Relative Clauses
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Content
Term
Grammar
the First
2017
Relative Clauses
RELATIVE CLAUSES (HELLO DARKNESS MY OLD FRIEND ♫…)
Relative clauses can:
RESTRICT LIMIT QUALIFY DETERMINE
They can be:
IF YOU HELP ME I THINK I’LL SUCCEED ADVERB
THIS IS THE
“ , WHICH IS A BIG CITY, IS OVERCROWDED” WHO BOUGHT THE PACKAGE IT FOLLOWS THE NOUN IT MODIFIES
Pronouns don’t need defining. “Buenos Aires is a big city but it’s overcrowded” (But we can split it to make it defining)
THE HAPPY MAN (ALMOST ALWAYS FOR ADJECTIVES)
Differences between Defining and Non Defining Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses
(Defining)
(Non-Defining)
Noun+Relative Clause form one only intonation pattern
Intonation pattern of its own
Run-on
Commas set them off the sentence
Essential to understand the sentence
Non-essentially semantical
Used interchangeably
Can't use "That"
And now for something completely different: He plays very well, which is clearly an advantage for us.
It modifies the whole idea: “The fact that he plays very well.”
Non-Defining Relative clauses Defining
Sentential Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses
About analysis… (a) Clause category (b) Clause function (c) Introductory Word category (inside the clause) (d) Introductory Word function (inside the clause)
Relative Pronouns: Who (Subjective) Whom (Objective form) That Which (Object)
Subject Direct Object Indirect Object
1) My teacher,
a) b) c) d)
Subjective Complement Objective Complement Complement of a Preposition
Who (Objective for Humans/Pets)
I dislike, is tall
Non-defining/Non-restrictive Relative Clause Post-modifier Objective Relative Pronoun Direct object
Why use ? f the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in the relative clause, it comes at the beginning of the clause even though it would come at the end of an independent clause Independent clause: “I dislike ” But no “My teacher, I dislike whom, is tall” Also, “dislike” is a TV, so you need an Object, duh.
2) The man
a) b) c) d)
bought the package is here
Defining/ Restrictive Relative Clause Post-Modifier Subjective Relative Pronoun Subject
Relative Clauses 3) The girl
father is rich is tall
Relative Determinants Which
a) Defining/Restrictive Relative Clause b) Post-modifier c) Relative determinant = (Why? Because works as the genitive ‘s; The girl’s father…) d) Pre-modifier = (Why? Since whose works as the genitive, then he is father)
Whose
*In old terminology “Determinant” is referred to as “Possessive adjective”
4) The house whose door is red is very expensive
a) b) c) d)
Defining/Restrictive Relative Clause Post-Modifier Relative Determinant Pre-modifier
Replacing "Whose" Formally The house of which the doors are red Whose Pre-Mod
Informally
The house (relative clause
The house with the red doors is expensive
Objects (better avoid it)
Living creatures 5) The house
I was born is red
a) Defining/saraza relative clause
(within relative clause they’re adverbs)
b) Post-modifier c) Relative Adverb
When (Time)
d) Adverb of Place
Why (Reason) Where (Place) (“That” can replace “When”, and be omitted)
Relative Clauses
“Wait,wait,wait ,holditthereyoupieceofrottenfucklyingscum—weall knowthatadverbialclausesbeginwithadverbslikewhere,when,why;are youdrunk?Haveyoulostyourmind?Areyoustupid?”
Let me answer this. Yes. Yes, and Yes. But, in order to explain why this seemingly adverbial clause is a relative clause, we ought to look at the prior example by using a little bit of logic. As we said, a relative clause is the relationship between the clause and its antecedent noun. In this case clause which follows.
The house
is the noun phrase being modified by the relative
I was born is red
The house
I was born is red
I remember the day
we first met
I remember the day met
we first
Tell me the reason
you came late
Tell me (the reason) late
you came
And now, more examples of relative clauses: 1) Anyone
a) b) c) d)
wants to leave early may do so
Defining relative clause Post-Modifier Subjective Relative Pronoun Subject
Relative Clauses 2) The boy you met yesterday is my brother
a) b) c) d)
Defining Contact Relative Clause Post-Modifier Objective Relative Pronoun “That” Direct Object
3) The girl I gave the photograph is named Linda
a) b) c) d)
Defining Contact Relative Clause Post-Modifier Objective Relative Pronoun Indirect Object
4) The knife we use to cut the bread with is very sharp
a) b) c) d)
Defining Contact Relative Clause Post-Modifier Objective Relative Pronoun Complement of the preposition “with”
5) I’m not half the man I used to be
♫♪
a) Defining Contact Relative Clause b) Post-Modifier c) Subjective Relative Pronoun d) Subjective Complement 6) I’m not the stupid girl you think of me
a) b) c) d)
Defining Contact Relative Clause Post-Modifier Objective Relative Pronoun Objective Complement
7) These are the only good books there are on the subject
a) Defining Contact Relative clause b) Post-Modifier
(G. Subject) (Real/Extraposed/Notiona l subject) Exception to the “not omitting the subject” rule
Relative Clauses
c) Subjective Relative Pronoun d) Extraposed Subject 8) He walked along the wall on his hands
a) b) c) d)
Sentential Relative Clause Post-modifier Subjective Relative Pronoun Subject
9) I’d like to contact the man
a) b) c) d)
was a very difficult thing to do
son has been arrested
Defining Relative Clause Post-modifier Relative Determinant Pre-modifier I actually dislike, won’t come to the party
10) Mick,
a) b) c) d)
Non-Defining Relative Clause Post-Modifier Objective Relative Pronoun Direct Object
11) I remember the days
were wild and free
a) Defining Relative Clause b) Post-Modifier c) Relative Adverb d) Adverb of Time 12) I want to know the reason
you resigned
a) Defining relative clause b) Post-Modifier c) Relative Adverb d) Adverb of Reason 13) Where’s the basketball we always play with?
a) b) c) d)
Defining Contact Relative Clause Post-Modifier Relative Pronoun Complement of preposition “With”
14) The weather is very cold here which is sometimes a disadvantage for tourism
a) b) c) d)
Sentential Relative Clause Post-Modifier Subjective Relative Pronoun Subject
RIP Relative clauses “screw you”
