UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA ESCUELA ACADEMICO ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MATERIALES
TEMA: “PRACTICA Nº 1: ELECTRODO DE REFERENCIA Y SERIE GALVA GALVANICA Y DIAGRAMAS DE POURBAIX” P OURBAIX” CURSO: LABORATORIO DE CORROSIÓN Y PROTECCIÓN DE METALES
DOCENTE: Dr. CÁRDENAS ALAYO, ALAYO, Donato Do nato
ALUMNOS: BOCANEGRA MENDOZA, MENDOZA, Juan Pablo ERNÁNDEZ ESCOBEDO, Anton! "ALDI"IA TORRES, E#uar#o
CICLO: "III
FECHA: $$ D% SEPTIEMBRE
GRUPO: C TRUNO: Mart%& #% $$ a $ '(
2012 TR)JILLO*PER+
PRACTICA Nº 1: ELECTRODO DE REFERENCIA Y SERIE GALVA GALVANICA Y DIAGRAMAS DIAGRAMA S DE POURBAIX I.
RES)MEN En %l &-u%nt% laboratoro &% %labor un %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a Cu1/uSO 2 &atura#o, #%&#% &u& (at%ral%& n/al%&, /o(o un tubo #% 3#ro, %l %l%/trolto, %l ala(br% ! ta'n 'oro&o. S% lo-r 4a/%r una &%r% -al35n/a t%n%n#o /o(o %6tr%(o& al 7n/ ! al -ra0to, ta(b8n &% a'r%n# %l 0un/ona(%nto #% &o0t9ar% :SC ;.< 'ara la r5'#a %labora/n #% #a-ra(a& #% Pourba6 'ara #&tnto& (%tal%& %6'u%&to& a #0%r%nt%& (%#o& a/uo&o& /orro&3o&. II. OBJETI"OS 2.1. Con&trur un %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a Cu1/uSO 2 &atura#o. 2.2. M%# M%#rr 'ot% 'ot%n/ n/a al% l%&& #% %l%/ %l%/tr tro# o#o& o& r%&' r%&'%/ %/to to a %l%/ %l%/tr tro# o#o& o& #% r%0% r%0%r% r%n/ n/a a Cu1CuSO2 &atura#o. 2.. Con&trur un #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 'ara %l %. 2.!. Con&trur un #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 'ara %l Zn. III.
)NDAMENTO TE TEÓRICO ELECTRODO E& un /on# /on#u/to u/torr %l8/t %l8/tr/o r/o utl7 utl7a# a#oo 'ara 'ara 4a/%r 4a/%r /on /onta/ ta/to to /on una 'art% 'art% no (%t5l (%t5l/a /a #% un /r/uto /r/uto,, 'or %=%( =%('lo un &%(/on#u/tor , un %l%/trolto %l%/trolto,, %l 3a/>o ?%n ?%n una una 35l3ula t%r(on/a@, t%r(on/a @, un -a& ?%n una l5('ara #% n%n@, n%n @, %t/. La 'alabra 0u% a/ua#a 'or %l /%nt>0/oM/4a%l /%nt>0/oM/4a%l ara#a! ! ara#a! ! 'ro/%#% 'ro/%#% #% la& 3o/%& 3o/%& -r%-a& -r%-a& %l%/tr %l%/trn, n, u% &-n0/a &-n0/a 5(bar 5(bar ! #% la u% 'ro3%n% la 'alabra %l%/tr/#a# ! 4o#o&, u% &-n0/a /a(no.
Figura Nº1: Electrodos para pH.
)n %l%/tro#o %& una &u'%r0/% %n #on#% o/urr%n r%a//on%& #% 6#o*r%#u//n. Por lo u% LOS PROCESOS u% t%n%n lu-ar %n la nt%r0a&% (%tal*&olu/n #% /ualu%r (%tal %n /onta/to /on un %l%/trolto ?(%#o a-r%&3o@, no &% 'u%#%n (%#r #% una (an%ra ab&oluta ?t%n% u% &%r tan &lo r%lat3a@. El (%tal %n /onta/to /on %l %l%/trolto t%n%, 'or un la#o, t%n#%n/a a #&ol3%r&%, /on lo u% u%#a /ar-a#o n%-at3a(%nt%. Y, 'or otro la#o, a u% on%& #%l %l%/trolto &% #%'o&t%n &obr% %l (%tal. Con lo u% &% al/an7a %l %ulbro %n un #%t%r(na#o (o(%nto. S% 4a /r%a#o, 'u%&, una #0%r%n/a #% 'ot%n/al %ntr% %l (%tal ! %l %l%/trolto. Para 'o#%r (%#r %&ta #0%r%n/a #% 'ot%n/al &% a#o't un %l%/tro#o 'atrn u% %& %l %l%/tro#o nor(al #% 4#r-%no, al /ual, 'or /on3%n/n ! a /ualu%r t%('%ratura, &% l% a&-n %l 3alor /%ro.
SISTEMA L 1 L F 1 F C& 1C& Ba 1 Ba Sr Sr Ca 1Ca Na 1 Na M- 1 MAl 1 Al Mn 1 Mn Cr 1 Cr " 1 " Zn 1 Zn Cr 1 Cr % 1 % C# 1 C# In 1 In Co 1 Co N 1 N Sn 1 Sn Pb 1 Pb % 1 % : 1 : Cu 1 Cu :- 1 :A- 1 A:- 1 :P# P# Pt 1 Pt Au 1 Au
CUADRO 1. S"#$" "%"&'#()*+,$&- " %(/ ,"'-%"/. SEMIRREACCIN POTENCIAL E V A 23C * L $% L *.<2; F $% F *.H; * C& $% C& *.H * Ba % Ba *.H< * Sr % Sr *.H Ca % Ca *. * Na $% Na *.$2 * M- % M*. * Al % Al *$.KK * Mn % Mn *$.$ Cr %* Cr *<.H$ * " % " *<.K Zn %* Zn *<.K * Cr % Cr *<.2 % %* % *<.HH * C# % C# *<.2< * In % In *<.2 * Co % Co *<. N %* N *<.;< * Sn % Sn *<.$K * Pb % Pb *<.$K * % % % *<.<K * : % : <.<<< * Cu % Cu <. * :- % :<.H * A- $% A<.HH * :- % :<.; * P# % P# <.H * Pt % Pt $.$H * Au % Au $.;<<
Figura Nº2: Electrodo de hidrogeno
ELECTRODO DE REFERENCIA
E& un %l%/tro#o u% t%n% un 'ot%n/al #% %ulbro %&tabl% ! /ono/#o. E& utl7a#o 'ara (%#r %l 'ot%n/al /ontra otro& %l%/tro#o& %n una /%l#a %l%/trou>(/a. El 'ot%n/al #% unn l>u#a %n %&to& %l%/tro#o& %& (n(7a#o 'or %l u&o #% alta& /on/%ntra/on%& #% /loruro #% 'ota&o /o(o &olu/n #% ll%na#o, #%b#o a u% la 3%lo/#a# #% #0u&n #% %&to& on%& &on (u! &(lar%&. En 'ot%n/o(%tr>a %& una &%(/%l#a u% t%n% un 'ot%n/al #% %l%/tro#o Er%0 %6a/ta(%nt% /ono/#o % n#%'%n#%nt%(%nt% #% la /on/%ntra/n #%l analto o #% lo& on%& /ont%n#o& %n la &olu/n u% &% anal7a. Aunu% %&t% %l%/tro#o 'u%#% &%r un %l%/tro#o nor(al #% 4#r-%no, %&t% /a& no &% u&a 'oru% &u a'l/a/n ! (ant%n(%nto &on /o('l/a#o&. Por /on3%n/n, %n la& (%#/on%& 'ot%n/o(8tr/a& &%('r% &% (an%=a %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a -ual u% %l 5no#o ?%l%/tro#o #%r%/4o@. Lo& %l%/tro#o& u% &% %('l%an %n 'ot%n/o(%tr>a t%n%n una r%&'u%&ta (u! &%l%/t3a 4a/a lo& analto&.
C(,( "%"&'#((/ " #"4"#"5&$- /" *'$%$6-5 %(/ /$7*$"5'"/: 18 Electrodo de calomelanos. E&t% %l%/tro#o %&t5 0or(a#o 'or (%r/uro /ub%rto 'or una /a'a #% /loruro n&olubl% ?/alo(%lano&@, H72C%2 %n %ulbro /on una #&olu/n #% /loruro 'ot5&/o, 9C%, u% 'u%#% &%r 0.1 N 1 N o &atura#a. El /onta/to %l8/tr/o /on %l (%r/uro &% r%al7a 'or (%#o #% un 4lo #% 'latno. )n %&u%(a #% %&t% %l%/tro#o &% 'r%&%nta %n la 0-ura ?a@.
Figura 3 Electrodos de referencia: a) Calomelanos saturado, EC
La r%a//n #%l %l%/tro#o #% /alo(%lano& %&
H72C%2 2";
2 H7 2 C%;.
A&> 'u%&, & %l %l%/tro#o a/ta /o(o 5no#o ?*@ la r%a//n %& 4a/a la 7u%r#a,
?o6#a/n@ & %l %l%/tro#o a/ta /o(o /5to#o ?@, la r%a//n
%& 4a/a la #%r%/4a,
?r%#u//n@.
28 Electrodo de plata!cloruro de plata "#g!#gCl). E&t5 0or(a#o 'or un 4lo #% A- &obr% %l /ual &% #%'o&ta A-Cl, -%n%ral(%nt% 'or 3>a %l%/trou>(/a, %n una &olu/n #% NaCl o FCl, %n la /ual %l 4lo #% A- a/ta /o(o 5no#o, /o(o &% (u%&tra %n la 0-ura ?b@.
Figura 3 $) %lata !cloruro de plata, #g!#gCl
La r%a//n %l%/tr#/a %& la &-u%nt%
A7C% ";
A7 C%;
! &u 'ot%n/al #% %ulbro a 23C %&
E < 0.222! ; 0.03= %(7 >C% ;?. En a-ua #% (ar, %l 3alor #%l 'ot%n/al %& a'ro6(a#a(%nt% #% <.; " r%&'%/to al %l%/tro#o nor(al #% 4#r-%no ?EN:@ - 23C. El 'ot%n/al #%l %l%/tro#o #%'%n#% (u! %&'%/al(%nt% #% la &aln#a# #% la &olu/n %n la /ual %l %l%/tro#o %&t5 &u(%r-#o.
8 Electrodo de &inc "'n). E&t5 /on&ttu#o 'or un blou% #% Zn #% alta 'ur%7a -%n%ral(%nt% &% utl7a una al%a/n #% Zn /o(o la %('l%a#a 'ara lo& 5no#o& -al35n/o& #% Zn #% /o('o&/n /o(o la %&'%/0/a#a 'or la nor(a (ltar a(%r/ana MIL*A*$<<$ : ?38a&% %l /ua#ro 2@.
La r%a//n %l%/tr#/a %& la &-u%nt%
@5
@52 2";
! &u 'ot%n/al #% %ulbro a 23C %&
E < ;0. 0.02=3 %(7 >@5 2? V (s. ENH
El 'ot%n/al %n a-ua #% (ar %& #% /%r/a #% ;0.0 V (s. ENH. S% %('l%a /o(o %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a 0=o %n a-ua #% (ar, /o(o alt%rnat3a a lo& #% A-1 A-Cl. Ta(b8n 'u%#% utl7ar&% %n %l &u%lo. )n %&u%(a #%l (&(o &% 'r%&%nta %n la 0-ura ?/@
Figura 3 c). 'inc, 'n.
!8 Electrodo de co$re!sulfato de co$re ?C*C*SO!@. E&t5 0or(a#o 'or una barra /l>n#r/a #% Cu &u(%r-#a %n una &olu/n #% C*SO! &atura#a. El /onta/to %l%/trol>t/o /on la &olu/n o &u%lo &% r%al7a (%#ant% un 'u%nt% &alno /on&ttu#o ?0or(a#o@ 'or un ta'n #% (a#%ra #% bal&a. En la 0-ura ?#@ &% lu&tra %&t% t'o #% %l%/tro#o.
F$7*#- d 8 C(#" /*%4-'( " &(#" C*C*SO!. La r%a//n #% %l%/tro#o %& la &-u%nt%
C*
C*2 2";
&u 'ot%n/al #% %ulbro a 23C 3%n% #a#o 'or
E < 0.!0 0.02=3 %(7 >C* 2? V (s. ENH. Con la &olu/n &atura#a #% C*SO! &% t%n% E < 0.1 V (s. ENH, '%ro 'ara u&o 'r5/t/o &% /on&#%ra un 3alor #% 0.0 V. E&t% t'o #% %l%/tro#o 'u%#% utl7ar&% %n /ualu%r a(b%nt%, &%a %n %l &u%lo o a-ua #% (ar, a-ua& #ul/%& o &ala#a&. Entr% otra& 3%nta=a&, 'r%&%nta la &%n/ll%7 #% &u 'r%'ara/n ! &u -ran %&tabl#a#. Cuan#o &% utl7a %n a-ua #% (ar, 'u%#% /onta(nar&% /on /loruro&, 'or lo /ual %& a/on&%=abl% (5& b%n %n %l &u%lo, %n a-ua& #ul/%& ! %n &al(u%ra&. C#*+ 2. Electrodos de referencia
Figura -. Eui(alencia apro/imada entre las escalas de potencial relati(as a los electrodos de referencia utili&ados en protecci0n cat0dica, con indicaci0n de los inter(alos de corrosi0n, protecci0n so$reprotecci0n para acero al car$ono.
DIAGRAMA DE POURBAIX E; H8 III.1. H$/'(#$u% /r%a#o 'or un u>(/o Ru&o lla(a#o Mar/%l Pourba6 ?$H<2*$HH@A %&t% l% %n/antaba l%%r (u/4o &obr% lo& #a-ra(a& #% 0a&% ! 'or %&to #%/# 'ro#u/r Atla& o0 El%/tro/4%(/alEulbra, %n %l $HK, %l /ual /ont%n>a %l #a-ra(a #% 'ot%n/al*': #% to#o& lo& %l%(%nto& /ono/#o& %n %&a 8'o/a. III.2. D"4$5$&$5 )n #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 %& un -r50/o u% (u%&tra, no &ola(%nt% /(o 3ar>a %l Pot%n/al #% un 'ar /on %l ': &no ta(b8n la& %&'%/%& r%al%& u% %6&t%n a /a#a ': ! lo& 'o&bl%& 'ar%& r%#o6 %n lo& u% 'art/'an. La& r%-on%& %n %l #a-ra(a n#/an la& /on#/on%& #% ': ! 'ot%n/al ba=o la& /ual%& una %&'%/% %n 'art/ular %& %&tabl%. III..
DIAGRAMA DE EKUILIBRIO TERMODINMICO DE POURBAIX D&olu/n (%t5l/a*** #0%r%nt%& r%a//on%& %ntr% %l (%tal ! %l %l%/trolto. S o/urr% 'or 0or(a/n #% o6#o o 4#r6#o, %l 'ot%n/al #% %ulbro/orr%&' on#%nt% #%'%n#% #%l ': #% la &olu/n. Pro#u/to& &olubl%& 0a3or%/% la #&olu/n (%t5l/a. Pro#u/to& n&olubl%& 'rot%-%n %l (%tal 'a&35n#olo&.
COMO CALCULAMOS E INTERPRETAMOS UN DIAGRAMA DEP III.2. OURBAIX E&t% &% l%% %n lo& %=%& #% , Y - En Y, &% %n/u%ntra %l 'ot%n/al, %l /ual /al/ula(o& /on la %/ua/n #% N%rn&t, 4Q4#ro-%no. - En , &% %n/u%ntra %l ': /on la 0un/n #% lo- #%l : /on/%ntra/n #% on%& ': Q lo- :U. )n #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 &%n/llo no& n#/a R%-on%& #% n(un#a# Corro&n Pa&3#a# #%l (at%ral Bu%no %&t% /on&&t% %n l>n%a& :or7ontal%& ******* "%rt/al%& VVVVV Obl/ua& 11111 Hori&ontales: r%a//on%& u% no #%'%n#%n #%l ':. Por %=%('lo
un (%tal u% &%
o6#a '%r#%n#o #o& %l%/tron%& M
M %*
erticales
r%a//on%& u% #%'%n#%n #%l ': '%ro u% &on n#%'%n#%nt%& #%l 'ot%n/al tal%& /o(o M :O M?O:@ :
$licuas: r%a//on%&
#% ': 'or %=%('lo
%n la& /ual%& 4a! un nt%r/a(bo #% %l%/tron%& ! /a(bo
M :O III.;.
M?O:@ : %*
DIAGRAMA DE POURBAIX
Figura . 4odelo del *iagrama de %our$ai/.
@(5-/: M Q n(un#a# a la /orro&n M ! MO lo& 'ro#u/to& #&u%lto& &on %&tabl%& Pa&3#a# Q 'ro#u/to& 0or(a#o& &on n&olubl%& ! #0/ultan la #&olu/n 'o&t%ror. CONT. A Q r%a//n #% /orro&n /au&ara r%#u//n #% 'roton%& #%l a-ua B Q a-ua t%r(o#n5(/a(%nt% %&tabl% C Q R%#u//n #%l o6-%no #&u%lto Lo& #a-ra(a& #% Pourba6 ta(b8n &on /ono/#o& /o(o lo& #a-ra(a& #% E4 ':, #%b#o a la rotula/n #% lo& #o& %=%&. El %=% 3%rt/al &% #%no(na E4 'ara %l 'ot%n/al #% 3olta=% /on r%&'%/to al %l%/tro#o %&t5n#ar #% 4#r-%no?S:E@, /al/ula#a 'or la %/ua/n #% N%rn&t. La 4 &-n0/a 4#r-%no, aunu% nor(al(%nt% &% 'u%#%n utl7ar otro& %l%(%nto&.
El %=% 4or7ontal %& la %tu%ta #% ': 'ara %l r%-&tro #% 0un/n #% la /on/%ntra/n #%on%& #%l 4#r-%no. La& l>n%a& #% lo& on%& &% #bu=an %n una un#a# ?alr%#%#or #% $ M@ ! r%'r%&%ntan %l%ulbro #% la /on/%ntra/n. La& l>n%a& a#/onal%& &% 'u%#%n &a/ar 'ara otra& /on/%ntra/on%&, 'or %=%('lo, $< * M o $<*K M. Part/ular(%nt%, la r%#u//n #%l 4#r6#o #% 4%rro ?III@ a % n#/a#a %n lo& #a-ra(a& 'o&t%ror%& (%#ant% una l>n%a #a-onal 'u%#% r%'r%&%ntar&% #% la &-u%nt% 0or(a
F"OH8/8 H-&8 1"; < F"2-&8 H2O%8 Fe 2 + ¿ ¿ H + ¿ ¿ ¿ E= E −
RT F
ln ¿
D%ntro #% la& 'o&bl%& r%a//on%& u% 'u%#%n o/urrr #urant% la /orro&n #% un (%tal, &% &ab% 'or %=%('lo u% un (%tal &% #&u%l3% /on 0or(a/n #% on%& (%t5l/o& a un #a#o 'ot%n/al. A un 'ot%n/al no 4a! #&olu/n, ! a#%(5& #/4o 'ot%n/al no %& a0%/ta#o 'or %l ': #%l (%#o. S% &ab% ta(b8n u% & %l (%tal &% #&u%l3% ! #a un 6#o o un 4#r6#o, la r%a//n o/urr% a un 'ot%n/al u% #%'%n#% #%l ':. D%l (&(o (o#o & &% n%utral7a una &olu/n 5/#a u% /ont%n-a on%& (%t5l/o&, al ll%-ar a un /%rto ': 0or(a 'r%/'ta#o& #% 4#r6#o. El ': al /ual /o(%n7a %&ta 'r%/'ta/n &% 'u%#% /al/ular %n 0un/n #% la /on/%ntra/n #% lo& on%& (%t5l/o&. Ta(b8n &% #%b% t%n%r %n /u%nta u%, %n nu(%ro&o& /a&o&, al au(%ntar %l ': &% ll%-a a un /%rto u(bral 'or %n/(a #%l /ual lo& 4#r6#o& 'r%/'tan &% r%#&u%l3%n ! #an anon%& o on%& /o('l%=o&. To#o %&to %& ('ortant% %n %l %&tu#o #% la /orro&n, 'u%& %n la& /on#/on%& %n u% &% 0or(an 'ro#u/to& &olubl%& %& #% %&'%rar u% 4a!a atau% /orro&3o. En la& /on#/on%& %n u% & 0or(a, 'ro#u/to& n&olubl%&, %&to& 'u%#%n %ntor'%/%r la /orro&n ! aun 'rot%-%r %l (%tal 'a&35n#olo. Por #%&-ra/a to#o& %&to& #ato& &% 4allan (u! #&'%r&o& %n la lt%ratura ! r%&ulta (u! %n-orro&o t%n%r u% r%3&ar la& tabla& ! 4a/%r /5l/ulo& /a#a 3%7 u% &% u%r% &ab%r u8 o/urr% /on un /%rto (%tal a un 'ot%n/al ! ': #a#o&. Pourba6 4all una 0or(a n-%no&a #% r%unr %&to& #ato& %n un &olo #a-ra(a. Para %llo r%/urrr, a unar%'r%&%nta/n #%l 'ot%n/al %n 0un/n #%l ':. R%'r%&%nta#a& %&ta& r%a//on%& %n %l #a-ra(a Pot%n/al * ':, u%#an #%l(ta#a& la& 7ona& #% %&tabl#a# t%r(o#n5(/a& #% la& #0%r%nt%& %&'%/%& u>(/a&. En la& 7ona& #on#% la %&'%/% u>(/a t%r(o#n5(/a(%nt% %&tabl% %& %l (%tal ?M%@, 8&t% no &olo &%r5 ata/a#o, &no u% & %n %l (%#o /orro&3o 4a! on%& #%l (&(o (%tal ?M% @ %&to& t%n#%r5n a #%'o&tar&%. E&ta 7ona #%l #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 &% /la&0/a /o(o 7ona #% n(un#a# a la /orro&n. En la& 7ona& #%l #a-ra(a #on#% la& 0a&%& %&tabl%& &on %&'%/%& #&u%lta&, la t%r(o#n5(/a 'r%#/% u% %l (%tal t%n#%r5 a tran&0or(ar&% total(%nt% %n tal%& %&'%/%& ?M% , M%O@. W&ta& &on la& 7ona& #% /orro&n. nal(%nt%, la& /on#/on%& u% ll%3an a la 0or(a/n #% 'ro#u/to& &l#o& ?M%?O:@@ #%b%n 'ro#u/r un %ntor'%/(%nto #%l 'ro/%&o #% /orro&n. W&ta& &u%l%n lla(ar&% 7ona& #% 'a&3#a#., D% %&t% (o#o %l #a-ra(a #% Pourba6 '%r(t% #%t%r(nar %l /o('orta(%nto u% &% %&'%ra #% un (%tal %n #0%r%nt%& /on#/on%& #% 'ot%n/al ! ':.
D%b% t%n%r&% 'r%&%nt% u% lo& #a-ra(a& #% Pourba6 &lo o0r%/%n una #%&/r'/n t%r(o#n5(/a #%l &&t%(a (%tal*&olu/n. In#/an %l %&ta#o 0nal al u% t%n#% %l &&t%(a, '%ro no (%n/onan la 3%lo/#a# /on u% &% ll%-a a tal %&ta#o. Por %=%('lo, lo& #a-ra(a& #% Pourba6 (u%&tran u%, a ': Q < %l 4%rro &% /orro% /uan#o &% %n/u%ntra a 'ot%n/al%& &u'%ror%& a *<, 2 ", ! %l /ro(o ta(b8n &% /orro% a %&% ': /uan#o &% %n/u%ntra a un 'ot%n/al &u'%ror a *<, H ". Sn %(bar-o, un %&tu#o /n8t/o #%l &&t%(a 'u%#% #ar r%&ulta#o& &or'r%n#%nt%&. En : SO2, a un 'ot%n/al #% <, ", tal /o(o lo 'r%#/% %l #a-ra(a, %l 4%rro &% /orro%r5. )na /4a'a #% 4%rro #% $ (( #% %&'%&or tar#ar5 (%no& #% 4ora& %n #&ol3%r&%. P%ro au(%ntan#o %l 'ot%n/al #%l 4%rro 4a&ta $,< " la (&(a /4a'a #% 4%rro #urar5 (5& #% $<< ao&. S %n 3%7 #%l 4%rro &% u&a&% una /4a'a #% a/%ro no6#abl%, a %&% (&(o 'ot%n/al, la #ura/n 'r%3&ta &%r>a &u'%ror a K. <<< ao&. Pa&a#o %&t% t%('o &% 4abr5 /u('l#o lo 'r%#/4o 'or la t%r(o#n5(/a, '%ro #%&#% un 'unto #% 3&ta 'r5/t/o ba&ta &ab%r u% &% %&t5 0r%nt% a un (at%ral (u! r%&&t%nt% a la /orro&n.
Figura 5. *iagrama de %our$ai/ del Hierro "Fe).
IV.
MATERIALES E INSTRUMENTOS
Para la Con&tru//n #%l El%/tro#o
MATERIALES Tubo #% 3#ro #% /( #% lar-o ! .; /( #% #5(%tro Ta'a /r/ular #% tr'la! Mol#(6 Sol#(6 Ala(br% #% /obr% N $2 D% ; /( #% lar-o Ta'n #% =%b% S%rra. L=a&.
EKUIPOS
INSTRUMENTOS
REACTIVOS
Xn/4a ?<.;((@
Sul0ato #% /obr%
"%rn%r ?<.<; ((@ *
Para la /%l#a -al35n/a
MATERIALES A-ua #%&tla#a )na /uba #% 3#ro A-ta#or (a-n8t/o
EKUIPOS Balan7a ?<.; -r@
INSTRUMENTOS Prob%ta ?$< (l@
REACTIVOS Cloruro #% &o#o A-ua #%&tla#a
Para (%#r lo& 'ot%n/al%& #%l %l%/tro#o
MATERIALES EKUIPOS INSTRUMENTOS REACTIVOS Pn7a& Multt8&t%r Solu/n al .; #% NaCl M%tal%& ?Cu 'uro, Solu/n #% &ul0ato Cu o6#a#o, Al, Zn, #% /obr% &atura#a M-, A- ! Pb@ Al%a/on%& ?a/%ro #% * ba=o /arbono, a/%ro A-ua #%&tla#a no6#abl% <2, Latn@ C%r5(/o& ?Gra0to@ Ju%-o #% /abl%& L=a& Para La Con&tru//n D% Lo& Da-ra(a&
MATERIALES Co('uta#ora So0t9ar% :SC ;.<
EKUIPOS
INSTRUMENTOS
*
*
V.
PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL
C(5/'#*&&$5 D"% E%"&'#(( D" R"4"#"5&$
Con lo& (at%ral%& !a #&'onbl%& (%#r%l 3olu(%n nt%ror #%l tubo #% 3#ro R%al7ar una &olu/n /on/%ntra#a #%CuSO2 %n a-ua #%&tla#a, utl7ar un 3olu(%n #% a-ua #%&tla#a un 'o/o (%nor al #%l 3olu(%n nt%ror #%l tubo al /ual l% aa#r%(o& /r&tal%& #% CuSO2,a-tar 4a&ta obt%n%r una &olu/n &atura#a la /ual &% lo-ra 4a&ta u% &% 'u%#a 3%r u% %n la a-ta/n %l a-ua !a no #&u%l3a, %& #%/r 'r%/'t%@.
I5/'-%-&$5 D"% E%"&'#(( D" R"4"#"5&$
Por un la#o #%l tubo #% 3#ro 'on%r un '%#a7o /r/ular #% tr'la!, al /ual lo 0=a(o& /on &ol#(6.
Pon%r %n %l tubo uno& (( #% CuSO2 ! Aa#rla&olu/n /on/%ntra#au% 4/(o& ant%ror(%nt%.
Por %l otro la#o #%l tubo #&'on%r #% un ta'n #% =%b% ?#%l ta(ao #% la ab%rtura nt%rna #%l tubo@ al /ual ar%(o& un 4u%/o /%ntral % ntro#u/r%(o& %l ala(br% #% /obr% ! ta'ar%(o&.
)na 3%7 t%r(na#o %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a 'robarlo Pon%r %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a %n un #%'&to #% a-ua #%&tla#a 'or 2 4ora&, %n #/4a 'ru%ba no t%n#r%(o& u% obt%n%r /a(bo& %n %l /olor #%l a-ua.
S lo ant%ror &% /u('l% ntro#u/r %n una &olu/n #% NaCl al .; %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a ! 'on%r a#%(5& %n la &olu/n un (%tal #% Zn un#a a un ala(br% #% /obr% ?/o(o (%#o /on#u/tor@, %ntr% %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a ! %l (%tal?Zn@ /olo/ar%(o& lo& /abl%& #%l (ultt%&t%r?(%#r %n 3olta=%@.'on%r %l Zn %n la 'art% ro=a #%l (ultt%&t%r ! %n la n%-ra %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a. D/4a 'ru%ba &%r5 &at&0a/tora & obt%n%(o&3alor%& (u! /%r/ano& a*$.$<".
M"$# L(/ P('"5&$-%"/ D" E%"&'#((/
Pon%r %l %l%/tro#o#% r%0%r%n/a %n una &olu/n #% .; #% N/l %n <<(l ! a#%(5& lo& (%tal%& u% %('%7ar%(o& a (%#r &u& 'ot%n/al%& ?Zn,Pb,Al,%t/@,%n #on#%
'on%(o& la 'art% ro=a #%l (ultt%&t%r %n la& #%l (%tal ! la n%-ra %n la #%l %l%/tro#o#% r%0%r%n/a to(ar #ato& 'a&a#o& lo& < &%-un#o& 'ara /a#a (%tal, t%('o #a#o 'ara obt%n%r una %&tabl7a/n.
M%#r %l ': #% la &olu/n #% NaCl u% 0u% #% K.; ! ar(ar la &%r% -al35n/a.
VI.
RESULTADOS POTENCIALES DEL ELECTRODO DE REFERENCIAC*C*SO !
M"'-% A%"-&$ 5( C"#,$& ( E;C* C*SO! ,V8 ENH ,V8 ENH V8
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VII.
DISCUSIN DE RESULTADOS
S% nota /lara(%nt% u% %l 'ot%n/al %l%/trou>(/o no 'u%#% &%r (%##o #r%/ta(%nt%, n%/%&ta un %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a ! %& una (%##a #% #0%r%n/a #% 'ot%n/al ! #%'%n#% #% (u/4o& 0a/tor%&, %ntr% %&to& t%n%(o& %l %l%/trolto, %l (&(o %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a /o(o lo 4a/% notar la 0-ura N 2, %t/. El (%nor 'ot%n/al %l%/trou>(/o r%&'%/to al %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a C*C*SO!lo obtu3o %l 7n/ ?*$(/a(%nt% a /on#/on%& nor(al%&. Para /a(bar %l 'ot%n/al al EN: &% l% &u(a <. " &%-n la 0-ura N 2.
VIII. CONCLUSIONES "III.$. S% /on&tru! %l %l%/tro#o #% r%0%r%n/a Cu1/uSO 2 &atura#o. "III.. S% (#%ron 'ot%n/al%& #% %l%/tro#o& r%&'%/to al %l%/tro#o& #% r%0%r%n/a Cu1CuSO2 &atura#o El (%nor 'ot%n/al %l%/trou>(/o lo obtu3o %l 7n/ ?*$
IX. • • •
X.
RECOMENDACIONES [u% %l ala(br% u&a#o &%a lo (5& -ru%&o 'o&bl%. Tratar #% unr b%n la ta'a #% (a#%ra /on %l tubo, u&an#o Sol#(6. A&%-ura u% no 4a!an0ltra/on%&.
CUESTIONARIO 1. Con&trur una &%r% -al35n/a 'ara /a#a &olu/n ?NaCl .; @ /on #ato& %6'%r(%ntal%& obt%n#o& %n la 'r5/t/a %n la (%#/n #% 'ot%n/al%& #% %l%/tro#o& 3&. El %l%/tro#o Cu1CuSO 2 &atura#o.
2. En un #a-ra(a E 3& ': ub/ar %n u% 7ona& &% %n/u%ntran lo& %l%/tro#o& Al, Cu, Zn ! %, &%-n la& /on#/on%& r%al7a#a& %n %&ta 'r5/t/a. Para /a(bar %l 'ot%n/al al EN: &% l% &u(a <. " &%-n la 0-ura N 2 ! ': QK.;.
E% -%*,$5$( "/' "5 6(5- " -/$-&$5 "/' "/'-%".
E% &(#" "/'- "5 6(5- " $5,*5$- 5( /" - - &(##"# "5 "/" ,"$(.
E% 6$5& /" "/' &(##(Q"5( "5 *5- ,+5$,- &-5'$-.
E% -&"#( " -( &-#(5( $"##(8 /" "/' &(##(Q"5(.
. \C(o #%t%r(nar>a %l 'ot%n/al #% /orro&n lbr% ?OPC@ 'ara un (%tal %6'u%&to %n un (%#o a/uo&o] )na 0or(a &%ra u&an#o %l 'ot%n/o&tato, al n&talar %l /r/uto #%l %u'o, &n a'l/ar /orr%nt% %l 'r(%r 3alor #% #0%r%n/a #% 'ot%n/al u% l%%(o& %ntr% %l %l%/tro#o #% traba=o ! %l #% r%0%r%n/a ?A-1A-Cl@ %& %l 'ot%n/al #% /orro&n lbr%. Otra &%ra /on nu%&tra /uba #% 3#ro, /o(o 4%(o& (%##o lo& 'ot%n/al%& %n %&ta 'r5/t/a.
XI.
BIBLIOGRAFA:
1. E%"&'#(( , #&'onbl% %n 4tt'11999.uanto0./l1#%'to^u(/a1ar%&to3/1lbro$
XII.
ANEXOS
