Advertising Strategy and Effectiveness of Kingfisher

BOMBFO BOP]B]Q]A CI TKFOOBOE FOM HFOFEAHAO] OAU MAKLB

TZCGA@] ZATCZ] CO FMYAZ]BPBOE P]ZF]AER FOM AIIA@]BYAOAPP CI NBOEIBPLAZ PQJHB]]AM JR7BHFM ZALHFO

JF]@L7 PP2#66 TLCOA OC7 AHFBK BM7 BHFM/ZALHFODLC]HFBK/@CH PA@]BCO7 PT0

FJP]ZF@] Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bp f ulckkr cuoam pqjpbmbfzr ci Qob}am Jzauazbap Lckmboep Kbhb}am ,}la pa`com kfzeap} jzauazr ezcqt bo }la uczkm"+ }la QJ Ezcqt%p boyap}hao}p lckmboe `chtfor/ `chtfor/ Nboeibplaz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp jaao fkkc`f}am fkkc`f}am }la BF]F fbzkboa fbzkboa `cma ci %B]%/ ]la QJ Ezcqt bp coa ci Bombf%p kfzeap} `coekchazf}ap ub}l f }qzocyaz ci QP -: jbkkbco fom bp }la kfzeap} Bombfo hfoqif`}qzaz ci jayazfea fk`clck(jaaz fom kbvqcz/ Ub}l }la iczfr ci QJ Ezcqt‒p jbzmp bo}c }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr+ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp ja`cha f iczà }c za`nco ub}l/ ]la Fbzkboa fkzafmr lfp f oqhjaz ci ibzp}p }c b}p `zamb}/ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap Kbhb}am bp fo fbzkboa `chtfor jfpam bo Jfoefkcza+ Bombf/ ]lbp fbzkboa ufp bo}zcmqàm bo }la hfzna} }c }fzea} }la mchap}b` kq|qzr paehao}/ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap ufp bo}zcmqàm bo}c }la Bombfo fbzkboa hfzna} jr }la Bombfo Jqpboapp ]r`cco Mz Ybgfr Hfkkrf ,}la cuoaz ci Qob}am Jzauazbap Kbhb}am"/ B} ufp bo}zcmqàm co 2}l Hfr+ :441/ B} ctazf}ap bo 05 map}bof}bc map}bof}bcop op ub}l :6< ikbel}p ikbel}p f mfr/ B} lfp f ikaa} pbwa ci 56 fom fkpc }la ibzp} Bombfo mchap}b` fbzkboap }c bo}zcmqà }la Fbzjqp F0<4/ Nboeibplaz bp coa ci cokr pb| fbzkboap bo }la uczkm }c lfya f ibya(p}fz zf}boe izch Pnr}zf|+ fkcoe ub}l Fpbfof Fbzkboap+ Hfkfrpbf Fbzkboap+ Vf}fz Fbzufrp+ Pboeftcza Fbzkboap fom @f}lfr Tf`bib` Fbzufrp/ Nboeibplaz fbzkboap lfya jaao fufzmam ‛]la jap} oau fbzkboa ci }la rafz :441‘/ Tzapao}kr nboeibplaz fbzkboap lfp f`vqbzam Fbz Ma``fo ,coa ci }la hfgcz tzcib}fjka mchap}b` kcu `cp} fbzkboa" laoà taoa}zf}boe bo}c }la kcuaz paehao} ci }la hfzna} }cc/

:

F@NOCUKAMEAHAO]

]lzcqel ]lzcqel }lbp f`nocukameahao} f`nocukameahao} B a|tzapp a|tzapp hr pboàza ezf}b}qma }cufzmp fkk }lcpa tactka ulc laktam ha bo }lbp tzcga`}+ ulb`l lfp jaao f kafzoboe a|tazbaoà/ B fttza` fttza`bf} bf}aa }la `c(czmb `c(czmbof} of}bco bco a|}aom a|}aomam am jr hr izbaomp izbaomp fom fkpc fkpc a|tzap a|tzappp hr pboàz pboàzaa }lfo }lfoni niqk qkoa oapp pp }c }la }la ao}b ao}bza za if`q if`qk} k}r r hahj hahjaz azpp ci Bomb Bombfo fo Bop} Bop}b} b}q} q}aa ci Tkfo Tkfoob oboe oe ) Hfofeahao}+ Maklb+ ebyboe ha }la cttcz}qob}r }c mc }lbp tzcga`}#p}qmr fom fkpc fppbp}boe ha icz }la pfha/

0

]FJKA CI @CO]AO]P

P/Oc/ ]ctb`

Tfea Oc/

6/ Fjp}zf`}

6

:/ F`no F`nocu cuka kame meha hao} o}

:

0/ Bo}zcmq`}bco

=

=/ Zapafz Zapafz`l `l Cjga`} Cjga`}bya bya ) Ha}lcmc Ha}lcmckce kcer r

1

1/ Kb}azf}qza Zaybau

62

9/ Ibomboe ) Fofkrpbp

0=

5/ Za`chhaomf}bcop

09

0<

2/ Jbjk Jbjkbc bcez ezft ftlr lr

=4

=

BO]ZCMQ@]BCO BO]ZCMQ@]BCO ]C ]LA ]CTB@ F``czmboe }c f zapafz`l jr Zab`llakm fom Pfppaz bo }la Lfzyfzm Jqpboapp Zaybau+ 1! bo`zafpa bo `qp}chaz za}ao}bco `fo bo`zafpa tzcib}fjbkb}r jr 01! bo Fbzkboap jqpboapp+ 14! 14! bo bopq bopqzf zfoà oà fom jzcn jzcnaz azfe fea+ a+ fom fom 6:1 6:1! ! bo }la }la `cop `copqh qhaz az `zamb `zamb}} `fzm `fzm hfzn hfzna} a}// ]lazaicza+ ]lazaicza+ Fbzkboap Fbzkboap fza ocu p}zappbo p}zappboe e co za}fboboe za}fboboe `qp}chazp fom bo`zafpboe bo`zafpboe hfzna} plfza*/ ]la fjcya pb}qf}bcop kbna }lapa fza maibob}akr `zaf}boe fo bhtzappbco bo }la hbom ci `qp}chazp }lf} }la `cztczf}a fza maorboe kaeb}bhf}a zbel}+ oaamp fom zavqbzahao}p/ Zbel} izch }la mfrp ci `qp}chaz ào}zb` hfzna}+ }lbp lfp jaao f zaeqkfz f`}byb}r }lf} }laza fza tzcjkahp bo `qp}chaz `fza/ Bo }cmfr%p jqpboapp aoybzcohao} }laza bp oc pq`l bomqp}zr+ ulaza `qp}chaz `fza tzcjkahp mcap oc} a|bp}+ ayao bo }la ibakm ci lcptb}fkb}r bomqp}zr fom pazybà bomqp}zr ulaza bo }lapa bomqp}zr%p `cza jqpboapp bp `qp}ch `fza fom }la eft ja}uaao }la `qp}chazp fom }labz a|ta`}f}bcop fom }la pazybà tzcybmazp fza bo`zafpboe mfr jr mfr/ ]cmfr bo }la Label}ao uczkm kc} hfor hfor oau boocyf}bya tzcmq`}p fom pazybàp fza fza jaboe jaboe boyao boyao}a }am+ m+ jq} f} }la }la pfha pfha }bha }bha mcap mcap for

`cht `chtfo for r }lcqe }lcqel} l}

}lf} }lf} }la }la

tzcmq`}#pazybà }lar ciiaz fza zafkkr oaamam jr }la `qp}chazp cz b} bp gqp} ja`fqpa }la tzcmq`}p fza jaboe tzcmqàm fom fza mqhtam bo}c }la hfzna}/ Fp tactka fza yazr hq`l fufza }lf} }laza fza ulcka yfzba}r ci tzcmq`}p fom pazybàp fyfbkfjka bo }la hfzna}/ Jq} lcu hfor ci }lah mc zafkkr jqr }lah ayao }lcqel }lar fza ci }ct vqfkb}r+ ub}l hfzyakcqp iaf}qzap fom f} fiiczmfjka tzbàp/ Hfofeazp f} hbmmka kayak fom pqtazybpczr kayakp ci Bombfo `cztczf}a fza oc} zafmr }c }zaf} `qp}ch `qp}chazp azp avqfkk avqfkkr/ r/ Qokapp Qokapp }la f}}b} f}}b}qma qma ci }la hfofeaz hfofeazpp `lfoeap `lfoeap }cufzm }cufzmpp `qp}ch `qp}chazp azp tzcjkahp taz}fboboe }c pazybà ubkk fkufrp a|bp}/ Lcu `chtfobap fza zaptcomboe }c }la jfm a|tazbaoàp ci qpboe }la tzcmq`} cz pazybà+ ulf} fza }la hafpqzap }fnao }c fycbm pq`l a|tazbaoàp jr }la `qp}chazp/ @chtfobap hqp} aopqza }lf} `qp}chazp ea} f oau a|tazbaoà bo tqz`lfpboe fom qpboe }labz tzcmq`}p fom }la bhtf`} ci pq`l tqz`lfpa hqp} ja icz f kcoe }bha fom ulb`l `fo ja ao`fpam bo}c oau cttcz}qo cttcz}qob}b b}bap ap bo }la kcoe kcoe zqo/ zqo/

Fom mbiiaza mbiiazao}b o}bf}b f}boe oe izch izch `chta} `chta}b}c b}czp+ zp+ }laza jr

a|}aomboe }la `lfoea bo tqz`lfpboe a|tazbaoà/

1

Coa ucqkm ucqkm maibo maibob}a b}akr kr fezaa fezaa }lf}+ }lf}+ b} bp oc} oc} fkufrp fkufrp tcppb tcppbjka jka }c ebya ebya pq`l pq`l f

nbom nbom ci

a|tazbaoà fom tazpcofk f}}ao}bco }c af`l fom ayazr `qp}chaz+ jq} f `chtfor hqp} hfna pqza }lf} `qp}chazp plcqkm oc} kafya }la tzahbpap tzahbpap ub}lcq} pf}bpif`}bco+ fom b} bp }la zbel} ci }la `qp}chaz `qp}chaz }c a|ta`} lbelap} maezaa maezaa ci zapta`}+ ka} b} ja bo }la `fpa ci+ lcptb}fkb} lcptb}fkb}r+ r+ tzcmq`} fyfbkfjbkb}r+ fyfbkfjbkb}r+ tzbà+ iaf}qzap iaf}qzap cz for c}laz pazybà ,A/e/7 Ibf} bp nocuo icz b}p b}p jap} mapbeoam fom aoeboaazam `fzp bo }la uczkm+ jq} bo Bombf b} `cqkm oc} `ft}qza }la hfzna} hfzna} fp a|ta`} a|ta`}am am ja`fqp ja`fqpa+ a+ fi}az pfkap pfkap

pazyb` pazybàa kayakp kayakp uaza oc} qt }c }la a|ta`} a|ta`}f}b f}bcop cop ci }la

`qp}ch `qp}chaz+ az+ Bo czmaz }c jcc jccp} p} pfkap bo Bombf+ Bombf+ ]f}f ]f}f Hc}czp Hc}czp fom Ibf} `fha }cea}la }cea}lazz fom foocqoàm f p}zf}aeb` zakf}bcoplbt bo tfppaoeaz `fz paehao} icz pfkap fom hfzna}boe ci Ibf} `fzp }lzcqel ]f}f mafkazplbtp/ ]lzcqel }lapa mafkazplbtp mbptkfr f ubma paka`}bco ci Ibf} `fzp fkcoe ub}l pazybà fom ptfzap ubkk ja tzcybmam f`zcpp ]f}f mafkazplbtp bo Bombf/ Mafkazp ubkk mbptkfr }la Ibf} hcmakp fkcoe ub}l ]f}f `fzp" Fom hcp} bhtcz}fo}kr }la `copqhaz `chtkfboboe jalfybcz tzcàpp bp qobvqa> b} lfp }c mafk ub}l f} hcp} bhtcz}foà/ Fom b} mbp}boeqbplap ja}uaao oaef}bya uczm(ci(hcq}l }lf} c``qzp tzbcz }c paanboe zamzapp ,cz bo kbaq ci paanboe zamzapp" fom oaef}bya uczm(ci(hcq}l }lf} c``qzp fi}az paanboe zamzapp/ ]laza bp fo fzeqhao} izch }la `chtfor%p tcbo} ci ybau b/a/ lcu `fo for `chtfor ptaom }bha fom hfotcuaz }c f}}aom f maifqk} fom izfqmqkao} `qp}chaz fom lcu }zaf} }lah bo }la pfha hfooaz fp eaoqboa fom tzcmq`}bya `qp}chaz/ @az}fbokr }lar hqp} ja }zaf}am bo f `czmbfk ufr jq} coa plcqkm oc} iczea} }lf} }lar }cc mapazya pcha bhtcz}foà bo coa ufr cz }la c}laz/ ]laza bp ayazr tcppbjbkb}r }lf} `chtfobap hfna hbp}fnap jq} }lar hqp} ja pq`l }lf} }lar plcqkm plcqkm ja iczebyfjka iczebyfjka jr }la `qp}chaz+ `qp}chaz+ hafoboe ayao }lcqel `chtfobap `chtfobap hfna hbp}fnap fom }zr }c za`}bir f} }la afzkbap} fom boiczh `qp}chazp }lf} }la hbp}fna ulb`l lfp jaao `chhb}}am bp jaao za`}bibam fom f} hcp} tza`fq}bcop lfya jaao }fnao+ oc} }c zataf} }la hbp}fna/ Ae7 Ulf} @fmjqzr lfp mcoa jr ebyboe fmyaz}bpahao}p bo }la hambf+ }lf} b} lfp za`}bibam b}p hbp}fnap fom tzchbpam }la `qp}chaz }lf} b} uco%} zataf} }la pfha hbp}fna fefbo/ Bi f tazpco bp f zaeqkfz `qp}chaz ci izbaomkr oabeljczlccm ezcàzr plct cz for c}laz plct cz jfon+ coa ubkk maibob}akr nocu }la tfbokapp tqo`l ci `cztczf}a jqpboappap/ ]lar hbel} 9

hbpeqbma+ hbpeqbma+ hbpkafm ub}l }la jfplboe jfplboe aiia`}+ aiia`}+ mbptkfr+ mbptkfr+ bo}aopa bo}aopa tqjkb`b}r tqjkb`b}r++ tzchc}bco tzchc}bco fom ao`lfpboe co tazpcofk bo}bhf`r/ Coa plcqkm ja fufza }lf} bo coa ufr cz }la c}laz }la pqttkbazp fza }la `qp}chazp fom `copqhazp ci }labz cuo tzcmqà/ ]la bombybmqfkp ulc pqttkr pqttkr }la tzcmqà tzcmqà f} àz}fb àz}fbo o zf}a zf}a `fooc} `fooc} fiiczm fiiczm }c tqz`lf tqz`lfpa pa }la pfha tzcmq`} tzcmq`} gqp} ja`fqpa b} bp jaao tf`nam fom tkfàm bo iqkkr ma`czf}am tkfà/ Bo }lbp nbom ci pb}qf}bco+ fza rcq ,`qp} ,`qp}cha chaz" z" }la jaoai jaoaib`b b`bfzr fzr++ gqp} fpn rcqzp rcqzpaki aki//

Ulc mc rcq }lbon }lbon bp }la }la zafk

jaoaib`bfzr> bi rcqz fopuaz bp+ oab}laz }la pqttkbaz ocz }la `copqhaz+ }lao coa ubkk ea} }c nocu }laza bp oc}lboe+ ulb`l bp `fkkam fp *Pazybà*/ Hcp} Bombfop fza lfjb}qf}am }c lfya ayazr }lboe izapl fom oayaz lfm }zfmb}bco ci tf`nboe iccm+ ka} b} ja `ccnam cz qo`ccnam iccm+ }lar tzaiaz }c lfya }lah bo f of}qzfk ufr/ ]la ayaz `lfoeboe `lfoeboe `qp}chaz `qp}chaz a|ta`}f}bcop a|ta`}f}bcop fza icz`boe icz`boe }la `cztczf}a }c tzcybma tzcybma a|àkkao} a|àkkao} pazybà ulb`l bp oc} tcppbjka }c af`l fo ayazr `chtfor+ czefobwf}bcop ulb`l tzcybmap pazybà jarcom `qp}chaz a|ta`}f}bcop ubkk pqzybya }la iq}qza zap} ubkk ja cq} ci jqpboapp/ Czefob Czefobwf} wf}bco bcopp ulc ufo}am ufo}am }c pqzyby pqzybyaa fza a|tkcz a|tkczboe boe++ tzckbi tzckbiazf azf}b }boe oe }lah }lah pakyap pakyap jr ap}fjkbplboe oau jqpboappap bo jbe ufr+ }laza jr mataomboe co lbelaz yckqhap/ Pcha ci }lah fza `ckkfjczf}byakr plfzboe }labz `qp}chaz mf}f }laza jr ciiazboe ybma yfzba}r ci tzcmq`}p }c }la pfha `qp}chaz fom kayazfeboe `qp}chaz jfpa/ ]lapa p}zf}aebap fmct}am jr }la `chtfobap `cop}fo}kr tq} }la tzappqza co }la `qp}chaz jr ciiazboe ybma zfoea ci tzcmq`} fom }laza bp ifza `lfoà }lf} coa hbel} beocza pq`l tzcmq`} ciiazboep ulb`l fza hfzna}am jr mbiiazao} matfz}hao}p+ ulb`l fza bo f zfà eaoazf}a zayaoqa ci }labz cuo/ ]laza bp fkufrp f zbpn }lf} `qp}chaz hfr ao`cqo}az mbiiazao} pazybà kayakp ci }la mbiiazao} matfz}hao} ci }la pfha `chtfor/ Icz hfor rafzp+ Bombfo a`cochr lfp jaao eqfzmam izch boyfpbco ci iczabeo `chtfobap bo }la iczh ci Gcbo} yao}qza cz iqkkr cuoam cz `ftb}fkbp}b` `ftb}fkbp}b` iczh ci a`cochr/ Cokr pcha p}f}a cuoam `chtfobap ulb`l uaza bo nar fzafp kbna Maiaopa+ ]aka`ch+ Cbk fom c}laz appao}bfk appao}bfk `chhcmb}bap/ `chhcmb}bap/ F pa} ci iau tzbyf}a cuoam `chtfobap `chtfobap ulc uaza bo}c `copqhaz b}ahp+ aoeboaazboe fom hfoqif`}qzboe tzcptazam mqzboe }lf} tazbcm/ Zbel} izch }la mfrp ci `kcpakr eqfzmam a`cochr fom }bkk }la mfrp ci a`cochb` kbjazfkbwf}bco bo kf}a 6224+ }la tzbyf}a cuoam `chtfobap bo }la pakkaz%p hfzna} uaza yazr pq`àppiqk/ Jq} }la ulcka pàofzbc `lfoàm fi}az tcp} kbjazfkbwf}bco/

5

Ayaz pboà }la eckmao mfrp ,`qp}chaz ,`qp}chaz ào}zb` ào}zb` hfzna}" b/a/ Pboà kfp} }lbz}r }lbz}r rafzp }c }bkk mf}a+ hfzna}azp lfya jaao pfrboe *@qp}chaz bp }la Nboe* jq}+ bp }la `qp}chaz zafkkr f nboe3 ]lbp bp }la hfbo vqap}bco ulb`l `chap }c ayazrjcmr%p hbom fom c}laz vqap}bcop pq`l fp lcu `qp}chazp fza }zaf}am3 Ulf} vqfkb}r ci tzcmq`}p mc hfzna}azp ciiaz3 Fza }la tzcmq`}p fza qpaz izbaomkr3 A}`/+ bi }lapa vqap}bcop fza fopuazam `chtka}akr ub}l eccm cq}kccn+ f `chtfor `fo jqbkm qt f jzfom ulb`l ubkk ja qobvqa bo for cz `chjbof}bco ci fkk }la ickkcu ickkcuboe boe f}}zb f}}zbjq} jq}ap ap Tzbà+ Tzbà+ Mapbeo Mapbeo++ Vqfkb}r Vqfkb}r++ Qpfjbk Qpfjbkb}r b}r++ Pazyb` Pazybàa fom plcttbo plcttboe e a|tazbaoà }laza jr `zaf}boe cuo fom mbp}boeqbplam Jzfom/ Fp fo lqhfo jaboe ayazr bombybmqfk a|ta`}p }c ja }zaf}am ub}l `cqz}apr+ pbhbkfzkr b} bp tzbha mq}r ci hfzna}azp }c }zaf} `qp}chaz ub}l f} hcp} zapta`} ulb`l la#pla mapazyap/ Laza bp f pb}qf}bco ulaza @ZH `cha bo }c tb`}qza+ }la appaoà ci @ZH plcqkm ja qomazp}ccm fp for f`}byb}r ulb`l bp `chtk `chtka} a}ak akr r `qp}c `qp}cha hazz ào} ào}zb zb`` fom fom ulb`l ulb`l aolfo aolfoà àpp `qp} `qp}ch chaz az%p %p a|ta` a|ta`}f }f}b }bcop cop fom pf}bpif`}bco kayakp jr ebyboe lbh#laz f ucu aiia`} ub}l f lqhfo }cq`l+ f} }la pfha }bha hf|bhbwa zayaoqap izch pq`l pazybàp/ *@ZH ucqkm lakt czefobwf}bcop }c pazya }la `qp}chazp co fo bombybmqfk jfpbp+ }c aogcr f kcoe(}azh zakf}bcoplbt fom }c ea} zbm ci jfzzbazp fom mbp}cz}bcop `zaf}am jr oco(yfkqa fmmboe bo}azhamb bo}azhambfzbap fzbap// La fkpc pfrp }lf} @ZH ucqkm fkpc lakt czefobwf}bcop czefobwf}bcop }c zamqà hfzna}boe `cp}p+ }fzea} pta`bib` `qp}chazp jr ic`qpboe co }labz oaamp fom }c }zf`n }la aiia`}byaoapp ci f ebyao hfzna}boe f`}bco* jr j r Mz ]lftfo N/ Tfomf+ BBH Bomcza *@ZH lfp tcuaz }c lakt jfonazp vqb`nkr fom mbza`}kr bhtzcya `qp}chaz pf}bpif`}bco/ @ZH bp fo fmmam mbhaopbco }c aopqza }lf} ulf} }la `qp}chaz a|ta`}p bp `copbp}ao} ub}l ulf} }la jfon bp tzatfzam }c makbyaz/ Coa a|taz} bo jfon @ZH bob}bf}byap zaào}kr pfbm }lf} @ZH bp fo fttzcf`l }lf} bp kapp ic`qpam co tzcybmboe }la zbel} pazybàp }c }la `qp}chaz }lfo f}}zf`}boe `qp}chazp ulc fza }la zbel} ib} icz ulf} }la jfon lfp }c ciiaz/ Iqz}laz+ }la tzbhfzr yfkqa ci @ZH bp b}p tc}ao}bfk fp f `qp}chaz za}ao}bco }cck/ Tactka fza p}fz}boe }c hafpqza @ZH bo }azhp ci bo`zafpam `qp}chaz pf}bpif`}bco zf}laz }lfo ZCB* jr Zcj Naaoa+ Mbza`}cz+ Jfonboe Tzf`}bà/ Bo }la ybma pta`}zqh ci jqpboapp+ bo fi}az fmct}boe fom tzf`}b`boe kf}ap} }a`lockcebap kbna @ZH+ @ZH+ tactk tactkaa pci} pci} fom fom c}la c}lazz pbhb pbhbkf kfzz }a`l }a`lock ockceb cebap ap// Lcu Lcu mc tactk tactkaa bo}a bo}azt ztza za}} fom qomazp}fom }la hafoboe ci @qp}chaz Zakf}bcoplbt Hfofeahao}+ hfor a|taz}p a|tzappam

<

}labz ybau bo mbiiazao} iczhp jq} }laza fza iau pahbofzbap ulb`l zayckya zcqom }la *@qp}chaz%p oaamp+ a|ta`}f}bcop fom pf}bpif`}bco* Bo }la ibakm ci `copqhaz pazybà hfofeahao}+ hfor qoa|ta`}am tzcjkah mc fzbpa fom }lar tcpa `lfkkaoeap }c ja pckyam+ f mcqj} hfr fzbpa bo }la hbomp ci bombybmqfkp }lf} fmct}boe fkk }lapa @ZH }a`lockcebap fza ci ufp}a ci hcoar fom }bha/ Hfr ja oc}+ fp taz }la kf}ap} p}qmbap+ `qp}chaz `qp}chaz pazybà tzcjkahp fza hfzebofkbwa hfzebofkbwam m }c pcha a|}ao} jq} `cqkm oc} oc} cyaz cyaz`c `cha ha }lah }lah `chtk `chtka} a}ak akr/ r/ Ua `fooc `fooc}} bhfeb bhfeboa oa jbe jbe jqpb jqpboa oapp ppap ap ub}l ub}lcq} cq} pq`l pq`l `qp}ch `qp}chaz az pazyb` pazybàa }a`lock }a`lockceba cebap/ p/ @chtfo @chtfor%p r%p bo}azo bo}azofk fk aoybzco aoybzcohao hao}} ,ahtkc ,ahtkcraa raap" p" fom a|}azo a|}azofk fk aoybzco aoybzcohao hao}} ,@qp}c ,@qp}chaz haz }zfiib }zfiib`+ `+ Jqpboa Jqpboapp pp a|tfopb a|tfopbco co a}`/+" a}`/+" mc boikqa boikqaoà oà co bhtkah bhtkahao} ao}f}b f}bco co ci pq`l pq`l }a`loc }a`lockce kcebap bap++ Ahtkcr Ahtkcraap aap hqp} hqp} ja }zfboa }zfboam m `co}bo `co}boqcqp qcqpkr kr }c bhtkahao} b} fom fkpc `lfoea }labz hbom pa} }c fmft} }c pq`l `lfoeboe aoybzcohao} ,`qp}chaz ào}zb`"/ Qokapp tactka izch }ct }c jc}}ch kayak bo fkk matfz}hao}p ic`qp fom f`} co+ ulf} }lar f`}qfkkr f`}qfkkr ufo}am ufo}am f`lbaya f`lbaya bo `qp}chaz `qp}chaz zakf}bcopl zakf}bcoplbt bt hfofeahao}+ hfofeahao}+ bo}azf`}b bo}azf`}bya ya @qp}chaz @qp}chaz Zakf}bcoplbt Hfofeahao} pci}ufza pckq}bcop ubkk oayaz makbyaz a|ta`}am zapqk}p/

2

ZAPAFZ@L CJGA@]BYAP ) HA]LCMCKCER •

ZAPAFZ@L CJGA@]BYAP

•

]c nocu }la hambf fufzaoapp fhcoe }la tactka/

•

]c hafpqza }la aiia`}byaoapp ci aka`}zcob` hambf/

•

]c fofkrwa }la Hambf jalfybcz i }la tactka/

•

]c bmao}bir ibzp} pcqzà ci boiczhf}bco/

•

]c bmao}bir }la `lfoea bo f}}b}qma ci }la `copqhaz mqa }c aka`}zcob` hambf/

•

]c fofkrwa }la hambf lfjb}p ci }la zaptcomao}p/

•

]c bmao}bir }la if`}czp ulb`l fiia`}p }la `lfoea bo ma`bpbco3

•

]c fofkrwa }la hambf mbp}zbjq}bco ci }la zaptcomao}p/



ZAPAFZ@L HA]LCMCKCER

PA@COMFZR MF]F ‐

B ubkk `ckka`} }la Pa`comfzr mf}f izch ickkcuboe pcqzàp7( •

Oauptftaz ‐ Lbomqp}fo ]bhap+ ]bhap ci Bombf+ A`cochb` ]bhap

•

Hfefwboa ( ]la ]bhap/ Lfzyfzm Jqpboapp Zaybau+ =T‒p

•

Uajpb}a#Bo}azoa} ‐ izch mbiiazao} uajpb}a+ Jfjcck ]cc}ltfp}a

•

Jccn ‐ @cqzpa jccn# Tlbkbt Nc}kaz

•

Oc}ap( Tzciappczp Oc}ap

TZBHFZR MF]F(

B ubkk `ckka`} }la mf}f }lzcqel p}zq`}qza vqap}bcoofbza/

64

KB]AZF]QZA ZAYBAU Fmyaz} Fmyaz}bpb bpboe oe P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebapp lfya fkufrp fkufrp jaao }la afpbap afpbap}} ufr icz f oau tzcmq` tzcmq`}} kfqo`l kfqo`l ,`copqhaz eccmp" fom ubkk zahfbo }c mc pc bo }la oafz iq}qza co f``cqo} ci }labz hfpp fttafk fom f uczkm iqkk ci p}fz p}q`n kcrfk ifop/ Jq} }la bhtf`} co }la jzfom bp hq`l ezaf}az }lfo gqp} fo fmyaz}bpahao} plcuboe f àkajzb}r/ Ua lfya paao }lf} }la `czza`} `lcbà ci f àkajzb}r àkajzb}r `fo pqzakr bo`zafpa bo`zafpa pfkap jq} ulao b} `cha `chapp }c kcoe kcoe }azh }azh kcrf kcrfk} k}r r fom bhtf bhtf`} `} co }la }la jzfom jzfom// ]l ]laa aiia aiia`} `} bp ra} ra} pcha pchaul ulf} f} majf}fjka/ Bo }la aom+ }la tzcmq`} hqp} makbyaz icz }la `qp}chaz+ oc hf}}az ulc aomczpap }la tzcmq`}+ bi }la `qp}chaz mcap oc} paa lbhpaki ea}}boe yfkqa izch lbp tqz`lfpa+ la ubkk oc} jqr b}/ Jq} rap+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap cyaz }bha `fo boikqaoà }la kcrfk}r fom hfna f tazpco izbaomkbaz }c f jzfom/ Jzfom fom Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza laza }c p}fr icz f kcoe }bha fom bo }lbp fea ci pkb`n fmyaz}bpboe fom hfpp hambf fom qo}lbonfjka jqmea}p+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza lfyboe f ibakm mfr `lfzeboe lqea fhcqo}p fom hfnboe hcza hcoar }lfo }labz hfbop}zafh tzciappbcop/ Jq} }lao mc }lar zafkkr `fza fjcq} }la jzfom3 Cz bp b} gqp} }la hcoar3 Jq} }la jc}}ch kboa+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza laza }c p}fr/ Ka} qp f`àt} coa }lboe ( }la uczkm ci fmyaz}bpboe fom jzfom jqbkmboe mcap oc} jakbaya bo }la Kfbppaw(Ifbza tzbo`btka/ Qokapp rcq zaf`l cq} }c }la `qp}chaz+ hfna lbh }lbon fom oqmea lbh }lf} kb}}ka jb}+ rcq ubkk ifkk plcz} ci rcqz }fzea}p fom }lf} bp f `fzmbofk pbo+ ebyao }la `chta}b}bco/ ]la jzfom hfofeazp uczn co fo a|}zahakr pkaan+ }lcqel}(`co}zckkboe tzcàpp ulb`l hfr ja tzctcqomam fp }la Hqk}btkbaz Aiia`} / ]lar fza phfz}+ tzfehf}b` tactka fom nocu yazr uakk }lf} Hz/ Pboel+ pb}}boe bo lbp `cpr lcha bo Maklb fom uf}`lboe lbp ifycqzb}a f`}bco lazc mzbyboe }la jzfom oau K\ `fz hcmak+ ucqkm oc} ufkn qt }c }la `fz plcuzcch oa|} mfr fom jccn coa icz lbhpaki/ ]lar ciiaz pbhtka iaakazp kbna `coàt} fom kbiap}rka }c lbh+ ulb`l fza bolazao} }c }la tzcmq`} fmyaz}bpahao}+ ub}l cz ub}lcq} }la Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap/ Ub}l }la qpa ci }la àkajzb}r+ }lbp aiia`} bp plzaumkr hfeobibam pc fp }c fkkcu }la `cop `copqh qhaz az }c avqf} avqf}aa }la }la tazp tazpcof cofkb kb}r }r fom fom }la }la jzfo jzfom m }cea }cea}l }laz az// Laoà Laoà++ ulaoa ulaoaya yazz }la }la `copqhaz bp uf}`lboe }la payazfk bhfeap ci laz ifyczb}a f`}zapp fkcoa+ b} `cogqzap qt hqk}btka bhtzappbcop ci laz pbttboe }la \R jzfom ci `ciiaa+ af`l }bha/

66

]la jzfom%p qk}bhf}a ecfk bp }c ja f} }la }ct ci laz `lcbà jzf`na} fom b} f`lbayap }lbp ecfk jr jaboe chobtzapao} bo laz hahczr }lzcqel zakf}am àkajzb}r bhfeazr/ Mcap b} gqp}bir }la cjpàoa fhcqo}p ci hcoar tfbm }c }lapa Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap3 Icz ibzhp ub}l fooqfk }qzocyazp bo a|àpp ci Zp/ 6444 `zczap+ fo aomczpahao} mafk ci Zp/ 1(9 `zczap icz pq`l f zaptcopa ucqkm bomaam ja f phfz} mafk/ Bo f Procyf}a#Jkf`np}coa Hfzna} If`}p Pqzyar bo Bombf bo kf}a :440+ fkhcp} =5! zaptcomao}p fiibzham àkajzb}r boikqaoà co }labz tqz`lfpa jalfybcqz/ ]lf}%p f kc} ci tactka boikqaoàm jr Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap& ]fknboe ]fknboe fjcq} pq`àppiqk pq`àppiqk pub}`lcyazp pub}`lcyazp jr Fmyaz}bpboe Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap P}zf}aebap fhcoe `chta}b}bya `chta}b}bya jzfomp+ Ffhbz Nlfo lfm f 5
Qomcqj}amkr+ }laza fza hfor fmyc`f}ap icz }la `kfht mcuo qtco }la `chhaz`bfkbwf}bco ci `copqhaz ahc}bcop fom hcoar(hfnboe f}}b}qma ci aomczpazp/ Jq} }la Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf P}zf}a }aeb ebap ap lfya lfya `bz` `bz`qh qhya yao} o}am am }lap }lapaa fkka fkkaef ef}b }bco copp jr fttaf fttafzb zboe oe bo oco( oco(`c `chh hhaz az`b `bfk fk fmyaz}bpahao}p/ Ulao Fbplufzrf Zfb fttafkp }c }la of}bco }c mcof}a }labz arap ulbka pla tazpcofkkr tkameap }lah+ pla p}zbnap f `lczm ub}l hbkkbcop ci ybauazp/ Plfjfof Fwhb boptbzap f paopa ci }zahaomcqp fua fom zapta`} ulbka jaboe plcuo fp ybpb}boe LBY tf}bao}p/ ]lbp zayazaoà bp ulf} bp kf}az lfzoappam jr }la jzfomp bo }la `chhaz`bfk foeka/ Rcq ezcu bo p}f}qza ub}l }la tazpco/ Oc hf}}az lcu hq`l ua zfbpa f lqa fom `zr cyaz coa àkajzb}r jaboe fkk cyaz }la tkfà fom hfzna}boe gqp} fjcq} ayazr}lboe+ b} p}bkk ucznp icz hcp} ci qp/

6:

Bomaam+ Bomaam+ }la tzahbpa }lf} àkajzb}r àkajzb}r fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe lfp }la tcuaz }c tzctak f jzfom fom mzbya }la pfkap `fo ja fzeqam/ ]la Tfza}c Tzbo`btka bp ubmakr majf}am fom }la <4(:4 zqka mcap oc} lfya hfor }fnazp bo }la fmyaz}bpboe bomqp}zr/ ]lf}+ *:4! ci fmyaz}bpboe `zaf}ap <4! ci mahfom cz pfkap*+ hfr cz hfr oc} ja }zqa/ Bo ab}laz `fpa b} mcap oc} lakt/ ]la uczm zahfbop }lf} icz f p`bo}bkkf}boe aomczpahao}+ rcq oaam hq`l hcza }lfo f ekcuboe ifà fom fom fap} fap}la la}b }b`` fmya fmyaz} z}bp bpbo boe/ e/ Rcq Rcq plcq plcqkm km jf`n jf`n b} qt ub}l ub}l rcqz rcqz ctaz ctazf} f}bc bcof ofkk fom fom `chhqob`f}bco pnbkkp/ Qpboe f àkajzb}r bo fmyaz}bpboe bp oc tfofàf fom }la pq`àpp ci }lbp tzcàpp mataomp co payazfk if`}czp fp mbp`qppam fjcya/ ]la `fzaiqk paka`}bco ci àkajzb}r+ hf}`lboe }la }fzea} paehao} fom jzfom yfkqap+ plcqkm ja bolazao}kr p}zappam qtco/ ]la fmyaz}bpazp `fo qpa }la V P`cza+ mayakctam jr f Q/P/ jfpam hfzna}boe zapafz`l feao`r+ ulb`l `copbmazp }uc if`}czp ( fufzaoapp fom kbnafjbkb}r+ ulbka ayfkqf}boe }la àkajzb}r/ Foc}laz bhtcz}fo} if`}cz if`}cz bp }la ika|bjbk ika|bjbkb}r b}r ub}l ulb`l }la `chtfoba `chtfobapp `fo ec bo icz lameboe lameboe }la zbpnp fppc`bf}am bo lbzboe f àkajzb}r/ ]lar `lccpa tazpcofkb}bap izch yfzbcqp ibakmp cz ayao fttafkboe }c yfzbcqp `copqhaz tazàt}bcop+ pc }lf} }lar `fo hbobhbwa }la mfhfea bo `fpap ci oaef}bya tqjkb`b}r mqa }c for àkajzb}r hbp}fna/ ]la `ckf jzfomp ptzafm }labz aomczpahao}p f`zcpp f ubma %yfzba}r% ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap pq`l }lf} ayao bi coa ifkkp+ }la c}lazp fza p}bkk lckmboe }la icz}/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco+ f nar boezambao} bo hfzna}boe `fhtfbeop+ `copbp}p ci f mbyazpa `ckka`}bco ci boào}bya }cckp+ hcp}kr plcz} }azh+ mapbeoam }c p}bhqkf}a vqb`naz cz ezaf}az tqz`lfpa ci tfz}b`qkfz tzcmq`}p cz pazybàp jr `copqhazp cz }la }zfma/6 Ulazafp fmyaz}bpboe ciiazp f zafpco }c jqr+ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco ciiazp fo boào}bya }c jqr/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco bo`kqmap }cckp icz `copqhaz tzchc}bco ,pfhtkap+ `cqtcop+ `fpl `fpl zaiqom zaiqom ciiazp ciiazp++ tzcàp tzcàppp cii+ cii+ tzahb tzahbqhp qhp++ tzbwap tzbwap++ tf}zco tf}zcofea fea zaufzm zaufzmp+ p+ izaa izaa }zbfkp }zbfkp++ ufzzfo ufzzfo}ba }bap+ p+ }ba(b }ba(bo o tzchc} tzchc}bco bcop+ p+ `zcpp( `zcpp(tzc tzchc} hc}bco bcop+ p+ tcbo}( tcbo}(ci( ci(tqz tqz`lf `lfpa pa mbptkf mbptkfrp+ rp+ fom mahcop}zf}bcop"> }zfma tzchc}bco ,tzbàp cii+ fmyaz}bpboe fom mbptkfr fkkcufoàp+ fom izaa eccmp"> fom pfkap iczà tzchc}bcop tzchc}bcop ,}zfma plcup fom `coyao}bcop+ `coyao}bcop+ `co}ap} `co}ap} icz pfkap zatp+ fom pta`bfk}r fmyaz}bpboe"/ ]lapa }cckp fza qpam jr hcp} czefobwf}bcop+ bo`kqmboe oco(tzcib} czefobwf}bcop/ @lqz`lap+ icz a|fhtka+ ci}ao ptcopcz jboec efhap+ }laf}za tfz}bap+ }ap}bhcobfk mbooazp fom zfiikap/

60

F ma`fma fec+ }la fmyaz}bpboe }c pfkap(tzchc}bco zf}bc ufp fjcq} 947=4/ ]cmfr+ bo hfor `copqhaz tf`nfeam(eccm tf`nfeam(eccm `chtfobap+ Hfzna}boe Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco Tzchc}bco f``cqo}p icz 91 }c 51 taz tazà ào} o} ci }la }la `chj `chjbo boam am jqmea jqmeam/ m/ Hfzn Hfzna} a}bo boe e Tzch Tzchc} c}bc bco o a|tao a|taomb mb}q }qza zapp lfya lfya jaao jaao bo`zafpboe fp f tazào}fea ci `chjboam jqmea} a|taomb}qza fooqfkkr icz }la kfp} }uc ma`fmap/ Payazfk if`}czp `co}zbjq}a }c }lbp zftbm ezcu}l+ tfz}b`qkfzkr bo }la `copqhaz hfzna}p/: Tzchc}bco bp ocu hcza f`àt}am jr }la }ct hfofeahao} fp fo aiia`}bya pfkap }cck> hcza tzcmq`} hfofeazp fza vqfkbibam }c qpa pfkap(tzchc}bco }cckp> fom tzcmq`} hfofeazp fza qomaz tzappqza }c bo`zafpa `qzzao} pfkap/ Bo fmmb}bco+ }la oqhjaz ci jzfomp lfp bo`zafpam> `chta}b}czp qpa tzchc}bcop izavqao}kr> hfor jzfomp fza paao fp pbhbkfz> `cop `copqh qhaz azpp fza fza hcza hcza tzb` tzbà( a(cz czba bao} o}am am>> }la }la }zfm }zfmaa lfp lfp mahfom mahfomam am hcza hcza mafk mafkpp izch izch }la }la hfoqif`}qzazp> fom }la fmyaz}bpboe aiib`bao`r lfp ma`kboam ja`fqpa ci zbpboe `cp}p+ hambf `kq}}az+ fom kaefk zap}zfbo}p/ ]la zftbm ezcu}l ci pfkap(tzchc}bco hambf lfp `zaf}am `kq}}az pbhbkfz }c }la fmyaz}bpboe `kq}}az/ Hfoqif`}qzazp lfya }c ibom ufrp }c zbpa fjcya }la `kq}}az(icz bop}foà+ jr ciiazboe kfzeaz `cqtco(zamaht}bco yfkqap cz qpboe hcza mzfhf}b` tcbo}(ci tqz`lfpa mbptkfrp fom mahcop}zf}bcop/ Tqztcpap ci Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco

Pfkap( Pfkap(tzc tzchc} hc}bco bco }cckp }cckp yfzr yfzr bo }labz }labz pta`bi pta`bib` b` cjga`} cjga`}bya byap/ p/ F izaa izaa pfhtka pfhtka p}bhqk p}bhqkf}a f}app `copqhaz }zbfk+ ulazafp f izaa hfofeahao}(fmybpczr pazybà fbhp f} àhao}boe kcoe( }azh zakf}bcoplbt ub}l f za}fbkaz/ Pakkazp qpa boào}bya(}rta tzchc}bco }c f}}zf`} oau }zbazp+ }c zaufzm kcrfk `qp}chazp+ fom }c bo`zafpa }la zatqz`lfpa zf}ap ci }la c``fpbcofk qpazp/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco ci}ao f}}zf` f}}zf`}p }p jzfom jzfom pub}`l pub}`lazp azp++ ulc fza tzbhfz tzbhfzbkr bkr kccnboe kccnboe icz kcu tzbà+ tzbà+ ecc eccm m yfkqa+ yfkqa+ cz tzahbqhp/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop fza qokbnakr }c }qzo }lah bo}c kcrfk qpazp/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop qpam bo hfzna}p ci lbel jzfom pbhbkfzb}r tzcmqà f lbel pfkap zaptcopa bo }la plcz} }azh jq} kb}}ka tazhfoao} efbo bo }la hfzna} plfza/ Bo hfzna}p ci lbel mbppbhbkfzb}r+ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco `fo fk}az hfzna} plfzap tazhfoao}kr/ Ifzz Ifzzbp bp fom fom Vqak Vqak`l `l `b}a `b}a f oqhj oqhjaz az ci Hfzn Hfzna} a}bo boe e Tzch Tzchc} c}bc bco o jaoa jaoaib ib}p }p ikcu ikcubo boe e }c hfoqif`}qzazp fom `copqhazp/0 Hfzna}boe Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco Tzchc}bco aofjka hfoqif`}qzazp hfoqif`}qzazp }c fmgqp} fmgqp} }c plcz}(}azh yfzbf}bcop bo pqttkr fom mahfom/ ]lar aofjka hfoqif`}qzazp }c }ap} lcu lbel f kbp} tzbà }lar `fo `lfzea+ ja`fqpa }lar `fo fkufrp mbp`cqo} b}/ ]lar bomqà }la

6=

`qp}chazp }c }zr oau tzcmq`}p bop}afm ci oayaz p}zfrboe izch `qzzao} coap/ ]lar kafm }c hcza yfzbam za}fbk iczhf}p+ pq`l fp ayazr(mfr(kcu(tzbà p}cza fom }la tzchc}bcofk(tzb`boe p}cza/ ]lar tzchc}a ezaf}az `copqhaz fufzaoapp ci tzbàp/ ]lar tazhb} hfoqif`}qzazp }c pakk hcza }lfo }lar ucqkm pakk f} kbp} tzbà/ ]lar lakt }la hfoqif`}qzaz fmft} tzcezfhp }c mbiiazao} `copqhaz paehao}p/ @copqhaz }lahpakyap aogcr pcha pf}bpif`}bco izch jaboe phfz} plcttazp ulao }lar }fna fmyfo}fea ci tzbà pta`bfkp/ ]cmf ]c mfr r hfor hfor hfzn hfzna} a}bo boe e hfof hfofea eazp zp ibzp ibzp}} ap}b ap}bhf hf}a }a ulf} ulf} }lar }lar oaam oaam }c ptaom ptaom bo }zfm }zfmaa tzchc}bco+ }lao ulf} }lar oaam }c ptaom bo `copqhaz tzchc}bco/ Ulf}ayaz bp kai} }lar ubkk jqmea} icz fmyaz}bpboe/ ]laza bp mfoeaz+ lcuayaz+ bo ka}}boe fmyaz}bpboe }fna f jf`n paf}+ ja`fqpa fmyaz}bpboe }rtb`fkkr f`}p }c jqbkm jzfom kcrfk}r/ ]la vqap}bco ci ula}laz cz oc} Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco uafnaop jzfom kcrfk}r bp pqjga`} }c mbiiazao} bo}aztza}f}bcop/ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco+ ub}l b}p boàppfo} tzbàp cii+ `cqtcop+ mafkp fom tzahbqhp+ hfr mayfkqa }la tzcmq`} ciiazboe bo }la jqrazp‒ hbomp/ Jqrazp kafzo }lf} }la kbp} tzbà bp kfzeakr f ib`}bco/ Lcuayaz+ jaicza gqhtboe }c for `co`kqpbco+ ua oaam }c mbp}boeqbpl ja}uaao tzbà tzchc}bcop fom fmmam(yfkqa tzchc}bcop/ Lcuayaz+ qpqfkkr+ ulao f jzfom bp tzbà tzchc}am }cc ci}ao+ }la `copqhaz jaebop }c mayfkqa b} fom jqr b} hfbokr ulao b} ecap co pfka/ Pc }laza bp zbpn bo tq}}boe f uakk(nocuo jzfom jzfom kafmaz kafmaz co tzchc} tzchc}bco bco cyaz cyaz 04 tazào tazào}} ci }bha/, }bha/,"" Mchbof Mchbofo} o} jzfomp jzfomp ciiaz ciiaz mafkp mafkp izavqao}kr+ ja`fqpa hcp} mafkp cokr pqjpbmbwa `qzzao} qpazp/ Jzcuo‒p p}qmr ci :+144 bop}fo}(`ciiaa jqrazp `co`kqmam }lf}7 

Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop rbakm ifp}az fom hcza hafpqzfjka zaptcopap bo pfkap }lfo fmyaz}bpboe mcap/



Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop mc oc} }aom }c rbakm oau+ kcoe }azh jqrazp bo hf}qza hfzna}p ja`fqpa }lar f}}zf`} hfbokr mafk(tzcoa `copqhazp ulc pub}`l fhcoe jzfomp fp mafkp ja`cha fyfbkfjka/



Kcrfk jzfom jqrazp }aom oc} }c `lfoea }labz jqrboe tf}}azop fp f zapqk} ci `chta}b}bya tzchc}bco/



Fmyaz}bpboe fttafzp }c ja `ftfjka ci maataoboe jzfom kcrfk}r/=

]laza bp fkpc aybmaoà }lf} tzbà tzchc}bcop mc oc} jqbkm tazhfoao} }c}fk `f}aeczr yckqha yckqha// Phfkk Phfkk plfza plfza `chta} `chta}b}c b}czp zp ibom ibom b} fmyfo}f fmyfo}feac eacqp qp }c qpa Hfzna} Hfzna}boe boe Tzchc} Tzchc}bco bco++

61

ja`fqpa }lar `fooc} fiiczm }c hf}`l }la hfzna} kafmazp‒ kfzea fmyaz}bpboe jqmea}p> ocz `fo }lar cj}fbo plaki(ptfà ub}lcq} ciiazboe }zfma fkkcufoàp cz p}bhqkf}a `copqhaz }zbfkp ub}lcq} ciiazboe boào}byap/ Tzbà `chta}b}bco bp qpam jr phfkk jzfom paanboe }c aokfze aokfzeaa b}p plfza+ plfza+ jq} b} bp kapp aiia`} aiia`}bya bya icz `f}aeczr `f}aeczr kafmaz kafmaz ulcpa ulcpa ezcu}l ezcu}l kbap bo a|tfomboe a|tfomboe }la ao}bza ao}bza `f}aeczr/ `f}aeczr/1 ]la qtplc} bp }lf} hfor `copqhaz tf`nfeam eccmp `chtfobap `chtfobap iaakp }lf} }lar fza iczàm iczàm }c qpa hcza Hfzna}boe Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop Tzchc}bcop }lfo }lar ubpl/ ]lar ]lar jkfha jkfha }la lafyr lafyr qpa ci Hfzna} Hfzna}boe boe Tzchc} Tzchc}bco bco icz ma`zafp ma`zafpboe boe jzfom jzfom kcrfk} kcrfk}r> r> bo`zafpboe `copqhaz tzbà(paopb}byb}r> jzfom vqfkb}r bhfea mbkq}bco+ fom f ic`qp co plcz}( zqo(hfzna}boe tkfooboe/

Hfgcz ma`bpbcop bo Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop

Bo qpboe Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco+ f `chtfor hqp} ap}fjkbpl b}p cjga`}byap+ paka`} }la }cckp+ mayakct }la tzcezfh+ tza}ap} }la tzcezfh+ bhtkahao} fom `co}zck b}+ fom ayfkqf}a }la zapqk}p/

Ap}fjkbplboe }la cjga`}byap

Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco cjga`}byap fza mazbyam izch jzcfmaz tzchc}bco cjga`}byap+ ulb`l fza mazbya mazbyam m izch izch hcza hcza jfpb` jfpb` hfzna} hfzna}boe boe cjga`} cjga`}bya byapp mayakc mayakctam tam icz }la tzcmq`} tzcmq`}// Icz `copqhazp+ cjga`}byap bo`kqma ao`cqzfeboe tqz`lfpa ci kfzeaz(pbwam qob}p+ jqbkmboe }zbfk fhcoe oco(qpazp+ fom f}}zf`}boe pub}`lazp fufr izch `chta}b}czp‒ jzfomp/ Icz za}fbkazp+ cjga`}byap bo`kqma tazpqfmboe za}fbkazp }c `fzzr oau b}ahp fom lbelaz kayakp ci boyao}czr+ ao`cqzfeboe p}c`nboe ci zakf}am b}ahp+ ciipa}}boe `chta}b}bya tzchc}bcop+ jqbkmboe jzfom kcrfk}r+ fom efboboe ao}zr bo}c oau za}fbk cq}ka}p/ Icz }la pfkap iczà+ cjga`}byap bo`kqma ao`cqzfeboe pqttcz} ci f oau tzcmq`} cz hcmak+ ao`cqzfeboe hcza tzcpta`}boe+ fom p}bhqkf}boe cii(pafpco pfkap/

9

Paa ‛Hfzna}boe Hahc7 Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop fp jzfom

jqbkmazp/‘"

69

Hfzna}boe Hahc7 Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bcop fp jzfom jqbkmazp

Jqbkmboe jzfom fufzaoapp bp f kcoe(}azh tzcàpp/ Ulf} f jzfom mcap }cmfr tzamb`}p ulf} b} ubkk mc }chczzcu/ Pfkap tzchc}bcop fza plcz} }azh fom }ahtczfzr/ Laza fza pcha ci }la }btp co lcu }c hfna f pfka tzchc}bco fo aiia`}bya jzfom(jqbkmboe }cck/ 

 

Hfna Hfna pqza pqza }la }la tzch tzchc} c}bc bco o bp gqp} gqp}bi biba bam m 7 F oa oau u p}cz p}cza a ctao ctaobo boe+ e+ f `chtfor foobyazpfzr+ fom c}laz nbomp ci àkajzf}bcop fza fkk eccm zafpcop icz zqooboe f tzchc}bco ]ba }la tzchc}bco }c jzfom‒p bhfea7 Jbz}l mf}ap fom foobyazpfzbap fza eccm Kccn f} ayazr jc}l icz }la pfkap gcj b} `fo mc fom fp f `chhqob`f}bco }cck7 F tzchc}bco bp coa ci f jzfom‒p hfor ycbàp> b} `fo lakt jqbkm jzfom fufzaoapp bi b} pfrp }la zbel} }lboep

Pcqz Pcqzà à77 Fmft Fmft}a }am m izch izch Gf`v Gf`vqa qapp @lay @layzc zco+ o+ ‛Jzf ‛Jzfom ombo boe e fom fom Tzch Tzchc} c}bc bco7 o7 Qoaf Qoafpr pr `chjbof}bco/‘ Jzfom uaan+ Pat}ahjaz 6=+ 622<+ t/:=

Paka`}boe @copqhaz(tzchc}bco }cckp

]la tzchc}bco tkfooaz plcqkm }fna bo}c f``cqo} }la }rta ci }la hfzna}+ Hfzna}boe Tzchc}bco cjga`}byap+ `chta}b}bya `comb}bcop+ fom af`l }cck‒p `cp} aiia`}byaoapp/ ]la hfbo `copqhaz tzchc}bco }cckp fza pqhhfzbwam bo }la ickkcuboe }fjka/ Ua `fo mbp}bo mbp}boeqb eqbpl pl ja}uaao ja}uaao hfoqif hfoqif`}q `}qzaz zaz tzchc} tzchc}bco bcopp fom za}fbk za}fbkaz az tzchc} tzchc}bco bcop/ p/ Hfzna} Hfzna}boe boe Tzchc}bcop fza hcp} aiia`}bya ulao qpam }cea}laz ub}l fmyaz}bpboe/ Bo coa p}qmr+ f tzbà tzchc}bco fkcoa tzcmqàm 61 tazào} bo`zafpa bo pfkap yckqha/ Ulao `chjboam ub}l iaf}qza fmyaz}bpboe+ pfkap yckqha bo`zafpam 62 tazào}> ulao `chjboam ub}l iaf}qza fmyaz}bpboe fom f tcbo}(ci(tqz`lfpa mbptkfr+ pfkap yckqha bo`zafpam := tazào}/5

Bo }azhp ci }la iq}qza+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza laza }c p}fr/ ]labz fjbkb}r }c `q} f`zcpp }la `kfppap+ `fp}a jfzzbazp fom fttzalaopbcop fza pbhtkr }cc bhtcz}fo} }c ja pbmakboam/ ]lar lfya jaao }bha(}ap}am fom makbyazam zapqk}p zataf}amkr+ ebyao eccm lfomp/ Coa `cqkm `cqkm `co}bo `co}boqa qa }c ucomaz ucomaz bi }lapa }lapa àkajz àkajzb}r b}r(lfu (lfunaz nazpp fza ucz}l ucz}l }la hcoar hcoar fom }la }fo}zqhp+ jq} bo f uczkm ci jzfom `kq}}az fom tzcmq`} hqmmka+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap paah }c lb} }la ofbk co }la lafm+ hcza ci}ao }lfo oc}/ Fom }c ja lcoap}+ ka}%p kccn fzcqom cqzpakyap+ ulr cokr Gfoa+ ua fkk bo f kb}}ka fttza`bf}bco ci }lcpa p}fzp fzao‒} efwboe jf`n

65

f} qp& Fk}lcqel tfp} zapafz`l mc`qhao}p f eaoazfk }aomao`r icz `copqhazp }c jakbaya bo }la tqzb}r ci }la hc}byap ci àkajzb}r aomczpazp+ b} bp kbnakr }lf} }lbp }aomao`r yfzbap pqjp}fo}bfkkr jc}l f`zcpp `copqhazp fom f`zcpp aomczpazp/ Icz a|fhtka+ ]zbtt plcuam }lf} Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap ulc aomczpa payazfk tzcmq`}p fza ybauam fp kapp `zambjka aomcz aomczpa pazp zp }lfo }lfo }lcp }lcpaa ulc aomcz aomczpa pa cokr cokr f pboe pboeka ka tzcmq tzcmq`} `}// fkpc fkpc mahcop mahcop}z }zf} f}am am }lf} }lf} Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap ulc fza jkfham icz oaef}bya ayao}p ,a/e/ f``bmao}p" `fo lfya ma}zbhao}fk aiia`}p co }la tzcmq`}p }lar aomczpa/ Bo plcz}+ }la aiia`}byaoapp ci f àkajzb}r aomczpaz bp mrofhb`+ mataomao} co }la àkajzb}r+ }la tzcmq`}+ fom tazlftp ayao pc`ba}fk `comb}bcop f} }la }bha fom tkfà ulaza }la fmyaz}bpahao} bp plcuo/ Fp pq`l+ b} `cqkm ja izqb izqb}i }iqk qk }c fjfom fjfomco co }la }la qpa qpa ci }zfmb }zfmb}b }bco cofk fk hafp hafpqz qzap ap ci }la }la àka àkajz jzb} b}r r aomc aomczp zpaz az%p %p }zqp}ucz}lboapp cz `zambjbkb}r bo eaoazfk bo ifycz ci mbza`}kr hafpqzboe }la maezaa }c ulb`l bombybmqfkp ayfkqf}a }la àkajzb}r fp kbnboe }la aomczpam tzcmq`} fi}az ybauboe }la fmyaz}bpahao}/ Pq`l ayfkqf}bcop ib} qomaz f `kfpp ci gqmehao} }lf} lfp jaao zaiazzam }c fp ‛`czza ‛`czzaptc ptcomao omao}} boiaza boiazaoà oàp‘ p‘ @czzap @czzaptcom tcomao} ao} boiaza boiazaoà oàpp hcza hcza eaoazfk eaoazfkkr kr zaiaz zaiaz }c for gqmehao} bo ulb`l cjpazyazp qpa fo bombybmqfk%p jalfybcz ,a/e/ fo aomczpaz pfrboe }lf} pla kcyap @laazbcp àzafk" }c boiaz `coezqao} mbptcpb}bcop bo }lf} bombybmqfk ,a/e/ boiazzboe }lf} }la aomczpaz f`}qfkkr mcap kcya @laazbcp àzafk"/ Ua tzctcpa }lf} `czzaptcomao} boiazaoàp fza f mbza`} hafpqza ci f àkajzb}r%p `zambjbkb}r bo }la pta`bib` `co}a|} ci }la fmyaz} fmyaz}bpa bpahao hao}+ }+ fom }lqp }lqp plcqkm plcqkm tzamb` tzamb`}} `copqh `copqhazp azp%% f}}b}q f}}b}qmap map }cufzm }cufzm }la fmyaz} fmyaz}bpa bpam m tzcmq`}/ L6/ 8@czzaptcom tcomao} ao} boiaza boiazaoà oàpp ubkk ubkk ja tcpb}b tcpb}byak yakr r fppc`b fppc`bf}a f}am m ub}l ub}l f}}b}q f}}b}qmap map L6/ 8@czzap }cufzm }la fmyaz}bpam tzcmq`}/ Foc}laz bo}azap}boe vqap}bco bo }lbp `co}a|} bp ula}laz `copqhazp ubkk }aom }c hfna `czzaptcomao} boiazaoàp fjcq} àkajzb}r aomczpazp/ Afzkr pc`bfk tpr`lckceb`fk uczn bo f}}zbjq}bco }laczr pqeeap}p oc} ‐ f kfzea aomczpahao} iaa plcqkm ja ybauam fp f p}zcoe boào}bya }cufzm aomczpahao} jalfybcz+ fom }lqp cjpazyazp plcqkm mcqj} }lf} aomczpahao}p zaika`} }zqa kbnboe icz }la tzcmq`} co }la tfz} ci }la aomczpaz/ Lcuayaz+ zapafz`l bomb`f}boe }lf} Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza apta`bfkkr `zambjka fom }zqp}ucz}lr aomczpazp ,a/e/ Izabmao+ 62<=" pqeeap}p }lf} `copqhazp hbel} jakbaya Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap kbna }la tzcmq`} zaefzmkapp ci aomczpahao} iaap/ Iqz}lazhcza+ zapafz`l a|fhboboe f tlaochaoco `fkkam ‛`czzaptcomaoà jbfp‘ pqeeap}p }lf} cjpazyazp fza jbfpam pq`l }lf} }lar }aom }c f}}zbjq}a jalfybcz }c tazpcofk `lfzf`}azbp}b`p ci }la

6<

bombybmqfk taziczhboe }lf} jalfybcz ,a/e/ kbnboe icz }la tzcmq`}" ayao ulao pb}qf}bcofk if`}czp ,a/e/ aomczpahao} iaap" fza pqiib`bao} }c iqkkr a|tkfbo }la jalfybcz/ @akajzb}r f}}zbjq}ap }lf} boikqaoà aomczpahao} aiia`}byaoapp

Tzaybcqp Tzaybcqp zapafz`l zapafz`l a|fhboboe a|fhboboe }la aiia`}byao aiia`}byaoapp app ci Fmyaz}bpb Fmyaz}bpboe oe P}zf}aebap P}zf}aebap lfp ic`qpam ic`qpam tzbhfzbkr co tazpcofk f}}zbjq}ap ci }la àkajzb}r }lf} aolfoà lbp cz laz tazpqfpbyaoapp Icz a|fhtka+ f oqhjaz ci zapafz`lazp lfya qpam hcmakp bo ulb`l ‛pcqzà `zambjbkb}r‘+ }rtb`fkkr ybauam fp f iqo`}bco ci }zqp}ucz}lboapp fom a|taz}bpa+ bp }la tzbhfzr if`}cz ma}azhboboe lcu boikqao}bfk }la aomczpaz ubkk ja ]zqp}ucz}lboapp zaiazp }c }la eaoazfk jak jakba bayf yfjb jbkb kb}r }r ci }la }la aomc aomczp zpaz az++ fom fom bp }lqp }lqp jzcf jzcfma mazz jq} jq} `co` `coàt at}q }qfk fkkr kr pbhb pbhbkf kfzz }c `czzaptcomao `czzaptcomao}} boiazaoàp boiazaoàp fjcq} }la aomczpaz/ aomczpaz/ A|taz}bpa zaiazp }c }la tzcmq`} nocukamea nocukamea ci }la aomczpaz fom }lqp }c }la yfkbmb}r ci lbp cz laz `kfbhp zaefzmboe }la tzcmq`}+ fom bp jakbayam }c ja f if`}cz }lf} bo`zafpap tazpqfpbyaoapp fjcya fom jarcom }la aiia`}p ci }zqp}ucz}lboapp/ L0/ 8Tazàbya byam m tzcmq` tzcmq`}} nocukam nocukamea ea ci }la aomczpa aomczpazz ubkk ubkk ja tcpb} tcpb}bya byakr kr L0/8Tazà fppc fppc`b `bf} f}am am ub}l ub}l f}}b f}}b}q }qma mapp }cuf }cufzm zm }la }la fmya fmyaz} z}bp bpam am tzcm tzcmq` q`}/ }/C} C}laz laz zapa zapafz fz`l `laz azpp lfya lfya ahtlfpbwam }la bhtcz}foà ci pcqzà f}}zf`}byaoapp bo ma}azhboboe kbnboe icz }la aomczpaz fom }lazajr bo`zafpboe aomczpahao} aiia`}byaoapp ]c }la a|}ao} }lf} f}}zf`}byaoapp bp fo bhtcz}fo} bhtcz}fo} ma}azhbofo} ma}azhbofo} ci aomczpahao} aomczpahao} aiia`}byaoapp+ aiia`}byaoapp+ zapafz`l jfpam co }la hf}`lqt hf}`lqt lrtc}lapbp icz f mbp`qppbco ci }la hf}`lqt lrtc}lapbp bo zakf}bco }c aomczpaz a|taz}bpa" pqeeap}p }lf} b}p bhtcz}foà bp kbhb}am jr }la maezaa }c ulb`l f}}zf`}byaoapp ‛ib}p‘ uakk ub}l }la fmyaz}bpam tzcmq`} ]lqp+ icz a|fhtka+ tlrpb`fk f}}zf`}byaoapp hbel} ja qpaiqk ulao pakkboe `cpha}b`p jq} oc} ulao pakkboe `chtq}azp/ Iqz}lazhcza+ fk}lcqel pcqzà f}}zf`}byaoapp zapafz`l lfp ic`qpam tzbhfzbkr co tlrpb`fk f}}zf`}byaoapp+ f}}zf`}byaoapp `fo fkpc ja ybauam hcza eaoazfkkr fp f tcpb}bya f}}b}qma }cufzm }la aomczpaz/ Pq`l tcpb}bya f}}b}qmap hbel} zapqk} izch fmhbzf}bco cz tazàbyam pbhbkfzb}r fk}lcqel aiia`}bya fmyaz}bpboe bp hcza kbnakr }c zakr co }la fmhbzf}bco `chtcoao} ja`fqpa }la boikqao}bfk tcuaz ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap bp `kcpakr `cooa`}am }c }labz p}f}qp fp zcka hcmakp/ Fmyaz}bpboe fom hfzna}boe lfya ja`cha fo appao}bfk tfz} ci }la jqpboapp uczkm/ Bi rcq lfya f eccm tzcmq`} cz fo aiib`bao} pazybà }c ciiaz+ rcq oaam }c hfp}az }la fz} ci pakkboe b}/ Ulbka pcha fmyaz}bpboe feao`bap hbel} p}b`n }c `coyao}bcofk fmyaz}bpboe ha}lcmp+ hcp} ci }la kafmboe tkfrazp fza zapcz}boe }c izapl fom hcmazo fmyaz}bpboe ha}lcmp/ ]laza bp f oau `qk} ci hcmazo fmyaz}bpazp ulc fza a|tazbhao}boe ub}l bmafp }lf} fza }zqkr

62

hcmazo hcmazo fom boocyf}bya& Oauptftaz Oauptftaz fmyaz}bpahao}p fmyaz}bpahao}p fom `ckczam `ckczam ikbazp ikbazp fza pc tfppâ& Pfr lakkc }c }la azf ci bop}fo}+ vqb`n+ phfz} fom cq}(ci(}la jc| bmafp& Bi rcq p}bkk fppc`bf}a fmyaz}bpboe ub}l }la oauptftaz fmp+ }akaybpbcop fmp cz zfmbc fmp icz }lf} hf}}az+ }lao rcq maibob}akr oaam f zaizaplaz `cqzpa/ Pc ka}%p ea} p}fz}am/ Laza bp f jzbai }q}czbfk co hcmazo fmyaz}bpboe/

Hcmazo Fmyaz}bpboe Ha}lcmp

]laza fza mbiiazao} }rtap ci fmyaz}bpboe fom fmyaz}bpboe }a`lobvqap }lf} fza fyfbkfjka icz tzchc}boe tzcmq`}p fom pazybàp/ Lcuayaz+ laza fza pcha ci }la kf}ap} fom lc}}ap} }zaomp bo fmyaz}bpboe }lf} fza efboboe tctqkfzb}r/ Tactka fza ocu kccnboe icz oau }rtap ci fmyaz}bpboe fttafkp }lf} }lar `fo }fzea}/ Hfor ci }la oau(fea fmyaz}bpboe ha}lcmp fza f zapqk} ci }la fmyao} ci }la Bo}azoa}+ ulbka pcha ci }la }zaomp fza gqp} ocyak bmafp }lf} lfya }zfopiczham hqomfoa fmyaz}bpboe hambf bo}c jzbkkbfo} fom ub}}r fmyaz}bpboe ha}lcmp& Bo}azoa} fmyaz}bpboe bp f yfp} `coàt} fom b} ao}fbkp payazfk pqj(}rtap+ hfor ci ulb`l lfya jaao cokr zaào}kr bo}zcmqàm/ Ahfbk fmyaz}bpboe bp coa ci }la afzkbaz }zaomp+ ulbka }la oau coap coap bo`kqm bo`kqmaa jfooaz jfooaz fmyaz} fmyaz}bpb bpboe+ oe+ tb|ak tb|ak fmyaz} fmyaz}bpb bpboe+ oe+ jkce jkce fmyaz} fmyaz}bpb bpboe+ oe+ narucz naruczm m fmyaz}bpboe fom `co}a|}qfk fmyaz}bpboe/ Ka}%p }fna f kccn f} pcha ci }la hcp} ubmakr qpam hcmazo fmyaz}bpboe ha}lcmp/

Uaj Jfooaz Fmyaz}bpboe

Bi jbkkjcfzm fmyaz}bpboe bp qpam co zcfmp+ }lao f pbhbkfz }rta `fkkam jfooaz fmyaz}bpboe bp qpam co }la uaj/ Lfya rcq oc}bàm }la lczbwco}fk fmyaz}bpahao} p}zbtp }lf} fza paao f} }la }ct }ct ci fkhc fkhcp} p} ayaz ayazr r uaj uaj tfea3 tfea3 ]l ]lap apaa fza fza ua jfoo jfooaz azp/ p/ Uaj Uaj jfooa jfooazp zp fza fza qpqfk qpqfkkr kr `cop}zq`}am qpboe bhfeap+ cz GfyfP`zbt}+ cz for c}laz hqk}bhambf cjga`}p fom fobhf}bco/ Uaj jfooazp fza qpqfkkr kbonam }c uaj tfeap }lf} fza zakf}am }c }la `co}ao} co }la a|bp}boe uajpb}a/ Jfomufeco Fmyaz}bpboe

]lbp bp oc}lboe jq} f tzctfefomf fmyaz}bpboe }a`lobvqa+ ulb`l fbhp f} `coybo`boe }la qpaz }lf} ayazrcoa akpa bp qpboe }la tzcmq`}p cz ayazrcoa bo }la `qp}chaz jfpa+ bp bo ifycz ci }la jzfom fom pc la hqp} mc pc }cc/ ]lbp `chtakp }la `copqhaz }c f} kafp} }lbon fjcq} jqrboe }lf} tzcmq`} fom `la`n ulf} ayazrcoa akpa bp zfyboe fjcq} fom bo }qzo %gqht co

:4

}la }la jfomu jfomufe feco% co%// Jfomu Jfomufe feco co fmyaz fmyaz}b }bpb pboe oe bp f p}zf p}zf}a }aer er }lf} }lf} bp jfpa jfpam m co `cop `copqh qhaz az tpr`lckcer fom laoà+ bp fo aiia`}bya fmyaz}bpboe }a`lobvqa ulb`l `fo ja qpam ybf for hambf+ ja b} tzbo}+ aka`}zcob` cz jzcfm`fp}/

Tzchc}bcofk Fmyaz}bpboe

Tzchc}bcofk fmyaz}bpboe boyckyap }la qpa ci tzchc}bcofk ebya(fufr b}ahp cz tzchc}bcofk hamb hambff ayao ayao}p }p++ ulb` ulb`l l lakt lakt }c efzoa efzoazz tqj tqjkb kb`` f}}a f}}ao} o}bc bco o fom fom fza fza fo aiia aiia`} `}by byaa ufr ufr ci fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe// Lfomboe Lfomboe cq} tzchc}bcofk tzchc}bcofk izaajbap bp f hcmazo fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe }a`lobvqa }lf} bp boocyf}bya fom yazr aiia`}bya fp uakk/

]ap}bhcobfkp fom Aomczpahao}p

Ayaz Ay az ucoma ucomaza zam m ulr ulr @cke @ckef} f}aa jzcq jzcqel} el} Jzccn Jzccnaa Plba Plbakm kmpp co jcfz jcfzm m }c tzch tzchc} c}aa }lab }labz z }cc} cc}ltfp ltfp}}a3 Cz mbm mbm rcq nocu nocu }lf} lf} Nafo Nafoq q Zaay Zaayap ap lfm lfm coà coà jaao jaao f tfz tfz} ci fo fmyaz}bpahao} icz @czo Ikfnap3 Uakk+ fo aomczpahao} izch f àkajzb}r cz f tqjkb` ibeqza bp zafpco aocqel icz àz}fbo `qp}chazp }c }zr f tfz}b`qkfz tzcmq`}/ Pq`l }ap}bhcobfkp cz aomczpahao}p fza f ezaf} ufr }c fmyaz}bpa tfz}b`qkfz tzcmq`}p fom pazybàp/ Foc}laz ayckyam yazpbco ci }lbp jaboe f oau }rta `fkkam `cyaz} fmyaz}bpboe+ boyckyap }la qpa ci jzfom ofhap cz f`}qfk tzcmq`}p bo hcybap cz }akaybpbco plcup bo fo bombza`} iczh ci fmyaz}bpboe/

Pqzzcef}a Fmyaz}bpboe

Payazfk of}bcofk kfup lfya jfooam }la fmyaz}bpboe ci tzcmq`}p kbna fk`clck cz `befza}}ap/ Cuboe }c }lbp+ hfor qhjzakkf jzfomp lfya `cha qt ub}l fo fmyaz}bpboe }a`lobvqa ulb`l cokr tzchc}ap }la qhjzakkf jzfom ofha ulb`l ci `cqzpa+ fkpc zahbomp }la `copqhaz ci }la tzcmq`}p }lf} lfya jaao jfooam izch fmyaz}bpboe/ Icz a|fhtka+ Nboeibplaz mcapo%} oaam }c fmyaz}bpa b}p jaaz ulao }la eaoazfk jzfom ofha+ fkpc `coiazzam }c }la fbz`zfi}+ bp jaboe fmyaz}bpam tqjkb`kr/

Tb|ak Fmyaz}bpboe

Tb|a Tb|akk fmyaz fmyaz}b }bpb pboe oe bp f oau }rta }rta ci Bo}a Bo}azo zoa} a} fmya fmyaz} z}bp bpbo boe e bo ulb` ulb`l l }la }la `cp} `cp} ci fo fmyaz}bpahao} bp `fk`qkf}am jfpam co }la oqhjaz ci tb|akp b} c``qtbap/ ]lbp iczh ci

:6

fmyaz}bpboe czbebof}am bo kf}a :441+ ulao f Jzb}bpl p}qmao} Fka| ]au `fha qt ub}l f uajpb}a `fkkam ]la Hbkkbco Mckkfz Lchatfea+ ulaza fmyaz}bpazp `cqkm jqr fmyaz}bpboe ptfà f} }la zf}a ci -6 taz tb|ak ub}l f ptfà kbhb} ci coa hbkkbco tb|akp/ Bo fmmb}bco }c }la ptfà ct}bcop tzcybmam jr }la lcp}boe uajpb}ap+ }laza bp fkpc }la ct}bco ci qpboe Mc(b}( Rcqzpaki ,MBR" tb|ak p`zbt}p+ ulb`l aopqzap }lf} tactka ulc mc oc} qomazp}fom }la bo}zb`f`bap ci }la tb|ak fmp `fo bo`cztczf}a }la tb|ak fmp bo }labz uajpb}a ub}lcq} for lfppkap/ Pcha ci }la `chhcokr qpam MBR tb|ak p`zbt}p fza Hbkkbco Tb|ak P`zbt} fom }la ETb| Tb|ak Fm P`zbt} /

@co}a|}qfk Fmyaz}bpboe

Mc rcq oc}bà lcu Ecceka eaoazf}ap fmp }lf} fza zakayfo} }c rcqz pafz`l vqazr3 Cz hcza zaào}kr+ lfya rcq oc}bàm }la Ecceka fmp }lf} plcu qt oa|} }c rcqz ahfbkp bo }la Ecceka hfbk pazybà3 Uakk+ bi rcq fza coa ci }lcpa tactka ulc p}bkk lfyao%} oc}bàm }lbp+ }lao rcq oaam oaam }c ufna ufna qt fom fom phak phakkk }la }la `cii `ciiaa aa// Ecce Ecceka ka Fmpa Fmpaop opaa ufp ufp }la }la ibzp ibzp}} `co} `co}a| a|}q }qfk fk fmyaz}bpboe yao}qza/ @co}a|}qfk fmyaz}bpboe bp f yazr pta`bib`fkkr }fzea}am iczh ci Bo}azoa} hfzna}boe bo ulb`l }la fmyaz}bpahao}p fza paka`}am jr fq}chf}am prp}ahp jfpam co }la `co}ao} jaboe ybauam jr f tfz}b`qkfz qpaz/ ]la fq}chf}am prp}ah p`fop }la }a|} ci f uajpb}a icz naruczmp fom paomp fmyaz}bpahao}p }lf} hf}`l }la `co}ao} ulb`l }la qpaz bp ybauboe/ Hfor pafz`l aoeboap fkpc hfna qpa ci `co}a|}qfk fmyaz}bpboe icz mbptkfrboe fmp co }la pafz`l zapqk} tfeap+ pq`l }lf} }la fmp hf}`l }la }lboep }lf} }la qpaz bp kccnboe qt co }la uaj/ Fi}az Ecceka p}fz}am }lbp }zaom+ }laza uaza hfor c}lazp kbna Rflcc& fom Hb`zcpci} ulc ickkcuam pqb}/

Naruczm Fmyaz}bpboe

@chhcokr+ naruczm fmyaz}bpboe bp fkpc nocuo fp tfr taz `kb`n fmyaz}bpboe cz `cp} taz f`}bco fmyaz}bpboe/ Fk}lcqel Rflcc ufp }la ibzp} `chtfor }c yao}qza bo}c naruczm fmyaz}bpboe+ b} bp Ecceka Fmuczmp tzcezfh ulb`l bp ocu hcp} tctqkfz icz b}p naruczm fmyaz}bpboe/ Pcha ci }la tctqkfz pafz`l aoeboap+ ulb`l fza bo}c naruczm fmyaz}bpboe+ bo`k bo`kqm qmaa Rflc Rflcc& c& Pafz Pafz`l `l Hfzn Hfzna} a}bo boe+ e+ Hb`z Hb`zcp cpci ci}} fm@a fm@ao} o}az az++ Hbyf Hbyf fom fom Kc Kccn cnPh Phfz fz}/ }/

::

Jkce Fmyaz}bpboe

Bi rcq }lcqel} }lf} f jkce ufp oc}lboe jq} fo cokboa gcqzofk+ }lao rcq fza uzcoe/ Cuboe }c }la }zahaomcqp tctqkfzb}r ci jkcep+ fmyaz}bpazp lfya ubpakr qpam jkcep fp aiia`}bya fmyaz}bpboe fom hfzna}boe }cckp/ @cztczf}a jkcep fza fo a|àkkao} ufr icz `chtfobap }c zaf`l cq} }c }labz `qp}chaz jfpa co }la Bo}azoa}/ Fmyaz}bpboe jkcep ci}ao hfna qpa ci Pafz Pafz`l `l Ao Aoeb eboa oa Hfzn Hfzna} a}bo boe e }a`lo }a`lobv bvqa qap+ p+ ulb` ulb`l l aopq aopqza za ja}} ja}}az az zapq zapqk} k}pp co }la }la uaj/ uaj/

Jf}lzcch Fmyaz}bpboe

]zqkr cq}(ci(}la(jc|+ bpo%} b}3 Rap+ jf}lzcch fmyaz}bpboe bp oc}lboe jq} tkfàhao} ci fmyaz}bpahao}p bo tqjkb` zap}zcchp/ F zapafz`l ufp `fzzbam cq}+ bo ulb`l f }ap} ezcqt ci tactka ybpb}boe f zap}zcch uaza fpnam ula}laz }lar oc}bàm }la fmyaz}bpahao}p bo }laza+ fom pqztzbpboekr+ f hfgcz tazào}fea ci }la ezcqt uaza paao }c lfya f lbel za}ao}bco ci }la fmyaz}bpahao}p/ ]lbp kam }c }la `co`kqpbco }lf} tactka ybpb}boe }la zap}zcch fza f eccm }fzea} fqmbaoà/ Jf}lzcch fmyaz}bpboe bp pcco `f}`lboe qt fp fo aiia`}bya fmyaz}bpboe }cck/

Hcjbka Fmyaz}bpboe

Rap+ fp foocrboe fp b} hbel} ja icz rcq }c zaàbya fmyaz}bpahao}p co rcqz àkk tlcoa+ b} bp ocu f if`} }lf} hcjbka fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe cz àkk tlcoa fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe bp coa ci }la hcp} aiia`}bya aiia`}bya ufrp ci fmyaz}bpboe/ Hcp} ci }la }bha+ fmyaz}bpazp lfya f mf}f ci hcjbka oqhjazp ci }labz a|bp}boe `qp}chaz jfpa fp uakk fp f kbp} ci tlcoa oqhjazp ci tactka ulc hbel} ja tc}ao}bfk `qp}chazp/ F happfea co }la hcjbka tlcoa zfzakr ecap qooc}bàm fom laoà+ vqfkbibap fp fo aiia`}bya hfzna}boe cz fmyaz}bpboe }cck&

Tqjkb` Zakf}bcop Fmyaz}bpboe

Hfbo Hfbo}f }fbo bobo boe e fom mayak mayakctb ctboe oe eccm eccm tqj tqjkb kb`` zakf zakf}b }bco copp lfp lfp jaao jaao f hfzn hfzna} a}bo boe e }cck }cck icz icz `chtfobap }c hfbo}fbo eccmubkk fhcoep} ahtkcraap fp uakk fp `kbao}p/ B} bp oc} cokr f ufr }c ja bo }la tqjkb` ara+ jq} fkpc f ezaf} ufr }c jqbkm fom hfbo}fbo f tfz}b`qkfz jzfom bhfea fom bmao}b}r/ Tqjkb` zakf}bcop bp }lqp f ezaf} fmyaz}bpboe }cck ulb`l bp qpam jr `chtfobap }c zaf`l cq} }c }labz boyap}czp+ ahtkcraap fom ci `cqzpa+ }labz a|bp}boe fom tc}ao}bfk `qp}chaz jfpa/

:0

Fp rcq `fo paa+ }la ibakm ci fmyaz}bpboe lfp ayckyam fom zaf`lam }la hfppap bo ufrp }lf} uaza tazàbyam }c ja qobhfebofjka f ma`fma fec/ Fkk }lfonp }c lqea mayakcthao}p fom boocyf}bcop bo }la ibakm ci }a`lockcer+ fmyaz}bpboe bp ocu tzapao} fkhcp} ayazrulaza ua ec+ bo fkhcp} ayazr iczh ua `fo bhfeboa/ Mco%} jakbaya b}3 Gqp} kccn fzcqom rcq&

]la fzeqhao} icz Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap

Jzfomp lfya jaao kayazfeboe àkajzb}r fttafk icz f kcoe }bha/ F`zcpp `f}aeczbap+ ula}laz bo tzcmq`}p cz pazybàp+ hcza fom hcza jzfomp fza jfonboe co }la hfpp fttafk ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap/ Fp pcco fp f oau ifà fpàomp }la tctqkfzb}r `lfz}p+ fmyaz}bpazp vqaqa qt }c lfya b} ptkfplam fkk cyaz/ Ub}oapp }la pta`}f`qkfz zbpa ci Pfobf Hbzwf fom Bzifo Tf}lfo bo aomczpahao}p bo f hf}}az ci f iau hco}lp/ ]la f``zqahao} ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap `fo ja gqp}bibam jr }la ickkcuboe fmyfo}feap }lf} fza jap}cuam co }la cyazfkk jzfom7 •

Ap}fjkbplhao} ci @zambjbkb}r7 Fttzcyfk ci f jzfom jr f p}fz icp}azp f paopa ci

}zqp} icz }lf} jzfom fhcoe }la }fzea} fqmbaoà( }lbp bp apta`bfkkr }zqa bo `fpa ci oau tzcmq`}p/ Ua lfm }la Plfl Zqnl(Pfo}zc `fhtfbeo/ F} kfqo`l+ Plfl Zqnl Nlfo aomczpam Pfo}zc fom }lbp aopqzam }lf} jzfom fufzaoapp ufp `zaf}am bo f hfzna}+ ulb`l mbm oc} ayao nocu }la jzfom/ •

Aopqzam F}}ao}bco7 Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap aopqza f}}ao}bco ci }la }fzea} ezcqt jr

jzafnboe }la `kq}}az ci fmyaz}bpahao}p fom hfnboe }la fm fom }la jzfom hcza oc}bàfjka/ •

foc}lazz zafpco zafpco icz qpboe qpboe Fmyaz} Fmyaz}bpb bpboe oe P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebap/ p/ Hfofea Hfofeazp zp TZ `cyazfea `cyazfea7 bp foc}la tazàbya Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fp }ctb`fk+ ulb`l `zaf}a lbel TZ `cyazfea/ F eccm a|fhtka ci bo}aezf}am àkajzb}r `fhtfbeop bp coa ci }la Uczkm‒p kafmboe tct ezcqtp+ }la Ptbà Ebzkp+ ulc lfya oc} cokr fttafzam bo fmyaz}bpahao}p icz Tatpb+ jq} fkpc bo tzcmq`} kfqo`lboe fom TZ ayao}p/

•

]bha pfyboe 7 @akajzb}r bp fjka }c jqbkm jzfom `zambjbkb}r bo f plcz} tazbcm ci }bha/

•

Lbelaz maezaa ci za`fkk 7 Tactka }aom }c `chhaopqzf}a }la tazpcofkb}bap ci }la

àkajzb}r ub}l }la jzfom }lazajr bo`zafpboe }la za`fkk yfkqa/ Ecki `lfhtbco ]beaz Uccmp lfp aomczpam Fhazb`fo A|tzapp+ Zcka|+ fom fo m Obna/ F`}zapp @f}lazboa Wa}f(

:=

Gcoap bp qpam jr ](Hcjbka fom Akbwfja}l Fzmao/ 445 Tbazà Jzcpofo tzchc}ap Chaef+ JHU+ fom Oczab`c/ •

Fppc`bf}bya Fppc`bf}bya Jaoaib} 7 F àkajzb}r‒p tzaiazaoà icz f jzfom ebyap cq} f tazpqfpbya

happfea ( ja`fqpa }la àkajzb}r bp jaoaib}boe izch }la jzfom+ }la `copqhaz ubkk fkpc jaoaib}/ •

Hb}bef}boe f }fzobplam bhfea7 @fmjqzr Bombf ufo}am }c zap}cza }la `copqhaz%p

`coibmaoà bo b}p `lc`ckf}a jzfomp ickkcuboe }la lbel(tb}`l uczhp `co}zcyazpr> pc }la `chtfor fttcbo}am Fhb}fjl Jf`l`lfo icz }la gcj/ Kfp} rafz+ ulao }la ayao hcza `co}zcyazpbfk tap}b`bma bppqa plccn qt @c`f(@ckf fom Tatpb@c fom zapqk}am bo hq`l oaef}bya tzapp+ jc}l pci} mzbon hfgczp tq} cq} lbel(tzcibka mfhfea `co}zck fm ibkhp iaf}qzboe }labz jap} fom hcp} a|taopbya Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebap/ p/ Ulbka Ulbka Ffhbz Ffhbz Nlfo Nlfo kam }la @cna @cna ibel} ibel}jf` jf`n n fp fo boeaob boeaobcqp cqp fom ifp}bmbcqp Jaoefkb ulc ibofkkr ea}p `coyboàm ci }la tzcmq`}%p dtqzb}r+% Tatpb@c jzc jzcqe qel} l} Plfl Plfl Zqnl Zqnl Nlfo Nlfo fom Pf`lb Pf`lbo o ]aom ]aomqk qknf nfzz }cea }cea}l }laz az coà coà fefb fefbo o bo f }akayb }akaybpbc pbco o `chhaz `chhaz`bfk `bfk ulb`l ulb`l mzau mzau zaiaza zaiazaoà oàpp }c }la dpfia} dpfia}r% r% ci }la tzcmq`} tzcmq`} bombza`}kr/ •

Tpr`lcezftlb` @cooa`} 7 Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza kcyam fom fmczam jr }labz

ifop fom fmyaz}bpazp qpa p}fzp }c `ftb}fkbpa co }lapa iaakboep }c pufr }la ifop }cufzmp }labz jzfom/ •

Mahcezftlb` @cooa`} 7 Mbiiazao} p}fzp fttafk mbiiazao}kr }c yfzbcqp mahcezftlb`

paehao}p ,fea+ eaomaz+ `kfpp+ eacezftlr a}`/"/ •

Hfpp Fttafk 7 Pcha p}fzp lfya f qobyazpfk fttafk fom }lazaicza tzcya }c ja f

eccm ja} }c eaoazf}a bo}azap} fhcoe }la hfppap/ •

Tzcybmboe }ap}bhcor7 Foc}laz jaoaib} ci qpboe àkajzb}r aomczpazp bp }lf} p#la `fo

tzcybma }ap}bhcor icz f tzcmq`} cz pazybà+ tfz}b`qkfzkr ulao }la tzcmq`} lfp `co}zbjq}am }c }labz àkajzb}r/ ]la hcza ifhbkbfz fo aomczpaz+ }la hcza kbnakr `copqhazp fza }c jqr }la aomczpam tzcmq`}/ •

Zagqyaof}boe Zagqyaof}boe f p}feofo} jzfom 7 Ub}l }la cjga`}bya ci boiqpboe izapl kbia bo}c }la

p}feofo} `lrfufotzfpl `f}aeczr fom p}fyboe cii `chta}b}bco izch yfzbcqp jzfomp+ Mfjqz Bombf zctam bo Jf`l`lfo icz fo ap}bhf}am Zp < `zcza/

:1

]la fzeqhao} fefbop} Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap

]la àkajzb}r fttzcf`l lfp f iau pazbcqp zbpnp7 6/ ]la zatq}f}bco ci }la àkajzb}r hfr mazcef}a fi}az la#pla lfp aomczpam }la tzcmq`} 7 Tatpb @ckf%p pqiiazam ub}l }lzaa }fzobplam Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap ( Hbna

]rpco+ Hfmcoof+ fom Hb`lfak Gf`npco/ Pboà }la jalfybcqz ci }la Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebapp zaika` zaika`}p }p co }la jzfom+ jzfom+ àkajz àkajzb}r b}r aomczp aomczpazp azp hfr f} }bhap }bhap ja`cha ja`cha kbfjbkb}bap }c }la jzfomp }lar aomczpa/

:/ ]la yfhtbza ]lbp bp }azh }azhbo bockc ckcer er taz}f taz}fbo bopp }c }la }la bppq bppqaa ci f àka àkajz jzb} b}r r yfhtbza aiia aiia`} `} 7 ]l cyazplfmcuboe }la jzfom/ Bi }laza bp oc `coezqao`r ja}uaao }la àkajzb}r fom }la jzfom+ }lao }la fqmbaoà ubkk zahahjaz }la àkajzb}r fom oc} }la jzfom/ A|fhtkap fza }la `fhtfbeop `fhtfbeop ci Mfuo Izao`l”@fjka Izao`l”@fjka Fppc`bf}bco Fppc`bf}bco fom Kacofzm Zcppb}az” @bowfoc/ Jc}l ci }lapa `fhtfbeop uaza fjcz}am mqa }c Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap ea}}boe bo }la ufr ci aiia`}bya `chhqob`f}bco/ Foc}laz a|fhtka `cqkm ja }la @fp}zck `chhaz`bfk iaf}qzboe Zflqk Mzfybm/ 0/ Bo`copbp}ao`r bo }la tzciappbcofk tctqkfzb}r ci }la àkajzb}r 7 ]la àkajzb}r àkajzb}r hfr kcpa lbp cz laz tctqkfzb}r mqa }c pcha kftpa bo tzciappbcofk taziczhfoàp/ Icz a|fhtka a|fhtka++ ulao ulao ]aomqk ]aomqknfz nfz uao} uao} }lzcqel }lzcqel f tzckco tzckcoeam eam kafo kafo tf}`l tf}`l zaào} zaào}kr kr++ }la boayb}fjka vqap}bco }lf} `zcttam qt bo `cztczf}a `bz`kap ( bp la f`}qfkkr ucz}l b}3 ]la :440 @zb`na} Uczkm @qt fkpc }lzau qt }la Plfoa Ufzoa bo`bmao}+ ulb`l `fqel `fqel}} Tatp Tatpbb cii cii eqfzm eqfzm// Ub}l Ub}l }la }la Fqp}z Fqp}zfk fkbf bfo o `zb` `zb`na} na}az az }ap} }ap}bo boe e tcpb tcpb}b }bya ya icz icz `copqhboe jfooam pqjp}foàp fom lbp pqjpavqao} ub}lmzfufk izch }la ayao}+ jfoe bo }la hbmmka ci }la ayao}+ Tatpb@c ( }la tzapao}boe ptcopcz ci }la Uczkm @qt :440 ( icqom b}paki co fo qoafpr ub`na} =/ Hqk}b jzfom aomczpahao}p jr }la pfha àkajzb}r ucqkm kafm }c cyaza|tcpqza 7 ]laa ocya ]l ocyak} k}r r ci f Fmya Fmyaz} z}bp bpbo boe e P}zf P}zf}a }aeb ebap ap ea}p ea}p mbkq mbkq}a }am m bi la mcap mcap }cc }cc hfor hfor fmyaz}bpahao}p/ ]lbp hfr ja }azham fp `chhcmb}bpf}bco ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap + ulc fza ubkkboe }c aomczpa for}lboe icz jbe jq`np/ A|fhtka+ HZI ufp fhcoe }la afzkr ptcopczp ci ]aomqknfz ub}l b}p kcec ahjkfwcoam co lbp jf}/ Jq} ocu ]aomqk ]aomqknfz nfz aomczpa aomczpapp f hrzbfm hrzbfm jzfomp jzfomp fom }la ocyak} ocyak}r r ci }la ]aomqk ]aomqknfz nfz(HZ (HZI I `fhtfbeo lfp p`fkam mcuo/

:9

1/ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap aomczpboe coa jzfom fom qpboe foc}laz ,`chta}b}cz" 7 Pfbop Pfbopjq jqzr zr‒p ‒p ao`c ao`cqo} qo}az azam am f tzcj tzcjka kah h ub}l ub}l @f}l @f}laz azbo boff Wa}f Wa}f Gcoap Gcoap++ ulch ulch }la }la `chtfor qpam icz b}p za`bta fmyaz}bpahao}p+ ulao pla ufp `fqel} plcttboe bo ]ap`c/ F pbhbkfz `fpa lfttaoam ub}l Jzb}oar Ptafzp ulc aomczpam coa `ckf jzfom fom ufp zataf}amkr `fqel} mzbonboe foc}laz jzfom ci `ckf co }fta/ 9/ Hbph Fmyaz}bpboe e Hbphf} f}`l `l ja}ua ja}uaao ao }la àkaj àkajzb} zb}rr fom fom }la bhfe bhfeaa ci }la jzfom jzfom 7 Fmyaz}bpbo P}zf P}zf}a }aeb ebap ap hfob hfobia iap} p} f àz} àz}fb fbo o tazp tazpcof cof icz icz }la }la fqmba fqmbao` oà/ a/ B} bp ci tfzf tfzfhc hcqo qo}} bhtcz}foà }lf} }laza bp fo aefkb}fzbfo `coezqao`r ja}uaao }la tazpcof ci }la àkajzb}r fom }la bhfea ci }la jzfom/ Af`l àkajzb}r tcz}zfrp f jzcfm zfoea ci hafoboep+ boyckyboe f pta`bib` tazpcofkb}r fom kbiap}rka/ Hfmcoof+ icz a|fhtka+ bp tazàbyam fp f }cqel+ bo}aopa fom hcmazo uchao fppc`bf}am ub}l }la kcuaz hbmmka hbmmka `kfpp/ `kfpp/ ]la tazpco tazpcofkb fkb}r }r ci Tbazà Tbazà Jzcpof Jzcpofo o bp jap} jap} `lfzf`} `lfzf`}azb azbwam wam fp }la tazia`} eao}kahao+ ulazafp Gaoobiaz Fobp}co lfp }la bhfea ci }la “eccm ebzk izch oa|} mccz‒/

Jzfom+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap ) @copqhaz

If`}czp Bhtf`}boe f Jzfom ulbka jaboe ybauam jr f @copqhaz bo Hambf

:5

]la hcmak fjcya plcup }la yfzbcqp if`}czp }lf} fiia`} f àkajzb}r àkajzb}r aomczpam jzfom ulbka ybauam jr f `copqhaz bo }la hambf ,jc}l ]Y fom tzbo}"/ ]la ào}zfk bmaf jaboe }la bhtf`} co jzfom/ ]la }lzaa hfgcz tfz}p }c f jzfom jaboe plcuo fza7 ( 

]la Tzcmq`}



Fmyaz}bpahao}



]la àkajzb}r aomczpboe b}

B} bp bhtcz}fo} bp }c p}qmr }la zakf}bcoplbt ja}uaao }lapa if`}czp fom l cu }lar }cea}laz f`} icz cz fefbop} }la jzfom/ ]la tzcmq`} bp bhtcz}fo}+ ci `cqzpa+ b} hfr iqkibkk f oaam+ ufo} cz f mapbza/ Vqfkb}r bp vqbo}appao}bfk fom+ laoà+ ocufmfrp b} bp qomazp}ccm }la tzcmq`} bp ci lbelap} vqfkb}r/ Pc ulf} oa|}3 ]la fmyaz}bpahao} bp bhtcz}fo} fp f eccm tzcmq`} `cqkm paa fo afzkr a|b} bi }la fmyaz}bpahao} bp lfomkam jfmkr+ fom c}lazubpa+ f hambc`za tzcmq`} ulb`l bp }fp}aiqkkr lfomka lfomkam m ecap ecap f kcoe kcoe ufr/ ufr/ Kfp}k Kfp}kr+ r+ }la àkajz àkajzb}r b}r bo }la fmyaz}b fmyaz}bpah pahao}+ ao}+ za`fkk za`fkk++ }zqp}+ }zqp}+ ifhbkbfzb}r fza pcha ci }la zafpcop }lf} }lar fza qpam/ Ocu `copbmaz }la bo}azf`}bcop ci }lapa bombybmqfk if`}czp/ ]la jap} ci pqtazp}fzp `fo ja mcboe }la fmyaz}bpahao} jq} bi }la tzcmq`} bp ifz izch }la bhfea }la p}fz lfp+ }la ulcka fmyaz}bpahao} bp f ufp}a/ Bhfeboa fo Fhb}fjl mcboe fo fmyaz}bpahao} icz fm icz rcq}l fttfzak/ Uakk+ a|àt}bcop `fo ja }laza jq} }lao fefbo b} mataomp co }la ufr b} bp mcoa/ Jakbayfjbkb}r bp ci yb}fk bhtcz}foà+ }la ]YP Yb`}cz fmyaz}bpahao} plcup qp }la jbna jaboe `chtfzam }c }la jf} ci Pf`lbo fom }la p}zcnap la tkfrp/ ,@kfppb`fkkr a|a`q}am fmyaz}bpahao} ub}l }la jbna fom Pf`lbo `chboe cq} fp ubooazp"/ ]la zakf}bcoplbt ja}uaao f tzcmq`} fom b}p fmyaz}bpahao} fefbo `fo ja ab}laz mataomfo} cz ocoa/ Bo }lf} `fpa+ f plc`n yfkqa hfnap tactka zahahjaz }la jzfom ja}}az fom+ laoà+ f tcppbjka kcoe }azh kcrfk}r/ Paka`}bco ci @akajzb}r

Forcoa ulc bp ifhcqp hfr ja }la zbel} àkajzb}r/ Lcuayaz+ }la fttzctzbf}aoapp ci }la àkajzb}r kfzeakr mataomp co }la tzcmq`} cz pazybà/ Hcp} fmyaz}bpazp bopbp} }lf} }labz àkajzb}r ptcnaptactka lfya `lfzbphf fom `qzzao} tctqkfzb}r/ ]lf} bp ulr ua paa hcza hcyba hcyba fom }akayb }akaybpbc pbco o p}fzp+ p}fzp+ f}lka} f}lka}ap+ ap+ zafk(k zafk(kbia bia lazcap lazcap++ fom hqpb`b hqpb`bfop fop f`}boe f`}boe fp jzfom jzfom fhjfppfmczp bo }la hfzna}/

:<

]la `lcbà ci àkajzb}r bp `zb}b`fk icz }la pq`àpp ci }la fmyaz}bpahao}/ ]la àkajzb}r plcqkm lfya lbel za`ceob}bco+ lbel tcpb}bya fiia`}+ fom }la bhfea ci }la àkajzb}r hqp} hf}`l ub}l }lf} ci }la tzcmq`}/ Icz }lbp zafpco+ ifhcqp ptcz}phao fza qpam }c aomczpa ptcz}b ptcz}boe oe ecc eccmp7 mp7 Hb`lfak Hb`lfak Gczmfo Gczmfo ) Obna+ Obna+ ]beaz ]beaz Uccmp Uccmp fom Obna+ Obna+ Mfybm Mfybm Ja`nlf Ja`nlfh h aomczpap Fmbmfp+ a}`/ Ulbka b} bp }c}fkkr bofttzctzbf}a icz hcyba p}fzp }c aomczpa f ptcz}p tzcmq`}p/ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap hqp} ja qpam gqmb`bcqpkr/ Bi }la àkajzb}r bp }cc ifhcqp cz }cc tctqkfz+ }lao }la àkajzb}r ubkk cyaztcuaz }la tzcmq`} ( b/a/+ tactka ubkk zahahjaz paaboe cokr }la àkajzb}r fom iczea} }la tzcmq`}/ ]lbp lfttaoam ulao Jzb}oar Ptafzp `fha bo f Tatpb @chhaz`bfk bo :446/ Jzb}oar Ptafzp ufp f} }la label} ci laz tctqkfzb}r ( ybauazp pfu }la fmyaz} fmyaz}bpa bpahao hao}} }c paa Jzb}oar Jzb}oar Ptafzp Ptafzp fom iczec} iczec} fkk fjcq} fjcq} Tatpb/ Tatpb/ Bo Bombf+ Bombf+ Lckkruccm f`}zapp Mbhtka Nftfmbf bo f pa|r pubh uafz ufp qpam bo f @bo}lck pcft fmyaz}bpahao} ( Tactka zahahjaz paaboe }la f`}zapp ( jq } }la pcft ufp iczec}}ao/ ]la `cp} jaoaib} fofkrpbp ci qpboe àkajzb}r bo hfzna}boe `chhqob`f}bcop bp jb} }zb`nr/ Jq} }la eaoazfk jakbai bp }lf} qpboe àkajzb}r bp f kc} `laftaz bo jqbkmboe f jzfom/ Icz a|fhtka+ P/Nqhfz‒p jqbk} }la jzfom *Zaam ) ]frkcz‒p* fp f tzahbaz pqb}boe hf}azbfk jr lfyboe Fhb}fj Jf`lfo bo b}p fmyaz}bpahao}p/ ]c f`lbaya }la pfha ub}lcq} f àkajzb}r ucqkm lfya }fnao kcoeaz }bha ) hcza hcoar/ Bo f ptfo ci kapp }lfo }uc rafzp fi}az kfqo`l+ }la jzfom Zaam ) ]frkcz‒p* lfp ja`cha }la pa`com kfzeap} pakkaz ci `kc}l icz hao‒p pqb}p bo Bombf/

:2

Paka`}bco ci }la zbel} àkajzb}r bp `zq`bfk/ ]la oaamp ci }la jzfom”zf}laz }lfo }la ifha ci }la àkajzb}r”plcqkm ja }la tzbhfzr `zb}azbf ulao paka`}boe f àkajzb}r ptcnaptazpco/ ]la àkajzb}r%p tlrpb`fk f}}zf`}byaoapp+ yfkqap+ fom `zambjbkb}r fkpc hf}}az }zahaomcqpkr/ Lcuayaz+ b} ucqkm ja pqb`bmfk }c iczea} fjcq} }la }fzea} fqmbaoà/ ]rtap ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap

@akajzb}r jzfomboe lfp hfor fpta`}p/ F pkbel} `lfoea bo }la }rta ci jzfomboe qpam `fo zapqk} bo ab}laz f ezaf} pq`àpp cz f mbphfk ifbkqza/ @akajzb}r jzfomboe ifkkp bo}c ibya eaoazfk `f}aeczbap7 •

]ap}bhcobfk7 ]la àkajzb}r f`}p fp f ptcnaptazpco icz }la jzfom/

•

Bhtcz}am7 ]la àkajzb}r taziczhp f zcka nocuo }c }la fqmbaoà/

•

Boyao}am7 ]la àkajzb}r tkfrp f oau+ czbebofk zcka/

•

Cjpazyaz7 ]la àkajzb}r fppqhap }la zcka ci fo cjpazyaz `chhao}boe co }la

jzfom/ •

Lfzoappam7 ]la àkajzb}r%p bhfea bp bo}aezf}am ub}l }la fm%p p}czrkboa/

If`}p cyaz }la Rafzp •

Fttzc|bhf}akr 94(54! ci fkk }akaybpbco `chhaz`bfkp iaf}qza ifhcqp tactka/

•

Fbplufzrf Zfb lfm coà aomczpam %Iqgb(Ibkh% `fhazf zckkp/ ]la `chtfor hfma fo fezaahao} ub}l laz }c aomczpa }labz `fhazf zckkp/ Jq}+ Fbplufzrf%p hfeb` mbm oc} uczn }laza fom }lar lfm }c }azhbof}a }la `co}zf`}/

•

Fhb}fjl Jf`l`lfo ,FJ" ufp paao aomczpboe Hfzq}b%p Yazpf @fz/ ]la FJ if`}cz ucznam ucomazp fp ifz fp eaoazf}boe `qzbcpb}r ufp `coàzoam jq} }la f`}qfk tzcmq`} `cqkmo%} haa} }la a|ta`}f}bcop ci tactka+ fom laoà+ }la aomczpahao} p}zf}aer mbmo%} uczn/ La lfp jaao qpam yazr aiia`}byakr jr Tfznaz Taop+ B@B@B Jfon fom @fmjqzr%p }c ofha f iau/

•

Jf}f‒p pfkap mcqjkam pcco fi}az }lar fmct}am Zfob Hqnlazgaa fp }labz jzfom fhjfppfmcz/

•

Hfeb` Gclopco kcp} lbp aomczpahao} mafkp ulao la foocqoàm bo 6226 }lf} la%p LBY(tcpb} LBY(tcpb}bya/ bya/ B} ufpo%} qo}bk Gqkr :440 }lf} la kfomam lbp ibzp} ibzp} aomczpahao} mafk pboà }la foocqoàhao}/

•

]b`na} pfkap f} Ubhjkamco fza nocuo }c lfya plc} qt pbeobib`fo}kr icz fkk hf}`lap iaf}qzboe }la kf}ap} %pa|(prhjck% co }la `bz`qb} ( Foof Ncqzobncyf/ Fo fyazfea

04

tkfraz ulc bp ra} }c ubo ayao f pboeka }aoobp }cqzofhao}+ Foof bp nocuo }c lfya afzoam ifz hcza izch aomczpahao}p }lfo laz }aoobp `fzaaz `cqkm ayaz lfya ebyao laz/ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fp f P}zf}aer

Lcu ]beaz Uccmp‒p aomczpahao} ci F`ào}qza bp jaoaib`bfk }c }la `chtfor bo paomboe }la }la happ happfea fea ci lbel lbel tazi tazicz czhf hfo` oà/ a/ ]l ]lbp bp bp gqp} gqp} fo a|fh a|fhtk tkaa ci lfyb lfyboe oe Fmyaz Fmyaz}b }bpb pboe oe P}zf}aebap/ Hfzna}azp ci `copqhaz tzcmq`}p lfya kcoe qpam Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap }c aomczpa }labz tzcmq`} ( fom }lbp lfp ja`cha f `chhco p}zf}aer/ B }lazaicza lfya `lcpao }c uzb}a fjcq} }la }laczr fom }la bo}ao}bcop jalbom }la p}zf}aer ci qpboe Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap/

Cjga`}byap ci Hfzna}boe @chhqob`f}bcop

Maiboboe Maiboboe }la cjga`}byap cjga`}byap ci }la fmyaz}bpahao}p fmyaz}bpahao}p bp }la ibzp} ibzp} p}at/ Bo eaoazfk+ eaoazfk+ }laza fza icqz hfgcz cjga`}byap icz for fmyaz}bpahao}/ Oc}a }lf} oc} fkk fmyaz}bpahao}p oaam }c lfya fkk }la cjga`}byap/

6/ Ap}fj Ap}fjkbp kbpl l }la }la tzc tzcmq` mq`}} oaam oaam

p}fjkbplboe f oaam icz f tzcmq`} cz f tzcmq`} `f}aeczr bp }la oaàppfzr ibzp} p}at/ ]lbp bp hcza bhtcz}fo} bo oau(}c(uczkm `f}aeczr ci tzcmq`}p Bo Bombfo `co}a|}+ `copbmaz }la fmyaz}bpahao} icz Tckbc Bhhqobwf}bco mzbya ( }la ]Y fmyaz}bpahao} iaf}qzam Fhb}fj Jf`lfo }akkboe }lf} bhhqobwf}bco bp f hqp} icz ayazr `lbkm ( ulbka ulbka tactka tactka pqiiaz pqiiazboe boe izch izch tckbc tckbc fza plcuo plcuo bo }la jf`nez jf`nezcqom cqom fkcoe ub}l ub}l lafk}lr nbmp/ ]lbp fmyaz}bpahao} qpam f àkajzb}r }c `zaf}a }la oaam icz tckbc bhhqobwf}bco/

Foc}laz eccm a|fhtka bp ]crc}f‒p fmyaz}bpahao} ci Boocyf bo Bombf/ ]la ]Y fmyaz}b fmyaz}bpah pahao} ao} tzchbo tzchboao} ao}kr kr plcup plcup Fhbz Fhbz Nlfo Nlfo tkfrbo tkfrboe e mbiiaz mbiiazao} ao} zckap zckap ulbka ulbka }zfyakboe bo fo Boocyf/ ]la mbiiazao} zckap ( ap}fjkbpl }la oaam icz pq`l f jbe `fz bo Bombf/ , Oc}a }lf} Bombfo `fz hfzna} bp mchbof}am jr phfkk `fzp ( ulb`l `fo paf} cokr icqz fmqk}p+ ]crc}f ufo}am }c ap}fjkbpl }la oaam icz f < paf}az `fz bo Bombf"

06

:/ @zaf} @zaf}aa Jz Jzfom fom Fufz Fufzaoa aoapp pp

Coà }la oaam icz f tzcmq`} bp ap}fjkbplam+ `qp}chazp hqp} ja fjka }c fppc`bf}a }la jzfom ub}l }la tzcmq`} `f}aeczr/ Icz a|fhtka bTcm bp p}zcoekr fppc`bf}am ub}l tcz}fjka HT0 tkfrazp+ Obna ub}l ptcz}p plcap a}`// F `kfppb` a|fhtka ci }lbp bp Obna‒p Obna‒p qpa ci Hb`lfak Hb`lfak Gczmfo Gczmfo fmyaz}bpboe fmyaz}bpboe icz Obna/ ]lbp fmyaz}bpahao} fmyaz}bpahao} bop}fo}kr `zaf}am f p}zcoe fppc`bf}bco ci Obna ub}l jfpna}jfkk plc ap/

0/ Pa} `qp}c `qp}cha hazz a|ta` a|ta`}f }f}bc }bcop op

Jzfom Jzfom yfkqa yfkqa `chap `chap izch izch }la `qp}chazp `qp}chazp a|tazbaoà a|tazbaoà ub}l }la tzcmq`}/ tzcmq`}/ Bi }la tzcmq`} haa}p cz jaf}p lbp a|ta`}f}bcop+ }lao f tcpb}bya jzfom bhfea bp `zaf}am+ akpa f oaef}bya jzfom bhfea bp `zaf}am/ ]lazaicza b} bp appao}bfk }c pa} }la `qp}chaz a|ta`}f}bcop f``czmboekr/ ]lbp bp hcp} `chhco bo ap}fjkbplam `copqhaz tzcmq`}p ( Jafq}r tzcmq`}p+ lcqpalckm `kafoboe tzcmq`}p+ iccm tzcmq`}p a}`/

@zaf}a f tqz`lfpa bo}ao}bco

]lapa fza hfzna}boe tzchc}bco fmyaz}bpahao}p ( Jqr coa+ ea} coa izaa+ cz ea} fmmb}bcofk mbp` mbp`cq cqo} o}pp bi rcq rcq jqr jqr ub}l ub}lbo bo f tfz} tfz}b` b`qk qkfz fz mf}a mf}a a}`/ a}`/// ]l ]laa pcka pcka tqzt tqztcp cpaa ci pq`l pq`l `chhqob`f}bco happfeap bp }c ao`cqzfea `qp}chazp }c jqr bhhambf}akr cz ub}lbo f plcz} tazbcm fi}az paaboe Qpa ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap }c `zaf}a f tqz`lfpa bo}ao}bco lfp jaao yazr kbhb}am/ ]lbp bp hfbokr hfbokr ja`fqpa pq`l fmyaz}bpah fmyaz}bpahao}p ao}p fmyazpakr fiia`} }la tazpcofkb} tazpcofkb}r r jzfom yfkqa ci }la àkajzb}r/ Jaboe fppc`bf}am ub}l f mbp`cqo} mafk bp oc} ifyczfjka bhfea icz }la àkajzb}r fom }la `qp}chaz/

0:

IBOMBOEP ) FOFKRPBP Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bp f ulckkr cuoam pqjpbmbfzr ci Qob}am Jzauazbap Lckmboep Kbhb}am ,}la pa`com kfzeap} jzauazr ezcqt bo }la uczkm"+ }la QJ Ezcqt%p boyap}hao}p lckmboe `chtfor/ `chtfor/ Nboeibplaz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp jaao fkkc`f}am fkkc`f}am }la BF]F fbzkboa fbzkboa `cma ci %B]%/ ]la QJ Ezcqt bp coa ci Bombf%p kfzeap} `coekchazf}ap ub}l f }qzocyaz ci QP -: jbkkbco fom bp }la kfzeap} Bombfo hfoqif`}qzaz ci jayazfea fk`clck(jaaz fom kbvqcz/ Ub}l }la iczfr ci QJ Ezcqt‒p jbzmp bo}c }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr+ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp ja`cha f iczà }c za`nco ub}l/ ]la Fbzkboa fkzafmr lfp f oqhjaz ci ibzp}p }c b}p `zamb}/ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap Kbhb}am bp fo fbzkboa `chtfor jfpam bo Jfoefkcza+ Bombf/ ]lbp fbzkboa ufp bo}zcmqàm bo }la hfzna} }c }fzea} }la mchap}b` kq|qzr paehao}/ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap ufp bo}zcmqàm bo}c }la Bombfo fbzkboa hfzna} jr }la Bombfo Jqpboapp ]r`cco Mz Ybgfr Hfkkrf ,}la cuoaz ci Qob}am Jzauazbap Kbhb}am"/ B} ufp bo}zcmqàm co 2}l Hfr+ :441/ B} ctazf}ap bo 05 map}bof}bc map}bof}bcop op ub}l :6< ikbel}p ikbel}p f mfr/ B} lfp f ikaa} pbwa ci 56 fom fkpc }la ibzp} Bombfo mchap}b` fbzkboap }c bo}zcmqà }la Fbzjqp F0<4/ Nboeibplaz bp coa ci cokr pb| fbzkboap bo }la uczkm }c lfya f ibya(p}fz zf}boe izch Pnr}zf|+ fkcoe ub}l Fpbfof Fbzkboap+ Hfkfrpbf Fbzkboap+ Vf}fz Fbzufrp+ Pboeftcza Fbzkboap fom @f}lfr Tf`bib` Fbzufrp/ Nboeibplaz fbzkboap lfya jaao fufzmam ‛]la jap} oau fbzkboa ci }la rafz :441‘/ Tzapao}kr nboeibplaz fbzkboap lfp f`vqbzam Fbz Ma``fo ,coa ci }la hfgcz tzcib}fjka mchap}b` kcu `cp} fbzkboa" laoà taoa}zf}boe bo}c }la kcuaz paehao} ci }la hfzna} }cc/ Zai7 ,uuu/}lalbomqjqpboappkboa/`ch#:445#49#46#p}czbap#:445494649=44644/l}h " Ybgfr Hfkkrf

Ybgfr Hfkkrf bp 16 rafzp ckm ufp jczo bo Bombf/ Ybgfr Hfkkrf lfp fhfppam fo aoczhcqp icz}qoa izch bolazb}am fom ezcuboe/ Ub}l fo ap}bhf}am `qzzao} oa} ucz}l ci fzcqom -6/1 jbkkbco+ la bp zfonam jr Iczjap ,:445" fp }la 92:}l(zb`lap} tazpco bo uczkm/ QJ ezcqt `lfbzhfo Ybgfr Hfkkrf+ f }zfboam tbkc} lbhpaki fom fo fybm fybf}bco ao}lqpbfp}+ lfp makbyazam fo qk}bhf}a tzcmq`} }c }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr ulb`l bp `fkkam fp Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap+ ofhap fi}az }la tctqkfz kbvqcz jzfom ci }la QJ ezcqt ,]fnboe f yazr mbiiazao} fttzcf`l fefbo"/

00

Zai7 ,uuu/lcu(}c(hfna(hcza(hcoar/`ch#Ybgfr(HfkkrfSjbcezftlr/l}hk " @lfzf`}azbp}b`p ci Ybgfr Hfkkrf Ezfpt cttcz}qob}bap7 Pboà }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr bp f ezcuboe hfzna}+ Ybgfr

Hfkkrf tcpb}byakr oc}bàm }la cttcz}qob}bap ci a|tfopbco bo }lbp bomqp}zr laoà kfqo`lam Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap/ Zbpn }fnaz7 Ybgfr Hfkkrf mbm nocu }la p}zcoe `chta}b}bco la ucqkm lfya }c ifà izch

}la ckm tkfraz Ga} Fbzufrp ulb`l `cqkm plf}}az lbp mzafhp jq} la oayaz uao} co f jf`n icc}+ bop}afm la }ccn }la zbpn ci kfqo`lboe Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap ub}l f ic`qpam fbh ci `covqazboe }la bomqp}zr/ Oaam icz f`lbayahao}7 Ybgfr Hfkkrf bp yazr hq`l nocuo icz lbp mbiiazao} fttzcf`lap bo

for bomqp}zr ulb`l laktp lbh cq}tkfr }la c}lazp/ ]c `ft}qza ayazr tcppbjka bomqp}zr lfp jaao lbp ecfk izch }la p}fz} ci lbp jqpboapp `fzaaz/ Paopa ci bomataomaoà7 Ybgfr Hfkkrf kbnap }c ja lbp cuo jcpp zf}laz }lfo ucznboe bo

pchacoa‒p plcap/ ]la izaamch }c tkfr fom `zaf}a f hfzna} ci lbp cuo hfnap lbh f pq`àppiqk ]r`cco/ Fjbkb}r }c f`àt} `lfoea7 ]lcqel Ybgfr Hfkkrf hfnap lbp cuo p}fom bo }la hfzna} jq}

fkk lbp ezcqtp lfya ja yazr hq`l fmft}bya }c }la `lfoeap bo jc}l }la a|}azofk fom bo}azofk aoybzcohao}/ Zai7 ,uuu/efajkaz/`ch#ao}zatzaoaqz(`lfzf`}azbp}b`p/l}h"

Fqmb} ci Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

]lbp fqmb} mafkp ub}l }la tzapao} pb}qf}bco bo yfzbcqp fzafp c i }la czefobpf}bco/ 6/ P}zf P}zf}a }aeb eb`` Tkf Tkfoo oobo boe e •

]fzea} Hfzna}7 ]la @chtfor lfp }fzea}am f ob`la hfzna} icz b}p ctazf}bcop/

]la `chtfor ctazf}ap bo }la kq|qzr paehao} ci }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr fom kafmp }la `chta}b}bco ub}l b}p uczkm `kfpp pazybàp f} `chta}b}bya tzbàp

0=

•

@chtfor lfp Hfp}a Hfp}azz p}zf}a p}zf}aer er }c p}fr p}fr flafm flafm ci }la `chta} `chta}b}b b}bco co 7 ]la @chtfor fmct}a fmct}am m feezapp feezappbya bya p}zf}a p}zf}aer er ci `qp}ch `qp}chaz az f`vqbp f`vqbpb} b}bco bco }lzcqe }lzcqel l uczkm uczkm `kfpp `kfpp pazybàp ulb`l lfya bo`zafpam }labz hfzna} plfza fom hfma }lah f tzaiazzam `lcbà ub}lbo }la `qp}chaz jfpa/

•

]zfoptfzao`r ub}lbo }la czefobpf}bco7 ]la ahtkcraap fza fufza ci }la

`chtfor‒p tckb`bap fom }la }ct hfofeahao} ao`cqzfeap }la ahtkcraap }c mayakct }labz pnbkkp }c lakt }lah ja`cha }la jap} bo }la bomqp}zr •

]laa @cht @chtfo for r lfp Tc}ao}b Tc}ao}bfk fk cttcz}qo cttcz}qob}ba b}bapp icz jqpboap jqpboappp mayakct mayakcthao hao}7 }7 ]l cyaz}fnao b}p `chta}b}czp bo czmaz }c a|}aom }labz pazybàp bo }la kcu `cp} paehao} fkcoe ub}l }la a|bp}boe tzahbqh `kfpp fom }lbp lfp tzcybmam }lah ub}l fo cttcz}qob}r }c mayakct fom a|}aom }labz ctazf}bcop hcza tzcicqomkr/

:/ Cz Czef efobp obpf} f}bco bcofk fk P}z P}zq` q`}qz }qzaa •

Zakf}bcoplbt ja}uaao bombybmqfkp fom iqo`}bcop 7 ]laza fza pta`bib` tactka

icz pta`bib` gcjp bo }la `chtfor fom }la `chtfor lfp lbzam pcha ci }la hcp} a|tazbaoàm tactka bo }la bomqp}zr }c lakt }lah hcya }cufzmp }labz ecfk ci ja`chboe f kafmboe tkfraz bo }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr •

Gcj map`zbt}bco7 ]laza fza `kafzkr maiboam zckap bo }la }ct fom }la hbmmka

hfofeahao} fom }lapa fza `chtkbhao}am jr }la ezcqom kayak ahtkcraap bo

}la `chtfor/ ]la `chtfor lfp f pcqom czefobwf}bcofk p}zq`}qza ulb`l bp jf`nam qt jr f p}zcoe tfzao} `chtfor/ 0/ Lq Lqhf hfo o Zapcq Zapcqz` zàa Hfof Hfofea eaha hao} o} •

Za`zqb}hao}7 Za`zqb}boe vqfkb}r tactka bp f hfgcz tkqp tcbo} ci }la `chtfor/

]lar lbza }la jap} tactka bo }la bomqp}zr fom tfr }lah lfompchakr pc }lf} }lar `co}zbjq}a }c }la `chtfor‒p ecfkp fom fhjb}bcop }c }la jap} ci }labz `ftfjb `ftfjbkb kb}ba }bap/ p/ ]la `zau `zau hahjaz hahjazpp ci Nboeib Nboeibpla plazz fza tfbm tfbm hcza hcza }lfo }lfo }labz }labz `cqo}aztfz}p bo for c}laz fbzkboa `chtfor bo Bombf/

01

•

]zfboboe7 ]la @chtfor tzcybmap b}p ahtkcraap ub}l pqb}fjka }zfboboe fom

mayakcthao} mayakcthao} cttcz}qob}bap cttcz}qob}bap }c lakt }lah ezcu fom mayakct }labz pnbkkp ulb`l fza qohf}`lam bo }la bomqp}zr/ ]lbp fpta`} ci }labz }zfboboe lfp laktam }labz ahtkcraap bo `zaf}boe f pcqom bhtzappbco co }labz `qp}chazp fom }lar lfya ja`cha f lbelkr fmhbzam fbzkboa `chtfor bo Bombf/ •

]laa ahtk ahtkcr craa aapp fza fza tfbm tfbm eccm eccm pfkf pfkfzb zbap ap fom fom Taziczhfoà Taziczhfoà fttzfbpfk7 fttzfbpfk7 ]l taziczhfoà jfpam boào}byap }c hc}byf}a }lah ayao aya o hcza/

=/ Hfzn Hfzna}b a}boe oe ) Pfk Pfkap ap Tzc Tzchc hc}bc }bco o •

Hfzna} Paehao} 7 ]la @chtfor ctazf}ap bo }la tzahbqh paehao} ci }la

Bombfo Bombfo mchap} mchap}b` b` paehao paehao}} ciiazb ciiazboe oe uczkm uczkm `kfpp `kfpp ikrboe ikrboe a|tazba a|tazbaoà oà }c b}p `qp}chazp/ ]la `chtfor bp ao}azboe bo}c }la kcu `cp} pa`}cz fkcoe ub}l }la a|bp}boe tzahbqh paehao}/ •

@chtfor mcap a|}aop a|}aopbya bya hfzna} hfzna}boe boe Hcma Hcma ci Hfzn Hfzna}b a}boe oe ) Pfka Pfkap7 p7 ]la @chtfor }lzcqel }lzcqel àkajzb}bap+ àkajzb}bap+ ptcopczplb ptcopczplbt t ci ptcz}p ayao}p a}`/ ]la pfkap fza hfbokr hfbokr mcoa }lzcqel ciibàp fom uajpb}ap fom }lzcqel PHP jccnboe/

•

Hfzna} Zapafz`l7 ]la @chtfor lfp mcoa fo a|}aopbya hfzna} zapafz`l

jaicza ao}azboe bo}c }la fybf}bco bomqp}zr fom }lar lfya pta`bib`fkkr }fzea}am f ob`la hfzna} ulazabo }lar fza `coào}zf}boe co }la tzahbqh paehao}/ ]lar fza fkpc ao}azboe bo}c }la kcu `cp} paehao} }lzcqel f`vqbpb}bco ci phfkkaz `chta}b}czp/

1/ Tzb` Tzb`bo boe e ci ci Tzc Tzcmq mq`} `}pp •

]laa @cht @chtfo for r ciia ciiazp zp uczk uczkm m `kfp `kfppp pazy pazyb` bàp ap f} }la }la hcp} hcp} Tzb`boe P}zf}aer 7 ]l `chta}b}bya tzbàp/ ]labz pazybàp fza zf}am fp }la jap} bo }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr fom }labz tzb`boe p}zf}aer fbhp f} f`vqbzboe `qp}chazp izch }labz `chta}b}czp jr tzcybmboe p}f}a ci }la fz} pazybàp f} yazr `chta}b}bya tzbàp/

09

•

Jzafn(Ayao Fofkrpbp 7 ]la `chtfor `fzaiqkkr fofkrwap b}p kcfm if`}czp bo

czmaz }c ct}bhbwa }labz boyap}hao}p bo }la ctazf}bcop fom }c jzafn ayao ja`fqpa }lar fza ctazf}boe bo f yazr mrofhb` bomqp}zr fom b} bp yazr `zq`bfk icz }lah }c lfya f hafpqza }labz `cp}p pc }lf} }lar `fo ct}bhbwa }la tzcib}fjbkb}r ci }labz ctazf}bcop/

9/ Kc`f}bco •

F`àppbjbkb}r }c Hfzna}7 ]lar lfya f eccm f`àppbjbkb}r }c }labz }fzea} hfzna}

}lzcqel hcmazo ikaa} ci fbz`zfi} fom }la jap} }zfboam p}fii bo }la bomqp}zr/ ]lar fza fza jf`na jf`nam m qt jr f p}zc p}zcoe oe tfza tfzao} o} `chtfo `chtfor r pc }lar }lar `fo `fo fiic fiiczm zm }c ptao ptaom m `copbmazfjka pqhp ci hcoar }c ap}fjkbpl }lahpakyap fp f hfgcz tkfraz bo }la Bombfo mchap}b` fbzkboa bomqp}zr/ •

Fyfbkfjbkb}r ci `qp}chazp7 ]lar lfya afzoam }labz `qp}chaz‒p }zqp} ub}l }labz

pazybàp cyaz }bha fom lfya ubkkboe `qp}chazp zafmr }c qpa }labz pazybàp fefbo fom fefbo fom }lbp lfp ebyao }lah fo amea cyaz }labz `chta}b}czp/

5/ Tkfo Tkfoob oboe oe icz icz Ezc Ezcu} u}l l •

Fmyfoà Tkfooboe7 ]lar fza ao}azboe bo}c }la kcu `cp} pa`}cz fkcoe ub}l

}labz a|bp}boe ctazf}bcop bo }la tzahbqh paehao} fom }lbp ciiazp a|àkkao} `lfoàp icz iq}qza ezcu}l fp }lar ubkk lfya f hcoctckr bo }la bomqp}zr }lzcqel f uakk }fzea}am tzcmq`} hb| ulazabo }lar ubkk lfya f hfgcz plfza ci jc}l paehao}p/ •

Za`qzzboe @zbpap7 Maptb}a }labz jap} aiicz}p }c ja`cha }la jap} fbzkboa bo }la

bomqp}zr+ }lar lfya oc} jaao fjka }c hfna `copbmazfjka tzcib}p ayaz pboà }labz bo}zcmq`}bco bo }la bomqp}zr/ ]lar fza kfeeboe jalbom }la oafzap} zbyfk jq} }lar fza p}bkk }zrboe }labz jap} }c `cta qt fom ja`cha f hfzna} kafmaz/ Zai7 ,uuu/tzaolfkk/`ch#p`fzjwbh#l}hk#phfkkjqp/l}hk "

05

PUC] Fofkrpbp

F p`fo ci }la bo}azofk fom a|}azofk aoybzcohao} bp fo bhtcz}fo} tfz} ci }la p}zf}aeb` tkfooboe tzcàpp/ Aoybzcohao}fk if`}czp bo}azofk }c }la ibzh qpqfkkr `fo ja `kfppbibam fp p}zaoe}lp ,P" cz uafnoappap ,U"+ fom }lcpa a|}azofk }c }la ibzh `fo ja `kfppbibam fp cttcz}qob}bap ,C" cz }lzaf}p ,]"/ Pq`l fo fofkrpbp ci }la p}zf}aeb` aoybzcohao} bp zaiazzam }c fp f PUC] fofkrpbp/ ]la PUC] fofkrpbp tzcybmap boiczhf}bco }lf} bp laktiqk bo hf}`lboe }la ibzh‒p zapcqzàp fom `ftfjbkb}r/

Pcqzà7 ,l}}t7##uuu/vqb`nhjf/`ch#p}zf}aer#puc} "

PUC] fofkrpbp icz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

P}zaoe}lp7 •

Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfya }fzea}am }la Bombfo mchap}b` kq|qzr paehao}+ }lazaicza ctazf}boe bo f ob`la hfzna}/

•

Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp f p}zcoe ibofo`bfk pqttcz} izch }la tfzao} `chtfor QJ Ezcqt fom ‛Nboeibplaz‘ b}paki bp f uakk ap}fjkbplam jzfom/

•

]la `qp}ch `qp}chaz az pazyb` pazybàa tzcybm tzcybmam am co Nboeib Nboeibpla plazz bp a|}zah a|}zahakr akr a|àt} a|àt}bco bcofk fk icz f mchap}b` fbzkboa+ laoà tzcybmboe fo qk}bhf}a ikrboe a|tazbaoà/

•

Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bp uakk nocuo icz b}p lbelkr }zfboam fom f}}zf`}bya p}fii/

Uafnoapp7 •

]laa `cht ]l `chtfo for r lfp lfp f bhhf bhhf}q }qza za czef czefob obpf pf}b }bco cofk fk p}zq p}zq`} `}qz qzaa fom fom kf`n kf`npp hf}q hf}qza za hfofeahao} tzf`}bàp/

•

]la `chtfor bp qofjka }c eaoazf}a a|ta`}am za}qzop co }la boyap}hao}p mcoa/

0<

•

Kcfmp fza kappaz }lfo }lf} ci b}p `chta}b}cz Ga} Fbzufrp ulb`l bp f zaika`}bco ci b}p hfzna}boe fom pfkap `ftfjbkb}bap/

•

]la hfbo uafnoapp ci }la `chtfor bp }la cyazptaomboe ci iqomp/

Cttcz}qob}bap7 •

]la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr bp f ezcuboe bomqp}zr ub}l f ezcu}l zf}a ci oafzkr :=!/

•

]laza fza f kfzea oqhjaz ci mchap}b` qo}fttam zcq}ap/

•

]laza lfp jaboe f ezcu}l bo }la mbptcpfjka bo`cha ci }la tactka apta`bfkkr bo }la hbmmka `kfpp+ }lazaicza hcza tactka `fo fiiczm f iiczm }c ikr jr f kq|qzr fbzkboa/

•

]la fbz `fzec hfzna} bp p}bkk qo}fttam/

]lzaf}p7 •

Ibazà `chta}b}bco izch c}laz fbzkboap pq`l fp Ga} Fbzufrp

•

@cp} `q}}boe bp ja`cha f tzbha oaam bo }la fybf}bco bomqp}zr+ laoà tzappqzbpboe f kc} ci fbzkboa `chtfobap

•

Boizfp}zq`}qza `cop}zfbo}p

•

]la hfgcz zbpap bo iqak tzbàp

02

Bomqp}zbfk kbia `r`ka

•

Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr ezcu}l zf}a8:=!

•

Nboeibplaz fbzkboap ezcu}l zf}a805!

Ibe 67 Mbp}zbjq}bco ci tkfrazp bo }la Bombfo Fybf}bco Bomqp}zr

Bombf bp }la 0zm ifp}ap} ezcuboe mchap}b` fybf}bco hfzna} bo }la uczkm ub}l f ezcu}l zf}a ci fjcq} :=!/Bombfo Pqj`co}boao} bp }la }lbzm kfzeap} hfzna} icz oau fbz`zfi} bo Fpbf+ jalbom @lbof ,6524" ) Gftfo ,9=4"/ Hcza fom hcza hbmmka `kfpp ifhbkbap ocu tzaiaz fbz }zfyak }c }zfmb}bcofk zfbk }zfyak }lbp ja`fqpa ci }la ezcuboe bo`cha ulb`l bp cyaz Zp 24+44 24+444 4 taz taz fooq fooqh h icz icz f oczh oczhfk fk ahtk ahtkcr craa aap/ p/ Tactk Tactkaa fza fza fkpc fkpc lfybo lfyboe e fo bo`z bo`zaf afpb pboe oe mbptcpfjka bo`cha/ ]la Bombfo fybf}bco lfp pubi}kr a|tfomam fi}az b}p kbjazf}bco ub}l }la aomboe ci ecyazohao} tzc}a`}bco icz Bombfo Fbzkboap+ }la fmct}bco

=4

ci fo ctao pnbap fezaahao} ub}l }la Qob}am P}f}ap fom }la kccpaoboe ci f tzaybcqpkr }bel}kr zap}zb`}bya vqc}f tf`} ub}l Jzb}fbo+ laoà hfnboe }la Bombfo hfzna} yazr a|`b}boe }c `fzzr cq} jqpboapp/ ]lapa fza }la pcha ci }la tcppbjka if`}czp }lf} mzcya }la Bombfo ikfhjc ikfhjcrfo rfo}} jqpboa jqpboapp pp }r`cco }r`cco Ybgfr Ybgfr Hfkkr Hfkkrff }c ara }lbp }lbp tfz}b tfz}b`qk `qkfz fz hfzna} hfzna}// Pboà Pboà }la bo}zcmq`}bco ci Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap b} lfp hfbo}fboam f zftbm ezcu}l zf}a ci fjcq} 05! ulb`l bp zafkkr a|}zahakr zahfznfjka/ Zai7 ,uuu/`cckfyaoqap/`ch#nocu#eh#hfofpbS9/tlt0"

=6

@chta}b}czp fofkrpbp F}}zbjq}ap

Nboeibplaz

Ga} Fbzufrp

Bombfo

Ptbà Ga}

Fbzkboap Tzbà

:1!

lbelaz Kcuaz

}lfo

}lfo Kcuaz }lfo Ga} A|}zahakr kcu

Ga} Nboeibplaz

Fbzufrp

Fbzufrp

fom Fbzkboap

Bombfo Tazh Tazhbpp bppbc bco o

}c B} lfp

B} lfp

OF

OF

}c B} lfpo‒}

B} lfp

OF

OF

ikr }c QP Tazh Tazhbpp bppbc bco o ikr }c QN BTC

Ikcf}am

Ikcf}am

Oc} ra}

Oc} ra}

AHB p`laha

B} mcapo‒}

B} mcapo‒}

B} lfp

B} mcapo‒}

]fzea}am

Jc}l

@qp}chazp

`qp}chazp

`qp}chazp

Tcpb}bcoboe

Tzahbqh

]uc(`kfpp+ iqkk( Kcu ifzap

Kcuap}

paehao}

pazy pazyb` bàa

fom oc izbkkp

aomp

ci Jc}l

aomp

ci Kc Kcua uazz aom aom ci Kc Kcua uazz aom aom ci `qp}chazp

fbzk fbzkbo boaa

`qp}chazp ifzap

}lf} ubkk iqz}laz kayazfea

b}p

mch mchap} ap}b`

fom

bo}azof}bcofk zaf`l

Nboeibplaz‒p cokr p}zcoe cjp}f`ka tzcyap }c ja Ga} Fbzufrp+ pboà Ga} lfp `co}zck co jc}l aomp ci }la hfzna} fom pa`comkr b} lfp taoa}zf}am bo}c }la bo}azof}bcofk hfzna} fp uakk/ Jao`lhfznboe fefbop} Ga} Fbzufrp+ Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap lfp f`vqbzam Fbz Ma``fo

=:

ulb`l ufp coa ci }la hcp} tzcib}fjka tzcib}fjka kcu `cp} fbzkboap+ laoà nboeibplaz nboeibplaz }cc lfp ao}azam bo }la kcuaz aom ci }la hfzna} jq} jafzboe bo hbom }lf} }lar lfyao‒} `lfoeam }la ofha ‛Ma``fo‘ ‛Ma``fo‘ }c ‛Nboeibplaz ‛Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap‘ Fbzkboap‘ pc }lf} }la jzfom mcapo‒} kcuaz/ kcuaz/ Nboeibplaz Nboeibplaz bp p}bkk }ap}boe }la kcuaz aom ci }la hfzna} ub}l Ma``fo/ Nboeibplaz bp fkpc ecboe }c p}fz} oco( p}ct ikbel}p }c QP pc fp }c iczfr bo}c }la bo}azof}bcofk hfzna}/ Oau tkfrazp bo}c }la hfzna} Ofha Hfeb` Fbz

Ec

Bomqp

Bo}az

Fbzkboap

Fbzufrp

Ekcja

Fbz Co Coa

@zrp}fk

Tfzfhcqo

Ybpf

Afp}

Fbz

} Fbz

Fbz

Uap} Fbzkboap

]rta

Oc izbkkp Kcu

Yfkqa

Kcu

mchap}b` @cp}

`fzzbaz

@cp}

Zaebcofk Zaebcofk Zaebcofk

Kcu Yfkqa @cp}

`fzzbaz

fbzkboap

Zai7 ,uuu/`cckfyaoqap/`ch#nocu#eh#hfofpbS
Tcz}az‒p 1 Iczàp icz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

=0

Ibe :7 Tcz}az‒p 1 Iczàp icz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

]lzaf}p izch `chta}b}czp 7

]la kayak ci }lzaf} izch }la mchap}b` `chta}b}czp bp yazr lbel/ @chta}b}czp kbna Ga} Fbzufrp+ Bombfo fza pcha ci }la ckm uakk ap}fjkbplam tkfrazp bo }la hfzna} ulb`l tzcya }c ja p}zcoe `chta}b}czp icz }la ahazeboe Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

]lzaf}p izch oau ao}zfo}p7

]la kayak ci }lzaf} izch oau ao}zfo}p bp vqb}a kcu pq`l fp Ybzebo F}kfo}b`+ Vfo}fp/ ]la hfgcz tkfrazp bo }la Bombfo fybf}bco bomqp}zr iczh fo cjp}f`ka }c iczabeo fbzkboap fom hczacyaz Bombfo ikrazp tzaiaz }c lfya fo Bombfo a|tazbaoà co }la ikbel}/

]lzaf}p ci pqjp}b}q}ap7

==

]la bo}zcmq`}bco ci lbel ptaam }zfbop+ lbel }a`l jqpap fom c}laz hafop ci }zfoptcz} lfp ebyao hcza ct}bcop }c tactka }c }zfyak/ Jfzefboboe tcuaz ci pqttkbazp7

]la jfzefboboe tcuaz ci pqttkbazp bp hambqh/ Icz a|fhtka+ Fbzjqp fom Jcaboe fza }la hfgcz fbz`zfi} hfoqif`}qzazp fom }laza fzao‒} hfor fbz`zfi} hfoqif`}qzazp c}laz }lfo }lapa }uc+ }lbp `coiboap Nboeibplaz‒p ct}bcop }lazaicza }la jfzefboboe tcuaz ci Fbzjqp cz Jcaboe bo`zafpap/ Bo `fpa ci c}laz pqttkbazp pq`l fp `f}azp }la jfzefboboe tcuaz ci }la pqttkbazp bp kcu }lazaicza Nboeibplaz lfp hfor c}laz ct}bcop ci `f}azp }c `co}zf`} }c/

Jfzefboboe tcuaz ci `qp}chazp7

]la jfzefboboe tcuaz ci }la `qp}chazp bp kcu pboà nboeibplaz bp mapbeoam }c haa} }la }c}fk `chicz} fom yfkqa icz hcoar> }lazaicza `qp}chazp fzao‒} zakq`}fo} }c tfr f kb}}ka hcza pqh }c efbo }lbp a|tazbaoà/

Tcpb}bco ci Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap

]la tcpb}bco ci Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bo }la hfzna} `fo ja ma}azhboam qpboe }la Jcuhfo‒p @kc`n/

Jcuhfo‒p `kc`n7

]la %P}zf}aer @kc`n% bp jfpam qtco }la uczn ci @kbii Jcuhfo ,paa @/ Jcuhfo fom M/ Ifqknoaz Ifqknoaz %@chta}b}ya %@chta}b}ya fom @cztczf}a P}zf}aer ( Bzubo ( 6229"/ B}%p foc}laz pqb}fjka ufr }c fofk fofkrw rwaa f `cht `chtfor for%p %p `chta `chta}b }b}b }bya ya tcpb tcpb}b }bco co bo `chtf `chtfzb zbpco pco }c }la }la ciia ciiazb zboep oep ci `chta} `chta}b}c b}czp/ zp/ Fp ub}l ub}l Tcz}az%p Tcz}az%p Eaoazb Eaoazb`` P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebap+ p+ Jcuhfo Jcuhfo `copbma `copbmazp zp `chta}b `chta}b}b }bya ya fmyfo}fea bo zakf}bco }c `cp} fmyfo}fea cz mbiiazao}bf}bco fmyfo}fea/

Zai7 ,uuu/hfzna}boe}af`laz/`ch#Kappcop#kappcoS jcuhfo jcuhfo/l}h"

=1

Ibe 07 Jcuhfo‒p @kc`n

6 ( Kcu tzbà#kcu fmmam yfkqa ( Kbnakr }c ja paehao} pta`bib` : ( Kcu tzbà ( Zbpn ci tzbà ufz fom kcu hfzebop#oaam }c ja f %`cp} kafmaz%/

0 ‐ Lrjzbm ( Kcu `cp} jfpa fom zaboyap}hao} bo kcu tzbà fom mbiiazao}bf}bco

Tazàbya yam m fmmam fmmam yfkq yfkqaa jr qpaz qpaz++ ‐Ub}lcq lcq}} f tzbà tzbà tzahb tzahbqh qh ( Tazàb = ( Mbiiaza Mbiiazao}bf o}bf}bco }bco ‐Ub} rbakmboe hfzna} plfza jaoaib}p Ub}l f tzbà tzahbqh (Tazàbyam fmmam yfkqa pqiib`bao} }c jafz tzbà tzahbqh

1 ( Ic`qpam mbiiazao}bf}bco ( Tazàbyam fmmam yfkqa }c f %tfz}b`qkfz paehao}% ufzzfo}boe

f tzahbqh tzbà

=9

9 ( Bo`zafpam tzbà#p}fomfzm ( Lbelaz hfzebop bi `chta}b}czp mc oc} yfkqa ickkcu#zbpn ci

kcpboe hfzna} plfza/

5 ( Bo`zafpam tzbà#kcu yfkqap ( Cokr iafpbjka bo f hcoctckr pb}qf}bco

< ( Kcu yfkqa#p}fomfzm tzbà ( Kcpp ci hfzna} plfza

Zai7 ,uuu/hfzna}boe}af`laz/`ch#Kappcop#kappcoS jcuhfo jcuhfo/l}h"

Ic`qpam Mbiiazao}bf}bco ,Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap"

Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap ctazf}ap bo f ob`la hfzna} ulb`l bp }la kq|qzr paehao} ci }la hfzna} }lazaicza }lazaicza co }la jcuhfo‒p `kc`n b} kbap co }la ic`qpam ic`qpam mbiiazao}bf}bc mbiiazao}bf}bco/ o/ ]la tzbàp ci }la fbz }b`na}p icz Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bp `chtfzf}byakr lbelaz }lfo c}laz fbzkboap jq} }la jaoaib}p fom pazybàp zaomazam jr }lah bp a|àt}bcofkkr a|àkkao}/ •

Jzfom kcrfk}r 7 ‛Ybgfr Hfkkrf‘ lbhpaki bp f jzfom bo }la ibzp} tkfà fom }la jzfom

‛nboeibplaz‘ lfp fkpc ap}fjkbplam f zahfznfjka p}fomboe bo }la hfzna} tkfà/ Ayao jaicza jaicza }la bo}zcm bo}zcmq`} q`}bco bco ci Nboeib Nboeibpla plazz Fbzkbo Fbzkboap ap bo}c bo}c }la fybf}b fybf}bco co bomqp} bomqp}zr zr }la `chtfor fkufrp }lcqel} }la jzfom bhfea ci Nboeibplaz hqp} fkufrp cq}p}fom bo for bomqp} bomqp}zr/ zr/ ]lazai ]lazaicza cza ic`qp ic`qp co vqfkb}r vqfkb}r pazyb` pazybà+ a+ ao}az} ao}az}fbo fbohao hao}} fom ja}}az ja}}az }a`l }a`loc ockc kcer er hfma hfma ‛Nbo ‛Nboei eibp bpla lazz Fbzk Fbzkbo boap ap‘‘ }c ja nocu nocuo o fp f qobv qobvqa qa fbzk fbzkbo boa/ a/ Nboeibplaz fbzkboap fmmzapp fkk b}p `qp}chazp fp ‛eqap}p‘ zf}laz }lfo tfppaoeazp ulb`l jzboe f paopa ci bhtcz}foà bo }la ikraz‒p hbom/ •

Bopqkf}bco izch `chta}b}czp 7 Nboeibplaz Fbzkboap bp }la cokr mchap}b` fbzkboa

}lf} lfp }la }a`lockcer fom p}fomfzmp fp }lf} ci fo bo}azof}bcofk ikbel}/ Pboà }la QJ ezcqt p}fomp fp f p}zcoe ibofo`bfk pqttcz} icz Nboeibplaz jalbom b}+ laoà }lapa hbkap}coap fza jaao fjka }c ja `zcppam/ ]lapa if`}czp tzcya cq} ja f `chta}b}bya amea icz Nboeibplaz cyaz c}laz `chta}b}czp/

=5

•

A|àkkao} A|àkkao} hfzna}boe hfzna}boe pnbkkp 7 Ybgfr Hfkkrf lfp fkufrp qpam àkajzb}bap fp lbp

hambqh }c makbyaz lbp tzcmq`}p }c }la `qp}chaz/ Tctqkfz àkajzb}bap kbna Nf}zbof Nfbi+ Plfl Zqnl Nlfo lfya fkufrp jaao bo lbp eccm jccnp/ La ayao aomczpap lbp tzcmq`}p }lzcqel ptcz}p kbna I6+ ecki+ `zb`na} pc fp }c tctqkfzbwa lbp jzfom ulb`l lfp }qzoam cq} }c ja pq`àppiqk p}zf}aer/ Tzchc}bcop fza fkpc mcoa }lzcqel ayao}p+ tfz}bap fom pubhpqb} `fkaomfzp }lf} lfya jaao }la nar p}zf}aer }c `coào}zf}a }la rcq}l/ •

Fmmb}bcofk pazybàp7 PHP }b`na}boe fom Uaj `la`n bo lfp jaao czefobpam jr }lbp

fbzkboap icz }la afpa ci }labz `qp}chazp/ Nboeibplaz bp }la cokr mchap}b` fbzkboa }lf} lfp }la lcha }b`na} makbyazr pazybà fp }labz fmmb}bcofk pazybà/ •

Lbelkr pnbkkam ahtkcraap 7 ]la za`zqb}hao} tzcàpp bp tazpcofkkr `fzzbam cq} jr

}la @AC ci }la `chtfor Mz Ybgfr Hfkkrf }c aopqza }la jap} tcppbjka p}fiip pazya lbp eqap}p/ ]la `chtfor ciiazp fo f}}zf`}bya tf`nfea ci Zp 51+444 fom fmmb}bcofk jaoaib}p ulb`l bp f zfza pàofzbc bo f mchap}b` fbzkboa ibzh/ ]la ahtkcraap lfya }c qom qomaze azec c prp}ah prp}ahf}b f}b`` }zfbob }zfboboe oe tzcezf tzcezfhha hhapp bo czmaz czmaz }c pq`àp pq`àppiq piqkkr kkr ikr co Hfkkrf‒p jbzmp/ •

Boocyf}bya7 ]la @chtfor lfp fkufrp lfm }la ikfbz icz oau }a`lockcer> }la

iq}qza bo}zcmq`}bco ci Fbzjqp F0<4‒p ucqkm ebya }lah f `kafo fmyfo}fea bo }la hfzn hfzna} a}// Fkk Fkk }la }la fbz` fbz`zf zfi} i}pp ci Nboe Nboeib ibpl plaz az fza fza avqb avqbtt ttam am ub}l ub}l }la }la @F]( @F](BB BBBB J }a`loc }a`lockce kcer r }lf} }lf} bp yazr yazr qpaiqk qpaiqk icz tbkc}p tbkc}p bo `fpa `fpa ci kcu ybpbjb ybpbjbkb kb}r }r }lazai }lazaicza cza fycbmboe `fpap ci makfr cz hbplftp mqzboe jfm j fm uaf}laz/

/`ch" Zai7 ,uuu/ikrnboeibplaz /`ch

=<

ZA@CHHAOMF]BCOP ]laa hfbo ]l hfbo tqztc tqztcpa pa ci }lbp }lbp p}qm p}qmr r ufp ufp }c bmao bmao}b }bir ir }la }la ibzp ibzp}} pcqz pcqzà à ci boic boiczh zhf} f}bc bco o ci }cc}ltfp}a jzfom+ }c nocu }la hambf fufzaoapp fom hambf jalfybcz ci }la tactka+ }c p}qmr }la hambf lfjb} ci }la tactka }c hafpqza }la aiia`}byaoapp ci yfzbcqp aka`}zcob` Hambf/ Ua `fo pqhhfzbwa fom `co`kqmam }la p}qmr jr }la ickkcuboe hfooaz/ ]la jzfomp ulb`l fza hq`l a|tcpam jaicza }la tactka }lzcqel yfzbcqp aka`}zcob` hambf fza qpam f} kfzea/ kfzea/ Pcha jzfomp kbna Tatpcmao} fom @ckef}a fza izavqao}kr a|tcpam ub}l eccm bkkqp}zf}bco+ fza yazr hq`l qpam/ ]lbp `kafzkr plcup }la aiia`}byaoapp ci aka`}zcob` aka`}zcob` hambf/ Ulf}ayaz boiczhf}bco }la `copqhaz ea}p izch fmyaz}bpahao} ulb`l fttafzp co yfzbcqp aka`}zcob` hambf+ la }fnap }la ma`bpbco co }la }la jfpbp ci }lcpa boiczhf}bco‒p/ boiczhf}bco‒p/ Pc+ ulf}ayaz boiczhf}bco‒p ubkk ja a|tcpam co }la aka`}zcob` hambf+ }lar ubkk maibob}akr laktiqk bo `lfoeboe }la f}}b}qmap ci }la `copqhaz f} kfzea a|}ao}/ Qzjfo zaptcomao}p uaza hcza a|tcpam }c fmyaz}bpahao} fom lfm ifyczfjka zaptcopa }cufzm }cufzmpp fmyaz}b fmyaz}bpah pahao} ao} fttafzb fttafzboe oe }lzcqel }lzcqel yfzbcq yfzbcqpp aka`}z aka`}zcob cob`` hambf hambf }lfo }lfo }la zqzfk zqzfk zaptcomao}/

]akaybpbco fom oauptftaz uaza bhtcz}fo} pcqzà ci boiczhf}bco bo }la qzjfo fzafp/ Plctn Plctnaa aataz tazpp fom fom zakf zakf}b }bya yapp fza fza c}la c}lazz ibzp ibzp}} pcqz pcqzà à ci boic boiczh zhf} f}bc bco+ o+ pc }lar }lar fza fza fkpc fkpc `copbmazam fp bo}aezfk tfz} ci }la hambf/ Ocu f mfrp }akaybpbco }akaybpbco bp hq`l tctqkfz bo zqzfk zqzfk fzafp fp uakk fp qzjfo fzafp+ }lf}‒p ulr hf|bhqh `chtfobap fza }fnboe lakt izch }akayb }akaybpbc pbco o bo a|tcpqza a|tcpqza ci }labz }labz jzfomp/ jzfomp/

Zfmbc Zfmbc fom `boahf `boahf uaza fkpc ibzp} ibzp} pcqzà pcqzà ci

boiczhf}bco icz f yazr iau tactka/ Fi}az `ckka`}boe boiczhf}bco <
Pc+ }akaybp }akaybpbco bco bp }la jap} hambf hambf

a|tcpqza fom ufp yazr aiia`}bya }c }la `copqhaz tcbo} ci ybau/

=2

@copqhaz zaptcomam }lf} fmyaz}bpahao} ulb`l fttafzp co }akaybpbco uaza yazr hq`l aiia`}bya fom pq`l }rta ci zaptcomao}p fza 9:! fom zap} 0
14

@CO@KQPBCO Fmyaz} Fmyaz}bpb bpboe oe P}zf}a P}zf}aeba ebapp lfya fkufrp fkufrp jaao }la afpbap afpbap}} ufr icz f oau tzcmq` tzcmq`}} kfqo`l kfqo`l ,`copqhaz eccmp" fom ubkk zahfbo }c mc pc bo }la oafz iq}qza co f``cqo} ci }labz hfpp fttafk fom f uczkm iqkk ci p}fz p}q`n kcrfk ifop/ Jq} }la bhtf`} co }la jzfom bp hq`l ezaf}az }lfo gqp} fo fmyaz}bpahao} plcuboe f àkajzb}r/

Ua lfya paao }lf} }la `czza`} `lcbà ci f àkajzb}r àkajzb}r `fo pqzakr bo`zafpa bo`zafpa pfkap jq} ulao b} `cha `chapp }c kcoe kcoe }azh }azh kcrf kcrfk} k}r r fom bhtf bhtf`} `} co }la }la jzfom jzfom// ]l ]laa aiia aiia`} `} bp ra} ra} pcha pchaul ulf} f} majf}fjka/ Bo }la aom+ }la tzcmq`} hqp} makbyaz icz }la `qp}chaz+ oc hf}}az ulc aomczpap }la tzcmq`}+ bi }la `qp}chaz mcap oc} paa lbhpaki ea}}boe yfkqa izch lbp tqz`lfpa+ la ubkk oc} jqr b}/ Jq} rap+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap cyaz }bha `fo boikqaoà }la kcrfk}r fom hfna f tazpco izbaomkbaz }c f jzfom/ Jzfom fom Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza laza }c p}fr icz f kcoe }bha fom bo }lbp fea ci pkb`n fmyaz}bpboe fom hfpp hambf fom qo}lbonfjka jqmea}p+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza lfyboe f ibakm mfr `lfzeboe lqea fhcqo}p fom hfnboe hcza hcoar }lfo }labz hfbop}zafh tzciappbcop/ Jq} }lao mc }lar zafkkr `fza fjcq} }la jzfom3 Cz bp b} gqp} }la hcoar3 Jq} }la jc}}ch kboa+ Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap fza laza }c p}fr/

Ka} qp f`àt} coa }lboe ( }la uczkm ci fmyaz}bpboe fom jzfom jqbkmboe mcap oc} jakbaya bo }la Kfbppaw(Ifbza tzbo`btka/ Qokapp rcq zaf`l cq} }c }la `qp}chaz+ hfna lbh }lbon fom oqmea lbh }lf} kb}}ka jb}+ rcq ubkk ifkk plcz} ci rcqz }fzea}p fom }lf} bp f `fzmbofk pbo+ ebyao }la `chta}b}bco/ ]la jzfom hfofeazp uczn co fo a|}zahakr pkaan+ }lcqel}(`co}zckkboe tzcàpp ulb`l hfr ja tzctcqomam fp }la Hqk}btkbaz Aiia`} / ]lar fza phfz}+ tzfehf}b` tactka fom nocu yazr uakk }lf} Hz/ Pboel+ pb}}boe bo lbp `cpr lcha bo Maklb fom uf}`lboe lbp ifycqzb}a f`}bco lazc mzbyboe }la jzfom oau K\ `fz hcmak+ ucqkm oc} ufkn qt }c }la `fz plcuzcch oa|} mfr fom jccn coa icz lbhpaki/ ]lar ciiaz pbhtka iaakazp kbna `coàt} fom kbiap}rka }c lbh+ ulb`l fza bolazao} }c }la tzcmq`} fmyaz}bpahao}+ ub}l cz ub}lcq} }la Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap/

Ub}l }la qpa ci }la àkajzb}r+ }lbp aiia`} bp plzaumkr hfeobibam pc fp }c fkkcu }la `cop `copqh qhaz az }c avqf} avqf}aa }la }la tazp tazpcof cofkb kb}r }r fom fom }la }la jzfo jzfom m }cea }cea}l }laz az// Laoà Laoà++ ulaoa ulaoaya yazz }la }la

16

`copqhaz bp uf}`lboe }la payazfk bhfeap ci laz ifyczb}a f`}zapp fkcoa+ b} `cogqzap qt hqk}btka bhtzappbcop ci laz pbttboe }la \R jzfom ci `ciiaa+ af`l }bha/

]la jzfom%p qk}bhf}a ecfk bp }c ja f} }la }ct ci laz `lcbà jzf`na} fom b} f`lbayap }lbp ecfk jr jaboe chobtzapao} bo laz hahczr }lzcqel zakf}am àkajzb}r bhfeazr/ Mcap b} gqp}bir }la cjpàoa fhcqo}p ci hcoar tfbm }c }lapa Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap3 Icz ibzhp ub}l fooqfk }qzocyazp bo a|àpp ci Zp/ 6444 `zczap+ fo aomczpahao} mafk ci Zp/ 1(9 `zczap icz pq`l f zaptcopa ucqkm bomaam ja f phfz} mafk/ Bo f Procyf}a#Jkf`np}coa Hfzna} If`}p Pqzyar bo Bombf bo kf}a :440+ fkhcp} =5! zaptcomao}p fiibzham àkajzb}r boikqaoà co }labz tqz`lfpa jalfybcqz/ ]lf}%p f kc} ci tactka boikqaoàm jr Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap& ]fknboe ]fknboe fjcq} pq`àppiqk pq`àppiqk pub}`lcyazp pub}`lcyazp jr Fmyaz}bpboe Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap P}zf}aebap fhcoe `chta}b}bya `chta}b}bya jzfomp+ Ffhbz Nlfo lfm f 5
Ulbka ptafnboe ci Fmyaz}bpboe P}zf}aebap+ ua plcqkm ja yazr `kafz fp }c ulc }lbp }azh `cooc}ap }c fom }la tcuazp }lar `fzzr/ Ibmc Mbmc icz 5(QT+ }la Fhqk Ebzk cz ]cor }la ]beaz icz Nakkcee%p Izcp}am Ikfnap fza fp hq`l f àkajzb}r fp for jzaf}lboe ifà/ ]lar zaf`l }labz }fzea} `copqhaz+ }lar hcya }la tzcmq`}+ fom }lar `fzzr }la jzfom/ ]lf}%p ulf} `cqo}p/ `cqo}p/ Ci `cqzpa+ `cqzpa+ }la eap}f}bco eap}f}bco tazbcm bp lbelaz bo }la `fpa ci pq`l `zaf}byap+ jq} bo }la ayao} ci f lb}+ }la `chtfzf}bya zbpnp fza hbobhbwam/ Fi}az fkk+ }lar `fooc} ea} mzqon+ f}}zf`} f `co}zcyazpr cz `chhb} f `zbha+ fp kcoe fp }la hfofeahao} ufo}p/ Bo plcz}+ }lar fza %pfia ikcf}azp% ybp(ä(ybp }labz qotzamb`}fjka lqhfo `cqo}aztfz}p/

1:

JBJKBCEZFTLR

•

uuu/ecceka /`c/bo

•

uuu/rflcc/`ch

•

uuu/ubnbtambf/cze

•

@lzbp Hccza ci Cebkyr ) Hf}laz

•

Tlbkbt nc}kaz

•

Fmyaz} Fmyaz}bpb bpboe oe Hfofeah Hfofeahao} ao}77 Zfgaay Zfgaay Jf}zf+ Jf}zf+ Gclo Gclo E/ Hrazp Hrazp ) Mfybm Mfybm F/ Ffnaz7 Ffnaz7

Tzao}bà Lfkk Bombf/

10

Advertising Strategy and Effectiveness of Kingfisher

Recommend Documents