A STUDY ON THE ASSOCIATIVE MEANINGS OF THE JAKARTA POST WEEKENDER MAGAZINE
THESIS
By: Nur Laili Yusuf 05320084
ENGLISH LETTERS AND LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT HUMANITIES AND CULTURE FACULTY MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MALANG 2010
A STUDY ON THE ASSOCIATIVE MEANINGS OF THE JAKARTA POST WEEKENDER MAGAZINE
THESIS
Presented to: Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S)
By: Nur Laili Yusuf 05320084
Supervisor: Drs. Langgeng Budianto, M.Pd. 19711014 200312 1001
ENGLISH LETTERS AND LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT HUMANITIES AND CULTURE FACULTY MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MALANG 2010
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHENTICITY
I declare that this thesis entitled “A Study on the Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine” is truly my original work. It does not incorporate to any materials previously written or published by another person, except those indicated in quotations and bibliography. Thus, I am the only person who is responsible for the content of this thesis if there are any objections or claims from others.
Malang, 17 April 2010
The Writer
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that Nur Laili Yusuf’s thesis entitled A Study on the Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine has been approved by the thesis advisor for further approval by the Board of Examiners.
Malang, 17 April 2010 Approved by
Acknowledged by
The Advisor,
The Head of English Letters and Language Department,
Galuh Nur Rohmah, M.Pd., M.Ed NIP. 19740211 199803 2002
Drs. Langgeng Budianto, M.Pd NIP. 19711014 200312 1001
The Dean of The Faculty of Humanities and Culture,
Drs. KH. Chamzawi, M.HI NIP. 19510808 198403 1001
LEGITIMATION SHEET
This is to certify that Nur Laili Yusuf’s thesis entitled A Study on the Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine has been approved by the Board of Examiners as the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S) in English Letters and Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang.
The Board of Examiners
Signature
1.
Ika Farikha Hentihu, M.Pd (Chairwoman) NIP.19700307 199903 2002
-----------------
2.
Drs.H.Djoko Susanto, M.Ed., Ph.D (Main Examiner) NIP.19670529 200003 1001
-----------------
3.
Drs. Langgeng Budianto, M.Pd (Advisor) NIP.19711014 200312 1001
------------------
Malang, 17 April 2010
Approved by The Dean of Humanities and Culture Faculty Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang,
Drs. KH. Chamzawi, M.HI NIP. 19510808 198403 1001
MOTTO
The words or sentences which comes from your mouth, uncover the secret meanings to your life.
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to: My parents and my brother who have given me their prayers, encouragements, and unfailing supports to go throughout this long journey. I love you all.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. I would like to address my deepest thank gratitude You for giving me the strength to complete this thesis entitled ”A Study on the Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine” as the requirement of Sarjana Satra (S.S) Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. May Sholawat and Salam always be given to our prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) who has already given us much goodness for our future life. It is a pleasure to thank to all those who have given me the possibility to complete this thesis. First and foremost, my sincere gratitude and appreciation goes to my advisor, Drs. Langgeng Budianto, M.Pd for his constructive ideas, criticism, guidance, and patience throughout the long duration of preparing this thesis. He has successfully guided me through some stressful times. Then, he is always willing to sharpen my understanding of this thesis and other academic activities. I am also greatly indebted to all lecturers who have guided me at every phase of the undergraduate program, especially Drs. H. Djoko Susanto, M.Ed, Ph.D, Ika Farikha Hentihu, M.Pd, and Drs. H. Nur Salam, M.Pd for their valuable insights, comments, ideas, and suggestions in the course of improving and completing this thesis. I wish to remember my family for their continous prayers, supports, and advices which encourage throughout my time in Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, especially to my beloved mother Dra. Hj. Supatmi,
father Drs. H. Yusuf Abdurrahman, M.A; my brother Imaduddin Yusuf, S.E and my sister Ase Sarniati, S.Pd. A note of thanks also goes to all my dearest friends of Mr. Langgeng’s thesis advisor who always give me supports and advices throughout doing this thesis, all my friends in flit flat girls KS7 who never give up encourage me during the time doing this thesis, all my friends of Wizard English Clubs who always accompany me from the early enter this university until finished of doing this last work of my study, all my friends in IPNU-IPPNU Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang who always in togetherness and as my inspiration to finish this thesis, all my friends in Advanced Debate Community who always patience in support me, and all my friends in English Letters and Language Department whom I cannot mention one by one in which little or more for your advices and supports are very important to complete this thesis. Lastly, I would like to extend my gratitude and affection to my lifelong greatfriends: Ana Aulia, Muh. Hamiduddin, Nanang Z., Nur Faidah S., Nanang H.P., Hosen, Novita, Mamlu’, Durroh, T. Wahyudi, and Furqon. Thank you for providing me the support with your patience, love, encouragement, and inspiration that has greatly facilitated the completion of this chalenging efforts. Hopefully, the people for mention above, and people whom I cannot write one by one, May Allah always give Mercies and Blessings for everything they have already done to help me learn.
The Writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE SHEET ................................................................................................. i STATEMENT OF THE AUTHENTICITY ................................................. ii APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................... iii LEGITIMATION SHEET ............................................................................. iv MOTTO ............................................................................................................v DEDICATION ................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................x LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLE FIGURE ........................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study....................................................................... 1 1.2. Problems of the Study........................................................................... 4 1.3. Objectives of the Study......................................................................... 5 1.4. Significance of the Study...................................................................... 5 1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study........................................................ 6 1.6. Definition of the Key Terms.................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Meaning................................................................................................. 8 2.2. The Definition of Associative Meaning................................................ 11 2.3. The Types of Associative Meanings..................................................... 14 2.3.1. Connotative Meaning ................................................................14 2.3.2. Stylistic Meaning .......................................................................15 2.3.3. Affective Meaning .....................................................................17 2.3.4. Reflected Meaning.....................................................................18 2.3.5. Collocative Meaning .................................................................20 2.4. Word Meaning...................................................................................... 22
2.5. Sentence Meaning................................................................................. 23 2.6. Language of Journalism........................................................................ 23 2.7. Previous Study...................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................29 3.2 Data Source ...........................................................................................30 3.3 Research Instrument ..............................................................................31 3.4 Data Collection ......................................................................................31 3.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................33 3.6 Triangulation .........................................................................................33 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Findings .................................................................................................35 4.2 Discussions ............................................................................................51 4.2.1 The Types of Associative Meanings .........................................52 4.2.2 The Functions of Associative Meanings ...................................53 4.3 Implications ...........................................................................................54 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................55 5.2 Suggestion .............................................................................................56 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix 1
List of Data Selected
Appendix 2
List of Data
Appendix 3
List of Profile Section of The Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine
Appendix 4
The Texts of Profile Sections of The Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine
CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLE Table 1
The Types of Associative Meanings .......................................13
LIST OF TABLE FIGURE Figure 1
Meanings .................................................................................11
Fifure 2
Data Collection Process ..........................................................32
ABSTRACT Laili Yusuf, Nur. 2010. A Study on the Associative Meanings of The Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine. Thesis, Linguistics, English Letters and Language Department, Humanities and Culture Faculty, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. Advisor : Drs. Langgeng Budianto, M.Pd. Keywords : associative meanings, functions of associative meanings Studying meaning including studying associative meanings is the way to understand how words or sentences convey meaning in everyday situation of speech or writing. It is very crucial to know how language could be understood, interpreted, stated, and processed by language user. This reflects the meaning of words associate with another words and the condition beyond the language. It is also has to do with individual mental understanding of the speaker as stated by Leech. This research in general aims to study associative meanings in written text since sometimes comprehend the meaning of the text is more difficult or more ambiguity than in speech. The researcher determines the types and functions of associative meanings based on Leech’s theory that was gathered from the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine which published from October until November 2009. Furthermore, it was focused on the Profile section of the magazine since there are many associative meanings are found. A descriptive qualitative method is used to give comprehensive descriptions and discover functions of associative meanings in the text. Then, the data was analyzed by classifying into words, phrases or sentences. The result of this study shows that there are types of associative meanings and its functions. They are connotative meaning is used to deliver the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone heard it or used it; stylistic meaning is used to deliver the stylistic style which appears in language; affective meaning is used to communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself; reflected meaning is used to deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression; then collocative meaning is used to convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment. In conclusion, different types elicit different functions. Certainly, the speaker or writer uses the associative meanings to perform their functions which are related to the world since it is very appropriate to influence the addressees or readers.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.
Background of the Study
1.1.
When learning language, it will be more understandable for people to learn the meaning of language (semantics) (Crystal, 1987: 100). Semantics is the study of the way in which words and sentences convey meaning. The study of semantics has been of interest to a great number of researchers since C.K. Odgen and A. Richard in 1923 who had written “the meaning of meaning” as one of the way in understanding meaning until nowadays. According to Crystal (1987:100) that they were able to list no less than sixteen different meanings of the words ‘mean/meaning’ were distinguished. Here are some of them:
•
John means to write
‘intends’
•
A green light means go
‘indicates’
•
Health means everything
‘has importance’
•
His look was full of meaning ‘special import’
•
What is the meaning of life? ‘point, purpose’
•
What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? ‘convey’
•
What does ‘cornea’ mean?
‘refer to in the world’
It is the last kind of use that comes closest to the focus of linguistic semantics which becomes the most ambiguous term and controversial in the theory of language. The researcher chooses Geoffrey Leech1’s Theory to understand meaning. Generally, it is classified into seven types of meanings in which five of them are identified as associative meanings. The seven types of meaning are conceptual meaning, thematic meaning, (associative meaning: connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning). The definition of associative meaning is unstable of meaning and has variants of individual experience (Leech, 1974: 21). The associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understanding of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into five subtypes are connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. In the other hand, it is the meaning of words that has connection to the relationship of word with the condition beyond the language. For examples, the word “white” associates with the word of “holy,” the other way, the word “black” associates with the word “darkness, sadness, and badness.” 1
He was Professor of Linguistics and Modern English Linguistics at Lancaster University from 1974 to 1996. He then became Research professor in English Linguistics. He has been Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, since 2002 (http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/profiles/296).
This study investigates associative meanings in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine because it is relevant. It is related to meaning of words, phrases, or sentences which are appropriate with the context. To understand meaning, we need to know how words or sentences convey the meaning. The idea is that when we read texts; we try to know how words are put together to convey meaning so that it can be understood. It differs when we understand the meaning of speaking since sometimes it has ambiguous meaning which makes the reader thinks more deeply to convey the meaning. Shortly, the researcher in this study focuses on analyzing written expression by using associative meanings. A study on associative meanings has been conducted by some researchers but using different analysis, method and object of study. Hardhini (2003) has conducted “Cognitive and Associative Meaning Analysis of Body Care Advertisement on TV Commercial.” It is descriptive quantitative approach because it is done by numbering then continued with specific conclusion. From findings and discussions, the writer finds that there are thirty nine words which classified into cognitive and associative meaning. Then, she finds the phenomenon characters in the Body Care advertisement which is used the associative lexical items or phrases for soften their speeches. Yuniawan (2007) has investigated “Fungsi Assosiasi Pornografi Dalam Wacana Humor” (Pornographic Associative Meaning Function in Humor Texts). It is also descriptive qualitative approach by recording humor texts containing pornographic associative meaning and the context on the data cards or corpus data. The result, there are several points can be drawn as the conclusions as regard
to the pornographic association functions in humor texts including: demanding attention, entertaining, evoking curiosity, euphemism, and deceiving readers. Another researcher is Sarifah (2008) by the “Associative Meaning in the Headlines of the Jakarta Post.” In her methodology, she uses qualitative approach by using Geoffrey Leech’s theory. The result, she finds some types and ways of associative meaning which is used in the Headlines of the Jakarta Post. Different from those previous studies, the present study aims to investigate the types and the functions of associative meanings in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. Beside that, this study chooses the Profile section of magazine to understand the meaning of the content of text which finally brings us to examine how words or sentences convey meaning. To analyze this study, the researcher uses Geoffrey Leech’s theory which is divided into five types: connotative, stylistic, affective, reflected, and collocative meaning. To sum up, the main aim of this study is to understand the meaning of the “Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine.”
1.2.
Problems of the Study Based on the background above, this study is undertaken to answer the
following questions 1. What are the associative meanings used in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine? 2. What are the functions of associative meanings used in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine?
1.3.
Objectives of the Study Related to the problems stated above, the objectives of this study are
formulated as follows: 1. To describe the associative meanings are used in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. 2. To show the functions of associative meanings are used in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine.
1.4.
Significance of the Study This study describes the associative meanings. This study gives two
contributions: theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this study enriches sources of studying meaning from mass media as the integral part in semantics knowledge, particularly for associative meanings. Practically, it will give three contributions. First, this study will provide references for the next researcher who will investigate the study of associative meaning particularly. Second, this study will be useful for the students learning associative meanings. The last, it provides comprehensive discussions about obstacle of meaning for the students who find difficulties in understanding the concept and the problems of associative meanings particularly.
1.5.
Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focuses on examining the Profile section of the Jakarta Post
Weekender magazine which is published from October to November, 2009. The reason is that it expresses associative meanings when used to refer people’s private life by formal or informal language to influence the readers. The goal is to get information easier in understanding the meaning of the text in the Profile section since it must convey the maximum of the information with a minimum of language symbol. This category has represented the associative meanings which happen in the Profile sections of monthly magazine. Therefore, the Profile section of Weekender magazine gives valuable contribution in using associative meanings.
1.6.
Definition of the Key Terms Associative Meaning
: it is unstable of meaning and has variants of individual experience (Leech, 2003: 33).
The Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: it is the one of the media in Indonesia, involved in monthly magazine which has been issued by the Jakarta Post team on January, 2007
(http://theunspunblog.com/2007/ 01/30/the-jakarta-postsweekender/).
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews related literature explaining theories used in this study and references supporting this study, including the definition of associative meaning, the types of associative meanings, word meaning, sentence meaning, and the language of journalism. Moreover, the researcher also describes previous studies that become the step stone for the study.
2.1.
Meaning Studying meaning is a goal for studying semantics including lexical and
grammatical meaning. It is not only looking for meaning in the dictionary but also understanding idioms, expressions, figures of speech and proverbs. As Lyons (1984:33) and Palmer (1981:24) stated that meaning cannot leave from another word’s meaning. The term meaning is used in many ways. Meaning as a concept is more difficult to define than you might think (Palmer, 1981:3). Djajasudarma (1999: 5) stated that the essence of studying meaning is to understand each other. So that, each person knows what the speaker means and what will be received by the hearer. Bloomfield (1969: 139) states that “the linguistic meaning forms the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer which as illustrated followed:
Speaker’s situation
speech
hearer’s response
The illustration above gives sign that we usually will explain or tell something in terms of the stimulus of the speaker. A different use of meaning is found in such sentences as “it wasn’t what he said, but what he meant” (Palmer, 1981: 4). Clearly, it is different between saying and meaning so that it gives many curiosities to the hearer. It could be that there are some other meanings besides literal meaning of the words. Perhaps, it gives familiarity to be understood. There are some different ways for understanding the meaning such as through intonation, sense, feeling, and intention (Richards cited on Aminuddin, 1988: 90). In addition, there are three main ways in which linguists and philosophers have attempted to construct explanation of meaning in natural language (Kempson, 1977: 9): a.
By defining the nature of word meaning. It means that meaning of word is taken as construct in terms of which sentence meaning and communication can be explained. For example: • Supererogatory, means ‘superfluous’ • Spinster means ‘unmarried man’
b.
By defining the nature of sentence meaning. It means that the meaning of sentences is taken as basic, with words are characterized in terms of systematic contribution they make to sentence meaning. For example: • James murdered Max
It means that someone called James deliberately killed someone called Max c.
By explaining the process of communication. It means that both sentence and word meaning are explained in terms of the ways in which sentences and words are used in the act of communication. So that, it is closely related to what the speaker is intended to convey in acts of communication. For example: A: Are you going to bed soon? B: What did you mean? A: It means that I am tired and sooner you go to bed, the sooner I can. The last way is related to Leech’s theory (cited on Partana, 2003: 36) in
which relevance to meaning in communication of speaking stated the important thing of meaning for the linguist that is neutral between the speaker and the addressee. We can investigate easily the difference between how to convey the meaning and what he intends to. Leech’s seven types division of meaning can be illustrated based on the diagram below:
Figure 1: MEANINGS
Conceptual Meaning
Connotative
Associative Meaning
stylistic
affective reflected
Thematic Meaning
collocative
(Based on Leech’s theory, 1974)
2.2.
The Definition of Associative Meaning It has been explained that connotative meaning, stylistic meaning,
affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning according to Leech (1974: 21) are unstable meaning and have variants of individual experience. Associative meaning is different from conceptual meaning (Yule, 1985: 92). It is the words meaning that is still related to other words. Conceptual meaning is the lexical or literal meaning. Sarifah (2008: 11) emphasizes that associative meaning is the sense associations that are not part of a world’s basic meaning and have variants meaning based on individual experience or the context of the sentences.
In other words, it is the meaning of words that has connection to the relationship of word with the condition beyond the language. For instance, the word “jasmine” is associated with the meaning of holy; the word “black” is associated with the meaning of darkness and sadness; the word “red” is associated with the meaning of brave; the word cendrawasih is associated with the meaning of beautiful. Besides that, this associative meaning has the same meaning with some symbols used by the society to convey other concepts such as using of word Srikandi to refer to a symbol of a heroic woman. Finch (1998: 141) stated that this kind of meaning is extra resonance, or echo, can be employed to powerful emotive effect. It is also acquired considerable from the social and cultural context in which they are used. In fact, connotation, collocation, stylistic and reflected meaning have represented more than affective meaning. Then, associative processes affect the meanings of words. Finally, considering the classification of associative meanings based on Leech’s theory, five meanings can be illustrated on the table of associative meanings below:
Table 1: The Types of Associative Meanings
Connotative Meaning
Stylistic Meaning
Affective Meaning
Associative Meanings
Reflected Meaning
Collocative Meaning
What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use What is communicated of feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word
(Based on Leech’s Theory cited on Reimann, 2004)
2.3.
The Types of Associative Meanings Based on Geoffrey Leech’s theory, there are five types of associative
meanings are connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. The explanation of them is followed:
2.3.1. Connotative Meaning Leech (1974: 14) stated connotative meaning refers to what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. It is something more than the dictionary meaning which embraces putative properties of reference due to the viewpoint of personal, social, or communities. Further, he stated (1974:15) that talking about connotative, actually talking about the real world which associates the expression when someone used or heard it in their speech. This meaning is relatively unstable from age to age, society to society, and personal experience. It is more open-ended, and indeterminate rather than conceptual meaning. In any ways, it describes something that goes beyond mere referent of a word and hints at its attributes in the real world. The real-world value is perceived in terms of tacit socio-cultural principles, norms, and rules. These terms are only the same in the conceptual meaning but have difference in those senses. At least, the meaning will be recognized when appropriate with the time to time and condition of people that reflects to the real world. For examples: the word “woman” conceptually it is human, female, and adult. Then, it reflects to the real-world as experienced in cookery, skirt-or-dress wearing, emotional, motherly, kind-hearted, and friendly).
Finch (1998: 142) stated that connotative meaning is consistently exploited by writers who wish to engage our emotions, stimulate our imagination, or enlist our prejudice. It causes that behind the word of connotative which hints attribute in the real world have something valuable. For example: the word “smile,” “smirk,” and “beam.” Purely, it overlaps with conceptual sense so that they are all types of “smile” but in associative meanings, “beam” means a smile which connotes happiness and “smirk” means a smile which connotes gloating of some kind. Furthermore, Finch (1998: 141) said that connotation equal with the word “connotes” which much less stable and more indeterminate than what it “denotes.”
2.3.2. Stylistic Meaning Language which we use in communication is related to the social circumstance of the speaker’s culture. This is because the dialects appear from variety background’s life. The difference of tone, style or choice of words will be influenced in their speaking. Due to that, this stylistic meaning was defined as social meaning that it is a piece of language conveys about the social circumstance of language use (1974: 16). The English style has recognized some main dimensions of stylistic variation. Further, Leech also stated that here is the category of the main dimensions of stylistic variation to distinguish on each dimension which shows something from the different style (which taken from Davy and Crystal about Investigating English style) (1974:16-17). Perhaps, it occurs in certain language. There are:
A. Relative Permanent of Language Style Individuality
(the language of Mr. X, Mrs. Y, etc)
Dialect
(geography language area, or social class)
Period
(language in XVIII century,etc)
B. Delivery of Idea The medium
(speech, writing, etc)
Participation
(monologue, dialogue, etc)
C. Relative Temporary of Language Style Occupation area
(law language, scientific, advertisement, etc)
Status
(polite language, slang, colloquial, etc)
Modality
(language of memoranda, lecturers, jokes, etc)
Satirical
(the style of Dickens, Hemingway, etc)
Then, Reimann (2004:136) also explained that the stylistic meaning is a branch of affective meaning. This type of meaning reflects the personal feelings or attitudes of the speaker towards the listener. This is influenced by the intonation, voice timber, or the use of interjection such as when we say,”I hate you!” Whereas, Mwihaki (2004: 131) concluded that this type of meaning emphasizes to the experiences of fellowship and the participation in social linguistic rituals as found in greetings, apologies, blessings or condolences.
It is rather difference when Finch (1998: 144-145) stated that there is no real difference in conceptual sense between the term used of stylistic variation. The differences have to do with levels of formality. It is to be able to use the language effectively that is the ability to switch between the levels when it is socially appropriate to do so. Such the example of words: steed, horse, nag, gee gee; they are in the same conceptually but actually they belong to context. Steed is poetic in style and would be appropriate in a literary work about the “Knights of the Round Table”; nag is slang and is normally used only in colloquial English; gee gee belongs to the nursery and is used with children. In other words, these terms are stylistically marked. The last marked is horse since it can be used in any context.
2.3.3. Affective Meaning In affective meaning, language is used to express personal feelings or attitudes to the listener. For Leech (1974:18), it is a kind of language which reflects the personal feelings of the speaker or writer including his attitude to the listener or his attitude to something that is uttered. It is expressing or communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker about something that is happened according to its situation. Mostly, it forwards to explicit, conceptual, connotative, or stylistic of the uttered used. Therefore, it is related to show the real meaning of the speaker indirectly. The main function of affective meaning is to express the emotion since it is relatively closer to emotive devices. As Ulmann stated (2009: 166) that there
are three categories of emotive devices are Phonetics, lexical, and syntaxes devices. In other word, those are to express the personal feeling of the speaker or writer. The tone of voice is really important to show the emotion since the listener will understand when we are angry, bad, sad, or happy through the intonation of the speaker. It will seem clearly as the example below: “Excuse me, I think, it would be better if you open the window.” That utterance is supposed to be polite impression. However, it would be sarcasm if the intonation used is stressed, then it would be turned into a playful remark between intimates if delivered with the intonation of a mild request, and it would be a casual tone to express friendliness. As Mwihaki (2004: 134) stated that they are normally expressed through such forms of language use as insults, flattery, hyperbole, or sarcasm.
2.3.4. Reflected Meaning According to Leech (1974:19) conveyed that what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression or the meaning which arises in case of multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of word forms part of our response to another sense. It means that one sense of a particular word affects the understanding and usage of all the other senses of world. This is usually caused when familiarity with one sense of a word affects of our interpretation of another sense. For instance, in the church ceremony, when we hearing the synonymous expression of The Comforter and The Holy Ghost which shows both are the Third Person of the Trinity. However, that term in my reaction
seems non religious meaning from comfort and ghost. The comforter sounds warm and comforting (although in religious context, it means the strengthener or supporter), while The Holy Ghost sounds scary and awesome. So that, based on the context, a word sense seems to “rub off” on another sense. It could be by the dominant suggestive power whether through relative frequency, familiarity, or strength of its associate. Then, Finch (1998: 146) explained that reflected meaning bedevils words to do with sexuality. Such as the terms of “gay,” “intercourse,” “queen,” and “fairy”; are often very difficult to use precisely. That is, the capacity to be used with more than one conceptual meaning. Leech (1974: 19) also stated that reflected meaning much often found in poem since it describes the highest sense of language and it works in the vague condition. For instance to the line of this poem, Are limbs, so dear-achieved, are sides, Full-nerved-still warm-to hard to stir? The poem is written above is to show a soldier who has died in the warfare, Wilfred Owen. The poet uses exaggerated words, dear, means “expensive(ly)” however, in another case it also defends to the people, then; other feels the context of “beloved.” So that, the reflected meaning here is comes with emotive power and give the new meaning based on the context.
2.3.5. Collocative Meaning Collocative meaning communicated through association with word tends to occur in the environment of another word (1974:20). It refers to associate of a word since its usual habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. Then, collocative meaning is not only caused by co-occurrence events but also by stylistic and conceptual differences. Simply, it has an idiosyncratic property of certain words. For example: the word “pretty” and “handsome” “pretty” tends to collocate with “girl, woman, villages, garden, and flower.” “handsome” tends to collocate with “boys, man, car, and overcoat.” The words “handsome woman” and “pretty woman” might happen in linguistics since both have the same meaning but still be considered that both have different attractive performance because of association to collocation. Another example is the words “tremble” and “quiver.” Those words are in the same meaning but in different concept that is “tremble” when someone is in frightening; “quiver” when someone is in chilled. In other word, Finch (1998: 143) adds the meaning of collocation from the verb “collocate” which means “to go with;” and one of the ways by which we know the meaning of a word. For instance, the words “clear” in clear conscience, clear sky, and clear case. Clear conscience means without guilt; clear sky means free from clouds; clear case means unmistakable. So those, the meaning of collocation words have different meaning based on the linguistic context in which it is used.
Mwihaki (2004: 135) explained that collocative meaning is a term for the various instances of co-occurrence of meaning. It refers to sense a lexeme may acquire the meanings of lexemes that tends to co-occur in similar environments and covers all utterances which are encoded and decoded as unitary whole of expressions. At least, it describes words that regularly appear together in common use (within certain context) as collocative on the lexical association which refers to the particular sense of general attribute, on account of given referent. Such as the examples below taken from Mwihaki (2004: 135): mtoto mzuri “a good child” kazi nzuri “a good job” ardhi nzuri “a good land” maisha mazuri “a good life”. The word “good” of those sentences have different sense in cases of nounadjective association. “A good child” shows one who is respectful and generally obedient. “A good job” would be considered that it comes with comfortable salary and attractive side benefit. “A good land” would be definable in terms of soil composition and water retention properties. Then, the last is the sentence of “a good life” seems that something which abundance both in material or spiritual wealth. In addition, it could be patterned in many forms such as on the idiom expressions, usage of proverbs, figures of speech, and riddles since the language used in speaking forward to instances of meaning collocation recently.
2.4.
Word Meaning When working with texts, we generally only have access to words, not to
things. The group of words makes the meaning of the sentences. Therefore, it would be better if we could determine the meaning of a word by using its relations to other words. Define a word is one of the basic units of semantics (Palmer, 1981: 32). In other words, it expresses a unified semantic concept. The meaning of words represents category of things which the words stands for. Yet, there are difficulties since not all words have the same kind of meaning as others. Some seem to have little or none. For example “Boys like to play,” from the sentences, we might to consider the meaning “boys, like, and play”; except, the word “to” since it has no meaning at all. In another case, meaning implies choice so that it could be changed “girl, hate, fight” except “to.” Then, we use words to refer to objects and actions such as cup, glass, swimming etc. We must notice that some whole groups of words must be taken together to establish meaning. Truly, the word meaning could be given the independent of characterization (Kempson, 1977: 28). Since it must be in terms of the systematic contribution a word creates to the truth condition of sentences when it occurs. In other words, it is taken as the construct in terms of which sentence meaning and communication can be explained in which they are categorized into the concept of meaning.
2.5.
Sentence Meaning Palmer (1981: 37) stated that sentence as the expression of a complete
thought. It is a basic unit of meaning. Here, words which are apart of our thought united one another to make a larger unit to produce the complete meaning or thought. So that, a word is needed to construct the complete meaning besides it could be stated that words are also as part of sentences. Moreover, the meaning of the sentences can be predicted from the meaning of the words it contains. Each sentence has a meaning or a literal meaning or it could have two or more meanings (which is called as ambiguous meaning). Michaelis stated that theories of sentence meaning are designed to describe the relationship between the meaning of a sentence and the meaning of the words of that sentence, both lexical and grammatical. In addition, Lyons (1984) also stated that the meaning of a sentence depends upon the meaning of its constituent lexemes including its phrasal lexemes and the meaning of an utterance including the meaning of the sentence that is uttered. In general, the meaning of an utterance will be richer than them of the sentence from which is derived. Therefore, it can be said the utterance meaning is the product of sentence meaning and context.
2.6.
Language of Journalism Journalism and language both are important points for mass media.
Journalism must use the language for delivering information since language function as a device in expressing our thought or ideas. Journalism needs the
presence of media to spread out the information to the people around the world since the media can do nothing without the help of language. It can be drawn that language holds primary role in reporting the news, the events, or the phenomena (Rahardjo, 2002: 144). Talking about journalism, a language of mass communication seems in daily newspaper, magazines, journal, and so on. One of the characteristics of the language of journalism is that it will be easier to be understood by society or the illiterate people (Wojowasito cited on Romeltea, 2008). It means that the language used by the reporter in writing the journalisms must follow the development of culture in society since people do not have enough the time for reading of the mass media such newspaper or magazines. Perhaps, they need 30 minutes in a day to read the newspaper or magazine. The journalism language features have different characters based on the written texts which will be published. The language for investigation is more accurate than for features written. The principles of language for journalism are brief, clear, solid, simple, and interesting (JS Badudu cited on Romeltea, 2008). Suroso (2001) stated on his article about “Bahasa Jurnalistik Sebagai Materi Pengajaran BIPA Tingkat Lanjut” are: •
Spot news It is used to reveal the important events which have been known for
readers, such as political views, economical views, and other events which belief are important.
•
Soft news It is used to reveal an interesting thing for human life that forward to the
readers’ emotion, for instance the features: profile feature, science feature, and human interest feature. Generally, the language of journalism is the language which is used by the journalist in writing the news. This is one way to deliver the information in mass communication. Sometimes, it considers as a mirror of our society since many gossiping refers to the mass media. At least, the language of journalism is also open property that implied as one of the variety of language.
2.7.
Previous Study Besides using theories from books, the researcher also uses the study from
the previous researcher as a supporting theory. The writer chooses some previous studies related to associative meaning. In “Cognitive and Associative Meaning Analysis of Body Care Advertisement on TV Commercial,” Hardhini (2003), the student of Petra Christian University Surabaya investigates two kinds of meanings are cognitive and associative meaning on TV commercial Body Care advertisement. The researcher is interested in studying them because both are mostly influenced to persuade the people on TV commercial. In her methodology, she uses descriptive quantitative research. She collects the data by applying directly listening to the dialogues of the TV Indonesian commercial Body Care advertisement. The data is classified based on cognitive and associative meaning of the lexical items or
phrases. The result of her study shows that there are thirty nine words in the utterances which contain of lexical items or phrases with both cognitive and associative meaning taken from TV Indonesian commercial of Body Care advertisement. Unfortunately, she does not explain the types of associative meanings itself. In analyzing, she establishes the two theories are: cognitive meaning by Richard, Platt, and Weeber; and associative meaning by Geoffrey Leech but it does not explain clearly. Then, the data is written in Indonesian which is interpreted into English. Then “Fungsi Assosiasi Pornografi Dalam Wacana Humor” by Kuniawan (2007), the student of The State University of Semarang. He is interested in investigating the pornographic associative meaning which focuses on its functions considers that many utterances of humor texts implied the pornographic statements. The data on his research is written in Indonesian which has pornographic association as well as their context. The researcher uses the descriptive qualitative approach in his research design based on Chaire’s Theory. He obtains the data by taking-notes in humor texts that contain pornographic associative meaning as well as the context on the corpus data. The result, there are several points which can be drawn as the conclusion of pornographic associative meaning function, they are: menarik perhatian (demanding attention), menghibur (entertaining), membuat rasa penasaran (evoking curiosity), memperhalus (euphemism), and mengecoh pembaca (deceiving readers). In “The Associative Meaning on the Headlines of the Jakarta Post,” Sarifah (2008) analyzes the types and the ways of using associative meanings
based on Leech’s theory. Her research design is descriptive qualitative approach which directly applied collecting the utterances from the Headlines of the Jakarta Post newspaper. Since it covers or represents to its content of the whole text in the newspaper. The result of her study shows that there are some types of associative meanings (connotative, stylistic, affective, reflected and collocative meaning); and some ways uses of associative meanings in the Headlines of the Jakarta Post are: •
by bringing the experiences and the expressions of human thoughts, feelings, or emotions of word in the sentences of Headlines
•
by depending on the situation of the context of sentences that occurs in that time
•
by depending on the situation of the context of sentences
•
by communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker or writer about something that is happened according to its situation
•
by arising sense in the case a multiple conceptual meaning of word that is described clearly by presenting the word that has a new sense which has an associative with the context of sentence
•
by communicating true association of a word which tends to occur in the environment of another word
•
and by referring to the particular sense of general attributes which is exemplified in noun-adjective phrase). In fact, her analysis does not only refer to one theory (Leech’s theory) but
also she uses Mwihaki, and Finch so that analyzes are extended. Then, she does not explain the associative meanings details in her review of related literature.
Then, the recent study entitled “A Study on the Associative Meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine” focuses on describing the types and functions of associative meanings based on Leech’s theory. Here, the researcher chooses the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine in which focuses on the Profile section. This research is relevant to study or comprehend the content of text magazine since it can describe information of text in detail. In addition, she mentions the truth-conditional approach to support her validity data in her research design besides it is involved in descriptive qualitative approach. It is believed that this study of associative meanings to continue the previous study above. Therefore, it is very important to develop knowledge of associative meanings particularly.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD The chapter discussed the methodology of this study which included the approach and the way to analyze the data. After knowing briefly about the methodology of this study, it came to the next chapter that would analyze the data.
3.1
Research Design In analyzing the associative meanings of the Jakarta Post Weekender
magazine, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative research approach. This method was used based on several reasons. First, this research concerned the words, phrases, or sentences of the associative meanings without using any samples or numbers. Second, this research used Geoffrey Leech’s theory without using any hypothesis. The last, the characteristics of descriptive qualitative research could be found in the process of data gathering. The type of the data was descriptive data, it did not need any treatments and ready to analyze. The characteristics also found in the process of analysis that was done inductively. Then, this research used truth-conditional approach which tended to the meaning of sentences, the conditions in the world which would have to be met for the sentence to be true (Goddard, 1998: 7). So that, you had to understand how
the world would have to be for that sentence to be true. Related to this study, the researcher analyzed associative meanings into words, phrases, or sentences which was tried to give the true meaning or the true reason by using the associative meanings itself. The aim to this study was to seek the types and the functions of associative meanings.
3.2
Data Source In this study, there was only one single data source that was the Jakarta
Post Weekender magazine. It was one of the English magazines in Indonesia which was published on January, 20072. The data of her research were all the statement of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine in the Profile section issued from October up to November, 2009. This data source was taken as the consideration of some reasons that this kinds of magazine was categorized as new English magazine in Indonesia which published by the Jakarta Post team. Then, there were many associative meanings of the Weekender Profile section used to interest the readers. The last, the form of data which would be analyzed were words, phrases, or sentences of the text of Profile section were usually express of associative meanings.
2
http://theunspunblog.com/2007/01/30/the-jakarta-posts-weekender/
3.3
Research Instrument A research instrument was a facility or equipment that was used by the
researcher to collect the data in order to make research process done easily, systematically, and completely. The researcher used human instrument in her study. She herself became the research instrument who participated directly in data collection and data analysis.
3.4
Data Collection The data of this study was taken from the Jakarta Post Weekender
magazine. In collecting the data, the researcher gathered every data needed through the following steps. First, she collected the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine which was published from October to November, 2009. Second, she found out one text of the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. Third, she read the whole sentences. Then, the words or phrases which contain of associative meanings: connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning were underlined. The last, the conclusion of the collected data was drawn to be continued in data analysis. The process of the data collections were described as following sketch:
Figure 2: Data Collection Process STEP I Collecting the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine
STEP II Finding the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine
STEP III Reading and choosing the sentences contained of associative meanings
Meanings: 1.connotative 2.stylistic 3.affective 4.reflective 5.collocative
STEP IV Selecting and underlining the words or phrases of the sentences involved to the associative meanings
STEP V Drawing conclusion
(Adapted from data collection by Laela Sarifah’s thesis research design)
3.5
Data Analysis After obtaining data, the researcher used some steps to analyze data listed
as followed: •
Data classification. The researcher classified words, phrases, or sentences that contained of associative meanings
•
Analyzing and classifying. She analyzed and classified the data based on Leech’s theory of associative meanings. These aim was to answer the research problems
•
Describing and explaining the findings
•
Formulating research conclusions based on data findings and analysis.
3.6
Triangulation Triangulation was the techniques investigate the validity data to exploit
another thing (Moleong, 2005: 330). Therefore, this technique was used as the accumulation of the research method to strengthen the data and support findings. As explained by Denzin 1978 (cited on Moelong) there were four classifications of the triangulation types were data sources, methodological, investigator triangulation, and theory. In this study, the researcher chose the two types of triangulation were data sources and methodological triangulation since it had represented the validity of the data. Related to the data sources triangulation, the researcher collected the data from the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine especially the Profile section. Then,
she also compared to what she had explained in her research with the explanation from another person or informant who expert in this study. Here, she chose the lecturer from Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, who had sufficient knowledge in Linguistics especially, in Semantics to give comments and critics on the appropriateness of this thesis. Besides, the researcher discussed and checked the data from the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine especially the Profile section appropriate to the data collection of this study. Therefore, she was used the methodological triangulation to investigate related to the data collection.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents analysis of the data based on Leech’s theory. The researcher structures writing are categorized into some steps. First, the researcher classifies the data description based on the research problems. The data of the text will be provided in the appendix page. Second, the result of this study is discussed in the discussion section. Then, the researcher gives implications for strengthen the data.
4.1.
Research Findings The researcher presents the findings of this study based on facts found in
the data based on Leech’s theory. The data employed in this research were taken from the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine which is issued on October up to November, 2009. After selecting all sentences consist of associative meanings in the Profile section of The Jakarta Post Weekender magazine, the researcher reduces from 50 data to 7 data that have represented the types and the functions of associative meanings. The data has been provided in the appendix page. Then, the data are analyzed by using the following steps. First, the researcher classifies the sentences consist of associative meanings which taken from the sources of the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine (consists of date, profile, title,
and set up of the paragraph). Second, the researcher underlined or chosen the words, phrases, or sentences which will be analyzed based on the types of associative meanings and its functions. They are analyzed as followed:
Datum 1: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On October, 2009 Profile : Irwan Ahmett, 34, a self-professed unhappy artist, has been trying to get happy which his art project has been running since 2007. Title : Portrait of an unhappy artist At 2nd paragraph, line 2-3
Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness. (see in appendix 1 no.2) The underlined word in the sentence above is called reflected meaning because the meaning of word “millions” here is not indicated to “the number of 1.000.000,” however, it represents the meaning of “much, many, most of, or a lot of.” Based on the context of the sentence above, this word does not show us about something counted but it shows something uncounted. This sentence refers to “most of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness.” The function is used to deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression. The new sense here is the new meaning comes to the expression of the same words. The new sense comes because of removes another sense in the same expression. Shortly, the word “millions” usually people know seems to the meaning of “the number of
1.000.000.” However, the word “millions” in the sentence of “Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness” means “most”. So that, the word “millions,” which means “most” seems to remove another sense, “the number of 1.000.000,” by the dominant suggestive power especially by the strength of its associate. Then, according to Leech (1974: 19) that reflected meaning is communicated through the association with another sense of the same expression. This happens in multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Further, he said that a word sense seems to “rub off” on another sense by the dominant suggestive capacity whether through relative frequency, familiarity, or strength of its associate. Next, the underlined word “millions” in the sentence above is also called connotative meaning because the word “millions” is also connotes to something “much, many, a lot of, or most of.” It connotes to other things based on the experience, phenomenon, and society. The word “millions” here is not the real meaning used from people to others, “the number of 1.000.000,” it has something value and other sense which means “much, many, a lot of, or most of.” The function is used to communicate the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone heard it or used it since it brings something value and other sense in hints the attribute of the real world. When someone heard or used the word “millions” in the sentence above connotes the meaning “most of,” and does not refer to the meaning “the number of 1.000.000” since it relates to the experience or phenomenon of someone and society used it.
According to Leech (1974: 14-15) connotative meaning is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It is considered based on individual experience, society, age to age, indeterminate, open-ended, and relatively unstable. So that, it refers to the “real world” experience which associates to the expression when someone heard it or used it.
Datum 2: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On October, 2009 Profile : Irwan Ahmett, 34, a self-professed unhappy artist, has been trying to get happy which his art project has been running since 2007. Title : Portrait of an unhappy artist At 2nd paragraph, line 5-6 Lately, capitalism has come up with its own definition of happiness to tempt consumers to buy products. (see in appendix 1 no.3) Based on the sentence above, the underlined word “capitalism” belongs to the stylistic meaning since this word involves in the Relative Temporary of language style especially in the ‘occupation area’ of its usage. Related to the sentence above, the word “capitalism” here is associated with the sense of the Western economic system which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by owners for profit, rather than by the state. This word usually used based on the social circumstance of language use that in related with economics. To sum up, the word “capitalism” here tends to the category of its usage. The function is to deliver the stylistic style which appears in language since it concerns the social circumstance of the use of linguistic expression. In this
case, this kind of meaning is used to deliver the occupation style which appears in language due to the word “capitalism” involved in style of Relative Temporary, especially in occupation area of economics. Therefore, the writer here only performs that the word “capitalism” belongs to the stylistic meaning used to deliver the stylistic style which appears in the sentence above. According to Leech (1974: 16-17) that stylistic meaning is communicated of social circumstance of language. Then, he stated there are some categories of its usage to differentiate between each dimension which shows something from the different style (which taken from Davy and Crystal about Investigating English style). Perhaps, it occurs in certain language are: D. Relative Permanent of Language Style Individuality
(the language of Mr. X, Mrs. Y, etc)
Dialect
(geography language area, or social class)
Period
(language in XVIII century, etc)
E. Delivery of Idea The medium
(speech, writing, etc)
Participation
(monologue, dialogue, etc)
F. Relative Temporary of Language Style Occupation area
(law language, scientific, advertisement, etc)
Status
(polite language, slang, colloquial, etc)
Modality
(language of memoranda, lecturers, jokes, etc)
Satirical
(the style of Dickens, Hemingway, etc)
Datum 3: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On October, 2009 Profile : Irwan Ahmett, 34, a self-professed unhappy artist, has been trying to get happy which his art project has been running since 2007. Title : Portrait of an unhappy artist At 12th paragraph, line 1-2 They look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard to make themselves happy. (see in appendix 1 no.24) Based on the sentence above, the phrase “pretty hard” is called collocative meaning because the adjective word “pretty” in the phrase “pretty hard” has different character when it is going together with another noun. Perhaps, we know that pretty have the same meaning with handsome. They could be interchanged to each other such as handsome hard. However, they will have different sense when they to co-occur with another noun since mostly people using pretty hard than handsome hard especially for this context. Therefore, the phrase pretty hard is used in the context of the sentence above. It is caused by co-occurrence happens in linguistics. Here, pretty hard means an activity which has to do in seriously to reach their satisfying. The function here is used to convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment. It refers to the common use words going together in the environment. Here, the phrase “pretty hard” is more appropriate to be used “pretty
hard” rather than “handsome hard” since handsome hard sound awkward to use related with those context of sentence. Leech (1974: 19-20) stated that collocative meaning intends to what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. It refers to associate word since its usual habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. The collocative meaning is not only caused by co-occurrence events but also by stylistic and conceptual differences. Next, this sentence belongs to the affective meaning because it comes from the feeling or emotion of the speaker. The words “to me” in clause “they look like happy people to me….” means that this word comes from feeling or emotion of the speaker. Here, Irwan Ahmett, we know from his profile that he is an artist who has found yet the real happiness in his life since he has found many problems in which makes him unhappiness. He actually wants to show that people around him seems as a happy people. Then, his statement remembers him to unhappiness life, “they look like happy people to me but they have to try pretty hard to make themselves happy.” This statement described that the speaker’s condition is in sadness. Here, we know that from the sentence above brings us to the main function that is to communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself. It arises from the personal feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer that is dedicated to the addressees or readers. On the sentence “they look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard to make them happy.” has represents
that the speaker wants to show her feeling, emotion, or attitudes to the readers or addressees. Leech said (1974: 18) that affective meaning is communicated of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. The sentence of this affective meaning is expressing or communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker about something that is happened according to its situation.
Datum 4: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On Nopember, 2009 Profile : Melissa Karim who is an entertainment all-rounder, turning her hand to everything from radio, screenwriting for TV and film and now as part of the panel of a popular prime-time magic show. Title : Tall order At 7th paragraph, line 2-3
“I may be short, but I have good skin.” (see in appendix 1 no.32)
Based on the sentence above, the phrase “good skin” is called collocative meaning since the adjective word “good” conveys meanings when it is going together with others noun, such as “good job,” “good land,” etc. In this case, the adjective word “good” in the phrase “good skin” means “it is smooth, soft, glittering, none of anything scratch or hurt on it, and does not fast to be wrinkle.” Therefore, this kind of meaning tends to occur since it is caused by co-occurrence differences in linguistics.
This kind of meaning can be used to convey the associate words which tend to occur in the environment. It tends to have variants meaning when it cooccurs with another noun. Based on the sentence above, the phrase “good skin” occurs in the environment because of the usual habitual co-occurrence with certain types, the adjective followed by noun (adjective+noun). Therefore, it has some meanings when going together with other nouns. Leech (1974:19) stated that collocative meaning is communicated through association with word tends to occur in the environment of another word. It consists of associate words since its habitual co-occurrence emerges in certain types of words. Besides that, the collocative meaning could be caused by the difference of stylistic and conceptual. Next, the underlined phrase on the sentence above is also called affective meaning because the sentence “I may be short but I have good skin” refers to the speaker who shows her condition. This utterance comes from the speaker’s feeling or emotion. In this case, the speaker is Melissa Karim who has only 148 cm height of her body. She believes that although she has a short body, she has a good skin as which is as her special quality. Here, it can be concluded that the speaker is really thankful to her condition. The sentence above brings us to the main function that is to communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself. It arises from the personal feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer that is dedicated to the addressees or readers. On the sentence “I may be short, but I have good skin” represents the
speaker wants to show her emotion, feeling, or attitude to the readers or addressees. As Leech (1974:18) stated that affective meaning, what is communicated of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. It is expressing or communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker about something that is happened according to its situation.
Datum 5: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On Nopember, 2009 Profile : Melissa Karim who is an entertainment all-rounder, turning her hand to everything from radio, screenwriting for TV and film and now as part of the panel of a popular prime-time magic show. Title : Tall order At 11th paragraph, line 1-4 Melissa, who grew up in what she describes as a “typically Chinese family” of a father who was used car salesman and a mother who runs a small home catering business, does not go for the naïve if well-intentioned viewpoint. (see in appendix 1 no.33) Based on the sentence above, the word “runs” is called reflected meaning because this word meaning does not intends to the sense of “moving visible thing” as usually people know, but the word “run” here is associated with the sense of “do the work.” In other word, the word “runs” has another sense of the same expression. It gives the new meaning of words in the sentence which relates to another event or a phenomenon that is “do the work.”
The function is used to deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression. The new sense here is the new meaning comes to the expression of the same word. The new sense comes because of removes another sense in the same expression. Clearly, the word “runs” that usually people know seems to the meaning of “moving visible thing.” However, the word “runs” in the sentence of “Melissa, who grew up in what she describes as a “typically Chinese family” of a father who was used car salesman and a mother who runs a small home catering business, does not go for the naïve if wellintentioned viewpoint” means “do the work.” So that, the word meaning “runs” means “do the work” seems removes another sense “moving visible thing” by the dominant suggestive power especially, by the strength of its associate. Leech said (1974: 19) that reflected meaning concerns, what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. This happens in multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Further, he said that in reflected meaning, a word sense seems to “rub off” on another sense by the dominant suggestive power whether through relative frequency, familiarity, and strength of its associate.
Datum 6: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On Nopember, 2009 Profile : Melissa Karim who is an entertainment all-rounder, turning her hand to everything from radio, screenwriting for TV and film and now as part of the panel of a popular prime-time magic show. Title : Tall order At 12th paragraph, line 3-4 I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy (a term for ethnic Chinese women), but the thing is I am Amoy. (see in appendix 1 no.35) Based on the sentence above, the underlined word “women” is called connotative meaning since the word “women” is defined purely conceptual as “human, female, and adult.” However, the word “women” physically connotes to “having maternal instinct and gregarious.” Then, typical (rather than invariable) of womanhood connotes (frail, prone to tears, emotional, friendly, motherhood, experience in cookery). So that, “women” have varies meanings more than in dictionary or conceptual meaning. The function is used to communicate the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone heard it or used it since it brings to something valuable to the real world. When someone heard or used it, the word “women” in the sentence above connotes to the meaning “having maternal instinct and gregarious.” Certainly, the word “women” brings different meaning from age to age and society to society in the real world due to that relates to one’s experience, phenomenon, and the society which uses it.
Leech (1974: 14-15) stated that connotative meaning here is what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It is considered based on individual experience, society, age to age, indeterminate, open-ended, and relatively unstable. So that, it refers to the “real world” experience which associates to the expression when someone heard it or used it. Next, this sentence is called affective meaning since it represents one’s feeling. The statement was uttered by the speaker, Melissa Karim, who has short body besides she has Chinese family heritage. The clause “I used to get mad….” showed her feeling. She showed that she disliked when there was someone calling her as Amoy. Although at the end of the sentence she said “but the thing is I am Amoy” still it does not show that she liked to be called as Amoy. Then, we will know the condition of the speaker from the statement that is uttered. The sentence above brings us to the main function that is to communicate the feeling, emotion, or attitudes of the speaker or writer itself. It arises from the personal feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer that is dedicated to the addressees or readers. On the sentence “I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy, but the thing is I am Amoy” represents the speaker wants to show her emotion, feeling, or attitude to the readers or addressees. As stated by Leech (1974:18) that affective meaning deals with what being communicated that include feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. It is expressing or communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker about something that happens according to its situation.
Datum 7: The following data was taken from the data sources of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: On Nopember, 2009 Profile : Melissa Karim who is an entertainment all-rounder, turning her hand to everything from radio, screenwriting for TV and film and now as part of the panel of a popular prime-time magic show. Title : Tall order At 12th paragraph, line 3-4 Educated people won’t say things like that – they realize we’re different, so what?. (see in appendix 1 no.36) The underlined phrase “so what?” is called stylistic meaning because this phrase is involved in Relative Temporary language style especially in ‘status’ category of its usage. The words “so what?” is categorized into “slang, colloquial or expressions that commonly used in spoken language.” This phrase means to request something. It can be said as rhetorical question to which the speaker does not expect an answer from the addressees. It is the same with the speaker’s question, “We are different, right?” The function is to deliver the stylistic style which appears in language since it is concerned with the social circumstance of the use of linguistic expression. This kind of meaning is used to deliver the occupation style which appears in language since the phrase “so what?” is considered as style of Relative Temporary, especially in status of slang language. Therefore, the writer only performs that the phrase “so what?” belongs to the stylistic meaning used to deliver the stylistic style which appears in the sentence above.
As indicated by Leech, stylistic meaning concerns what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use (1974:16-17). We know it from the dialects or the language usage of “status” as the category of its usage to differentiate between each dimension which shows something from the different style. Perhaps, it occurs in certain language are: G. Relative Permanent of Language Style Individuality
(the language of Mr. X, Mrs. Y, etc)
Dialect
(geography language area, or social class)
Period
(language in XVIII century, etc)
H. Delivery of Idea
I.
The medium
(speech, writing, etc)
Participation
(monologue, dialogue, etc)
Relative Temporary of Language Style Occupation area
(law language, scientific, advertisement, etc)
Status
(polite language, slang, colloquial)
Modality
(language of memoranda, lecturers, jokes, etc)
Satirical
(the style of Dickens, Hemingway, etc)
Next, this sentence also belongs to affective meaning because this sentence comes from the speaker’s feeling and emotion. We will know from the clause “they realize we are different…” shows that this clause represents the speaker’s
feeling or emotion toward the addressees or readers. What the speaker’s feeling is related to the statement before (datum 7). She does not care about what people called to her. She believed that educated people won’t say things like that since we are different. So, the speaker here only wants to show that she and other people around her have different family background or life style. The function is to express the speaker’s feeling or emotion which arises from the personal feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer to the addressees or readers. Clearly, we know the condition of the speaker from the speaker’s uttered whether her feeling, emotion, or attitudes. As stated by Leech (1974:18) that affective meaning deals with what being communicated that include feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. It is expressing or communicating emotion or feeling of the speaker about something that happens according to its situation.
4.2.
Discussions Following the analysis of the data, the researcher finds there are types of
associative meanings and its functions used in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. The different types elicit different functions.
4.2.1. The Types of Associative Meanings From the data of Weekender Profile section issues from October up to November 2009, the researcher finds the types of associative meanings are connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. However, the researcher finds different distribution of associative meanings in the data. There are several steps to analyze each data. The researcher finds each data consisting of one type of associative meanings such as in datum 2 and datum 5. Then, she finds the data consisting of two or more associative meanings such as in datum 1, datum 3, datum 4, datum 6, and datum 7. Then, the types of associative meanings which have been identified in the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine based on Leech’s theory are: 1.
Connotative meaning can be described on the following sentences in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. • •
2.
Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness. I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy (a term for ethnic Chinese women), but the thing is I am Amoy.
Stylistic meaning can be described on the following sentences in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. • •
3.
Lately, capitalism has come up with its own definition of happiness to tempt consumers to buy products. Educated people won’t say things like that – they realize we’re different, so what?.
Affective meaning can be described on the following sentences in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine.
• • • • 4.
They look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard to make themselves happy. I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy (a term for ethnic Chinese women), but the thing is I am Amoy. Educated people won’t say things like that – they realize we’re different, so what?. “I may be short, but I have good skin.”
Reflected meaning can be described on the following sentences in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. • •
5.
Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness. Melissa, who grew up in what she describes as a “typically Chinese family” of a father who was used car salesman and a mother who runs a small home catering business, does not go for the naïve if wellintentioned viewpoint.
Collocative meaning can be described on the following sentences in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine. • •
They look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard to make themselves happy. “I may be short, but I have good skin.”
4.2.2. The Functions of Associative Meanings This study finds several functions of associative meanings: connotative meanings is used to deliver the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone heard it or used it; stylistic meaning is used to deliver the stylistic style which appears in language; affective meaning is used to communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker itself; reflected meaning is used to deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression; then collocative meaning is used to convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment.
4.3.
Implications Associative meanings can be elicited according to each function. This
study is appropriate to interest the addressees or readers in formal or non formal situation. In other word, associative meanings can be found in both oral and written expressions. This study found that it has a little relation between the types and the functions of associative meanings because the functions of associative meanings is the reflection of the types of associative meanings itself. The result, the writer or speaker uses associative meanings to perform its functions which are related to the world.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION This chapter presents conclusions of the study about the types and functions of associative meanings. This part also presents suggestions for future researchers who are interested in this study.
5.1.
Conclusion Based on the findings and discussions in the previous chapter, the
researcher concludes that there are several types of associative meanings in the Profile section of the Jakarta Post Weekender magazine: connotative meaning is communicated by virtue of what language refers to; stylistic meaning is communicated of the social circumstances of language use; affective meaning is communicated feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer; reflected meaning is communicated through association with another sense in the same expression; and collocative meaning is communicated with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. All five associative meanings are performed in the text of Profile section in which each magazine is issued. Then, there are also several functions from the associative meanings in the Profile section of Weekender magazine. The researcher finds different functions of associative meanings based on different types of associative meanings: connotative meaning function to deliver the experience in the real world to associate the expression when someone heard it or used it; stylistic meaning
function to deliver the stylistic style which appears in language; affective meaning function to communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker itself; reflected meaning function to deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression; and collocative meaning function to convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment.
5.2.
Suggestion After doing this research, the researcher admits that there are some
weaknesses of this study since there are limitations of this study. Therefore, there are some suggestions for the next researchers to continue this study in order to give contributions concerning associative meanings. This study is related to other linguistic knowledge such as discourse or sociolinguistics since meaning can be explored in that knowledge especially associative meanings which can be found in spoken or written language. Then, to understand the associative meanings it can be analyzed using different theories. Future researchers can use other objects related to spoken or written language either formal or informal language. Hopefully, this research can be guidance or inspiration for the next researchers who are interested in studying meaning especially associative meanings. They should be more patience, carefulness, and seriously doing the research since it needs hard efforts and onward process. The more data and theories of associative meanings collected, the more meaningful discussions will be.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aminuddin. 1988. Semantik: Pengantar Studi Tentang Makna. Bandung: Penerbit C.V. Sinar Baru Bandung. Bloomfield, Leornard. 1969. Language. ----, ----. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University. ----. Professor Geoffrey Leech. Retrieved 12th September, 2009, from http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/profiles/296. Djajasudarma, Fatimah. T. 1999. Semantik 1: Pemahaman Ilmu Makna. Bandung: Penerbit PT Refika Aditama Bandung. Finch, Geoffrey. 1998. How to Study Linguistics. Hongkong: Machmillan. Hardhini, Wahyu. 2003. Cognitive and Associative Meaning Analysis of Body Care Advertisement on TV Commercial. Unpublished Thesis. Petra Christian University Surabaya. Kempson, Ruth. M. 1977. Semantic Theory. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. Leech, Geoffrey. 1974. Semantics. New York, U.S.A: Penguin. Leech, Geoffrey. 1974. Semantik. Translated by Paina Partana. 2003. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Lyons, John. 1984. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Michaelis, Laura. A. ---. Word Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Syntactic Meaning. (pp.1-47). Moloeng, Lexy J. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Mwihaki, Alice. 2004. Kiswahili Forum. Meaning as Use: A Functional view of semantics and pragmatics, (pp.127-139). Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. Rahardjo, Mudjia. 2002. Relung-Relung Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Aditia Media.
Reimann, Andrew. 2004. Semantics: Words and Meaning (pp.133-140).----: ---. Romeltea. 2008. Pengertian Bahasa Jurnalistik. Retrieved 12th Pebruary, 2010, from http://romeltea.wordpress.com/2008/09/09/pengertian-bahasajurnalistik/. Sarefah, Laila. 2008. The Associative Meaning In The Headlines of The Jakarta Post. Unpublished Thesis. The State Islamic University of Malang. Suroso. 2001. Bahasa Jurnalistik Sebagai Materi Pengajaran BIPA Tingkat Lanjut. Presented in Konferensi Internasional Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing (KIPBIPA) or Indonesian Teaching International Conference For Foreigner. Denpasar-Bali. Ullman, Stephen. 1977. Pengantar Semantik. Adapted by Sumarsono. 2009. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Unspun. 2009. The Jakarta Post’s Weekender. Retrieved 16 Nopember, 2009, from http://theunspunblog.com/2007/01/30/the-jakarta-postsweekender/. Yule, George. 1985. The Study of Language: An Introduction. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. Yuniawan, Tommy.2007. Fungsi Assosiasi Pornografi Dalam Wacana Humor. Unpublished Thesis. The State University of Semarang.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
List of Data selected No. Months 1 October, 2009
2 3 4 5
6 7 8
9 10
11 12 13
14
15
The Sentences of associative meanings It was, naturally, an unhappy undertaking for him – it included watching the thousands of motorcycles that passed by his office every morning and watching an infinite loop of Spongebob Squarepants – but he found that people in Jakarta, other than himself, are mostly jolly crowd, whatever the city’s shortcomings. Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness. Lately, capitalism has come up with its own definition of happiness to tempt consumers to buy products. When I first started the project I did not have any clue what happiness meant. But I later found out that happiness has some indicators. I learned from this project that happiness is something that can be learned the same way we learn to play ping pong or use the computer. If we exercise a lot, we can easily be happy. But I also believe that happiness is what we make of it. Christiano Ronaldo may be the richest soccer player in the world, but I believe he is as happy as the kid I play futsal with when both score goal. I believe the past has an important role in building our happiness. We should also be able to tell the difference between what we need and what we want; this is one step to reach happiness. And I began to think that the true source of happiness is in fact our happiness. I also found that we can happy about other’s unhappiness. In this country, there are too many people living well below the poverty line, but these people manage to survive. In the late 1990s, we suffered the greatest financial crisis, which I think would take the United States 50 years to recover from. As a big city, Jakarta is practically uninhabitable but we merrily crowd together.
16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
31 32 33
34 35
36 37
Nopember, 2009
In terms of material advancement, Singapore is ahead of us, but to me it’s like a dead city. I don’t think it will do much to increase happiness level I believe the unpredictable nature of life here has helped the ferment of creativity. But I also believe that happiness can be found in the most unlikely places, bars, brothels, soccer stadiums or rock concerts. I don’t always pray but I get really serious in my prayer after I neglect it for some time. The reason I started this art project is because I am an unhappy person. I am easily depressed and have problems concentrating. I am also an ambitious person They look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard to make themselves happy. I know I’m short – live with it! It’s being a short person that fuels her determination to succeed among the big boys and girls, she says. It’s not just in my work, but also in sports. So I wanted to be on the basketball team even though people said I couldn’t hello! The other short part of her is her temper; she admits it is clear to everybody around her when she is not in good short. Regardless of her height, or short and fiery personality traits, she also has the good looks that are essential in the entertainment business. “I always think that God is fair,” she says. I may be short, but I have good skin. Melissa, who grew up in what she describes as a “typically Chinese family” of a father who was a used car salesman and a mother who runs a small home catering business, does not go for that naïve if well- intentioned viewpoint. For me, we are different. I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy (a term for ethnic Chinese women), but the thing is I am Amoy. Educated people won’t say like that – they realize we’re different, so what? So he must have recognized the nascent potential in the young, then overweight, college student, or perhaps a kindred spirit of someone with smarts and sass.
38 39 40
41
42 43 44
45 46 47 48
49 50
“Basically that was where I learned everything,” says Melissa. I learned about writing scripts, the formula for putting together a show. I was doing my running away from home thing at the time, and living in the Kebon Kacang low-cost apartments. “Don’t you dare tell clients you live there, it’s too embarrassing, just say you live in Peanut Garden apartments if they ask.” I was puzzled in a way, because I have no background whatsoever in writing. I mean, I love writing, but my only experience was writing emcee scripts for Indra or sometimes articles. I said, “well, if you’re willing to teach me from minus 10, and you have the time and the patience, I’m willing to learn, because I always want to learn something new.” I’ve been so lucky that I’ve had the best mentors. I salute them as having the courage that I don’t. I don’t sleep a lot, so I read, do a lot of research, I’m basically a workaholic. We’re mature enough to realize marriage is a partnership, it takes a lot of work to make it work… if it was hard for my friends to imagine me getting married, even Ralph. “So I could just walk not to talk.” “Wherever he is, I just hope he’s having a blast,” she says.
Appendix 2
List of Data No.
1
Sentences
Millions of people stream into Jakarta every day just to find happiness.
Connotative Meaning
The Types of Associative Meanings Stylistic Affective Reflected Meaning Meaning Meaning
Functions
Collocative Meaning •
•
2
Lately, capitalism has come up with its own definition of happiness to tempt consumers to buy products.
3
They look like happy people to me, but they have to try pretty hard
To communicate the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone heard it or use it. To deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression.
To deliver the stylistic style which is appears in language.
•
To communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself.
4
to make themselves happy.
•
To convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment.
“I may be short, but I have good skin.”
•
To communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself. To convey the associate of words which tend to occur in the environment.
•
5
Melissa, who grew up in what she describes as a “typically Chinese family” of a father who was used car salesman and a mother who runs a small home catering business, does not go for the naïve if wellintentioned viewpoint.
6
I used to get mad when people would call me Amoy (a term for ethnic Chinese
To deliver the new sense of a word that relates to another phenomenon in the same expression.
•
To communicate the experience in the real world to associate with the expression when someone
women), but the thing is I am Amoy.
7
Educated people won’t say things like that – they realize we’re different, so what?.
•
•
•
heard it or use it. To communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself.
To deliver the stylistic style which is appears in language. To communicate the feeling or emotion of the speaker or writer itself.
Appendix 3
List of Profile Sections of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine
No Months 1 October, 2009
2
Nopember, 2009
Profile Title Irwan Ahmett, 34, a selfPortrait of an professed unhappy artist, has been unhappy artist trying to get happy which his art project has been running since 2007. Melissa Karim who is an Tall Order entertainment all-rounder, turning her hand to everything from radio, screenwriting for TV and film. Now, she is as part of the panel of a popular prime-time magic show.
Appendix 4
The Texts of Profile Sections of the Jakarta Post Weekender Magazine
CURRICULUM VITAE I.
PERSONAL IDENTITY Name The Place & Date of Birth Address Sex status Marital Status Religion Nationality Occupation Email Mobile number
II.
: Nur Laili Yusuf : Lumajang, on December 12th 1987 : Jl. Kelud no.67 Karangsari-Lumajang : Female : Single : Islam : Indonesian : Student :
[email protected] : 085749506007
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY NO 1 MI Miftahul Ulum Maliki DurenDauhan Lor Lumajang 2 MI Miftahul Ulum Wonorejo-Lumajang 3 MTS Miftahul Ulum WonorejoLumajang 4 MTS Putri Nurul Masyithoh Lumajang 5 SMA Negeri 03 Lumajang 6 Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang III.
FROM YEAR 1993
TO YEAR 1994
1994 1999
1999 2000
2000 2002 2005
2002 2005 2010
ORGANIZATIONAL EXPERIENCES 1. The 2nd chief of Musola Teenagers (REMUSH) Asy-Syuhada’ Senior High School 03 Lumajang from 2003 to 2004. 2. Dakwah department of The Students Association of Glorious Lumajang (HIMALAYA) at The State Islamic University of Malang from 20052006. 3. The secretarial department of Advance Debate Community (ADC) at The State Islamic University of Malang from 2006-2007. 4. Development of intellectual activity of The Students Associations of Department (HMJ), English Letters and Language Department, at The State Islamic University of Malang from 2007-2008. 5. The secretary of The Unity of Female Students Nahdlatul Ulama (IPPNU) at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang from 20082009.
CURRICULUM VITAE
INFORMANT I.
PERSONAL IDENTITY Name Home- Address Email Phone number Education
: Drs. H. Nur Salam, M.Pd : Jl. Gambuta III-H9-Tidar Permai-Malang :
[email protected] : (0341) 568684 / 0816555097 : a. English Department – IKIP Malang (1981) b. Polytechnic Education Development Center (1983) c. Australian Language Center (1987) d. English Language Education of Graduate Program –Islamic University of Malang (2005) Profession : English Lecturer at State Polytechnic of Malang (1982 – up to now) Position : a) Head of General Department – State Polytechnic of Malang (1987 – 1993) b) Director of “Akademi Manajemen Informatika dan Komputer” – Pusat Pendidikan Indonesia – Amerika (1997 – 2000) c) Care-taker of “Akademi Perbankan dan Keuangan – Nitro” Malang (1998 – 2000) d) Educational Consultant at “Applied Business – Central Service Network “ –Brawijaya University Malang (2000 – up to now) e) Assistant Dean for Academic affairs of “STIBA MALANG” (2000 – 2005) f) Team Leader of Instructional Support System at State Polytechnic of Malang (up to now) g) Head of Language Service Unit of State Polytechnic of Malang (up to now) h) Program Director of D-pro TOEIC Representative (up to now) i) Coordinator for Foreign Students Language Program (up to now) j) Head of Institute for Human Resources Studies and Development “LAKPESDAM” – DPC NU Kodya Malang (1996 – 2000) k) General Secretary of Association of Schools of Foreign Languages in Indonesia (2003 – up to now) l) Coordinator of “Job Interviewers” in CSN – Brawijaya University (up to now)
m) Head of Translation Verification Team in some companies n) Vice General Head of Yayasan Masjid Al-Amien Tidar Permai Malang (2005 – up to now) o) An Academic Advisor in SD Islam Klojen Kidul Malang (1990 – up to now) p) Bilingual Program Responsible at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang (up to now) q) Part-time Lecturer in Brawijaya University, in the Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, College of Foreign Languages Malang, and in IKIP BUDI UTOMO Malang (up to now)
