Ajrumiyya English Mapped

Table of Contents

Introduction

1

Chapter 1: Speech

2

Chapter 2: Inflection

4

Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection Present/Future Verbs

 

 

 

 

 

 

Present/Future Present/Fut ure Verbs with Weak Endings

Indeclinable Nouns Chapter 4: Inflected Words Chapter 5: Verbs Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns

6 8 8

   

   

   

   

   

   

9 10 12 14

Chapter 7: Subject

16

Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named

18

Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate

20

Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and Predicate

22

Chapter 11: Adjectives Adjective s Chapter 12: Conjunctions

26 28

Chapter 13: The Corroborative Corrobora tive

30

Chapter 14: The Permutative

32

Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns

34

Chapter 16: The Direct Object

36

Chapter 17: The Infinitive

38

Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers

40

Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Circumstan tial Qualifier

42

Chapter 20: The Specifying Element

44

Chapter 21: Exception

46

Chapter 22: Absolute Negation

48

Chapter 23: The Vocation

50

Chapter 24: The Object of Reason

52

Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment

52

Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns

54

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

INTRODUCTION Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a pinnacle in terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a word from a good poet could raise r aise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. I t was in this atmosphere that the Qur’an was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and incapacitated everyone, from the best poet to the layperson, by its power and beauty. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa to the West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not familiar with the language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Qur’an in its original form. In order to facilitate this, the Qur’an was compiled and eventually distributed as a text, something that had not been done in the time of the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The scholars of this time realized that in addition to preserving the text of the Qur’an, every detail of the language of revelation had to be preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced three sciences: Nahu (Grammar), Sarf (Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if people wanted access to the Book, and by extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences derived from and based on these primary texts, they had to first master the l inguistic sciences. The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout the Muslim world, which is a proof of the author’s sincerity and that Allah accepted his e f orts. orts. It was one of the first books taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of the text has also been attributed to the report that the author, Ibn Ajarum, wrote it while seated in front of the blessed Kaaba. It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and thus to the various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into English, each chapter has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the chapter being studied. Finally, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah, Lord of the Worlds. Shariq Khan

2


INTRODUCTION Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a pinnacle in terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a word from a good poet could raise r aise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. I t was in this atmosphere that the Qur’an was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and incapacitated everyone, from the best poet to the layperson, by its power and beauty. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa to the West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not familiar with the language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Qur’an in its original form. In order to facilitate this, the Qur’an was compiled and eventually distributed as a text, something that had not been done in the time of the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The scholars of this time realized that in addition to preserving the text of the Qur’an, every detail of the language of revelation had to be preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced three sciences: Nahu (Grammar), Sarf (Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if people wanted access to the Book, and by extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences derived from and based on these primary texts, they had to first master the l inguistic sciences. The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout the Muslim world, which is a proof of the author’s sincerity and that Allah accepted his e f orts. orts. It was one of the first books taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of the text has also been attributed to the report that the author, Ibn Ajarum, wrote it while seated in front of the blessed Kaaba. It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and thus to the various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into English, each chapter has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the chapter being studied. Finally, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah, Lord of the Worlds. Shariq Khan

2


CHAPTER 1: Speech

Speech

It is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in Arabic)

*+,./ Its types

&2 Verb

Particle

Noun

# &() Known by

Genitive Succeeds

(

Succeeds

45)

3/

( ) Succeeds

)

ย ยฤ € ภ ร)₤ Nunation

(

The feminine

( )

Definite article

# &()

about

Known by

on

to

for

by

from

in

Neither the signs for the noun nor the verb are proper to it

like

maybe

by

3

Genitive

# by

ยภ & ภฤ ) ₤✓ ย ⇤ มม ↖ Adjuration particles by

# &() Known by


CHAPTER 1: Speech Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in Arabic). Its types are three: nouns, verbs and particles. •

◦

:

)‐ ภ (About) ฤภ ▾ (On) ภ )ภ ▾ (In) ✓ (Perhaps) û÷ (By) ม ป₤ภ ₦ฤ )₤ (Like) ✓ ₤ภฤ )₤ (For) มภ ₤) รภ )₤ (To)

.

.

.

the particles of adjuration, which are:

•

Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

·

(Indeed, perhaps(

· · ·

(Will) ย ร & )₤ ภ

.

:

· · · •

: .

Nouns are known by: ◦ the genitive case ◦ nunation ◦ the definite article ◦ the genitive particles, which are: · (From) ฤย

· · · · · · · ·

:

3/

(Will) ภ ✓ ฤภ & (Closed feminine ta) ย ₪ภย ₤รภ & ) ₤ย № ยฤ ỷร € ) ₤ย ภ ป₤ภ €

Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs for the noun nor the verb are proper to them.

4

:


CHAPTER 2: Inflection 













&EF Inflection

:

+,./ * Its types

89 Jussive

:;< Genitive

=>?

@A

Accusative

Nominative

Noun

Verb

5


%')

CHAPTER 2: Inflection Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based on agents of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly. Its types are four: • (Nominative)

@A (Accusative) =>? (Genitive) :;< (Jussive) 89

GHI II I
89 :;< =>? @A :./0 34567 • :;ZIIN =>[\IIN @A[ &IIN ]N _II+ ,aI5bIILI A • .,VPA 89 J &N :]N _+ ,(AbII N Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not J 8IIcN =>[\IIN @A[ ussive. Verbs are nominative, accusative or jussive, but not .,VPA :;< genitive •

6


CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection

Signs of Inflection

Jussive

,hf X(;N ( &<{ |P} >N[ V) Imperfect verbs with a sound ending

:;ZLN

Accusative

Genitive

&>\If &;f K5J

(

N) Declinable singular noun

&P.M[HIN @a9 ( &>\If

N) Declinable broken plural

KN, .N[ o[ ?pf @a9 ( ,hf X(;N ( &<{ XHI[ (f V) Imperfect verbs with a weak ending

,V(A ,(Aq ( 4z\IN ,wIrI#

V) Verbs that are nominative by the presence of the nun

& ;f K5J ( N) Singular noun &P.M[HIN @a9 ( N) Broken plural ,hf X(;N ( &HI) KN l[ N mn V) Imperfect verb

N) Sound feminine

W.aZN ,a5q

Nominative

W.aZN ,a5q

(

N) The five nouns

N) Sound masculine plural

,hf X(;N ( &HI) KN l[ N mn

(

N) The five nouns

KN, .N[ &s[lf @a9 ( KN, .N[ o[ ?pf @a9 ( N) Sound feminine plural

N) Indeclinable nouns

N) Sound feminine plural

V) Imperfect verb with nothing at its

WP\rIR ( N) Dual KN, .N[ &s[lf @a9 (

&>\I) J K5J

&;f K5J ( N) Singular noun &P.M[HIN @a9 ( N) Broken plural KN, .N[ o[ ?pf @a9 (

(

WP\rIR ( N) Dual KN, .N[ &s[lf @a9 ( N) Sound masculine plural

W.aZN ,(Aq ( ,wIrI# ,V(A mH[ N 4z\IN V) Verbs that are nominative by the

7

N) Sound masculine plural

W.aZN ,a5q

(

N) The five nouns

WP\rIR ( N) Dual

,hf X(;N ( &Pau *# X>[ R @a9 WP\rIR WwIx,Zf WrI ?pf [ V) Imperfect verb with an attached pronoun, such as that of ‘dual’, ‘plural’, or ‘2nd


8


CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection The nominative has four signs: dammah, waw, alif and nun. • Dammah is the sign of the nominative in four cases: ◦ the singular noun . ◦ the broken plural ◦ the sound feminine plural ◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination • Waw is the sign of the nominative in two cases: ◦ the sound masculine plural . ◦ the five nouns, which are:

€INq 4IIN aW[ h[ N : 5,, 4<,, ' =0 =>? %@,, A 4z\NI W(II # mA @A[ &LI II N WII +GI II E 4MHII IA .?BC? A 5,, 4? D,, ,> @a9 &P.M[HIN @a9 &;If KII5J mA :@u 4+ X>HII ) KIIN lI NI[ ,hf X(;IIN KII N .N , [ o[ ?pIIf 4A 4a2 4< 4# mn & R[ ,h f omission of the nun. • Fatha is the sign of the accusative in three cases: .WwIx,Zf WrI ?pf [ &Pau @a9 ◦ the singular noun €IINq W}HI;I IN : 5,, 4<,, ' JB,,K LM?I,@, A ◦ the broken plural . 4z\NI l2 ,PN &.MN ◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination • Alif is the sign of the accusative in the five nouns, for WII …GII … mA =>[\I ILI N WII +GII E 4MHI II A .NO,P, A 5,, ?4D,, > ,# •) (I saw you father and brother) &P.M[HI I IN @aII I9 &;II II f KII I 5J mA :@u 4I II I + example: ,< • Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound X>[HI ) KN =ƒ,II? *PLI IE X< ,hf X(;IN feminine plural. • Ya is the sign of the accusative in the dual and the . mn &[\ILIN WII+GIIE 4MHII A :EAF 5,,4? • Omission of the nun is the sign of the accusative in ,< ,# •) :4}? W.aZN those verbs that are nominative by the presence of the .]N *wIn ,+ nun. @aII9 mA =>[\ILIN WII +GII E 4MHII A : %,,6RA 5 4? .KN, .N [ o[ ?pf The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha. WP\rI[HII N mA =>[\ILI N WII +GII E 4MHI II A : 5T,, A 5,, 4? • Kasrah is the sign of the genitive in three cases: ◦ the declinable singular noun .@acN ◦ the declinable broken plural mA =>[\ILI N WI II +GII E 4MPII A *?I,A U,, V 5,, 4? ◦ the sound feminine plural • Ya is the sign of the genitive in three cases: . 4z\NI ,wIrI# ,V(A mH[ N W.aZN ,(Aq ◦ the five nouns ,PII IN &II .MN : 5,, ,4<,, , ' <,, ,X YPZ@,, A ◦ the dual .W}HI;N ◦ the sound masculine plural • Fatha is the sign of the genitive in indeclinable nouns. WII…GII … mA :;ZLII N WII+GII E 4MHII A : %,, 6RA 5,,4 ? D,, > @aII I9 &>\II I f &;II II f KII I 5J mA :@u 4II I + The jussive has two signs: sukun and omission. , [ o[ ?pf @a9 &>\If &P.M[HIN • Sukun is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with .KIN .N a sound ending. WII …GII … mA :;ZLI II N WII +GII E 4MHII IA : 5,T, A 5,, ?4 • Omission is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs WP\rI[HII I N mA W.aI II I ZN ,aII I 5q mA :@u 4II I + with a weak ending and verbs that are nominative by .@acN the presence of the nun. KI II 5J mA :;ZLIIN WII+GIIE 4MHIIA :.NO,P,A 5,,4? . &>\I) J l[ N . l}N M .Nz : 5O,4<' @A 9 •


IMPERFECT VERBS Plural

Dual

Singular /

1st person masc/ fem 2nd person masc 2nd person fem 3rd person masc 3rd person fem

&HI) KN l[ N ,hf X(;N mn W.aZN ,(Aq m\wI+ Weak Ya

Weak Waw

Imperfect verbs with nothing at their termination The five verbs Imperfect verbs with fixed endings

Weak Alif

Sound End

=> .Acc - LM^ - Nom.

ฤ

Xƒ

Original Omission

&)3TR

Implicit

10

)

↳

⇠

.Juss -

\_


INDECLINABLE NOUNS

A noun is indeclinable if it has the following properties, unless it has the definite article or is mudaf.

Proper name

4acN †VH\+ WQPƒ

Descriptive

In the pattern of the utmost plural Feminine that ends with an alif maqsura

Changed

Pattern of verb

Non-Arab origin

Compounded

Indeclinable

Does not accept a kasra, instead takes a fatha, and can not take a tanween.

11


50%'À

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words

,#&EKN

Inflected Words

&}N,# By letters

@A Nom.

@A WP\rI[HIN

Nom.

& ;f K5J

(

N) Dual

(

N) Singular noun

Acc.

Decline

Acc.

.Gen พ⍽

@A

Gen.

Nom.

Nom.

Acc.

@A

&[ slf @a9 ( KN, .N[

N) Broken Plural Acc.

.Gen พ⍽

.Gen พ⍽

@A

@A

Nom.

Nom.

W.aZN ,a5q

&P.M[HIN @a9 (

(

N) The five nouns Acc.

Acc. .Gen พ⍽

.Gen พ⍽

@A

@A

Nom.

Nom.

W.aZN ,(Aq ( =>? V) The five verbs G(;R G(;)) Acc. 4L(;R 4L(;) ( 89 LI(;R

=>? Acc.

89 XHI(f

Juss. Weak

12

Juss.

o[ ?pf @a9 ( KN, .N[ ,hf X(;N ( &[HI) KN l[ N mn V) Imperfect verb


50%'À

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words

.

,IIs&II}N,II# &(II) K. / : 5B67 5,,0 %,,'`,,A &}N,# &() K./

:

*^ ./,, 0

5,, b%,, NA5,, 0 %/,, c U,, ?A5,, >

*^ ./,, , 0

%,, ,NA5,, , 0 %/,, c U,, ,A?

Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels and those inflected by letters. •

Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular noun, the broken plural, the sound feminine plural and the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination.

oI ?pII[ I f @aII9 &P.M[HI IN @aII9 &;II f KII 5J &I[ IHI) KN lI N[ ,hf X(;IN KN, .N[ . mn · the sound feminine plural is accusative by the :;ZR W}HI;IN,II# =>\I IIR a W[ hN,I [ I# @A&R ,Vz LIs kasrah z 8cR &.MN,# . 4M .N,# · the indeclinable noun is genitive by the fatha KN, .N[ o[ ?pf @a9 : ,PIn W…GI… ]N _E &< · the imperfect verb with a weak ending is jussive by omission &>\II I ) J lI I NI I [ KII I5J &II .MN,II I# =>\II I ) &<{ XHI z ( f ,hf X(;IIN W}HI;IN,II# :;ZI) Those types inflected by letters are four: the dual, the l}# 8c) sound masculine plural, the five nouns and the five . &< verbs, which are: LI(;R 4L(;R 4L(;) G(;R G(A . ◦ All of these are nominative by the dammah, accusative by the fatha, genitive by the kasrah and jussive by the sukun, except in three cases:

•

◦ The dual is nominative by the alif and accusative and genitive by the ya. ◦ The sound masculine plural is nominative by the waw and accusative and genitive by the ya. ◦ The five nouns are nominative by the waw, accusative by the alif and genitive by the ya. ◦ The five verbs are nominative by the nun and accusative and jussive by omission.

:

,aII I5q KII I N .I , [ I N &I slI I I [ I I f @aII I9 WP\rI[HII I N G(;II I ) :m‚ W.aII IZN ,(II IAq W.a ZN .LI(;R 4L(;R 4L(;) G(;R :;ZR =>\IIR €Nq,I# @A&HIIA :.TIe,O? ,A 5,4D,,> . ,PN,# 4I II N,I II # @A&PI II A :`,,A5?6,A %,,b? U,, f =B,,_ 5,, 4? . ,PN,# :;Z) =>\I) :

.

13


CHAPTER 5: Verbs

14


CHAPTER 5: Verbs There are three types of verbs: the perfect, the imperfect : and the imperative. For example:

:

.

The last vowel of a perfect verb is always a fatha. The imperative is always jussive. The imperfect commences . with one of the letters in ‘ ’ and is always nominative unless acted upon by an accusative or jussive agent. . • The accusative agents are ten, they are: ◦ (That) ฤภ ỷ ◦ (Will not)

(Then) ◦ (So that)

.

◦

(Lam of cause) ฤภ ม₤ ภ+

◦

(Lam of negation) ย ⇠ม ↖ม ←) ₤มภ ₤)

◦

(Until)

◦

(Fa of reply) ย ป₤ภ ✓ฤ ) ₤₦ ย ม ₦ ₤ภภ ←) ₤

◦

(And) ย₤ภฤ )₤

•

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

KN (Not yet) f ,[ (?Did not) KN (?Not yet) ,[f

.

◦

(No of prohibition & supplication)

◦

(If)

◦

(What)

◦

(Who)

◦

(Whatever)

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

:

(Did not)

(Lam of imperative & supplication)

◦

.

(Or) ฤภ ỷ The jussive agents are eighteen, they are:

◦

◦

:

€ ภภ ร ↖

,Ez3N &+q J ,Ez3N mV[\NI mA J

,+ _+

,aV+ (Whenever) ,+ (Which) ‰ (When) †HI+ (When) ) ,[ (Where) _) (How) †[ ? (Wherever) ,arIP2 (However) ,a;Ps (If ’ in poetry only‘)

: : :

◦

◦

:

ƒ,< &( W [ ŠN[ mA 15


5BgF 5'*> À

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns

Nominative Nouns

ม)

Predicate of a noun sentence

มB) ย▾₤✓ ร ภ ภ & ม

Subject of a

,VR 4< ,s K5 Subject of

ย▾ ม✓

or her

,s

ม✓ฤ□ ภ▾ฤ) ₤ ม€

Conjunctive Corroborative

Adjective

16

Permutative


CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns Nominative nouns are of seven types: • the subject • the object whose subject is unnamed • the subject of a noun sentence and i ts predicate • the subject of or her sisters • •

,s the predicate of [

:

or her sisters

appositions to nominative nouns, which are: ◦ adjectives ◦ conjunctives ◦ corroboratives ◦ permutatives

:

.

17


h'5PA

CHAPTER 7: Subject

Subject

:*+ *L(A *LwI/ 4slf 4A&f 4A&f K5J *+ It is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb

Its two types

Explicit

Plural - ▾ ←

,9‹ &N / ,9‹ &N / 4\IVN / 4\IVN /

For example

,\#&u KHI#&u  z #&u 4#&u _#&u

№

Singular - ⇠⇤✓

For example

mu,+ &sl+ =Ž,Œ 3 8N )[ ,/ m+GŒ / 4< / 3) ,/ Perfect ,h+ 3 person 3)[ 8N 4T) m+GŒ / 4< / 3) 4T) Imperfect masculine mu,+ o?p+ =Ž,Œ 3\IVN •+,/ 3\I‚ •+,/ Perfect ,h+ 3 person 3\IVN 4TR 3\I‚ 4TR Imperfect feminine

3)[ 8N ,/ 3)[ 8N 4T) 3\IVN •+,/ 3\IVN 4TR

Plural - ▾

4}?

Dual -

4}? rd

rd

Dual -

,aHI#&u ,aHI#&u ,#&u ,H#&u

№

– ⇠⇤✓ Single

•#&u •#&u •#&u &u •#&u

18

i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4 1st person masc/fem

%bU4 Lk5Z4

2nd person masc

i^j4 Lk5Z4

2nd person fem

%bU4 Ll5m

3rd person masc

i^j4 Ll5m

3rd person fem


CHAPTER 7: Subject :

The subject is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb. It is of two types: explicit and implicit. . •

:

Examples of the explicit subject include: ◦ Zaid/your) ย ภ₤) ม◇ / ภ ม↳ภỷ / พ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ภ ₤ (brother/my servant stood up ภ⇧ ม ม ภ ◦ Zaid/) ย ภ₤) ม◇ / ภ ม↳ภỷ / พ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ (your brother/my servant stands up ◦ (The two Zaids stood up)

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

3)[ 8N ,/ (The two Zaid stand up) 3)[ 8N 4T) (The The Zaids/m en stood ood up) up) ,9‹ &N / 3)[ 8N ,/ (The Zaids/men stand up) ,9‹ &N / 3)[ 8N 4T) (Hind stood up) 3\I‚ •+,/ (Hind stands up) 3\I‚ 4TR (The two Hinds stood up) 3\IVN •+,/ (The two Hinds stand up) 3\IVN 4TR (The Hinds/Hinds stood up) 4\IVN / 3\IVN •+,/ (The Hinds/Hinds stand up) 4\IVN / 3\IVN 4TR

Examples of the implicit subject include:

•

•#&u (We hit) ,\#&u (You (m) hit) •#&u (You (f) hit) •#&u (You two hit) ,aHI#&u

◦ (I hit) ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

◦ (You all (m or m/f) hit) ◦ (You all (f) hit)

#&u z

KHI#&u

&u (She hit) •#&u

◦ (He hit) ◦

◦ (They two (m or m/f) hit) ◦ (They two (f) hit)

,H#&u

◦ (They all (m or m/f) hit) ◦

(They all (f) hit)

_#&u

,#&u

4#&u

19

. :

. :

.


UA */Pf 3@'5> `6c À

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is Unnamed

lN 4(;f *LE,A K.) KN Object Whose Subject is Unnamed :

: :

Its two types

&‚, Explicit

Singu ar – ⇠⇤✓

-▾ ← Plural

& E &s

3) &u

& E &M)

3) &h)

№ Dual

,\#&u

4}? For example

KHI#&u #&u z 4#&u _#&u


&sl+ =Ž,Œ 3rd person masc

Imperfect

i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

•#&u ,aHI#&u ,aHI#&u ,#&u ,H#&u

mu,+ Perfect ,h+

1st person masc/ fem

%bU4 Lk5Z4

•#&u •#&u &u •#&u

2nd

person masc

i^j4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person fem

%bU4 Ll5m

3rd person masc

i^j4 Ll5m

3rd

20

person fem

4}? For example


UA */Pf

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is Unnamed It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it. When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is a dammah and the second last a kasrah. When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel is a dammah and the second last a fatha. It : is of two types: explicit and implicit. Examples of the explicit include:

•

◦

(Zaid was hit) พ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ภ₦ย ⇤ม⍽

◦

(Zaid is being hit) พ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ม₦ภ⇤ฤ⍽ ม

◦

(Amr was honored)

◦

(Amr is being honored)

.

พ⇤ฤ ภ▾ ภ ย⇤ฤ มỷ พ⇤ฤ ภ▾ ม ภ⇤ฤ ม

Examples of the implicit include:

•

.

◦ (I was hit) ม€ฤ ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (We were hit) ₤ ฤ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (You (m) were hit) ภ€ ฤ₦ ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (You (f) were hit) ย €ภ ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (You two were hit) ₤ ม€ฤ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (You all (m or m/f) were hit) ม€ฤ ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (You all (f) were hit) ร ภ ม€ฤ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (She was hit) ฤ€ ภ₦ ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (They two (m or m/f) were hit) ₤₦ ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (They two (f) were hit) ₤€ ₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦ (They all (m or m/f) were hit) ₤ ม₦ย ⇤ม⍽ ◦

(They all (f) were hit) ภ ฤ₦ย ⇤ม⍽

21

: :

.

: .


%oZA pOof

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate

&wZN 3Hwf

The Subject and Predicate

PU;[ W[ LN X+ 4(N _E ,(N 4A&f K5J 4‚ : pO,o,f *PN 3\I.f 4A&f K5J 4‚ :%o,ZA The Subject: Nominative noun free of explicit agents The Predicate: Nominative noun connected to the

For

4}?

KŽ,/ 3)

example

,a./ &wIZN

&;+ &PŒ

Predicate’s two types

Not single

&;+

,a./ 3HIwIf

Zaid is standing

Subject’s two types

,aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N 4aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N

Implicit

&‚,

The two Zaids are standing

Single

&ah+ Explicit

’

The Zaids are standing

&cf z,cN

mA 3) 3[ N

Preposition and its object

&[ UN

4}?

3\IE 3) KŽ,/ ,? _}? 4aŽ,/

Adverbial expression

*LIE,A @+ X(;N Verb and its subject

&wI< @+ 3HIwIf Subject and its predicate

For example

-▾ ← Plural

№ Dual


_}?


KHI?

•?

? z

•?

K‚ _[ ‚

,a‚ ,a‚

*HI) ,9 3) WwI‚ 22

i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

4‚ m‚

%bU4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person masc

i^j4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person fem

%bU4 Ll5m

3rd person masc

i^j4 Ll5m

3rd

person fem


CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate The subject is a nominative noun that is free of explicit agents and the predicate is a no minative noun connected to . it. For example: . • (Zaid is standing)

: :

KŽ,/ 3)

,aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N (The Zaids are standing) 4aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N

•

(The two Zaids are standing)

•

.

The subject is of two types: explicit and implicit. . • Examples of the explicit subject include those that . have been mentioned above. : • There are twelve implicit subjects, they are:

◦:I), for example)

,?

◦:We), for example)

•? ◦((You (f) •? ◦(You two) ,aHI?

_}?

:

◦((You (m)

◦((You all (m or m/f) ◦((You all (f)

4‚ ◦(She) m‚

? z

. . .

KHI?

.

,a‚

◦((Them all (f) For example:

_[ ‚

K‚

KŽ,/ ,? (We are standing) 4aŽ,/ _}?

◦ (I am standing) ◦

The predicate is of two types: single and not single. • Examples of the single predicate include: ◦ (Zaid is standing)

KŽ,/ 3)

◦ ◦ •

,aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N (The Zaids are standing) 4aŽ,/ 3)[ 8N (The two Zaids are standing)

There are four types of predicates that are not single, they are: ◦ the preposition and its object, for example: · (Zaid is in the house) ◦ ◦ ◦

:

:

◦((Them all (m or m/f) •

: :

◦(He)

◦(Them two)

:

3[ N mA 3) the adverbial expression, for example: · (Zaid is with you) 3\IE 3) the verb and its subject, for example: · (Zaid’s father stood up) 4# ,/ 3)

the subject and its predicate, for example:

· (Zaid÷s slave-girlis going)

23


CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the Subject and Predicate

q@' .@K pA h4 */A

24

LZA pOo


25


q@' .@K pA h4 */A


:

They are of three types: kana and her sisters, inna and her . sisters and dhanna and her sisters. • Kana and her sister make the noun nominaitve and the predicate accusative. They are: ◦ (Was)

,s

†.+ (In the morning) |wIƒ

:

◦ (In the evening) ◦

◦ (In the mid-morning) ◦ (Occurred)

X[

◦ (In the night) ◦ (Occurred) ◦ (Not)

‘PN

,ƒ

];? [ ,+ ’IIHA ,+ &# ,+ ,+

◦ (Still is) ◦ (Still is) ◦(Still is) •

•

•

:

,#

◦ (Has not finished) ◦ (Still is)

:

↖ฤ⍽ ภỷ

.

:

,+

:

These also include conjugations of the above, for example: ◦ (Was) ภ ₤ภ ◦ (Is) ม ม ภ ◦ (!Be) ฤ ม ◦ Last morning) - Past) ภ↖ภ₦ฤ⌫ภỷ ◦ This morning) - Present) ม↖ย ₦ฤ⌫ม ◦In the morning!) - Order) ฤ↖ย ภ₦ฤ⌫ภỷ For example: ◦ (Zaid was standing) ฝ ₤ ย ‣ ₤ ภ พ⇠ฤ ภ ⇧ ภ ₤ ภ ◦ Amr was not) ฝ₤⌫ย ↳₤ภ⌤ พ⇤ฤ ภ▾ ภ &ฤ ภ ) (alone Inna and her sister make the noun accusative and the predicate nominative. They are:

◦ (Truly) ◦ (Truly)

[ [

◦ (But/except)

[ ”IIs (Wish) •PN (Hope) X(N [

_[ MN

◦ (Like) ◦ ◦ •

For example: ◦ Truly Zaid is) พ ย ‣ ₤ (standing

ฝ ₤⇠ฤ ภ ⇧ ร ภ ย ‐ 26


27



q@' .@K pA h4 */A

28

%oZA pOof


• • •

[ &[ .is for correction _ [ MN .is for comparison [ ”IIs .are for emphasis

.

•

.is for wishing for the impossible

•

.is for hoping for the possible

•

X(N [

•PN

Dhanna and her sisters make the subject and the predicate accusative as they are both objects of them. They are: ◦ (I thought) ม€ฤ ภ ภ▶

•wI.2 (I thought) •L< (I thought) •aE (I saw) •) (I knew) •aLIE (I found) 39 (I made) lZ[ R (I made) •L(9

:

◦ (I thought) ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

:

◦ (I heard) ม€ ฤ ▾ย ภ & •

For example: ₤ย )ภ □ ฤม ฝ ₤⇠ฤ ภ ⇧ ม€ ฤ ภ ภ ▶ ◦ (I thought Zaid left) ฝ

ฝ⌫ ย ↳₤ภ ⌤ ฝ ₤⇤ฤภ ▾ม €ฤ ) ย↳ ◦ (I thought Amr was alone) ₤

29


r/IA

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives

Adjectives

:

*h;< Gen.

&M[\IN Indefinite nouns

*w>? Acc.

*(A Nom.

WA&(f

&PM\IR

Definite nouns

Indefinite

4}?

For example

Intelligent Zaid stood up

X/,(N 3) •) intelligent Zaid J *.\I9 mA @Ž,n KI5 Xs z I saw 3)8# &+ *wI)&TR &< 32 *# HI z Z) X/,(N I passed by *PLE G[ N €Nq 4< |Lƒ ,+ z Xs intelligent Zaid &;N X9[ &N 4}? All nouns that describe a general category and do not refer to only some within a category to the exclusion of others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to attach the definite article, for example: the man, the horse.

( ) Personal pronouns (I, you)

( ) Proper names (Zaid, Mecca)

( ) Demonstrative pronouns (This)

‘

’ (

) Nouns with the def. article (The man, the boy)

†N €Pu ,+ W(# q l‚ _+ 32

That in conjunction with the above four

30


CHAPTER 11: Adjectives Adjectives imitate what they describe in being nominative, accusative or genitive, and in being definite or indefinite. For example: • (Intelligent Zaid stood up) • •

X/,(N 3) ,I/ (I saw intelligent Zaid) X/,(N 3) •) (I passed by intelligent Zaid) X/,(N 3)8# &+

: : . : :

Definite nouns are of five types: • Personal pronouns), for) ม⇤ภ ฤ⍽ ม ) ₤ ม ฤ & ย ₤) ₤ : :example ◦(I) ₤ ภ ภ ỷ . ◦((You (m) ภ €ฤ ภ ỷ • Proper names), for) ม ภ) ภ▾ฤ) ₤ ม ฤ & ย ₤) ₤ :example ◦(Zaid) ฟ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ◦(Mecca) ภ ₪ ร ภ ภ • Demonstrative) ม ภ B ฤ ₦ ม ) ₤ ม ฤ& ย ₤) ₤ . :pronouns), for example ◦((This (m) ₤ภ⇢B ◦((This(f) ย B ย ⇢B ◦(These) ยป₤) มỹ B •

Nouns with the definite article), for) ม ร ภ ₤ ) ) ₤ ภ :example ◦(The man) ย ) ม ←ร ภ⇤) ₤ ◦(The boy) ย ภ₤) ม◇ฤ) ₤ •

That in conjunction with the above) ย ₪ภ▾ภ₦ฤ ⇤ภỷ ) ₤ (four Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category, and do not refer to only some within a category to the exclusion of others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to attach the definite article, for example: • (the man) ย ) ม ←ร ภ⇤) ₤ • (the horse) ย & ภ⇤ภ✓ฤ) ₤

31

: :

:


Es/A

CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions

€—(N Conjunctions

,;N †LE ,V# •;—E [

:

If you connect with them to:

a juss., the word

a gen., the word

an acc., the word

&aE 3)8# &+

&aE 3) •)

I passed by Zaid and Amr

I saw Zaid and Amr

Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand

32

a nom., the word

&aE 3) ,/ Zaid and Amr stood


CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions The particles of conjunction are ten, they are: • (And)

:

4N

• • • • • • • • •

(Then/So) มป₤ภ✓ฤ) ₤ (Then/Later) ร ภ ม № (Or) ฤ ภỷ (Either... or) ฤ ภỷ (Either) ₤ ร ภ ย ‐ (Rather) ฤ) ภ₦ (Not) ภ₤) (But) ย ภ) Until) in some instances)

.

: . รภ€ภ↖

If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the connected word is also nominative. If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the connected word is also accusative. If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the connected word is also genitive. If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the connected word is also jussive. For example:

&aE 3) ,/

•

(Zaid and Amr stood)

•

I saw Zaid and) ฝ₤⇤ฤ ภ▾ภ (Amr (I passed by Zaid and Amr)

• •

ฝ ₤⇠ฤ ภ ⇧ ม€ ฤ ภ ỷ ภ

&aE 3)8# &+ (Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand) 3(T) KN KT) KN 3)

33


pTb*OA

CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative

3Ps4HN

The Corroborative

*;)&(R *h;< *w>? *(A mA 3[ spaLN @#,R 4‚ The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in nom., acc., gen., and

Appositives

@# 4R @HIs

@a9

Xs z

All

All

@HI#

KV[ Ls 4TN •) I saw the entire community

@># (a9 4TN,# &+ I passed by the entire community

34


CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in being nominative, accusative or genitive, and being definite. This . is with certain known words, which are: • (Self)

:

‘;[\NI

•

(Self) ม ฤ ภ ▾ฤ ) ₤

•

(All)

•

:which are ,

Xs z

◦ ◦ ◦

@a9

All) and the appositives of)

:

•

:

@a9 .

For example: • (Zaid himself stood up) •

:

*.;? 3) ,/ (I saw the entire community) KV[ Ls 4TN •) (I passed by the entire community) (a9 4TN,# &+

35


poA

CHAPTER 14: The Permutative

The Permutative

*# &E @Pa9 mA *(wR X(A _+ X(A KI5 _+ K5 3# The permutative occurs when a noun is e xchanged with another noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its inflection

Its types

˜LQN

m ŠN[ _+ mŠN

Correction of an error

Specific from a

&;N 3) •)

*aLE 3) m\(;?

I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse

Zaid benefited me, (with) his knowledge

One thing for another

*rIL… €PŒ[ &N •Ls I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it

36

4< 3) ,/ Zaid stood, your brother


CHAPTER 14: The Permutative The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it . in its inflection. It is of four types, which are: • (One thing for another) • • •

m ŠN[ _+ mŠN (Part of a whole) XMN [ _+ :(wIN (Specific from a general) ย) ₤ ย€ฤ⌤ย₤) ₤ (Correction of an error) ˜LQN

:

:

For example: • • • •

4< 3) ,/ (I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it) *rIL… €PŒ[ &N •Ls Zaid benefited me, (with) his) *IIaLII I II I E 3II I II I ) m\II(I;I ? (knowledge (I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse) &;N 3) •) (Zaid stood, your brother)

◦ You intended to say ‘the horse’, but you mistakenly said ‘Zaid’.

37

: .


5BgF 50*MI4

CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns

a5q , ,#4>\+

Parts of Speech in Accusative

Noun Negated

Exception

Specifying Element

Circumstantial Qualifier

,Mf & ,+[ 8N &

Place Qualifier

Time Qualifier

*# 4(;f Direct Object

Infinitive

,VR 4< [ K5 ,VR 4< ,s &wI< Subject of Inna & Sisters

ย₦ ม⌫ Appositions

•([\NI Adjective

ม) Predicate of มBภ▾ภ Object of & Kana ย B ย ) ฤ←ภỷ AccomSisters

Conjunctive

Vocation

Permutative Corroborative

38


CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in Accusative he accusatives are fifteen, they are: • (The Direct Object)

*# 4(;f

•

(The Infinitive) ม⇤ภ⇠ฤ⌫ ภ )₤ (The Time Qualifier) ย ₤ภ รภ⇧) ₤ ม✓ฤ ⇤ภ▶

•

(The Place Qualifier)

•

: (The Circumstantial Qualifier) ม) ₤ภ ↖) ₤ . (The Specifying Element) ม⇧ย ฤ ย ร ภ € ) ₤ (Exception) ภ ฤ№ภ€ฤ&ม ) ₤ (The Noun Negated by la) ภ₤) ม ฤ & ₤ (Vocation) ภ⇠₤ภ ม ) ₤ The Object of) ย B ย ) ฤ←ภỷ ฤ ย ม) ม ▾ฤ ✓ภ ) ₤ (Reason The Object of) มB ภ▾ ภ ม ) ม ▾ ฤ ✓ภ ) ₤ (Accompaniment

•

• • • • • • • • • •

,Mf &

,VR 4< ,s &wI< (The Subject of Inna and her Sisters) ,VR 4< [ K5 The Two Subjects of Dhanna and) ,VII R 4II < •\I\ II I J4(;I II + (her Sisters The Appositions to an Accusative),) 4>\IIa LII I I I N @#,I[HII I I N (The Predicate of Kana and her Sisters)

:which are of four types ◦ (The Adjective) ม€ ฤ ▾ร ภ ) ₤ ◦ (The Conjunctive) ม✓ฤ□ ภ▾ฤ) ₤ ◦ (The Corroborative) ม⇠ ย ฤ ร ภ €) ₤

◦ (The Permutative)

3wIN

39

:


30 */Pf

CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object

*# 4(;f The Direct Object

I hit Zaid

ย ₤ภ ฤ& ย Its two types

I mounted the

พ⇤

พ⇤

Plural - ▾ ← Dual -

№ Single - ⇠⇤✓

,\I#&u

m\#&u

KM#&u _[ M#&u

]#&u ]#&u *#&u ,V#&u

_[ V#&u

,aM#&u ,aV#&u

Plural - ▾ ← Dual -

),[

Ks,[ ) _[ s,[ ) ),[ _[ ‚,[ )

),[ ),[ ),[ ,‚,[ )

),[


%bU4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person masc

i^j4 Lk5Z4

2nd person fem 3rd

%bU4 Ll5m

Connected

X>[HI+

person masc

i^j4 Ll5m

3rd person fem

ย ₤ภ ฤ& ย Its two types

№ Single – ⇠⇤✓

,?,[ ) ,as,[ )

i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4


%bU4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person masc

i^j4 Lk5Z4

2nd

person fem

%bU4 Ll5m

3rd person masc

i^j4 Ll5m

3rd person fem 40

Unconnected


41


30 */Pf

CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object It is an accusative noun that is the object of a verbs action, for example: • (I hit Zaid) ฝ₤⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ม€ฤ₦ภ⇤ภ⍽ • (I mounted the horse) ภ& ภ⇤ภ✓ฤ) ₤ ม€ ฤ ₦ย ภ ⇤ .

3>f

: :

.

:

Direct objects are of two types, explicitThe and Infinitive implicit. Examples of the explicit include what has already been . mentioned. The implicit is of two types, connected and unconnected. • The connected are twelve, they are: ◦ (He hit me)

•

m\#&u ◦ (He hit us) ,\I#&u 4}? ◦ ((He hit you (m) ]#&u For example ◦ ((He hit you (f) ]#&u ◦ (He hit you two) ,aM#&u ◦ ((He hit you all (m or m/f) KM#&u ◦ ((He hit you all (f) _[ M#&u ◦ (He hit him) *#&u ◦ (He hit her) ,V#&u ◦ (He hit them two) ,aV#&u or example m/f) KV#&u ◦ ((He hit then them all (mFor 4}? ◦ ((He hit them all (f) _[ V#&u The unconnected are twelve, they are: ,[ ◦(Only me) ) I sat, reposed! ) ◦(Only us) ,?,[ ,[ ◦((Only you (m) ) ,[ ◦((Only you (f) ) ) ◦(Only you two) ,as,[ ) ◦((Only you all (m of m/f) Ks,[ ) ◦((Only you all (f) _[ s,[ ,[ ◦(Only him) ) ) ◦(Only her) ,‚,[ ) ◦(Only them two) ,a‚,[ ,[ ◦((Only them all (m or m/f) ) ) ◦((Only them all (f) _[ ‚,[

.

: :

. : Its two types

.

zmU;N Homonymous

For example

I killed him,

42

4}?


pMf

CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive

43


pMf

CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive The infinitive is an accusative noun that occupies the third place in the conjugation of a verb, as in: • (He hit, he hits, hitting)

:

,I#&u &h) &u

: .

It is of two types, homonymous and synonymous. • If the infinitive is derived from its verb it is The Time Qualifiers homonymous, as in:

◦(!I killed him, killed) ฝ₤) ฤ€ภ •

:

and

มBม€ฤ) Placeภ€ภ Qualifiers.

:

If the infinitive has the same meaning as its verb, but is not derived from it, it is synonymous, as in: ◦(!I sat, seated) ฝ₤⇠ ม▾ม ม€ฤ&ภ) ภ← . ม€ Qualifiers ฤ ม ◦(!I stood, erect) ฝ ₤ ✓ ม ภ Place Time Qualifiers

,Mf &

,+[ 8N & (

)

:

mA) &)3THI# 4>\If ,I+ 8N[ K5 4‚

It is an accusative noun the denotes time and is preceded by

(

For

For

example

4PN WLP[ LN &M#

TLR ,

3+ K[ …

44


5Rf %t 54\A %t

CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers

45


CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers

:

The time qualifiers are accusative nouns that denote time and are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include: • (Day) ภ ฤ ภ ฤ) ₤ . • (Night) ภ₪ภ) ฤ รภ) ) ₤ The Circumstantial • (Morning) ฝ₪ภ ฤ⇠ม◇

,}N

&M#

.

Qualifier

:

•

(Tomorrow)

•

•

(Pre-Dawn) ฝ₤⇤ภ↖ภ& (Tomorrow) ฝ₤⇠ภ◇ . (One-Third of the Night) ฝ ₪ภ ภ € ภ▾ (Morning) ฝ₤ ↖₤ภ ₦ภ ⌫ It is an accusative noun that explains an uncertainty about external circumstances (Evening) ฝป₤ภ&ภ (Perpetually) ฝ₤ ⇠ภ₦ ภỷ

•

(A Period)

• • • •

j™PVN _+ KVwI? ,f & .;f [ 4>\If K5J 4‚

3+

For example

4}?

(Once) ฝ₤ ย↖ The place qualifiers are accusative nouns that denotes place and are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include: • (In Front) ภ ₤ ภ ภ ỷ • (Behind) ภ✓ฤ) ภ ↳ I rode the horse, • (In Front) ภ ₤ร ภ⇠ม saddled (Behind) ภป ₤ภ ⇤ภ • • (Above) ภ ฤ ภ✓ • (Below) ภ€ ฤ↖ภ€ • (At/With) ภ⇠ฤ ย ▾ • (With) ภ▾ภ • (In Front) ภป ₤ภ ⇧ย ‐ (Facing) ภป ₤ภ ⇢ย ↖ • It is not except indefinite • (In Front) •

&;N •wIs ,I9&.+

,TLR

• •

(Here) ₤ ภ มB (There)

K[ …

ฝ ₤₦ ย ₤ ภ⇤

& M? [J ,}N 4M) J GMN ,aR 3(# [J 4M) J It is not except at the end of a statement WA&(+ [J ,VwI2,ƒ 4M) J It does not explain except a definite

46

:


CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier

47

5NA


CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier The circumstantial qualifier is an accusative noun that explains an uncertainty about external circumstances, as in: • (Zaid came, riding) ฝ ₤₦ ย ₤ ภ⇤ พ⇠ฤ ภ ⇧ ภ ป₤ ภ← •

(I rode the horse, saddled)

: :

. ,I9&.+ &;N •wIThe s Specifying

I met) ฝ₤₦ย ₤ภ⇤ ย B ) ) ₤ ภ⇠ฤ₦ภ ▾ ม€ ย ภ) Element (Abdullah as he was riding It is not except indefinite, it is not except at the end of a statement and it does not explain except a definite noun. . •

[lN _+ KVwI? ,f &.‹ ;f 4>\If K5J 4‚ It is an accusative noun that explains uncertainty about the essence of

4}?

For example

Muhammed was

Zaid is nobler than you as a father and more

I bought twenty servants

Bakrun was

& M? [J 8PPa[HIN 4M) J It is not except indefinite GMN ,aR 3(# [J 4M) J It does not come except at the end of a statement

48


CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element

49


CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element The specifying element is an accusative noun that explains uncertainty about the essence of something, as in: • Zaid poured) ฝ₤ ภ⇤ภ▾ พ⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ภ₦ร ภ₦ภ⌫ภ€ Exception (forth sweat

ฝ₤ ฤ↖ภ⌤ พ⇤ฤ ภ₦

•

Bakrun

•

(bursting with fat (Muhammed was content in spirit)

• •

was(

: :

ภ ỷ ร ภ ภ ✓ภ €

rIH5J . ,I.;? 3[ a}+,\IParticles ,x &2 of (I bought twenty servants) ,I+GŒ _)&ŠE •)&HInException I own ninety) ฝ₪ ภ←ฤ▾ ภ (ewes

ภ

ย ▾ฤ& ย € ม€ ฤ ภ ) ภ

•

ฝ₤ B ฤ←ภ

Zaid is nobler)

ภ ฤ ย

.

45

ม) ภ ฤ←ภỷ ภ

than you as a father and more handsome in (countenance It is not except indefinite and it does not come except at the end of a statement. Can be acc. or Gen. gen.

&9 z *wI>? 4c)

&c+

3) 3) G< 4TN ,/ 4}?

For ex.

The people stood except Zaid & Zaid

The people stood except Zaid

&aE &aE 3E 4TN ,/ The people stood except Amr & Amr

&aE [J ,[\NI &<

&M# &M# ,n,2 4TN ,/ The people stood except Bakr & Bakr

3) [J 4TN ,/

The people left except Amr

3) [J 4TN ,/ ,+ 4}?

The people stood not except Zaid

3) [J 4TN ,/ ,+ 4}? The people stood not except Zaid

For ex.

[J •#&u ,+ 3)

For ex.

4}? For ex.

Acc. as above

3 )8# [J &+ ,+

I hit not except Zaid I pass not except Zaid

The excepted noun is accusative if the sentence is complete and

Permutative

,\IrIH5J †LE =>[\NI

Stood not except Zaid

,Iw94+ +,R ,[ GMN ,s =>\I)

4}? For ex.

50

*PA ,9 It can be a

[J


5IeOgu

CHAPTER 21: Exception

51


CHAPTER 21: Exception The particles of exception are eight,

:

• •

.

•

Absolute Negation

• •

:

• • •

,‚&n,wIR KN 3) J[ 4TN ,/ &aE [J ,[\NI &<

The noun excepted by illa is accusative if the sentence is complete and positive, as in: If the la does not • (The people stood except Zaid) If the la is repeated precede the . negated indefinite • (The people left except Amr) It ภ⇧₤ภ← If the sentence is negative and complete, the excepted can beor accusative as above, as in: noun can be a permutative . • (The people stood not except Zaid)

J &MR [

,‚ ,QN

•

,VN,aE

IncitedZaid) Ignored (The people stood not except

3) [J 4TN ,/ ,+ 3)The[J negated 4TN ,/is,+nom.

4}? 3) [J ,/ ,+ • (I hit not except Zaid) 3) [J •#&u ,+ For 4}? • (I pass not For except Zaid) 3)8# [J &+ ,+ example example 4}? The noun excepted with ghair, siwan, suwan orJ sawa’un ismA J &+ X9 3 [ N genitive, and nothing else. If the sentence is incomplete without the illa, the excepted For noun is governed by agents, as in: . example • (Stood not except Zaid)

In the house there is no man & no woman Words excepted by khala, ada, or hasha can be accusative or genative, as in: • The people stood except Zaid and) (Zaid • The people stood except Amr and) (Amr • The people stood except Bakr and) (Bakr

3) 3I) GI< 4TIN ,I/ &aIE &aIE 3IIE 4TIIN ,II/ &MII# &MII# ,II n,II 2 4TII N ,II /

52

: :

For :

ม ฤ↖ภ example

3[ N mA X9 J There is no man in the house


CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation

53


CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation Know that negated indefinite words are accusative without tanween if the la immediately precedes them and the la is not repeated, as in: . • (There is no man in the house)

:

3[ N mA X9 J

The Vocation

If the la does not immediately precede the negated indefinite, the negated must be nominative with a tanween and the la must be repeated, as in: . • In the house there is no man &)

:

&+ J X9 3[ IN mA J

(no woman

,hf

&PŒ &M[\IN 4>Tf

If the la is repeated, it can be incited or ignored, as in: • Annexed There is no man in the house & no)Unintended ฝ₪ภỷ ภ⇤ฤ ₤ (woman • There is no man in the house & no) พ₪ภỷ ภ⇤ฤ ₤ (woman

4>Tf &M[\IN

.

Intended Indefinite

KL(N &;f : Single Proper Name

&PŒ J W#4>\I+

Accusative, nothing else

54

4}?

4}?

For ex.

For ex.


,\f

CHAPTER 23: The Vocation

55


CHAPTER 23: The Vocation The vocation is of five types: • (Single Proper Name) • • • •

:

KL(N &;f : *L9 _+ 4(;f (Intended Indefinite) 4>Tf &M[\IN The Object of . (Unintended Indefinite) 4>Tf &PŒ &M[\IN Reason (Annexed) ,hf Similar to) ย✓₤ภ⍽ ม ฤ) ₤ย₦ มBร ภ₦ภ⌤ม ) ₤ (Annexed

.

The single proper name and the intended indefinite are formed with a dammah and no tanween, as in: ) • (!O Zaid) ม⇠ฤ ภ⇧ ₤ภ • (!O man) ม) ม←ภ⇤ ₤ภ For example

(

4}?

The remaining three are accusative and nothing else, [as in: • O man, take) ย⇠ภ ย₦ ย ฤ⇢ม← ฝ₤) ม←ภ⇤ ₤ภ (!me by my hand (!O slave of Allah) ย B ) ) ₤ ภ⇠ฤ₦ภ ▾ ₤ภ • I have come to for • [(!O mountain climber) your favor Zaid stood out of

]A &(+ ,QH# ]R3>/ GwI9 ,I(N,x ,)

The Object of Accompaniment

4}?

For

example

WwIŠZN ,f 4HI5 The water is level with the wood

56


3@_ v4 */Pf

CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason

CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment

57


3@_ v4 */Pf

CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action, as in:

:

• •

(Zaid stood out of respect for Amr) (I have come to for your favor)

]A &(+The ,QH# Nouns ]R3>/ in

.

Genitive

4;ZaLN @#,R By Apposition to a Genitive

WA,uF,#

&}N,#

By Annexation

By Preposition

_+ For

4}?

For

4}? ex.

ex.

CHAPTER 25: The Object of Door made of teak Accompaniment

Servant of It is an Garment accusative noun made ofthat silk explains with whom an action was done, as in: . • The Amir came) ภ⌤ฤ ←) ₤ภ ม⇤ ย ภ ỷ ) ₤ ภป₤ภ (with the army • (The water is level with the wood)

WwIŠZN ,f 4HI5

The predicate of kana and her sisters, and the subject of . inna and her sisters, have already been dealt with in the section on nominative nouns. Similarly, the words in apposition to an accusative have been dealt with there also.

58

:

[

:

KI.TN &2


CHAPTER 26: The Nouns in Genitive

59

Ajrumiyya English Mapped

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