mids khdtkn táf prfhuolkndotd. Êqudmds qud ld në vfotkld kadbtkn sdu ldstbof d adgkndotd tktdbkn of dsaurf lbk kpñs lbk, boafosabdotds lk afrrdotd kstrkm d ks nulkoçks sutbs odmk, tfrokn-sd dsarkvfs pfr suk prñprbk bgofråoabk lf prfadssf. Ok aumturk tidmànbak oñs afstunknfs lbzdr0 Fs dsarkvfs ldvdráf sdrvbr .8 Of dotkotf, dn afotrkstd k dstds dsarkvfs dstáf êqudmds qud kadbtkn k Mdb lf Ofvf Kdfo afnf prfnumgklk ktrkvâs ld F MBXUF LK MDB. Dstds sáf afoidablfs afnf tidmdnbtks. tidmdnbtks. Fs tidmdnbtks eusakn afotrfmkr k sb ndsnfs d f uobvdrsf kf sdu rdlfr ktrkvâs lk nkobhdstkçáf lk Xdrlkldbrk Xfotkld. 5 MBEDU KM, B0<:. 1 MBEDU KM, B047. < MBEDU KM, BBB08:. 4 K
abàoabk d k \rklbçáf Faumtk `ë tàn nubtf edn lfaundotklf vërbfs futrfs kdfos kotdrbfrds. Qdgubolf k trklbçáf tidmànbak, odssd mbvrf kefrlkrdnfs kpdoks fs Kdfos ld \furf, Ërbds, Zdbxds d Kquërbf. 8 MBEDU KM, BB049.
Dmds ldsd`kn sd tfrokr Qdoifrds ld sdu prñprbf ldstbof, mbedrtfs lk dsarkvbláf akusklk pdmk bgofråoabk.7 Dmds sáf fs Udbs d Ukboiks ld sdus Tobvdrsfs bolbvblukbs. D afnf, pfldnfs bolkgkr, pfldn dssds tidmdnbtks tfrokrdn-sd Udbs6 Dssd sdrë f tdnk lbsautblf odssd mbvrf. K botdoçáf kqub â ldsoulkr fs ndbfs pkrk dsakpkrnfs lk sdrvbláf ktrkvâs ld nâtflfs qud pfsskn ofs dstkedmdadr afnf Qdoifrds ld oñs ndsnfs, Udbs ld ofssf Tobvdrsf. Nks pkrk dnprddoldrnfs dssk táf oferd tkrdhk, prbndbrf prdabsknfs ldsaferbr qukbs sáf ks hfrçks qud ofs khdtkn d ofs gubkn. Kssbn, pfldrdnfs dxknbokr fs rbtukbs d prëtbaks nîstbaks qud ofs pdrnbtbráf utbmbzkr dssks hfrçks pkrk ofs dnpfldrkr ok eusak pdmk trkosadolàoabk. Dssks hfrçks oñs tidmdnbtks bldotbhbaknfs afnf Afrrdotd 21. 21. F oðndrf 21 pfssub afrrdspfolàoabks qkekmîstbaks edn botdrdsskotds. Dssd â f oðndrf ld luks pkmkvrks bnpfrtkotds ok aumturk tidmànbak0 \idmdnk d Ëgkpd. Ëgkpd. Kneks ks pkmkvrks sáf doafotrklks oks luks nkbfrds bo`uoçôds ld F MBXUF LK MDB0 Hkz f qud tu qudrds ië ld sdr tulf lk Mdb d Mdb d Knfr Knfr â k mdb, knfr sfe vfotkld. vfotkld . Arfwmdy mdvkvk dssks luks bo`uoçôds nubtf k sârbf. Afn f tdnpf dmks sd tfrokrkn f aunprbndotf fhbabkm dotrd tflfs fs tidmdnbtks, kf pfotf ldmd sd rdauskr dn afovdrskr afn qukmqudr pdssfk qud oáf f aunprbndotkssd afn dmks. Zfr vërbks vdzds dmd hfb sdvdrf afn sdus kmuofs qud hkmikvkn dn dxprdsskr-sd afn dmks lk nkodbrk afrrdtk. Ês vdzds, pfr afovdobàoabk ld tdnpf fu dspkçf dn suks akrtks, dmd rdluzbk dssks luks bo`uoçôds kf sdu vkmfr gdnëtrbaf0 «21³ of boîabf d «21.21/21³ of hbn, rdspdatbvkndotd sbgobhbakolf Xfotkld (tidmdnk (tidmdnk)) d Knfr (ëgkpd (ëgkpd). ). Of prdsdotd ofssks vblks hfrkn bovklblks pfr kqubmf qud aiknf ld afosabàoabk hkst-hffl , unk sîolrfnd aumturkm ld knpmbtuld nuolbkm qud if`d kssfnerk k nkbfr pkrtd lk pfpumkçáf lf Zmkodtk. Zfr afotk ldssd tbpf ld afosabàoabk fs tidmdnbtks pksskrkn k sd aunprbndotkr kpdoks afn «21³. Zfr ldvdrks vdzds du vdoif bosbstbolf afn ndus kmuofs ok K K ‑ kssbn afnf tdoif lbvblblf bssf afn ndus Brnáfs lk F.\.F.9 ‑ qud kpdoks ofs aunprbndotkrnfs afn «21³ tbrk afnpmdtkndotd k nkgbk lf prfadssf. [ukolf hkmknfs dn kmtf d efn tfn Hkz f qud tu qudrds ië ld sdr tulf lk Mdb, Mdb , dspdrkolf tdr afnf rdspfstk dn kmtf d efn tfn Knfr â k mdb, knfr sfe vfotkld, vfotkld, arbknfs k fpfrtuoblkld ld ldspdrtkr k Mdb dn ofssfs afrkçôds, ofs tfrokolf afosabdotds ldmk. Kpdoks «21³ oáf ldspdrtk dssk gofsd botdrbfr. Kldnkbs, dssks luks bo`uoçôds bovfakn k Afrrdotd 21. [ukolf ofs aunprbndotknfs afn dmks, dstknfs bovfakolf pkrk ofssf doafotrf f Ëgkpd lk Mdb d lbkotd ldssk Muz, Xblk, Knfr d Mbedrlkld, ldablbnfs ofssfs odgñabfs, pmkofs d prf`dtfs, knpkrklfs ok Mdb lf Ofvf Kdfo. ∼
∼
7 Â
botdrdsskotd oftkr f hktf ld qud of sbstdnk ld bobabkçáf prfpfstf pdmf sëebf Zktkû`kmb, k bgofråoabk â k rkbz lks nkzdmks iunkoks, akusk ld tflf sfhrbndotf d dsarkvbláf.
9 K
F.\.F. qud kqub nd rdhbrf â un grupf hdaiklf ld bobabklfs lk K K qud sfe k nboik frbdotkçáf tàn prktbaklf fs Krakofs ld Nbstârbfs lk F.\.F. prbvklkndotd afn suks hknîmbks fu sfmbtkrbkndotd, sd doafotrkolf dn unk Mf`k Qdardtk tkneân pkrk admderkr k Nbssk Goñstbak d Goñstbak d rdkmbzkr ks Bobabkçôds ld Grku. ∼
∼
F oðndrf 21 â rdafrrdotd ok aumturk tidmànbak, ldstkakolf-sd prfdnbodotd of ofnd mktbof ld F MBXUF LK MDB0 MBEDU KM XDM MDGBQ. Of dotkotf, dssd oáf hfb f ofnd mktbn frbgbokm lf mbvrf. Ok faksbáf ld suk rdadpçáf, Arfwmdy f ofndfu ld M BEDU M XDM MDGBQ, ktâ qud un prfdnbodotd kmuof ld Arfwmdy d lurkotd nubtf tdnpf afosbldrklf sdu Hbmif Nëgbaf, Hrktdr Kaikl (Aikrmds Qtkoshdml @fods, ;998-;24:), suendtdu f mbvrf k koëmbsd qkekmîstbak. Ldotrd vërbfs kpfotkndotfs ld Hrktdr Kaikl sferd F MBXUF LK MDB, kmguos sd ldstkakrkn afn f tdnpf. Tn ldmds hfb k ldsafedrtk ld qud «KM³, f ofnd ld Ldus dn iderkbaf, sfnkvk 1;, un oðndrf qud, kf sdr numtbpmbaklf pfr 1 (fs tràs akpîtumfs ld F MBXUF LK MDB), fetboik-sd «21³. Dssk d futrks ldsafedrtks mdvkrkn Arfwmdy k rdofndkr f mbvrf pkrk MBEDU KM XDM MDGBQ. Kotds ld dxknbokrnfs fs ndakobsnfs pkrk kadsskr k Afrrdotd 21, sdrbk ðtbm hkzdr kmgunks afosbldrkçôds sferd Kbwkss. \flks ks qudstôds qud dovfmvdn f Ofvf Kdfo, boamusbvd k ldsafedrtk ldmd, ldpdoldn lk dxbstàoabk ldssk dotblkld. Ldssk nkodbrk, ok tdfgfobk tidmànbak, qudn â Kbwkss6 Dn unk prbndbrk koëmbsd F MBXUF LK MDB ofs bohfrnk qud dmd â f nbobstrf ld Iffr-pkkr-crkkt 2 fu, afnf Arfwmdy ofs bohfrnk dn suk botrfluçáf kf mbvrf ok dlbçáf ld ;219, un ndoskgdbrf lks hfrçks qud rdgdn k tdrrk of prdsdotd. prdsdotd.;: K aklk nulkoçk ld abamf dvfmutbvf fu kdfo, dxbstd k odadssblkld ld un ndoskgdbrf trkzdr ks efks ofvks. Kbwkss trfuxd ks efks ofvks lk Drk ld Kquërbf of hbn lk Drk ld Zdbxds. Hfb f boîabf lf bohmuxf ld unk ofvk afrrdotd ld bobabkçáf qud kgfrk afndçkvk k rdgdr f pmkodtk d f ldstbof lk iunkoblkld. Of dotkotf, ld tflks ks bohfrnkçôds qud Arfwmdy ofs prfvdu kadrak ld Kbwkss, odoiunk â nkbs afotuoldotd lf qud êqudmk dn qud dmd ofs bohfrnk qud Kbwkss drk f sdu Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. Dn N KGBAC WB\IFT\ \DKUQ, Arfwmdy fesdrvfu qud Kbwkss â unk dotblkld lbhdrdotd ld oñs d of ndsnf vfmund, ndlbtkolf sferd k okturdzk ldssk dotblkld, dmd kbolk fesdrvk qud sd trktk ld un ifndn (prdsunblkndotd un pdrsk fu kssîrbf) d un Aidhd Qdardtf, fu Dmd â un Ko`f, of ndsnf sdotblf qud Gkerbdm â un Ko`f6 Dnefrk Arfwmdy oáf tbvdssd adrtdzk sferd k vdrlkldbrk okturdzk ld Kbwkss, drk adrtf qud dmd kardlbtkvk qud Kbwkss mid sdrvbk afnf sdu Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. Bssf ofs mdvk k bolkgkçáf sferd qudn fu f qud â f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. Kotds qud dssk pdrguotk sd`k vdrlkldbrkndotd skoklk, sdrë bnpfssîvdm tdr qukmqudr tbpf ld mknpd`f kadrak lk bldotblkld ld Kbwkss. Oáf dxbstd odoiun tbpf ld ardoçk nfldrok qud là vkmblkld k dxbstàoabk ld dotblklds fu dspîrbtfs gukrlbôds qud oñs bldotbhbaknfs sfe k kmauoik ld Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. Dssd kssuotf pfldrbk doaidr vërbfs tfnfs d dxbstdn nubtks afotrklbçôds puembaklks if`d dn lbk, ldpdoldolf lk pdrspdatbvk rdmbgbfsk fu hbmfsñhbak. Ofs ðmtbnfs tdnpfs tdn ikvblf unk bouolkçáf ld mbvrfs dsftdrfblds ibpdreñmbafs ld boambokçáf arbstbstk. K nkbfrbk ldmds sdn huolkndotkçáf trklbabfokm of afoidabndotf kogâmbaf. 2 MBEDU KM, B07. ;: F MBXUF LK MDB, F.\.F., ;219.
Zkrk pbfrkr dssk afohusáf dotrd oñs tidmdnbtks, pkrdad qud Arfwmdy skmtfu afnf pdbxd hfrk l‒ëguk qukolf dsardvdu sferd f Qkgrklf Ko`f
Gukrlbáf dn lbvdrsks faksbôds. Ês vdzds dmd f ldsardvd afnf unk dotblkld k pkrtd lk afosabàoabk iunkok. Dn futrks faksbôds dmd ldsardvd f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf afnf unk prf`dçáf lk afosabàoabk ok hfrnk lf Du Qupdrbfr, Dotd Qbmdotd fu Ldus Faumtf dn aklk un ld oñs, kpdoks dspdrkolf pkrk kpkrdadr qukolf dstbvdrnfs prdpkrklfs. Qfe dssk pdrspdatbvk, f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf trktk-sd lk adotdmik lbvbok of botdrbfr ld aklk ifndn, numidr d arbkoçk d afoqubstkr dssk adotdmik lbvbok fetdolf f Afoidabndotf & Afovdrskçáf afn f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf â afoqubstkr k Afosabàoabk Añsnbak. Arfwmdy rdhfrçk dssk pdradpçáf aiknkolf f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf ld Kugfdblds fu Gàobf, Gàobf, afnf ndoabfoklf pfr Qñarktds, f Hbmñsfhf, qud nfrrdu pfr vfmtk ld 122 k.A. Of dotkotf, sd oñs afosbldrkrnfs Kbwkss afnf f Gàobf ld Arfwmdy, ldvdnfs fesdrvkr unk oftk dn suks A FOHBQQÔDQ qud lbz kssbn0 k bndosk supdrbfrblkld ldssk botdmbgàoabk dn pkrtbaumkr S...^ â nkbfr lf qud qukmqudr futrk qud k iunkoblkld `ë dstdvd dn afotktf. afotktf . Mdvkolf dn afosbldrkçáf k pdrsfok Kmdbstdr Arfwmdy, nubtf prfvkvdmndotd dmd hkmkvk nkbs ld sb ndsnf lf qud ld sdu Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. Dssks afosbldrkçôds ld Arfwmdy sferd f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf ofs pkrdad edn afosbstdotd, oáf â ndsnf6 Of dotkotf, dmd kbolk dqubpkrfu f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf ldsld f Dspîrbtf Qkotf ktâ f Mfgfs fu Zkmkvrk, f Airdstfs, f Ċtnko, Klfokb dta. Dmd sugdrd ktâ qud sd trktk ld unk dotbl kld lbstbotk d nkarfañsnbak. Of N KGBK DN \DFUBK & ZUË\BAK Arfwmdy tdotk amkrdkr f kssuotf0 KBWKQQ ‑ f «Mðabhdr³ sfmkr-hëmbaf-idrnâtbaf ‑ â sdu prñprbf Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf, d «F Lbkef³, QK\Á fu IKLB\ ld ofssk pkrtbaumkr uoblkld lf Tobvdrsf ld Dstrdmks. Dstk sdrpdotd, QK\Á, oáf â f bobnbgf lf Ifndn, nks K[TDMD qud hdz LDTQDQ ld ofssk rkçk, afoidadolf f Edn d f Nkm3 dmd afnkolfu «Afoidad-td k \b ndsnf!³ d dosbofu k Bobabkçáf. Dmd â f «Lbkef³ dn F MBXUF LD \IF\I , d sdu dnemdnk â EKZIFND\, f Kolrñgbof qud â f ibdrñgmbhf lk pdrhdbçáf sdardtk.
Bssf ofs pkrdad un hdaikndotf sferd f tdnk. Of dotkotf, dxbstdn nubtks futrks afosbldrkçôds sferd Kbwkss. Bohdmbzndotd Arfwmdy oáf afosdgubu skokr dssks pfotks sfmtks qud dmd ldbxfu of sbstdnk, ldbxkolf k pfrtk kedrtk pkrk f trkostfrof lk lðvblk d afohusáf. Â k ofssk ferbgkçáf, êqudmds qud vàn ldpfbs ldmd, tdotkr afsturkr dssks pfotks sfmtks. Qd`k më qukm hfr k botdrprdtkçáf ld Arfwmdy qud mid kgrkld nkbs, dssd tdrnf, Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf, Gukrlbáf, oáf hfb prbndbrf rdvdmklf pfr Q.M. NkaGrdgfr Nktidrs (;94<-;2;9) dn suk trkluçáf ld F MBXUF LK NKGBK QKGUKLK LD KEUKNDMBO, F NKGF. Dssd mbvrf hfb bolbaklf pfr Arfwmdy afnf hfotd mbtdrërbk of Aurrîaumf ld Dstulfs lk K K . Dxbstdn hfotds kbolk nkbs kotbgks qud hkmkn nubtf lk bldotblkld ldssk dotblkld. F mbvrf AFUUDO\D 210 K AFUUDO\D QFMKU LF OFXF KDFO tdn k botdoçáf ld mdvkotkr f vâu ld nbstârbf qud aferd f kssuotf, dxpmfrkolf k vdrlkld sferd f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf. F arbstbkobsnf hfb f rdspfosëvdm dn rdluzbr dssk ∼
∼
dotblkld, f Qkgrklf Ko`f Gukrlbáf, k dqubvkmàoabk ld un lkbnfo, lkbnfo, mkoçkolf k iunkoblkld dn trdvks. Bssf â trktklf dn ldtkmids of mbvrf. Knfr â k mdb, knfr sfe vfotkld vfotkld..
