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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
What is the logical relationship between the two parts of a conditional sentence?
Conditional clauses present one event, typically in a clause beginning with IF as a condition for another event, expressed in the main clause. The event described in the main clause depends on the condition described in the subordinate clause (condition- consequence).
What is the difference between a factual conditional (0) and a predictive conditional (1)?
How do you form each of them? Do they have present, future or past time reference?
A Factual conditional expresses a fixed connection that exists between two events now or always. Or a connection that existed before now (with past tense). It's used for scientific or empirical facts.
Its structure is IF + simple present+ simple present. For example,
If you heat butter, it melts. / If we had money, we travelled to M del Plata. (It has a virtual reference: present, past and future).
A Predictive conditional expresses a likely connection between one possible event and another probable situation. It's connected to HOPE.
The structure is IF + simple present+ will + BI (bare infinitive) For example:
If I miss the bus, I'll take a taxi. (It has a present/future reference).
Why are these two types usually called real conditionals?
They are called real conditionals because the events happened, happen or are likely to happen.
What is the difference between a hypothetical conditional (2) and a counterfactual conditional (3)? How do you form each of them? Do they have present, future or past time reference?
The hypothetical conditional expresses a distant and unlikely connection between one imaginary event and another imaginary event. This is to say that the events are impossible or improbable (hypotheses advice)
Its structure is IF+ Simple past + would +BI (bare infinitive) For example,
If I were you, I would go home. (It has a present- future reference).
The Counterfactual conditional expresses an imaginary connection between one event than never happened and another event that also never happened. It is also connected to regrets and situations that cannot be changed.
Its structure is IF + past perfect + would + perfect infinitive. For example:
If I had been to the party, I would have met Robbie Williams. (It has a past reference).
Why are these conditional sentences usually called unreal conditionals?
Because they are not likely to happen either because they refer to the past or because it's imaginary or fictional.
List all the possible modal verbs you can use in each case.
Modals:
can - be going to.
could - might.
might have - could have
What is a mixed conditional?
A mixed conditional is formed by the structure of one conditional and it is mixed with another structure from a different conditional. For instance;
If you hadn't been out yesterday, you wouldn't feel tired. (Past reference- Counterfactual + Present reference- Hypothetical)
If I was younger, I would have been allowed in. (Hypothetical condition + Past reference- Counterfactual)
Explain the different alternatives for MIXED REAL CONDITIONALS and MIXED UNREAL CONDITIONALS.
Mixed real conditionals:
In factual conditionals, we usually use the same tense in both clauses, but we sometimes use a mixture of past and present tenses in the clause. For example:
If you saw the film, you know how it ends. (IF + PAST TENSE + PRESENT TENSE)
If they don't understand what to do, they probably weren't listening. (IF + PRES T. + PAST TENSE)
Some factual conditionals are used to describe habits in the past with would. It has the same meaning as used to. It makes the sentence look like a hypothetical conditional, but it isn´t.
When we were kids, if it rained, we would stay home. (IF + PAST TENSE + WOULD)
In predictive conditionals, we usually use the present simple in the if-clause, but we can also use the past simple or the present perfect.
If you studied for the test, you won't have any problems. (IF + PAST TENSE + WILL)
If you have done your homework, you won't have problems (IF + PRESENT PERFECT + WILL)
When we use predictive conditional to express a preference, we can include would with verbs of liking or not liking in the main clause.
If it isn´t too late, I would like to watch a movie. (IF + PRES TENSE + WOULD/ RATHER LIKE TO…)
Mixed unreal conditionals:
In hypothetical conditional, instead of connecting an imaginary event to a possible present or future event using would, we can connect it to a possible past event with would have.
If we were rich, we would have given you some money. (IF + PAST TENSE + WOULD HAVE + PAST PERFECT)
In counterfactual conditionals, instead of connecting an imaginary past event to another past event using would have, we can connect it to a present event or situation using would + infinitive.
If your parents hadn't met, you wouldn't be here now. (IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD + INF).
What different position can IF have within a sentence? Is there any difference in meaning? Explain and provide examples. How does the choice of position affect punctuation? When can I use a COMMA if I decide to use if in the middle of the sentence? (e.g. I'd love to do that, if you don't mind)?
"IF "can be in the first part of the sentence or in the middle of the sentence. It doesn´t change the meaning. When the if-clause is in the middle there is no need to put a comma between the two clauses. However, when the sentence starts with IF, the comma has to be included. For example,
IF I won the lottery, I would buy a new house / I would buy a new house IF I won the lottery. }
Explain how to use unless/whether/only if and if only/even if/even so.
UNLESS: We use unless to say "except under the following circumstances" or "if not". It is used to draw attention to the condition as an exception. For example:
Unless you study, you won't pass the test.
WHETHER: We can use whether instead of "if" when there are two possibilities. For instance we can say:
I'll see whether she is at home (= or not at home)
ONLY IF: We use only if to emphasize a special condition. It is like "if" but more limiting.
Only if you do your homework, you'll improve
IF ONLY: We can use if only in unreal conditionals when we express wishes or regrets
If only it would stop raining, we could go out.
EVEN IF: We use even if to say that a condition may exist, but it won´t affect the future or possible situation described in the main clause.
Even if I become a millionaire, I will always live in the same house.
EVEN SO: It means "however", "in spite of that". For example.
He seems very nice. Even so, I don't trust him.
Connect the different types of CONDITIONAL SENTENCES with the different patterns with the verb "WISH" (e.g. WISH + simple past, WISH + past perfect)
Examples:
"I wish I had a car" "I wish I had a bigger house." These sentences are connected to Conditional # 2.
"I wish I had been to the party." This is connected to conditional # 3.
Explain the possibilities to omit IF in a conditional sentence. (e.g. Should you see her at the party, please… / Had I known the time, I…)
If you see her, tell her I want to talk to her. = Should you see her,… (S. present + imperative)
We can omit IF in a conditional sentence by inverting the order. For example,
If I were you, I would buy a house. = Were I you, I would… = Were I NOT you,…
If you had stolen the money, you wouldn't have told me. = Had you stolen the money,…
TIME CLAUSES:
Explain how to use the following connecting words: WHEN/ AS/WHILE/BEFORE/ AFTER/ UNTIL/ SINCE/ ONCE/ AS SOON AS/ IMMEDIATELY. Explain how the choice of these connecting words affects the tense selection within the main and the subordinate clauses. (e.g. As soon as I will arrive, I will phone you) Refer to the use of the SIMPLE PAST, PAST PROGRESSIVE and PAST PERFECT with WHEN/ AS/ WHILE and BEFORE/ AFTER/ ONCE/ AS SOON AS/ UNTIL. Discuss the use of the SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT PERFECT and FUTURE REFERENCE with AS SOON AS, AFTER/ BEFORE/ UNTIL/ WHEN, etc.
TIME CLAUSES indicate the time of an event. They respect the sequence of tense, if the verb of the main clause is in a present of future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form (After you get to work, drink a glass of water.) If the tense of the main clause is a past form, the verb of the time clause should be in a past form too (I was playing football as she was running.)
WHEN: at this time. Pay no attention to him when you get home.
AS: I was playing football as she was running
WHILE: all this time. I was playing the piano while she was singing.
BEFORE: I should tell her before she leaves.
AFTER: After you get to work, drink a glass of water.
UNTIL: continues and stops. I won't leave until you tell me.
SINCE: from this moment. I haven't seen her since we got here.
Since is used with the Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous to indicate the starting point of an action in the past, or with the Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous to indicate the starting point of an action in the past before another action in the past.
We can also use since with a past tense when the action related to the starting point has finished.
ONCE: after. You will go to the cinema once you have finished you homework. It often suggests that something is finished or completed, and is most often used with a perfect tense. Note: we do not use that after once.
AS SOON AS: right after. As soon as I hear from her, I'll give you a telephone call.
IMMEDIATELY: I knew something was wrong immediately I arrived.
AS, WHEN and WHILE
We can use all three words to introduce a longer 'background' action or situation, which is/was going on when something else happens/happened. A progressive tense is usually used for the longer 'background' action or situation (was walking; are having; were playing). But as and while can be used with a simple tense, especially with a 'state' verb like sit, lie, or grow.
We usually use while to say that two longer actions or situations go/went on at the same time. We can use progressive or simple tenses. As is used (with simple tenses) to talk about two situations which develop or change together.
While you were reading the paper, I was working.
As I get older I get more optimistic.
Explain how to use the following connecting words: THEN/ AFTER THAT/ AFTERWARDS/ MENAWHILE.
Then: First I'm going to eat the sandwich and THEN the apple.
Afterwards: Afterwards, we regretted that decision. (It is used at the beginning and at the end of the sentence. It should be followed by a comma).
After that: Now, we are going to the cinema and AFTER THAT we are going to have dinner.
Meanwhile: Meanwhile, urgent plans were made to build homes. (It is an adverb)
PLACE CLAUSES:
How are they usually introduced? What is their most neutral position within the sentence?
They are generally introduced by the words "WHERE" "WHEREEVER" and indicate the location or position of something.
E.g. He said that he was happy where he was.
The most neutral position is at the end of the sentence, before the time clause if there is one.
REMEMBER THE RUMBA!! Subject-Verb-Object -Manner-Place-Time
Manner clauses: Explain how to use the following connecting words: AS/ AS IF/ AS THOUGH. Can I use LIKE to introduce a clause (e.g. Like she said to me)? If so, in which cases? What is the difference between LIKE and AS when introducing noun phrases (e.g. she works LIKE a doctor/ she works AS a doctor)? When do we use the structure " AS… AS"?
Clauses of manner are introduced by as / as if / as though. For example:
Do it as I've told you to.(It is used to talk about a job or function).
In the case of as if and as though, they come after the verbs: act, appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell sound, taste. They refer to something that seems real.
She looks as if she was sick
It seems as though there will be there soon.
It is possible to introduce LIKE instead of AS IF /AS THOUGH only in spoken language.
It looks as if it is going to rain (written and spoken language)
It looks like it is going to rain (only on spoken English)
The difference between LIKE and AS when introducing noun phrases is that in the example "LIKE a doctor" refers to a person who works as if he were a doctor, but is not a doctor, and "AS a doctor" refers to a person who is a doctor.
The structure "as...as" is used to compare things that are equal and there must be an adjective between them. For example:
This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old. This house is as old as that house.
REASON CLAUSES: Explain how to use the following connecting words: BECAUSE/ SINCE/ AS/ NOW THAT. What position in the sentence is the most neutral one in each case? What effect does this have? In what context/s can I use "FOR" or "IN THAT" to introduce a reason clause?
Reason clauses explain why something happens or is done. They are usually introduced by "BECAUSE" "SINCE" "NOW THAT" or "AS". For instance,
I couldn´t feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
I didn´t know that she had been married, since she seldom talked about herself.
Since the country needs more energy we will take over YPF.
Now that you mention it I will give you more homework. (Because you mention it ...)
Their neutral position is at the beginning of the sentence. The effect that it produces is giving more importance to the information given.
Result Clauses: Explain how to use So in result clauses.
So + Clause "I was exhausted, so I went to bed early"
So + adjective/adverb + that + clause "I was so tired that I went to bed early"
So + adjective + A(n) + noun "It was so nice a day that we went to the beach
So + Much, Many, Few or Little "She has so much homework that she cannot go to the party"
When does a comma usually separate result clauses with "SO"?
When the meaning of so is result, separate the clauses with a comma. (So is a coordinating conjunction which links two independent clauses.) "The baby cried, so his mother gave him some candy"
Explain how to use the connecting words SO..THAT and SUCH…THAT.
Such + a (n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun. "It was such a such a bad flight that we´ll never forget it"
Such + a lot of + noun "There was such a lot of noise that I could not concentrate"
When is the indefinite article A/AN not present in the SUCH THAT structure?
Such + (adjective) + Uncountable/plural noun "It was such nice weather that we went to the park""There were such cheap books that I bought them all"
When can THAT be omitted?
"That" clauses (with or without that) can also be used as result clauses when "such" or "so" has been used in the main clause.
They were so surprised they didn´t try to stop him.
The birds have such small wings that they cannot get into the air even if they try.
Explain how to use the following connecting words: THEREFORE/ AS A RESULT/ THUS/ AS A CONSEQUENCE/ CONSEQUENTLY/ HENCE
Therefore + comma +Clause He failed the exam in December. Therefore, he took it again in March.
We can also put therefore after the subject He failed the exam. He therefore had to take it again in March.
All of these connectors are extra sentential. This means that they come at the beginning of a sentence and are followed by a comma
He failed the exam. Hence, he took it again.
As a result, he took it again
As a consequence, he took it again.
Thus, he took it again
7) PURPOSE CLAUSES: Explain how to use SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT.
These structures are used to talk about purpose. SO THAT is more common than IN ORDER THAT, especially in an informal style. They are often followed by auxiliary verbs such as can or will; may is more formal. For instance, we can say:
She's staying here for six months so that she can perfect her English.
I m putting it in the oven now so that it'll be ready by seven o' clock.
We send monthly reports in order that they may have full information.
When can the THAT be omitted in these two connecting phrases?
In an informal style, THAT can be dropped after so. For example, I've come early so I can talk to you.
Explain the use of SO AS TO/ IN ORDER TO and the INFINITIVE to express purpose.
SO AS TO and IN ORDER TO are followed by an infinitive in a formal context such as:
He got up early in order to have time to pack.
I moved to a new flat so as to be near my work. (So as to is usually followed by the verb to be)
Negative: So as not to/ in order not. "She put the coat so as not to get wet"
How can I introduce a subject before the infinitive?
We can use it as a preparatory subject and we put the infinitive clause later. "It's important to practise regularly."
8) Contrast and concession clauses: Explain how to use the following connecting words: ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH/ EVEN IF/ WHILE/ WHEREAS/ MUCH AS/ DESPITE (THE FACT THAT) / IN SPITE OF (THE FACT THAT)/ HOWEVER/ NEVERTHELESS/ NONETHELESS/ STILL/ YET/ ON THE OTHER HAND/ RATHER/ INSTEAD.
Concessive clauses contain a fact that contrasts with the main clause. The main conjunctions used to introduce concessive clauses are: although, though, even though, whereas, while. A comma is used either when the concessive clause precedes or follows the main clause.
Although/ Even though/ Though (informal) + clause
Though can also be put at the end of the sentence.
Although she spent all afternoon on the project, she didn't finish it.
She spent all the afternoon on the project. She didn't finish it, though.
Even if/ Even though + clause
We use even if to say that a condition may exist but it won't affect the future or possible situation described in the main clause. We use even though to talk about the existence of a condition that won't affect the past or the present situation in the main clause.
We'll have a great time even if it rains.
We had a great time even though it rained.
While/Whereas/but/on the other hand/ yet + clause
But/Yet always come between the two clauses
He is tall while/whereas/on the other hand/ but/ she is short.
Tom studied hard, yet he failed the exam.
Despite/ In spite of + noun/-ing form
Despite/ In spite of their wealth, they aren't happy.
Despite/ In spite of being rich, they aren't happy.
Despite/ In spite of the fact + that clause
Despite the fact/ In spite of the fact that they are rich, they aren't happy.
However/Nevertheless + clause
John's flat was on fire. However/Nevertheless, he didn't panic.
Still introduces the contrasting point as an afterthought. "I don't like the job much. Still, the money's OK.
Instead usually begins or ends a clause. For example,
She didn't go to Greece after all. Instead, she went to America.
Don't marry Phil. Marry me instead.
9) Comment clauses: What is their function? What position within the sentence do they usually occupy? Make a list of the most frequent COMMENT CLAUSES.
They are short phrases, which add an observation to the sentence; a comment.
E.g. She is not as lovely as you may think, if you know what I mean...
"you see"
"I'm sure"
"if you know what I mean"
"to be honest"
"I think"
"as you know"
Generally they are placed at the very end of a sentence.
"The comment clauses you know and you see require some kind of response from the listeners which, in a narrative turn, are more likely to be paralinguistic than vocal. Nods of the head, direct eye contact and minimal vocalizations like mm will satisfy the speaker that he still has the audience's consent to continue dominating the turn-taking."
"In an example like Margaret Thatcher is now a life Baroness, which everyone knows, we can replace which with as with virtually no change of meaning. But unlike which, as is not generally used as a relative but as a conjunction. Note also that as everyone knows is positionally less restricted than which everyone knows: it could also be placed initially or medially. We therefore do not classify such an as-clause as a sentential relative clause but as a comment clause."
10) REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: How are they formed? How do I form them in the negative? How do I signal the fact that an action happened at an earlier time? How do I form the PASSIVE of these adverbial clauses? When do I have to avoid using a REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSE? Provide several examples. Why can I use a REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSE in the following cases?
a) Although tired, she made a cake for the children.
b) Though expensive, the meat ended up being far from tender.
c) When seen from a distance, your car looks like a big ball.
Time cl. with "while" and "when" can be reduced by deleting the subject and "be" verb, If there is no "be" change the verb to its -ing form
Reduces adverbial clauses: An adverb clause can be reduced only if the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.
a. Omit the SUBJECT of the clause and BE form of the verb. For example: While I was watching TV, I fell asleep while watching TV, I fell asleep.
b. If there is no BE, omit the subject and change the verb to "-ing" form. For example: After signed the report, I gave it to the director à after signing the report, I gave it to the director.
NOTE: "While the teacher was speaking, I fell asleep" cannot be reduced because the subjects are different.
NEGATIVE FORM. For example: I didn't know his address, so I couldn't contact him. Not knowing his address, I couldn't contact him.
ONE ACTION HAPPENS BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION. For example: I had not understood what he said, so I asked him to repeat the directions = Not having understood what he said, I asked him to repeat the directions.
PASSIVE VOICE. For example: My dog will run to the street he is given the chance = My dog will run to the street when given the chance.
AVOID USING REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN THE FOLLOWING CASE:
If there is a different subject in each clause. Remember that in this case the reduced adverbial clause cannot be used.
For example:
* While I was walking home, a frog jumped out of the bushes = While walking home, a frog jumped out of the bushes.
* After Susie finished her homework, I went to bed à After finishing her homework, I went to bed
We can use reduced adverbial clauses in these cases because the subject of each clause is exactly the same.
11) Discuss the following ADDING CONNECTORS: ALSO/ AS WELL AS/ BESIDES/ MOREOVER/ TOO/ AS WELL.
Connectors for positive addition
Intrasentential
As well as
As well as polluting the air, cars use up all the energy
When we put a verb after as well as, we most often use the –ing form.
He hurt his arm, as well as breaking his leg. (NOT … as well as broke his leg.)
If there is an infinitive in the main clause, an infinitive without to is possible after as well as.
I have to clean the floors as well as cook the food.
It is possible to connect two subjects with as well as. If the first subject is singular, the verb is usually singular.
Mary, as well as Ann, was delighted to hear the news.
But note that this is not a common structure. It is more normal to put as well as … after the main clause. This almost always happens with pronoun subjects.
Mary was delighted to hear the news as well as Ann.
He is rich as well as me. (NOT He, as well as I/me, is rich.)
As well
I would like some ice cream as well.
Extrasentential
Besides
Besides or in addition can introduce an independent clause. Besides introduces an argument or fact, showing that something is definitely true, to the statement in the first clause.
Cars pollute the air. Besides, they use up all the energy
Besides occurs before a noun or noun phrase. The phrase may be placed before the main clause (for emphasis) or after the main clause.
Besides being funny, he is also young and smart.
Moreover
Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making.
Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition.
In addition to
Furthermore
Introduces a final fact in order to make a point or to support an argument
As well as this
Too
A sentence with a positive verb is "positive" even if the meaning is negative. We use too when adding a comment of agreement to the following
I like this book, and he does too.
Also
Also means 'besides', 'as well', 'too' and similar ideas. It normally goes in mid position with the verb. It is placed after auxiliary verbs and before other verbs.
When they withdraw their forces, we shall also withdraw ours.
When also refers to the whole clause, it goes at the beginning.
I am not about to buy this house. It is small. Also, it needs a lot of repairs.
12) Transitional Expressions
Transitional expressions serve as bridges between spaces of time and help organize events in chronological order or time sequence.
Sequence or numerical order: FIRST(LY), SECOND(LY), NEXT, THEN, LASTLY, FINALLY, RESPECTIVELY
This connectors are used at the beginning of the actual writing, e.g. :FOR A START, TO BEGIN WITH, TO START WITH
to express consequence: AS A RESULT
Summary and conclusion: TO SUM UP, IN CONCLUSION, IN BRIEF, IN SHORT
13- EXEMPLIFYING CONNECTORS
SUCH AS
* Introduces an example referring to the last idea.
* Such as does not have a comma after it:
I can play quite a few musical instruments, such as the flute, the guitar, and the piano.
* The phrase such as can be used in the middle of a sentence without any commas:
Car companies such as Toyota and Ford manufacture their automobiles in many different countries around the world.
The words after such as are necessary and essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you take out those words, the meaning will change because of this it doesn't need commas.
LIKE
* Like is followed by a noun or pronoun.
FOR EXAMPLE AND FOR INSTANCE
* Introduce an example referring to previously stated ideas.
* Usually only for example and for instance can begin new sentences. Each can begin a new sentence when the phrase is followed by a complete idea or sentence
My father loves going to restaurants which serve exotic foods. For example, last week he went to a restaurant which serves deep-fried rattlesnake.
My father loves going to restaurants which serve exotic foods. For instance, last week he went to a restaurant which serves deep-fried rattlesnake
14) That is to say and in other words are used when the speaker/writer says something again in another way. they are both extra sentential. We cannot continue with the deal on this basis. That is to say / In other words, unless you can bring down the price we shall have to cancel the order.
