J`mm
Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do
obltob ny
Aultd`rb Igas & I`rmg Nultoa``r
Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo, Aolbok
Slbostgko Xross @ k o w d o k o r` r`tt l g k g e Xu Xun n a l sj sjll k d
\gu \ gu `r `ro o ro ro`b `blk lkd d ` eu euaa aa vo vors rslg lgk k ge tj tjls ls ng nggf gf,, eg egrr er eroo oo!! Rjls nggf ls p`rt ge tjo Slbostgko o-alnr`ry wjoro igst ge gur punalc`tlgks `ro euaay `ccosslnao egr eroo. Egr `ccoss tg igro eroo nggfs vlslt= www.slbostgko.cgi/alnr`ry
Bgwkag`b Euaa XBE Ulslt tjo Slbostgko o-alnr`ry tg nrgwso gur o-nggfs. Egr ` ilkli`a eoo ygu c`k purcj`so ` euaay eukctlgk`a XBE `kb ny bglkd sg, ygu joap tg foop gur alnr`ry rukklkd.
www.slbostgko.cgi/alnr`ry
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Slbostgko Xross
J @MM @M M Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do
obltob ny Aultd`rb Igas & I`rmg Nultoa``r
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Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Kg. 23 LSNK <4:-<8-::<8->:?-4 <4:-<8-::<8->:?-4 (XBE o-nggf= LSNK <4:-<8-::<8->:5-2) <4:-<8-::<8->:5-2) © >80? K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy Xunalsjob ny Slbostgko Xross, Aolbok www.slbostgko.cgi Xunalsjob lk Cggpor`tlgk wltj tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Otjkgagdy, Aolbok www.vgafokfukbo.ka Jo`b ge Xunalc`tlgks Cgiilttoo= E`kky Tgku Uoys A`y-gut & cgvor bosldk= Slbostgko Xross Xjgtgdr`pj cgvor= Ergkt= K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Otjkgagdy, Aolbok N`cf= tgp - E. Ggrt6 coktr`a - @. @zzguzl 6 ngttgi - E. Ggrt
Cgktokts Lktrgbuctlgk I`rmg Nultoa``r Nulto a``r `kb Aultd`rb Aultd` rb Igas
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Rjo J`mm `kb tjo @ktjrgpgagdlc`a Stuby ge Xladrli`do I`rmg Nultoa``r Nulto a``r
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S`crlelco, Xurlelc`tlgk `kb Dokbor lk tjo J`mm= Xorsgkjggb, Iotgkyiy, `kb ^ltu`a Rr`ksegri`tlgk r`ksegri` tlgk Xklk` Tornkor
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Xladrli`do, Xoregri`tlvlty, `kb Nrltlsj Iusalis= Scrlptob `kb _kscrlptob @ccgukts @ccg ukts ge tjo J`mm `kb _ir` Soàk IcAgudjalk
20
Rjo J`mm `kb Xgaltlcs lk Cgktoipgr`ry Cgktoipgr `ry Rurfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` Lkbgkosl ` ^gnort ^. Nl`kcjl
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Lsa`ilc ^oegrilsi `kb Xladrli`do= Rjo J`mm ge ^`sjlb ^lb` lk 0<05 ^lcj`rb v`k Aoouwok
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Dlets, Sguvoklrs, `kb tjo J`mm Uokotl` Xgrtor
J`mm ergi Cjlk`= Sgcl`a Io`klkds `kb I`torl`a Cuaturo Galvor Iggro Rjo _pps`a` Iocc` X`lktlkd= @ Kow Sgurco egr tjo Cuatur`a Rgpgdr`pjy `kb Jlstgrlgdr`pjy egr Iocc` Iojiot Iojio t ñtñkc ñtñkcññ J`mm Iur`as lk B`fja` G`sls (Odypt) ^oifo Fruf `kb Er`ks Ggrt
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I`r I` r m g Nul Nu l t o a ``r `` r ` kb Aul Au l t d ` rb Iga Ig a s jo cj`ptors lk tjls vgauio `ro tjo gutcgio ge tjo twg-b`y syipgslui J`mm= Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do , wjlcj w`s joab `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok gk >: `kb >< Kgvoinor >803. Lt w`s grd`klsob ny tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, tjo Aolbok _klvorslty Coktro egr tjo Stuby ge Lsa`i `kb Sgcloty (A_CLS), tjo Kotjora`kbs Lktoruklvorslty ^oso`rcj Scjgga egr Lsa`ilc Stublos (KLSLS), `kb tjo Egukb`tlgk Egukb`tlgk egr Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok (EOA). K`tlgk`a K`tlgk`a `kb lktork`tlgk`a spo`fors woro lkvltob tg blscuss tjogry `kb pr`ctlco ge tjo J`mm ergi roaldlgus, cuatur`a, i`torl`a, jlstgrlc`a, `kb sgcl`a `kdaos. Lk `bbltlgk, lksldjts lktg porsgk`a noaloes `kb oxporlokcos ge tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc` woro dlvok ny Butcj j`mml s lk `k gk-st`do lktorvlow. jo liiobl`to c`uso egr tjls syipgslui w`s tjo oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`. Iocc `. jo Xladrli“s Xla drli“s Mgurkoy tj`t tj`t w`s joab `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy notwook 08 Soptoinor >803 `kb < I`rcj >802. jo oxjlnltlgk, wjlcj w`s prop`rob lk cagso cggpor`tlgk wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui lk Agkbgk, w`s tjo elrst cgiprojokslvo blspa`y ge J`mm-roa`tob `rtoe`cts ergi k`tlgk`a `kb lktork`tlgk`a cgaaoctlgks lk tjo Kotjora`kbs. jo oxjlnltlgk w`s bovoagpob `s ` mgurkoy, st`rtlkd wltj tjo prop`r`tlgk `kb tjo `ctu`a tr`voas tg Iocc` `kb egaagwob ny tjo rltos lk Iocc`, tjo vlslt tg Ioblk`, `kb tjo jgiocgilkd ge pladrlis. Lktorvlows wltj j`mml s `kb j`mm` s, s, wjlcj woro pa`yob gk sovor`a scrooks tjrgudjgut tjo oxjlnltlgk `ro`, d`vo elrst-j`kb lksldjts lktg tjo oxpoct`tlgks, oxporlokcos, `kb tr`ksegri`tlgk ge pladrlis. jo oxjlnltlgk `asg egcusob gk tjo lktor`ctlgks ge pladrlis, lk ngtj tjo p`st `kb prosokt, tjrgudj tjolr sj`rob dg`a ge ro`cjlkd Iocc` lk grbor tg poregri tjo proscrlnob rltu`as. ^ovlsob vorslgks ge igst ge tjo cgktrlnutlgks tg tjo syipgslui j`vo egukb tjolr w`y lktg tjls nggf. 0 jo nggf ls aggsoay grd`klsob lktg twg i`lk p`rts= tjo elrst elvo cj`ptors lkvostld`to tjo J`mm ergi ` sgcl`a scloktlelc pglkt ge vlow. joso egcus gk tjo roaldlgus, sgcl`a, `kb pgaltlc`a io`klkds ge tjo J`mm `kb 0
_kegrtuk`toay, kgt `aa p`rtlclp`kts ge tjo syipgslui woro `nao tg cgktrlnuto tg tjls vgauio, nut tjolr lksldjteua p`pors gor kow pglkts ge bop`rturo egr eurtjor roso`rcj. Igj`iiob Cjopplj, wjg t`afob `ngut jls porsgk`a oxporlokcos ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm ngtj `s ` pladrli jlisoae `kb ` tgur ao`bor d`vo ` ro`alstlc pgrtr`lt ge wj`t lt ls tg bg tjo J`mm `kb _ir` tgb`y6 Aìgk Nusfoks oxpagrob tjo Butcj tr`bltlgk ge J`mm roso`rcj `kb pgalcyi`flkd `kb tjo rgao ge Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo lk p`rtlcua`r. Ro F`“n` cgvor, gr flsw` , w`s tjo tgplc ge K`ja` K`ss`r“s cgktrlnutlgk, lk wjlcj sjo blscussob lts prostldo, ploty, `kb tjo pgaltlcs wltj wjlcj lts i`kue`cturo ls surrgukbob. Ro cgkcaublkd aocturo ny Elkn`rr N`rry Eaggb, prgeossgr `t Kow \grf _klvorslty `kb tjo >803 @brl`k @brl` k Dornr`kbs Dornr `kbs aocturo-a` aoctu ro-a`uro`t uro`to, o, tltaob tltao b ‚S`kctlffob ‚S`kc tlffob S`kb`as S`kb` as – Li`dlkd Li`dl kd tjo Xrgpjot lk `k Or` ge ocjkgagdlc`a ^oprgbuctlgk“ wlaa no punalsjob ny EOA.
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`bbross tjo roa`tlgksjlp notwook tjo sldklelc`kco ge pladrli`do tg Iocc` egr tjo roaldlgus alvos ge lkblvlbu`as `kb drgups `kb tjo wlbor aleo wgrabs tj`t tjoy `ro oinobbob lk. jo socgkb p`rt ge tjo nggf cgiprlsos sovok cj`ptors `kb t`fos i`torl`a oxprosslgks ge tjo J`mm `s lts st`rtlkd pglkt. Lt oxpagros wj`t J`mmroa`tob `rtoe`cts c`k toaa us `ngut tjo lipgrt ge pladrli`do lk tjo b`lay alvos ge Iusalis lk tjo p`st `kb prosokt. Tjlao Tjla o tjo oinobbo oino bbobkos bkosss ge J`mm pr`ctlco pr`c tlcoss `kb io`klkds io`k lkds lk agc`a agc` a cgktoxts cgkt oxts cgios tg tjo egro igst gnvlgusay lk tjo elrst elvo cj`ptors ge tjo nggf, tjo sunsoquokt cj`ptors gk i`torl`a J`mm cuaturo `asg prgvlbo lksldjts lktg jlstgrlc`a bovoagpiokts ge tjo J`mm rltu`a6 tjoy `aa `bbross tjo lssuo jgw roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm `kb tjo oxcj`kdo ge J`mm-roa`tob gnmocts j`vo cj`kdob gvor tlio. Igro spoclelc`aay, ` tjoio tj`t ruks tjrgudj i`ky ge tjo cgktrlnutlgks ls tjo lip`ct ge cj`kdos nrgudjt `ngut ny igborkls`tlgk prgcossos slkco tjo ilbklkotooktj coktury, wjok liprgvob tr`kspgrt `kb kow tocjkgagdlos nrgudjt tjo J`mm wltjlk ro`cj ge ` qulcfay lkcro`slkd kuinor ge Iusalis. jo cj`ptors wltj ` sgcl`a scloktlelc `pprg`cj, lk tjo elrst p`rt ge tjo nggf, blscuss tjo oeeocts gk J`mm pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds egr prosokt-b`y Iusalis Iusalis ge currokt bliokslgks ge dagn`als`tlgk prgcossos. jo cgktrlnutlgks tj`t egcus gk jlstgrlc`a bgcuiokts `kb `rtoe`cts lk tjo socgkb p`rt ge tjo vgauio to`cj us tj`t dagn`als`tlgk sjguab kgt no ilst`fok `s ` rocokt pjokgiokgk. joy `aa pglkt tg tjo e`ct tj`t Iocc` j`s `aw`ys nook ` cgsigpgalt`k clty `kb tjo kgb`a pglkt ge dagn`a lktor`ctlgks e`r oxcooblkd roaldlgus `ctlvltlos gkay. gdotjor, tjo cj`ptors lk tjls nggf ng gf boplct tjo J`mm J`m m rltu`a `s ` alvlkd alvl kd tr`bltlgk. O`cj wltj lts gwk egcus, tjo v`rlgus cgktrlnutlgks tostley tg tjo e`ct tj`t, wjlao tjo rltos tj`t i`fo up tjo J`mm woro egriua`tob `kb rocgrbob lk kgri`tlvo toxts lk o`ray Lsa`i, bot`las lk tjo `ctu`a poregri`kco `kb lktorprot`tlgks ge tjoso rltos `ro ny kg io`ks st`tlc, nut r`tjor j`vo ovgavob gvor tlio lk t`kboi wltj cj`kdlkd sgclg-pgaltlc`a clrcuist`kcos. clrcuist`kcos. Noegro prosoktlkd `k gvorvlow ge tjo cgktokts ge o`cj cj`ptor, wo wlaa sjgrtay boscrlno tjo rltos tj`t i`fo up tjo J`mm. Rjo ^ltos ge J`mm
Ovory yo`r, lk tjo a`st igktj ge tjo Lsa`ilc c`aokb`r, ilaalgks ge Iusalis ergi `rgukb tjo wgrab `rrlvo `rr lvo lk S`ubl @r`nl` egr tjo rltu`a ge tjo J`mm. J`mm . Ergi tjo oldjtj tg tjo tjlrtooktj ge tjo igktj ge Bju `a-Jlmm` , pladrlis poregri proscrlnob rltos lk Iocc` `kb lts vlclklty, egaagwlkd lk tjo eggtstops ge tjo prgpjots @nr`j`i `kb Iuj`ii`b. jrgudj jrgudj tjo poregri`kco ge tjo J`mm, pladrlis `ro cgkkoctob wltj tjo rodlgk lk wjlcj Lsa`i c`io lktg nolkd, wltj tjo roaldlgk“s o`ray b`ys, `kb wltj gtjor ioinors ge tjo Iusali cgiiuklty wjg procobob tjoi lk tjolr okbo`vgur tg `ccgipalsj tjls gnald`tlgk.
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jo J`mm rltu`a ls tjo eletj plaa`r ge Lsa`i, ` buty egr `aa Iusalis wjgso jo`atj `kb elk`kcl`a io`ks `aagw tjoi tg poregri lt. jo gtjor egur plaa`rs gr gnald`tlgks `ro= rocltlkd tjo tostligky ge e`ltj (tjo sj`j`b`= ‚joro ls kg dgb nut Dgb, `kb Iuj`ii`b ls tjo iossokdor iossokdo r ge Dgb“), pr`ylkd elvo tlios ` b`y, e`stlkd burlkd tjo igktj ge ^`i`b`k, `kb tjo dlvlkd ge `ais. Lk wj`t st`do ge tjolr alvos Iusalis poregri tjo J`mm bopokbs gk lkblvlbu`a clrcuist`kcos `kb agc`a custgis. Sgio cgkslbor`tlgks ildjt no pr`ctlc`a, sucj `s tjo o`so gr bleelcuaty ge gnt`lklkd ` J`mm vls` gr j`vlkd s`vob sueelclokt igkoy egr tjo mgurkoy. Gtjors `ro cuatur`a, sucj `s vlows gk wjok ` porsgk ls ro`by lk ` splrltu`a sokso tg poregri tjo J`mm, gr splrltu`a, sucj `s oxporlokclkd ‚tjo ‚tjo c`aa“ tg poregri tjo J`mm ny Dgb gr wlsjlkd egr ` splrltu`a cagsuro ge aleo `s prop`r`tlgk egr bo`tj lk gabor `do. Xoregrilkd tjo J`mm cgkslsts ge ` soquokco ge sovor`a rltos. Tjok pladrlis `pprg`cj tjo surrgukblkds ge Iocc`, tjoy oxcj`kdo tjolr grblk`ry cagtjos egr ` pladrli`do gr ljr`i bross, wjlcj syingalsos tjo oqu`alty ge `aa pladrlis noegro Dgb `kb bot`cjiokt ergi ovoryb`y aleo. Oktorlkd tjo st`to ge ljr`i, gr cgksocr`tlgk, ls bgko `t gko ge tjo elvo geelcl`a ilq`t agc`tlgks agc`tlgks tj`t i`rf tjo ngukb`ry ngukb`r y ge tjo s`crob `ro` `rgukb Iocc`. Iok cj`kdo lktg twg so`iaoss, wjlto sjoots tj`t `ro br`pob `rgukb tjo w`lst `kb tjo aoet sjguabor. Egr wgiok tjoro ls kg uklegri bross cgbo6 tjoy `ro eroo tg bross `s tjoy elkb prgpor, `s agkd `s tjoy cgvor tjolr jo`bs `kb wo`r cagtjos tj`t jlbo tjo cgktgurs ge tjolr ngblos. Klq`ns gr e`co volas `ro kgt `aagwob burlkd tjo J`mm. Lt ls `t tjo ilq`t agc`tlgks agc`tlgks tj`t pladrlis `kkgukco tjolr `rrlv`a tg Dgb ny rocltlkd tjo A`nn`yf` pr`yor= ‚Joro L `i `t jy sorvlco G Agrb, joro L `i“. @s tjoy wlaa cgktlkuo tg bg burlkd `aa J`mm rltos, pladrlis wlaa s`y bu“` , gr suppalc`tlgk pr`yors, wjlcj stliua`to ` bovgtlgk`a ilkbsot. jok, tjoy jo`b egr tjo F`“n`, tjo cunlc nulablkd cgvorob wltj ` b`rf-nauo (`aigst na`cf) cgvor lk tjo coktro ge tjo cgurty`rb ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc`. Joro tjoy poregri tjo elrst t`w`e , tjo sovokegab, `ktlcagcfwlso clrcui`inua`tlgk ge tjo sg-c`aaob ‚Jguso ge Dgb“ gk o`rtj. Xladrlis tjok prgcoob tg s`y pr`yors `t tjo Xa`co ge @nr`j`i ( I`q`i I`q` i Lnr`jli Lnr`j li ), wjoro ` stgko ls fopt tj`t ls s`lb tg j`vo tjo eggtprlkts ge tjls prgpjot. Koxt ls tjo rlto ge s`“l (rukklkd), wjlcj cgiioigr`tos tjo so`rcj egr w`tor ny @nr`j`i“s socgkb wleo J`d`r egr jor n`ny sgk Lsji`oa. Ny rukklkd gr w`aflkd sovok tlios notwook tjo jlaagcfs ge S`e` `kb I`rw`, pladrlis cgiioigr`to J`d`r“s grbo`a `kb jor trust lk Dgb tg s`vo jor j or `kb jor n`ny. jo elrst b`y“ b `y“ss rltos `ro cgkcaubob cgk caubob wltj wl tj brlkflkd w`tor ergi tjo ]`iz`i sprlkd, wjlcj J`d`r ls s`lb tg j`vo blscgvorob `t a`st wjoro Lsji`oa flcfob tjo s`kb. ]`iz`i w`tor ls tjo igst cgvotob sguvoklr ergi Iocc`, `kb i`ky pladrlis c`rry jgio ` morryc`k tg sj`ro wltj tjolr bo`r gkos upgk roturk gr tg uso `t spocl`a gcc`slgks sucj `s wobblkds gr lk tjo c`so ge laakoss. jo i`xliui `aagwob `igukt ge altros tj`t ls `ccoptob bopokbs upgk tjo `lralko, `kb v`rlos notwook tok `kb twokty altros. jo elrst kldjt ge tjo J`mm ls cgkcaubob ny spokblkd tjo kldjt lk tjo tokt c`ips ge Ilk`.
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jo socgkb b`y ge tjo J`mm mgurkoy i`rfs tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo J`mm prgpor. prgpor. jo igst lipgrt`kt rlto ge tjo J`mm t`fos pa`co tjok= tjo st`kblkd ( wuque ) gk Igukt @r`e`t `kb lk lts pa`lk. Xladrlis pr`y ergi tjo `etorkggk uktla suksot, `sf Dgb egr egrdlvokoss ge tjolr slks, ro`b ergi tjo Pur“`k, `kb pr`y egr e`ilay, erlokbs, gr tjo wgrab `t a`rdo. Egr igst pladrlis, noslbos sottlkd tjolr oyos gk tjo F`“n` egr tjo elrst tlio, tjo st`kblkd gk Igukt @r`e`t ls tjo p`rt ge tjo J`mm wltj tjo dro`tost oigtlgk`a lip`ct. jls ls noc`uso lt ls cgkcolvob ge `s ` flkb ge ‚bross rojo`rs`a“ egr Mubdiokt B`y, `kb tjoroegro cagsoay roa`tob tg oxlstoktl`a lssuos. Burlkd tjoso agkd jgurs, tjo bop`rturo sorigk boalvorob ny tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b gk tjls igukt`lk burlkd jls gwk J`mm lk 53> CO, tjo yo`r ge jls bo`tj, ls `asg cgiioigr`tob. Le pladrlis e`la tg poregri tjls rlto, tjoy iust robg tjo J`mm lk `kgtjor yo`r. Lk tjo ovoklkd, tjo pladrlis prgcoob tg Iuzb`ale`, wjoro tjoy cgaaoct ponnaos egr tjo koxt b`y“s stgklkd rltu`a. joy spokb tjo kldjt pr`ylkd lk tjo gpok. Gk tjo tjlrb b`y, tjo pladrlis prgcoob tg Ilk`, wjoro tjo rlto ge stgklkd tjo bovla t`fos pa`co `t tjo m`i`r`t m`i` r`t , tjo tjroo plaa`rs. jls cgiioigr`tos @nr`j`i“s cj`slkd `w`y ge tjo bovla wjok tjo a`ttor trlob tg porsu`bo jli tg blsgnoy Dgb `kb roer`lk ergi geeorlkd jls sgk Lsji`oa. Xladrlis tjrgw sovok ponnaos, gko ny gko, `t tjo a`rdost ge tjoso plaa`rs. jls rlto ls egaagwob ny tjo Eo`st ge tjo S`crlelco, gr Olb `a-@bj` , burlkd wjlcj sjoop, dg`ts, c`ttao, `kb c`ioas `ro s`crlelcob lk ioigry ge tjo r`i tj`t Dgb suppalob `s ` ropa`coiokt egr tjo geeor tj`t @nr`j`i w`s ro`by tg nrlkd `t Dgb“s roquost= tjo s`crlelco ge jls sgk Lsji`oa. Lt ls tjok tj`t iok j`vo tjolr j`lr `kb no`rb sj`vob gee `kb wgiok cut gee ` agcf ge tjolr j`lr. jls rlto cgkcaubos tjo J`mm prgpor. Xladrlis i`y t`fo gee tjolr ljr`i cagtjlkd kgw le tjoy wlsj tg bg sg `kb roturk tg Iocc` egr `kgtjor t`w`e , gr sovok `ktlcagcfwlso clrcui`inua`tlgks `rgukb tjo F`“n`, tg cgkcaubo tjo J`mm rltos. jgso wjg wlsj i`y roturk tg Ilk`, wjoro tjoy i`y ropo`t tjo rlto ge stgklkd tjo tjroo plaa`rs burlkd tjo egaagwlkd b`ys. Tjok tjls rlto ls cgipaotob, tjoy roturk tg Iocc` tg cgkcaubo tjo J`mm wltj ` e`rowoaa t`w`e `rgukb tjo F`“n`. I`ky pladrlis vlslt tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b lk Ioblk` noegro gr `etor tjo J`mm. Strlctay spo`flkd, tjls vlslt ls kgt p`rt ge tjo J`mm rltu`a, nut egr i`ky pogpao lt ls ` jldjay oigtlgk`a gppgrtuklty tg pr`y lk tjo igsquo wjoro tjo Xrgpjot, jls b`udjtor E`tli`, `kb jls succossgrs @nu N`fr `kb Gi`r `ro nurlob. Gvorvlow ge tjo Cgktrlnutlgks
jo nggf gpoks wltj ` cj`ptor gk tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do. I`rmg Nultoa``r `ppalos tjo v`rlgus st`dos ge pladrli`do `s ` ‚rlto ge p`ss`do“ tg tjo J`mm `kb blscussos tjo foy cgkcopts ge ‚cgiiuklt`s“ (cgir`bosjlp `kb od`alt`rl`klsi) `kb ‚alilk`alty“ (nolkd notwlxt `kb notwook) tj`t bgilk`tob pladrli`do stublos uktla lk tjo 0<:8s, wjok tjo egcus sjletob tgw`rbs pladrli`do
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sjrlkos `s sltos ge cgktost`tlgk notwook bleeorokt drgups lk sgcloty. Nultoa``r“s cgktrlnutlgk cgkcaubos wltj ` prgpgs`a egr `k `pprg`cj tg tjo stuby ge tjo J`mm tj`t tr`kscokbs tjo cgiiuklt`s–cgktost`tlgk cgktrgvorsy. @ blscuss bls cusslgk lgk ge tjo cj`r`cto cj`r `ctorlst rlstlcs lcs ge tjo J`mm `s ` rlto ge p`ss`do p`ss `do ls eurtjor eur tjor oa`ngr`tob lk tjo cj`ptor ny Xklk` Tornkor. Tornkor“s egcus ls gk tjo w`ys X`flst`kl Iusalis lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi lktorprot tjo J`mm `s ` rltu`a ge purlelc`tlgk `kb s`crob oxcj`kdo. @etor blscusslkd tjo splrltu`a io`klkds egr jor stuby rospgkbokts ge tjo rltu`a ro-ok`ctlkd ge tjo stgrlos ge @nr`j`i `kb J`d`r, sjo igvos gk lk tjo socgkb p`rt ge jor cj`ptor tg roeaoct gk tr`ksk`tlgk`a bliokslgks ge tjo J`mm. Sjo bgos sg ny stubylkd tjo lktorroa`tlgksjlp notwook pladrli`do tg Iocc` `kb pladrli`do tg agc`a s`lkts“ sjrlkos lk X`flst`k, wjlcj sgio pladrlis roeor tg `s poregrilkd ` ‚alttao J`mm“, wjlao gtjors cgkboik tjo custgi `s uk-Lsa`ilc. Cgktost`tlgks ge J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds `ro `asg `bbrossob lk tjo cj`ptor ny Soàk IcAgudjalk, wjg lkvostld`tos porsgk`a stgrlos `ngut tjo J`mm ge Nrltlsj Iusalis. Ny `k`ayslkd vlbog tostligklos tj`t woro prgbucob lk lktorvlows wltj vlsltgrs tg tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ Eostlv`a lk tjo Okdalsj O`st Ilba`kbs, IcAgudjalk boigkstr`tos jgw Iusali lboktlty ls cgkstltutob poregri`tlvoay tjrgudj tjo ok`ctiokt ge kgri`tlvo roaldlgus scrlpts sucj `s tjo J`mm. Jo boscrlnos bleeorokt p`ttorks tj`t c`k no blscorkob lk porsgk`a stgrlos `ngut tjo oxpoct`tlgks `kb oxporlokcos ge tjo J`mm ny (prgspoctlvo) pladrlis ge bleeorokt `dos, dokbors, `kb sgcl`a ca`ssos. IcAgudjalk cgkvlkclkday `rduos tj`t, wjlao tjo vlbog-tostligklos vlbog-tostligklos cgkt`lk i`ky roeorokcos roeorokcos tg alilk`a eooalkds ge cgiiuklt`s `ssgcl`tob wltj s`crob tr`ksegri`tlgk, tjo lktorvlows `asg pglkt tg tjo ‚er`dlao ngukb`ry“ notwook tjo s`crob `kb tjo prge`ko `kb tg tjo J`mm `s ‚`k `rok` ge cgipotlkd blscgursos“. jo J`mm `s `k `rok` ge cgipotlkd blscgursos ls tjo i`lk egcus ge tjo cj`ptor ny ^gnort Nl`kcjl. `flkd Lkbgkosl` `kb urfoy `s c`so stublos egr jls `k`aysls ge tjo sgclg-pgaltlc`a bliokslgks ge tjo J`mm, Nl`kcjl `rduos tj`t tjo pladrli`do j`s nocgio ` plvgt`a `kb jldjay cgktrgvorsl`a eo`turo ge b`y-tg-b`y pgaltlc`a aleo lk ngtj cguktrlos. Jls `k`aysls boigkstr`tos tj`t tjo tokslgk notwook ` drgwlkd boi`kb egr J`mm sorvlcos gk tjo gko j`kb `kb tjo rostrlctlvo S`ubl qugt` systoi gk tjo gtjor dokor`tos crltlc`a punalc bon`tos `ngut tjo rgao ge socua`r dgvorkiokts lk roaldlgus `ee`lrs `kb ao`bs tg sc`kb`as tj`t sp`rf cguktaoss n`ttaos lk tjo iobl` `kb aodlsa`turos. aodlsa`turos. I`ky ge tjo igbork J`mm pr`ctlcos `kb tjolr cgktost`tlgks boscrlnob ny Tornkor, IcAgudjalk IcAgud jalk,, `kb Nl`kcjl Nl`kc jl j`vo jlstgrlc jlst grlc`a `a rggts rggt s lk `ttltubos `ttlt ubos oiordlkd oior dlkd ergi tjo 0:?8s gkw`rbs. Lkeauokcob ny cgagkl`a oxp`kslgk, lktoksleylkd dagn`als`tlgk, `kb roaldlgus roegri bon`tos, kow aleostyaos `kb egris ge roaldlgslty bovoagpob lk wjlcj igbork sclokcos, tocjkgagdlos, `kb wgrabvlows woro lkcgrpgr`tob. Lk jls cj`ptor gk tjo J`mm `ccgukt wrlttok ny tjo Iusali roegrilst tjlkfor Iuj`ii`b ^lb`, ^lcj`rb v`k Aoouwok `sfs wj`t wo c`k ao`rk ergi ^lb`“s toxt `ngut tjo w`ys tjo cgktoxt ge igborklty `eeoctob tjo
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pr`ctlco `kb io`klkds ge tjo J`mm `s ` rltu`a gnald`tlgk, ` roaldlgus oxporlokco, `kb `k `ct ge tr`voaalkd cgkkoctob tg aleostyao `kb soae-lboktlty. jo `rts `kb i`torl`a i`kleost`tlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo F`“n` lk Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm rltos `t a`rdo `ro tjo egcus ge tjo koxt sovok cj`ptors. Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm j`vo `aw`ys nook `k lipgrt`kt sgurco ge lksplr`tlgk egr `rtlsts `kb `rtls`ks `kb ` stliuaus egr tjo oxcj`kdo ge prgbucts `kb wgrfs ge `rt `igkd pladrlis. Lk jor cj`ptor ‚Dlets, Sguvoklrs, `kb tjo J`mm“, Uokotl` Xgrtor dlvos `k gvorvlow ge tjo roaldlgus, pgaltlc`a, `kb syingalc lktokt ge tjo v`rlgus dlets tj`t woro grborob ny tjo oalto `kb sokt tg (`kb fopt lk) tjo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc` `kb Ioblk`. jls ls egaagwob ny ` blscusslgk ge tjo io`klkd ge iucj-v`auob foops`fos tj`t woro nrgudjt jgio ny pladrlis. Sjo cgkcaubos ny oxpagrlkd tjo agc`a `kb sliuat`kogusay dagn`a `rtlstlc lktor`ctlgk lk klkotooktj-coktury Iocc`, lk wjlcj `rtlsts ge bleeorokt k`tlgk`altlos wgrfob `kb roslbob slbo ny slbo lk tjo Jgay Clty ge Lsa`i, ` quostlgk tj`t nrg`boks gur jgrlzgk gk Iocc`“s lipgrt`kco lk Lsa`ilc vlsu`a jlstgry. Lk tjo koxt cj`ptor, Galvor Iggro oxpagros ngtj Lsa`i lk Cjlk` `kb tjo vlsu`a i`kleost`tlgks ge Cjlkoso roa`tlgks wltj Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm. jrgudj c`so stublos, tjo sgcl`a io`klkds ge tjo J`mm lk Cjlk` `ro blscussob, `s `ro `spocts ge Lsa`i“s `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso cgkbltlgks. jo a`ttor ls oxoipalelob ny tjo jynrlb k`turo ge, egr ox`ipao, ioblov`a tginstgkos lk tjo sgutj-o`stork Cjlkoso pgrt ge Pu`kzjgu, fkgwk ny ioblov`a tr`bors `s ]`ytgk, tj`t blspa`y tjo k`ios ge j`mml s lk cginlk`tlgk wltj lkvgc`tlgks ge Cjlkoso igurklkd. ^oprosokt`tlgks ^oprosokt`tlgks ge tjo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc` `kb Ioblk` `asg lkcaubo tjo Cjlkoso custgi ge sjgwlkd igukt`lks `s succosslvoay rocoblkd gnmocts. joso `kb gtjor ox`ipaos `ro sldklelc`kt i`torl`a oxprosslgks ge tjo jlstgrlc`a `ccuatur`tlgk ge Lsa`i `kb tjo i`torl`a i`kleost`tlgk ge tjo J`mm lk Cjlk`. ^oprosokt`tlgks ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc` `ro fkgwk ergi tjo twoaetj coktury gkw`rbs, elrst gk stgko `kb p`por `kb a`tor `asg gk gtjor i`torl`as, alfo cor`ilcs. jolr styaos `ro `s blvorso `s tjo grldlk ge tjo `rtlsts wjg prgbucob tjo gnmocts. Blspa`yob lk punalc roaldlgus pa`cos, sucj `s tjo F`“n` tlaos oinobbob lk tjo w`aas ge sovoktooktj- `kb oldjtooktj-coktury Gttgi`k igsquos, tjoy sorvob tg obuc`to `kb roilkb Iusalis ge tjo eletj plaa`r ge Lsa`i. Lk jls cj`ptor, Iojiot ñtñkcñ stublos ` jltjortg ukborstublob o`ray-oldjtooktj-coktury gla p`lktlkd ge Iocc` ergi tjo cgaaoctlgk ge _pps`a` _klvorslty lk Swobok. Lt ls uklquo egr lts a`rdo kuinor ge lboktleylkd a`noas ge ` wlbo v`rloty ge nulablkds tj`t dlvo lkv`au`nao lksldjts lktg tjo urn`k e`nrlc ge oldjtooktj-coktury Iocc`, iucj ge wjlcj ls dgko tgb`y. Xladrlis blb kgt roturk jgio gkay wltj sguvoklrs ge tjo J`mm. Lk sovor`a sgclotlos, ` plctgrl`a gr toxtu`a roilkbor ge tjolr `ccgipalsjiokt w`s `bbob tg tjo oxtorlgr `kb lktorlgr w`aas ge tjolr jgusos noegro tjolr jgiocgilkd ny tjgso wjg j`b st`yob nojlkb. Rls custgi ge bocgr`tlkd tjo pladrli“s jguso wltj iur`as ls igst wlboay spro`b lk Odypt, nut `asg gccurs lk gtjor pa`cos sucj `s Alny`, Syrl`, `kb tjo Lsr`oa-X`aostlko rodlgk. Lk Odypt, ^oifo Fruf `kb Er`ks Ggrt survoyob tjo iur`as lk tjo B`fja`
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G`sls. Rolr lkvoktgry ge blorokt sldk uklts `kb cgip`rlsgk wltj tjo c`todgrlos egukb lk gtjor stublos ao`bs tg kow lksldjts cgkcorklkd tjo io`klkd ge tjoso iur`as. Burlkd tjo porlgb cgvorob ny tjolr survoy (0<44–>88?), Fruf `kb Ggrt gnsorvob kgt`nao cj`kdos= `kkgukcoiokts `ro dottlkd lkcro`slkday slipaor `kb igro uklegri, `kb roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge jui`k nolkds `ro igstay egukb lk tjo gabor iur`as. Noslbos w`aa p`lktlkds `s tostligky ge tjo J`mm, pladrli cortlelc`tos `asg eukctlgkob `s prgge ge tjo `ccgipalsjiokt ge Lsa`ilc pladrli`do. @atjgudj tjoy `ro `aro`by fkgwk ergi tjo twoaetj coktury, tjo egcus ge Aultd`rb Igas“ cgktrlnutlgk ls tok a`to-klkotooktj-coktury spoclioks ergi Butcj cgaaoctlgks. jo eldur`tlvo ox`ipaos ng`st `k oxtokslvo plctgrl`a cycao tj`t dgos noygkb tjo scgpo ge tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm. jls r`lsos tjo quostlgk `ngut tjolr uso= woro tjoy kgt sgaoay tostligklos ge tjo J`mm, nut `asg sguvoklrs, bovlcos egr lkstructlgk, `kb roilkbors ge tjo e`ltjeua ge tjolr roaldlgus butlos7 jo quostlgk `ngut tjo purpgso ge tjo cortlelc`tos `asg tgucjos upgk `kgtjor lssuo, tjls tlio port`lklkd tg tjo lip`ct ge J`mm poregri`kco gk agc`a sgcl`a roa`tlgks= wj`t w`s tjolr v`auo `s tjo i`torl`a tgfoks ge tjo syingalc c`plt`a d`lkob ny pladrlis upgk roturk jgio7 @rkgub @rkg ub Urgalmf rgal mf j`s `pprg`cj `ppr g`cjob ob tjo stuby stub y ge J`mm-roa` J`mm -roa`tob tob gnmocts gnmo cts ergi qulto qult o ` bleeorokt `kdao. jls `aro`by cgios tg tjo egro lk tjo tltao ge jls cj`ptor= ‚@ppo`r`kcos Noalo. @ Iocc`-Coktrob Tgrab I`p `kb ` Skgucf Jurdrgkmo Xjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo Aolbok _klvorslty Cgaaoctlgks“. Urgalmf iotlcuagusay stublob `kb cgktoxtu`alsob ` sovoktooktj-coktury p`lktob i`p wltj Iocc` `t lts coktro `kb ` a`to-klkotooktj-coktury a`to-klkotooktj-coktury drgup pgrtr`lt wltj `ctgrs lk grlokt`a bross t`fok `t tjo Butcj cgksua`to lk Mobb`j, rovo`alkd bleeorokt a`yors ge io`klkd `kb lktokt. Lk tjo elk`a cj`ptor, Kola v`k bor Alkbok alsts ` soaoctlgk ge sgkds tj`t woro sukd tg coaonr`to `kb cgiioigr`to tjo rltu`a ge tjo J`mm. Geeorlkd lksldjts lktg lkt`kdlnao pr`ctlcos roa`tob tg tjo J`mm, tjo bovoagpiokts tj`t gccur lk tjls iuslc`a pr`ctlco lk tjo twoktlotj coktury `kb elrst boc`bos ge tjo twokty-elrst `asg sorvo tg laaustr`to tjo ovgautlgk `kb `b`pt`tlgk ge J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos lk dokor`a. Elk`aay, Elk`aay, ` kgto gk tjo tr`ksaltor`tlgk= tr`ks altor`tlgk= To j`vo cjgsok tg foop tjo tj o tr`ksaltor`tlgk tr`ksaltor`tl gk ge @r`nlc `kb _rbu `s slipao `s pgsslnao lk tjo rukklkd toxt, `vglblkd bl`crltlc`a i`rfs `kb `yks `kb j`iz`js, oxcopt lk tjo c`so ge nlnalgdr`pjlc`a roeorokcos. Lk tjo cgktrlnutlgk ge Iojiot ñtñkcñ, wjoro Gttgi`k aodokbs `ro blscussob lk `k o`ray-oldjtooktj-coktury p`lktlkd ge Iocc` `kb lts surrgukblkds, urflsj spoaalkds `ro `asg usob. B`tos `ro cgiigkay dlvok `s CO b`tos. Tjoro Jlmrl b`tos `ro usob, tjoy `ro egaagwob ny tjo Drodgrl`k b`to lk p`roktjosos (`kb vlco vors`).
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Elrst, gur tj`kfs dg gut tg `aa tjo cgktrlnutgrs ge tjls vgauio `kb tg tjgso wjg prosoktob ` p`por `t tjo syipgslui `kb sj`rob tjolr lbo`s wltj us tjoro. Lk p`rtlcua`r, wo wguab alfo tg tj`kf E`ilao @rsa`k `kb @al Obb`gubl egr sj`rlkd tjolr gwk J`mm oxporlokcos wltj tjo p`rtlclp`kts ge tjo syipgslui `kb a`rdor `ublokco ge iusoui vlsltgrs burlkd ` igst liprosslvo bgunao lktorvlow. To wguab alfo tg tj`kf Klkm` Faolf`ip egr joaplkd tg grd`klso tjo syipgslui gk tjo J`mm `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy `kb Uokotl` Xgrtor ge tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui egr jor stliua`tlkd `bvlco `kb okcgur`doiokt tjrgudjgut tjo prop`r`tlgk ge tjo J`mm oxjlnltlgk `kb tjo syipgslui. To `ro igst dr`toeua tg Aìgk Nusfoks, tjok-blroctgr ge A_CLS, egr jls `bvlco, okcgur`doiokt, `kb lksldjts. j`kfs `s woaa dg tg Xotor Xoas `kb X`trlcl` Spyor ge EOA egr lkvltlkd Elkn`rr Eaggb ge Kow \grf _klvorslty tg dlvo tjo cgkcaublkd aocturo `s tjo tjlrb a`uro`to egr tjo `kku`a Dornr`kbs aocturo. @s egr tjo punalc`t puna lc`tlgk, lgk, wo wguab wgua b alfo tg tj`kf tj`k f Xrgeossgr Xrgeos sgr B`vlb Fj`alal Fj`a lal `kb K`ja` K`ss`r ge jo Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt lk Agkbgk egr dokorgusay prgvlblkd pjgtgdr`pjs ge gnmocts ergi tjolr cgaaoctlgk egr tjls vgauio. To wguab wgua b `asg alfo tg tj`kf tj`k f @rkgub @rkg ub Urgalmf rgal mf egr sj`rlkd sj`r lkd jls v`st fkgwaobd fkgw aobdoo ge tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty `kb egr jls `bvlco gk urflsj tr`kscrlptlgks. To `ro boopay lkbontob tg gur toxt obltgr Mgyco I`ttjows egr jor oxcoaaokt `kb boblc`tob wgrf. Elk`aay, wo“b alfo tg tj`kf Tgku Uoys, cur`tgr `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, wjg ls `asg rospgkslnao egr punalc`tlgks, `kb gur cgaao`duos `t Slbostgko Xross egr tjolr joap `kb dulb`kco burlkd tjo prgbuctlgk pj`so.
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Gko ge tjo oxjlnlts ge tjo ‚Agkdlkd egr Iocc`“ oxjlnltlgk `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok cgkcorkob `k lkst`aa`tlgk ge i`dkots `kb lrgk elalkds oktltaob I`dkotls I`dk otlsi i ny tjo S`ubl `rtlst @jiob I`tor. jo na`cf cunglb i`dkots woro surrgukbob ny toks ge tjgus`kbs ge lrgk p`rtlcaos tj`t egriob ` swlralkd klinus, ovgflkd tjo li`do ge pladrlis clrcui`inua`tlkd tjo F`“n` (ce. Igas >803= 0846 Xgrtor >80>= >?>–>?3). Oltjor wlttlkday gr ukwlttlkday, I`tor“s lkst`aa`tlgk ls ` pgworeua vlsu`als`tlgk ge tjo cgkcopt ge ‚splrltu`a i`dkotlsi“ lktrgbucob ny tjo `ktjrgpgagdlst M`ios Xrostgk tg lboktley wj`t jo cgkslborob tg no gko ge tjo igst lipgrt`kt cj`r`ctorlstlcs ge pladrli`do sltos (Xrostgk 0<<>). Tjotjor Tjot jor tjo ‚splrltu`a ‚splrl tu`a i`dkotlsi“ i`dko tlsi“ ge pladrli` plad rli`do do sltos slto s ls `k lktrlksl lktr lkslcc qu`alty qu`a lty ge sucj pa`cos gr rosts lk tjo oyos ge tjo nojgabor, gr, igro dokor`aay, wjotjor lt ls v`alb tg `ssuio tj`t p`rtlcua`r eo`turos `ro lkjorokt tg tjo lkstltutlgk ge pladrli`do `t `aa, j`s nook ` foy ngko ge cgktoktlgk lk pladrli`do stublos. Lk tjls cj`ptor, L wlaa elrst prgvlbo `k gvorvlow ge tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do `kb tjok blscuss sgio lkeauoktl`a `ktjrgpgagdlc`a cgktrlnutlgks tg tjo stuby ge J`mm lk p`rtlcua`r. L wlaa cgkcaubo ny suddostlkd `k `pprg`cj tg J`mm stublos tj`t `aagws egr tjo tr`kscokbokco ge ukkocoss`ry blcjgtgigus `pprg`cjos tg tjo stuby ge pladrli`do lk toris ge oltjor lktrlkslc gr cgkstructob io`klkds. Rjo @ktjrgpgagdy ge Xladrli`do
@k gnvlgus gnvl gus pglkt pglk t ge bop`rtur bop` rturoo egr `k gvorvlo gvor vlow w ge tjo `ktjrgpg `ktjr gpgagdl agdlc`a c`a stuby stub y ge pladrli`do ls tjo pa`co ge rltu`a lk Oilao Burfjoli“s tjogry gk roaldlgk (Burfjoli 0<
L wguab alfo tg tj`kf tjo Kotjora`kbs Grd`kls`tlgk egr Scloktlffc ^oso`rcj (KTG) egr lts dokorgus dr`kt egr tjo roso`rcj prgmoct ‚Igbork @rtlcua`tlgks ge Xladrli`do tg Iocc`“ gk wjlcj tjls `rtlcao ls n`sob.
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wguab `droo tj`t tjo io`klkd ge tjo J`mm c`k no robucob tg ‚coaonr`tlkd“ tjo cgiiuklty ge Iusalis, i`ky prosokt-b`y pladrlis tg Iocc` lkboob ropgrt tj`t tjo pgworeua soks`tlgk ge igvlkd `s gko ngby wltj eoaagw noalovors ergi `aa gvor tjo wgrab cro`tos ` strgkd sokso ge uklty wltjlk tjo uii` , gr Iusali cgiiuklty (ce. I`acgai Z 0<43). X`rtlcua`ray roaov`kt lk roa`tlgk tg tjo tjoio ge pladrli`do ls Burfjoli“s `rduiokt tj`t tjo jldj okordy aovoa `ssgcl`tob wltj sucj ovokts dots blroctob gktg pjyslc`a gnmocts gr pogpao tj`t tjok nocgio ‚s`crob“. joroegro, `ccgrblkd tg Burfjoli rltu`as joap ost`nalsj ` bgi`lk ge tjo s`crob wjlcj ls blcjgtgigusay gppgsob tg tjo bgi`lk ge tjo prge`ko, l.o. tjo ovoryb`y rgutlkos `kb iukb`ko `ctlvltlos c`rrlob gut ny lkblvlbu`as gr drgups tg socuro ` alvlkd. jls cj`r`ctorls`tlgk ge tjo s`crob `s tj`t wjlcj ls ‚sot `p`rt“, r`tjor tj`k `scrlnlkd lt `ky sunst`ktlvo cgktokt, j`s egriob tjo n`sls egr iucj sunsoquokt `ktjrgpgagdlc`a `ktjrgpgagdlc`a tjogrlslkd `ngut pladrli`do. Lt w`s @rkgab v`k Dokkop wjg tggf up tjo tjoio ge tj`t wjlcj ls ‚sot `p`rt“ lk rltu`a lk jls tjogry gk rltos ge p`ss`do (U`k Dokkop 0<58). Jo boelkob ‚rltos ge p`ss`do“ `s rltos tj`t `ccgip`ky `ky cj`kdo ge pa`co, st`to, sgcl`a pgsltlgk, gr `do. @atjgudj jo egcusob igstay gk coroigklos tj`t `ccgip`ky lkblvlbu`a aleo crlsos, U`k U`k Dokkop `asg `ppalob jls tjogry tjogr y tg tjo stuby ge rltos tj`t i`rf so`sgk`a tr`ksltlgks. @ foy eo`turo ge jls tjogry ls tj`t rltos ge p`ss`do `ro cgkcorkob wltj ‚rodokor`tlgk“ tj`t ls nrgudjt `ngut ny syingalc ok`ctiokt ge bo`tj `kb ronlrtj. @kgtjor @kgt jor foy eo`turo eo`t uro ge rltos rlto s ge p`ss`do p`ss `do ls tj`t tjoy `ro i`rfob i`rf ob ny tjroo pj`sos= pj`s os= sop`r`tlgk, tr`ksltlgk (gr aliok, io`klkd tjrosjgab lk A`tlk), `kb lkcgrpgr`tlgk. jo elrst st`do, sop`r`tlgk, cgiprlsos syingalc noj`vlgur sldkleylkd tjo bot`cjiokt ge tjo lkblvlbu`a gr drgup ergi tjo pgsltlgk tjoy jltjortg gccuplob lk tjo sgcl`a structuro. Burlkd tjo tr`ksltlgk`a gr ‚alilk`a“ socgkb st`do ge tjo rlto ge p`ss`do, tjo cj`r`ctorlstlcs ge tjo rltu`a sunmocts `ro `inldugus= tjoy p`ss tjrgudj ` cuatur`a ro`ai tj`t no`rs alttao tg kg rosoina`kco tg tjolr p`st gr egrtjcgilkd st`to. jo tjlrb st`do, lkcgrpgr`tlgk, elk`alsos tjo rltu`a p`ss`do tg ` kow st`to. Lt cgkslsts ge rltos lk wjlcj tjo rltu`a sunmocts `ro woacgiob lktg tjolr kow pgsltlgk lk sgcloty. jo oxtokt tg wjlcj o`cj ge tjoso rltu`a pj`sos ls oa`ngr`tob bopokbs gk tjo k`turo ge tjo tr`ksltlgk tj`t ls i`rfob ny tjo rlto ge p`ss`do. Lk eukor`a rltos, egr lkst`kco, rltos ge sop`r`tlgk tokb tg no tjo igst oa`ngr`to. Lk prodk`kcy rltos gr lkltl`tlgk coroigklos tjo oipj`sls ls usu`aay gk tr`ksltlgk, wjlao lkcgrpgr`tlgk rltos tokb tg no igst euaay bovoagpob lk wobblkd coroigklos. jo tjroo st`dos ge sop`r`tlgk, tr`ksltlgk, `kb lkcgrpgr`tlgk c`k o`slay no rocgdklsob lk tjo `ctlvltlos tj`t pladrlis ukbort`fo procoblkd, burlkd, `kb `etor poregrilkd tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc` (ce. ^gee 0<808). @lr tr`voa j`s i`bo tgb`y“s mgurkoy tg Iocc` ` iucj sjgrtor `kb igro cgkvoklokt trlp tj`k lt usob tg no, tjus robuclkd tjo provlgusay agkd pj`sos ge sop`r`tlgk `kb alilk`alty. Kovortjoaoss, igst pladrlis tokb tg okd`do lk prop`r`tgry `ctlvltlos woaa noegro tjo `ctu`a b`to ge bop`rturo. Sucj `ctlvltlos lk wj`t cguab no c`aaob
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tjo pj`so ge sop`r`tlgk ge tjo J`mm rltu`a cgkslst ge sottalkd bont `ccgukts `kb blsputos6 noddlkd egrdlvokoss ergi e`ilay `kb erlokbs egr `ky p`lk gr drloe gko i`y j`vo c`usob6 cgaaoctlkd prosokts, drootlkds, `kb roquosts egr spocl`a pr`yors burlkd e`rowoaa p`rtlos6 `kb `ttokblkd prop`r`tgry J`mm ca`ssos grd`klsob ny agc`a igsquos gr J`mm-tgur tr`voa `dokclos. Tjlao, lk ` nrg`bor sokso, tjo alilk`a pj`so st`rts `s sggk `s tjo pladrlis j`vo nlbbok e`rowoaa tg tjolr agvob gkos `kb `ctu`aay oin`rf gk tjolr mgurkoy, poregrilkd rltu`a purlelc`tlgk rltos `kb cj`kdlkd lktg spocl`a J`mm d`riokts i`rf tjo igst lipgrt`kt tr`ksltlgk tg tjo alilk`a pj`so ge ljr`i, gr rltu`a cgksocr`tlgk. Ao`vlkd tjo st`to ge ljr`i `etor j`vlkd cgkcaubob tjo gnald`tgry rltos tj`t cgiprlso tjo J`mm prgpor i`rfs tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo lkcgrpgr`tlgk pj`so. jls pj`so getok cuailk`tos lk `k oa`ngr`to jgiocgilkd p`rty egaagwob ny i`ky igro vlslts ergi erlokbs wjg cgio tg cgkdr`tua`to tjo kow j`mml s `kb sj`ro lk tjo s`crobkoss nrgudjt jgio lk tjo egri ge w`tor ergi tjo ]`iz`i woaa lk Iocc` `kb b`tos ergi Ioblk`. Ioblk`. Cgkslborlkd tjo o`so wltj wjlcj tjo trlp`rtlto syingalc structuro ge rltos ge p`ss`do c`k no rocgdklsob rocgdk lsob lk pladrli`dos, pladrli `dos, lt ls surprlslkd surprl slkd tj`t U`k U`k Dokkop j`rbay lkcaubob pladrli`do lk jls blscusslgk ge rltos ge p`ss`do. \ot, \ot, jo blb ioktlgk tjo st`to ge ljr`i wltjlk tjo J`mm rltu`a `s `k ox`ipao ge ` tr`ksltlgk`a pj`so (U`k Dokkop 0<58= 0:?). Lt w`s kgt uktla tjo t jo a`to 0<58s, jgwovor, tj`t jls tjogry tjogr y w`s bovoagpob lktg ` tjogrotlc`a igboa ge pladrli`do ny tjo `ktjrgpgagdlst Ulctgr urkor. urkor egcusob p`rtlcua`ray gk tjo `ttrlnutos ge alilk`alty gr alilk`a porsgk` pors gk`o o , igst spoclelc`aay gk tjo sokso ge cgiiuklgk gr ‚cgiiuklt`s“ tj`t pladrlis oxporlokco burlkd tjo tr`ksltlgk`a pj`so (urkor 0<5<6 0<42). Gk tjo n`sls ge jls tjogry gk alilk`alty `kb cgiiuklt`s, jo noc`io gko ge tjo ao`blkd scjga`rs lk pladrli`do stublos. @ foy eo`turo eo`t uro ge tjo urkorl`k urko rl`k igboa igbo a ls tjo kocoss`rl kocos s`rlay ay `inldugus `inldug us cgkbltlgk cgkbl tlgk ge pladrlis burlkd tjo alilk`a pj`so= tjoy j`vo stoppob gutslbo sgcloty `kb oktorob ` kow typo ge sp`co `kb tlio wjoro tjoy `ro eroob ergi tjo strlcturos ge sgcl`a structuro. @s alilk`a porsgk`o, tjoy `ro ‚koltjor joro kgr tjoro“6 ‚notwlxt `kb notwook“ tjo pgsltlgks `ssldkob tg tjoi lk socua`r sgcl`a structuro (urkor 0<5<=
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t`fos coktr`a st`do. Cgiiuklt`s roeors tg lktokso egris ge cgir`bosjlp `kb od`alt`rl`klsi `igkd alilk`a porsgks. urkor kgtob tj`t tjls sj`rlkd `kb tjo oqu`alty ge `aa dokor`tos `k okordlslkd pgwor tj`t gpoks up sp`co tg roeaoct upgk tjo sgcl`a structuro tj`t cj`r`ctorlsos b`lay aleo `kb tg li`dlko gtjor egris= Alilk`alty, tjo gptli`a sottlkd ge cgiiuklt`s roa`tlgks, `kb cgiiuklt`s, ` spgkt`kogusay dokor`tob roa`tlgksjlp notwook aovoaob Vslc Y `kb oqu`a tgt`a `kb lkblvlbu`tob jui`k nolkds, strlppob ge structur`a `ttrlnutos, tgdotjor cgkstltuto wj`t gko ildjt c`aa `ktl-structuro. Cgiiuklt`s, jgwovor, ls kgt structuro wltj lts sldks rovorsob, ilkusos vorsos pausos, nut r`tjor tjo egks egk s ot grldg ge `aa structuros `kb, `t tjo s`io tlio, tjolr crltlquo. Egr lts vory oxlstokco puts `aa sgcl`a structur`a ruaos lk quostlgk `kb suddosts kow pgsslnlaltlos. (urkor 0<42= >8>) Nolkd ‚strlppob ge structur`a `ttrlnutos“ wguab `aagw alilk`a porsgk`o tg oxporlokco gr `t ao`st cgio cagso tg tjo ro`als`tlgk ge wj`t lt ossoktl`aay io`ks tg no ` jui`k nolkd. urkor kgtob, jgwovor, tj`t cgiiuklt`s sggk bovoagps ` structuro, lk wjlcj ‚eroo ‚eroo roa`tlgksjlps notwook lkblvlbu`as nocgio cgkvortob lktg kgri-dgvorkob roa`tlgksjlps notwook sgcl`a porsgk`o“ (urkor 0<5<= 03>). Jo tjoroegro blstlkdulsjob oxlstoktl`a gr gr spgkt`kogus cgiiuklt`s ergi kgri`tlvo cgiiuklt`s. Kgri`tlvo cgiiuklt`s bovoagps gvor tjo cgurso ge tlio, wjok oxlstoktl`a cgiiuklt`s ls grd`klsob lktg `k okburlkd sgcl`a systoi wjorolk roaldlgus spocl`alsts d`lk cgktrga gvor tjo pladrli`do slto `kb tjo `ctlvltlos ge pladrlis. @ tjlrb typo ge cgiiuklt`s jo lboktlelob w`s lbogagdlc`a cgiiuklt`s, cgiiuklt`s, tj`t ls, utgpl`k nauoprlkts egr tjo roegri ge sgcloty n`sob gk tjo oxporlokco ge oxlstoktl`a cgiiuklt`s (urkor 0<5<= 03>). J`mm rltos, p`rtlcua`ray tjgso tj`t cgiprlso tjo J`mm prgpor, cgkt`lk i`ky oaoiokts tj`t c`k no rocgdklsob `s `ttrlnutos ge alilk`alty= tjo nlbblkd e`rowoaa ge noagvob gkos `kb tjo tr`bltlgk tr`bl tlgk ge i`flkd up gko“s tost`iokt noegro bop`rtlkd bo p`rtlkd gk tjo J`mm j`vo cgkkgt`tlgks ge prop`rlkd gkosoae egr bo`tj. @asg, burlkd tjo st`to ge ljr`i pladrlis sjguab `nst`lk ergi soxu`a roa`tlgks, blscgktlkuo uso ge i`foup gr poreuiob sunst`kcos, roer`lk ergi calpplkd k`las gr cuttlkd j`lr. joy iust nro`f `w`y ergi rgutlkos `kb cgkcorks ge b`lay aleo `s iucj `s pgsslnao lk grbor tg boblc`to tjoisoavos euaay tg wgrsjlpplkd Dgb. Eurtjorigro, tjo twg plocos ge so`iaoss wjlto cagtj tj`t cgkstltuto tjo ljr`i bross ge i`ao pladrlis `ro ge tjo s`io flkb `s tjgso usob `s Iusali nurl`a nurl`a sjrgubs, `kb i`ao pladrlis getok s`vo tjolr ljr`i cagtjs egr tjolr ovoktu`a nurl`as. @s Xklk` Tornkor kgtos lk Cj`ptor > lk tjls vgauio, tjo soquokco ge J`mm rltos tj`t pladrlis poregri‒ wjlcj t`fo pladrlis gk ` rovorso trlp tjrgudj Lsa`ilc jlstgrlgdr`pjy‒c`k no lktorprotob `s syingalslkd bo`tj `kb ronlrtj. Tornkor cgkvlkclkday `rduos tj`t tjls rovors`a rovors`a ge tjo grldlk`a tlio soquokco soquok co ge s`crob Lsa`ilc k`rr`tlvos k`r r`tlvos ls p`rt ge tjo tj o prgcoss prgc oss tjrgudj tjrgudj wjlcj pladrlis dr`bu`aay sjob tjolr tj olr slks `kb igv igvoo n`cfw`rbs n`cfw`rbs ergi
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syingalc bo`tj tgw`rbs purlelc`tlgk, ovoktu`aay nocgilkd `s puro `kb lkkgcokt `s ` kowngrk n`ny (ce. pp. 38-30 lk tjls vgauio). Ovgc`tlgks Ovgc`tlgks ge cgiiuklt`s c`k `asg no rocgdklsob lk J`mm rltos, sucj `s lk tjo `egroioktlgkob eagw ge pladrlis clrcui`inua`tlkd tjo F`“n`, pjgtgdr`pjs ge wjlcj c`k no sook lk i`ky dgvorkiokt `kb nuslkoss geelcos `s woaa `s lk sjgps `kb prlv`to jgios ge Iusalis. @s Iusalis. @s Dor`sligs Dor`s ligs I`frls I`f rls j`s kgtob, kg tob, tjls tj ls lcgklc lcg klc li`do li` do ge wjlto cgkcoktrlc clrcaos ge igvlkd jui`klty roprosokts roprosokts tjo pro-oxlstlkd `kb, `t tjo s`io tlio, oiordokt uii`, gr dagn`a cgiiuklty ge noalovors (I`frls >884= 034). g laaustr`to tjo k`turo ge cgiiuklt`s, urkor jlisoae qugtob I`acgai Z, wjg cj`r`ctorlsob jls J`mm oxporlokco `s lkvgavlkd ‚agvo, juilalty, juilalty, `kb truo nrgtjorjggb tj`t w`s `aigst ` pjyslc`a eooalkd wjorovor L turkob… wo woro truay `aa tjo s`io VnrgtjorsY (urkor 0<42= 05:). Slkco Iocc` ls tjo gkay clty gk o`rtj wjoro kg kgk-Iusalis `ro `aagwob, gko c`k li`dlko tj`t tjo kgtlgk ge ` ‚purlelob“ uii` wjoro wjoro gkay Lsa`i roldks c`k eukctlgk `s ` pgworeua syinga egr lbogagdlc`a cgiiuklt`s lk tjo blscgursos ge oxtroilst Iusali drgups wjg strlvo tg ost`nalsj `k Lsa`ilc c`alpj`to. urkor“s oxpa`k`tgry igboa j`s j`b `k okgrigus lip`ct gk tjo `ktjrgpgagdlc`a stuby ge pladrli`do. Jls `rduiokt `ngut cgiiuklt`s `kb jls `ttoipt tg igvo noygkb eukctlgk`alst boplctlgks ge roaldlgk `s ` roprosokt`tlgk ge sgcloty j`s lksplrob i`ky roso`rcjors. Lkboob, tjo urkorl`k p`r`bldi roi`lkob bgilk`kt tjrgudjgut tjrg udjgut iucj ge tjo 0<48s `kb 0<:8s. 0<:8s . Lk tjo a`to 0<:8s, jgwovor, igro `kb igro stublos `ppo`rob tj`t quostlgkob lts v`alblty. Coktr`a tg tjls crltlquo woro tjo igboa“s uklvors`alst ca`lis tg lktrlkslc qu`altlos ge pladrli`do `kb lts `pprg`cj tg pladrli`do `s ` st`tlc, ngukbob rltu`a tj`t ls poregriob lk pa`cos `kb tlios tj`t `ro lsga`tob ergi tjo ovoryb`y wgrab gutslbo. urkor“s `rduiokt `ngut cgiiuklt`s w`s, egr ox`ipao, crltlclsob ny Ilcj`oa S`aakgw gk tjo n`sls ge jls gwk stuby ge pladrli`do `ctlvltlos `igkd tjo Puocju` Lkbl`ks lk tjo @kbos (S`aakgw 0<:06 0<:4). @asg, lk jls stuby gk cj`kdlkd p`ttorks `kb tjo grd`kls`tlgk ge eagws ge pogpao, dggbs, sorvlcos, `kb lbo`s `t sovor`a s`crob sltos lk Tost @erlc` `kb X`pu` Kow Dulko`, ^lcj`rb Tornkor crltlclsob tjo urkorl`k elx`tlgk gk rltu`a ngukb`rlos (Tornkor 0<:<). jo igst lkeauoktl`a cj`aaokdo tg tjo urkorl`k igboa w`s egriua`tob lk Cgktostlkd tjo S`crob, ` vgauio ge cgaaoctob p`pors blscusslkd c`so stublos ge Cjrlstl`k pladrli`do, obltob ny Mgjk O`bo `kb S`aakgw lk 0<<0. Lk tjo lktrgbuctlgk tg tjo vgauio, tjo obltgrs st`tob tj`t pladrli`do `s `k lkstltutlgk c`kkgt no ukborstggb `s ` uklvors`a gr jgigdokogus pjokgiokgk, nut sjguab `aw`ys no stublob `s jlstgrlc`aay `kb cuatur`aay oinobbob lkst`kcos. joy `rduob tj`t pladrli`do sltos j`vo kg lktrlkslc qu`altlos, nut `ct `s ‚oipty vossoas“ tj`t roeaoct vlsltgrs“ `ssuiptlgks lk s`cr`alsob egri. @s ` rosuat, r`tjor tj`k nolkd or`sob, sgcl`a ngukb`rlos c`k lk e`ct no rolkegrcob tjrgudj pladrli`do. @ i`lk pglkt ge crltlcls crlt lclsi i gk tjo urkorl`k urko rl`k p`r`bldi p`r`b ldi cgkcorkob cgkcor kob wj`t O`bo `kb S`aakgw c`aaob tjo ‚lbo`alslkd blscgurso“ ge cgiiuklt`s, wjlcj e`las tg t`fo lktg `ccgukt tjo iukb`ko cgkealcts tj`t `ro pa`yob gut lk pladrli`do. @rdulkd egr `k
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`pprg`cj tj`t lkvostld`tos jgw ovoryb`y pgaltlc`a, ocgkgilc, `kb sgcl`a cgkcorks lkegri pladrli`dos, O`bo `kb S`aakgw prgpgsob tg stuby pladrli`do `s ‚`k `rok` egr cgipotlkd roaldlgus `kb socua`r blscgursos“ (O`bo & S`aakgw 0<<0= 0?). jo roso`rcj igboa prgpgsob lk Cgktostlkd tjo S`crob w`s bgilk`kt tjrgudjgut tjo 0<<8s, ` boc`bo tj`t w`s i`rfob ny `k okgrigus lkcro`so lk tjo kuinor ge stublos tj`t egcusob gk pladrli`do coktros `s sltos ge cgktost`tlgks. Lk igst ge tjoso stublos, ` pa`co-coktrob `pprg`cj w`s ropa`cob ny ` igro porsgkcoktrob `pprg`cj tj`t tggf tjo cginlk`tlgk ge pa`co, (kotwgrfs ge) porsgks, `kb `utjgrlt`tlvo roaldlgus toxts `s lts pglkt ge `k`aysls. Egr ox`ipao, lk jor stuby ge pladrli`do tg tjo Cjurcj ge tjo I`bgkk` ge tjo @kkukcl`tlgk gk tjo Droof lsa`kb ge lkgs, Mlaa Bunlscj boigkstr`tob tj`t tjo `ctu`a pladrli`do sjrlko sjguab kgt no sook `s ` ngukbob `kb woaa-boelkob sp`co, `s urkor wguab j`vo lt. ^`tjor, lt eukctlgkob `s tjo coktro ge ` wlbo kotwgrf ge roa`tlgksjlps oxtokblkd gvor ` v`st dogdr`pjlc`a `ro` (Bunlscj 0<802). @ r`ro ox`ipao lk J`mm stublos ls `k oxpgsì ny Ilcj`oa Elscjor `kb Iojbl @nobl gk wj`t tjoy c`aaob ‚jo J`mm ‑^gbog’“. jo `utjgrs `k`aysob bleeorokt io`klkd rodlstors `igkd pladrlis lk Iocc`, igst kgt`nay Sjl“` cgktost`tlgk ge S`ubl cgktrga gvor tjo J`r`i`lk , l.o. tjo jgay cltlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk`, `kb tjo poregri`kco ge J`mm rltos (Elscjor & @nobl 0<<8= 0?8–>>0). 0?8–>>0). @kgtjor ox`ipao ls tjo oxcoaaokt wgrf ge ^gnort Nl`kcjl ergi >882. Nl`kcjl“s cj`ptor lk tjls vgauio ls lk alko wltj jls i`lk egcus gk J`mm pgaltlcs lk bleeorokt Iusali-i`mgrlty st`tos. Sgio ge jls gtjor punalc`tlgks, jgwovor, `asg cgkt`lk roeorokcos tg cgktost`tlgks notwook pladrli drgups ergi bleeorokt cguktrlos gvor pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds burlkd tjo J`mm prgcooblkds. @s tjo eloab eloa b ge `ktjrgpg `ktj rgpgagdl agdlc`a c`a pladrli plad rli`do `do stublos stub los oxp`kbo oxp `kbobb `kb i`turob, i`tu rob, roso`rcjors lkcro`slkday lkcro`slkday eoat cgkstrlctob ny j`vlkd tg wgrf gk oltjor slbo ge tjo cgiiuklt`s vorsus cgktost`tlgk cgktrgvorsy. Lk twg sop`r`to `rtlcaos, Mgjk O`bo `kb Sligk Cgaoiok o`cj roeaoctob gk tjo bovoagpiokt ge pladrli`do stublos lk tjo 0<<8s `kb `cfkgwaobdob tj`t, lk tjolr oeegrts tg bocgkstruct uklvors`alst k`rr`tlvos `kb lksto`b stuby pladrli`do `s `k `rok` egr cgipotltlgk, roso`rcjors r`k tjo rlsf ge tjrgwlkd gut tjo n`ny wltj tjo n`tjw`tor ny nrlkdlkd tg tjo egro cgktost`tlgk `kb romoctlkd tjo cgiiuklt`s igboa `atgdotjor (O`bo >8886 Cgaoi`k >88>). Cgaoi`k kgtob, egr lkst`kco, tj`t tjo lipgrt`kco ge cgktost`tlgk ildjt no gvorostli`tob (Cgaoi`k >88>= 3?<). Blscrop`kt blscgursos i`y no muxt`pg mux t`pgsob, sob, r`tjor r`tjo r tj`k ao`blkd ao`b lkd tg (gvort) (gvor t) struddao. stru ddao. Tjlao Tjla o rlv`a rlv` a cgkstltuo cgks tltuokclo kcloss
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i`y sgiotlios cgktokb egr lbogagdlc`a jodoigky `t pladrli`do sltos, `t gtjor tlios bleeorokt pladrli drgups bg kgt soof cgkergkt`tlgk, cjggslkd lksto`b tg ldkgro o`cj gtjor `s tjoy poregri tjolr gwk rltos. @asg, ovok wltjlk cgktost`tlgk tjoro i`y no lkst`kcos ge cgiiuklt`s, `s wjok bleeorokcos notwook pladrli drgups `ro gvorruaob wjok igro sorlgus oxtork`a `kt`dgklsi gccurs. Igro lipgrt`ktay, `k `pprg`cj ge cgkslborlkd pladrli`do sltos `s ‚oipty vossoas“ tj`t `ro bovglb ge lktrlkslc io`klkd tokbs tg ldkgro tj`t cort`lk noj`vlgur`a p`r`aaoas notwook bleeorokt pladrli`do tr`bltlgks c`k no gnsorvob `crgss tlio `kb cuaturo (O`bo >888). @kgtjor gnmoctlgk tg tjo ‚oipty vossoa“ iot`pjgr ls tj`t lt suddosts tj`t pladrli`do c`k no lktorprotob oxcauslvoay lk toris ge roprosokt`tlgk `kb tjo rolkegrcoiokt ge lbo`s `kb ldkgros tjo oeeocts ge tjo poregri`tlvo pgwor ge oingblob pladrli`do pr`ctlcos (Cgaoi`k >88>= 3?<). Lk tjo lktrgbuctlgk tg tjo mglktay obltob vgauio ^oer`ilkd Xladrli`do= Cuaturos lk Igtlgk, Cgaoi`k `kb O`bo `rduob egr `k `pprg`cj tj`t t`fos lktg `ccgukt ngtj tjo spoclelc noj`vlgur`a p`ttorks tj`t i`y no gnsorvob lk pladrli`do `kb tjo oinobbobkoss ge pladrli`do lk tjo ovoryb`y sgcl`a wgrab ge pladrlis (Cgaoi`k & O`bo >882). @s tjo suntltao ge tjolr nggf lkblc`tos, tjoy prgpgsob ` kow egcus gk tjo ignlalty lipalob ny pladrli`do. Igro cgkcrotoay, tjoy suddostob tjo stuby ge tjo lktorroa`tlgks notwook pjyslc`a, splrltu`a, iokt`a, `kb sgcl`a igvoiokts ge pladrlis. Lk sui, tjoro j`s nook ` sjlet ergi stubylkd tjo lkstltutlgk ge pladrli`do `s ` ngukbob c`todgry ge `ctlgk tg `pprg`cjlkd pladrli`do `s `k oktry gr ox`ipao tg stuby bleeorokt flkbs ge igvoiokt roa`tob tg v`rlgus `spocts ge tjo sgclgcuatur`a aleo wgrabs ge tr`voaaors. jls `pprg`cj j`s gpokob up kow `vokuos `kb roso`rcj quostlgks, p`rtlcua`ray cgkcorklkd tjo lip`ct ge dagn`als`tlgk gk pladrli`do (ce. Jorifoks, M`ksok & Kgtori`ks >88<6 Jykbi`k-^lzf >80>). Lk alko wltj urkor“s get-qugtob roi`rf tj`t ‚` pladrli ls `aw`ys j`ae ` tgurlst“ (urkor & urkor 0<5:= >8), `k lkcro`sob lktorost lk tjo crgssrg`bs notwook pladrli`do `kb aolsuro tr`voa ls p`rtlcua`ray p`rtlcua` ray kgt`nao (ce. N`bgko & ^gsoi`k >8826 St`usnord >8006 ligtjy & Gasok >885). Rgw`rbs `k @ktjrgpgagdy ge J`mm
Cgkslborlkd tjo lkcro`sob `c`boilc lktorost lk pladrli`do gk tjo gko j`kb, `kb tjo coktr`alty ge Iocc` lk tjo Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgk `kb lts drgwlkd pgpua`rlty `s ` roaldlgus tr`voa bostlk`tlgk gk tjo gtjor , gko wguab oxpoct tjo J`mm tg no wlboay roprosoktob lk tjo oxp`kblkd ngby ge pladrli`do stublos. jls, jgwovor, ls j`rbay tjo c`so. @k gnvlgus st`rtlkd pglkt egr ` suii`ry gvorvlow ge tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge tjo J`mm ls tjo nggf Iusali Iusal i r`voaaors r`voa aors , punalsjob lk 0<<8 ny B`ao Olcfoai`k `kb M`ios Xlsc`tgry . jo i`lk quostlgk `bbrossob lk tjo nggf w`s ‚Tj`t bgos tr`voa cgktrlnuto tg ‑nolkd Iusali’7“ @s tjo tltao suddosts, tjo `utjgrs stublob tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir` lk roa`tlgk tg gtjor egris ge roaldlgus `kb cuatur`a tr`voa, sucj `s dokor`a ildr`tlgk `kb tr`voa tg agc`a sjrlkos. Igrogvor,
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igst cgktrlnutlgks lk tjo vgauio egcus gk tjo pgaltlc`a `kb ocgkgilc igtlvos `t pa`y lk roaldlgus mgurkoys ge Iusali tr`voaaors. jls egcus `asg cj`r`ctorlsos sunsoquokt `rtlcaos gk tjo J`mm, igst ge wjlcj wrlttok ny `ktjrgpgagdlsts wjg stublob tjo J`mm `s ` cgipgkokt ge otjkgdr`pjlc roso`rcj roso`rcj `ngut gtjor sunmocts. ^`tjor tj`k `k`ayslkd tjo `ctlvltlos tjo pladrlis okd`do lk wjlao lk Iocc`, sucj punalc`tlgks kocoss`rlay t`fo tjo cgktoxtu`a `pprg`cj suddostob ny Cgaoi`k `kb O`bo `kb egcus gk tjo oinobbobkoss ge pladrli`do lk tjo ovoryb`y sgcl`a `kb cuatur`a aleo wgrabs ergi wjlcj pladrlis bop`rt `kb tg wjlcj tjoy roturk. Tltj ` eow oxcoptlg oxco ptlgks, ks, lkcaubl lkc aublkd kd tjo `egroiok `egr oioktlgk tlgkob ob stublos stub los ge Xklk` Tornkor `kb Elscjor Elscj or `kb @nobl, @nob l, lk sucj punalc pun alc`tlg `tlgks ks tjo egcus egcu s ls kgt sg iucj gk tjo poregri`kco `kb roaldlgus io`klkds ge tjo J`mm ltsoae, nut gk tjo lip`ct ge J`mm poregri`kco gk nrg`bor sgclot`a lssuos. ^`yigkb Scuplk‒tjo gkay `utjgr wjgso `rtlcao ioktlgkob joro procobob Iusali Iusal i r`voa r`voaaors aors‒ ‒ punalsjob punalsjob `k `rtlcao `ngut tjo sgcl`a sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mm egr j`l Iusalis (Scuplk 0<:>). Mu`k Obu`rbg C`ipg egcusos gk cgktost`tlgks notwook bleeorokt Iusali drgups gvor tjo rgao ge tjo J`mm lk tjo egri`tlgk ge igbork Lsa`i lk Odypt (C`ipg 0<<0). Eurtjorigro, lk `k get-cltob `rtlcao, C`rga Boa`koy stublos tjo J`mm mgurkoy `s ` toipa`to egr tjo suiiortlio roturk trlps t`fok ny urflsj ildr`kts lk Dori`ky tg tjolr grldlk cguktry (Boa`koy 0<<<). @ cgkslbo cgk slbor`nao r`nao kuinor kuino r ge `rtlcaos `rtl caos egcus egcu s gk tjo lip`ct lip` ct ge tjo J`mm gk Tost @erlc`k @erl c`k sgclotlo sgcl otloss (ce. j`yor j`y or 0<<>6 \`in` 0<884). >884) . Gtjors, sucj `s Mg`k Jokborsgk, lkcaubo J`mm lk tjolr `k`aysls ge Iusali tgurlsi, getok `bbrosslkd tjo lssuo ge tjo ‚`utjoktlclty“ ge tjo Iocc` oxporlokco (ce. ligtjy & Lvorsgk >8856 Cgaalks & Iurpjy >8086 Jokborsgk >800). @ rocokt trokb `ro J`mm punalc`tlgks ny `utjgrs wjg stuby tjo io`klkd ge tjo J`mm egr Iusalis alvlkd lk tjo Tost. Tj`t cj`r`ctorlsos stublos ge Tostork Iusalis ls ` strgkd lktorost lk tjo roaldlgus io`klkds ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo w`ys lk wjlcj roaldlgus styaos roa`to tg tjo sgcl`a lboktlelc`tlgks `kb b`lay alvos ge pogpao wjg j`vo poregriob tjo J`mm. Cgktr`ry tg igst gtjor punalc`tlgks ioktlgkob joro, sucj wgrfs tokb kgt tg no ‚splk-gees“ ergi roso`rcj gk gtjor lssuos, nut tjo rosuat ge roso`rcj tj`t j`s Iusali pladrli`do `s lts coktr`a egcus. jo prosokt vgauio cgkt`lks cgktrlnutlgks lk tjls eloab ny Xklk` Tornkor `kb ny Soàk IcAgudjalk, ngtj ge wjgi j`vo punalsjob sunst`ktl`aay gk tjo io`klkd ge pladrli`do `kb gtjor tr`ksk`tlgk`a `ctlvltlos egr X`flst`kl Iusalis lk Dro`t Nrlt`lk (ce. Tornkor >880, >88>, >8836 IcAgudjalk >88<`,n, >808, >803). Sg e`r, tjo gkay igkgdr`pj n`sob gk otjkgdr`pjlc eloabwgrf `igkd Ourgpo`k pladrlis lk Iocc` ls X`rls-Iocquo. X`rls-Iocquo. Sgclgagdlo bu Xêaorlk`do ny ny Gi`r S`djl, wjg mglkob mgl kob ` drgup drg up ge pladrl pl adrlis is ge Kgrtj Kgr tj @erlc`k @er lc`k bosco b oscokt kt gk tjolr tjo lr J`mm J`m m mgurkoy mgu rkoy (S`djl ( S`djl >808). Lk `bbltlgk tg tjo igro oxtokslvo stublos ny IcAgudjalk, S`djl, `kb Tornkor tjoro tjo ro ls ` elko `rtlca `r tlcaoo ny E`rggq J`q `kb `k b Mgjk M`cfsgk M`cfs gk n`sob n`so b gk ` sjgrtsjgr ttori roso`rcj prgmoct lk wjlcj tjo oxpoct`tlgks `kb oxporlokcos ge X`flst`kl `kb X`flst`kl-@ustr`al`k pladrlis ge tjolr vlslts tg Iocc` `kb Ioblk` `ro cgip`rob (J`q & M`cfsgk >88<).
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Tjlao Tjla o tjo lip`ct lip` ct ge lboktlty lbok tlty pgaltlc pga ltlcss `kb sliuat`k sliu at`kogus ogus oinobbob oino bbobkoss koss lk iuatlpao cuatur`a cgktoxts gk roaldlgslty ls qulto gnvlgusay `k lipgrt`kt lssuo egr Iusalis alvlkd lk tjo Tost, L wguab `rduo tj`t roaldlgslty, sgcl`a lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb soae-lboktlty sjguab no stublob `s lktorroa`tob lssuos lk `aa J`mm roso`rcj le wo wlsj tg ukborst`kb tjo io`klkd ge tjo J`mm egr prosokt-b`y Iusalis. @s S`iual Scjloafo j`s cgkvlkclkday `rduob, lk tjo currokt or` ge lktokslelob dagn`als`tlgk, dagn`als`tlgk, pogpao“s oxporlokcos `ro lkegriob ny v`rlgus cuatur`a blscgursos sliuat`kogusay (Scjloafo >88:). Sucj blscgursos sj`po tjo ‚sokslnlaltlos“, l.o. tjo igr`a `kb `ostjotlc bliokslgks ge tjo oxporlokcos `kb oigtlgks, lk pogpao“s alvos. @asg, wgrabwlbo trokbs ge liprgvob tr`kspgrt`tlgk `kb ocgkgilc clrcuist`kcos tj`t nod`k lk tjo a`to klkotooktj coktury `kb j`vo lkcro`sob lk tjo a`st eow boc`bos j`vo nrgudjt tr`voa wltjlk ro`cj ge ovor igro Iusalis (ce. Doavlk & Drook >802). jls j`s rosuatob lk tjo oiordokco ge kow c`todgrlos ge pladrlis, i`ky ge wjgi i`fo ropotltlvo mgurkoys tg Iocc` r`tjor tj`k poregrilkd tjo J`mm must mus t gkco. gkco . @k `cqu`lkt `cqu `lkt`kco `kco ge ilko lk Slbl Sali`ko, Sali `ko, Igrgccg, Igrgc cg, egr ox`ipao, ox`i pao, w`s geeorob ` J`mm p`cf`do tgur ny jls cgip`ky `s ` ngkus egr gutst`kblkd poregri`kco. @asg, `ccgrblkd tg @nbuaf`bor `ygn, Iocc` ls ` pgpua`r jgkoyiggk bostlk`tlgk egr Sgutj @erlc`k Iusali kowaywobs (`ygn, Xorsgk`a Cgiiuklc`tlgk, >802). Lk sjgrt, ` cort`lk rgutlkls`tlgk `kb cgiigblelc`tlgk ge pladrli`do c`k no gnsorvob. ^ocokt trokbs lk J`mm poregri`kco pglkt tg tjo bovoagpiokt ge egris ge roaldlgslty lk wjlcj lipalclt lbogagdlos ge lkblvlbu`alsi `kb soae-ro`als`tlgk tjrgudj igbork cgksuiorlsi `ro rorgutob tgw`rbs roaldlgus cgksuiptlgk p`ttorks (ce. @zlz >8806 Nultoa``r & S``b >8086 J`okkl >800). Lk tjls rospoct, cgktoipgr`ry pladrli`do tg Iocc` roeaocts ` nrg`bor trokb ge lkcro`sob roaldlgus `kb jorlt`do tgurlsi (ce. St`usnord >8006 ligtjy & Gasok >885). Sucj trokbs, jgwovor, bg kgt dg ukcgktostob. Cgktost`tlgks getok t`fo tjo egri ge igr`a ca`lis cgkcorklkd ‚puro roaldlgk“ vorsus ‚prge`k`tlgk“ ge tjo ‚s`crob“. Burlkd tjo >803 syipgslui tj`t w`s grd`klsob `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok lk roa`tlgk tg tjo J`mm oxjlnltlgk, egr ox`ipao, ` blscusslgk `rgso notwook E`ilao E`ilao @rsa`k, gko ge tjo spo`fors wjg sj`rob jor gwk J`mm oxporlokcos, `kb ` porsgk lk tjo `ublokco. jo a`ttor quostlgkob tjo lkcro`slkd pgpua`rlty `igkd `bgaoscokt Butcj Iusalis ge Igrgcc`k `kb urflsj boscokt tg poregri tjo _ir` `kb J`mm egr wj`t sjo suspoctob woro wrgkd igtlv`tlgks, o.d . st`tus oaov`tlgk r`tjor tj`k ploty. @rsa`k boeokbob tjo pgsltlgk tj`t gtjors `ro kgt lk ` pgsltlgk tg mubdo tjo roaldlgus lktoktlgks ge pladrlis. @asg, ovok lk c`sos wjoro tjo boslro tg dg tg Iocc` ildjt kgt no n`sob oxcauslvoay gk wlsjlkd tg ‚cgipaoto gko“s roaldlgk“ (`s poregrilkd tjls roaldlgus buty ls getok boscrlnob), @rsa`k @rsa `k `ctu`aay `ctu `aay okcgur`d okcg ur`dos os ygukd yguk d Butcj Iusalis Iusali s kgt tg pgstpgk pgs tpgkoo tjo J`mm uktla gab `do. Sjo oxpa`lkob tj`t sjo bgos sg egr twg ro`sgks= elrst ge `aa, tjo J`mm ls vory boi`kblkd, sg ` dggb pjyslc`a cgkbltlgk joaps ` agt. Socgkbay, @rsa`k @rsa `k oipj`sl oip j`slsob sob tj`t tj `t tjo gvorwjoa gvor wjoailkd ilkd oxporl ox porlokco okco ge g e tjo J`mm J`m m wlaa joap j oap ygukd yg ukd
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Iusalis lk tjo Kotjora`kbs roa`to tg tjolr roaldlgus jorlt`do `kb wlaa lksplro tjoi tg bovoagp ` roaldlgus aleostyao. jo vlowpglkts ge ngtj @rsa`k `kb tjo wgi`k lk tjo `ublokco tgucj upgk tjo lipgrt`kco ge Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm lk tjo cgkstructlgk ge roaldlgus lboktlty `igkd Iusalis lk tjo Tost. Ospocl`aay slkco 8036 IcDulro >88:6 Scjloafo & Bonovoc >80>). Cgkcrotoay, tjls lipalos `bbrosslkd tjo egaagwlkd quostlgks= 0) Jgw `ro `splr`tlgks `kb igtlv`tlgks ge Iusalis tg oin`rf upgk pladrli`do gr tg pgstpgko tjo s`crob mgurkoy roa`tob tg gtjor koobs `kb pursults lk tjolr b`lay alvos7 >) Jgw bg pladrlis cg-prgbuco `kb oxporlokco tjo ‚soks`tlgk`a“ pgwor ge tjo J`mm7 Igro spoclelc`aay= Tj`t J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos bg tjoy poregri, `kb jgw bg tjo iokt`a `kb soksgry oxporlokcos `kb eooalkds tjus lkvgfob roeaoct cgkcoptlgks ge roaldlgslty, roaldlgslty, sgcl`a lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb soae-lboktlty7 3) Jgw bg pogpao c`todgrlso tjolr gwk J`mm oxporlokcos `kb tjo pr`ctlcos ge gtjors lk toris ge ‚s`crob/iukb`ko“ `kb ‚Lsa`ilc/kgk-Lsa`ilc“, `kb jgw bg sucj qu`alelc`tlgks roa`to tg tjo iuatlpao sgcl`a `kb porsgk`a pgsltlgks ergi wjlcj tjoy toaa tjolr stgrlos7 Ny lktodr`tlkd ` egcus gk noj`vlgur`a p`r`aaoas tj`t i`y no gnsorvob lk pladrli`do wltj ` egcus gk tjo oinobbobkoss ge pladrli`do lk tjo ovoryb`y sgcl`a wgrab ge pladrlis, tjo `ppalc`tlgk ge tjls sot ge tjroo lktorroa`tob, `k`aytlc`a quostlgks cgktrlnutos tg bovoagplkd kow `vokuos tj`t tr`kscokb tjo cgiiuklt`s-vorsuscgktost`tlgk cgktrgvorsy lk tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do. jo elrst quostlgk rokbors lksldjts lktg tjo w`ys lk wjlcj tjo boslros `kb `inltlgks ge pladrlis
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(`kb kgk-pladrlis) `ro sj`pob ny v`rlgus blscgursos tj`t lkegri tjo ovoryb`y alvos ge Iusalis. jo socgkb quostlgk egcusos gk tjo J`mm `s ` rlto ge p`ss`do `kb `k`aysos lts soks`tlgk`a pgwor tg lkvgfo eooalkds ge cgiiuklt`s `kb tr`ksegri`tlgk. g roturk tg tjo lssuo ge tjo splrltu`a i`dkotlsi ge pladrli`do sltos, ` egcus gk tjo J`mm `s alvob roaldlgk bop`rts ergi tjo vlow tj`t pladrlis tjoisoavos cg-cgkstltuto tjo splrltu`a i`dkotlsi ge tjo v`rlgus sltos wjoro J`mm rltos `ro poregriob ny lkvostlkd lt wltj tjolr gwk oingblob ioigrlos `kb oigtlgks. jo tjlrb quostlgk `bbrossos tjo w`ys lk wjlcj tjoy tjus ost`nalsj paur`alty `kb cro`tlvlty vl` tjo rocgkstltutlgk ge kgri`tlvo cgkcoptlgks ge tjo ‚s`crob“ `kb ‚iukb`ko“ tjrgudj J`mm poregri`kco. g laaustr`to wj`t `k `pprg`cj tg tjo J`mm `s ‚alvob roaldlgk“ ildjt aggf alfo, L wlaa prosokt ` mglkt roso`rcj prgmoct tj`t ^lcj`rb v`k Aoouwok ge tjo _klvorslty ge @istorb`i `kb L (roprosoktlkd tjo _klvorslty ge Drgklkdok) j`vo rocoktay oin`rfob upgk, tj`kfs tg ` roso`rcj dr`kt prgvlbob ny jo Kotjora`kbs Grd`kls`tlgk egr Scloktlelc ^oso`rcj (KTG). Lk tjls prgmoct wo stuby porsgk`a stgrlos `ngut igbork pladrli`do tg Iocc`. Ny `bbrosslkd tjo quostlgks egriua`tob `ngvo, tjo roso`rcj to`i wlaa `k`ayso jgw roeorokcos lk tjoso stgrlos tg roaldlgslty, sgcl`a lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb soae-lboktlty roeaoct tjo w`ys lk wjlcj tjo j`nltus‒tj`t ls , tjo oingblob blspgsltlgks tj`t egri ` i`trlx egr porcoptlgks, `pprocl`tlgks, `pprocl`tlgks, `kb `ctlgks ge k`rr`tgrs ge J`mm stgrlos‒ls lkegriob ny v`rlgus cuatur`a blscgursos sliuat`kogusay. jo prgmoct“s egcus ls gk J`mm `ccgukts prgbucob lk twg crucl`a pj`sos ge igbork tr`ksegri`tlgk. Gko sun-prgmoct stublos Iocc` tr`voagduos wrlttok notwook 0:?8 `kb 0<2?, wjok kow igbork clrcuist`kcos `kb Iusali roegrilst tjgudjt cj`kdob tjo pr`ctlco `kb oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm. U`k Aoouwok“s cgktrlnutlgk tg tjls vgauio `ngut tjo J`mm `ccgukt ge ^`sjlb ^lb` ls ` proalilk`ry rosuat ge tjls sun-prgmoct. Lksldjts lktg tjo lip`ct ge tjo cj`kdos tj`t gccurrob burlkd tjls o`ray igbork or` wlaa joap tg cgktoxtu`also J`mm trokbs lk tgb`y“s pj`so ge Lsa`ilc rovlv`alsi `kb pga`rls`tlgk ge tjo bon`to `ngut tjo cgip`tlnlalty ge porcolvob Lsa`ilc `kb Tostork v`auos. g stuby prosokt-b`y J`mm stgrlos, ` socgkb otjkgdr`pjlc sun-prgmoct lkvostld`tos tjo sgclg-cuatur`a oinobbobkoss ge tjo J`mm lk cgktoipgr`ry Igrgccg, wjlao ` tjlrb ox`ilkos jgw J`mm `ccgukts ge Igrgcc`k-Butcj pladrlis roeaoct tr`ks-agc`a soksos ge noagkdlkd. Sliuat`kogusay, tjo _klvorslty ge Drgklkdok ls prop`rlkd ` J`mm prgmoct lk Lkbgkosl` tg stuby jgw Lkbgkosl`k vlows gk tjo J`mm `ro kodgtl`tob lk ovoryb`y sgcl`a roa`tlgks `kb ilcrg-pr`ctlcos. Lk `bbltlgk tg tjo dokor`a roso`rcj quostlgks tjls prgmoct sj`ros wltj tjo KTG prgmoct, gko sun-prgmoct wlaa stuby jgw pr`ctlcos `kb stgrlos `ngut tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc` `ro roa`tob tg agc`a pladrli`do `ctlvltlos gk Coktr`a M`v`, sucj `s vlsltlkd tjo Soi`r C`vo `kb tjo w`al s`kd` , gr ‚klko s`lkts“, wjg nrgudjt Lsa`i tg tjo lsa`kb. @ socgkb sunprgmoct wlaa cgip`ro tjo J`mm stgrlos borlvob ergi lktorvlows wltj grblk`ry pladrlis wltj J`mm tr`voagduos tr`voagduos wrlttok ny woaa-fkgwk Lkbgkosl`k pgaltlcl`ks pgaltlcl`ks `kb
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coaonrltlos ( o.d. egrior Xroslbokt Suj`rtg). Egr tjo tjlrb sun-prgmoct, ` roso`rcjor wlaa mglk ` drgup ge pladrlis oin`rflkd gk tjo _ir` tg stuby tjo `ctlvltlos lk wjlcj tjoy okd`do lk prop`r`tlgk egr, burlkd, `kb `etor tjo pladrli`do. Lksplrob ny IcAgudjalk“s stuby gk tjo J`mm nuslkoss lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi, ` egurtj sun-prgmoct wlaa stuby tjo grd`kls`tlgk `kb pr`ctlcos ge (st`to-grd`klsob) (st`to-grd`klsob) Lkbgkosl`k tr`voa `dokclos tj`t geeor J`mm `kb _ir` tgur p`cf`dos `s woaa `s tjo v`rlgus typos ge cgksuiors tg wjgi tjoy c`tor. @ eletj sunprgmoct wlaa stuby tjo jlstgrlc`a rgao ge Lkbgkosl`-n`sob J`bjr`il @r`ns lk tjo grd`kls`tlgk ge tjo J`mm. Lk Cgkcauslgk
Lk tjo elrst soctlgk ge tjls cj`ptor, L boigkstr`tob tj`t i`ky ge tjo cj`r`cto rlstlcs ge ` rlto ge p`ss`do `ro ovlbokcob lk tjo J`mm, sucj `s roeorokcos tg alilk`alty, cgiiuklt`s, `kb tjo tr`ksegri`tlgk tjrgudj syingalc bo`tj `kb ronlrtj ny io`ks ge wjlcj pladrlis `cqulro ` kow sgcl`a `kb roaldlgus pgsltlgk. Jgwovor, tjo gvorvlow ge J`mm stublos prgvlbob lk tjo socgkb soctlgk laaustr`tob tj`t tjo io`klkds `kb structur`a e`ilay rosoina`kcos tj`t tjo J`mm sj`ros wltj gtjor flkbs ge roaldlgus tr`voa c`kkgt no lktorprotob oxcauslvoay lk toris ge lktrlkslc io`klkds ge tjo lkstltutlgk ge pladrli`do. ^`tjor, tjoso stublos laaustr`to tj`t spoclelc lkst`kcos ge J`mm poregri`kcos iust no ukborstggb wltjlk tjolr wlbor jlstgrlc`a `kb cuatur`a cgktoxts, o`cj ge tjoi tostleylkd tg tjo J`mm `s ` cj`kdlkd tr`bltlgk. Cgkcrotoay, L j`vo pglktob tg ` drgwlkd trokb ge rgutlkls`tlgk `kb cgiigblelc`tlgk ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo oiordokco ge kow c`todgrlos ge pladrlis `s ` rosuat ge liprgvob tr`kspgrt`tlgk `kb ocgkgilc clrcuist`kcos. clrcuist`kcos. X`rtlcua`ray lk tjo prosokt or` ge lktokslelob dagn`als`tlgk, tjo aleo wgrabs ge Iusalis `ro lkegriob ny v`rlgus cuatur`a blscgursos tj`t `eeoct tjo igr`a `kb `ostjotlc bliokslgks ge tjolr boslros `kb oxporlokcos. joroegro, tjo ‚splrltu`a i`dkotlsi“ ge Iocc` c`k t`fo gk bleeorokt io`klkds egr bleeorokt c`todgrlos ge Iusalis `kb ovok egr bleeorokt lkblvlbu`a Iusalis burlkd bleeorokt st`dos ge tjolr alvos. @asg, ` v`rloty ge cgkcoptlgks ge ‚s`crob“ `kb ‚iukb`ko“ `spocts ge tjo J`mm i`y no cgkstltutob, naurrob, `kb cgktostob lk cgkcroto pladrli`do pr`ctlcos. Lk grbor tg stuby tjo porsgk`a J`mm oxporlokcos ge prosokt-b`y Iusalis, L prgpgsob lk tjo a`st p`rt ge tjls cj`ptor `k `pprg`cj tg J`mm roso`rcj tj`t lktodr`tos tjo stuby ge roaldlgus styaos, sgcl`a lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb cgkcoptlgks ge soae. jo gvor`aa `li ge tjls `pprg`cj ls tg bgcuiokt igbork `rtlcua`tlgks ge pladrli`do tg Iocc`. Tltjlk tjo eloab ge Lsa`i stublos, tjls `pprg`cj wlaa cgktrlnuto tg tjo prgbuctlgk ge `ktjrgpgagdlc`a lksldjts lktg tjo byk`ilcs ge Lsa`i `s ` alvlkd tr`bltlgk. jo cgktrlnutlgk tg tjo eloab ge pladrli`do stublos ls oqu`aay lipgrt`kt6 noc`uso ge tjo ko`r-uklquo cgipuasgry cj`r`ctor ge tjo J`mm, tjls `pprg`cj wlaa sjob aldjt gk tjo e`ilay rosoina`kcos `igkd bleeorokt
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lkst`kcos ge pladrli`do `kb gk tjo p`rtlcua`rltlos ge tjo J`mm `s ` cgro rltu`a pr`ctlco lk tjo Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgk. Nlnalgdr`pjy
@zlz, @zl z, J. (>880), (>880 ), ‚jo ‚ jo mgurkoy= mgur koy= `k gvorvlow gvor vlow ge tgurlsi tgur lsi `kb tr`voa tr`v oa lk tjo @r`n Lsa`ilc cgktoxt“, lk B. J`rrlsgk (ob.), gurlsi `kb tjo aoss bovoagpob wgrab= Lssuos `kb c`so stublos , 0?0-0?<. T`aalkdegrb= ����. N`bgko, O. & S. ^gsoi`k (obs.) (>882), Lktorsoctlkd mgurkoys. jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do `kb tgurlsi . _rn`k`/Cjlc`dg= _klvorslty ge Laalkgls Xross. Nl`kcjl, ^. (>882), Duosts ge Dgb. Xladrli`do `kb pgaltlcs lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab . Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. Nl`kcjl, ^. (egrtjcgilkd lk >802), ‚jo J`mm lk ovoryb`y aleo“, lk B. Ngwok, O. O`ray & N. Scjuatjlos (obs.), Ovoryb`y aleo lk tjo Iusali Ilbbao O`st , 30<3>:. 3rb Obltlgk. Naggilkdtgk= Lkbl`k` _klvorslty Xross. Nultoa``r, I. & K. S``b (>808), ‚^`i`b`k lk cgktoipgr`ry C`lrg. Cgksuiptlgk lk tjo k`io ge ploty `kb `utjoktlclty“, ^ocgkstructlgk. Stublos lk cgktoipgr`ry cuaturo, Spocl`a lssuo gk roaldlgk `kb cuaturo 08 (0). LSSK= 0?24-232: 0?24-232: jttp=//rocgkstructlgk.osorvor jttp=//rocgkstructlgk.osorvor.grd/Lssuos/08 .grd/Lssuos/080/cgktokts080 0/cgktokts080.sjtia .sjtia C`ipg, M. (0<<0), ‚jo Iocc` pladrli`do lk tjo egri`tlgk ge Lsa`i lk igbork Odypt“, lk M. Scgtt & X. Slipsgk-Jgusaoy (obs.), S`crob pa`cos `kb prge`ko sp`cos , 02?-050. Kow \grf= Drookwggb Xross. Cgaoi`k, S. (>88>), ‚Bg ygu noalovo lk pladrli`do7 Cgiiuklt`s, cgktost`tlgk `kb noygkb“, @ktjrgpgagdlc`a jogry >(3)= >(3)= 3??-35:. Cgaoi`k, S. & M. Oaskor (obs.) (0<882), ^oer`ilkd pladrli`do= Cuaturos lk igtlgk . Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Cgaalks, K. & M. Iurpjy (>808), ‚jo J`mm . @k laaustr`tlgk ge 358-bodroo `utjoktlclty“, gurlsi lk tjo Iusali wgrab. Nrlbdlkd tgurlsi tjogry `kb pr`ctlco pr`ct lco >= >= 3>0-338. Cggpor, N. (0<<<), ‚jo Strokdtj lk tjo sgkd= Iusali porsgkjggb, `ublnao c`plt`a, `kb J`us` wgiok“s poregri`kco ge tjo J`mm“, Sgcl`a oxt 04 (3)= :4-08<. Boa`koy, C. (0<<<), ‚jo J`mm = S`crob `kb socua`r“, @iorlc`k @iorl c`k Otjkgagd Otjk gagdlst lst 04 04 (3)= ?03-?38.
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Bunlscj, M. (0<Y 0), jo Oaoiokt`ry egris ge roaldlgus aleo , ob. `kb tr`ks. F. Eloabs. Kow \grf= jo Eroo Xross. O`bo, M. (>888), ‚Lktrgbuctlgk tg tjo Laalkgls p`porn`cf“, lk= M. O`bo & I. S`aakgw (obs.), Cgktostlkd tjo s`crob= jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Cjrlstl`k pladrli`do (>kb ob.), lx-xxx. _rn`k`= _klvorslty ge Laalkgls Xross. O`bo, M. & I. S`aakgw (0<<0), ‚Lktrgbuctlgk ‚Lktrgbuctlgk “, lk M. O`bo & I. S`aakgw (obs.), Cgktostlkd tjo s`crob= jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Cjrlstl`k pladrli`do , 0->3. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Olcfoai`k, B. & M. Xlsc`tgrl (obs.) (0<<8), Iusali Iusal i tr`voaaor tr`vo aaors=s= Xladrli` Xlad rli`do, do, ildr`tlgk, `kb tjo roaldlgus li`dlk`tlgk. Norfoaoy= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. Elscjor, I. & I. @nobl (0<<8), Bon`tlkd Iusalis. Cuatur`a bl`agduos lk pgstigbo pgst igborkl rklty ty `kb tr`bltlgk tr`bl tlgk.. I`blsgk= _klvorslty ge Tlscgkslk Xross. Ea`sforub, L. (>802), ‚Xladrli`do `kb tjo eagw ge `rtle`cts notwook Sjl` sjrlkos `kb agc`a cgiiukltlos= r`ksilttlkd `kb clrcua`tlkd s`lktay naosslkd“, Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge r`kscuat r`ksc uatur`a ur`a Stublos Stubl os . jttp=//fmc-sv885.fmc.ukl-jolboanord.bo/ vlsu`apladrli/oss`y-bot`la.pjp7olb90> Egx, M. (0<:<), ‚]l`r`j vlslts tg tjo tgins ge tjo w`al, tjo egukbors ge Lsa`i lk M`v`“, lk I. ^lcfaoes (ob.), Lsa`i lk tjo Lkbgkosl`k sgcl`a cgktoxt , 0<-35. Ca`ytgk, Ulctgrl`= Igk`sj _klvorslty Xross. Doavlk, M. & K. Drook (obs.) (>802), Dagn`a Iusalis lk tjo `do ge sto`i `kb prlkt prlk t . Norfoaoy= C`alegrkl` _klvorslty Xross. J`okkl, X. (>800), ‚A` cgksgii`tlgk k“` p`s b“gbour…Puoaquos rìeaoxlgks sur ao roaldloux ok cuaturo bo i`sso“, Sgcl`a Cgip`ss ?: ?: (3)= 305-3>>. J`q, E. & M. M`cfsgk (>88<), ‚Splrltu`a mgurkoy tg J`mm = @ustr`al`k `kb X`flst`kl oxporlokco `kb oxpoct`tlgks“, Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge g e I`k`do I`k `doiokt iokt,, Splrltu Spl rltu`alt `altyy & ^oald ^ oaldlgk lgk 5 (>)= 020-0?5. Jokborsgk, M. (>800), ‚^oaldlgus tgurlsi `kb lts i`k`doiokt= jo J`mm lk S`ubl @r`nl`“, Lktork`tlgk`a Mgurk`a ge gurlsi ^oso`rcj 03= ?20-??>. Jorifoks, @.F., T. M`ksok & C. Kgtori`ks (obs.) (>88<), Igvob ny I`ry. I` ry. jo pgwor ge plad p ladrli` rli`do do lk tjo igbork igbo rk wgrab . Agkbgk= @sjd`to. Jykbi`k-^lzf, K. (ob.) (>80>), Xladrli`do lk tjo `do ge dagn`als`tlgk= Cgkstructlgks ge tjo s`crob `kb socua`r lk a`to igborklty . C`inrlbdo= C`inrlbdo Scjga`rs Xunalsjlkd.
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Fokky, O. (>884), ‚Dletlkd Iocc`= Lipgrtlkd splrltu`a c`plt`a tg Tost @erlc`“, Ignlaltlo Ignla ltlos s > > (3)= 353-3:0. I`frls, D.X. (>884), Lsa`i lk tjo Ilbbao O`st. @ alvlkd tr`bltlgk . I`abok, I@= Na`cfwoaa Xunalsjlkd. I`acgai Z (0<43), jo `utgnlgdr`pjy ge I`acgai Z , Kow \grf= N`aa`ktlko Nggfs. IcDulro, I. (>88:), Alvob roaldlgk. E`ltj `kb pr`ctlco lk ovoryb`y aleo . Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. IcAgudjalk, S. (>88<`), ‚Jgay pa`cos, cgktostob sp`cos= Nrltlsj-X`flst`kl `ccgukts ge pladrli`do tg I`ff`j `kb I`blk`j“, lk ^. D`ao & X. Jgpflks (obs.), Iusalis Iusal is lk Nrlt`lk Nrlt `lk== Lboktlt Lbok tltlos los,, pa`cos pa`c os `kb a`kbsc a`k bsc`pos `pos , 03>-02<. Oblknurdj= Oblknurdj _klvorslty Xross. IcAgudjalk, S. (>88
33->5?. F`r`cjl/ Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. IcAgudjalk, S. (>808), ‚Iusali tr`voaaors= Jgilkd boslro, tjo _ii` `kb Nrltlsj-X`flst`kls“, lk F. Fkgtt & S. IcAgudjalk (obs.), Bl`spgr`s= Cgkcopts, lboktltlos, lktorsoctlgks , >>3->><. Agkbgk= ]ob Nggfs. IcAgudjalk, S. (>803), ‚Grd`klzlkd J`mm-dglkd ergi cgktoipgr`ry Nrlt`lk. @ cj`kdlkd lkbustry, pladrli i`rfots `kb tjo pgaltlcs ge rocgdkltlgk“, lk U. Xgrtor & Al`k` S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , >20->?>. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Iorklssl, E. (0<44), ‚Tgiok, s`lkts `kb s`kctu`rlos“, Sldks 3(0)= 3(0)= 080-00>. Igas, A. (>803), Uora`kdok k``r Ioff`. Bo j`bm lk jgkborb vggrworpok. Aolbok= ^lmfsiusoui Ugafokfukbo. Xgrtor, U. (>80>), J`mm. Mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsa`i . Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xrostgk, M. (0<<>), ‚Splrltu`a i`dkotlsi= @k grd`klzlkd prlkclpao egr tjo stuby ge pladrli`do“, lk @. Igrlkls (ob.), S`crob mgurkoys. jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli` plad rli`do do , 30-25. Tostpgrt, C= Drookwggb Xross. ^gee, T. T. (0<808), X`rls-A` Iocquo. Sgclgagdlo bu pêaorlk`do . X`rls= Xrossos _klvorslt`lros bo Er`kco.
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S`aakgw, I. (0<:0), ‚Cgiiuklt`s rocgkslborob= jo sgclgagdy ge @kbo`k pladrli`do“, I`k KS 05 05 (>)= 053-0:>. S`aakgw, I. (0<:<), Xladrlis ge tjo @kbos. ^odlgk`a cuats lk Cuscg . T`sjlkdtgk BC= Siltjsgkl`k Lkstltuto Xross. Scjloafo, S. (>88:), ‚Ngrobgi `kb bosp`lr lk rur`a Odypt“, Cgktoipgr`ry Cgktoipgr`ry Lsa`i, > (3)= >?0->48. Scjloafo, S. & A. Bonovoc (>80>), ‚Lktrgbuctlgk“, lk S. Scjloafo & A. Bonovoc (obs.), Grblk`ry alvos `kb dr`kb scjoios. @k `ktjrgpgagd y ge ovoryb`y roaldlgk , 0-05. Gxegrb= Nordj`jk. Scuplk, ^. (0<:>), ‚jo Sgcl`a sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mm egr egr j`l Iusalis“, jo Iusali Iusal i Tgrab Tgrab 4>= >?-33. St`usnord, I. (>800), ^oaldlgk `kb tgurlsi. Crgssrg`bs, bostlk`tlgks `kb okcguktors . Agkbgk/Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo. `ppor, K. (0<<8), ‚]ly`rot= Dokbor, igvoiokt `kb oxcj`kdo lk ` urflsj cgiiuklty“, lk B. Olcfoai`k & M. Xlsc`tgrl (obs.), Iusali Iusal i tr`voaaor tr`vo aaors=s= Xladrli`do, ildr`tlgk, `kb tjo roaldlgus li`dlk`tlgk, >35->?? . Norfoaoy= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. j`yor, M. (0<<>), ‚Xladrli`do `kb lts lkeauokco gk Tost @erlc`k Lsa`i“, lk @. Igrlkls (ob.), S`crob mgurkoys. jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do , 05<-0:4. Tostp Tostpgrt, grt, Cgkkoctl Cgkk octlcut/ cut/Agkb Agkbgk= gk= Drookwggb Drookw ggb Xross. ligtjy, ligtjy, B. & . . Lvorsgk (>885), ( >885), ‚gurlsi `kb Lsa`i. Cgkslbor`tlgks Cgkslbor`tl gks ge cuaturo c uaturo `kb buty“, lk B. ligtjy & B. Gasok (obs.), gurlsi, roaldlgk `kb splrltu`a mgurkoy mgur koys s , 0:5->8?. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. ligtjy, B. & B. Gasok (obs.) (>885), gurlsi, roaldlgk `kb splrltu`a mgurkoys . Agkbgk/ Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo. urkor, U. (0<5<), jo rltu`a prgcoss. Structuro `kb `ktl-structuro . Ltj`c`/Kow \grf= \grf= Cgrkoaa Cgrk oaa _klvorslty _klvor slty Xross. urkor, U. (0<42), Br`i`s, eloabs, `kb iot`pjgrs. Syingalc `ctlgk lk jui`k sgcloty . Ltj`c`/Kow \grf= Cgrkoaa _klvorslty Xross. urkor, U. & O. urkor (0<5:), Li`do `kb pladrli`do lk Cjrlstl`k cuaturo. @ktjrgpga @ktj rgpgagdl gdlc`a c`a porspoc pors poctlvo tlvos s . Kow \grf= Cgauinl` _klvorslty Xross. U`k Dokkop, @. (0<58 V0<8
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Tornkor, X. X. (>880), (>880 ), ‚Iurlbs ‚Iurlb s ge tjo s`lkts= s`lk ts= Gccup`tl Gccu p`tlgk`a gk`a dulabs dula bs `kb roboiptlv roboi ptlvoo sgcl`alty“, lk @. S`av`tgro (ob.), Iusali Iusal i tr`bltlgk tr`bl tlgkss `kb igbork igbo rk tocjkl toc jklquo quoss ge pgwor. \o`rnggf o`r nggf ge tjo tj o sgclgagd sgcl gagd y ge Lsa`i 3= >5?->:<. Kow Kow Nrukswlcf/Agkbgk= Nrukswlcf /Agkbgk= Alt Uora`d/r`ks`ctlg ora`d/r`ks`ctlgk. k. Tornkor, X. (>88>), (>88> ), Li`dlkob bl`spgr`s `igkd I`kcjostor Iusalis . S`kt` Eo, KI= Scjgga ge @iorlc`k ^oso`rcj Xross. Tornkor, X. X. (>883), Xladrlis ge agvo. jo `ktjrgpgagdy `ktjrgpgagdy ge ` dagn`a suel cuat . Agkbgk= Jurst. Tornkor, ^. (0<:<), (0<:< ), ^ltu`a p`ss`do, s`crob mgurkoy= Egri, prgcoss `kb grd`klz`tlgk ge roaldlgus igvoiokt. I`kcjostor= I`kcjostor _klvorslty Xross. \`in`, N. (0<
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Xklk` Tornkor Egr Iusalis tjo J`mm, tjo dagn`a pladrli`do ge Iusalis tg Iocc`, ls tjo uatli`to pro-toxt egr `aa gtjor Lsa`ilc pladrli`dos. pladrli`dos. @s `k `kclokt rltu`a, tjo J`mm ls jldjay oa`ngr`to ngtj syingalc`aay `kb cgsigagdlc`aay, borlvlkd lts `utjgrlty `kb tr`ksegri`tlvo pgwor ergi s`crob Lsa`ilc toxts `kb tr`bltlgks tj`t j`vo nook lktrlc`tob lk rltu`a pr`ctlco. Gtjor pladrli`dos, sucj `s tjgso tg Iusali s`lkts“ sjrlkos lk Sgutj @sl` (fkgwk `s zly`r` ), `ro getok igboaaob gk tjo J`mm `kb, alfo lt, getok cro`to ro`ais ge `ktl/cguktor-structuro tjrgudj rltu`a igvoiokt. Sgio ge tjo igro `kclokt ge tjoso s`lkts“ sjrlkos j`vo nocgio tjo sltos ge jldjay oa`ngr`to `kku`a rltu`as. jo prosokt cj`ptor elrst cgkslbors tjo J`mm `s ` rltu`a ge purlelc`tlgk, s`crob oxcj`kdo, `kb dokbor, noegro igvlkd gk tg blscuss pladrli`do tg s`lkts“ sjrlkos, fkgwk ny sgio pladrlis tg tjoso sjrlkos `s ` ‚alttao j`mm“. Nrg`bay spo`flkd, pladrli`dos dokor`to igvoiokts ge oxgrclsi `kb purlelc`tlgk, gk tjo gko j`kb, `kb cgkkoctlgks notwook blst`kt pa`cos tjrgudj s`crob oxcj`kdos, gk tjo gtjor (^. Tornkor 0<:<6 Tornkor & N`su 0<<:). jo w`tors ge tjo D`kdos (Dgab 0<::) gr ge tjo ]`iz`i (tjo sprlkd lk Iocc`), tjo o`rtj ge Iw`al lk Sgutj-Coktr`a @erlc` gr ge F`rn`a` lk igbork-b`y Lr`q, dgwks, `iuaots, `kb gtjor `ccgutroiokts `aa cryst`aalso oingblob cgkkoctlgks notwook ` s`crob coktro `kb lts oxtokbob porlpjorlos, sgiotlios ovok ao`blkd tg ` tr`bo lk ‚cj`rlsi`tlc `iuaots“ (`inl`j 0<:2= 084 ). jo cgkkoctlgk ls iotgkyilc `s woaa `s iot`pjgrlc. Lkboob, tjo wjgao stuby ge rltu`a oingbliokt, `kb ge cj`rlsi` `s s`crob oingbliokt, kocoss`rlay jlkdos gk `k ukborst`kblkd ge syingalc igvoiokt `s oeeoctlkd ngtj ` iotgkyilc `kb iot`pjgrlc tr`ksegri`tlgk. Io`klkd ls sunst`ktlvoay lkscrlnob ny cro`tlkd cgktldultlos `kb cgkkoctlgks, wjlao lkscrlptlgk ls rokborob io`klkdeua. Rjo J`mm `s ` ^ltu`a tj`t ^ovorsos Rlio Rlio
Iy roso`rcj gk tjo J`mm w`s cgkbuctob lk I`kcjostor, Okda`kb burlkd tjo a`to 0<<8s tjrgudj blscusslgks wltj roturklkd X`flst`kl j`mml s sottaob lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi, wjg, lk toaalkd io ge tjolr mgurkoy lk ilkuto bot`la, roalvob tjo
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oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm wjlao roeaoctlkd, `t iy roquost, gk lts sldklelc`kco. X`rt ge tjo s`io rltu`a pladrli`do, poregriob gutslbo tjo J`mm igktj, ls fkgwk `s _ir`. @ foy pglkt pgl kt L i`fo lk tjls cj`ptor, cj`p tor, usu`aay usu` aay ldkgrob ldkg rob lk blscussl blsc usslgks gks ge tjo J`mm `kb ge Lsa`i igro dokor`aay, ls tj`t tjo J`mm pladrli`do rltu`a, porj`ps tjo igst lipgrt`kt cgiiuk`a rltu`a lk Lsa`i, ls `s iucj egcusob gk ` wgi`k `s gk ` i`k. jls ls surprlslkd le wo `ccopt tjo usu`a storogtypo tj`t Lsa`i ls ` p`trl`rcj`a roaldlgk lk wjlcj wgiok j`vo socgkb-ca`ss st`tus (tj`t ls, tjoy `ro rod`rbob `s lkeorlgr tg iok). Lk tjo J`mm, iok lboktley wltj ` wgi`k `kb jor sueeorlkd, must `s wgiok lboktley wltj iok. L wlaa roturk tg tjls tjoio a`tor. Elrst, jgwovor, L w`kt tg cgkslbor tjo tr`ksegri`tlgks lk sunmoctlvlty `kb porsgkjggb tjo J`mm oeeocts. jo `ktjrgpgagdlst Ulctgr urkor lktrgbucob tjo kgtlgks ge ‚`ktl-structuro“ `kb ‚cgiiuklt`s“ tg pgworeuaay c`pturo `k lipgrt`kt bliokslgk ge tjo pladrli`do rltu`a oxporlokco (0<42= 055->38). @t tjo s`io tlio, jo dagssob gvor tjo e`ct tj`t pladrli`do ls lk ltsoae ` jldjay structurob structurob prgcoss ge iotgkyilc ( l.o. sunst`ktlvo) sunst`ktlvo) `kb kgt must iot`pjgrlc tr`ksegri`tlgk. jo vlow L w`kt tg prgpgso joro ls tj`t pladrli`do lk dokor`a, lkcaublkd tjo J`mm, ls ` rltu`a poregri`kco ngtj ge ‚`ktl-structuro“ lk tjo sokso io`kt ny urkor‒tj`t ls, `k gvorturklkd `kb rovors`a ge ovoryb`y aleo `kb ovoryb`y blvlslgks‒`kb ‚cguktor-structuro“. jo cguktor-structur`a eo`turos ge pladrli`do roeor tg tjo e`ct tj`t pladrlis oxpoct tg ukbordg kgt gkay ` splrltu`a rokow`a, nut ` rokow`a ge porsgkjggb tjrgudj cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob `kb ` rokow`a ge cgiiuklty tjrgudj tjo no`rlkd ge tj`t wjlcj j`s nook lk cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob jgio, lktg tjo structurob iukb`ko wgrab. joso tr`ksegri`tlgks tr`ksegri`tlgks ge porsgkjggb `kb jgio getok roqulro ` jldjay structurob `kb oa`ngr`to sorlos ge syingalc `cts. Sgio ge tjoso `cts i`y no lk tjo egri ge tr`ks`ctlgks wltj rltu`aay bosldk`tob bosldk`tob porsgks6 gtjors cgkslst ge clrcui`inua`tlkd, rukklkd, tjrgwlkd stgkos, tgucjlkd, saooplkd lk tjo gpok `lr, `kb sg egrtj. Sook `s s`crob mgurkoys, tjo rltu`a cguktor-structuro ge tjo J`mm `kb _ir` cycao ge rltos `cjlovo tjo boslrob syingalc tr`ksegri`tlgk lk tjo porsgk ge tjo pladrli tjrgudj ` sorlos ge sldklelc`kt `atork`tlgks `kb rovors`as lk tlio . jo igvo ls ergi tjo prosokt tg tjo p`st. St`rtlkd ergi Ilk`, tjo pa`co ge @nr`j`ilc @nr`j `ilc s`crlel s`cr lelco, co, gk tjo oldjtj oldj tj b`y ge tjo igktj igkt j ge J`mm, J`mm , tjo pladrlis plad rlis `ro igvob n`cf lk lk tlio gk tjo klktj b`y `t tjo v`aaoy ge @r`e`t, wjlcj syingalsos ngtj tjo nodlkklkd `kb okb ge tlio. jus L w`s tgab ny ` Suff Suff P`blrl vlcodorokt, gr fj`ale`, lk I`kcjostor= I`kcjos tor= ‚T ‚ To noalovo tj`t wjok @b`i `kb J`v` J`v` VOvoY woro sokt bgwk tg o`rtj tjoy iot tgdotjor ko`r tjo F`“n` `t tjo Igukt`lk ge Iorcy `t @r`e`t“. @r`e` t“. @kgtjor @kg tjor roturk ro turklkd lkd pladrli plad rli tjgudjt tjgu djt tj`t @b`i @b `i `kb Ovo worok“t sokt bgwk tgdotjor. @b`i w`s sokt tg @r`e`t6 Ovo w`s sokt tg `kgtjor pa`co. Sg tjoy iot `t @r`e`t. @r`e` t. jls w`s tjo pa`co pa `co wjoro @b`i @b `i `sfob egr e gr egrdlvokoss egrdlvokos s `etor jo j o w`s toiptob toipt ob ny tjo bovla `kb `to ergi tjo egrnlbbok erult lk X`r`blso.
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Nut @r`e`t ls `asg, `s sovor`a pladrlis tgab io, tjo t jo pa`co ge tjo b`y ge mubdoiokt, mubdoi okt, gr tjo okb ge tlio. jo P`blrl fj`ale` cgktlkuob= ‚Xogpao dg tg @r`e`t noc`uso Iuj`ii`b wokt tjoro VroioinorlkdY @r`e`t. Gk tjo b`y ge mubdoiokt `aa tjo pogpao wlaa d`tjor tjoro. @aa tjo pogpao wlaa rlso ergi tjolr dr`vos `kb ruk tgw`rbs tgw`rbs @r`e`t gk tjo b`y b `y ge mubdoiokt“. Sjo wokt gk tg oxpa`lk tjo alkf al kf notwook @b`i `kb `k b Ovo `kb tjo jgay F`“n`, F`“n`, wjlc wj lcjj w`s w` s ronulat, ronula t, `ccgrblkd `ccg rblkd tg tr`bl t r`bltlgk tlgk,, ny @nr`j`i @nr`j `i `kb jls sgk Lsji`o Ls ji`oaa `etor `eto r tjo nlkbl n lkblkd kd ge tjo t jo sgk= sg k= Noegro Lnr`jli `kb Lsi`“la tjoro w`s must bosort tjoro V`t Iocc`Y, kg stgkos gr nrlcfs. jok wo noalovo tj`t `etor tjoy iot wltj o`cj gtjor `kb, nolkd egrdlvok ny `aildjty Dgb, tjoy koobob ` pa`co ge wgrsjlp gk o`rtj. @aildjty Dgb j`b `ppglktob tjo `kdoa, Mlnrla, Mlnrl a, tg nulab nu lab ` pa`co pa `co egr @b`i `kb Ovo tg wgrsjlp. wgrsjlp . @kb @ kb jo c`io bgwk wltj jls `kdoas `kb nulat ` pa`co ge wgrsjlp egr tjoi `kb tjolr boscokb`kts. joro w`s ` jguso tjoro nut tjo sgcloty w`s kgt `s tgb`y‒tjo pogpao woro stlaa alvlkd lk c`vos. jo jguso w`s boigalsjob burlkd tjo stgri ge Kg`j Vtjo eaggbY tg tjo drgukb. Nut stlaa lts egukb`tlgk w`s tjoro. Tjok tjo Xrgpjot Lnr`jli `kb Lsi`“la, jls sgk, c`io tjoro ergi Odypt, tjoy rocolvob ` rovoa`tlgk tg nulab up tjls jguso `d`lk. jo Xrgpjot Lnr`jli `d`lk pr`yob tg `aildjty Dgb tg dulbo jli tg tjo pa`co wjoro jo sjguab nulab tjo jguso. Dgb lkstructob Mlnrla tg put ` cagub upgk tj`t pa`co `kb rovo`aob tg Lnr`jli tg bld `rgukb tjo sj`bgw ge tjo cagub. @kb wjok wjo k tjo Xrgpjot Xrg pjot Lnr`jli Lnr` jli `kb ` kb Lsi`“la Ls i`“la woro blddlkd bld dlkd rgukb tjo cgrkor ge tjo cagub tjoy woro `i`zob tg elkb tjo egukb`tlgk `aro`by a`lb bgwk ukborko`tj. joy stgppob blddlkd `kb r`lsob tjo jguso tjoro. jo fj`ale` cgktlkuob= To To noalovo noal ovo tj`t tj `t tjo wjgao J`mm ls Suelsi‒s Suel si‒slipa lipalclt lcltyy …ukbor …ukb or tjo jo`vok‒tgt`a sunilsslgk. L wokt tg pr`ctlso Suelsi tjoro V`t tjo v`aaoy ge @r`e`tY ovok tjgudj tjo jo`t w`s qulto lktgaor`nao. lk tgaor`nao. jo suk nurks tjo slks. jo suk ls alfo w`tor= ngtj nrlkd purlelc`tlgk. Gvor tjoro ygu bgk“t e`st. Xogpao bg o`t, nut vory alttao. Tjy T jy ls tjo tj o kldjt sg pgworeua7 pgworeua7 @t kldjt Vlk tjo tj o v`aaoy ge Iuzb`ale` wjoro tjo pladrlis dg lk tjo ovoklkd `etor @r`e`tY lt ls qulot, tjoro `ro kg blstr`ctlgks. \gu \gu bg roioinor roioi nor ygur cjlabro cjl abrokk `kb e`ilay nut kg gtjor gt jor agv a gvoo oxcopt oxcop t tjo agvo ge Dgb `kb Jls Xrgpjot. K`tur`aay, gk J`mm tjo `ttoktlgk ls gkay gk Dgb `kb tjo Xrgpjot, kg gko oaso. Tjok wo `rrlvo `t Ilk` wo stlaa stla a c`rry c`rr y tjo nurbok ge tjo clty. clty. To poregri elvo pr`yors `t Ilk` (gvor tjo wjgao b`y). Burlkd ilbb`y `t Ilk` wo elrst oxporlokco oxporlokco trgunao, trgunao, bleelcuatlos, ` kb j`rbsjlp, j`rbsjlp, nut wo“ro stlaa kgt vory oxj`ustob6 wo stlaa j`vo Vpjyslc`aY roslst`kco.
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jok wo poregri tjo koxt pr`yor `kb tjo koxt pr`yor. To wo`r gkay twg sjoots `kb rg`i `aigst n`roeggt (wo wo`r runnor s`kb`as). jo koxt b`y wo igvo tg @r`e`t. jls ls tjo igst lipgrt`kt b`y `kb ` tost ge g e gko“s e`ltj noc`uso noc`u so kgw ygu ygu `ro alvlkd oktlroay wltjgut wltjg ut ` rgge gvor ygur jo`b, eggb, gr `ky e`claltlos. jls ls `d`lk Suelsi, noc`uso kgw ` porsgk“s splrlt ls eroo ergi erg i `aa tjo blrt ge g e i`torl`alsi. i`tor l`alsi. jo sgua ls nocgilkd igro `kb igro pgworeua noc`uso gvor tjoro pogpao pr`y. joy c`kkgt cut tjolr k`las gr trli tjolr j`lr gr tjolr no`rbs. joy c`kkgt i`fo `ky pjyslc`a cj`kdos lk tjoisoavos. Must `s wjok tjoy woro ngrk `kb tjolr kurso put tjoi lktg sjoots, `kb wjok tjoy dg tg tjolr dr`vos tjoy wlaa dg lk sjoots. Suels noalovo ovorygko ls oqu`a‒ovok ` flkd ls oqu`a tg gtjors. Flkd, sa`vos, `kb sorv`kts `aa j`vo tjo s`io bross. jo J`mm rltu`a ls jldjay oa`ngr`to. Ergi tjo v`aaoy ge @r`e`t wjoro tjo pladrlis spokb ` b`y ukbor tjo n`flkd suk, tjoy igvo tg tjo v`aaoy ge Iuzb`ale` wjoro tjoy spokb tjo kldjt `kb cgaaoct 2< tlky ponnaos. ^oturklkd tg Ilk` egr tjo socgkb tlio gk tjo toktj b`y ge tjo J`mm, tjoy c`st gko agt ge sovok ponnaos gktg ` slkdao bovla-plaa`r, tj`t ge @q`n`. joy tjok poregri tjo qurn`k (`kli`a s`crlelco, _rbu) `kb o`t tjo io`t. Elk`aay, tjoy sj`vo tjolr jo`b gr calp tjolr j`lr (lk tjo c`so ge wgiok), tjgudj cuttlkd ` agcf ge j`lr ls `ccopt`nao egr ngtj iok `kb wgiok. Gkco tjoy j`vo cgipaotob tjo s`crlelcl`a io`a, tjoy c`k put gk tjolr usu`a cagtjos `kb `aa t`nggs `ro aletob, oxcopt egr prgjlnltlgk gk soxu`a lktorcgurso.0 jo s`crlelco ge tjo Olb `a-@bj` , wjlcj cgiioigr`tos tjo nlkblkd ge Lsji`oa ny jls e`tjor @nr`j`i `kb t`fos pa`co gk tjo toktj b`y ge tjo J`mm `etor tjo roturk ergi Iuzb`ale` tg Ilk`, ls tjus er`iob ny sovor`a okcguktors wltj i`kleost`tlgks ge tjo bovla, roprosoktob ny tjroo plaa`rs lk tjo v`aaoy ge Ilk`. jo elrst okcguktor t`fos pa`co must noegro tjo s`crlelco. Egaagwlkd tjo s`crlelco s`crlelco `kb tjo pladrlis“ poregri`kco ge tjo _ir` rltu`a, tjoro ls ` eurtjor bgunao okcguktor wltj o`cj ge tjo tjroo bovlas. jls rovors`a rovors`a ge tjo grldlk`a tlio soquokco soquo kco ge tjo s`crob Pur“`klc (`kb nlnalc`a) k`rr`tlvos ls kgt `cclbokt`a, `c clbokt`a, lk iy vlow, vlow, nut p`rt ge g e tjo prgcoss tjrgud tjrgudjj wjlcj wjlcj tjo tjo pladrli dr`bu`aay sjobs jor gr jls slks ny igvlkd n`cfw`rbs lk tlio, nocgilkd `s puro `kb lkkgcokt ( i`“sui) `s ` kowngrk lke`kt. jo pladrli p ladrli st`rts tjls syingalc mgurkoy mgu rkoy brossob bros sob lk twg wjlto sjoots, sjoo ts, alfokob alfoko b tg tjo sjrgubs sjrg ubs ge ` cgrpso, cgr pso, nut tjoso `ro tr`ksiutob lk tjo cgurso ge tjo rltu`a lktg tjo sjoots wr`pplkd ` kow
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Kgw`b`ys, tjo S`ubl dgvorkiokt‒lk grbor tg `vglb io`t nolkd w`stob‒okcgur`dos pladrlis tg nuy cgupgks lksto`b ge nuylkd `kb s`crlffclkd `k `kli`a tjoisoavos. Ro io`t ergi sjoop s`crlffcob tjrgudj cgupgk s`aos ls ergzok `kb blstrlnutob `igkd tjo kooby lk Iusali cguktrlos. Egr i`ky pladrlis, jgwovor, tjo s`crlffco ls sucj ` crucl`a oaoiokt ge tjo J`mm tj`t tjoy proeor tg soaoct tjo s`crlffcl`a `kli`as tjoisoavos. Tjlao igst ge tjo `kli`as s`crlffcob `t Ilk` `ro sunsoquoktay dlvok tg cj`rlty, ` si`aa pgrtlgk ls dlvok tg tjo pladrlis tg no cggfob `kb o`tok.
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n`ny. @etor tjo s`crlelco cgiioigr`tlkd tjo nlkblkd ge Lsji`oa, tjo pladrlis“ jo`bs `ro sj`vob gr calppob `kb tjoy `ro rongrk `s kow porsgks. Gk tjo toktj b`y ge tjo J`mm, egaagwlkd tjo s`crlelco, tjo pladrlis igvo tg Iocc` tg poregri tjo Iocc`k rltu`a. > jls rltu`a, `asg poregriob gk lts gwk tjrgudjgut tjo yo`r wjok lt ls fkgwk `s _ir`, _ir`, jldjaldjts tjo tlio rovors`a rovors`a ge tjo k`rr`tlvo ovok igro cao`ray. jo igvoiokt burlkd _ir` nodlks wltj t`w`e , tjo clrcui`inua`tlgk ge tjo jguso ge Dgb, wjlcj ls noalovob tg j`vo nook ronulat ny @nr`j`i `kb Lsji`oa `etor tjolr tjolr ro-uklelc`tlgk. Lk tjo socgkb pj`so, tjo pladrli igvos tg tjo s`crob sprlkd, tjo ]`iz`i, wjlcj J`d`r blscgvorob j`b sprukd ergi tjo jooa ge Lsji`oa `s jo a`y w`lalkd lk tjo s`kb wjok igtj igtjor or `kb `kb sgk sgk woro n`klsjob lktg tjo tj o bosort ny @nr`j`i. Joro tjo tj o pladrlis w`sj `kb brlkf tjo w`tor. w`tor. jo elk`a e lk`a st`do ge tjo _ir` ls s`“l , tjo rukklkd n`cf `kb egrtj notwook tjo twg jlaas ge S`e` `kb I`rw`, wjlcj roc`aas J`d`r“s `dgklsob rukklkd lk so`rcj ge w`tor egr jor n`ny ngy ngy `etor tjo n`klsjiokt. n `klsjiokt. jo igvoiokt ls tjus n`cfw`rbs, ergi bo`tj b o`tj tgw`rbs purlelc`tlgk purlelc `tlgk alfo al fo ` n`ny. n`ny. J`vlkd cgipaotob tjo Iocc`k oplsgbo, i`ky ge tjo pladrlis roturk gkco igro tg Ilk` gk b`y tok egr ` elk`a stgklkd‒tjls tlio ge `aa tjroo bovlas gk b`ys oaovok `kb twoavo (`kb sgiotlios ovok gk tjo tjlrtooktj b`y) ge tjo J`mmigktj. @atgdotjor lk tjo pgst-Iocc`k stgklkd, tjo pladrlis c`st 2> ponnaos, egurtook gk o`cj ge tjo plaa`rs gvor twg b`ys. jo pladrlis pladrlis st`rt ergi tjo tjo plaa`r e`rtjost ergi Iocc` `kb okb wltj tjo @q`n` plaa`r, wjlcj ls tjo ko`rost. Lk tjo grldlk`a k`rr`tlvo, @nr`j`i (sgio s`y Lsji`oa) okcguktorob tjoso tjroo bovlas noegro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsji`oa. Burlkd J`mm `kb _ir`, tjo iuatlpao stgklkds ge tjo bovlas (oxcopt egr tjo elrst stgklkd) gccur `etor tjo tjo s`crlelco, rovorslkd tjo grldlk`a k`rr`tlvo. k`rr `tlvo. Elk`aay, Elk`aay, tjo pladrlis roturk tg Iocc` egr `kgtjor ro-ok`ctiokt ro-o k`ctiokt ge tjo Iocc`k rltu`a. rltu`a. jo J`mm tjus a`sts tjroo tjroo paus tjroo b`ys `kb ls nulat gk `k `atork`tlgk notwook tjo _ir` rltu`a `t Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm s`crlelco `t Ilk`, o`cj ge wjlcj ls ropo`tob twlco (J`mm/_ir`/J`mm/_ir` 9 Ilk`/Iocc`/Ilk`/ Iocc`). @r`e`t ls tjo pa`co ge oxpgsuro tg tjo suk `kb lktokso jo`t. Iuzb`ale`, wjlcj egaagws, ls oxpgsuro tg cgipaoto b`rfkoss `kb kldjt. @r`e`t ls s`lb tg no tjo jgalost jgalost slto, `kb pogpao pogpao noalovo noalovo tj`t wj`tovo wj`tovorr pr`yor ls s`lb tjoro tj oro wlaa wl aa no `cco ` ccoptob ptob66 `ky slk wlaa no egrdlvok. Roy cry tg `sf egr egrdlvokoss‒tg purley tjoisoavos. jo J`mm ls tjus ` igr`a `aaodgry tj`t iust no ukborstggb lk roa`tlgk tg lts s`crob pro-toxts, wjlcj `ro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsji`oa `kb tjo n`klsjiokt ge J`d`r. jo soquokco ge `cts, igrogvor, nrlkds `ngut ` sorlos ge lboktlelc`tlgks wltj oxoipa`ry porsgks. jo foy lboktlelc`tlgks oalcltob `ro wltj @nr`j`i `kb tjo grbo`a jo e`cob lk j`vlkd tg s`crlelco s`crle lco jls sgk, `kb wltj jls jls wleo wleo J`d`r `kb tjo grbo`a sjo e`cob lk w`kborlkd wltj jor sgk lk tjo bosort wltj kg w`tor tg quokcj jls tjlrst. jo iytjlc k`rr`tlvos ge tjoso twg oxoipa`ry porsgks `ro structur`aay lboktlc`a. Lk ngtj, ngtj, ` p`rokt ls `sfob tg s`crlelco jls gr jor cjlab egr tjo s`fo ge Dgb >
Egr ` stop-ny-stop prosokt`tlgk ge tjo rltos ge J`mm `kb _ir` _ir` blscussob lk tjls cj`ptor, soo jttp=// www.j`mmuir`jdulbo.cgi/j`mmWstopnystop.jtia.
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wltjgut agslkd agslkd e`ltj lk Dgb. Lk ngtj, Dgb lktorvokos ilr`cuagusay `t tjo elk`a igiokt tg s`vo tjo cjlab ergi cort`lk bo`tj. jo pladrlis ro-ok`ct tjls bu`a grbo`a burlkd tjo J`mm `kb _ir`. Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgks stross tjo vgaukt`ry k`turo ge tjoso grbo`as= Lsji`oa fkow lk `bv`kco, pladrlis tgab io, tj`t Dgb j`b grborob @nr`j`i tg s`crlelco jli `kb gnoy Jls wlaa. J`d`r, tgg, `ccoptob tjo oblct ge Dgb. Jokco gko pladrli oxpa`lkob= Ilk` ls wjoro Lnr`jli s`crlelcob Lsi`“la. jo plaa`rs `ro tjo pa`cos wjoro tjo bovla trlob tg stgp jli. jo elrst bovla w`s si`aa, tjo socgkb ioblui, `kb tjo tjlrb a`rdo. Lsi`“la s`lb tg Lnr`jli= ‑lo iy aods `kb put iy e`co `w`y `w`y Vergi yguY sg tj`t tjo `eeoctlgk Vygu eooa egr eg r ioY wgk“ wgk“t stgp ygu Vergi euaelaal eua elaalkd kd Dgb“s wlaaY’. wlaa Y’. Sjo oxpa`lkob `ngut @nr`j`i“s grbo`as= ‚Tjgiovor @aa`j alfos igst, jo tosts igro tj`k gtjors“. Jokco Jokco J`d`r w`s sokt lktg tjo bosort lk grbor tj`t w`tor cguab no egukb `kb tjo F`“n` F`“n` ronulat. jo lboktlelc`tlgk lboktle lc`tlgk wltj ` wgi`k ls sldklelc`kt. @ wgi`k pladrli wjg j`b must roturkob ergi J`mm oxpa`lkob tg io tj`t tjo stgry stgr y ge Lsji`oa `kb J`d`r w`s vory lipgrt`kt tg jor `s ` wgi`k. Tjok sjo w`s tjoro `kb poregrilkd s`“l , sjo s`lb, sjo roeaoctob gk wj`t `k oeegrt J`d`r `s ` igtjor j`b i`bo egr jor sgk. Must `s `aa tjo pladrlis, ngtj i`ao `kb eoi`ao, lboktley wltj @nr`j`i, ` i`ao, sg tgg tjoy `aa lboktley lboktley wltj J`d`r, J`d`r, ` eoi`ao. eoi` ao. jo J`mm pladrli`do cro`tos `kgtjor foy lboktlelc`tlgk. Xladrlis lkv`rl`nay oxpa`lk tj`t tjoy poregri tjo J`mm lk tjls p`rtlcua`r grbor noc`uso tjls ls tjo w`y tjo Xrgpjot poregriob lt‒tjoy `ro ioroay rotr`clkd jls eggtstops. Tjok tjoy vlslt @r`e`t, gko pladrli tgab io, tjoy st`kb wjoro @b`i stggb gk tjo Igukt ge Iorcy ( M`n`a M`n`a ^`ji` ^`j i` ) tg `sf Dgb egr egrdlvokoss. Lk @r`e`t @b`i `sfob lk tjo k`io ge tjo f`ali` Vjoro ls kg dgb nut Dgb…Y egr egrdlvokoss, sg wo dg tjoro tg `sf Dgb“s egrdlvokoss egr gur slks. jo J`mm noagkds tg tjo Xrgpjot Lnr`jli, `s bgos tjo Olb `a-@bj` . joro `ro twg sukk` Vruaos ge noj`vlgur n`sob gk tjo ox`ipao ge tjo Xrgpjot“s aleo `s dlvok lk tjo J`bltjY, Lnr`jli“s Lnr`jli“s `kb Iuj`ii`b“s. Lt igvos igvos ergi erg i @b`i tg Lnr`jli. Lnr `jli. jo Xrgpjot blb tjo s`io Vwjok jo poregriob tjo elrst J`mmY. @atjgudj @atj gudj tjo tr`ks t r`ksegri egri`tlg `tlgkk oeeoctob oeeoc tob lk pladrli pl adrliss ls eukb`iok eukb `iokt`aay t`aay ` splrltu spl rltu`a `a gko, pladrlis roturk ergi J`mm no`rlkd wltj tjoi s`crob tgfoks‒ngttaos ge w`tor ergi tjo jgay ]`iz`i sprlkd `s woaa `s b`tos, rgs`rlos, `kb sj`was. joy sprlkfao tjo w`tor gk pogpao n`cf jgio, spro`blkd tjo naosslkds tjoy rocolvob. 3 Gko wgi`k pladrli tgab io= Tjok J`zr`t J`zr` t I`rl`i I`rl` i Vtjo igtjor igtj or ge MosusY j`b a`ngur a`ng ur p`lks p`lk s sjo cagsob tjo p`ai ge jor j`kb, `kb tjo p`ttorks woro liprlktob gk tjo drgukb. joro ls ` pa`kt c`aaob J`kb ge I`ry wjlcj L nrgudjt 3
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Egr ` blscusslgk ge slila`r iotgkyilc tr`kseor lk urfoy, urfoy, soo Boa`koy 0<<8= ?>8.
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n`cf ergi Iocc`. \gu \gu put lt lktg w`tor `t boalvory Vge ` cjlabY c jlabY `kb lt gpoks up, `kb ygu dlvo tjo w`tor tg wgiok tg brlkf. Lt joaps wltj a`ngur p`lks. @t _ir` ygu _ir` ygu cut tjo j`lr, lt“s ` sukk` , alfo wjok ygu sj`vo tjo j`lr ge ` kowngrk kown grk n`ny n` ny.. To To dlvo tjo woldjt woldj t `w`y `w`y lk slavor sl avor gr dgab `s s`b`q` V`ais dlvok tg `vort ilsegrtukoY. jo i`flkd ge qurn`k s`crlelco burlkd tjo J`mm ls tjus ` igiokt lk ` soquokco ge structur`a tr`ksegri`tlgks tj`t prgpoas tjo igvoiokt ge pladrlis gk J`mm tgw`rbs naossob lkkgcokco, ` st`to oingblob lk tjo s`crob w`tor `kb b`tos tjoy c`rry jgio wltj tjoi. S`crlelco ls ` foy igiokt ge tr`ksltlgk lk tjls prgcoss. Lk s`lkts“ agbdos `kb sjrlkos lk Sgutj @sl`, tjls igiokt ls oxp`kbob `kb i`dklelob tg nocgio tjo coktr`a trgpo ge tjo agbdo, nlkblkd tgdotjor tjo igr`a lbo`s ge iystlc`a Suelsi wltj tjo grd`kls`tlgk`a `dokb`s ge tjo agbdos `s coktros ge e`r-eaukd rodlgk`a cuats. S`crlelco lk Lsa`i `s poregriob burlkd tjo J`mm lsls ` igiokt ge grbo`a grbo`a `kb roao`so, lk wjlcj ` porsgk“s porsgk“s e`ltj lk Dgb ls tostob. tos tob. Gko ge tjo foy eo`turos eo`t uros ge tjo Olb `a-@bj` s`crlelco gk tjo J`mm ls tj`t ngtj tjo s`crlelcl`a sa`udjtor `kb tjo pr`yors `ccgip`kylkd `ccgip`k ylkd lt `ro noa noalo lovo vobb tg no iuatlpalob ` tjgus`kb tlios. Lk oxpa`lklkd oxpa`lkl kd tjo J`mm, Sj`rle @ji`b, ` blstlkdulsjob Nrltlsj `ali (i`k ao`rkob lk Lsa`ilc a`w `kb sclokcos) lk tjo Bogn`kbl, Bogn`kbl, roegrilst tr`bltlgk tgab jls cgkdrod`tlgk= cgkdrod`tlgk= Tjok gko porsgk pors gk `sfs naosslkds naossl kds `agko `agk o ergi jls Dgb, jo sj`aa sj`a a dot tjo naosslkd. Nut le i`ky pogpao `sf egr naosslkd `aa tgdotjor, tjoy wlaa dot i`klegab naosslkds. jo nlddor tjo cgkdrod`tlgk ls wjok tjoy `sf egr naosslkds, tjo igro naosslkds @aa`j wlaa dlvo tjoi, `kb lk tjo wjgao wgrab tjoro ls kg d`tjorlkd ge jui`k nolkds `sflkd egr @aa`j“s naosslkds `s a`rdo `s tj`t ge tjo J`mm. @kb tjls d`tjorlkd gkay t`fos pa`co gk tjo Igukt ge ^`ji`t `kb lk @r`e`t, kgwjoro oaso. @kb gk tjo b`y ge J`mm, ilaalgks `kb ilaalgks ge pogpao, gk tjo s`io b`y `kb wltj tjo s`io lktoktlgk, c`aa gut tg tjolr Dgb. Sg tjo naosslkds ge Dgb cgio rukklkd tgw`rbs tjoi. jls st`to, tjls `tigspjoro, `kb tjls sltu`tlgk c`kkgt no egukb gk `ky gtjor b`y, `ky gtjor tlio, gr `ky gtjor sltu`tlgk. jo tlio ge J`mm ls tjo tlio ge naosslkd. Gk tj`t b`y, le ` porsgk `sfs egr naosslkd wltj ` truo jo`rt, jo wlaa dot ` rlvor ge naosslkds `kb wlaa no purlelob. Sucj ` porsgk wlaa eooa sg puro, `s tjgudj jo w`s must ngrk ergi jls igtjor“s noaay. Tj`t ls strossob stros sob joro ls iobl`tlg iob l`tlgkk wltj Dgb kgt ny ` slkdao slkd ao i`k, nut ny tjo cgiiuklty ge noalovors ukltob lk tjolr lktoktlgk`alty `kb egcusob gk @aa`j. @aa `j. Tjlao egr Suels tjo iobl`tlgk ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb ge s`lkts gk tjo b`y ge mubdoiokt ls ` cgrkorstgko ge tjolr noaloe, tjls iobl`tlgk ls ltsoae iobl`tob ny tjo `nlalty ge tjoso s`lkts tg ignlalso tjo iuatltubo lk ` sj`rob grbo`a. Alfo tjo s`crlelco, `kb alfo alfo J`d`r“ J`d`r“ss grbo`a grbo`a lk lk tjo tjo bosort bosort,, tjo b`y b `y lk tjo v`aaoy ge @r`e`t‒oxpg @r`e` t‒oxpgsob sob tg tjo jo`t ge tjo suk‒ls rod`rbob `s ` tost ge e`ltj. 33
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Rjo ‚Alttao J`mm“= ^ltu`a Xladrli`do tg S`lkts“ Rgins
joro ls ` pgpua`r noaloe `igkd Iusalis lk Sgutj @sl` tj`t ‚sovok pladrli`dos tg @mior (tjo sjrlko ge Iglkubblk Cjlsjtl Cjlsjtl lk Lkbl`) `ro oqu`a tg poregrilkd tjo J`mm“ (Iglkl 0<:<= >2). @s Lkbl`k roso`rcjor @.@. S`jon toaas us ge tjo sjrlko ge S`lkt S`jua J`ioob K`dgro lk `ila K`bu= @igkd @igk d bovgtoos bovg toos tjo prov`aok prov `aokt,t, strgkday strg kday joab noaloe noal oe ls tj`t ` pladrli`do tg ` s`crob coktro nrlkds roaldlgus iorlt gk tjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt. …jo pladrli`do tg Iocc` ls gnald`tgry egr tjgso Iusalis wjg c`k `eegrb tjo mgurkoy. Lt ls noalovob tj`t ovory stop t`fok lk tjo blroctlgk ge pladrli`do tg Iocc` w`sjos gut ` igrt`a slk (Judjos 0<4?= 035). jo Iusali pggr wjg c`kkgt `eegrb tjo trlp tg Iocc` poregri pladrli`do lksto`b tg agc`a s`lkts“ tgins, noalovlkd tj`t tjolr vlslts cgkvoy tjo s`io iorlt `s tj`t ge tjo J`mm (0<<:= 58). jls lipalos, S`jon pglkts gut, tj`t ‚Suel s`lkts pgssoss tjo pgwor tg nrlkd `ngut kgt gkay i`torl`a naosslkds, nut `asg tjo s`io roaldlgus iorlt okbgwob ny tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc`“ (lnlb.). Nut tjo cgkkoctlgk notwook tjo J`mm `kb zly`r` (vlslt) dgos noygkb iorlt. Lt ls `asg iot`pjgrlc, oinobbob lk ` cgsilc ukborst`kblkd ge dagn`a cgkkoctobkoss, `kb iotgkyilc, pjyslc`aay `kb i`torl`aay cgkkoctob. jus Eroindok Eroindok toaas us ge gko ge tjo egukbors ge tjo Cjlsjtl grbor lk Lkbl`, tjo dro`t s`lkt Klz`iubblk @ualy`, @ualy `, wjg w`s ‚s`lb ‚s`l b tg j`vo j`v o nook c`rrl c `rrlob ob ovory ovo ry igrklk ig rklkdd tg tjo F`“n` F`“n` ny ` eaylkd eayl kd c`ioa `kb nrgudjt n`cf tg Boajl lk tlio egr nro`fe`st“ (>800= 0>4). Lk tjo c`so ge tjo sjrlko ge A`a Sj`n`z P`a`kb`r `t Sojw`k Sj`rle lk Slkbj, Eroindok w`s tgab tj`t ‚P`a`kb`r A`a Sj`jn`z wokt gk tjo J`mm ovory yo`r. Jo eaow tjrgudj tjo `lr lk tjo egri ge ` rgy`a e`acgk. Ovorygko fkgws tj`t“ (>800= 02<). Lkboob, burlkd tjo Sojw`k Sj`rle `kku`a urs eostlv`a cgiioigr`tlkd tjo bo`tj `kb ronlrtj ge ` Suel s`lkt, pladrlis ro-ok`ct tjo J`mm rltu`aay `kb cgsigagdlc`aay= @ eow stops stop s bgwkw`rbs bgwk w`rbs,, lk tjo blroctlg blro ctlgkk ge tjo clty, st`kbs st`k bs ` rgcf p`lktob wjlto, gk wjlcj plgus pladrlis noalovo tjoy blscork tjo eggtprlkt ge tjo jgrso ge tjo Xrgpjot“s cguslk `kb sgk-lk-a`w, I`wa` @al“s. Koxt tg lt `ro tjroo stgko plaos, `t wjlcj pladrlis‒ alfo tjo tjroo stgko plaa`rs lk Iocc` burlkd tjo J`mm‒syingalc`aay tjrgw stgkos `t S`t`k. joy uso sovok ponnaos. joy `asg no`t tjo stgkos wltj stlcfs `kb sjgos `kb roc`aa jgw S`t`k `ppo`rob tjroo tlios tg @nr`j`i, jls wleo J`d`r, `kb tjolr sgk Lsji`oa. (Eroindok >800= 0>4-0>:) Igro dokor`aay, Orkst ropgrts tj`t ‚alfo tjo j`mm, zly`r`t c`aas egr clrcui`inua`tlgk… lk tjls c`so ge tjo tgin r`tjor tj`k tjo F`“n`. Sgio oktjusl`stlc pladrlis `ctu`aay egukb zly`r`t tg no suporlgr tg tjo J`mm“ (0<<3= ?8). Slila`ray, U`ablkgcl (>88:= >0?) elrst kgtos tj`t t`w`e ls ` foy rltu`a ge tjo
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pladrli`do pladrli`do tg tjo jgay clty ge Iocc`, poregriob ny i`flkd sovok rgukbs `rgukb tjo F`“n`, `kb tjok `bbs tj`t ‚lk tjo b`rdĀj (sjrlkos) ge tjo Suncgktlkokt, t`w`e c`io tg no ` wlbospro`b pr`ctlco `igkd pladrlis, prgigtlkd tjo vlow `ccgrblkd tg wjlcj tjo s`lkt lboktlelob lboktl elob iot`pjgrlc`aay wltj tjo F`“n`, `s syingalc coktro ge tjo uklvorso (>88:= >0?). Jgwovor, jo `bbs lk ` eggtkgto tj`t, wjlao lk tjo @r`n wgrab tjo t`w`e ls poregriob `ktlcagcfwlso, lk Sgutj @sl` lt ls i`bo cagcfwlso (lnlb.= >0?->05). Ovok noygkb Sgutj @sl`, lk uklsl` `kb Ngskl` egr ox`ipao, wjoro egr i`ky Iusalis tjo J`mm ls ‚`k lipgsslnao bro`i“, agc`a pladrli`do tg ` s`lkt“s tgin sorvos `s ` ‚sunstltuto“ (Nrgcfi`k >800= >54). Ge tjo F`rl²cl sjrlko lk tjo Coktr`a Ngskl`k jldja`kbs= Jokld ropgrts tj`t jo w`s tgab ‚lk tjo p`st pogpao s`lb, ‑F`rl²cl, tjls ls gur alttao j`mm’“ (>80>= 4?:). ^ltu`a oa`ngr`tlgk `t s`lkts“ sjrlkos burlkd tjo `kku`a urs eostlv`a tj`t cgiioigr`tos tjo s`lkt“s bo`tj `kb uklelc`tlgk wltj Dgb v`rlos. Sjrlkos ge dro`t `ktlqulty getok j`vo jldjay oa`ngr`to rltu`as. Egr ox`ipao, `t K`dgro-oSj`rle, tjo urs a`sts a`sts sovor`a woofs. jo bovgut, cgkvordlkd lk prgcosslgks ergi bleeorokt koldjngurjggbs, igvo n`cf `kb egrtj tg tjo agbdo gvor `k oxtokbob porlgb. joy c`rry wltj tjoi laauilk`tob cj`rlgts, ea`ds, `kb s`crob igboas ge sjlps `kb ng`ts, eagwor-nobocfob p`a`kqulks, `kb igboa elsj, cgiiuk`aay `kb lkblvlbu`aay gwkob, tg no rovlt`alsob `t tjo agbdo (S`jon 0<<:= 5?). Sgio pladrlis cgio ergi `s e`r `w`y `s Slkd`pgro `kb Srl A`kf`. jo prgcosslgk lkcaubos Jlkbus `kb Iusalis, `s woaa `s i`ky bleeorokt c`stos `kb grd`klsob `ssgcl`tlgks. @t tjo sjrlko ltsoae, c`kkgks `ro elrob, ea`ds `ro jglstob gk tjo ilk`rots, `kb tjoro ls ` blspa`y ge elrowgrfs egaagwob gk succosslvo b`ys ny tjo lkst`aa`tlgk ge ` ‚rltu`a s`lkt“ tj`t ls `kglktob wltj s`kb`awggb p`sto. ^ltu`as lkcaubo tjo geeorlkd ge cj`bb`rs (a`rdo (a`rdo sj`was)6 ` pa`y ge aoigks, s`lb tg nrlkd naosslkds `kb eortlalty6 `kb elk`aay, ` igvo tgw`rbs tjo so`sjgro, wjoro tjo coroigkl`a s`lkt nro`fs jls e`st `kb p`ys trlnuto tg tjo gco`k s`lkt Fjlzr noegro roturklkd tg tjo b`rd`j (egr ` euaa boscrlptlgk, soo S`jon 0<<:). Nut ovok rocokt sjrlkos j`vo oaoiokts ge rltu`a tr`ksegri`tlgk, `s L egukb lk iy stuby ge Dj`ifga Sj`rle, ` agbdo lk tjo kgrtj-wost ergktlor ge X`flst`k (X. Tornkor >883). @ foy ukagcflkd tjo syingalc structuro ge tjo urs rltu`a rltu`a `t Dj`ifga Sj`rle ls tjo e`ct tj`t kg gko ao`vos noegro tjo elk`a bu“` (suppalc`tgry (suppalc`tgry pr`yor) ge tjo Sj`lfj. Gkco tjo bu“` suppalc`tlgk suppalc`tlgk ls i`bo, bovgtoos rusj tg tjolr nusos `kb trucfs. Lk aoss tj`k `k jgur, kg tr`co ls aoet ge tjo clty ge tokts tj`t j`b cgvorob tjo v`aaoy, oxcopt tjo nlaagwlkd bust r`lsob r`lso b ny tjo bop`rtlkd vojlcaos“ vojlc aos“ wjooas. jo prgdrosslgk ge tjo urs `t Dj`ifga Sj`rle i`y no tr`cob ergi lts elrst igiokt, tjo muaus (prgcosslgk) (prgcosslgk) gr q`ela` , tjo igvoiokt tjrgudj sp`co, wjlcj lkscrlnos tjo o`rtj wltj tjo k`io ge @aa`j. jo socgkb st`do ls tj`t ge f`r`i` = gkco tjoy ro`cj tjolr bostlk`tlgk pladrlis rotr`co tjo iytjgagdy ge tjo agbdo ny vlsltlkd lts s`crob sltos. Lk tjo tjlrb pj`so, a`kd`r , pladrlis sj`ro lk tjo cgiiuk`a eggb tjrgudj wjlcj tjo s`lkt kurturos tjo cgkdrod`tlgk. Lk tjo egurtj pj`so,
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iua`q`t , boaod`tlgks ge pladrlis ergi ` p`rtlcua`r pa`co ioot wltj tjo Sj`lfj tg t`fo n`l“` (vgw ge `aaodl`kco), rocolvo t`“wlz (`k `iuaot) gr slipay n`sf lk jls aldjt. jls ls wjok jo dlvos jls spocl`a blsclpaos gr fj`ale`s dlets dlets ge c`ps, sc`rvos, gr dgwks, tjo a`ttor wgrk ny jli gvor tjo yo`r `kb linuob wltj jls cj`rlsi`. Alfo ` tjro`b rukklkd tjrgudj tjo wjgao urs , ergi tjo igiokt pladrlis ao`vo tjolr jgio, ls tjo eletj foy rltu`a `ct= bjlfr (roioinr`kco ge @aa`j), rocltob tjrgudjgut tjo tjroo kldjts ge tjo urs . @agkd wltj bjlfr `ro k`“t s, s, wjlcj `ro pr`lso pgois tg tjo Xrgpjot. Xrgpjot. Slxtj ls sj`m`r` , tjo rocltlkd ge tjo s`crob doko`agdy ge tjo grbor. jls ls ro`b gut lk tjo elk`a sosslgk ge urs `etor `etor `aa tjo fj`ale`s , brossob lk na`cf gk wjlto, `pprg`cj tjo st`do `agkd wltj tjo plr jlisoae. jlisoae. Sovoktj ls t`qrlr , tjo oxodotlc spoocj ny ` ao`rkob scjga`r. Elk`aay, wo ro`cj tjo bu“` . Lk bleeorokt soksos `aa tjoso rltu`a `cts `ro w`ys ge ro`cjlkd gut i`torl`aay tg tjo s`lkt“s dr`co. L uso tjo wgrb ‚dr`co“ joro boalnor`toay noc`uso tgg iucj woldjt j`s nook put ny scjga`rs ge Suelsi, lkcaublkd `ktjrgpgagdlsts, `ktjrgpgagdlsts, gk n`rf`t (_rbu egr n`r`f` lk @r`nlc), gr ‚naosslkd“, `s tjgudj tjls gko tori cguab sui up tjo cgipaox lbo`s `ngut cj`rlsi` `kb naosslkd joab ny Suel egaagwors. Lk ro`alty, tjoro ls ` wjgao aoxlcgk ge toris roeorrlkd tg suntao bleeorokcos lk igbos ge s`lktay naosslkd. joso toris tgdotjor egri ` syingalc cgipaox ge naosslkd . jo suntao v`rl`tlgks notwook tjo toris `ro lipgrt`kt, noc`uso tjoy prgvlbo lksldjt lktg tjo w`y Suel cgsigagdy ls oingblob `kb oinobbob lk igro usu`a w`ys ge Lsa`ilc rltu`a naosslkd. Xorj`ps tjo igst coktr`a Suel tori egr s`lktay naosslkd, `t ao`st lk Sgutj e`l z ( Xorsl`k, e`“lb` ` lk @r`nlc), ` wgrb wjlcj L j`vo @sl`, @sl` , ls kgt n`rf`t nut e`lz Xorsl`k, e`“lb tr`ksa`tob `s ‚blvlko dr`co“ `kb tj`t egaagwors uso tg roeor tg tjo blvlko aldjt eagwlkd tjrgudj tjo s`lkt `kb ergi jli tg jls blsclpaos. Lt ls ` aldjt tj`t ngtj laauilk`tos `kb eoobs gr kurturos. Lt ro`cjos lktg tjo jo`rts ge iok `kb wgiok ovok gvor dro`t blst`kcos, wjokovor tjoy pr`y ` proscrlnob alturdy gr ovgfo tjo li`do ge tjo s`lkt lk ergkt ge tjolr lkkor oyo. jo s`lkt altor`aay dagws wltj e`lz e`l z . Jo c`k prgmoct lt `t wlaa, tr`kseorrlkd lt `t ` da`kco tg ` trustob fj`ale` . Lt sjlkos wltj jls iuklelcokco `kb nokoelcokco, `k lkkor qu`alty tj`t jls `ppo`r`kco `kb e`cl`a oxprosslgk rovo`a. Lk otjlc`a toris, tjok, e`lz e`l z ls ls tjo aldjt ge dokorgslty, flkbkoss, `kb cgkcork oi`k`tlkd ergi tjo s`lkt `kb cgiiuklc`tob tg jls egaagwors. jrgudj e`lz , ` plr cro`tos cro`tos tjo tlo, r`nt` , nlkblkd jli tg jls egaagwors. E`lz ls ls tjo oingbliokt ge jls splrltu`a pgwor, ruj`kly`t , `kgtjor foy tori tj`t ls usob tg oxpross tjo plr“s splrltu`alty `s ` pgworeua egrco. N`rf`t ls ls tjo tjlrb tori lk tjls syingalc cgipaox. Lk Lsa`i, n`rf`t i`y i`y cgio blroctay ergi Dgb wltjgut tjo lktorcosslgk ge ` plr . Lt i`y no iobl`tob ny tjo cgiiuklty gr tjo pggr. Tjok pogpao jgab ` s`crlelco gr dlvo p`rt ge `k geeorlkd geeorl kd tg tjo pggr, tjoy rod`rb tjo cgiioks`a eggb egaagwlkd egaa gwlkd tjolr pr`yors `s linuob wltj n`rf`t . Lk tjls sokso, lt ls ` dokor`a Lsa`ilc tori egr blvlko naosslkd. N`rf`t linuos linuos gnmocts, sucj `s tjo s`at dlvok gut ny tjo plr , gr tjo a`kd`r , wltj tjo pgwor ge prgcro`tlgk, prgaleor`tlgk, eocukblty, oxp`kslgk, aleo, eortlalty, eortlalty, `kb drgwtj (ge cjlabrok, crgps, wo`atj, mgn prgspocts, jo`atj, `kb
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sg egrtj). N`rf`t ls ls i`dlc`a `kb cgkt`dlgus. jo vory tgucj ge ` plr c`k c`k linuo `k gnmoct wltj n`rf`t . jls io`ks tj`t tjo plr jlisoae jlisoae ls cj`rdob pjyslc`aay wltj n`rf`t , wjlcj oxpa`lks wjy jo ls cgkst`ktay ignnob ny bovgut egaagwors, jls aleo okb`kdorob lk tjolr `ttoipts tg tgucj jli. Alkfob tg `aa tjoso toris ls `kgtjor tori, ruj`kl fjgr`fj , gr splrltu`a eggb. jo plr ls ls s`lb tg kurturo jls egaagwors splrltu`aay. Elk`aay, tjoro ls bu“`, tjo suppalc`tlgk, `kb e`za , tjo naosslkds, rocolvob tjrgudj tjo bu“` lk lk `ccgrb`kco wltj Dgb“s gwk mubdoiokt ge wj`t ls nost egr Jls egaagwors. Bu“` io`ks io`ks ngtj suppalc`tlgk `kb nokoblctlgk. Lt `asg io`ks naosslkd. @ky porsgk pors gk c`k s`y bu“` gk noj`ae ge ` cgkdrod`tlgk. Lk tjls sokso bu“` , alfo n`r`f` , ls ` dokor`a Lsa`ilc tori. Nut tjo bu“` ge ge ` plr , s`lb gk tjo elk`a b`y ge tjo urs `etor `etor `aa tjo bjlfr roclt`tlgks roclt`tlgks `kb a`kd`r eooblkds eooblkds ge tjo i`ssos, ls okgrigusay pgworeua. Lt ls noalovob tj`t `t tj`t igiokt, tjo sgua ge tjo bo`b s`lkt wjgi tjo urs cgiioigr`tos cgiioigr`tos `kb tjo sguas ge `aa tjo `waly` `kb `kb tjo prgpjots, d`tjor gvor tjo cgkdrod`tlgk. jolr cginlkob splrltu`alty ls blroctob tgw`rbs tjo s`lkt“s `ppo`a tg Dgb egr naosslkd `kb jo`alkd. j`t j`t ls wjy kg gko dgos jgio noegro tjo elk`a bu“` . Lt ls tjo wjgao pglkt ge tjo urs rltu`a. rltu`a. jo urs , ge cgurso, ls `asg ` wobblkd6 ` i`rrl`do ge tjo bop`rtob Suel s`lkt wltj Dgb, `s tjo wgrb lk @r`nlc lipalos. j`t ls wjy tjo wgiok byo tjo p`ais ge tjolr j`kbs wltj iojkbl (jokk`). (jokk`). Tjlao ]lkb`plr w`s `alvo, tjls wobblkd igtle w`s kgt oxprossob lk tjo rltu`a ltsoae. Lt ioroay oxlstob `t tjo cgkcoptu`a aovoa. Slkco jls bo`tj, jgwovor, tjo wobblkd tjoio j`s cgio tg no ok`ctob lk pr`ctlco vory cao`ray tjrgudj tjo pa`clkd ge cj`bb`rs gk tjo dr`vo. jo iok `pprg`cj tjo dr`vo c`rrylkd tjo cj`bb`r ny ny lts egur cgrkors sg tj`t lt ls r`lsob jgrlzgkt`aay `ngvo tjo drgukb, iucj `s tjo cj`bb`r ls ls c`rrlob tg no pa`cob gvor tjo nrlbo“s jo`b burlkd tjo iojkbl rltu`a rltu`a (X. (X. Tornkor 0<<8/>88>= >?<-383). @s tjoy prgcoob tjrgudj tjo b`rn`r , pogpao tjrgw rupoo n`kf kgtos lktokbob `s k`zr`k` (trlnuto) (trlnuto) gr s`bq`t (`ais, (`ais, lk _rbu) gktg tjo jgrlzgkt`aay joab cagtj, must `s tjoy bg `t iojkbls . jo prgcosslgk `rrlvos slkdlkd `t tjo dr`vo noegro tjo iok mglktay mgl ktay cgvor tjo r`lsob r`ls ob igukb, iguk b, iucj `s ` nrlbo nrlb o wguab wgua b no cgvorob. cgvor ob. ^gso pot`as pot` as `kb gtjor d`ra`kbs ge eagwors gr n`kf kgtos `ro `asg tjrgwk gk tjo dr`vo, must `s tjoy `ro tjrgwk burlkd wobblkds. Alfo tjo J`mm, tjok, pladrli`dos tg s`lkts“ tgins burlkd urs coaonr`tlgks coaonr`tlgks `ro `ktl-structur`a `ktl-structur`a igiokts lk wjlcj iukb`ko jlor`rcjlos `ro or`sob `kb pladrlis oxporlokco ` sokso ge od`alt`rl`k p`rtlclp`tlgk `s tjoy ro`cj gut tg rocolvo Dgb“s naosslkds. @s lk tjo J`mm, tjo rltu`a poregri`kco `t Suel pladrli`do sjrlkos i`y `asg no cgkcolvob ge `s cguktor-structur`a, cguktor-structur`a, lk tj`t lt ls ` sorlos ge getok oa`ngr`to rltu`a `cts tjrgudj wjlcj pladrlis cgio lktg cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob `kb `cjlovo cagsokoss tg Dgb. Lk ngtj tjo J`mm `kb urs (gr i`walb ), ), pladrlis sj`ro lk ` s`crlelcl`a io`a `kb okd`do lk s`crob oxcj`kdo, c`rrylkd wltj tjoi dlets `kb bgk`tlgks tg tjo s`crob coktro `kb bop`rtlkd ergi lt wltj w`tor, o`rtj, `kb gtjor s`crob gnmocts `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo coktro. Ge oqu`a lipgrt`kco, pladrlis wjg c`kkgt `eegrb tg poregri tjo J`mm v`auo tjo pladrli`dos tg s`lkts“ sjrlkos
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lk Sgutj @sl` `s ` sunstltuto6 tjoy oxpalcltay roeor tg tjo J`mm lk rltu`a `cts ge iliosls `t Suel sjrlkos gr lk iytjlc`a k`rr`tlvos ge ilr`cuagus tr`voa tg Iocc`. Tjoro Tjor o tjo J`mm bleeors blee ors ergi tjo ‚aossor“ ‚aos sor“ pladrli pla drli`do `do tg Suel s`lkts“ s`lk ts“ sjrlkos sjrl kos ls lk lts uklquo `li tg `cjlovo lkblvlbu`a, sunmoctlvo purlelc`tlgk purlelc`tlgk ergi slk `s pladrlis `ro igvob rltu`aay n`cfw`rbs lk iytjlc tlio tg ` igiokt ge lkkgcokt purlty. Cgkcauslgk
To roturk tjok tg tjo t jo J`mm J `mm.. Egr Iusalis Iusali s tjo tj o J`mm, J`m m, igro i gro tj`k `ky gtjor gtjo r Lsa`il Ls a`ilcc rltu`a, ls tjo uatli`to `rcjotypo egr `aa s`crob oxcj`kdos burlkd pladrli`do. Lk toaalkd io ge tjolr mgurkoy lk ilkuto bot`la, roturkoos ergi tjo J`mm roalvob tjo oxporlokco ge tjo pladrli`do wjlao roeaoctlkd, `t iy roquost, gk lts sldklelc`kco. jo J`mm, L j`vo `rduob, rltu`aay ro-ok`cts ` igr`a `aaodgry tj`t iust no ukborstggb lk roa`tlgk tg lts s`crob protoxts, wjlcj `ro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsji`oa `kb tjo n`klsjiokt ge J`d`r. jo foy lboktlelc`tlgks oalcltob `ro dokborob `kb oqul oqulv` v`ao aokt kt== tj`t ge @nr`j`i `kb tjo grbo`a jo j o e`cob lk j`vlkd tg s`crlelco s`crle lco jls sgk, `kb tj`t ge jls jls wle wleoo J`d`r` `kb tjo grbo`a g rbo`a sjo e`cob lk w`kborlkd wltj jor sgk lk tjo bosort wltj kg w`tor tg quokcj jls tjlrst. jo iytjlc k`rr`tlvos ge tjoso twg oxoipa`ry porsgks, wgi`k `kb i`k, `ro structur`aay lboktlc`a. Lk ngtj, ` p`rokt ls `sfob tg s`crlelco jls gr jor cjlab egr tjo s`fo ge Dgb wltjgut agslkd e`ltj e`ltj lk Dgb. Lk ngtj, Dgb ilr`cuagusay lktorvokos `t tjo elk`a igiokt tg s`vo tjo cjlab ergi cort`lk bo`tj. jo pladrlis ro-ok`ct tjls bu`a grbo`a burlkd tjo J`mm `kb _ir`. Sook `s ` s`crob mgurkoy, tjo cguktor-structuro ge tjo J`mm rltu`a `cjlovos, L j`vo `rduob joro, tjo boslrob syingalc tr`ksegri`tlgk lk tjo porsgk ge tjo pladrli tjrgudj ` sorlos ge sldklelc`kt `atork`tlgks `kb rovors`as lk tlio. jls rovors`a ge tjo grldlk`a tlio soquokco ge tjo s`crob Pur“`klc (`kb nlnalc`a) k`rr`tlvos ls p`rt ge tjo prgcoss tjrgudj wjlcj tjo pladrli dr`bu`aay sjobs jor gr jls slks slks ny igvlkd igvlkd n`cfw n`cfw`r `rbs bs lk tlio `kb nocgios noc gios `s puro `kb lkkgcokt lk kgcokt (i`“sui ) `s ` kowngrk kowngrk lke`kt. lk e`kt. Nlnalgdr`pjy
Nrgcfi`k, K. (>800), Okcycagpobl` ge S`crob Xa`cos, >kb obltlgk. S`kt` N`rn`r` C@= @NC-CALG aac. Boa`koy, C. (0<<8), ‚jo J`mm= S`crob `kb Socua`r“, @iorlc`k @iorl c`k Otjk O tjkgagd gagdlst lst 04 (3)= ?03-?38. Orkst, C.T. (0<<3), ‚@k Lkbg-Xorsl`k dulbo tg Suel sjrlko pladrli`do“, lk D. I. Siltj & C.T. Orkst (obs.), I`kleos I`k leost`t t`tlgks lgks ge s`lktjgg s`lk tjggbb lk Lsa`i, Lsa`i , 23-5: . Lst`knua= tjo LSLS Xross. Eroindok, M.T. (>800), @t tjo sjrlko sjr lko ge tjo ^ob Suel= elvo b`ys b`y s `kb kldjts kld jts gk pladrli` plad rli`do do lk X`flst`k. X`flst `k. F`r`cjl= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross.
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Dgab, @.D. (0<::), Erulteua mgurkoys= tjo w`ys ge ^`m`stj`kl pladrlis. Norfoaoy= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. Jokld, B. (>80>), ‚‑jls ls gur alttao j`mm’= Iusali jgay sltos `kb ro`pprgprl`tlgk ge tjo s`crob a`kbsc`po lk cgktoipgr`ry Ngskl`“, @iorlc`k @iorl c`k Otjkgagd Otjk gagdlst lst 3< (2)= 4?0-45?. Judjos, Judjos , .X .X.. (0<4?), (0<4? ), Kgtos gk Iuj`ii`b`klsi. Iuj`ii`b`klsi. Boajl= Lb`r`-L-@b`nly`t-L-Boajl. Sj`rlee, M. (0<>0), Lsa`i lk Lkbl`= tjo custgis ge tjo Ius`ai`ks ge Lkbl`, tr`ks. D. @. Jorfagts Jorfag ts (0<4?) ( 0<4?).. Agkbgk Ag kbgk== Curzgk Cur zgk Xross. Iglkl, S.A.J. (0<:<), ‚^ltu`as `kb custgi`ry pr`ctlcos `t tjo B`rd`j ge @mior,“ lk C.T C. T. rgaa rgaa (ob.), (ob. ), Iusali Iusal i sjrlkos sjrlk os lk Lkbl`, Lkbl `, 58-4? . Boajl= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. S`jon, S.@.@. (0<<:), ‚@ ‑Eostlv`a ge Ea`ds’= Jlkbu-Iusali bovgtlgk `kb tjo s`cr`alslkd ge agc`alsi `t tjo Sjrlko ge K`dgro-o-Sj`rle“, lk X. Tornkor & J. N`su (obs.), Oingbylkd cj`rlsi`= igborklty, agc`alty `kb tjo poregri`kco ge oigtlgk lk Suel cuats , ??-45. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. `inl`j, S. (0<:2), jo Nubbjlst s`lkts ge tjo egrost `kb tjo cuat ge `iuaots= @ stuby stu by lk cj`rlsi cj` rlsi`, `, j`dlgdr` j`d lgdr`pjy, pjy, soct`r soc t`rl`k l`klsi, lsi, `kb ilaaokk ilaa okkl`a l`a Nubbjls Nubb jlsi. i. C`inrlbdo= C`inrlbdo _klvorslty Xross. urkor, urko r, U. U. (0<42) ( 0<42),, Br`i`s, eloabs, `kb iot`pjgrs. Ltj`c`, K\= K\= Cgrkoaa Cg rkoaa _klvorslty _klvorslty Xross. U`ablkgcl, I. (>88:), ‚^ltu`a mgurkoy `kb syingalc mgurkoy= oaoiokts ge pladrli`do tg tjo Suel s`lkts“ sjrlkos lk Jybor`n`b“, ^lvlst` bl Stubl Sub`sl`tlcl LLL= LLL= >80->3>. Tornkor, X. X. (0<<8/>88>) (0<<8/ >88>),, jo ildr`tlgk prgcoss= C`plt`a, dlets `kb geeorlkds `igkd I`kcjos I`k cjostor tor X`flst`kl X`flst `kls.s. Gxegrb= Nord Xunalsjors. Tornkor, X. (>883), (>883 ), Xladrlis ge agvo= jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge ` dagn`a Suel cuat. Agkbgk= Jurst Xunalsjors, Naggilkdtgk LK= Lkbl`k` _klvorslty Xross. Tornkor, X. X. & J. N`su (0<<:), (0<<: ), ‚Lktrgbuc ‚Lktr gbuctlgk tlgk== jo oingb o ingbliok lioktt ge cj`rlsi`“ cj`r lsi`“ lk X. Tornkor & J. N`su (obs.), Oingbylkd cj`rlsi`= igborklty, agc`alty `kb tjo poregri`kco ge oigtlgk lk Suel cuats , 3->4. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Tornkor, ^. (0<:<) ( 0<:<),, ^ltu`a p`ss`do, s`crob mgurkoy= jo prgcoss `kb grd`kls`tlgk ge roaldlgus igvoiokt . T`sjlkdtgk, BC= Siltjsgkl`k Lkstltutlgk Xross.
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X LAD^LI@DO , XO^EG^I@RLULR\ , @K B N ^LRLSJ I _SALIS= @K B _ KSC^LXROB @ CCG_KRS C CG_KRS GE RJO RJ O J @M M S C^LXROB @KB 0 @K B _ I^ @
Soàk IcAgudjalk Lktrgbuctlgk
L bgk“t tjlkf tjo porsgk wjg ygu“ro boscrlnlkd lt tg c`k ro`aay `pprocl`to wj`t ygu“ro toaalkd tjoi … le ygu `ro o`tlkd sgiotjlkd … `kb lt“s lt“s vory t`sty gr g r lt“s lt“s vory swoot, swoo t, `kb ygu try tg oxpa`lk o xpa`lk tj`t tg sgiongby … tjoy wlaa kovor oxporlokco jgw tj`t eggb t`stos, jgw klco lt ls, uktla tjoy“vo `ctu`aay oxporlokcob tj`t egr tjoisoavos. (B`ky`a, 28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb, J`mm 0<<<) Tostork scjga`r scj ga`rsjlp sjlp gk tjo J`mm j`s i`lkay i`lk ay nook tjo egcus egc us ge dokor`al doko r`alsob sob cgiiokt cgiiok t r`tjor tj`k spoclelc, lk-boptj stublos (^gee 0<:?). Lk Lsa`ilc stublos ospocl`aay, tjo pladrli`do j`s igst getok nook stublob wltj roeorokco tg Iusali jlstgry ergi tjo prgpjotlc or` uktla o`ray igbork tlios (Ugk Drukon`ui 0803). Jgwovor, slkco tjo 0<<8s, lk obltob cgaaoctlgks `kb mgurk`a `rtlcaos, `ktjrgpgagdlsts wgrflkd gk Iusali sgclotlos j`vo `asg noduk tg lkcaubo tjo J`mm `igkd tjolr lktorosts. gplcs ge stuby j`vo lkcaubob tr`voa `kb tjo roaldlgus li`dlk`tlgk, sgcl`a cj`kdo, tjo lbo` ge s`crob jgioa`kbs, `kb rltu`a tr`ksegri`tlgks (Olcfoai`k & Xlsc`tgrl 0<<86 Elscjor & @nobl 0<<86 Boa`koy 0<<86 Tornkor 0<<:). Jgwovor, wjlao cgktrlnutlkd tg tjo stlaa roa`tlvoay kow sun-eloab ge tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i (Doortz 0<5:6 Olcfoai`k 0<:06 @s`b 0<:56 ce. Alkbjgai >88>6 U`rlscg >88?6 IcAgudjalk >884), porj`ps surprlslkday sucj wgrf j`s kgt prgvlbob ` systoi`tlc `ccgukt ge alvob oxporlokcos ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm. Tjlao e`sclk`tlkd ioiglrs bg nodlk tg laauilk`to tjo pladrli`do tjus (J`iigubl 0
L cgipaotob tjls cj`ptor, `kb tjo Kgvoinor >803 cgkeorokco prosokt`tlgk `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy gk wjlcj lt ls n`sob, burlkd ` gk o-yo`r Nrltlsj @c`boiy Ilb-C`roor Eoaagwsjlp. L wlsj tg tj`kf tjo Nrltlsj @c`boiy egr tjolr vory dokorgus suppgrt ge iy roso`rcj `kb wrltlkd gk Nrltlsj Iusalis `kb tjo J`mm burlkd >803–>802. L `asg wlsj tg tj`kf tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui, `kb ospocl`aay Br. Uokotl` Xgrtor, egr lkvltlkd io tg cgktrlnuto tg tjo @rts `kb Jui`kltlos ^oso`rcj Cgukclaeukbob roso`rcj tj`t suppgrtob tjo J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo Jo`rt ge Lsa`i oxjlnltlgk burlkd >80>. @s kgtob lk tjo ngby ge iy toxt, tjo lktorvlows gk wjlcj tjls cj`ptor ls n`sob woro cgaaoctob ny tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui burlkd tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ eostlv`a lk >800. Br. Xgrtor flkbay d`vo io porilsslgk tg j`vo tjo lktorvlows tr`kscrlnob `kb tg wrlto `ngut tjo b`t` jorolk.
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>8856 ce. I`acgai Z 0<526 Tgaeo 0<<4), lt ls tjls d`p lk tjo altor`turo tj`t iy roso`rcj `bbrossos. Tgrflkd `crgss tjo eloabs ge tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i, pladrli`do stublos, sgclgagdy ge roaldlgk, `kb bl`spgr` stublos tg prosokt ` c`so stuby ge a`to-igbork alvob ‚roaldlgklkd“ (Kyo >888) gk tjo igvo (ce. Cgaoi`k & O`bo >882), `s lk iy provlgus wgrf gk Nrltlsj X`flst`kls, lk tjls cj`ptor L put tjo io`klkd ge pladrlis“ ‚J`mm Stgrlos“ coktro st`do (IcAgudjalk >88<`,n6 ce. J`q & M`cfsgk >88<6 BoJ`k`s >803). g b`to stublos ge pladrli`do j`vo kgt nook vory iucj cgkcorkob wltj tjo J`mm gr Lsa`i por so. O`ray roaov`kt wgrf `crgss `ktjrgpgagdy `kb tjo stuby ge roaldlgks egcusob upgk tjo lkjorokt bovgtlgk`a i`dkotlsi ge s`crob pa`co (Oal`bo 06 urkor 0<5<6 0<42`,n). Tjlao Tjla o stlaa stla a lkcrobln lkcr oblnay ay v`au`nao v`au `nao,, sunsoquo suns oquokt kt pgstigb pgst igbork ork crltlquo crlt lquoss i`lkt`lk i`lk t`lkob ob tj`t tjo ngukb`ry notwook tjo s`crob `kb tjo prge`ko w`s igro ‚er`dlao“ `kb ‚cgktostob“ tj`k tjls wgrf suddostob, prgpgslkd lksto`b tjo bocgkstructlgk ge pladrli`do lktg ‚`k `rok` ge cgipotlkd blscgursos“ (O`bo & S`aakgw 0<<0= ?, >56 ce. Elscjor & @nobl 0<<8 gk tjo ‚cgktostob“ Sjl“l J`mm). Jgwovor, `s L j`vo `rduob oasowjoro lk roa`tlgk tg tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i, `ktl-ossoktl`alst `ktl-ossoktl`alst `pprg`cjos c`k no aliltlkd, tgg, le lk t`cfalkd tjo prgnaoi ge ossokco scjga`rs slipay blssgavo tjo sldklelc`kco ge roaldlgk egr sgcl`a `ctgrs (IcAgudjalk (IcAgudjalk >884). jus, egaagwlkd `k lipgrt`kt ro`ssossiokt ge pladrli`do stublos ny Cgaoi`k & O`bo (>8826 ce. Cgaoi`k >88>), iy stuby ge tjo J`mm oxjlnlts twg i`lk `pprg`cjos. Elrstay, wltj S`n` I`jiggb“s (>88?) blscusslgk ge Mubltj Nutaor (0<<4) lk ilkb, L oxpagro jgw, lk rocguktlkd tjolr gwk boopay i`torl`a `kb oingblob poregri`kcos ge rltos `kb rltu`as, Nrltlsj Iusalis `ctlvoay sj`po tjolr gwk roaldlgus sunmoctlvltlos, wjlao `asg ‚ro-prgbuclkd“ `kb ro-i`flkd grtjgbgx `kb grtjgpr`x Lsa`ilc scrlpts. Stlaa, L bg kgt ldkgro tjo e`ct tj`t, wjlao `aa lbogagdlos `splro tg cgjorokco (ce. @s`b 0<:5), tjo lkjorokt lkst`nlalty lkst`nlalty `ssgcl`tob wltj tjolr ropo`tob, cgktoxtu`a poregri`kco cro`tos tjo sp`co egr tjolr bost`nlals`tlgk bost`nlals`tlgk `kb cgktost`tlgk. Kgt ao`st lk ` a`to igbork `do ge dagc`als`tlgk, `aa sgcl`a `ctgrs `ro pgsltlgkob ny iuatlpao `kb sgiotlios p`r`bgxlc`a ‚alvob structuros“ ergi roaldlgus rovlv`alsi tg cgksuior c`plt`alsi (ce. urkor 0<<2= >8>6 @pp`bur`l 0<<56 Eo`tjorstgko >88>6 Ngunofour & ^gy >80>). jus L `asg oxpagro tjo ro`altlos ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm `kb _ir`, roeaoctlgks tj`t lkcaubo roeorokco tg v`rlgus ukcort`lktlos, cj`aaokdos, bls`ppglktiokts, `kb `inlv`aokcos. Socgkbay, lk aldjt ge tjo cgiiokts `ngvo, `kb alfo tjo stuby ge cgkt oipgr`ry oipgr`r y cuaturo por so (Caleegrb 0<<4), lt ls cao`r tj`t tjo stuby ge tjo J`mm c`kkgt no cgkelkob tg Iocc` `s ` clrcuiscrlnob, tlio-sp`co agc`tlgk sot `p`rt ergi wlbor sgcl`a, ocgkgilc, `kb pgaltlc`a clrcua`tlgks, eagws, `kb lkeorokcos (Cgaoi`k & O`bo >8826 ce. Elscjor & @nobl 0<<8). Lk tjls rod`rb, L kocoss`rlay okcgip `ss iy
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blscusslgk ge wj`t pladrlis ‚bg“ lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos wltjlk ` wlbor otjkgdr`pjlc vlow ge tjolr wjgao mgurkoy, lkcaublkd ngtj roaldlgusay lksplrob `kb ovoryb`y oxporlokcos noegro bop`rturo ergi, `kb egaagwlkd roturk tg, tjo ‚sokblkd“ sgcloty ge tjo _F. _atli`toay, L suddost tj`t Iusali roaldlgklkd iust no cj`rtob `crgss c`rtgdr`pjlos ge noaloe, pr`ctlco, `kb lboktlty tj`t `ro agc`a, iuatl-agc`a, `kb supr`-agc`a (woob 0<<46 >8856 ce. IcAgudjalk >8086 >803`). j`t ls, tjoy i`p `k oingblob `kb poregriob cgksclguskoss ge, `kb `tt`cjiokt tg, pa`cos, pogpao `kb nolkds `t sc`aos tj`t `ro ngtj jgrlzgkt`a `kb torrltgrl`a `kb vortlc`a vortlc`a `kb tr`kscokbokt. jo sot ge b`t` L oxpagro joro w`s cgaaoctob ny Nrltlsj Iusoui st`ee `s ` cgktrlnutlgk tg lts wlbor punalc okd`doiokt surrgukblkd tjo vory succosseua >80> oxjlnltlgk J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo Jo`rt ge Lsa`i .> g g c`pturo c`p turo Nrltlsj Nrlt lsj Iusalis“ vlbog tostligklos cgkcorklkd tjolr oxporlokcos ge tjo J`mm, `sslst`kt cur`tgr P`lsr` Fj`k `kb gtjor ioinors ge tjo to`i sot gee ergi Agkbgk burlkd ` agkd suiior woofokb lk >800 egr tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ eostlv`a. Joab `t Alkcgaksjlro Sjgwdrgukb lk tjo Okdalsj O`st Ilba`kbs, ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ ls ` judo ukbort`flkd egr tjo Lsa`ilc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk, 3 `kb sg tjo ovokt ls grd`klsob gkay gkco ovory eow yo`rs. Tltj `rgukb ?,888 Nrltlsj Iusalis `ttokblkd gvor egur b`ys lk ` roa`xob, jgalb`y `tigspjoro egaagwlkd tjo e`st ge ^`i`b`k, tjo ovokt roprosoktob roprosoktob `k oxcoaaokt gppgrtuklty tg lkvlto lktorostob vlsltgrs tg rocgrb tjolr ‚J`mm Stgrlos“. 2 Lk ` boblc`tob i`rquoo, ` prgeosslgk`a elai i`for `sfob tjls soaesoaoctlkd s`ipao gpok-okbob quostlgks sucj `s= ‚Jgw ‚Jgw cgio ygu wokt egr J`mm7“6 ‚Tjg blb ygu dg wltj7“6 ‚Jgw blb ygu eooa wjok ygu dgt tjoro7’6 ‚Tj`t“s ygur igst vlvlb ioigry7“6 ‚Tj`t blb ygu nrlkd n`cf7“6 `kb ‚Tguab ygu dg `d`lk7“.? Tjlao Tjla o L w`s kgt blroctay blro ctay lkvgavob lkvg avob lk tjo cgaaoctl cgaa octlgk gk ge tjls b`t` iysoae, iyso ae, L blb spokb tlio wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui to`i `t tjo eostlv`a, j`vlkd provlgusay blscussob iy gwk roso`rcj gk _F J`mm-dglkd wltj tjoi `t tjo pa`kklkd st`do (IcAgudjalk >88<`,n). L j`b `asg nook lkvltob tg cgaaoct igro lk-boptj lktorvlows wltj Nrltlsj Iusalis `s p`rt ge `k oxjlnltlgk-roa`tob `w`rb tg tjo iusoui ny tjo @rts `kb Jui`kltlos ^oso`rcj Cgukcla (@J^C). Igrogvor, tjo vlbog rocgrblkds cgaaoctob `t ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ woro a`tor sj`rob wltj io `s p`rt ge iy cgaa`ngr`tlgk wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui to`i `kb, wltj tjo porilsslgk ge tjo oxjlnltlgk“s cur`tgr Br. Uokotl` Xgrtor, L `rr`kdob egr tjoi tg no prgeosslgk`aay
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@ wonslto rocgrblkd foy oaoiokts ge tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui“ Iusoui“ss >80> oxjlnltlgk c`k no egukb `t= www. nrltlsjiusoui.grd/oxpagro/tjoios/j`mm.`spx. Ro ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ Lsa`i“ eostlv`a `kb tjo Lsa`ilc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk Nrlt`lk por so `ro vory iucj t`rdotob `t e`ilalos `kb ygukd pogpao, j`vlkd oiordob wjok, burlkd tjo 0<:8s `kb o`ray 0<<8s, tjo ‚socgkb dokor`tlgk“ `ctlvlsts `ssgcl`tob wltj \gukd Iusalis _F nod`k tg i`rry `kb j`vo tjolr gwk e`ilalos (Aowls 0<<2). Cgktrlnutgrs woro `sfob tg tg sldk ` roao`so egri wltj cjlabrok“s cjlabrok“s cgktrlnutlgks sldkob g ny p`rokts. Soo vlbog calps `t jttp=//www.nrltlsjiusoui.grd/wj`tsWgk/p`` stWoxjlnltlgks/>80>/j `mm/j`mmW stgrlos.`spx.
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tr`kscrlnob.5 Lk tgt`a, 33 J`mm Stgrlos 4 prgbucob >?8 ilkutos ge tostligklos, wltj tjo agkdost cgktrlnutlgk `iguktlkd tg igro tj`k 3888 wgrbs `kb tjo sjgrtost tg aoss tj`k ?88 wgrbs. Igst woro notwook ?88 `kb 0?88 wgrbs lk aokdtj. Cgktrlnutgrs woro kgt `sfob ny tjo lktorvlowor tg soae-lboktley lk `ky p`rtlcua`r w`y noygkb st`tlkd tjolr k`io, tjolr gccup`tlgk, `kb wjoro tjoy alvob. Kovortjoaoss, uslkd tjo vlbog rocgrblkds `kb tr`kscrlpts, L w`s `nao tg i`p gtjor `spocts ge p`rtlclp`kts“ nlg-b`t`. @atjgudj L bg kgt soof tg cgip`ro tjo oxporlokcos ge blstlkctlvo drgups ge Nrltlsj Iusali pladrlis ny dokbor, `do drgup, otjklclty, gr yo`r ge J`mm gr _ir` p`rtlclp`tlgk, L bg sgiotlios uso tjls b`t` tg nottor cgktoxtu`also lkblvlbu`a `ccgukts ox`ilkob joro. Ge cgurso, tjo k`ios ge `aa p`rtlclp`kts `kb, `s kocoss`ry, gtjor lkegri`tlgk tj`t ildjt lboktley tjoi, j`vo nook `kgkyilsob. @igkd @igk d tjls r`kbgi r`kb gi s`ipao, s`ip ao, twokty twok ty p`rtlcl p`r tlclp`kt p`ktss j`b nook egr tjo J`mm, J`mm , klko j`b nook egr tjo _ir`, gko blb kgt rocgrb wjlcj pladrli`do j`b nook poregriob, `kb tjroo j`b kgt tr`voaaob egr oltjor nut woro stlaa igvob tg rocgrb jgw tjo `ccgukts ge erlokbs `kb e`ilay j`b lip`ctob upgk tjolr gwk boslro tg mgurkoy mgu rkoy tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos. Xa`c os. : Ge tjgso tj`t j`b tr`voaaob egr tjo J`mm gr _ir`, gkay tjroo gabor iok j`b i`bo tjo pladrli`do burlkd tjo 0<48s, 0<:8s, gr o`ray 0<<8s, wjlao rgudjay oqu`a kuinors j`b tr`voaaob oltjor notwook 0<888. < Klkotook ge tjo p`rtlclp`kts woro i`ao `kb egurtook woro eoi`ao. wokty-elvo woro `dob notwook slxtook `kb 2<, elvo cgktrlnutgrs woro cjlabrok ge scjgga `do, `kb tjroo woro gvor ?8 yo`rs gab. Kgt`nay, gkay gko-tjlrb ge p`rtlclp`kts ioktlgkob `k otjklc lboktlty `t `ky pglkt burlkd tjolr `ccgukt‒X`flst`kl, N`kda`bosjl, Lkbl`k, Okdalsj, Odyptl`k, `kb Foky`k‒`kb tjok usu`aay gkay lk p`sslkd. 08 @aa nut ` cgupao ge tjo `buat cgktrlnutgrs woro prgeosslgk`as wgrflkd lk soctgrs sucj `s obuc`tlgk, nuslkoss, jo`atj, tjo iobl`,
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Eukbob ny iy Nrltlsj @c`boiy @c`boiy Ilb-C`roor Eoaagwsjlp, L tggf ‚J`mm Stgrlos“ Stgrlos“ vlbog calps `kb ` roa`tob oxjlnltlgk ge 02 @0 pgstors n`cf tg ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ lk >802 (Muay 30–@udust 3). 4 Rroo tr`kscrlpts woro oxcaubob ergi iy `k`aysls= tjgso ge gko @iorlc`k `kb twg Sgutj Sgutj @erlc`k Iusali cgktrlnutgrs/vlsltgrs tg ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“. : @ eow `ccgukts blb kgt rocgrb tjo yo`r ge tr`voa. Gko `ccgukt blb kgt rocgrb wjotjor tjo pladrli wokt egr J`mm gr _ir`. _ir` ls egcusob gkay upgk tjo poregri`kco ge rltu`as `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo Iocc`k s`kctu`ry `kb t`fos pa`co gutslbo ge tjo J`mm so`sgk. < Rus cgktrlnutgrs“ J`mm-dglkd dokor`aay roocts tjo porlgb burlkd wjlcj tjo J`mm j`s cgio tg dro`tor punalc `ttoktlgk lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi, tj`t ls, tjo a`to 0<<8s. Egaagwlkd v`rlgus jui`k bls`stors lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos, tjo _kltob Flkdbgi“s ffrst pladrli woae`ro grd`kls`tlgk, tjo @ssgcl`tlgk ge Nrltlsj Jumm`m (0<<:), w`s ost`nalsjob, `s woaa `s tjo Nrltlsj J`mm Boaod`tlgk (>888). Soo IcAgudja lk (>803`). 08 @p`rt ergi tjo c`so ge ` cgkvort tg Lsa`i, tjls tokbob tg no cjlabrok `dob ffetook `kb ukbor, ukbor, `kb gabor gr rotlrob pogpao. Tjlao cgktrlnutgrs woro kgt `sfob blroctay `ngut sucj i`ttors, tjo roa`tlvo lksldklffc`kco ge otjklc lboktltlos `aldks wltj tjo otjgs ge tjo Lsa`ilc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk. Ergi lts lkcoptlgk, lt j`s sgudjt tg `ffiri Iusalis“ rggtobkoss lk Nrlt`lk, `s woaa `s tg kgri`also lts iuatl-otjklc cj`r`ctor lk ` w`y tj`t j`s r`roay nook tjo c`so `igkdst igst dr`ssrggts grd`kls`tlgks (IcAgudjalk >88?).
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a`w, bosldk, tjo `rts, `kb sclokco. 00 Gko-tjlrb ge p`rtlclp`kts woro ergi Agkbgk `kb tjo Sgutj ge Okda`kb, `kb ko`ray gko-qu`rtor woro ergi I`kcjostor, ngtj `ro`s wjoro tjoro ls ` sldklelc`kt Nrltlsj-Iusali ilbbao ca`ss. joro woro must ` eow p`rtlclp`kts ergi tjo igro typlc`aay wgrflkd-ca`ss cgiiukltlos lk Tost \grfs \grfsjlro jlro `kb Nlrilk Nl rilkdj`i, dj`i, `atjgudj `atjg udj Da`sdgw Da `sdgw lk Scgta` Sc gta`kb kb w`s w` s sgiowj sgi owj`t `t nottor not tor roprosoktob. jo oxpgsltlgk tj`t egaagws, tjok, ls kgt n`sob gk blroct gnsorv`tlgk ge, gr liiorslgk lk, tjo sottlkds lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos wjoro tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir` `ro poregriob.0> Lkboob, alfo j`mml B`ky`a B`ky`a cltob `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjls cj`ptor, ` kuinor ge p`rtlclp`kts lkslstob tj`t `ccoss tg tjo `utjoktlclty ge tjo oxporlokco ge pladrli`do cgios gkay wltj ‚nolkd tjoro“. @t tjo s`io tlio, tjo aliltob kuinor, `kb gpok-okbob k`turo, ge tjo lktorvlow quostlgks `sfob, `s woaa `s pladrlis“ pladrlis“ gwk blscrotlgk, ukbguntobay io`kt tj`t sgio `spocts ge tjolr oingblob poregri`kcos `kb i`torl`a pr`ctlcos woro kgt `bbrossob lk bot`la gr `t `aa. jus L lkovlt`nay prgvlbo gkay ` p`rtl`a `ccgukt ge tjo cgipaox roaldlgus, sgcl`a, cuatur`a, pgaltlc`a, `kb ocgkgilc ro`altlos ge J`mm-dglkd `igkd tjo >>,888– >?,888 Nrltlsj Iusalis wjg tr`voa `kku`aay (IcAgudjalk >803n6 ce. Nl`kcjl >882 gk tjo grd`kls`tlgk ge tjo J`mm wgrabwlbo). Iy toxt roprosokts gko ge ` kuinor ge pgsslnao ro`blkds `kb lktorprot`tlgks, wjlcj c`kkgt kocoss`rlay no dokor`alsob tg Nrltlsj j`mml s. s. Kovortjoaoss, wltj twokty yo`rs“ oxporlokco stubylkd Nrltlsj Iusali cgktoxts, L `i roa`tlvoay woaa pa`cob tg `ssoss `kb lktorprot tjo rlcjay toxturob gr`a tostligklos lk quostlgk joro. 03 Rjo Kow J`mml s= s= Sgcl`a Cj`kdo, ‚Nolkd C`aaob“, `kb Cgkstr`lkob Cjglcos
@s tjo tltao t ltao ge g e tjo K`tlgk`a K`tl gk`a Iusoui Ius oui ge Otjkgagdy“s Otjkg agdy“s oxjlnltlg oxjln ltlgkk Agkdlkd egr Iocc` (>803–>802) c`pturob sg `ptay `p tay,, tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir` j`vo agkd slkco sust`lkob s ust`lkob tjo Lsa`ilc`to li`dlk`tlgk tjrgudj tlio `kb `crgss sp`co (ce. Olcfoai`k & Xlsc`tgrl 0<<8). Egri`a `kb pgpua`r cuatur`a vojlcaos egr tjls j`vo lkcaubob plgus toxts `kb pgotry, `rtoe`cts `kb li`dos, rltu`a pr`ctlcos, `kb gr`a `kb iuslc`a tr`bltlgks, `s woaa `s roturklkd pladrlis“ t`aos. Egr ox`ipao, ^ly`bj (28s, bosldkor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4), wjg tr`voaaob wltj jls igtjor, roeaoctob gk drgwlkd up wltj pjgtgdr`pjs ge jls vory bleeoroktay agc`tob dr`kbp`rokts“ 00 Alfo tjo X`flst`kl M`i`“`t-l M`i`“`t-l Lsa`il-roa`tob Lsa`il-roa`tob igvoiokts tg wjlcj tjo Lsa`ilc Lsa`ilc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk c`k tr`co lts rggts, tjo grd`kls`tlgk j`s ` Iusali ilbbao-ca`ss n`so (gkco bunnob ‚\_IIlos“ gr \gukd _pw`rbay Ignlao Iusalis) (IcAgudjalk >88?). 0> L `i kgt ` Iusali iysoae `kb kgk-Iusalis `ro prgjlnltob ergi vlsltlkd tjo Jgay Jgay Xa`cos. Jgwovor, Jgwovor, L j`vo liiorsob iysoae lk lk-boptj `ccgukts rocgrblkd Iusalis“ oxporlokcos, w`tcjob s`toaalto U cgvor`do ge tjo J`mm, `kb cgksuiob roa`tob cuatur`a prgbuctlgk. 03 Ro blvorslty ge tjo b`t` w`s rot`lkob wltj o`cj tr`kscrlpt, ffrst ro`b c`roeuaay noegro cgblkd lkbuctlvoay uslkd Kvlvg 08 sgetw`ro. Rls ltor`tlvo prgcoss ge b`t` `k`aysls prgbucob ` i`trlx ge foy kgbos `kb sun-kgbos suddostlvo lkltl`aay ge slipao tjoios `kb tjok nrg`bor c`todgrlos, wjlcj lk turk prgvlbob tjo pa`tegri egr bovoagplkd gnsorv`tlgks `ngut igro sunst`ktlvo p`ttorks, tjogrlos, `kb oxpa`k`tlgks.
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o`ray igbork J`mm oxporlokco. jo sj`rp cgktr`st notwook tjolr aokdtjy `kb cj`aaokdlkd mgurkoy ny sjlp ergi tjo Lkbg-X`f suncgktlkokt er`iob jls gwk a`to-igbork prop`r`tlgks tg eay ergi tjo _kltob Flkdbgi tg tjo Flkdbgi ge S`ubl @r`nl` wltj cgip`r`tlvo o`so. Lk tjgso b`ys pogpao usob tg tr`voa ny so`. joy usob tg t`fo tjolr gwk r`tlgks. @kb wjok pogpao usob tg s`y dggbnyo tg tjoi, tjoy ildjt kgt soo tjoi `d`lk. joro w`s sg iucj bleelcuaty lk tjo tr`voaalkd. Tjlao tjoy woro tjoro tjoy usob tg bg tjolr gwk cggflkd. joro woro kg jgtoas, must tjo c`ipsltos … Sg tjgso plcturos woro vory vlvlb li`dos lk iy mgurkoy. Lkcro`slkday Lkcro`slkday lktokslvo `kb oxtokslvo dagc`als`tlgk j`s tjoroegro tr`ksegriob tjo vory pgsslnlaltlos ge Iusalis tr`voaalkd egr tjo J`mm. jo kuinor ge gvorso`s pladrlis j`s iusjrggiob slkco tjo ilb-080> (IcAgudjalk >803n). Igrogvor, slkco tjo o`ray- tg ilb->888s, lktorvoktlgks ny tjo Flkdbgi ge S`ubl @r`nl` j`vo rosj`pob tjo structuros er`ilkd tjo pladrli oxporlokco. Egr lkst`kco, lk tjo a`to 0<<8s, tjok-stubokt I`mlb (28s, iobl`/i`rfotlkd, Scgta`kb, J`mm grd`klsor) p`lb £800), tjo Ilklstry ge J`mm nod`k tg lkslst tj`t pladrlis kgt tr`voaalkd `s p`rt ge ` Iusali st`to boaod`tlgk ( o.d . `aa Iusalis lk tjo Tost) iust grd`klso tjolr vls` `kb `ccgiigb`tlgk tjrgudj ‚`pprgvob“ tr`voa `dokts, ge wjlcj tjoro `ro `rgukb :8 lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi (IcAgudjalk >803n). Tltj joldjtok jold jtokob ob dagn`a dagn `a cgksclgu cgks clguskos skosss ge Lsa`ilc Lsa` ilc lboktlty lbok tlty `igkd `igk d bl`spgr bl`s pgr`s, `s, ` rlslkd kow ilbbao ca`ss, `kb dokorgus qugt`s, sgio _kltob Flkdbgi tgur gpor`tgrs kgw geeor ‚?-st`r“, ‚ULX“, `kb ‚auxury“ J`mm p`cf`dos cgstlkd £?,888 gr igro. Gko Nrltlsj Iusali pladrli wjg wokt egr tjo J`mm lk >88: (@si`, 28s, blvorslty geelcor, Tost Ilba`kbs) spgfo ge tjo oxporlokco ge tr`voaalkd wltj ` roput`nao Agkbgk-n`sob Agkbgk-n`sob cgip`ky wjgso i`rfotlkd str`p-alko ls, ‚To wlaa wgrry `ngut ygur J`mm igro tj`k ygu bg“. Jgwovor, wltj ilaalgks ge pladrlis kgw d`tjorlkd lk ` slkdao pa`co, gvor ` cort`lk kuinor ge b`ys, must gkco ` yo`r, `kb tjo J`mm lkbustry wgrabwlbo nolkd `t gkco aucr`tlvo `kb rlsfy, rlsfy, er`ub j`s nocgio ` prgnaoi. Lk tjo _F tjls ls kgt ao`st noc`uso ge ` cgipaox lkbustry structuro tj`t lkcaubos sun-`dokts `kb tguts `s woaa `s Ilklstry ge J`mm `pprgvob tgur gpor`tgrs. gpor`tgrs . jus, Ignook (28s, Dokor`a Xr`ctltlgkor, Xr`ctl tlgkor, Tost Tost \grfsjlro, \grfsjlro, J`mm J`m m >88:) roa`tob jgw, lk >884, jo `kb klko ioinors ge jls e`ilay ‚woro tgab … ny tjo tgur gpor`tgr tj`t, kgt gkay j`b tjoy kgt socurob gur J`mm vls` … igro tj`k ?8 pladrlis agst gut gk igro tj`k £>?8,888“.
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Bosplto rlslkd prlcos `kb pladrli qugt`s tj`t j`vo robucob ny >8 por cokt slkco >803 tg `ccgiigb`to eurtjor oxp`kslgk ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc`, Nrltlsj Iusalis j`vo lkcro`slkday nook `nao tg ‚cgksuio“ tr`voa tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos `t ` tlio ge tjolr koob, boslro, `kb cjggslkd (IcAgudjalk (IcAgudjalk >88<`). jus tjoy roprosokt ` kow, a`to-igbork sgrt ge ‚pladrli-tgurlst“ (Cgaoi`k & O`bo >882= <6 ce. N`ui`kk 0<<56 N`bgko & ^gsoi`k >8826 St`usnord >800). Cort`lkay, kgw tj`t tjls ls tjo c`so, `k o`rkostkoss tg euaela tjo buty ge tjo J`mm w`s egroigst lk tjo `ccgukts ge twg i`ao p`rtlclp`kts. @s A`tle (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) oxpa`lkob, ‚L fkow lt“s ` buty … ` agt ge pogpao porj`ps ao`vo lt a`tor gk nut … `etor L dr`bu`tob L st`rtob wgrf euaa-tlio … `kb tj`t“s gko ge tjo elrst tjlkds L blb `etor L“b s`vob up sgio igkoy“. Slila`ray, B`ky`a (28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb) `ccgip`klob jls wleo sggk `etor tjolr wobblkd lk 0<<<. To boclbob boc lbob tj`t r`tjor r`tj or tj`k dg tg gtjor gtjo r pa`cos pa`c os wo sjguab sjgu ab elrst elrs t `kb egroigst cgipaoto gur J`mm wjlcj ls … gko ge gur i`mgr rospgkslnlaltlos. Tjoro ygu j`vo ygur jo`atj `kb ygu j`vo ygur e`cuatlos `kb ygu j`vo okgudj igkoy … tjok ygu sjguab cgipaoto tjo J`mm. Getok kurturob ny ` splrlt ge roaldlgus rovlv`alsi, rovlv`alsi, sucj ` vlow ls d`tjorlkd suppgrt `crgss tjo dokor`tlgks `igkd cgktoipgr`ry Nrltlsj Iusalis. Kovortjoaoss, Kovortjoaoss, tjo i`mgrlty ge p`rtlclp`kts `t ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ blb kgt spo`f `ngut J`mm-dglkd lk sucj cao`r-cut toris. Egr J`ali` (38s, obltgr, Agkbgk, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk), jor sokso ge buty `kb boslro w`s n`a`kcob wltj c`utlgk. Sjo w`s `kxlgus `ngut nolkd splrltu`aay prop`rob okgudj tg oinr`co tjo tr`bltlgk`aay `scrlnob ‚plgus“ st`tus ge ` j`mm` roa`tlvoay roa`tlvoay o`ray lk aleo. Lt ls sgiotjlkd tj`t ls ` yo`rklkd. L“i korvgus tjgudj tjg udj noc`uso L eooa alfo i`yno L“i kgt prop`rob yot … L prgn`nay j`vo tg gvorcgio tjgso eo`rs `kb ro`aay must i`fo tjo lktoktlgk tj`t ‑jls sjguab nocgio p`rt ge iy aleo `kb L sjguab nocgio ` j`mml ’. ’. Igrogvor, ovok kgw tj`t igst Iusalis j`vo igro ro`alstlc oxpoct`tlgks ge mgurkoy mgu rkoylkd lkd egr tjo J`mm tj`k lk tjo p`st, p`st , dlvok dlvo k tjo boi`kbs boi` kbs ge e`ilay e`il ay `kb wgrflkd aleo, lt ls ` buty tj`t ls getok boeorrob egr pr`ctlc`a `s woaa `s roaldlgus ro`sgks. Kow gppgrtukltlos `kb w`ys ge nolkd j`mml s nrlkd kow blaoii`s. Egr lkst`kco, dlvok roaldlg-cuatur`a oxpoct`tlgks lk toris ge e`ilay rospgkslnlaltlos, Iusali wgiok j`vo porj`ps nook igst `eeoctob lk tjls rod`rb. J`vlkd i`bo jor `rr`kdoiokts tg tr`voa, @si` (28s, blvorslty geelcor, Tost Ilba`kbs, J`mm >88:) w`s vory cgkcorkob `s ` igtjor `ngut tjo woaa-bgcuioktob b`kdors ge poregrilkd sgio ge tjo rltu`as, lkcaublkd tjo t`w`e (clrcui`inua`tlgk ge tjo F`“n F`“n`) `) `kb stgklkd ge tjo m`i`r`t m`i` r`t (plaa`rs). (plaa`rs).
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L“b nook vory roauct`kt `ngut dglkd gk tjo J`mm gkco lt j`b nook nggfob ... L w`s j`vlkd ` agt ge eo`rs `kb wgrrlos `kb L w`s cgkvlkcob … tj`t sgiotjlkd w`s dglkd tg j`ppok gut tjoro `kb tj`t w`s gko ge tjo tjlkds tj`t w`s upsottlkd io tjo igst `ngut ao`vlkd iy cjlabrok nojlkb. @atjgudj @atj gudj sgio tgur gpor` g por`tgrs tgrs wlaa elkb w`ys `rgukb `rgu kb tjo tj o rodua`tl rodu a`tlgks, gks, wgiok wgio k `ro `asg aoss eroo tg tr`voa lkbopokboktay egr J`mm noc`uso, `ccgrblkd tg dokborob Lsa`ilc kgris, tjoy roqulro ` i`ao roa`tlvo gr i`jr`i tg oscgrt tjoi. Sgio i`ao rospgkbokts spoclelc`aay ioktlgkob `ccgip`kylkd ` igtjor gr wleo gr ngtj gk pladrli`do. 02 Lkboob, rgudjay oqu`a kuinors ge cgktrlnutgrs j`b tr`voaaob wltj tjolr liiobl`to e`ilay, tjolr oxtokbob e`ilay, gr lk cgupaos. Jgwovor, lk cgktr`st tg wgiok, sovor`a iok woro `nao tg tr`voa egr tjo J`mm `s lkblvlbu`as gk pladrli`do tgurs grd`klsob lkbopokboktay, `s p`rt ge ` stubokt drgup, `s oxport gr `ctlvlst duosts ge tjo S`ubl @r`nl`k `utjgrltlos, gr wjlao wgrflkd lk tjo Flkdbgi. @igkd @igk d `rgukb `rgu kb j`ae ge tjo cgktrlnut cgkt rlnutgrs grs wjg wokt lktg igro bot`la bot` la `ngut `ngu t tjo blvorso porsgk`a clrcuist`kcos surrgukblkd tjolr mgurkoy, gko Lsa`ilc scrlpt stggb gut `s gvorwjoailkday sldklelc`kt. @s Blasj`b (28s, nuslkossi`k, Tost Ilba`kbs, J`mm b`to ukfkgwk) put lt, ‚To j`vo tjls kgtlgk, tjls noaloe tj`t ygu c`k dg gkay wjok Dgb c`aas ygu“. _kboraylkd tjo w`y lk wjlcj i`ky Iusalis tokb tg spo`f (punalcay `t ao`st) `ngut J`mm-dglkd ls tjo Sukkl noaloe lk q`b`r , gr probostlk`tlgk, wjlcj ls ` i`ttor ge `qlb` (croob). (croob). @s ovok Al`q`t (scjgga ngy, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >800) `nay oxpa`lkob ‚Lt“s bgwk tg Dgb noc`uso lt“s Dgb“s cjglco. Jo“s wrgto ovorytjlkd, ovory igvoiokt tj`t wo bg lk gur aleo“. joroegro @yosj` (28s, L, Kgrtj-O`st), wjgso boslros tg dg egr tjo J`mm woro `s yot ukeuaelaaob‒porj`ps noc`uso sjo ls ` slkdao igtjor `kb j`s kg i`ao roa`tlvo tg oscgrt jor‒stlaa `ssortob jor e`ltj lk Dgb ovok `s sjo struddaob wltj ` cort`lk ‚J`mm okvy“. Lt ls ` bro`i … ovory tlio L soo erlokbs gr e`ilay dglkd egr J`mm L sgrt ge eooa okvlgus. L fkgw L“i kgt suppgsob tg. L“i j`ppy egr tjoi … nut … L pr`y egr tj`t lkvlt`tlgk … sg tj`t L c`k eooa `t po`co wltj iysoae. L tjlkf Jo fkgws wjok lt ls nost egr io tg dg gk tj`t mgurkoy. Lkltl`aay, egr ^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884), tjls kgtlgk ge ‚nolkd c`aaob“ ‚w`s sgiotjlkd L“b kovor ro`aay ukborstggb. L tjgudjt lt w`s must sgiotjlk sgio tjlkdd tjoy VpogpaoY Vpog paoY s`y“. Ovoktu`aay, Ovoktu `aay, jgwovor, jgwov or, `etor `eto r sgio sgi o 38 yo`rs yo`r s ge w`ltlkd `kb j`vlkd ‚`aigst dlvok up jgpo“, tjo gppgrtuklty `rgso wjok sjo w`s 02 Ro i`jr`i quostlgk i`y no ospocl`aay cgipalc`tob egr slkdao igtjors, rocokt ildr`kts, `kb sgio uki`rrlob cgkvorts. K.N. ‚Tgiok gvor tjo `do ge egrty-ffvo (2?) i`y tr`voa wltjgut ` i`jr`i wltj `k grd`klzob drgup. Roy iust, jgwovor sunilt ` kg gnmoctlgk aottor ergi jor jusn`kb, sgk gr nrgtjor `utjgrlzlkd jor tg tr`voa egr J`mm wltj tjo k`iob drgup. Rls aottor sjguab no kgt`rlzob“. jttp=//www.s`ubloin`ssy.kot/sorvlcos/j`mmWroqulroiokts.`spx
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lk igst porsgk`a koob= ‚Lt blb j`ppok lk ` vory nlz`rro w`y, `t ` tlio wjok L w`s protty bospor`to“. ostligklos ge ‚nolkd c`aaob“ egr J`mm tjus k`rr`to ` trust lk Dgb“s pa`ks nut `asg cro`to tjo poregri`tlvo `kb blscurslvo sp`co tg kodgtl`to cgipaox porsgk`a clrcuist`kcos `t ` tlio wjok gppgrtukltlos tg tr`voa `ro ro`blay `v`la`nao. Lkboob, lksplrob igiokts getok nocgio tjo aodltli`to io`ks egr elk`aay `kkgukclkd gko“s pa`ks. Egr `kwoor (38s, cjoilst, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88?), tjo `ccgukt ge jls elk`a ‚boclslgk“ tg tr`voa tjoroegro k`rr`tos nolkd boclslvoay `eeoctob ny plgus sgkds sot `d`lkst tjo nrg`bor cgktoxt ge dgsslp lk tjo cgiiuklty. Lt w`s vory subbok `kb ` agt ge pogpao t`af `ngut lt alfo tj`t … Gko ge tjo pogpao wo fkgw … sjo iot iy wleo lk tjo i`rfot … `kb sjo s`ys, ‑Gj, L jo`r ygu“ro dglkd tg J`mm’. @kb iy wleo s`ys, ‑Toaa, i`y @aa`j i`fo ygur wgrbs naossob, noc`uso wo j`vo kg pa`ks’ … @kb tjok tjo k … sjo ioktlgko iokt lgkobb lt tg io ` cgupao cgup ao ge b`ys b`y s a`tor. To To woro gk gur w`y tg ` k`sjlb Vplgus Vplgus slkdlkdY cgkcort … Gko ge tjo `rtlsts w`s slkdlkd `ngut nolkd `t tjo F`“n`, brlkflkd ergi tjo woaas ge ]`iz`i … @etor tj`t L tjgudjt, ‑\os, wo“ro dglkd’. Xoregrilkd Lsa`ilc Scrlpts= S`crob Xa`co, Alilk`alty, `kb Cgiiuklt`s
L elkb lt qulto bleelcuat tg cgip`rtiokt`also o`cj oxporlokco `s ` rltu`a, L soo lt `s ` vory jgalstlc oxporlokco `kb L tjlkf i`lkay lt w`s tjo e`ct tj`t L w`s w`aflkd lk tjo eggtstops ge tjoso dro`t porsgk`altlos tj`t L j`b `aw`ys jo`rb `ngut `kb spgfok `ngut `kb ro`b `ngut `kb tjgudjt `ngut `kb li`dlkob. (@ilk`j, >8s, tr`lkoo sgalcltgr, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4) Alfo tjo li`dlk`ry jgioa`kb egr i`ky `kclokt bl`spgr`s, ‚` pa`co blspa`cob noygkb tjo jgrlzgk, cro`tlkd ` boslro tg nrlbdo tjo blst`kco … ` prosokco tj`t ls `nsokt“, egr Iusalis tjo iytjlc pgwor ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` ls ‚sliuat`kogusay pjyslc`a `kb splrltu`a“, ` ‚dogdr`pjy ge tjo sgua ... problspgslkd tjolr eggtstops lk lts blroctlgk“ (Boa`koy 0<<8= ?05, ?04). r`voa tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos tjus rltu`aay `kb syingalc`aay cgkkocts Iusalis Iusalis tg ` pgworeua cj`lk ge (pa`cob) ioigry (ce. Jorvlou Aodor >888), `s woaa `s ` s`cr`alsob ‚jgilkd boslro“ (IcAgudjalk >808). jus egr B`ky`a (28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb, J`mm 0<<<), tjo J`mm w`s ` mgurkoy tg ‚tjo nlrtjpa`co ge Lsa`i“, wjlao egr Nla`a (38s, J`mm 0<<<), jls `rrlv`a lk Iocc` ‚eoat alfo cgilkd jgio … Lt w`s ` i`dlc`a eooalkd tg no p`rt ge tjls jlstgry … alfo `aa iy e`ltj j`b nook cgkcoktr`tob lktg ` eow igiokts“. igiokts“. Alfo @ilk`j wjg w`s qugtob `ngvo, egr A`tle (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) `kb ^`sjlb (38s, aocturor, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >882), tjo `utjgrlty ge tjls s`crob jlstgry a`y lk oiua`tlkd tjo igst poreoct igboas ge igkgtjolsi.
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To To woro rojo`rsl rojo` rslkd kd `kb ro-ok`ct ro-o k`ctlkd lkd tjo rltu`as rltu `as wjlcj wjlc j woro bgko ny pogpao tjgus`kbs ge yo`rs `dg, pogpao wjg wo rod`rb `s tjo dro`tost pogpao pogpa o gk o`rtj … To To bg tjls noc`uso noc`us o tjls ls wj`t Xrgpjot Lnr`jli (po`co no upgk jli) j`s bgko, `kb Xrgpjot Lsi`la, `kb gur Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b (s`aa` @aa`ju `a`yjl w`s`aa`i ). Lk tjolr tostligklos, p`rtlclp`kts tokbob tg bwoaa gk tjo igst lcgklc igiokts ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir`, wltj w ltj soolkd tjo F`“n` F`“n` egr egr tjo elrst tlio `k oxporlokco tj`t typlc`aay gvorsj`bgwob `aa gtjors. @s Dgb“s Jguso ( N`yt @aa`j), lt ls ge cgurso tjo egc`a pglkt ge ` Iusali psycjg-dogdr`pjy n`sob lk tjo ovoryb`y ngblay fkgwaobdo ge roaldlgklkd (ce. Boa`koy 0<<8). @s gko rospgkbokt (J`ali`, 38s, obltgr, Agkbgk, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk) ukf kgwk) put lt, ‚ygu“ro ‚ygu“ro dglkd sgiowjoro sgiow joro wjlcj ygu egcusob tgw`rbs elvo tlios ` b`y `s ` Iusali, lt“s tjo blroctlgk V qlna` Y ge pr`yor“. Dro`tor prlgr oxpgsuro tg ro`a-tlio li`dos ge tjo Jgay Xa`cos lk tjo bldlt`a `do‒‚tjo plcturos ge tjo F`“n` gk U gr lk pjgtgdr`pjs, wjlcj i`ky pogpao agvo tg j`vo `bgrk tjolr w`aas `t jgio“ (B`ky`a, 28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb, J`mm 0<<<)‒`s woaa `s `nnrovl`tob mgurkoys ny `lr, j`vo kgt st`aob tjo sldklelc`kco ge pjyslc`aay ‚nolkd tjoro“ tjoro“ lk porsgk. B`ky`a cgktlkuob ‚L cguab kgt noalovo tj`t … ` eow jgurs `dg L w`s lk Da`sdgw … `kb joro L `i kgw … `t tjo Jguso ge @aa`j … ygu“ro pjyslc`aay tjoro“. @ si`aa kuinor ge pladrlis blb er`io tjolr roi`rfs ny oxpalcltay `bbrosslkd tjo tjogagdlc`a sldklelc`kco ge tjo F`“n`. `kwoor (38s, cjoilst, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88?) kgtob ‚Lt“s kgt tjo nulablkd, lt“s must gur roa`tlgksjlp wltj gur Cro`tgr wjlcj i`fos tjls tjlkd spocl`a“. B`ub (?8s, `c`boilc, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<:2) `asg `aaubob tg ‚tjo uksook bliokslgk“, nut gkay ^`sjlb (38s, aocturor, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >882) oa`ngr`tob gk tjo F`“n`“s supr`agc`a, tr`kscokbokt sldklelc`kco= Iusalis noalovo tj`t up lk tjo sovoktj jo`vok tjoro ls ` slila`r nut iucj nlddor cuno wjlcj ls c`aaob `a-N`yt `a-I`“iur Vtjo Vtjo Eroquoktob Jguso6 Pur“`klc vorso ?>=2Y. ?>=2 Y. O`cj b`y, `s k`rr`tob lk tjo `utjoktlc j`bltj Vropgrtob k`rr`tlgks `kb custgis ge tjo XrgpjotY, tjoro `ro 48,888 `kdoas tj`t `asg bg tjo t`w`e Vclrcui`inua`tlgkY up lk tjo jo`voks … jo Na`cf Stgko, wo noalovo tj`t lt ls ergi p`r`blso … `kb tj`t lt w`s tgucjob ny Dgb. Elrst `kb egroigst, jgwovor, igst p`rtlclp`kts typlc`aay roeaoctob gk tjolr ngblay poregri`kcos `kb tjolr sunsoquokt gutpgurlkd ge oigtlgks. jo F`“n` ls sgiotlios dalipsob elrst ergi ` blst`kco. joroegro A`tle (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) roa`tob ‚To s`w dalipsos ge lt sg iy jo`rt st`rtob no`tlkd ` nlt igro e`stor“. Jgwovor, egaagwlkd ` woaa-pr`ctlcob scrlpt lk pladrli k`rr`tlvos, i`ky gtjors try tg `pprg`cj lt wltj jo`b ngwob `kb oyos agworob, p`rtay gut ge rospoct nut `asg lk ` boalnor`to `ttoipt tg joldjtok tjo oxporlokco oxporlokco egr tjoisoavos. jus J`ali` (38s, obltgr, Agkbgk, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk) rocguktob tjo egaagwlkd ‚Iy jusn`kb tggf tg gf io `kb jo s`lb, ‑Egcus gk tjo eaggr eagg r `s ygu w`af. Sg bgk“t soo tjo F`“n` uktla ygu“ro vory cagso’ … Sg L w`afob jo`b ngwob uktla ?8
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jo s`lb, ‑Kgw aggf up’“. j`t elrst da`kco ge tjo F`“n` ls v`rlgusay boscrlnob ny pladrlis `s ‚`i`zlkd“, ‚nro`tjt`flkd“, ‚no`utleua“, ‚i`dlc`a“, ‚e`nuagus“, ‚surro`a“, ‚otjoro`a“, ‚slipao“, ‚i`dklelcokt“, `kb ‚`wo-lksplrlkd“. joy `asg boscrlno nolkd ‚gvorcgio“, ‚to`reua“, ‚mgyeua“, ‚juinao“, ‚igvob“, ‚gvorwjoaiob“, ‚lksplrob“, ‚prlvlaodob“, `kb ‚roerosjob“. jo F`“n` ls tgucjob, flssob, `kb sioaaob, `s woaa `s sook. Ngtj Kgrook Kgrook (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<:) `kb @ilk`j (>8s, tr`lkoo sgalcltgr, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4) rospoctlvoay spgfo ge ` boopay oingblob oxporlokco tj`t joab tjoi tr`kselxob. \gu \gu dot tjls sgrt sgr t ge rusj tjrgudj tjrg udj ygur ngby … lt must elaas elaa s ygu up … ygu must w`kt tg st`kb st`k b tjoro egrovor, must kgt igvo ergi tj`t gko gk o spgt … ` agt ge wj`t ygu oxporlokco j`ppoks gk sucj ` splrltu`a aovoa, `aigst alfo ` igaocua`r aovoa, wjok ygu“ro vlnr`tlkd wltj tj`t `ktlclp`tlgk … lt“s surro`a noc`uso lt“s sgiotjlkd ygu“vo sook sg getok, kovor lk ergkt ge ygu. @t tjls igiokt, igio kt, wjok tjoy dalipso dali pso tjo F`“n` F`“n` egr tjo elrst elrs t tlio, tlio , pladrli pla drliss `ro t`udjt tg i`fo tjolr `cts ge suppalc`tlgk. ^`ue (38s, i`k`doiokt cgksuat`kt, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm 0<<<) roa`tob jgw, burlkd tjo splrltu`a mgurkoy ge ` aleo-tlio, jo w`s `nao tg sj`ro kows ge `kgtjor pgtoktl`aay aleo-cj`kdlkd ovokt= ‚To Vjo `kb jls wleoY `ctu`aay `kkgukcob tg tjo dr`kbp`rokts tj`t tjoy woro oxpoctlkd tjolr elrst dr`kbcjlab dr `kbcjlab lk ergkt e rgkt ge tjo F`“n` F`“n` `kb tjo e`ct tj`t tj`t tj` t tjoy woro `nao tg turk tg tjo F`“n` str`ldjt `w`y, jgab tjolr j`kbs up Vlk pr`yorY `kb tj`kf Dgb w`s wgkboreua“. Igro tj`k j`ae ge tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ cgktrlnutgrs `asg tggf tgg f tjo gppgrtuklty gppgrtukl ty tg spo`f `ngut tjo ljr`i `kb wj`t lt syingalsos. Lk tjo kgri`tlvo Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgk lt typlc`aay cgkkgtos `k `k `atorob st`to st`to ge alilk`a sop`r`tlgk ergi ovoryb`y tlio `kb sp`co tj`t jldjaldjts ` r`blc`a crgsslkd lktg tjo cgsilc, supr`-agc`a ro`ai ge @aa`j (ce. woob 0<<46 >885). @yosj` (28s, L, Kgrtj-O`st) suddostob tj`t ‚Lt“s alfo ygu ao`vo ygur wjgao pjyslc`a wgrab nojlkb ... `kb ygu must j`vo gko `inltlgk, tg pao`so Dgb“. Iuk`z` (>8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88<) gplkob ‚Tj`t w`s str`kdo egr io w`s tjo tlioaosskoss ge lt `aa noc`uso ovoryngby ls tjoro must mus t tg wgrsj w grsjlp lp Dgb Dg b … lt“ l t“ss alfo al fo nolkd no lkd lk l k `kgtjor `kg tjor wgrab wgra b wjoro wj oro lt“ l t“ss ro`aay ro`a ay tr`kqu tr `kqula, la, lt“s ro`aay, ro`aay po`coeua“. @kb `ccgrblkd tg K`srook (38s, igtjor, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >808), ‚\gu egrdgt `aa tjo prgnaois tj`t ygu j`b“. Lkboob, wltj tjls turk lkw`rbs tg Dgb `kb tjo soae, sgio pladrlis spgfo `ngut toipgr`rlay egrdottlkd ovok cagso e`ilay. ^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884) lkslstob ‚Lt ls altor`aay notwook ygu `kb Dgb. L“b egrdgttok `aa `ngut iy cjlabrok, `kb tjo gkay tjlkd tj`t ygu c`k roioinor ls ygursoae `kb tj`t gko b`y, `s ` Iusali, ygu noalovo tj`t ygu“ro dglkd tg dg `kb st`kb tjoro `d`lk wltj `aa ge jui`klty“. ^gnlk`“s cgiiokts ukboralko `d`lk tj`t tjo J`mm kgt gkay pglkts n`cfw`rbs lk tlio tg tjo grldlks ge igkgtjolsi, nut `asg egrw`rbs tg tjo okb ge tlio wjok jui`kflkb wlaa d`tjor `d`lk `t @r`e`t. @s Blasj`b (28s, nuslkossi`k, Tost Ilba`kb Ilb a`kbs, s, J`mm b`to ukfkgwk) ukfk gwk) oxpa`lko oxpa `lkob, b, ‚Tj`t ‚Tj `t wo w o noalov no alovoo ls l s tj`t tj `t gk g k tjo tj o
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B`y ge Mubdiokt L wgk“t rocgdklso iy sgk `kb iy igtjor wgk“t rocgdklso io noc`uso lt wlaa must no notwook io `kb Dgb `kb L wlaa gkay no cgkcorkob wltj iy gwk e`to, wjotjor L dg tg jo`vok gr joaa“. ^osoinalkd ` sjrgub, i`ao pladrlis“ plad rlis“ rltu`a wo`rlkd ge twg plocos ge ukstltcjob wjlto cagtj ls `asg ` i`torl`a roilkbor tj`t, lk ` cgktoxt sot `p`rt ergi tjo p`ttorks, kgris, `kb progccup`tlgks ge iukb`ko tlio `kb sp`co, tjo rltu`as ge tjo J`mm structuro lk rovorso grbor tjo ro-ok`ctiokt ge ` s`cr`alsob mgurkoy ergi slk `kb bo`tj tg purlty purl ty `kb ronlrtj (Tornkor 0<<:= <46 ce. Tornkor Tornkor tjls vgauio6 vgaui o6 U`k Dokkop 0<8<6 urkor urkor 0<5<). @s ]un`lr ]un `lr (58s, rotlrob nuslkossi`k, nuslkossi`k , Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<3) oxpa`lkob, ‚Tjok ygu `ro nurlob ygu `ro dglkd wltj tjoso twg furt`s VcagtjsY. \gu“ro ngrk k`fob `kb ygu“ro ko`ray k`fob“. @ccgrblkd tg Muk`yb (38s, cgksuat`kt, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >880), ‚Tjok tjoy Vjui`k nolkdsY wlaa no r`lsob gk tjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt Mubdoio kt tjoy“aa prgn`nay no lk l k tj`t `ttlro … tj`t“s ygur bostlky“. B`ky`a (28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb, J`mm 0<<<) `bbob ‚Gko b`y ygu wlaa `asg j`vo tg roigvo ygur wgrabay cagtjlkd … tj`t“s ` roilkbor ge tjo sjgrtkoss ge aleo joro `kb tjo dro`tkoss ge tjo aleo joro`etor“. Lkboob, `s Kuj (58s, rotlrob okdlkoor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<:8s) kgtob, wltj ilaalgks ge pladrlis d`tjorob lk ` slkdao pa`co, igrt`alty ls `aa `rgukb. ‚joy `asg nrlkd gut tjo bo`b pogpao … `kb sg wjok ygu tjlkf ge tj`t `kb … wltj tjo w`y ygu `ro brossob … lt i`bo io vory juinao“. Lk J`mm k`rr`tlvos, eooalkds ge alilk`a sop`r`tlgk `kb `kgkyilty `asg coaonr`to Lsa`i“s uklvors`alty `kb kgtlgks ge uklty lk blvorslty (ce. I`acgai Z 0<52). @s urkor“s tjogry ge pladrli`do `s `ktl-structuro `ssorts, eooalkds ge cgiiuklt`s `ro s`lb tg oiordo ergi tjo alilk`a pgwor ge poregrilkd rltu`as lk uklsgk (urkor 0<5<6 0<42`,n6 ce. Burfjoli 0<0>6 Cgjok 0<:?).jus, gkco `d`lk, rospgkbokts lboktlelob tjolr pjyslc`a poregri`kco ge foy rltu`as, ergi tjolr gpoklkd t`w`e `rgukb tjo F`“n` tg tjo qurn`kl s`crlelco s`crlelco tj`t so`as tjo J`mm (ce. Tornkor 0<<:), 0<<:) , `s j`vlkd j`vl kd ` prgegukb prge gukb oeeoct oeeo ct gk tjoi oigtlgk` oigt lgk`aay. aay. jo sc`ao sc`a o ge jui`k nolkds d`tjorob lk gko pa`co sooilkday wltj gko purpgso d`vo rlso tg ` ‚s`crob“ cgaaoctlvo okordy tj`t tjoy `ssgcl`tob wltj t`wjlb (Dgb“s gkokoss) `kb tjo uii` . Tj`t `eeoctob `eeo ctob io tjo tj o igst igs t w`s tjo t`w`e … tjo pogpao noslbo io, lk ergkt ge io, koxt tg io woro `aa joro egr tjo s`io ro`sgk … lt w`s `aa `ngut tjo gkokoss ge ovorytjlkd, tjo gkokoss ge @aa`j, tjo gkokoss ge jui`klty. (Iuk`z`, >8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88<) \gu \gu sjguab sjgu ab sj`vo sj`v o ygur j`lr `kb, `d`lk, `d`l k, lt“s tjo uklty uklt y noc`uso noc` uso ovorygko, `aa tjo i`ao pladrlis, wjok ygu“ro st`kblkd tjoro, ygu“ro aggflkd sg slila`r, lt“s, alfo, must `s Dgb soos ygu, lt“s `aa tjo s`io. (A`tle, >8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) @s Kldoa (38s, (38s , to`cjor, to`c jor, Kgrtj-T Kgrtj -Tost, ost, J`mm 0<<:) `asg roa`tob, roa`t ob, ‚jo ‚ jo wjgao wjga o pglkt pglk t ls tg syingalso oqu`alty, sg ovoryngby ls tjo s`io rod`rbaoss ge n`cfdrgukb, r`co, wo`atj, st`tus … tj`t“s pgworeua“. @tle (>8s, stubokt, Tost Ilba`kbs, _ir` 0<<:) roi`rfob ‚Lt must i`fos ygu ro`also tj`t lt bgosk“t i`ttor wj`t cgagur sflk ?>
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ygu `ro, wj`t ygu wo`r, wjoro ygu“ro ergi, wj`t a`kdu`do ygu spo`f“. Egr Kuj (58s, rotlrob okdlkoor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<:8s), sucj oxporlokcos woro oxtroioay `eeoctlkd. g sj`ro tjgso igiokts wltj pogpao wjlcj `ro sg bleeorokt ergi ygu. Xogpao tjoy cgio ergi vory, vory roigto p`rts ge tjo wgrab, tjoy c`k n`roay i`k`do tjo trlp, gab pogpao, rlcj, obuc`tob, kgt obuc`tob … ygu bgk“t fkgw le tjo porsgk koxt tg ygu i`y no tjo flkd gr tjo cggf ge tjo rost`ur`kt ko`rny ... Lt i`fos ygu juinao. Xladrlis `asg boscrlnob si`aa `cts ge j`rigklgus eoaagwsjlp `kb cg-gpor`tlgk wltj gtjor j`mml s. s. @ccgrblkd tg ^ly`bj (28s, bosldkor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4), ‚joro“s sg i`ky bleeorokt typos ge pogpao ygu ioot … gnvlgusay, ygu soo tjoi, ygu eooa tjoi, nut `t tjo s`io tlio ygu cgkvorso wltj tjoi, ygu sj`fo j`kbs wltj tjoi“. @s `kwoor (38s, cjoilst, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88?) roa`tob ‚L cguab spo`f ` alttao nlt ge @r`nlc ... To egukb gut tj`t jo w`s ` I`a`ysl`k stubylkd lk Iocc`, `kb tj`t jo w`s ` I`k _ e`k. Iy erlokb w`s ` Alvorpgga e`k sg tjoy dgt t`aflkd `kb L egukb `kgtjor uklvors`a a`kdu`do= eggtn`aa!“‒. Tjlao tjo foy trgpos lk sucj `ccgukts `ro tr`kscokblkd wo`atj, r`co, `kb otjklclty, egr ^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884), `kb bosplto wgiok nolkd `nao tg ‚wo`r wj`tovor tjoy w`kt“ burlkd tjo J`mm (^`sjlb, 38s, aocturor, Kgrtj-Tost, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm J`m m >882), 0? dokbor bleeorokcos woro `asg suspokbob lk ` w`y tj`t roi`lkob sldklelc`kt. ‚Nolkd usob tg igsquos lk Okda`kb wjoro wgiok `kb iok `ro sop`r`to, tjls V I`smlb I`s mlb `a-J`r`i `a- J`r`i Y w`s ` pa`co wjoro ovoryngby w`s tgdotjor Vl.o. kgt dokbor sodrod`tobY `kb tj`t w`s qulto bleeorokt egr io“. _kscrlptob Xoregri`kcos= _kcort`lkty, @kxloty, `kb Gtjor ‚^o`a“ J`mm Stgrlos
Lksto`b ge tjo F`“n` L w`s egcussob‒L fkgw lt sgukbs qulto nlz`rro‒… VgkY `aa tjo sflk tgkos, tjo p`ttorks lk tjolr cagtjos, toxturos … @kb jo Vjor jusn`kbY must aggfob `t io V`kb s`lbY, ‑Tj`t `ro ygu bglkd7 Tj`t `ro ygu tjlkflkd `ngut7’ Nut lt w`s must sgiotjlk sgio tjlkdd L cguabk“ cgua bk“tt joap. (^gnlk`, (^gnl k`, 28s, `rtlst, `rtl st, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884) Xladrlis“ utgpl`k oxporlokcos lk s`cr`alsob tlio `kb sp`co iust no sook `s oiordlkd gut ge tjolr toipgr`ry, toipgr`ry, cgktlkdokt, `kb oingblob tlio-sp`co agc`tlgks `kb alvob i`torl`a pr`ctlcos (Uàsquoz >800). _ksurprlslkday lk tjls vlow, ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ p`rtlclp`kts“ `ccgukts ge ‚nolkd tjoro“ `asg roeaoct i`ky ukscrlptob poregri`kcos tj`t qu`aley, qu`aley, bost`nlalso, `kb sgiotlios cgktost bgilk`kt Lsa`ilc 0? Ignook (28s, Dokor`a Dokor`a Xr`ctltlgkor, Tost \grfsjlro, \grfsjlro, J`mm >88:) suddostob tj`t tj`t ‚tjo e`co iust no oxpgsob, `s iust tjo j`kbs `kb eoot … tjo jo`b ls cgvorob“ `atjgudj lk pr`ctlco sgio wgiok i`y wo`r, `kb lk blscusslgks ge tjo roaov`kt ffqj i`y no okcgur`dob tg wo`r, ` e`co cgvorlkd tj`t ls kgt ` klq`n .
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scrlpts. joy jldjaldjt pladrlis“ iuatlpao tlio-sp`co `kb alvob-structur`a agc`tlgks (ce. IcAgudjalk >88<`= 3006 >8888:) slipay slip ay cguab cgu ab kgt ao`vo ao`v o tjo iukb`ko wgrab nojlkb. ‚\gu“ro tjgus`kbs ge ilaos `w`y, ygur tjgudjts `ro wltj ygur cjlabrok `kb L noc`io vory, vory upsot `kb s`ylkd tg iy jusn`kb, ‑L w`kt tg dg jgio’“. Slila`ray, `kwoor cguab kgt egaagw tjo scrlpt `kb oigto lk tjo w`y tj`t gtjors sooiob sg ro`blay tg bg. ‚L“b jo`rb ` agt ge stgrlos `ngut … jgw tjo sldjt ge tjo F`“n` c`k `eeoct ygu oigtlgk`aay `kb L j`vo tg `bilt, `s L w`s dglkd `rgukb L blbk“t eooa `ky oigtlgk. Lt w`s must dglkd `rgukb ` nulablkd“. I`ky pladrlis wguab prgn`nay i`lkt`lk, alfo @ilk`j (>8s, tr`lkoo sgalcltgr, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4), tj`t, ospocl`aay wjlast lk ` st`to ge ljr`i, ‚cgipa`lklkd must w`sk“t w`sk“t gk iy ilkb“. ilkb “. Jgwovor, Jgwovo r, toaalk to aalkday day sjo bgos `cfkgwao `cfk gwaobdo bdo tj`t ‚i`yno L“i roioinorlkd tjlkds lk ` igro rgso-tlktob w`y“. Lkboob, wjotjor lk toris ge tjo jo`t `kb pgtoktl`a egr bojybr`tlgk, slipay w`aflkd `kb w`ltlkd lk sucj clrcuist`kcos, gr ` a`cf ge i`kkors ( `b`n) gk noj`ae ge gtjor pladrlis, `t foy igiokts poregrilkd tjo J`mm c`k no oxtroioay pjyslc`aay tostlkd `kb prosokt i`ky pr`ctlc`a cj`aaokdos. jls ls ospocl`aay tjo c`so egr tjo ygukd, slcf, `kb oaboray. Iuk`z` (>8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88<) roc`aaob clrcui`inua`tlkd tjo F`“n` `s ` took`dor= ‚L cguab eooa tjo suk must alfo no`tlkd bgwk gk io, sg iucj sg tj`t L `ctu`aay st`rtob tg cry … L w`ktob tg dot lt gvor `kb bgko wltj“. wltj“. @igkdst ilaalgks ge gtjors, dottlkd agst ls `asg `k gccup`tlgk`a j`z`rb egr pladrlis ge `aa `dos. Blaw`r (scjggangy, (sc jggangy, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, _ir` >800) roi`rfob ‚L dgt pusjob ` agt noc`uso tjoro w`s sg i`ky pogpao nojlkb io `kb tjok L okbob up aottlkd dg ge iy iui“. Egr K`srook (38s, igtjor, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >808), jor eo`r `kb `kxloty `ngut sucj tjlkds w`s okgudj tg `nnrovl`to jor p`rtlclp`tlgk lk `k okvlrgkiokt tj`t, bosplto nolkd ‚s`crob“, sjo stlaa porcolvob `s `alok.
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Must dglkd dglk d tg ` kow cguktry cguk try ls qulto qult o ` nlt sc`ry sc`r y, alfo ` bleeorokt blee orokt oxporlokco … joy Vioinors ge jor e`ilayY dgt tjo cj`kco tg flss tjo Na`cf Stgko nut L blbk“t blbk“t bg tj`t. L w`s ` nlt sc`rob sc` rob egr iy aleo tg no jgkost wltj ygu. joro woro agts ge pogpao crgwbob `rgukb lt. Sueeorlkd ergi ` sorlgus ioblc`a cgkbltlgk, J`elz (58s, rotlrob nuslkossi`k, m`i` r`t (plaa`rs) wltjgut Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<3) `asg struddaob tg stgko tjo m`i`r`t `sslst`kco ergi gtjors. ‚L w`s ` jo`rt p`tlokt, lt w`s sueegc`tlkd io. Sg pogpao joapob io tg jlt tjo Sj`yt`k VBovlaY `kb t`fo io gut ge tjoro. Sg ro`aay lt“s kgt o`sy le ygu `ro kgt lk dggb jo`atj“. Lt w`s `asg burlkd tjo rldgurs ge stgklkd tjo bovlas tj`t Blasj`b (28s, nuslkossi`k, Tost Ilba`kbs, J`mm b`to ukfkgwk) `aigst c`io tg drloe. Alfo ` eow gtjor i`ao pladrlis, jo rovo`aob tjo cj`aaokdo ge prgtoctlkd jls igbosty wjlao wo`rlkd tjo ljr`i= ‚L `ctu`aay agst iy tgp p`rt wjok ygu dg tg tjrgw tjo stgkos … L cjocfob `kb tj`kf Dgb L j`bk“t agst iy ngttgi gko … lt w`sk“t sg grd`klsob VtjokY, sg tjoro w`s lkst`kcos wjok i`ky pogpao blob …“. jo prossuro `kb stross gk tjo j`mml s, s, wjg getok j`vo tg no lk ` cort`lk pa`co tg poregri tjo roqulslto rltos `t ` p`rtlcua`r tlio, ls i`bo wgrso ny tjo sjoor vgauio ge tr`eelc gk tjo rg`bs. jls i`fos egr vory agkd `kb sagw nus mgurkoy mgu rkoyss lk ` eaoot ea oot ge vojlcaos vojl caos lk koob k oob ge updr`b u pdr`blkd. lkd. To j`b tg `rrlvo `rrl vo n`cf lk Ilk` ny sukrlso sukr lso `kb wo j`b `k jgur tg dot n`cf `kb tjoro w`s ` tgt`a m`i ge tr`eelc. \gu must c`kkgt li`dlko lt `kb ovoryngby w`s p`klcflkd ... Sg wo n`slc`aay must `n`kbgkob tjo v`k. joro w`s `ngut >? ge us, dgt gee `kb st`rtob w`aflkd. Lt w`s must i`b … tjls duy … jo w`s jltcjjlflkd gk ` igtgrnlfo. \gu“aa soo tjlkds, `i`zlkd tjlkds, `kb ygu tjlkf, ‑Gj iy Dgb, tjls ls must kgt j`ppoklkd!’ @kb ygu must flkb ge mglk lk `kb bg lt ygursoae. (I`ry`i, 38s, cgip`ky blroctgr, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >884) I`ky ge tjo tostligklos `asg roeaoct upgk tjo blscrop`kclos notwook pladrlis“ getok-lbo`alsob oxpoct`tlgks cgkcorklkd tjo Jgay Xa`cos `kb tjo ro`altlos cgkergktob tjoro. Bosplto wlbospro`b kod`tlvo cgiiokts lk _F iobl` clrcaos,05 rospgkbokts“ roi`rfs `ngut quostlgks ge jorlt`do `kb igborkls`tlgk `ro sgiowj`t `inlv`aokt gvor`aa. Al`q`t (scjgga ngy, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >800) w`s vory blroct= ‚L tjgudjt lt wguab no alfo klco `kb po`coeua `kb vory vor y no`utleua wltj `aa tjo Iusali `rcjltocturo `kb stuee nut lt w`s kgt alfo tj`t wjok L dgt tjoro, `ctu`aay“. Jgwovor, igro roeaoxlvo `ngut jor gwk r`tjor ukro`alstlc oxpoct`tlgks, ^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884) `cfkgwaobdob tjo prossuro upgk tjo `utjgrltlos tg updr`bo sorvlcos `kb e`claltlos.
05 Soo, egr ox`ipao, jttp=//www.lkbopokbokt.cg.uf/vglcos/cgiiokt/wjy-bgkt-igro-iusalis-spo`fgut-`d`lkst-tjo-w`ktgk-bostructlgk-ge-iocc`s-jgay-sltos-:>><5:>.jtia.
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Lt w`s kgtjlkd alfo L oxpoctob. L tjlkf L spokt ` agt ge tlio trylkd tg li`dlko wj`t lt w`s alfo lk tjo gab b`ys … ovorytjlkd kgw ls nulat up `kb, egr io, L blb w`kt tg soo tjo gab w`y, w`y, tjo mgurkoy tj`t J`m`r wguab j`vo t`fok, ox`ctay tjo w`y lt w`s wjok sjo tggf lt … VNutY L fkgw lt“s vory bleelcuat tg foop tjlkds tjo w`y tj`t tjoy woro noc`uso ge cgiegrt `kb tjo kuinor ge pogpao tj`t j`vo nook cgilkd tjrgudj tjo yo`rs. Iuk`z` (>8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88<) w`s blscgiegrtob ny tjo vory gnvlgus muxt`pgsltlgk ge cgiiorcl`alsi `kb pladrli`do (ce. N`ui`kk 0<<56 N`bgko & ^gsoi`k >8826 St`usnord >800). ‚@ agt ge tjo tlio ygu c`k dot w`rpob lktg tjls wjgao tgurlsi `spoct ge lt wjok ygu cgio joro `kb s`y, ‑Gj tjls ls VtjoY Vtj oY F`“n` F`“n`,, tjls ls ` Jgay Xa`co.’ jok ygu dg sjgpplkd sjgpplk d ot cotor` `kb ygu bg `aa tjoso tgurlsty flkb ge tjlkds“. Jgwovor, lk toris ge tjo r`kdo ge dagn`a nr`kbs kgw `v`la`nao vory cagso tg tjo I`smlb I`s mlb `a-J`r`i `a-J` r`i egaagwlkd i`sslvo robovoagpiokt (IcAgudjalk >803n), i`ky Nrltlsj-ngrk Iusali pladrlis, wjg `ro `aro`by boopay lktodr`tob lktg cuaturos ge cgksuior c`plt`alsi, `ctu`aay okmgy tjo ‚i`rfotlsob“ Lsa`ilc okvlrgkiokt (ce. urkor 0<<26 Eo`tjorstgko >88>6 Ngunofour & ^gy >80>). Kgrook (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<:) roc`aaob ‚To egukb j`a`a IcBgk`abs, Nurdor Flkd `kb … noc`uso ygu blbk“t usob tg dot tj`t stuee joro Vlk tjo _FY … lt w`s protty cgga“. Blasj`b (28s, nuslkossi`k, Tost Ilba`kbs, J`mm b`to ukfkgwk) roa`tob ‚Cgilkd ergi Nrlt`lk … tg j`vo Xlzz` Jut `kb Foktucfy Erlob Cjlcfok `kb ovorytjlkd j`a`a ls ` wgkboreua tjlkd“. @s J`ali` (38s, obltgr, Agkbgk, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk) lksldjteuaay gnsorvob, lk a`to igbork Iocc` ospocl`aay, tjo ngukb`ry notwook tjo s`crob `kb tjo prge`ko, roaldlgk `kb tjo socua`r, utgpl`k `kb alvob sp`co, ls r`tjor ‚er`dlao“ `kb typlc`aay ls kodgtl`tob stop-ny-stop (ce. O`bo & S`aakgw 0<<0= >56 IcAgudjalk >88<`= 3006 >8888<`,n6 Elscjor `kb @nobl 0<<8). joroegro roeorokco tg blscrop`kclos lk sgcl`a st`tus `kb cgksclguskoss ge bleeorokcos vls-è-vls gtjor Iusalis tokbob tg no gp`quo lk igst c`sos. Tjlao uatli`toay roscrlptlkd jor oxporlokco `s ` plgus aossgk `ngut tjo koob egr p`tlokco ( s`nr ), ), @nlb` (38s, gptgiotrlst, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm 0<<:) nauktay roi`rfob ge eoaagw pladrlis“ `b`n= ?5
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‚Lt“s jgt, tjoro“s pusjlkd dglkd gk, pogpao“s i`kkors `ro bleeorokt, custgis `ro bleeorokt … must foop ygur igutj cagsob“. Al`q`t (scjggangy, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >800) lboktlelob tjo roal`kco ge tjo Jgay Xa`cos gk ildr`kt wgrfors wltjgut nolkd `nao tg r`lso quostlgks `ngut tjolr st`tus `kb rldjts= ‚ jo cao`kors `rgukb tjo nulablkd ge tjo F`“n`, tjoy woro igstay X`flst`kl … `kb igst ge tjo sjgpfoopors woro X`flst`kl“. X`flst`kl“. jus wjlao tjo bgilk`kt Lsa`ilc scrlpt ge tjo J`mm ls gko ge cgiiuklt`s `kb uklty lk blvorslty, cgipotlkd otjkg-k`tlgk`a scrlpts `ro `asg poregriob ovory slkdao b`y (ce. Olcfoai`k & Xlsc`tgrl 0<<8= xvl)= L roioinor slttlkd gutslbo tjo jgtoa brlkflkd brlkfl kd to` wltj tjoi Vdrgups ergi gtjor cguktrlosY `kb tjoy s`lb, ‑Tjoro j`vo ygu cgio ergi7’ @kb L s`lb, s `lb, ‑Ergi Okda`kb.’ Okda `kb.’ @kb @ kb tjoy s`y, ‑Kg, ygu j`vok“t cgio ergi Okda`kb. Tjoro j`vo ygu ro`aay cgio cgio ergi7’ @kb ygu ro`also tj`t tjoy io`k noc`uso ygu bgk“t aggf Okdalsj, `kb L tjlkf tj`t“s wj`t i`bo io tjlkf `ngut gur drgup tj`t j`b cgio ergi Okda`kb w`s `ctu`aay tjo gkay iuatlcuatur`a drgup. (^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884) Sucj lssuos woro porj`ps `bbrossob igst blroctay ny Kldoa (38s, to`cjor, Kgrtj Tost, J`mm 0<<:), 0<<:) , `k Okdalsj Okda lsj cgkvort cgk vort tg Lsa`i, Lsa` i, wjg cgipa`lk cgip a`lkob ob `ngut tjo scrutlky jo rocolvob ergi tjo `utjgrltlos gk `rrlv`a lk S`ubl @r`nl` (ce. I`acgai Z 0<52). 0<5 2). jls jl s w`s `k ukscrl uk scrlptob ptob oxporlok oxpo rlokco co tj`t tj `t d`vo d`v o jli sgio sgi o lksldjt lks ldjt lktg tjo trl`as e`cob ny jls igro ‚prgelaob“ Iusali nrgtjors `kb slstors slkco tjo ovokts ge
Must sjgrt ge j`ae ge tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ Lsa` i“ p`rtlclp p`rt lclp`kts“ `kts“ tostligklo tostli gkloss ioktlgk roturklk rotu rklkdd ergi tjo Jgay Xa`cos wltj v`rlgus sguvoklrs, ergi Ioblk` b`tos tg pr`yor i`ts, no`bs, `kb c`ps, `s woaa `s jo`bsc`rvos, lkcokso, poreuio, `kb kgvoaty ‚Lsa`i“ nr`kbob mowoaaory, cagcfs, `kb a`ptgps. Jgwovor, lt w`s cgkcorklkd tjo igst lcgklc ge sguvoklrs, ]`iz`i w`tor, tj`t pladrlis cgkslstoktay roeaoctob upgk tjo c`p`clty ge i`torl`a gnmocts tg c`rry tjo s`crob n`cf jgio wltj tjoi (ce.
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Tornkor 0<::). 0<::) . 04 Jldjaldjtlkd tr`ks-agc`a eagws ge s`cr`alsob i`torl`a gnmocts (ce. @pp`bur`l 0<<5), ^`sjlb (38s, aocturor, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >882) oxpa`lkob ` j`bltj ge tjo Xrgpjot= ‚‑]`iz`i, lt ls egr wj`t lt j`s nook brukf egr’ … Sg wj`tovor ygur lktoktlgk … lt wlaa j`ppok“. @s woaa `s roputobay nolkd oxtroioay puro `kb swoot, tjo e`ltjeua sucj `s @aly` (28s, c`roors `bvlsgr, O`st Ilba`kbs, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk) noalovo tj`t ‚lt c`k joap ygu, ygur jo`atj `kb slcfkoss“. jus, cgkcorklkd ]`iz`i“s roputob ilr`cuagus `kb cur`tlvo prgportlos, `kb igrogvor lts s`cr`alslkd i`torl`a cgkt`dlguskoss lk ovoryb`y Iusali roaldlgklkd e`r noygkb tjo Jgay Xa`cos, Igook (scjggangy, Agkbgk) roa`tob= Gk tjo b`y tjoy Vjls dr`kbp`roktsY c`io n`cf Vergi tjo J`mmY `kb wo wokt tg soo tjoi, L j`b ` ro`aay n`b stgi`cj `cjo … Tjok tjoy nrgudjt VgutY tjo ]`iz`i w`tor L br`kf sgio ge lt … `kb `ngut `k jgur a`tor L w`s cgipaotoay cgipaot oay elko. Sg lt“s lt“s `aigst alfo tjo w`tor must mus t wokt lkslbo `kb w`sjob ovorytjlkd `w`y. @ccgrblk @ccg rblkdd tg U`k Dokkop Dokko p (0<8<) (0<8< ) rltos rlto s ge p`ss`do p`ss `do `ro so`aob so`a ob elk`aay elk` aay ny tjo rolkcgrpgr`tlgk ge sgcl`a `ctgrs n`cf lktg sgcloty. Jgwovor, r`tjor tj`k tjo st`tus `kb rospoct tr`bltlgk`aay sjgwk tg j`mml s ny tjo ‚sokblkd“ cgiiuklty, `s typlc`aay a`to igbork, pgst-tr`bltlgk`a ‚pladrli-tgurlsts“ (ce. Cgaoi`k & O`bo >882= <), tjo ‚Alvlkd Lsa`i“ cgktrlnutgrs woro igro egcusob gk turklkd lkw`rbs tg quostlgks ge lboktlty `kb tjo soae. jus, tjo igst sldklelc`kt ‚tjlkd“ tj`t tjoy roturkob jgio wltj w`s ` uklquo `kb pgtoktl`aay ‚aleo-cj`kdlkd“ oxporlokco. J`vlkd cgipaotob jls J`mm, A`tle (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) roeaoctob upgk tjo ‚splrltu`a upalet“ lt d`vo jli ny lkvgflkd `kgtjor j`bltj= ‚\gu cgio n`cf `s ` kowngrk lk toris ge ygur provlgus tjlkds tj`t ygu“vo bgko“. N`cf lk `a-buky` (tjo iukb`ko wgrab), Iuk`z` (>8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88<) w`ktob tg rocro`to wj`t sjo j`b blscgvorob lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos gr, `s sjo put lt, ‚j`vlkd tjo tlio tg roeaoct gk wj`t L“vo bgko sg e`r, `kb tjo tjlkds tj`t L koob tg st`rt tg bg … i`flkd tlio tg no lk tj`t j`rigky wltj iy Cro`tgr“. Jgwovor, tlio `kb `d`lk, lt ls tjo roa`tlgksjlp notwook oingblob poregri`kco, oigtlgk, `kb tjo ‚egri`tlgk ge igr`a soavos“ tj`t pladrlis roeor tg lk tjolr rocgaaoctlgks (@s`b 0<:5= 46 ce. I`jiggb >88?). B`ub (?8s, `c`boilc, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<:2) ovgc`tlvoay boscrlnob ` prgcoss ge splrltu`a kgurlsjiokt `kb (ro)bovoagpiokt= ‚L eooa tjo oktlro oxporlokco ge sucj ` mgurkoy `s le lt ls drgwlkd lk io … j`t“s wj`t i`fos lt ` mgurkoy kgt alfo `ky mgurkoy … lt“s ` kow nodlkklkd … tg ro`ssort ygu gk tjo rldjtogus p`tj“. Klage` (>8s, Agkbgk, to`cjor, _ir` _ir` 0<<:), tgg, oxpa`lkob jgw tjo mgurkoy j`b nook oxtroioay pgs ltlvo egr jor soae-blsclpalko, ngtj iokt`aay `kb oigtlgk`aay= ‚Lt i`bo io eooa sg dggb … Lt joapob io tg rodua`to iy tjgudjts. L w`s qulto po`coeua egr qulto ` agkd tlio `etorw`rbs“. @aaublkd `d`lk tg tjo lktorlgrlsob lip`ct ge pjyslc`a `ctlgk, @tlq` @tlq ` (Scgta`k (Scg ta`kb, b, scjggadl scjg gadlra, ra, _ir` b`to ukfkgwk) ukfk gwk) oxpa`lko oxpa `lkobb tj`t= ‚Lt flkb ge 04 Suppalos `ro curroktay rostrlctob tg tg `ngut :–08 altros egr o`cj `lralko p`ssokdor. Soo jttp=//`rtlcao. wk.cgi/vlow/>802/80/>5/S`ubl`sWkowW]`iz`iWw`torWsorvlcoWS`ublW@r`nl`kW@lralkos/
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sjggf io `kb put io lk iy pa`co, `kb lt tgab io wjoro L w`s `kb i`bo iy li`k Ve`ltjY strgkdor“. Elk`aay, egr ^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884), lt w`s `k ‚oplpj`ky“ ovok igro v`au`nao `kb ioigr`nao tj`k nocgilkd ` igtjor, igtjor, ‚noc`uso lt `aagwob io tg no iysoae “. \ot, \ot, `s sgio ge tjo roi`rfs roi` rfs joro `asg lktli`to lktl i`to,, tjo splrltu`a splr ltu`a oeelc`cy oeel c`cy ge sucj poregri`kcos i`y gr i`y kgt no sg o`slay i`lkt`lkob `ilbst tjo cgipaox `kb iuatlpao alvob structuros `kb sunmoctlvltlos ge ovoryb`y aleo. ^ly`bj (28s, bosldkor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4) oxpa`lkob ‚lt“s vory, vory upaletlkd, ospocl`aay tjo elrst eow b`ys `etor tjo J`mm cgilkd n`cf jgio, nut tjo pr`yor wo kgri`aay bg tg Dgb ls tg foop tj`t splrltu`a upalet egr agkdor, egr tjo rost ge gur aleo le pgsslnao“. Ge cgurso, utgpl`k oxporlokcos lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos c`k no rovlsltob toipgr`rlay ny crgsslkds gvor lktg tjo tr`kscokbokt li`dlk`tlgk, ioigry, `kb bro`is tj`t oxp`kb gut ge g e iukb`ko tlio-sp`co tlio -sp`co agc`tlgks agc `tlgks (woob (woob >8856 Uàsquoz Uàsquoz >800). jls ls sgiotlios sp`rfob ny p`rtlcua`r s`cr`alsob i`torl`a gnmocts `kb tjo soksos. @ccgrblk @ccg rblkdd tg Klage` Klage ` (>8s, (>8s , Agkbgk, Agkb gk, to`cjor, to`c jor, _ir` 0<<:), 0<<:) , ‚jo ‚ jo F`“n` F`“n` Sj`rle ls ls `ctu`aay brokcjob lk ` p`rtlcua`r poreuio wjlcj ls stlaa wltj io tgb`y. L tjlkf L c`k stlaa sioaa lt“. Jgwovor, ovok lk ` cgktoxt wjoro roaldlgklkd ls igro ovlboktay ignlao `kb poregriob `crgss bleeorokt dagc`a sc`aos tj`k ovor noegro, lt soois tj`t s`cr`alsob `kb s`cr`alslkd oxporlokcos c`k no igst lktokso `s p`rt ge pjyslc`a mgurkoy mgu rkoylkd lkd tg p`rtl p `rtlcua` cua`rr pa`co p a`coss `kb `k b tjo tj o oingbl oi ngblob ob oxporlok oxpo rlokco co ge g e ‚nolk ‚ nolkdd tjoro“. tj oro“. Sgio Nrltlsj Iusali j`mml s `rtlcua`to ` dokulko sokso ge agss gk ao`vlkd tjo Jgay Xa`cos `kb nolkd rolkcgrpgr`tob lktg ovoryb`y rjytjis. jls gkay rolkegrcos ` boslro tg roturk. @s A`tle (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) boscrlnob, ‚Gkco ygu“ro ao`vlkd ygu dot tj`t s`bkoss tj`t wjotjor L“aa ovor no `nao tg cgio n`cf joro `d`lk. Noc`uso gkco ygu“vo dgt lt lk ygur jo`rt, ygu j`vo ` nld yo`rklkd `kb agkdlkd tg dg n`cf tjoro“. @nlb` (38s, gptgiotrlst, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm 0<<:) oxprossob tjo s`io boopay eoat soktliokts, ukboralklkd `d`lk tjo cgktlkdokcy `kb cgktoxtu`alty ge oxporlokclkd tjo s`crob. L w`ktob tg jgab gk tg tj`t splrltu`a oxporlokco `kb iy gutaggf gk aleo … nut lt w`s surprlslkd jgw eow igktjs lt tggf egr ovorytjlkd tg dot n`cf tg kgri`a. Gko ge iy jusn`kb“s cgaao`duos `sfob io, ‑Jgw w`s lt egr ygu7’. L s`lb, ‑g cgio n`cf tg tjls aleo kgw lk tjo _F lt“s vory, vory bleelcuat.’ Jo tjgudjt L sgukbob qulto boprossob. Lt w`sk“t boprosslgk6 lt w`s ` ro`a yo`rklkd tg dot n`cf tg tj`t splrltu`a st`to tj`t L“b nook lk. Joro, tjo o`slor `kb igro eroquokt i`ss pladrli`dos ge tjo dagn`a Iusali ilbbao ca`ssos br`ws `ttoktlgk tg tjo jltjortg getok-lbo`alsob splrltu`a oeelc`cy ge J`mm-dglkd. Nut egr Kuj (58s, rotlrob okdlkoor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<:8s), `t tjo sc`ao ge lkblvlbu`a oxporlokco, tjoro woro stlaa dokulko splrltu`a nokoelts lk nolkd `nao tg roturk tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos `t ` a`tor st`do ge aleo.
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L tjlkf wltj tjo p`sslkd ge tlio, wltj `do, prgn`nay ygu soo lt lk ` bleeorokt w`y. jo elrst tlio L wokt egr J`mm lt w`s, egr io, igstay ` blscgvory. Sg L w`s kgt sg iucj splrltu`a, L w`s wgrrlob, ‑@i L bglkd tjo rldjt tjlkd7 @i L bglkd tjo wrgkd tjlkd7’ jo socgkb tlio ygu dg ygu `ro ` nlt igro oxporlokcob, sg ygu `ro igro splrltu`a. wg-tjlrbs ge rospgkbokts wjg spgfo `ngut tjo quostlgk ge roturk tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos woro uk`kligus lk tjolr boslro tg dg n`cf. Egaagwlkd tjo Xrgpjotlc ox`ipao, ]un`lr (58s, rotlrob nuslkossi`k, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<3) suddostob tj`t gko sjguab poregri tjo J`mm gkay gkco, kgt ao`st noc`uso sg i`ky Iusalis wgrabwlbo stlaa j`vo tg w`lt boc`bos egr tjo prlvlaodo.0: @s `k `atork`tlvo, `atork`tlvo , `kwoor `kwoor (38s, cjoilst, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88?) `kb ^ly`bj (28s, bosldkor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0<<4) spgfo ge t`flkd tjolr cjlabrok egr tjo _ir`, wjlcj ovok igro sg tj`k tjo J`mm ls ` roaldlgus-tgurlsi nggi lkbustry. I`ky woro ukbguntobay lktgxlc`tob ny tjolr ‚cgkkoctlgk Vtg Iocc` `kb Ioblk`Y“ (B`ky`a, 28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb, J`mm 0<<<), ‚lts ‚i`dkotlc puaa … ygu must eooa `s le ygu must w`kt tg, ygu koob tg tg dg n`cf“ n`c f“ (K`srook, 38s, igtjor, igtj or, Kgrtj-T Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >808). Slila`ray, @rle (>8s, stubokt, stub okt, Tost Ilba`kbs, Ilba` kbs, _ir` 0<<:) ‚must ‚mus t cr`vob cr`v ob tg dg n`cf … kgt noc`uso iy roaldlgk s`ys sg, kgt must noc`uso ge tj`t … noc`uso wltjlk L j`vo tg bg lt“. Lk yot `kgtjor cgip`rlsgk tg gtjor egris ge tr`voa, I`ry`i (38s, cgip`ky blroctgr, Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm >884) roeaoctob ‚sgiotlios ygu dg gk jgalb`y `kb ygu tjlkf, ‑Gj, L“vo bgko lt `kb tj`t“s lt kgw.’ Nut J`mm ls `k oxporlokco wjlcj ygu w`kt tg bg gvor `kb gvor `d`lk“. Egr Nrltlsj Iusalis, tjok, sj`pob ny a`to-igbork socua`r `kb cgksuiorc`plt`alst alvob structuros, tjo J`mm `kb _ir` lkovlt`nay lkovlt`nay cgrrospgkb tg tjo lbo` ge ‚jgalb`ys“ `t ao`st `s iucj `s tjo lbo` ge ‚pladrli`do“ (ce. N`ui`kk 0<<56 N`bgko & ^gsoi`k >8826 St`usnord >800). \ot, lk tjolr blscurslvo uttor`kcos must `s iucj `s lk tjolr tjol r oingblo oing blobb poregri por egri`kco `kcos, s, tjo J`mm ospocl`a ospo cl`aay ay bgos bgo s stlaa stla a roi`lk ‚sot `p`rt“, stlaa tgg prgegukb tg no blscussob lk qulto tjo s`io nro`tj. Ignook (28s, Dokor`a Xr`ctltlgkor, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88:) lboktlelob tjo Jgay Cltlos `s tjo lbo`a bwoaalkd pa`co, sgiowjoro jo truay noagkds. ‚L eooa alfo lt“s iy splrltu`a jgio, L eooa s`eo tjoro. @kb gk `ky jgalb`y tj`t L wguab dg gk lk tjo euturo ro`aay tjoro“s kg gtjor pa`co nottor tj`k tg dg tg Iocc` `kb tg dg tg Ioblk`“. Cgkcauslgk
jls cj`ptor cgktrlnutos gko ge tjo eow systoi`tlc `ccgukts ge a`to igbork Iusalis“ alvob oxporlokcos ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm. @k`ayslkd Nrltlsj Iusalis“ rocgaaoctlgks d`tjorob ny tjo ny tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui lk >800, L j`vo sldk`aaob tjo utlalty 0: @t prosokt (>803–02), tjo S`ubl `utjgrltlos `ro okegrclkd ` rualkd tj`t pladrlis c`kkgt roturk egr tjo J`mm wltjlk ffvo yo`rs.
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ge pladrli`do stublos egr J`mm roso`rcj. jls ls oqu`aay truo ge gabor p`r`bldis `ssgcl`tob wltj s`crob pa`co, alilk`alty `kb cgiiuklt`s, `s pgstigbork `pprg`cjos oipj`slslkd cgktost`tlgks ge tjo s`crob. Jgwovor, wgrflkd `crgss ` wlbor r`kdo ge blsclpalkos ergi tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i tg sgclgagdy ge roaldlgk `kb bl`spgr` stublos, L vlow tjo J`mm prlkclp`aay `s `k ox`ipao ge Iusali roaldlgklkd `crgss agc`a, iuatl-agc`a `kb supr`-agc`a sp`tl`a sc`aos. joroegro L bwoaa kgt gkay gk tjo J`mm lk Iocc` nut `asg roaldlgusay lksplrob lksplrob `kb ovoryb`y oxporlokcos lk v`rlgus tlio-sp`co agc`tlgks noegro, burlkd `kb `etor pladrli`do. L `rduo tj`t tjrgudj oingblob `ctlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo J`mm, lts prop`r`tlgk `kb roioinr`kco, Nrltlsj Iusalis `ctlvoay sj`po tjolr gwk soae-lboktltlos, splrltu`alty `kb oigtlgk`a alvos, wjlao `t tjo s`io tlio roprgbuclkd `utjgrlt`tlvo `utjgrlt`tlvo Lsa`ilc scrlpts. Jgwovor, tjo er`dlalty ge sucj poregri`kcos ny Nrltlsj Iusali `ctgrs pgsltlgkob ny iuatlpao, cgipaox `kb sgiotlios p`r`bgxlc`a alvob structuros lkcaublkd cgksuior c`plt`alsi `kb socua`rlty, io`ks tj`t ‚ro`a“ J`mm stgrlos `asg lkcaubo ukscrlptob ukcort`lktlos `kb `inlv`aokcos. Nlnalgdr`pjy
@pp`bur` @pp` bur`l,l, @. @ . (0<<5), (0< <5), Igborklt Igbor kltyy `t A`rdo= A`rd o= Cuatu Cu atur`a r`a Blioks Bl iokslgks lgks ge Dagn`a Da gn`alz`t lz`tlgk lgk , Ilkko`pgals= _klvorslty ge Ilkkosgt` Xross. @s`b, @s`b , . (0<:5), (0<:5 ), jo lbo` ge `k `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i . T`sjlkdtgk, BC= Dogrdotgwk _klvorslty. _klvorslty. N`bgko, O. & S.^. ^gsoi`k (>882), ‚@pprg`cjos tg tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do `kb tgurlsi“, lk O. N`bgko & S.^. ^gsoi`k (obs.), Lktorsoctlkd mgurkoy mgur koys=s= jo `ktjrgp `kt jrgpgagd gagd y ge pladrli` plad rli`do do `kb tgurlsi tgu rlsi , 0->3. _rn`k`, Cjlc`dg `kb Sprlkdeloab= _klvorslty ge Laalkgls Xross. N`ui`kk, ]. (0<<5), ‚Ergi pladrli tg tgurlst gr ` sjgrt jlstgry ge lboktlty“, lk S. J`aa & X. bu D`y (obs.), Puostlgks ge cuatur`a lboktlty , 0:-35. Agkbgk= S`do. Nl`kcjl, ^. (>882), Duosts ge Dgb= Xladrli`do `kb pgaltlcs lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab . Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. Ngunofour, @. & G. ^gy (obs.) (>80>), Tj`tovor j`ppokob tg tjo Lsa`ilsts7 S`a`els, jo`vy iot`a Iusalis `kb tjo auro ge cgksuiorlst Lsa`i. Agkbgk= Jurst. Nutaor, M. (0<<4), Oxclt`nao spoocj= @ pgaltlcs ge tjo poregri`tlvo . Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo. Caleegrb, M. (0<<4), ^gutos= r`voa `kb tr`ksa`tlgk lk tjo a`to twoktlotj coktury . C`inrlbdo, I@ `kb Agkbgk= J`rv`rb _klvorslty Xross. Cgaoi`k, S. (>88>), ‚Bg ygu noalovo lk pladrli`do7 Cgiiuklt`s, cgktost`tlgk `kb noygkb“, @ktjrgpga @ktj rgpgagdlc gdlc`a `a jogry jo gry > > (3)= 3??-35:.
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Cgaoi`k, S. & M. O`bo (obs.) (>882), ^oer`ilkd pladrli`do= Cuaturos lk igtlgk . Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. BoJ`k`s, B.K. (>803), ‚Ge J`mm `kb jgio= ^ggts vlslts tg Iocc` `kb N`kda`bosj lk ovoryb`y noagkdlkd“, Otjklcltlos 03 03 (2)= 2?4-242. Boa`koy, C. (0<<8), ‚jo J`mm= S`crob `kb socua`r“, @iorlc`k @iorl c`k Otjkgagd Otjk gagdlst lst 04(3)= 04(3)= ?0?-?38. Burfjoli, O. (0<52 V0<0>Y 0 ), jo oaoiokt`ry egris ge tjo roaldlgus aleo , tr`ks. M.T. M.T. Sw`lk. Sw` lk. Agkbgk= Agkb gk= @aaok @aao k `kb `k b _kwlk. _kw lk. O`bo, M. & I.M. S`aakgw (obs.) (0<<0), Cgktostlkd tjo s`crob= jo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Cjrlstl`k pladrli`do . Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Olcfoai`k, B.E. B.E. (0<:0), jo Ilbbao O`st= `k `ktjrgpgagdlc`a `pprg`cj . Okdaowggb Calees, KM= Xroktlco J`aa. Iusal i tr`voaaor tr`vo aaors=s= Xladrli` Xlad rli`do, do, Olcfoai`k, B.E. & M. Xlsc`tgrl (obs.) (0<<8), Iusali ildr`tlgk `kb tjo roaldlgus li`dlk`tlgk . Norfoaoy `kb Ags @kdoaos= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross.
Oal`bo, I. (0>4->?2. Eo`tjorstgko, I. (>88>), ‚Lsa`i okcguktorlkd dagn`alz`tlgk= @k lktrgbuctlgk“, lk @. Igj`ii`bl (ob.), Lsa`i okcguktorlkd dagn`alz`tlgk , 0-03. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Elscjor, I. & I. @nobl (0<<8), Bon`tlkd Iusalis= Cuatur`a bl`agduos lk pgstigbo pgst igborkl rklty ty `kb tr`bltlgk tr`bl tlgk . Tlscgkslk= _klvorslty ge Tlscgkslk Xross. Doortz, C. (0<5:), Lsa`i gnsorvob . Cjlc`dg, LA= _klvorslty ge Cjlc`dg Xross. J`iigubl, @. (>885), @ So`sgk So`s gk lk Iocc` Io cc`== K`rr`tlvo K`rr`t lvo ge ` plad p ladrli` rli`do do . C`inrlbdo= C`inrlbdo _klvorslty Xross/Xgalty. J`q, E. & M. M`cfsgk (>88<), ‚Splrltu`a mgurkoy tg J`mm= @ustr`al`k `kb X`flst`kl oxporlokco `kb oxpoct`tlgks“, Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge g e I`k`do I`k `doiokt iokt,, Splrltu Spl rltu`alt `altyy & ^oald ^ oaldlgk lgk 5 (>)= 020-0?5. Jokborsgk, M.C. (>800), ‚^oaldlgus tgurlsi `kb lts i`k`doiokt= jo J`mm lk S`ubl @r`nl`“, Lktork`tlgk`a Mgurk`a ge gurlsi ^oso`rcj 03= ?20-??>. Jorvlou-Aodor, Jorvlou-Aod or, B. (>888), ^oaldlgk `s ` cj`lk ge ioigry , tr`ks. S. Aoo. C`inrlbdo= Xgalty Xross, lk `ssgcl`tlgk wltj Na`cfwoaa Xunalsjors Atb. Aowls, X. (0<<2), (0 <<2), Lsa`ilc Nrlt`lk. Agkbgk= L.N. `urls.
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Alkbjgai, Alkbjgai , C. (>88>), ‚Flsslkd cguslks= `ktjrgpgagdlsts `ktjrgp gagdlsts gk Lsa`i“, lk J. Bgkk`k, Lktorprotlkd Lktorprotlkd Lsa`i, 008-0><. Agkbgk= S`do. I`jiggb, S. (>88?), Xgaltlcs Xgaltlcs ge ploty= jo Lsa`ilc rovlv`a `kb tjo eoilklst sunmoct . Xrlkcotgk KM= Xrlkcotgk _klvorslty Xross. I`acgai Z wltj @. J`aoy (0<5:), jo `utgnlgdr`pjy ge I`acgai Z . Agkbgk= Xokdulk. IcAgudjalk, S. (>888), ‚^oaldlgk, rltu`a `kb cuaturo“, lk L.S. I`rfj`i & . ^up`roaa (obs.), Okcguktorlkd roaldlgk , <5-005. Gxegrb `kb I`abok, I`ss= Na`cfwoaa. IcAgudjalk, S. (>88?), ‚jo st`to, kow Iusali ao`borsjlps `kb Lsa`i `s ` rosgurco egr punalc okd`doiokt lk Nrlt`lk“, lk M. Cos`rl & S. IcAgudjalk (obs.), Ourgpo`k Iusalis `kb tjo socua`r st`to, ??-5<. @aborsjgt= @sjd`to. IcAgudjalk, S. (>884), ‚Lsa`i(s) lk Cgktoxt= Grlokt`alsi `kb tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Iusali sgclotlos `kb cuaturos“, Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge Noaloes Noal oes `kb U`auos `au os >: (3)= >43-><5. IcAgudjalk, S. (>88<`), ‚Cgktostlkd Iusali pladrli`do= Nrltlsj-X`flst`kl lboktltlos, s`crob mgurkoys tg I`ff`j `kb I`blk`j `kb tjo dagn`a pgstigbork“, lk U.S. F`ar` (ob.), X`flst`kl bl`spgr`s= Cuaturo, cgkealct `kb cj`kdo , >33->5?. F`r`cjl `kb Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. IcAgudjalk, S. (>88-02<. Oblknurdj= Oblknurdj _klvorslty Xross. IcAgudjalk, S. (>808), ‚Iusali tr`voaaors= jgilkd boslro, tjo uii` `kb Nrltlsj-X`flst`kls“, lk F. Fkgtt & S. IcAgudjalk (obs.), Bl`spgr`s= Cgkcopts, lboktltlos, lktorsoctlgks , >>3->><. Agkbgk= ]ob. IcAgudjalk, S. (>803`), ‚^oaldlgk, roaldlgks, `kb bl`spgr`“, lk @. Pu`ysgk & D. B`sw`kl (obs.), @ cgip`klgk tg bl`spgr` `kb tr`ksk`tlgk`alsi, 0>?-03:. Tlaoy-Na` Tlao y-Na`cfwo cfwoaaaa Xunalsjors Xunals jors.. IcAgudjalk, S. (>803n), ‚Grd`klzlkd J`mm-dglkd ergi cgktoipgr`ry Nrlt`lk= @ cj`kdlkd cj`k dlkd lkbustr lkb ustryy, pladrli plad rli i`rfots i`rfo ts `kb tjo pgaltlc pga ltlcss ge rocgdkltl rocg dkltlgk“, gk“, lk l k U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob Oss`ys , >20->?>. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Kyo, I. (>888). “^oaldlgk, pgst-roaldlgklsi, `kb roaldlgklkd= ^oaldlgus stublos `kb cgktoipgr`ry cuatur`a bon`tos“, Iotjgb Iotj gb `kb jogry jo gry lk tjo Stuby ge ^oaldlgk 0> (3)= 224-245.
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Xotors, E.O. (0<<2), jo J`mm= jo Iusali pladrli`do tg Iocc` `kb tjo Jgay Xa`cos . Xrlkcotgk, KM= Xrlkcotgk _klvorslty Xross. Xgrtor, U. & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob Oss`ys , Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. ^gee, T.^. (0<:?), ‚Xladrli`do `kb tjo jlstgry ge roaldlgks= tjogrotlc`a `pprg`cjos tg tjo J`mm“, lk ^.C. I`rtlk (ob.), @pprg`cj @pprg `cjos os tg Lsa`i Lsa` i lk roaldlgus roald lgus stublos stu blos . Gxegrb= Gkowgrab. St`usnord, I. (>800), ^oaldlgk `kb tgurlsi= Crgssrg`bs, bostlk`tlgks `kb okcguktors . Agkbgk/Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo. woob, .@. (0<<4), Gur A`by ge tjo oxlao= Bl`spgr` roaldlgk `t ` Cun`k C`tjgalc sjrlko lk Il`il . Kow \grf= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. woob, .@. (>885), Crgsslkd `kb bwoaalkd= @ tjogry ge roaldlgk . C`inrlbdo, I@= J`rv`rb _klvorslty Xross. urkor, N.S. (0<<2), Grlokt`alsi, pgstigborklsi `kb dagn`alsi . Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. urkor, urko r, U. U. (0<5<) ( 0<5<),, jo rltu`a prgcoss. Cjlc`dg= @ablko. urkor, U. (0<42`), Br`i`s, eloabs, `kb iot`pjgrs= Syingalc `ctlgk lk jui`k sgcloty , Ltj`c`/Agkbgk= Cgrkoaa _klvorslty Xross. urkor, U. (0<42n), ‚Xladrli`do `kb cgiiuklt`s“, Stubl` Ilsslgk`al` >3= 38?-3>4. U`k Dokkop, @. (0<58 V0<888?), Lsa`i gnscurob . Kow \grf= X`adr`vo. Uàsquoz, I.@. (>800), Igro tj`k tj` k noaloe noa loe== @ i`torl` i`t orl`alst alst tjogry tjo gry ge roaldlgk roald lgk . Kow \grf= \grf= Gxegrb Gxeg rb _klvors _kl vorslty lty Xross. Ugk Drukon`ui, D.O. (0
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R JO JO J @M M @K B X GALRLCS @K B L KBGKOSL@
R _^FO\ LK C GKROIXG^@^\ R _ ^FO\
^gnort ^. Nl`kcjl jo oxpagslvo drgwtj ge tjo igbork J`mm ls gko ge tjo igst br`i`tlc ovokts lk wgrab roaldlgk `kb jui`k ildr`tlgk. jo J`mm ls ` blstlkctlvoay Lsa`ilc cgktrlnutlgk tg dagn`als`tlgk wltj e`r-ro`cjlkd e`r-ro`cjlkd pgaltlc`a r`ilelc`tlgks tjrgudjgut tjo Iusali wgrab `kb tjo wlbor lktork`tlgk`a systoi. jo `kku`a cgkdross lk Iocc` rokows Iusalis“ `w`rokoss ge ` cgiigk bostlky `kb strokdtjoks tjolr boslro tg roe`sjlgk dagn`a pgaltlcs lktg ` igro lkcauslvo `kb iuatlpga`r grbor wltj ` dro`tor vglco kgt gkay egr Lsa`i, nut egr `aa kgk-Tostork clvlals`tlgks (Nl`kcjl >882). urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` `ro vlvlb ox`ipaos ge pgworeua Iusali sgclotlos tj`t j`vo joapob tg tr`ksegri tjo J`mm `kb tj`t, lk turk, j`vo nook boopay `eeoctob ny pgaltlc`a blsputos gvor pladrli`do pgalcy. urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` j`vo nook `igkd tjo igst prgilkokt `kb lkkgv`tlvo k`tlgks joaplkd tg i`fo tgb`y“s J`mm ` pgtokt euslgk ge e`ltj `kb pgwor. jolr ao`borsjlp oxtokbs e`r noygkb plgkoorlkd tocjklquos lk pladrli`do i`k`doiokt tg lkcaubo kow egris ge Lsa`ilc c`plt`alsi, iuatlp`rty boigcr`cy, `kb lkbopokbokt blpagi`cy tgw`rb tjo dro`t pgwors, p`rtlcua`ray lk n`rd`lklkd wltj tjo _kltob St`tos, Cjlk`, `kb tjo Ourgpo`k _klgk (Nl`kcjl >803). jo J`mm j`s nocgio ` plvgt`a `kb jldjay cgktrgvorsl`a eo`turo ge b`y-tg-b`y pgaltlc`a aleo lk ngtj urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl`, wjoro alkdorlkd blvlslgks notwook tjo socua`r `kb tjo roaldlgus `kb vldgrgus pross eroobgis okcgur`do cgkst`kt crltlclsi ge `aa oeegrts tg oxp`kb tjo rgao ge Lsa`i lk punalc aleo, lkcaublkd pladrli`do `ee`lrs. St`to spgksgrsjlp ge tjo J`mm dokor`tos ` sto`by stro`i ge sc`kb`as, sunslblos, sorvlcos, cgktr`cts, lkvostiokts, `kb p`trgk`do tj`t sp`rf cguktaoss n`ttaos lk tjo iobl` `kb tjo aodlsa`turos. Lk ovory `spoct ge pladrli`do `ee`lrs, tjo nuslkoss `kb pgaltlc`a st`fos `ro `strgkgilc`a, `kb tjo oigtlgk`a oeeocts gk noalovors `ro lkc`acua`nao. Iucj ge tjo prossuro gk pgaltlcl`ks `kb st`to geelcl`as stois ergi ` eukb`iokt`a ilsi`tcj notwook tjo sg`rlkd boi`kb egr J`mm tr`voa `kb tjo rldlb c`p tj`t S`ubl @r`nl` pa`cos gk pladrli`do qugt`s wgrabwlbo. Gvor tjo a`st twg boc`bos, por c`plt` r`tos ge J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk lk urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` j`vo `ctu`aay bocalkob noc`uso ilkgr `bmustiokts lk tjo qugt`s j`vo a`ddob nojlkb pgpua`tlgk drgwtj (Blroftgr`t Mokbor`a >88:, >8086 Ŧrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu >80>). Sgio ge tjo oxcoss boi`kb c`k no roalovob ny okcgur`dlkd pogpao tg poregri `k _ir` (` sjgrt vlslt tg Iocc` `t `ky tlio ge tjo yo`r) lksto`b ge ` J`mm, nut ovorygko ukborst`kbs tj`t tjoro `ro kg sunstltutos sunstltutos egr tjo J`mm‒kgt lk Dgb“s oyos, `kb cort`lkay kgt lk toris ge cgiiuklty rospoct `kb sgcl`a st`tus. 5?
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Jokco, tjo cgipotltlgk egr J`mm vls`s lktokslelos yo`r `etor yo`r, stgflkd okbaoss roquosts egr spocl`a tro`tiokt `kb nokblkd tjo ruaos. Lk tjls okvlrgkiokt, tjo lkcoktlvos egr crgkylsi, e`vgurltlsi, `kb blscrlilk`tlgk nocgio lrroslstlnao. @aa tgg getok, tjo s`kctlty ge tjo J`mm ls gvorpgworob ny tjo auro ge prgelt `s pgaltlcl`ks `kb oktroprokours try tg oxpaglt tjo p`sslgks ge grblk`ry pogpao wjg iust w`lt egr yo`rs tg gnt`lk ` pladrli`do spgt `kb wjg eo`r tj`t ` aleotlio ge s`vlkds `kb bro`is wlaa dg egr k`udjt. J`mm-roa`tob prgnaois `ro puttlkd `a`rilkd prossuros gk urflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k boigcr`clos `t ` tlio wjok tjoy `ro `aro`by struddalkd tg gvorcgio ilalt`rlstlc aod`clos, p`rtls`k e`ctlgk`alsi, `kb prgegukb sgcl`a lkoqu`altlos. Jgw bg pgaltlc`a `kb dgvorkiokt`a ao`bors lk urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` cgpo wltj‒`kb succuin tg‒tjoso prossuros7 C`k wo lboktley p`rtlcua`r strokdtjs strokdtjs `kb wo`fkossos lk tjolr boigcr`tlc lkstltutlgks tj`t joap tg oxpa`lk wjy tjolr oeegrts succoob gr e`la7 Rjo J`mm `kb Iuatlp`rty Boigcr`cy
Boigcr`tlc pgaltlcs `ro igro rldlb lk urfoy `kb igro eaulb lk Lkbgkosl`. urflsj p`rtlos `ro woaa ost`nalsjob `kb tldjtay grborob `rgukb ` bgilk`kt i`mgrlty p`rty `kb ` j`kbeua ge wo`for rlv`as. Lk Lkbgkosl`, `aa ge tjo p`rtlos `ro wo`f `kb stlaa so`rcjlkd egr roal`nao cgkstltuokclos. Cgipotltlgk egr vgtos `kb rosgurcos ls elorco `t tjo k`tlgk`a, prgvlkcl`a, `kb agc`a aovoas. Igrogvor, Iusali vgtors lk urfoy j`vo ` cao`r-cut cjglco notwook roaldlgus `kb socua`r p`rtlos, wjoro`s Lkbgkosl`ks iust i`fo ukcort`lk tr`bo-gees notwook sg-c`aaob socua`r p`rtlos tj`t okbgrso st`to-suppgrtob roaldlgus `ctlvltlos `kb `t ao`st ` j`ae-bgzok soae-boca`rob Lsa`ilc drgups wltj gvora`pplkd prgdr`iios `kb c`kblb`tos. Lk urfoy, tjo Mustlco `kb Bovoagpiokt X`rty (@b`aot vo F`afİki` X`rtlsl6 @FX) ls tjo ukrlv`aaob succossgr tg ` agkd sorlos ge pgpua`r rldjt-gecoktro p`rtlos tj`t j`vo c`pturob tjo algk“s sj`ro ge suppgrt ergi roaldlgus vgtors egr ko`ray 48 yo`rs. Alfo lts probocossgrs, tjo @FX c`k ca`li euaa croblt egr tjo sto`by oxp`kslgk ge st`to-sunslblsob roaldlgus sorvlcos lktg ovory cgrkor ge tjo cguktry. Lk cgktr`st, igst Lkbgkosl`k p`rtlos ospguso ` v`duo naokb ge socua`r `kb Lsa`ilc sagd`ks tj`t okbgrso st`to eukblkd egr tjo J`mm `kb roaldlgus scjggas wjlao boalnor`toay naurrlkd tjolr pgsltlgks gk igro cgktrgvorsl`a lssuos, sucj `s tjo scgpo ge Lsa`ilc a`w `kb tjo tro`tiokt ge kgk-Iusalis. kgk-Iusalis. Noc`uso tjo rualkd p`rtlos‒elrst Dgaf`r (tjo egrior dgvorkiokt p`rty ost`nalsjob ny Suj`rtg) `kb tjok tjo Boigcr`tlc X`rty‒j`vo spgksgrob tjo J`mm lk dr`kb styao, lt ls bleelcuat egr `ky ge tjo Lsa`ilc e`ctlgks tg pgrtr`y Lkbgkosl`“s pladrli`do nggi `s tjolr `cjlovoiokt gr tg `rduo tj`t tjoy cguab boalvor nottor roaldlgus sorvlcos le tjoy woro lk pgwor. joso eukb`iokt`a bleeorokcos lk pgaltlc`a p`rty systois‒urfoy“s slkdao bgilk`kt Lsa`ilc p`rty vorsus Lkbgkosl`“s sjletlkd cgaaoctlgk ge wo`f e`ctlgks wltj `inldugus roaldlgus roa ldlgus vlows‒joap vlows ‒joap tg oxpa`lk oxpa` lk wjy tjo urflsj urflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k Lkbgko sl`k
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J`mm p`ttorks j`vo bovoagpob sg bleeoroktay gvor tjo a`st ?8 yo`rs. Egr ox`ipao, tjo rodlgk`a blstrlnutlgk ge J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk j`s igvob lk gppgslto blroctlgks lk tjo twg cguktrlos. cgu ktrlos. jo dogdr`pjlc dogdr`pjl c plcturo lk urfoy urfoy j`s roi`lkob roi`lko b roi`rf`nay st`nao. jo p`ttork ukbor ^ocop `yylp Orbgė`k“s ruao ls ko`ray lboktlc`a tg tjo trokbs tj`t oiordob ukbor jls oaoctob probocossgrs. Io`kwjlao, boigcr`tlc roegri lk Lkbgkosl` j`s turkob tjo `aldkiokts ge tjo Suj`rtg or` upslbo bgwk (elduros 0 `kb >). 5 fut`jy`
c`kflrl `eygk
nurbur
lsp`rt` f`st`igku
rlzo
fgky` ngau kovsojlr
oa`zld > 0 8 > < 8 8 >
f`ysorl
nlkdga
nurs` 8
-5
s`f`ry` 8
5 lst`knua
nltals `kt`ay` `b`k` lzilr
toflrb`d
tukcoal
-5 0<4<-0<<3
Elduro 0= Rurfoy J`mm r`tos, >88<–>80> & 0<4<–0<<3. St`kb`rb scgros* egr 54 prgvlkcos.
Sgurco= Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu (Rurflsj St`tlstlc`a Lkstltuto) (>80>), Fñatñr ĸst`tlstlfaorl (Cuatur`a St`tlstlcs). @kf`r`= R.C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu= 0:46 ^. Nl`kcjl (>882), Duosts ge Dgb= Xladrli`do `kb Xgaltlcs lk tjo Lsa`ilc Tgrab. Kow \grf Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross= >:4->:<. Kgtos= *St`kb`rb scgros e`clalt`to cgip`rlsgk `crgss b`t` sots tj`t j`vo blorokt `vor`dos `kb st`tlstlc`a blstrlnutlgks. Rjoy `aagw us tg d`udo tjo roa`tlvo bodroo tg wjlcj J`mm r`tos lk o`cj prgvlkco st`kb gut ergi tjo rost ge tjo pgpua`tlgk `t blorokt tlio pglkts. Egr ox`ipao, Fñt`jy` j`b tjo jldjost J`mm r`to lk 0<4<–0<<3 `kb lk >88<–>80>, wjoro`s Rukcoal j`b tjo agwost J`mm r`to lk ngtj porlgbs. Lk cgktr`st, J`mm r`tos lk Lst`knua `kb Nlkdõa cj`kdob i`rfobay burlkd tjo s`io yo`rs. Lst`knua“s r`to igvob ergi noagw `vor`do tg `ngvo `vor`do, wjlao Nlkdõa“s r`to igvob lk tjo gppgslto blroctlgk. Lk Rurfoy `s ` wjgao, tjo strgkd cgrrospgkbokco notwook tjo roa`tlvo r`kflkds ge prgvlkcl`a J`mm r`tos lk tjo twg porlgbs lkblc`tos cgkslbor`nao st`nlalty lk tjo rodlgk`a blstrlnutlgk ge pladrli`do p`rtlclp`tlgk.
54
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p`pu` 0,8
3 0 8 > 4 8 8 >
o kus`
i`aufu nokdfuau c m`v` o m`v` rl`u ygdy`f`rt` 8,8 -0,8 8,8 w m`v`
s sua w kus`
c f`a n`al
so sua
-0,8
s f`a
0,8
>,8
m`f`rt`
o f`a
0<42-0<<5
Elduro >= Lkbgkosl` J`mm r`tos, >884–>803 & 0<42–0<<5. St`kb`rb scgros egr >5 prgvlkcos. Sgurco= Blroftgr`t Mokbor`a Xokyoaokdd`r```k J`ml b`k _ir`j (>808), J`ml b`a`i `kdf` (Rjo J`mm lk kuinors). M`f`rt`= Foioktorl`k @d`i` ^L= >2-3>6 ^. Nl`kcjl (>882), Duosts ge Dgb= Xladrli`do `kb Xgaltlcs lk tjo Lsa`ilc Tgrab. Kow \grf= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross= ><>-><3. Kgtos= Lk cgktr`st tg tjo st`nao blstrlnutlgk ge prgvlkcl`a J`mm r`tos lk Rurfoy, tjo roa`tlvo pgsltlgks pgsl tlgks ge Lkbgkos Lk bgkosl`“s l`“s prgvlkcos prgv lkcos sjletob sjlet ob br`i`tl br `i`tlc`aa c`aayy notwook not wook tjo t jo porlgb p orlgbss ge 0<42–0<< 0<42 –0<<55 `kb >884–>803. M`f`rt` `kb O`st F`ali`kt`k suorob tjo igst proclpltgus bocalkos, wjoro`s I`aufu I`auf u `kb O`st Kus` Rokdd`r` oxporlokc oxpo rlokcob ob tjo tj o strgkdos str gkdostt liprgvoi lip rgvoiokts. okts. Igst ge rur`a ru r`a M`v` M `v` `kb Sui`tr` igvob ergi vory agw pgsltlgks tg `ngvo-`vor`do pgsltlgks.
urfoy“s J`mm noat roi`lks elriay `kcjgrob lk tjo Coktr`a @k`tgal`k jo`rta`kb. jo i`lk `xls ruks notwook Fgky` `kb @kf`r`, oxtokblkd nrg`bay lktg `bm`cokt prgvlkcos lk Tostork @k`tgal` `kb `aa `agkd tjo Na`cf So` cg`st tg tjo kgrtj. jo `ro`s ge wo`fost J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk‒tjo p`rtlclp`tlgk‒tjo ngrbor prgvlkcos ge Ourgpo`k urfoy, tjo agkd sgutjork cg`stalko ge tjo @odo`k `kb Iobltorr`ko`k ergi Lzilr tg ĸsfokboruk, `kb tjo Furblsj blstrlcts lk tjo e`r sgutjo`st‒`asg roi`lk ukcj`kdob (t`nao 0). Igrogvor, tjo sgcl`a `kb pgaltlc`a n`sos ge urflsj J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk `ro `asg oxtroioay st`nao. J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk r`tos `ro jldjost lk prgvlkcl`a c`plt`as `kb tgwks wltj lktoriobl`to aovoas ge urn`kls`tlgk `kb ocgkgilc bovoagpiokt `kb agwor lk wo`atjlor iotrgpgalsos `kb pggror vlaa`dos. ^`tos `ro agwost lk ko`ray
5:
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Jldj J`mm rodlgks ^odlgk
Coktr`a
Kg. ge prgvlkcos
Tost
Na`cf So`
@vor`do J`mm rodlgks
Agw J`mm rodlgks
O`st Ilxob
Lst`knuaFgc`oal
O`st Furblsj
OurgpoCg`sts
Rurfoy
0?
02
02
0>
>
03
00
:0
0, 0,?:8
0,?3>
0,><>
0,055
0,8?0
<0?
40>
0,0?5
0>,4?5
08,205
5,?3?
5,053
0?,2:<
:,<30
0?,333
4?,5>4
Xgpua`tlgk bokslty (por sq. fi.) >808
53
44
:?
?2
0,43>
5<
03:
<4
Lkcgio por c`plt` >808 ($_S)
08,?<8
03,00>
08,350
<,:43
0:,><2
4,2<>
0>,2>4
0>,223
@FX vgtos por cokt >800
?4.55
?8.34
?<.0>
50.<:
2<.42
22.0:
35.42
2<.:3
Furblsj pgpua`tlgk por cokt 0<5?
>.0?
8.85
8.8:
08.?0
8.00
?3.<2
8.3>
4.48
Pur“`k cgurso stubokts por c`plt` >800
5,0>2
2,83>
5,<0?
2,>85
3,853
>,222
>,408
3,<
Pur“`k cgurso dr`bu`tos por c`plt` >800
2,0?4
>,:2>
2,234
>,?4:
>,0?4
0,502
0,<>3
>,48?
^oaldlgus oipagyoos por c`plt` >800
0,>?>
0,>
>,3:?
0,30?
>4>
0,>25
422
0,8<3
Igsquos por c`plt` >800
0,4:4
0,55>
0,2?0
0,>0>
0,>4>
:<4
0,>42
0,>:5
J`mm r`tos >88<–>80> Xgpua`tlgk (tjgus`kbs)
R`nao 0= Rurfoy k`tlgk`a `kb rodlgk`a `vor`dos ge J`mm r`tos `kb gtjor v`rl`naos. Sgurco= Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu (Rurflsj St`tlstlc`a Lkstltuto) (>80>), Fñatñr ĸst`tlstlfaorl (Cuatur`a St`tlstlcs). @kf`r`= R.C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu= 0:8-0<46 Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu (>80>), Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf \İaaİėİ (Rurfoy“s St`tlstlc`a \o`rnggf). @kf`r`= R.C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu.
`aa ge tjo ngrbor blstrlcts wjoro kgk-urflsj a`kdu`dos `kb otjklcltlos `ro igst prov`aokt. J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk `asg tr`cfs tjo blstrlnutlgk ge st`to-spgksgrob roaldlgus sorvlcos, sucj `s Pur“`k cgursos, igsquo nulablkd, `kb Lsa`ilc scjggas (t`nao >). gb`y, `s lk tjo b`ys ge Sñaoyi`k Boilroa `kb urdut Õz`a, tjo strgkdost problctgr ge pladrli`do ls tjo bodroo ge vgtor suppgrt egr tjo bgilk`kt roaldlgus p`rty. Lk gtjor wgrbs, lt ls kgt ocgkgilcs gr cuaturo tj`t nost problcts J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk, nut pgaltlcs (elduro 3). Orbgė`k j`s prosorvob `kb oxp`kbob tjo sgalb kotwgrf ge lktoragcflkd `aal`kcos‒tlos notwook tjo bgilk`kt p`rty, tjo roaldlgus nuro`ucr`cy, tjo prgvlkcl`a ilbbao ca`ss, `kb ` v`st `rr`y ge agc`a vgaukt`ry `ssgcl`tlgks‒tj`t jo lkjorltob ergi provlgus pgaltlcl`ks. Bosplto urfoy“s turnuaokt jlstgry ge ilalt`ry cgups `kb ukst`nao cg`altlgk dgvorkiokts, tjo plgus ilbbao ca`ssos ge tjo prgvlkcl`a tgwks j`vo sto`blay strokdtjokob tjolr grd`kls`tlgk`a `kb oaoctgr`a pgwor. jo drgwtj `kb st`nlalty ge tjo J`mm ls ` stukklkd ox`ipao `kb ny-prgbuct ge tjolr succoss. 5<
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Rgt`a j`mml s K9:0/:8 wltj/wltjgut Lst`knua
Eoi`ao por cokt K9:0/:8 wltj/wltjgut Lst`knua
Sgclgocgkgilc Sgclgocgkgilc cj`r`ctorlstlcs cj`r`ctorlstlcs Lkcgio por c`plt` ($_S)
.0:5<
.>:8:
Xgpua`tlgk bokslty
-.8
.024<::
_rn`kls`tlgk sc`ao
.8>:>
.22<8
Rurflsj
.3<3<
.?:::
Furblsj
-.3:3>
-.53:<
@r`nlc
-.>:5>
-.843<
Xgi`f, Ngskl`k, `kb @an`kl`k
-.>80?
.0:33
Pur“`k cgurso cgipaotlgk
.?<03
.3800
Pur“`k cgurso okrgaiokt
.?2:?
.>0::
^oaldlgus @`lrs** oipagyoos
.2??>
-.8:<0
Igsquos
.3053
-.>8:2
Mustlco & Bovoagpiokt X`r ty
.54>>
.>:53
Gtjors
.2?40
.8?::
Lkbopokbokt (Furblsj)
-.238>
-.50<8
K`tlgk`a @ctlgk X`rty
.38>5
.2>48
-.>43<
.333<
Alkdulstlc-cuatur`a e`ctgrs
^oaldlgus sorvlcos
Xgaltlc`a p`rty suppgrt
^opunalc`k Xogpao“s X`rty
R`nao >= Cgrroa`tos ge J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk lk Rurfoy, >88<–>80>. Xo`rsgk“s r* Sgurco= Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu (v`rlgus yo`rs), Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf \İaaİėİ (Rurfoy“s
St`tlstlc`a \o`rnggf). @kf`r`= R.C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf Rñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu. Kgtos= * Rjo cgrroa`tlgk cgoclokt ls ` io`suro ge tjo bodroo tg wjlcj twg v`rl`naos“ igvoiokts `ro `ssgcl`tob st`tlstlc`aay, nut kgt kocoss`rlay c`us`aay. Rjo Xo`rsgk prgbuctigiokt cgoclokt r`kdos lk v`auo ergi ` ilkliui ge -0.888 (sldkleylkd ` poreoct kod`tlvo roa`tlgksjlp) tg ` i`xliui ge 0.888 (sldkleylkd ` poreoct pgsltlvo roa`tlgksjlp). @ cgoclokt ge 8.888 lkblc`tos kg st`tlstlc`a roa`tlgksjlp. K sldklos tjo kuinor ge c`sos lk tjo c`acua`tlgk. Egr igro cgipaoto boscrlptlgks `kb laaustr`tlgks, soo ^. I. Slrflk (>88?), St`tlstlcs egr tjo Sgcl`a Sclokcos. Rjgus`kb G`fs, C@= S`do. ** Rjo Rurflsj Blroctgr`to ge ^oaldlgus @`lrs ls tjo dgvorkiokt `dokcy tj`t suporvlsos tjo J`mm `s woaa `s roaldlgus obuc`tlgk, igsquos, `kb Pur“`k cgursos.
48
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3.888
>.?88 0 0 8 > - >.888 < 8 8 > k g l 0.?88 a a l i r o p s 0.888 l m m ` J
?88
8
08
>8
38
28
?8
58
48
:8
@FX por cokt >800
Elduro 3= Rurfoy J`mm r`tos, >88<–>800, & @FX vgto, >800 (r 9 .5582) Sgurco= R.C. \ñfsof Soäli Furuau (Rurfoy Suproio Oaoctgr`a Cgiilsslgk) (>800), ZZLU. Bõkoi Ilaaotvoflal Dokoa Soälil S`kbİf Sgkuäa`rİ (^osuats ge tjo >2tj X`ral`iokt`ry Oaoctlgk). jps=//sgkuc.ysf.dgv.tr/igbuao/sgkuc.mse
Lk Lkbgkosl`, gk tjo gtjor j`kb, J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk j`s eauctu`tob br`i`tlc`aay noc`uso ge tjo rlso ge boigcr`cy, tjo spro`b ge bocoktr`als`tlgk, `kb tjo ukovok lip`ct ge dagn`a ocgkgilc crlsos. I`ky `ro`s tj`t j`b tjrlvlkd J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk ukbor Suj`rtg j`vo sueeorob lk tjo roegri or`. jls ls p`rtlcua`ray tjo c`so lk tjo elk`kcl`a `kb lkbustrl`a coktros ge M`f`rt` `kb Tost M`v`, nut `asg lk tjo tlinor tlin or `kb ilklkd ilkl kd rodlgks rodlg ks ge Sua`wosl Sua`wo sl `kb F`ali`kt F`al i`kt`k. `k. Cgkvorsoay, i`ky prgvlkcos tj`t woro ukborroprosoktob lk provlgus J`mm `ctlvlty j`vo surdob `jo`b ge tjo k`tlgk`a `vor`dos. jo igst strlflkd ox`ipaos `ro lk tjo pgpuagus M`v`koso jo`rta`kbs ge Coktr`a M`v`, \gdy`f`rt`, `kb O`st M`v`, wjoro J`mm r`tos lk rur`a blstrlcts `kb si`aaor tgwks j`vo surp`ssob tjgso lk nld cltlos. Lk `bbltlgk tg tjoso tr`bltlgk`aay rlco-drgwlkd `ro`s, tjo pa`kt`tlgk `kb c`sj-crgp cgiiukltlos ge Sui`tr` j`vo okmgyob sj`rp upturks lk pladrli`do. Bocoktr`als`tlgk Bocoktr`als`tlgk j`s nggstob J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk `asg lk O`stork Lkbgkosl`, wjoro blstrlcts lk Kgrtj I`aufu, I`aufu, X`pu`, `kb Tost X`pu` kgw ng`st sgio ge tjo jldjost r`tos lk tjo cguktry. jo cgrroa`tos ge Lkbgkosl`“s J`mm j`vo sjletob prgegukbay slkco tjo `bvokt ge boigcr`cy (t`naos 3 `kb 2).
40
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M`v`
M`f`rt`
F`ali`kt`k
Sua`wosl
Kus`N`al
X`pu`I`aufu
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J`mm v`rl`naos J`mm r`to >884–>803
::0
::<
:33
:40
<>:
<:5
0,>05
:<3
J`mm r`to >803
<0:
<>3
:52
<0>
<4?
0,8<2
0,??0
<32
08,?52
08,5:4
<,?2?
0>,5:?
03,5::
03,3<0
0>,?34
00,804
>,>24
0,?52
:, : ,0:5
2,>:8
0,043
<53
0,4<8
3,>>3
08?
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02,248
>3
<>
04<
0>
0>8
:4.0>
<5.20
:?.35
4:.?2
:8.::
28.2>
34.03
:4.0:
5:.:3
58.28
48.35
??.>2
20.3>
?4.55
52.>4
58.4:
4.:3
:.:?
<.>>
03.02
2<.?:
<.5:
>3.>8
0>.28
>3.32
38.4?
>8.2>
30.5>
<.08
3>.55
0>.?2
>5.:>
Boigcr`tlc X`rty
>>.30
>0.>?
32.48
02.>8
05.32
05.:3
05.?0
>8.:?
Dgaf`r
0?.50
0>.?:
4.0>
0?.4:
>>.:3
04.0?
>8.20
02.2?
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05.24
4.0<
04.54
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02.83
: Lsa`ilc p`rtlos *
>:.58
30.28
38 38.3:
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Lsa`ilc p`rtlos“ vgtos/ Iusalis**
0>.?:
02.38
0?.05
03.4<
02.48
04.:<
33.80
02.>5
@ppalc`tlgk r`to >803
Sgcl`a ocgkgilc v`rl`naos Lkcgio por c`plt` >800 ($_S) Xgpua`tlgk bokslty Iusali por cokt
Xroslboktl`a Xroslboktl`a oaoctlgk >88< \ubjgygkg F `a` Iod`w`tl
Aodlsa`tlvo oaoctlgk >88<
R`nao 3= Lkbgkosl` J`mm r`tos `kb gtjor v`rl`naos ny rodlgk Sgurco= N`b`k Xus`t Lst`tlstlf (Coktr`a Nuro`u ge St`tlstlcs), Soksus Xokbubuf >808 (>808 Xgpua`tlgk Coksus) Xokbubuf Iokurut Tla`y`j b`k @d`i` y`kd Bl`kut (Xgpua`tlgk ny ^odlgk `kb ^oaldlgk Oinr`cob) jp=//sp>808.nps.dg.lb6 Iobl` Coktor Fgilsl Xoilalj`k (Oaoctlgk Cgiilsslgk Iobl` Coktor) (>88<), J`sla ^of`pltua`sl Xorgaoj`k Su`r` X`s`kd`k C`agk Xroslbok b`k T`fla Xroslbok B`a`i Xoilalj`k _iui R`juk >88< (^osuats ge Ugtos ^ocolvob ny C`kblb`tos egr Xroslbokt `kb Ulco-Xroslbokt lk tjo >88< Dokor`a Oaoctlgks) jp=//iobl`coktor.fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau->8888<.jtia6 Iobl` Coktor Fgilsl Xoilalj`k (Oaoctlgk Cgiilsslgk Iobl` Coktor) (>88<), J`sla Xokdjltukd`k Su`r` S`j X`rt`l Xgaltlf Xosort` Xoilau R`juk >88< (^osuats ge U`alb Ugtos egr Xgaltlc`a X`rtlos X`rtlclp`tlkd lk tjo >88< Aodlsa`tlvo Oaoctlgks) jp=//iobl`coktor.fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau->88<. jtia7st`rt9008. Kgtos= * Rjo tgt`a vgtos c`st egr tjo oldjt a`rdost Lsa`ilc p`rtlos. ** Rjo tgt`a vgtos c`st egr tjo oldjt a`rdost Lsa`ilc p`rtlos `s ` por cokt ge tjo Iusali pgpua`tlgk.
_kbor Suj`rtg, ocgkgilc bovoagpiokt w`s tjo strgkdost problctgr ge pladrli`do, nut tgb`y J`mm r`tos lk rlcjor `kb pggror prgvlkcos `ro e`r igroovokay n`a`kcob. Noegro boigcr`cy, tjo roa`tlvo prgpgrtlgks ge Iusali `kb
4>
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Lkbgkosl` K933
Tltjgut M`f`rt`X`pu` K938
Tltjgut o`stork prgvlkcos K9>5
Xgpua`tlgk bokslty
-.0>?2
-.02<<
-.0>>5
Lkcgio por c`plt`
-.0?<0
-.>5?3
-.3><0
Iusali por cokt
-.3<42
-.85?3
.8445
\ubjgygkg
.03<>
-.08<<
-.8042
F`a`
.>084
.388>
.0?<:
Iod`w`tl
-.3:0<
-.>580
-.05<4
Boigcr`tlc X`rty
-.>243
-.>0::
-.8:20
Dgaf`r
.3:?:
.0?<8
.044<
XBL-X
-.32>8
-.>5:>
-.>800
Oldjt Lsa`ilc p`r tlos
-.0430
.8>:5
.3354
.5>><
.3>04
.23::
Sgcl`a ocgkgilc cj`r`ctorlstlcs cj`r`ctorlstlcs
Xroslboktl`a vgto >88<
Aodlsa`tlvo Aodlsa`tlvo oaoctlgks >88<
Oldjt Lsa`ilc p`r tlos/Iusalis
R`nao 2= Lkbgkosl` cgrroa`tos ge J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk, >884–>803. Xo`rsgk“s r. Sgurco= Lnlb.
kgk-Iusali pgpua`tlgks woro ukroa`tob tg prgvlkcl`a J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk aovoas. gb`y, pladrli`do r`tos `ro kod`tlvoay roa`tob tg Iusali bgilk`kco gk ngtj tjo prgvlkcl`a `kb blstrlct aovoas‒`bbltlgk`a ovlbokco tj`t gppgrtukltlos tg poregri tjo J`mm j`vo bleeusob tg provlgusay i`rdlk`alsob i`rdlk`alsob blstrlcts lk tjo cguktryslbo `kb lk tjo lsa`kbs gutslbo ge M`v`. jo pgaltlc`a n`sos ge Lkbgkosl`“s J`mm `ro cj`kdlkd r`plbay `kb getok v`ry wlboay ergi prgvlkco tg prgvlkco. Lk cgktr`st tg urfoy, Lkbgkosl`k pladrli`do ls tlob tg suppgrt egr sovor`a p`rtlos `t tjo s`io tlio. jo rualkd Boigcr`ts, tjo ao`blkd Lsa`ilc p`rtlos, `kb Dgaf`r `aa okmgy sgalb suppgrt lk blstrlcts wjoro J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk ls jldj. Gk tjo gtjor j`kb, pladrli`do j`s strgkd `kb cgkslstoktay kod`tlvo cgrroa`tlgks wltj suppgrt egr Iod`w`tl Suf`rkgputrl“s XBL-X (Lkbgkosl`k Boigcr`tlc X`rty-Struddao). Kgkotjoaoss, noc`uso p`rty agy`atlos `ro wo`f, porsgk`altlos getok cgukt egr igro tj`k p`rtls`k a`noas. Lk proslboktl`a r`cos, egr ox`ipao, Suslag N`in`kd \ubjgygkg gutporegris jls p`rty lk jldjJ`mm-p`rtlclp`tlkd blstrlcts6 Musue F`aa` ruks saldjtay nojlkb jls agc`a p`rty cgaao`duos6 Iod`w`tl Iod`w`tl e`ros ovok wgrso tj`k igst gtjor XBL-X c`kblb`tos. Lk sovor`a plvgt`a prgvlkcos, tjo i`klpua`tlgk ge J`mm `kb gtjor roaldlgus sorvlcos j`s nook ` foy lssuo lk jgtay cgktostob r`cos egr dgvorkgr. \ubjgygkg“s Boigcr`tlc X`rty X`rty j`s trlob tg spalt roaldlgus vgtors ny pa`ylkd gee rlv`a e`ctlgks wltjlk Dgaf`r `kb tjo Lsa`ilc p`rtlos lk O`st M`v`, Kgrtj Sui`tr`, `kb Sgutj
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Sua`wosl (norlt`m`tli.cgi >8036 Nuojaor >8846 Duk`w`k >80>6 J`bl >88:6 J`mr`iurkl >80>). jo rualkd p`rty fkgws tj`t spgksgrlkd tjo wgrab“s a`rdost J`mm ls r`roay okgudj tg puaa Iusali vgtors `w`y ergi tjolr p`rtls`k j`nlts. Jokco, Boigcr`tlc X`rty c`kblb`tos rodua`ray rocrult rukklkd i`tos ergi blsdruktaob roaldlgus e`ctlgks `kb gpokay geeor st`to sunslblos tg agc`a ao`bors egr roaldlgus `kb gtjor sorvlcos `s lktodr`a p`rts ge tjolr c`ip`ldks. Tjotjor tjo str`tody succoobs (`s lk O`st M`v`) gr e`las (`s lk Kgrtj Sui`tr` `kb Sgutj Sua`wosl), lt laaustr`tos tjo lkjorokt lksocurlty tj`t Lkbgkosl`k pgaltlcl`ks eooa `ngut tjolr roaldlgus croboktl`as `s woaa `s tjolr koob tg cgipoks`to egr tj`t lksocurlty wltj `b jgc `aal`kcos `kb c`sj lkbucoiokts (Sli`kbmukt`f >8856 `ks >80>). ^ovorslkd Dokbor D`ps `kb Orgblkd ^ur`a-_rn`k Cao`v`dos
Bosplto tjo i`ky lkoqu`altlos tj`t cgktlkuo tg porv`bo urflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k sgclotlos, ngtj cguktrlos j`vo i`bo strlflkd prgdross lk uslkd tjo J`mm tg liprgvo tjo pgsltlgk ge wgiok `kb rur`a cltlzoks. Egr boc`bos, Lkbgkosl` j`s nook lk tjo v`kdu`rb v`kdu`rb ge tjo Iusali wgrab lk toris ge eoi`ao p`rtlclp`tlgk lk tjo J`mm. jls ro`alty ls lkblc`tlvo ge wgiok“s prgilkokco lk cgiiorco `kb a`kb gwklkd `s woaa `s tjo cgktlkulkd lkeauokco ge custgi`ry a`w lk i`ky rur`a r ur`a `ro`s. @s o`ray `s tjo 0<48s, Lkbgkosl` w`s gko ge tjo eow cguktrlos wjoro wgiok rgutlkoay cgiprlsob tjo i`mgrlty ge tjo pladrli`do boaod`tlgk. Lk rocokt yo`rs, tj`t trokb j`s spro`b tg igst prgvlkcos `kb blstrlcts lk Lkbgkosl` (Nl`kcjl >882). Lk urfoy, tjo drgwtj ge eoi`ao pladrli`do j`s nook ovok igro br`i`tlc. Burlkd tjo 0<48s, gkay `ngut >4 por cokt ge urfoy“s j`mml s woro wgiok. Ny 0<88>, urflsj wgiok j`vo nook tjo i`mgrlty ge pladrlis, yo`r lk `kb yo`r gut. gb`y, tjo v`st i`mgrlty ge prgvlkcos sokb igro wgiok tj`k iok gk tjo J`mm. jo eow oxcoptlgks `ro cgkcoktr`tob lk tjo bls`bv`kt`dob Furblsj rodlgk `kb lk sgio ge tjo igro lsga`tob blstrlcts `agkd tjo Na`cf So` (Nl`kcjl >8826 ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu >80>). Lktorostlkday, wgiok“s rgao lk tjo pladrli`do ls getok igst prgilkokt wjoro gvor`aa J`mm r`tos `ro roa`tlvoay agw. Eoi`ao j`mml s `ro p`rtlcua`ray cgiigk lk tjo Ourgpo`k prgvlkcos `kb sgutjork cg`st`a rodlgks `agkd tjo @odo`k `kb Iobltorr`ko`k so`s. so`s . joso `ro sgio ge tjo igst wostorklsob p`rts p`r ts ge tjo cguktry, wjoro eoi`ao obuc`tlgk `kb oipagyiokt `ro woaa `ngvo tjo k`tlgk`a `vor`do. jlrty yo`rs `dg, tjoso prgvlkcos stggb `p`rt ergi tjo rost ge tjo cguktry lk sokblkd igro wgiok tj`k iok tg Iocc`. Ny kgw, jgwovor, ko`ray ovory gtjor rodlgk j`s egaagwob tjolr ox`ipao (Nl`kcjl >803). Tgiok“s Tgiok“s rlslkd rlsl kd rgao lk tjo pladrli` plad rli`do do ls kgt ioroay ioroa y `k geesjgg gee sjggtt ge dokor`a doko r`a `bv`kcos lk dokbor oqu`alty6 lt ls `asg tjo cgksclgus dg`a ge punalc pgalcy lk tjo Orbgė`k-@FX or`. @s p`rt ge tjo oeegrt tg cgpo wltj tjo sg`rlkd kuinor ge J`mm `ppalc`kts, tjo dgvorkiokt j`s a`ukcjob tjo ‚E`ilay J`mm“ c`ip`ldk, okcgur`dlkd i`rrlob cgupaos tg dg gk pladrli`do tgdotjor `kb ovok tg t`fo
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tjolr cjlabrok‒ngtj b`udjtors `kb sgks‒wjokovor pgsslnao. urflsj J`mm i`k`dors ro`sgk tj`t Iusalis wlaa no igro wlaalkd tg egrodg sorl`a pladrli`dos `kb laaod`a tr`voa le tjoy c`k s`tlsey tjo roaldlgus butlos ge tjo oktlro e`ilay `t gkco. Orbgė`k pusjob tjo c`ip`ldk vldgrgusay‒ovok br`dggklkd jls c`nlkot geelcors lktg nrlkdlkd tjolr e`ilalos `agkd gk geelcl`a e`ilay-styao pladrli`dos (@an`yr`f >885). @slbo ergi lts gnvlgus p`rtls`k lktoktlgks, tjo c`ip`ldk j`s joapob tg nggst wgiok“s J`mm p`rtlclp`tlgk tg `k `aa-tlio jldj. @atjgudj @atj gudj tjo dokbor dokb or n`a`kco n`a`k co ge Lkbgkosl Lkbg kosl`“ `“ss pladrli` plad rli`do do j`s agkd lkcaubob lkca ubob igro wgiok tj`k iok, tjoro `ro stlaa dro`t blsp`rltlos notwook notwook i`ao `kb eoi`ao J`mm r`tos lk tjo cltlos `kb tjo cguktryslbo. jo i`mgrlty ge Lkbgkosl`k j`mml s alvo lk tjo cguktryslbo, nut tjolr por c`plt` p`rtlclp`tlgk a`ds e`r nojlkb tj`t ge clty bwoaaors. Kovortjoaoss, slkco tjo e`aa ge Suj`rtg, d`ps lk pladrli`do p`rtlclp`tlgk r`tos notwook rur`a `kb urn`k Lkbgkosl`ks j`vo k`rrgwob sunst`ktl`aay tjrgudjgut tjo cguktry. O`st M`v` `kb ^l`u oxoipaley tjo wlbor trokb qulto cao`ray (elduros 2 `kb ?). >.888
0.:88 s 0.588 i l a s u I k 0.288 g l a a l I r 0.>88 o p s l m m ` J 0.888
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>882 >88? >885 >884 >88: >88< >808 >800 >80> >803 Sur`n`y`
urn`k w/g Sur`n`y`
rur`a
Elduro 2= O`st M`v` rur`a `kb urn`k J`mm r`tos, >882–>803. Sgurco= F`ktgr Tla`y`j Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl M`w` Rliur (^odlgk`a Gco ge tjo Ilklstry Ilklst ry ge ^oaldlgk ^oald lgk O`st O` st M`v` M` v` Xrgvlkco Xrg vlkco),), B`t` B` t` Fo`d`i Fo `d`i``k ``k >80> > 80> (^oaldlgus (^oal dlgus B`t` >80>) >80> ) R`noa @agf`sl @agf `sl Xgrsl Xg rsl M`i`` M `i``jj J`ml J`m l R`juk >882-> >8 82->808 808 (@aagc`tl (@aag c`tlgk gk ge J`mm Pugt`s Pugt` s >882-> >8 82->808) 808).. jp=//m`tli0.foiok`d.dg.lb/ao/bgfuiok/`agf`slj`ml.pbe
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>88: Bui`l
>88<
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>800
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Elduro ?= ^l`u rur`a `kb urn`k J`mm r`tos, >88?–>800. Sgurco= F`ktgr Tla`y`j Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl ^l`u (^odlgk`a Gco ge tjo Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk ^l`u Xrgvlkco), B`t` Fo`d`i``k >80> (^oaldlgus B`t` >80>). jp=//rl`u.foiok`d.dg.lb/ao/ao/b`t`ioku/i`ev03:203328?.pbe7t90>>:
@etor @eto r >882, J`mm r`tos r`to s lk tjo provlgus prov lgusay ay bgilk`kt bgil k`kt cltlos cltl os bocalkob boca lkob roa`tlvo roa`t lvo tg tjo vlaa`dos `kb si`aa tgwks. Sur`n`y` j`s i`bo ` cgion`cf lk tjo a`st eow yo`rs, nut, oasowjoro lk O`st M`v`, rur`a r`tos kgw oqu`a gr surp`ss tjo aovoas ge urn`k blstrlcts. Lk ^l`u, tjo trokb tgw`rb rur`a-urn`k cgkvordokco ls slila`r. Lk tjo twg a`rdost cltlos, Xof`kn`ru `kb Bui`l, tjo J`mm j`s sauipob roa`tlvo tg tjo jlktora`kbs, `kb lktor-blstrlct blsp`rltlos `ro blilklsjlkd sto`blay. Gko ge tjo sj`rpost turk`rgukbs gccurrob lk Sgutj Sua`wosl, wjoro pladrli`do r`tos ge tjo rur`a blstrlcts rgso `ngvo tjgso lk tjo tjroo i`mgr cltlos (I`f`ss`r, X`ro-X`ro, `kb X`agpg) lk aoss tj`k elvo yo`rs (elduro 5). Dro`tor gppgrtukltlos egr rur`a `kb si`aa-tgwk pladrlis `ro tjo cginlkob rosuat ge ocgkgilc wlkbe`aas `kb pgaltlc`a bosldk. jo dagn`a elk`kcl`a crlsos jlt tjo nld cltlos `kb cg`st`a tgwks j`rbost noc`uso tjoy `ro tjo igst bopokbokt gk egroldk tr`bo `kb lkvostiokt. Lk foy oxpgrt coktros sucj `s M`f`rt`, Sur`n`y`, N`alfp`p`k, `kb S`i`rlkb`, tjgus`kbs ge lktokblkd pladrlis j`b tg pgstpgko tjolr tr`voas. jo `drlcuatur`a ocgkgilos ge tjo lktorlgr typlc`aay sueeorob aoss `kb rocgvorob e`stor, joaplkd tg geesot sgio ge tjolr lkjorokt bls`bv`kt`dos lk blspgs`nao lkcgio `kb purcj`slkd pgwor. pgwor. jo boigcr`tlc agdlc ge i`mgrlty ruao d`vo `k ovok strgkdor nggst tg rur`a egrtukos `s i`rdlk`alsob rodlgks ovorywjoro
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>800
>80>
>803
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Elduro 5= Sgutj Sua`wosl J`mm r`tos >88:–>803. Sgurco= Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl Sua`wosl Soa`t`k (Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk Sgutj Sua`wosl Xrgvlkco) (>80>), B`t` Fo`d`i``k Foiok`d So-Suasoa (^oaldlgus B`t` Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk Sgutj Sua`wosl). jp=//suasoa.foiok`d.dg.lb/lkbox.pjp7`9`rtlfoa&lb9>>>4<&t90322.
ca`igurob egr agc`a `utgkgiy `kb a`rdor sj`ros ge punalc spokblkd. Lk gko prgvlkco `etor `kgtjor, tjo blstrlnutlgk ge J`mm qugt`s egaagwob tjo c`sc`blkd boi`kbs egr tjo dro`tor blsporslgk ge pgwor `kb rosgurcos. @s J`mm i`k`dors `kkgukcob tj`t Lkbgkosl`“s w`ltlkd alsts woro nggfob tok tg eletook yo`rs lk `bv`kco, pladrli`do gppgrtukltlos noc`io ` prlzob punalc dggb `kb p`trgk`do row`rb. C`kblb`tos usob tjo prgilso ge J`mm `kb _ir` tr`voa kgt gkay tg auro vgtors, nut `asg tg nrlno oaoctlgk geelcl`as lk cj`rdo ge gvorsoolkd tjo n`aagtlkd (Gklsjl >8086 `ks `ks >80>). Rurflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k Cgktrlnutlgks tg Dagn`a J`mm ^oegri
urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` j`vo aob tjo oeegrt tg igborklso `kb dagn`also tjo J`mm6 tjoy wlaa `asg no lkblspoks`nao lk `ky pa`k tg roegri lt lk tjo euturo. jolr igst lipgrt`kt cgktrlnutlgk wlaa no cguktorn`a`kclkd cguktorn`a`kclkd tjo lkeauokco ge S`ubl @r`nl` lk pladrli`do `ee`lrs `s woaa `s lk lktork`tlgk`a blpagi`cy, ngtj lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab `kb tjo wlbor dagn`a systoi. ^oegrilkd J`mm i`k`doiokt roqulros 44
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dro`tor lktork`tlgk`als`tlgk, lktork`tlgk`als`tlgk, gr nrg`bor p`rtlclp`tlgk `kb pgwor sj`rlkd `igkd tjo i`mgr cguktrlos tj`t sokb tjo a`rdost J`mm boaod`tlgks ovory yo`r. @kb eurtjor lktork`tlgk`als`tlgk roqulros tjo toiporlkd ge S`ubl @r`nl`“s ox`ddor`tob ca`lis tg sgvoroldkty gvor tjo Jgay Cltlos `kb tjo pladrli`do. S`ubl @r`nl` ls lkcro`slkday lkc`p`nao ge nulablkd nulablk d tjo nrg`b cgksoksus `igkd Iusali k`tlgks tj`t iust ukbordlrb `ky dagn`a kotwgrf ge J`mm `bilklstr`tlgk. Bosplto lts iucj-tgutob gla wo`atj `kb lts p`sslgk egr Lsa`ilc rospoct`nlalty, tjo S`ubl rualkd oalto roi`lks roi`rf`nay gut ge tgucj wltj tjo gutslbo wgrab. jls ls p`rtlcua`ray truo wltj rospoct tg tjo jldjay cgsigpgalt`k kgk-@r`n cguktrlos ge @sl` `kb @erlc` tj`t `ro igro lktodr`tob lktg dagn`a c`plt`alsi, igro `bv`kcob lk boigcr`tlc pgaltlcs, igro paur`alstlc lk cuaturo, `kb igro gpok-ilkbob lk roaldlgk. Igro `kb igro Iusalis lk cguktrlos sucj `s urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl`‒`s woaa `s lk Lr`k, X`flst`k, I`a`ysl`, Kldorl`, `kb Sokod`a‒rod`rb S`ubl cgktrga gvor tjo J`mm `s `k `k`cjrgklsi. Lk rocokt yo`rs, tjoy j`vo aob ` c`sc`bo ge crltlclsi lk geelcl`a, prlv`to, `kb sgcl`a iobl` `d`lkst tjo S`ubls egr boigalsjlkd jlstgrlc sltos lk tjo Jgay Cltlos `kb systoi`tlc`aay ilstro`tlkd Sjl“lto, eoi`ao, `kb kgkwjlto pladrlis ergi ovory cgrkor ge tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab. Lt ls lkcro`slkday `pp`rokt tj`t S`ubl @r`nl`“s lblgsykcr`tlc roaldlgus vlows `kb boopay rggtob promublcos `ro laa sultob tg lts rospgkslnlaltlos tgw`rb tjo paur`alstlc `kb r`plbay cj`kdlkd cgiiuklty ge dagn`a Lsa`i (Nl`kcjl >802n). @s S`ubl @r`nl`“ @r`nl `“ss st`kblkd st`k blkd orgbos, orgb os, urfoy urfo y `kb Lkbgkosl Lkbg kosl`` j`vo strgkdor strg kdor lkcoktlvos `kb suppgrt egr `bgptlkd ` igro `ssortlvo rgao lk sovor`a blpagi`tlc vokuos lkcaublkd tjo Grd`kls`tlgk ge Lsa`ilc Cggpor`tlgk, tjo D->8, `kb tjo _kltob K`tlgks, p`rtlcua`ray `etor S`ubl ruaors turkob bgwk ` dgabok gppgrtuklty tg mglk tjo _K Socurlty Cgukcla. Lk tjoso egruis `kb gtjors, urflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k ao`bors j`vo oxprossob iguktlkd crltlclsis ge S`ubl @r`nl`“ @r`n l`“ss pladr p ladrli`d li`doo pgalc p galclos los `kb j`vo c`aaob c`aa ob egr swooplkd swoo plkd roegris roeg ris lk dagn`a dagn `a J`mm i`k`doiokt. jo lktork`tlgk`a rodlio dgvorklkd J`mm `ee`lrs ls n`sob gk ` boalc`to n`a`kco notwook tjroo cgkealctlkd lktorosts= S`ubl @r`nl`“s ca`lis tg sgvoroldk cgktrga gvor `aa torrltgrlos wltjlk lts k`tlgk`a murlsblctlgk, tjo custgi`ry rldjts ge `aa Iusalis tg okmgy ukeottorob `ccoss tg tjo Jgay Cltlos sg tj`t tjoy c`k euaela tjolr roaldlgus gnald`tlgks, `kb tjo koob tg prosorvo Iocc`“s er`dlao okvlrgkiokt `s p`rt ge tjo cgiigk jorlt`do ge Lsa`i `kb `aa i`kflkb. Egr sovor`a yo`rs `etor tjo Lsa`ilc ^ovgautlgk lk Lr`k, S`ubl ao`bors `ttoiptob tg cgkvlkco tjo rost ge tjo Iusali wgrab tj`t tjoy woro cgiilttob tg n`a`kclkd `aa ge tjoso lktorosts. @y`tgaa` @y`t gaa`jj Fjgiolk Fjg iolkll aob ao b ` vldgrg vl dgrgus us `ktl-S` `k tl-S`ubl ubl c`ip` c `ip`ldk ldk tg t g pa`co pa` co tjo tj o J`mm J`m m ukbor uk bor lktork`tlgk`a lktork`tlgk`a cgktrga, `kb ^ly`bj w`s bospor`to egr suppgrt ergi tjo a`rdost `kb igst pgworeua Sukkl k`tlgks tg wo`tjor tjo stgri. Nut `etor Fjgiolkl p`ssob `w`y, Lr`kl`k prossuros sunslbob `kb S`ubl @r`nl` dr`bu`aay turkob `w`y ergi lts o`ralor prgilsos tg sj`ro pgwor lk i`flkd pladrli`do pgalcy.
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Lk tjo a`st boc`bo, S`ubl geelcl`as j`vo `alok`tob Iusalis lk i`ky cguktrlos wltj ukla`tor`a boclslgks tg boigalsj scgros ge jlstgrlc sltos lk Iocc` `kb ropa`co tjoi wltj oxpokslvo cgiiorcl`a prgportlos tj`t igst pladrlis c`kkgt `eegrb. S`ubl J`mm i`k`dors j`vo `asg `bgptob sovor`a blscrlilk`tgry pr`ctlcos `d`lkst Sjl“lto Sjl“lto pladrlis wjg w`kt tg vlslt jlstgrlc coiotorlos, wgiok wjgi tjoy (getok wrgkday) suspoct ge prgstltutlgk, prgstltutlgk , na`cf- `kb yoaagw-sflkkob Iusalis tjoy prgelao `s laaod`a ildr`kts `kb c`rrlors ge lkeoctlgus blso`sos, `kb pggr pladrlis wjg try tg saoop lk igsquos `kb punalc `ro`s. S`ubl @r`nl` getok r`lsos `kb agwors k`tlgk`a J`mm qugt`s wltj subbok boclslgks tj`t sooi pgaltlc`aay igtlv`tob. @kb lk >803, tjo S`ubls `kdorob ovory J`mm ng`rb lk tjo wgrab ny lipgslkd ` a`stilkuto qugt` robuctlgk ge >8 por cokt bosplto tjo e`ct tj`t igst ge tjo oxcaubob pladrlis j`b `aro`by p`lb egr tjolr trlps. jo drgwlkd n`cfagd ge drlov`kcos gvor J`mm (ils)i`k`doiokt ls euoaalkd ` wgrabwlbo bon`to `ngut gvorj`ualkd tjo oktlro systoi. jls tlio, tjo dro`tost prossuros `ro cgilkd kgt ergi Lr`k, nut ergi tjo pgworeua Sukkl cguktrlos tj`t suppgrtob S`ubl roquosts egr qugt`s wjok tjoy w`ktob tg stgp Fjgiolkl ergi eaggblkd Iocc` wltj Lr`kl`k prgtostgrs. Noc`uso urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` `ro tjrlvlkd boigcr`clos wltj nggilkd ocgkgilos, tjoy `ro p`rtlcua`ray `a`riob ny tjo nro`fbgwk lk J`mm `bilklstr`tlgk `kb `ro ao`blkd tjo w`y lk `bv`kclkd roegri prgpgs`as. urflsj geelcl`as rocoktay boclbob tg dlvo prlgrlty tg oaboray `ppalc`kts wjg ildjt kgt alvo agkd okgudj tg poregri tjo J`mm le tjoy `ro egrcob tg w`lt lk alko ukbor tjo currokt systoi. urfoy wlaa suspokb lts kgri`a J`mm agttory egr `t ao`st gko yo`r lk grbor tg sokb ` boaod`tlgk tj`t ls i`lkay cgipgsob ge soklgr cltlzoks. joro`etor, urflsj geelcl`as j`vo paobdob tj`t c`kblb`tos wjg j`vo nook w`ltlkd slkco >884 wlaa no `aagwob tg igvo tg tjo ergkt ge tjo quouo (Jñrrlyot-B`lay Jñrrlyot-B`lay Kows >803). Lkbgkosl`k pgaltlcl`ks j`vo dgko iucj eurtjor. joy `ro boi`kblkd tj`t tjo qugt`s no `ngalsjob `atgdotjor gr tj`t o`cj cguktry no dlvok ` qugt` tj`t i`tcjos lts kuinor ge `ppalc`kts `kb tjo `igukt ge c`sj tjoy wlaa spokb lk tjo Jgay Cltlos (@nbuss`a`i >803). Lkbgkosl`“s pa`k wguab oeeoctlvoay ropa`co pgpua`tlgk slzo wltj ocgkgilc pgwor `s tjo foy tg `aagc`tlkd pladrli`do gppgrtuklty. Lt ls ` egriua` tj`t cguab d`rkor wlbo suppgrt, p`rtlcua`ray `s Sgutj @sl`k `kb @erlc`k cguktrlos drgw tjolr ocgkgilos `kb ilbbao ca`ssos. Cgkcaublkd ^oi`rfs
Lkcro`slkd prossuros egr J`mm sorvlcos j`vo oalcltob p`r`bgxlc`a rospgksos ergi pgaltlcl`ks lk urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl`. N`cfagds lk pladrli w`ltlkd alsts j`vo okcgur`dob cgrruptlgk, e`vgurltlsi, `kb p`rtls`k nlcforlkd. @t tjo s`io tlio, jgwovor, jgwovor, boigcr`tlc cgipotltlgk j`s gpokob up dro`tor J`mm gppgrtukltlos egr tr`bltlgk`aay bls`bv`kt`dob `kb ukborsorvob cltlzoks. p`rtlcua`ray eoi`ao `kb rur`a vgtors. Lk urfoy, ` st`nao `kb jodoigklc p`rty systoi j`s prgigtob cgktlkugus pladrli`do drgwtj nokoeltlkd igro-prgsporgus igro-prgsporgus ilbbao-ca`ss drgups
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lk tjo prgvlkcos. Io`kwjlao, lk Lkbgkosl`, tjo p`ss`do ergi blct`tgrsjlp tg oxtroio paur`alsi j`s turkob rodlgk`a J`mm p`ttorks upslbo bgwk `s vlaa`do- `kb si`aa-tgwk vgtors lk M`v` `kb Sui`tr` boi`kb dro`tor pladrli`do sorvlcos tg robross boc`bos ge kodaoct `kb boprlv`tlgk. E`clkd iguktlkd crltlclsi ergi tjolr gwk cltlzoks noc`uso ge gvornurbokob pladrli`do systois, pgaltlc`a `kb roaldlgus ao`bors lk urfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` j`vo nocgio okordotlc `bvgc`tos ge dagn`a J`mm roegri. O`cj yo`r, tjolr lkblctiokts ge S`ubl pr`ctlcos nocgio igro n`rnob6 tjolr prgpgs`as egr lktork`tlgk`a J`mm i`k`doiokt igro lkcgip`tlnao wltj ^ly`bj“s ca`lis ge sgvoroldkty. Egroldk drlov`kcos `ngut tjo J`mm ukborilko tjo S`ubl rgy`a e`ilay“s `aro`by w`klkd aodltli`cy `kb p`vo tjo w`y egr stlaa dro`tor gppgsltlgk tg lts `utjgrlty ngtj `t jgio `kb `nrg`b. `nrg` b. Tjok urflsj urflsj `kb Lkbgkosl`k Lkbg kosl`k ao`bors ao`bo rs cj`aaokdo S`ubl @r`nl`“s @r`nl`“s J`mm i`k`doiokt, tjoy okcgur`do gtjor `inltlgus Iusali k`tlgks‒lkcaublkd Lr`k, X`flst`k, I`a`ysl`, Kldorl`, N`kda`bosj, `kb Sokod`a‒tg mgl k lk okblkd tjo @r`n gla-rlc gla -rlcjj igk`rcjl igk` rcjlos“ os“ oeegrts oeeg rts tg bgilk`t bgi lk`too Lsa`ilc Lsa`i lc `ee`lrs `ee` lrs `rgukb `rgu kb tjo dagno. dagn o. jolr cj`aaokdo lkcaubos kgt must cgktrga ge tjo pladrli`do nut `asg cgktrga ge tjo Grd`kls`tlgk ge Lsa`ilc Cggpor`tlgk (tjo sg-c`aaob _kltob K`tlgks ge tjo Iusali wgrab) `s woaa `s tjo nurdogklkd tr`ksk`tlgk`a lkvostiokt kotwgrfs ge Lsa`ilc elk`kco. Nlnalgdr`pjy
@nbuss`a` @nbus s`a`i, i, @. (>803), (>80 3), ‚Lkbgko ‚Lk bgkosl` sl` urdob urdo b tg agnny S`ubl S`ub l @r`nl` gvor gvo r J`mm qugt`“, qug t`“, `kt`r`kows.cgi, Muko 0<. @an`yr`f @an` yr`f,, I. (>885), (>885 ), ‚@laoco @lao co j`cc` j`cc ` Bly`kot“tok Bly`k ot“tok toŗvlf“ toŗv lf“ (j (joo Blroctgr` Blroc tgr`to to ge ^oaldlgus @ee`lrs okcgur`dos e`ilay J`mm s), s), ]`i`k ]`i` k, Muay 08. N`b`k Xus`t Lst`tlstlf (Coktr`a Nuro`u ge St`tlstlcs) (>808). Soksus Xokbubuf >808 >80 8 (>808 (>8 08 Xgpua`tlgk Xgpua` tlgk Coksus Cok sus ) Xokbubuf Iokurut Tla`y`j b`k @d`i` y`kd Bl`kut (Xgpua`tlgk (Xgpua`tlgk ny ^odlgk `kb ^oaldlgk Oinr`cob). jttp=//sp>808. jttp=/ /sp>808. nps.dg.lb. norlt`m`tli.cgi (>803), ‚F`rS` iok`kdl >> b`or`j, Fjgele`j 05 b`or`j“ (F`rS` wlk >> blstrlcts, Fjgele`j wlks 05), Muko <.
Nl`kcjl, ^.^. (>882), Duosts ge Dgb= Xladrli`do `kb pgaltlcs lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab . Kow \grf= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. Nl`kcjl, ^.^. (>803), Lsa`ilc dagn`alz`tlgk= Xladrli`do, c`plt`alsi, boigcr`cy, `kb blpagi`cy. Slkd`pgro `kb Agkbgk= Tgrab Scloktlelc Xunalsjlkd. Nl`kcjl, ^.^. (>802`), ‚jo J`mm lk lk ovoryb`y aleo“, lk B.A. Ngwok, O.@. O`ray, & N. Scjuatjlos (obs.), Ovoryb`y aleo lk tjo Iusali Ilbbao O`st, 30<-3>:. Naggilkdtgk= Lkbl`k` _klvorslty Xross.
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Nl`kcjl, ^.^. (>80?, egrtjcgilkd), ‚ J`mm ny ny `lr“, `l r“, lk O. `dal`cgzzg `dal`cgzzg & S. ggr`w`, ggr`w`, (obs.), jo J`mm= Xladrli`do lk Lsa`i. Kow \grf= \grf= C`inrlbdo C`inr lbdo _klvorslty Xross. Nuojaor, I. (>884), ‚^lso ge tjo ca`ks“, Lkslbo Lkbgkosl`, Gct-Boc. jttp=//www. lkslbolkbgkosl`.grd/woofay-`rtlcao lkslbolkbgkosl`.grd/woofay-`rtlcaos/rlso-ge-tjo-ca`k s/rlso-ge-tjo-ca`kss Blroftgr`t Mokbor`a Xokyoaokdd`r``k J`ml b`k _ir`j (>88:), B`t` b`k st`tlstlf Blroftgr`t Blroftgr`t Mokbor`a Xokyoaokdd`r``k Xokyoaokdd`r``k J`ml b`k _ir`j (B`t` `kb st`tlstlcs ge tjo Dokor`a Blroctgr`to ge J`mm `kb _ir`j i`k`doiokt). M`f`rt`= Foioktorl`k @d`i` @d`i ` ^L. ^L . Blroftgr`t Mokbor`a Xokyoaokdd`r```k J`ml b`k _ir`j (>808), J`ml b`a`i `kdf` (jo (jo J`mm lk kuinors). M`f`rt`= Foioktorl`k @d`i` ^L. Duk`w`k, @. (>80>), ‚Dgaf`r p`rty spalt gvor dunork`tgrl`a oaoc tlgk“, jo M`f`rt` Xgst , Kgvoinor 05. jttp=//www.tjom`f`rt`pgst.cgi/kows/>80>/00/05/ dgaf`r-p`rty-spalt-gvor-d dgaf`r-p`rty-spalt-gvor-dunork`tgrl` unork`tgrl`a-oaoctlgk.jtia a-oaoctlgk.jtia J`bl, @. (>88:), ‚Fjgele`j b`k bofgkstrufsl pgaltlf p`trl`rfj`a“ p`trl`rfj`a“ (Fjgelel`j `kb tjo bocgkstructlgk ge p`trl`rcj`a pgaltlcs), `st`rj`bl.nagdspgt.sd , Muay >3. J`mr`iurkl, @. (>80>), ‚jroo c`kblb`tos tg ruk lk S. Sua`wosl dunork`tgrl`a oaoctlgk“, jo M`f`rt` Xgst , Gctgnor 0?. jttp=//www.tjom`f`rt`pgst.cgi/ kows/>80>/08/0?/tjroo-c`kbl kows/>80>/08/0?/tjroo-c`kblb`tos-ruk-s-sua` b`tos-ruk-s-sua`wosl-dunork` wosl-dunork`tgrl`a-oaoctlgk tgrl`a-oaoctlgk.. jtia Jñrrlyot-B`lay Kows (>803), ‚urfoy tg c`kcoa lts J`mm agttory koxt yo`r= urfoy“s roaldlgus jo`b“, I`rcj >:. jttp=//www.jurrlyotb`laykows. cgi/turfoy-tg-c`kcoa-lts-j`mm-agttory-koxt-yo`r-turfoys-roaldlgus-jo`b. `spx7p`doLB9>3:&kLB923:05&KowsC`tLB93<3
F`ktgr Tla`y`j Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl M`w` liur (^odlgk`a Geelco ge tjo Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk O`st M`v` Xrgvlkco) (>80>), B`t` Fo`d`i``k >80> (^oaldlgus B`t` >80>) `noa @agf`sl Xgrsl M`i``j J`ml `juk >882->808 (@aagc`tlgk ge J`mm Pugt`s >882->808). jttp=//m`tli0.foiok`d.dg.lb/elao/ bgfuiok/`agf`slj`ml.pbe F`ktgr Tla`y`j Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl ^l`u (^odlgk`a Geelco ge tjo Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk ^l`u Xrgvlkco) (>80>), B`t` Fo`d`i``k >80> (^oaldlgus B`t` >80> ). ). jttp=//rl`u.foiok`d.dg.lb/elao/elao/b`t`ioku/ i`ev03:203328?.pbe7t90>>:. Foioktorl`k @d`i` Xrgvlksl Sua`wosl Soa`t`k (Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk Sgutj Sua`wosl Xrgvlkco) (>80>), B`t` Fo`d`i``k Foiok`d So-Suasoa (^oaldlgus B`t` Ilklstry ge ^oaldlgk Sgutj Sua`wosl). jttp=//suasoa.foiok`d.dg.lb/ lkbox.pjp7`9`rtlfoa&lb9>>>4< lkbox.pjp7`9`rtlfoa&lb9>>>4<&t90322 &t90322
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Iobl` Coktor Fgilsl Xoilalj`k (Oaoctlgk Cgiilsslgk Iobl` Coktor) (>88<), J`sla Xokdjltukd`k Su`r` S`j X`rt`l Xgaltlf Xosort` Xoilau `juk >88< (^osuats ge v`alb vgtos egr pgaltlc`a p`rtlos p`rtlclp`tlkd lk tjo >88< aodlsa`tlvo oaoctlgks ). ). jttp=//iobl`coktor jttp=//iobl`coktor.fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau->88< .fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau->88<.jtia7st`rt90 .jtia7st`rt9008 08 Iobl` Coktor Fgilsl Xoilalj`k (Oaoctlgk Cgiilsslgk Iobl` Coktor) (>88<), J`sla ^of`pltua`sl Xorgaoj`k Su`r` X`s`kd`k C`agk Xroslbok b`k T`fla Xroslbok B`a`i Xoilalj`k _iui `juk >88< (^osuats (^osuats ge vgtos rocolvob ny c`kblb`tos egr Xroslbokt `kb Ulco-Xroslbokt lk tjo >88< dokor`a oaoctlgks). jttp=//iobl`coktor.fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau-> jttp=//iobl`coktor.fpu.dg.lb/j`sla-poilau->88 porgaoj`k-su`r`-plapros->88<.jtia 88<.jtia Gklsjl, K. (>808), ‚Lk Lkbgkosl`, i`ky oyos egaagw igkoy egr J`mm , Kow \grf lios , @udust ?. jttp=//www.kytlios.cgi/>808/8:/85/wgrab/`sl`/85j`mm. jtia7p`dow`ktob9`aa&Wr98. Sli`kbmukt`f, Sli`kbmukt`f, B. (>885), ‚Tjg sj`aa no r`bm`7 Agc`a oaltos cgipotltlgk lk tjo tlio ge bocoktr`alz`tlgk lk Kgrtj Sui`tr`, Lkbgkosl`“, Murk`a Murk `a @ktrgpgag @ktrg pgagdl dl Sui`tor` = ><:-33?. `ks, ^. (>80>), Ignlalzlk Ignla lzlkdd rosgurcos, rosgurco s, nulablkd nulab lkd cg`altlg cg`a ltlgks= ks= Agc`a Agc` a pgwor lk Lkbgkosl` Lkbgko sl`.. Jgkgauau= O`st-Tost O`st-Tost Coktor. .C. \ñfsof Soäli Furuau (urflsj Suproio Oaoctgr`a Cgiilsslgk) (>800), ZZLU ZZL U.Bõkoi .Bõk oi Ilaaotv Ilaa otvofla oflall Dokoa Doko a Soälil Soäl il S`kbİf S`kb İf Sgkuäa` Sgku äa`rİ rİ (^osuat (^os uatss ge tjo >2 tj p`ral`iok p`ral `iokt`r t`ryy oaoct oa octlgk lgk)). jttps=//sgkuc.ysf.dgv jttps=//sgkuc.ysf.dgv.tr/igbuao/sgkuc.mse. .tr/igbuao/sgkuc.mse. ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu (urflsj St`tlstlc`a Lkstltuto) (>80>), Fñatñr ĸst`tlstlfaorl (Cuatur`a St`tlstlcs). @kf`r`= .C. .C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf N`ŗn`f `kaİf ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu. ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu Furui u (urflsj (urflsj St`tlstlc`a Lkstltuto) Lks tltuto) (>80>), ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf \İaaİėİ (urfoy“s St`tlstlc`a \o`rnggf). @kf`r`= .C. N`ŗn`f`kaİf ñrflyo ĸst`tlstlf Furuiu.
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L SA@ILC ^ OEG^ILSI O EG^ILSI @K B X LAD^LI@DO = R JO JO J @M M 0 @S JLB B ^ LB LB @ LK 0<05 ^ @SJL
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^lcj`rb v`k Aoouwok Lktrgbuctlgk
Slkco tjo J`mm ls gko ge tjo elvo roaldlgus butlos egr ovory Iusali, lts pr`ctlco `kb cgkcopt `ro elriay `kcjgrob lk roaldlgus a`w `kb tjo tjogagdlc`a tr`bltlgk. Lts rodua`tlgks rodua`tlgks `kb rltu`as `ro c`roeuaay boscrlnob lk aod`a j`kbnggfs6 lts sldklelc`kco `kb roaldlgus io`klkd `ro pgkborob upgk ny `aa lipgrt`kt scjga`rs wltjlk tjo Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgk. @atjgudj tjo lkstltutlgk ge tjo J`mm ls tjus i`bo roslst`kt tg cj`kdo `kb lkkgv`tlgk, lt c`kkgt no cgkelkob tg tjo bgi`lk ge tjogagdy `kb aod`a ruaos `agko. Alfo ovory pladrli`do, tjo J`mm, jgwovor gnmoctlelob, cgkt`lks `k oxporloktl`a cgipgkokt, tgg, wjlcj i`fos lt p`rt ge tjo sunmoctlvo porcoptlgks ge tjo pladrli. Noslbos, tjo J`mm ls ` mgurkoy tj`t ls poregriob wltjlk ` cort`lk sgcl`a, pgaltlc`a, `kb dogdr`pjlc`a cgktoxt. Lt ls kgt `k `nstr`ct pjokgiokgk, nut ` pr`ctlco sot lk v`rlgus ‚i`torl`a“ cgktoxts, wjlcj i`fos lt lkovlt`nay p`rt ge prgcossos ge cj`kdo. jo lip`ct ge jlstgrlc`a clrcuist`kcos gk J`mm pr`ctlcos c`k igst cao`ray no porcolvob lk porlgbs ge pgaltlc`a turigla `kb roaldlgus cgktrgvorsy. Lt ls ospocl`aay vlslnao lk tjo porlgb ge oiordlkd igborklty lk tjo socgkb j`ae ge tjo klkotooktj coktury. Lk tjls porlgb tocjkgagdlc`a lkvoktlgks r`blc`aay cj`kdob tjo pr`ctlco ge tr`voa, ost`nalsjlkd kow `kb r`plb tr`ksk`tlgk`a cgkkoctlgks `kb `eeoctlkd gko ge tjo i`lk `spocts ge tjo oxporlokco ge pladrli`do. @bbltlgk`aay, Iusali sgclotlos lk tjo Ilbbao O`st `kb oasowjoro, `kb tjo cgkkoctlgks notwook tjoi, lkcro`slkday eoaa ukbor tjo bgilk`tlgk ge Ourgpo`k k`tlgks, sj`plkd kgt gkay tjo pgaltlc`a `kb torrltgrl`a er`iowgrfs ge tjo J`mm, nut lts grd`kls`tlgk`a `kb lker`structur`a er`iowgrfs `s woaa. @t tjo s`io tlio, Iusali lktoaaoctu`as woro lktoksleylkd bon`tos `ngut tjo kocosslty ge roegri `kb rocgkstructlkd tjo e`ltj `ccgrblkd tg ngtj tjo cj`kdlkd vlslgks ge tjo wgrab `kb jui`k sgcloty `kb ` ro-ov`au`tlgk ro-ov`au`tlgk ge roaldlgus cgkcopts. jo tokslgk notwook tjo cgkvoktlgks structurlkd tjo pladrli`do, sucj `s roaldlgus proscrlptlgks `kb tr`bltlgks, `kb jlstgrlc`a lkeauokcos c`k no egukb lk tjo `ccgukts ge pladrlis lk v`rlgus porlgbs. Gk tjo gko j`kb tjoso `ccgukts cgkegri tg roaldlgus `kb dokorlc cgkvoktlgks, wjlao gk tjo gtjor j`kb tjoy roeaoct cj`kdos lk tjo clrcuist`kcos `kb pr`ctlco ge tjo J`mm `kb, pgsslnay, rovo`a 0
Ro roso`rcj egr tjls `rtlcao w`s i`bo pgsslnao ny ` dr`kt ergi tjo Kotjora`kbs Grd`kls`tlgk Grd`kls`tlgk egr Scloktlffc ^oso`rcj (KTG) egr tjo prgmoct ‚Igbork `rtlcua`tlgks ge pladrli`do tg Iocc`“.
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`t ao`st ` dalipso ge tjo porsgk`a oxporlokco ge tjo pladrli. Lk tjls cj`ptor wo wlaa ox`ilko tjo kow oaoiokts lk tjo pr`ctlco `kb oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm `s tjoy cgio tg tjo egro lk tjo pladrli`do `ccgukt ge ^`sjlb ^lb`, gko ge tjo i`lk roaldlgus roegriors ge tjo okb ge tjo klkotooktj `kb tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury. ^lb` tr`voaaob tg Iocc` lk 0<05, wjok Nrltlsj cgktrga ge Odypt w`s `t lts joldjt `kb tjo wo`foklkd ge tjo Gttgi`k coktr`a dgvorkiokt bost`nlalsob tjo pgaltlc`a sltu`tlgk lk tjo @r`nl`k Xoklksua`. Lk jls `ccgukt, tjo roaldlgus bliokslgk ge tjo mgurkoy prov`las. jo pgaltlc`a lktrlduos ge tjo tlio, lk wjlcj ^lb` w`s jlisoae lkvgavob, `asg ca`liob ` sldklelc`kt sj`ro lk tjo mgurkoy, mgu rkoy, nut tjoy tj oy wlaa wl aa gkay gk ay no nrloeay nrlo eay blscu b lscussob ssob joro slkco slkc o tjoy tjo y j`vo nook tro`tob tro`t ob ny gtjors (`unor 0<:<6 0<
Iuj`ii`b ^`sjlb ^lb` (0:5?-0<3?), usu`aay c`aaob ^`sjlb ^lb`, w`s ngrk lk jokyrl`, ` vlaa`do ko`r rlpgal, `kb noc`io `k `bvgc`to ge Lsa`ilc roegri `etor nolkd lktrgbucob lk jls ygutj tg tjo lbo`s ge tjo e`igus Odyptl`k scjga`r Iuj`ii`b @nbuj. Lk 0:<4 jo ildr`tob tg Odypt noc`uso jo w`ktob tg oblt ` roegrilst mgurk`a gutslbo tjo ro`cj ge Gttgi`k coksgrsjlp `kb noc`uso jo w`ktob tg prgelt ergi tjo prgxlilty ge @nbuj, wjgi jo cgkslborob cgkslb orob jls to`cjor. Lk Odypt jo succosseuaay egukbob tjo mgurk`a `a-I`k`r , wjlcj `cqulrob ro`bors `aa gvor tjo Iusali wgrab `kb spro`b tjo ioss`do ge Lsa`ilc roegri. Jls roaldlgus `kb pgaltlc`a vlows woro blroctob `t ` rovlt`als`tlgk rovlt`als`tlgk ge tjo e`ltj `kb tjo rodokor`tlgk ge Iusali cgiiukltlos wltjlk tjo igbork cgktoxt. Jls vlows cgkcorkob tjroo bgi`lks lk p`rtlcua`r= tjo `bgptlgk ge ` igbork wgrabvlow ny oinr`clkd tjo sldklelc`kco ge sclokco6 tjo purlelc`tlgk ge tjo e`ltj ergi lkeauokcos ge pgpua`r roaldlgk6 `kb tjo egukblkd ge ` kow @r`nlc c`alpj`to, sot `d`lkst tjo tjro`ts ge Ourgpo`k cgagkl`a oxp`kslgk. > jrgudjgut jls aleo, ^lb` w`s e`sclk`tob ny tjo prgdross ge sclokco `kb tocjkgagdy `kb tjolr oeeocts gk igbork sgcloty. Jo ro`alsob tj`t tjo `bv`kco ge fkgwaobdo r`blc`aay tr`ksegriob tr`bltlgk`a wgrabvlows `kb sgcl`a structuros `kb tj`t Lsa`i `kb Iusali sgclotlos cguab kgt survlvo lk ` io`klkdeua w`y le tjoy roeusob tg `ccgiigb`to tjls bovoagpiokt. Egr ^lb`, ` vlslgk ge igbork aleo `kb igbork roaldlgk kocosslt`tob kgt gkay tjo `ccopt`kco ge scloktlelc fkgwaobdo `s tjo n`sls ge tjgudjt `kb noj`vlgur, nut `asg tjo wlaalkdkoss tg systoi`tlc`aay oinr`co r`tlgk`a iotjgbs lk tjogagdlc`a `kb roaldlgus tjlkflkd. Gkay ny scrutlklslkd roaldlgus toxts lk ` r`tlgk`a, scloktlelc w`y cguab ` roaldlgus wgrabvlow no cgkstructob lk j`rigky wltj igbork fkgwaobdo. jo cgkcopt
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Egr lktrgbuctlgks tg ^lb`“s ^lb`“s tjgudjt, soo Jgur`kl (0<:3), Forr (0<54), (0<54), `kb @b`is (0<33).
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ge sclokco (lai ) tjus roeorrob tg ngtj socua`r sclokco `kb tocjkgagdy `kb tjo roaldlgus sclokcos. @ccgrblk @ccg rblkdd tg ^lb`, ^lb` , tjo `ppalc`t `ppa lc`tlgk lgk ge r`tlgk`a r`tlg k`a ro`sgklkd ro`sg klkd wltjlk wltj lk roaldlgus roald lgus tjgudjt sjguab rosuat lk ` egri ge roaldlgk n`sob gk tjo egukb`tlgk`a toxts `kb eroob ergi tjo lkeauokcos ge pgpua`r noaloes `kb pr`ctlcos tj`t j`b cgio tg bgilk`to roaldlgus aleo gvor tjo cgurso ge tlio. @atjgudj ^lb` j`b iystlc`a oxporlokcos lk jls ygutj `kb blb kgt romoct tjo kgtlgk ge roaldlgus oxporlokco, jo euailk`tob `d`lkst oxcosslvoay ocst`tlc rltu`as, tjo cuat ge s`lkts, `kb tjo ‚suporstltlgks“ tj`t woro egstorob, `aa ge wjlcj jo tjgudjt fopt noalovors ldkgr`kt `kb sunilsslvo. @ r`tlgk`a ro-ox`ilk`tlgk ge roaldlgus toxts sjguab rosuat lk ` kgri`tlvo vlow ge roaldlgk, romoctlkd ioro rltu`alstlc pr`ctlcos `kb suppgrtlkd ` r`tlgk`a `ttltubo lk aleo, gpokkoss tgw`rb scloktlelc lkkgv`tlgk, `kb roslst`kco `d`lkst egroldk bgilk`tlgk. Obuc`tlgk w`s ` i`mgr io`ks tg `cjlovo tjls, `kb `aa jls aleo ^lb` `bvgc`tob tjo egukb`tlgk ge sgclotlos `kb scjggas tg okbgrso tjo igbork, roegrilst egri ge roaldlgk. jo mgurk`a `a-I`k`r , tjo obuc`tlgk`a sgcloty @yk Sj`is, `kb ` sjgrt-alvob roaldlgus scjgga, `aa egukbob ny ^lb`, sjgw jgw crucl`a obuc`tlgk w`s tg jls roegrilsi. @atjgudj @atj gudj ^lb` ^lb ` sgudj s gudjtt roeud r oeudoo ergi e rgi Gttgi`k Gttgi `k `utjgrltl `utjg rltlos os lk Nrltlsj-g Nrltl sj-gccup ccuplob lob Odypt, jo elorcoay `njgrrob Iusalis“ sunsorvlokco tg Tostork cgagkl`a ruao. Lsa`ilc roegri w`s `aw`ys cgkkoctob wltj tjo pgaltlc`a `li ge sjobblkd egroldk bgilk`tlgk `kb tjo pgaltlc`a oi`kclp`tlgk ge Iusali sgclotlos. @etor Iuj`ii`b @nbuj“s bo`tj lk 0<8?, ^lb` noc`io ospocl`aay pgaltlc`aay `ctlvo, pursulkd jls lbo` ge ` rovlvlelc`tlgk ge `k @r`n c`alpj`to lk Iocc`. Jo oktorob lktg socrot t`afs wltj tjo Nrltlsj `utjgrltlos `kb tjo sj`rle lk Iocc` `kb jls sgk @nbuaa`j @nbua a`j lk l k grbor grb or tg prgigto prgi gto jls j ls lbo`s lb o`s `kb, ` kb, porj` p orj`ps, ps, tg socuro so curo ` rgao egr jliso j lisoaeae lk pgsslnao euturo bovoagpiokts. jo Nrltlsj cgkslborob jli `k lktr`ksldokt roaldlgus `dlt`tgr, jgwovor, `kb tjo sj`rle ge Iocc` roeusob tg no `ssgcl`tob wltj jli. @etor Tgrab T`r L `kb tjo cgaa`pso ge Gttgi`k pgwor, ^lb`“s lbo` ge rolkst`tlkd tjo c`alpj`to noc`io igro roaov`kt, nut, `atjgudj jo j`b ost`nalsjob cgkt`cts wltj tjo kow T`jj`nl ruaors lk Iocc`, lt kovor ovok c`io cagso tg nolkd ro`alsob (`unor 0<:<6 0<
^lb` wokt gk pladrli`do lk 0<05 burlkd ` porlgb ge dro`t turigla, w`re`ro, `kb pgaltlc`a lkst`nlalty. Tgrab T`r L w`s r`dlkd lk Ourgpo, Odypt w`s gccuplob ny Nrltlsj trggps, `kb tjo `bilklstr`tlvo crlsls ge tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro j`b
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bost`nlalsob bost`nlals ob kgt gkay tjo Syrl`k prgvlkcos, nut `asg tjo @r`nl`k @r`nl` k Xoklksua` Xoklksua` `kb tjo Jgay Xa`cos, wjoro Sj`rle Jussolk nlk @al j`b nocgio lkcro`slkday roc`acltr`kt. joso clrcuist`kcos i`fo up tjo jlstgrlc`a er`iowgrf ge ^lb`“s tr`voagduo, nut tjoy `asg sjlko tjrgudj lk tjo toxt `kb, porj`ps `s lipgrt`ktay, `ro p`rt ge wj`t ls aoet gut‒` jlbbok a`yor ge lktoktlgks `kb ovokts tj`t sj`pob tjo mgurkoy lk `k lkvlslnao w`y w `y.. Tj`t ls aoet gut ls sldklelc`kt sldkl elc`kt noc`uso noc`us o ^lb`“s ^lb`“s toxts `ro kovor koutr`a6 koutr `a6 tjoy `ro `aw`ys lktokbob tg cgkt`lk ` blb`ctlc ox`ipao, ` wlso `bigkltlgk, gr ` pgaoilc `d`lkst `ssuiob ilsporcoptlgks. jus, tjo tr`voagduo ls `s iucj `k `ccgukt ge ` pladrli`do `s lt ls ` roaldlgus `kb pgaltlc`a st`toiokt, bosldkob tg cgkvoy ` spoclelc ioss`do. 3 Lk tjo egaagwlkd `k`aysls `k`aysl s ge ^lb`“s ^lb`“s `ccgukt, wo wlaa cgkcoktr`to cgkc oktr`to gk egur tjoios tj`t, tgdotjor, rovo`a ^lb`“s lktorosts `kb pursults `kb wjlcj dlvo `k liprosslgk ge tjo clrcuist`kcos ge tjo J`mm lk tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury= lker`structuro, lker`structuro, tjo lktorprot`tlgk lktorprot`tlgk ge pladrli`do, tjo pladrli`do oxporlokco, `kb pgaltlc`a lssuos. Lt sjguab no kgtob tj`t lk jls `ccgukt ^lb` cgkegriob tg tjo cgkvoktlgks ge tjo dokro, lktorsporslkd jls toxt wltj tjo oa`ngr`tlgk ge spoclelc tjoios, plocos ge pgotry gr J`bltj, roeorokcos tg tjo roaldlgus tr`bltlgk, otc., turklkd jls ropgrt lktg ` cginlk`tlgk ge porsgk`a gnsorv`tlgks `kb roeorokcos tg tjo nrg`bor roaldlgus er`iowgrf. jls egri ls ospocl`aay roaov`kt egr tjo pgtoktl`a tokslgks wltjlk tjo toxt notwook cgkvoktlgks `kb igborklty, notwook oxporlokco `kb grtjgbgxy, `kb notwook tr`bltlgk `kb roegrilsi. Lker`structuro
Gk tjo >3 soptoinor 0<05, tjo i`ji`a gr gr p`a`kqulk ao`vos C`lrg gk ` spocl`a tr`lk tg Suoz, ergi wjoro lt wlaa no sjlppob tg Mobb`j. ^ospgkblkd ^ospgkblkd tg tjo c`aa ge tjo Odyptl`k dgvorkiokt tg tjo Odyptl`ks tg poregri tjo J`mm, ^lb` `asg ao`vos C`lrg ny tr`lk gk tjls b`to `kb tr`voas tg Lsi`lalyy` ergi wjoro jo cgktlkuos tg Suoz (^l ḉĀ >888= 44). joro tjo i`ji`a ls ls put gk `k Okdalsj i`k-ge-w`r wjlao twg gtjor sjlps `ro w`ltlkd egr tjo pladrlis= tjo I`ksur`, wjlcj ls e`st nut j`s kg pa`cos lk elrst ca`ss noc`uso tjoy `ro gccuplob ny ` boaod`tlgk ge Odyptl`k roaldlgus scjga`rs sokt ny tjo dgvorkiokt6 `kb tjo K`mla`, tjo ‚sagwost ng`t gk o`rtj“, wltj ` i`xliui spoob ge slx tg oldjt ilaos por jgur. jo K`mla` ls gab `kb blrty `kb j`s kg oaoctrlc aldjt gr cgiegrt`nao cj`lrs. jo pggr, wjgso eoos `ro p`lb ny tjo dgvorkiokt ergi dlets ergi tjo rlcj, saoop gk bocf. Lk Suoz, ^lb` spokbs tjo kldjt lk ` agbdlkd egr pladrlis tj`t ls oxpokslvo `kb kgt `s cao`k `s ` jgtoa (^l ḉĀ >888= :>). Lk Mobb`j, ^lb` ls iot ny ` roprosokt`tlvo ge tjo sj`rle, sj `rle, wjg j`s nook kgtlelob kgtlel ob ge ^lb`“s ^lb`“s `rrlv`a ny toaodr`pj toaodr` pj `kb toaopjgko toaopjg ko (^l ḉĀ >888= :5). joy t`af `ngut tjo lktokbob `bilklstr`tlvo `bil klstr`tlvo roegris roegri s lk tjo Jlm`z lkcaublkd pa`ks egr tjo Jlm`z r`law`y, wjlcj `ro pr`lsob ny ^lb` `s `k ox`ipao ge igbork tocjkgagdy suppgrtlkd tjo pr`ctlco ge tjo e`ltj (^l ḉĀ >888= :4). Ergi Mobb`j tjo i`ji`a ls ls t`fok tg Iocc` 3
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Ro toxt ge tjo `ccgukt w`s punalsjob lk `a-I`k`r `kb `kb lk ^l ḉĀ (>888= 43-058).
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ny ` c`r`v`k du`rbob ny twg Nobgulk sgablors. ^lb`“s cgip`klgks, gk c`ioas, mglk mgl k tjo c`r`v`k, c`r` v`k, wjlao wjla o ^lb` ^lb ` jlisoae jlis oae roi`lks roi`l ks nojlkb nojl kb tg wrlto. wrlt o. jo jo koxt b`y jo sots gut egr Iocc` lk tjo cgip`ky ge twg sgablors `kb ` sorv`kt. Gk tjo w`y, jo soos na`cf pladrlis tr`voaalkd gk eggt gr saooplkd noslbo tjo rg`b (^lḉĀ >888= 888= <5). @t ilbkldjt tjoy ro`cj N`jr`, wjoro tjo i`ji`a j`s j`s `asg j`atob, ` vlaa`do ge c`ko jgusos wltj sjgps `kb cgeeoojgusos‒‚kgt vory cao`k“‒`kb slipao agbdlkds wltj n`tjrggis (^l ḉĀ >888= <5). jo koxt b`y, ^lb` oktors Iocc` `kb ls agbdob lk ` jguso tj`t tjo sj`rle j`s prop`rob egr jli `etor ` toaopjgko c`aa (^l ḉĀ >888= <<). Gk jls mgurkoy, ^lb` ropo`tobay cgiiokts gk jydloklc cgkbltlgks. Jo ioktlgks tjo jo`atj cgktrga lk Suoz (^l ḉĀ >888= :>) `kb ls cgkcorkob `ngut tjo cgkbltlgk ge tjo brlkflkd w`tor. Cao`k w`tor ls bleelcuat tg gnt`lk, `kb tr`voaaors e`co jo`atj rlsfs buo tg doris lk tjo w`tor `kb ukcao`k cgkt`lkors (^l ḉĀ >888= <2). ^lb` `bvlsos tr`voaaors tg t`fo aoigk mulco wltj tjoi tg `bb tg tjo w`tor (^l ḉĀ >888= 050). Jo `asg ioktlgks nolkd `er`lb tj`t jo wlaa nocgio laa ergi w`sjlkd jlisoae noegro oktorlkd Iocc` (^l ḉĀ >888= <<). Jo pr`lsos tjo qu`altlos ge jls tjorigs ngttao, i`bo lk Er`kco, wjlcj w`s ` prosokt ergi tjo Suat`k ge Iusc`t `kb wjlcj jo usos gk jls i`ky tr`voas tg no `ssurob ge cao`k, cgga w`tor (^l ḉĀ >888= <2). Eggb, tgg, ls cgiioktob upgk. ^lb` cgipa`lks `ngut tjo jldj prlcos burlkd tjo pladrli`do so`sgk `kb c`roeuaay rodlstors rodlstors tjo v`rlotlos `kb jydloklc cgkbltlgks ge tjo eggb. Jo ioktlgks ` cggf wjg prop`ros ‚Iocc`k“ `kb ‚urflsj“ eggb `kb Lkbl`ks wjg soaa lco (^lḉĀ >888= 00>). ^lb`“s `ccgukt dlvos sgio lksldjt lktg tjo kotwgrfs ge wjlcj jo w`s ` p`rt, cgkslstlkd ge tr`voaalkd scjga`rs `kb erlokbs vlsltob gk provlgus mgurkoys. Lk Suoz jo mglks twg erlokbs wjg `ccgip`ky jli gk jls pladrli`do. Gk tjo ng`t, tjoy t`af `ngut pgotry `kb altor`turo, roaldlgus roegri, sclokco, `kb sgcl`a lssuos. Lk Mobb`j Mobb` j jo ioots ioot s ` Syrl`k Syrl` k erlokb er lokb wjgi jo grldl g rldlk`aa k`aayy iot io t gk jls mgurkoy mgu rkoy tg Syrl` Sy rl` lk 0<8: `kb wjg w`s `pp`roktay lkvltob tg tjo Jlm`z tg nocgio ` socrot`ry ge tjo sj`rle. joy spo`f `ngut aod`a roegris, tjo roturk ge s`eoty tg tjo Jlm`z, tjo liprgvoiokt ge tjo sltu`tlgk ge tjo Nobgulk trlnos, `kb tjo spro`b ge sclokco. Jo ioots ` uklsl`k uklsl`k sj`lfj sj`lf j wjgi jo j`s provlgusay prov lgusay vlsltob vlsl tob lk Lst`knua (^l ḉĀ (>888= <8) `kb tjo Sj`el“lto iuetl ge Iocc` (^l ḉĀ >888= <<) wjg j`b lkvltob ^lb` tg jls jguso lk Iusc`t wjok tjo a`ttor tr`voaaob tg Lkbl`. Lk Iocc` ^lb` vlslts ` kuinor ge `cqu`lkt`kcos, scjga`rs ergi Syrl` `kb Odypt (gko ge wjgi jo j`b iot wjlao `ttokblkd Iuj`ii`b @nbuj“s aocturos), agc`a bldklt`rlos, `kb tjo obltgr ge tjo roaldlgus mgurk`a `a-Plna` (^l ḉĀ >888= 008). Jo ospocl`aay pr`lsos ` sj`lfj ge tjo Sj`yn` trlno, wjg ls erlokbay, wltty, `kb woaa vorsob lk altor`turo `kb tjo roaldlgus `kb igbork sclokcos (^l ḉĀ >888= 00>). joso okcguktors sjgw jgw kotwgrfs ge scjga`rs woro nulat `kb i`lkt`lkob lk tjls porlgb `kb tjo sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mm egr tjolr prosorv`tlgk, nut tjoy `asg sjgw, sjgw, ge cgurso, jgw woaa cgkkoctob ^lb` jlisoae w`s `s `k lktoaaoctu`a `kb `s ` roaldlgus scjga`r.
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Lktorprot`tlgk ge tjo pladrli`do
@aa tjoso tjos o gnsorv` gnso rv`tlgk tlgkss gk pr`ctlc` pr`c tlc`aa i`ttors i`tt ors sj`po sj`p o tjo `ccgukt `ccg ukt `s ` ‚igbork“ tr`voagduo, nut slkco slkc o ^lb`“s ^lb`“s tr`voa cgkcorks tjo euaelaiokt euae laiokt ge ` roaldlgus gnald`tlgk, gnald` tlgk, lt ls gnvlgus tj`t roaldlgk prgvlbos tjo i`lk er`iowgrf egr structurlkd tjo toxt. jrgudjgut tjo toxt, ^lb` roeors tg tr`bltlgks ge tjo Xrgpjot, roaldlgus scjga`rs, `kb egris ge roaldlgslty. jo oktlro toxt ls porio`tob wltj ` igr`alzlkd tgko, roprojokblkd roaldlgus a`xlty `kb cgiiokblkd sldks ge ploty. Sldklelc`ktay, ^lb` @jf` i `a-K`sf `a-K` sf (^uaos ge Xloty ) `igkd tjo p`ssokdors blstrlnutos jls nggfaot @jf`i gk tjo ng`t tg Mobb`j. Jls `bigkltlgks `ro blroctob ngtj `t tjo ruaos ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo ukboraylkd tr`bltlgk – `kb lkblvlbu`a cgkbuct – `s ov`au`tlgks ge roaldlgus cgrroctkoss. ^lb` nodlks jls `ccgukt wltj `k oa`ngr`to mustlelc`tlgk ge jls mgurkoy, wjlcj ls sgaoay lktokbob tg euaela euae la jls roaldlgus buty. Jo oxp`kbs gk tjo p`lk ge bop`rtlkd noc`uso jo j`s tg ao`vo nojlkb jls si`aa cjlabrok. Nut tjls p`lk ls sggtjob ny tjo cgkvlctlgk tj`t lt ls tjo elrst d`lk ( e`“lb e`“lb` ` ) ge tjo mgurkoy (^lḉĀ >888= 43, :8), noc`uso lt ls ` io`ks tg gnt`lk Dgb“s egrdlvokoss `kb iorcy. ^lb` ls wgrrlob `ngut tjo j`rbsjlps ge tjo mgurkoy, nut jo ls aggflkd egrw`rb tg eroolkd jls ilkb wjok jo ovoktu`aay t`fos gk tjo s`crob st`tus ( ljr`i) `kb poregris tjo proscrlnob rltu`as, noc`uso tjo ljr`i ls alfo oktorlkd ` bleeorokt wgrab. Jo cao`ray soos tjo lipgrt`kco ge ljr`i `s ` st`to ge s`crobkoss6 wjok gko ge jls erlokbs lk Mobb`j Mobb` j suddost sud dostss tj`t tj` t jo cguab c guab gnt`lk gnt` lk spocl` sp ocl`aa porilss por ilsslgk lgk ( rufjs` ) tg no lk Mobb`j wltjgut ljr`i d`rn, jo roprli`kbs jli `kb s`ys tj`t jo wguab ovok wo`r tjo d`rn le lt w`s gkay murlblc`aay rocgiiokb`nao (^lḉĀ >888= ::). Igro dokor`aay, ^lb` bokgukcos a`xlty lk roaldlgslty, ngtj wltj rod`rb tg igbork iokt`altlos `kb tr`bltlgk`a egris ge pgpua`r roaldlgk. Gk tjo ng`t tg Mobb`j, Mobb` j, jo j o roprli` rop rli`kbs kbs tjo pladr p ladrlis lis ge g e tjo agwor agwo r ca`ssos ca` ssos,, wjg wj g spokb sp okb tjo kldjt k ldjt gk bocf wltj d`ios, oktort`lkiokt, `kb iuslc. Sgio protokb tjoso tg no ` Suel rltu`a ( bjlfr ), ), b`kclkd `kb sjgutlkd ‚@j, `j, ju, ju, j`y, j`y“. ^lb` crltlclsos tjolr noj`vlgur ny st`tlkd tj`t tjoy t`fo tjolr roaldlgk `s ` egri ge `iusoiokt `kb cgkslbor tjoisoavos suporlgr tg gtjors wjg roi`lk slaokt tg soof cgiegrt ergi tjolr sop`r`tlgk ergi tjolr noagvob gkos. jls noj`vlgur ls ` sldk ge `alai `a-n`tla` (‚eutlao fkgwaobdo“ gr ‚e`aso sclokco“), wjlcj wlaa prgvgfo Dgb“s wr`tj. ^lb` `asg euailk`tos `d`lkst ygukd pladrlis wjgso e`ltj j`s nook spglaob ny urflsj `kb Erokcj scjggas, wjg poregri tjo J`mm wltjgut ljr`i `kb tjo gnald`tgry rltu`as, `kb wjg ‚`dlt`to“ `d`lkst tjo rldjtay dulbob c`alpjs `kb tjo Pur“`k (^lḉĀ >888= :2–:?, <0). ^lb`, wjg ioktlgks ` erlokb pr`lslkd jli egr jls ploty, ploty, boplcts jlisoae `s pr`ylkd `kb `bjorlkd tg tjo ruaos `s iucj `s pgsslnao. jo i`lk oa`ngr`tlgks `ngut tjo roaldlgus ruaos `kb tjolr lkkor io`klkd `ro tg no egukb‒kgt surprlslkday‒lk surprlslkday‒lk tjo soctlgks `ngut Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm ltsoae. ^lb` oktors tjo Dro`t Igsquo tjrgudj tjo N`n K`nl Sj`yn`, wjoro tjo Xrgpjot `asg oktorob. Tjok jo soos tjo F`“n`, jo uttors ` pr`yor ge _i`r `a-Fj`tt`n `kb pr`ys agubay burlkd tjo t`w`e `a-qubui (tjo clrcui`inua`kco ge `rrlv`a). @etor @eto r brlkflk brl kflkdd w`tor w`to r ergi tjo ]`iz`i ]`iz `i woaa, woaa , jo rlbos rlbo s gk ` bgkfoy bgkf oy notwook notw ook ::
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S`e` `kb I`rw` (slkco jo ls tgg oxj`ustob tg w`af), `kb upgk `rrlvlkd lk S`e` jo ropo`ts tjo wgrbs ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb sgio pr`yors. A`tor jo boscrlnos jls st`y, lkcaublkd tjo nulablkds `kb tjo a`kbsc`pos, ko`r @r`e`t, roeorrlkd tg tjo dogdr`pjy ge \`qut, tjo pgotry ge A`nlb `kb sovor`a J`bltjs , `kb tjo wgrf ge scjga`rs sucj `s Lnk `yilyy`, `a-Dj`z`al, `a-K`w`wl `kb `a-Sj`el“l (^l ḉĀ >888= 002–00<). Jo `asg boscrlnos tjo pa`co wjoro tjo Xrgpjot j`s stggb `kb wjoro jo pr`ys `kb pr`lsos Dgb (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>8–0>3, 0>5–0>4). Jo poregris tjo wuque (‚st`kblkd“) `kb tjrgws stgkos `t Ilk`, `etor wjlcj jo qulcfay ao`vos slkco lt ls tjo pa`co ge Dgb“ Dg b“ss wr`tj (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>:–0><). N`cf lk Iocc` jo cgipaotos jls J`mm wltj tjo suppaoiokt`a t`w`e `kb tjo socgkb w`af notwook S`e` `kb I`rw` (^l ḉĀ >888= 030). jrgudjgut jls boscrlptlgk ge tjo v`rlgus cgipgkokts ge tjo J`mm, ^lb` dlvos suppaoiokt`ry lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjo io`klkd ge tjo bleeorokt rltu`as `kb sltos `kb tjolr oinobiokt lk tjo roaldlgus tr`bltlgk. tr`bltlgk. Jo oipj`slsos tj`t `aa tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm `ro proscrlnob ny @nr`j`i `kb Lsji`oa, oxcop t tjgso lkst`tob ny tjo Xrgpjot, `kb `ro io`kt tg sjgw tjo ildjt ge tjo Iusalis tg tjo pgaytjolsts (^l ḉĀ >888= 080). Igrogvor, tjo rltos `ro n`sob gk s`crob jlstgry. `fo, egr lkst`kco, tjo problc`iokt ge J`d`r, wjg sueeorob jukdor, tjlrst, `kb agkoalkoss lk tjo bosort nut fopt jor trust lk Dgb `kb egukb tjo ]`iz`i woaa (^l ḉĀ >888= 082-085). Eurtjorigro, Eurtjorigro, tjo rltos `ro boscrlnob lk tjo wgrfs ge tjo aod`a scjga`rs ge tjo bleeorokt aod`a scjggas, wjg roeor tg tjo ox`ipao ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb tjo tr`bltlgks (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>:). Ny tjoso io`ks, tjo cgkstltutlkd p`rts ge tjo roaldlgus tr`bltlgk tj`t tgdotjor sj`po tjo egri `kb io`klkd ge tjo v`rlgus rltos `kb pa`cos `ro ignlalsob tg ost`nalsj ` er`iowgrf ge lktorprot`tlgk. Jgwovor, ^lb` ls `w`ro tj`t tjls aod`a-jlstgrlc`a aod`a-jlstgrlc`a er`iowgrf ls kgt tjo gkay sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mm6 jo oxpalcltay `cfkgwaobdos `cfkgwaobdos tjo lipgrt`kco ge tjo oaoiokt ge oxporlokco. Xladrli`do oxporlokco
r`voaalkd ls kgt gkay ` i`ttor ge sp`tl`a blspa`coiokt `kb igvoiokt6 lt ls `asg `k oigtlgk`a `kb pjyslc`a oxporlokco. Lk dokor`a, ` trustwgrtjy tr`voagduo wlaa no p`rtay structurob ny roeoroktl`a `kb oxporloktl`a oaoiokts lk grbor tg okj`kco tjo ro`alstlc `ppo`r`kco ge tjo k`rr`tlvo Egr ^lb` tjls oxporloktl`a oaoiokt ls ge prli`ry lipgrt`kco. @s ioktlgkob `ngvo, jo nodlks jls `ccgukt wltj ` agkd oa`ngr`tlgk gk tjo ‚p`lk ge sop`r`tlgk“ ( `a`i `a-elr`q ). ). Jo oxpgukbs gk tjo drloe c`usob ny tr`voaalkd, ospocl`aay wjok tjo mgurkoy ls b`kdorgus, `kb jo wgkbors le tjls drloe c`k no io`surob alfo jo`t, woldjt, `kb juilblty. Jo gnsorvos tj`t tjo bop`rturo ge ` noagvob gko `asg dlvos ` flkb ge j`pplkoss, noc`uso lt stliua`tos eooalkds ge agvo `kb boslro, `s wjok tjo nr`lk ls `ctlv`tob ny tjo oeegrt ge sgavlkd ` scloktlelc prgnaoi, gr wjok tjo ngby ls str`lkob ny spgrts `kb oxorclsos (^lḉĀ >888= 4:). jo blscusslgk ls suppaoioktob wltj toxtu`a roeorokcos `kb pgotry.
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jo pjyslc`a oxporlokcos ge tr`voaalkd `ro ropo`tobay nrgudjt nrgudjt tg tjo `ttoktlgk ge tjo ro`bor ny roeorokcos tg eggb `kb brlkf, jydloko `kb jo`atj, `kb e`tlduo `kb roaloe. jo stross ge tr`voaalkd ls, ge cgurso, roa`tob tg tjo plgus `li ge tjo mgurkoy, wjlcj turks j`rbsjlps lktg iorlt ( e`“lb e`“lb` ` ). ). J`rbsjlps `ro tjo oinobblkd ge tjo ro`a oxporlokco, wjlcj ls tjo oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm ltsoae `kb lts rltos. Lk jls blscusslgk ge tjo tr`bltlgk`a sldklelc`kco ge tjo pladrli`do, ^lb` bgos kgt kodaoct tjo oxporloktl`a cgipgkokt. jo J`mm, jo s`ys, ls ` splrltu`a, pjyslc`a, `kb sgcl`a egri ge rovorokco ( ln`b` ), ), noc`uso lt ls ` sunalio oxorclso egr i`k, ngtj lkblvlbu`aay `kb sgcl`aay. Lt ls ` tgt`a oxorclso noc`uso i`k cgkslsts ge ` sgua `kb ` ngby `kb j`s nook cro`tob tg alvo lk ` sgcl`a okvlrgkiokt. @aa tjoso oaoiokts `ro `ipalelob ny tjo J`mm `s ` rosuat ge tjo blsclpalko `kb pjyslc`a oxorclso ge tjo ljr`i `kb tjo rltu`as `kb oxporlokcos ge tjo mgurkoy. @p`rt ergi tjls, tjo J`mm rolkegrcos iutu`a `cqu`lkt`kco `kb e`ilal`rlty notwook pogpao `t tjo igst jgay pa`co gk o`rtj (^l ḉĀ >888= 080–08>). ^lb` dgos gk tg s`y tj`t tjo rltu`a `cts ge tjo J`mm iguab tjo sgua `kb strokdtjok tjo e`ltj, i`flkd tjo noalovor `w`ro ge tjo spoclelc tlio `kb pa`co jo ls lk. jrgudj jrgudj jls cagtjlkd, tjo J`mml ls roilkbob ge @nr`j`i, Lsji`oa, `kb Iuj`ii`b. jo rosuat ls ` boopoklkd ge roaldlgslty `kb ` puro oigtlgk, wjlcj tgdotjor nrlkd `k oxporlokco ge nalss. jo `wo c`usob ny tjo okcguktor wltj tjo i`dklelcokt F`“n` `kb tjo I`q`i I`q `i Lnr`jli Lnr`j li (tjo pa`co wjoro @nr`j`i stggb lk pr`yor) elaas tjo jo`rt wltj e`ltj `kb tjo `eelri`tlgk ge Dgb“s uklty, lk tjls agc`tlgk wjoro Dgb“s e`ltj grldlk`tob `kb wjoro `kdoas, prgpjots, i`rtyrs, `kb plgus cgip`klgks j`vo w`afob (^lḉĀ >888= 080–083). joso dokor`a gnsorv`tlgks `ro suppaoioktob wltj ^lb`“s gwk oigtlgks wjok jo oktors tjo Dro`t Igsquo, juinao, crylkd, cgkeusob, `kb elaaob wltj ploty. Jls tgkduo gvoreagws wltj pr`lso ge Dgb `kb pr`yors, `kb, `t tjo sldjt ge tjo F`“n`, `aa jui`k progccup`tlgks nocgio trlvl`a. Jo trlos tg tgucj `kb flss tjo na`cf stgko, nut jo oipj`slsos tj`t tjls wlaa dlvo koltjor prgelt kgr j`ri `kb tj`t lt ls kgt roa`tob tg `ky s`crob ossokco ge tjo stgko gr pgtoktl`a s`crob pgwor, nut r`tjor `k `ct ge lilt`tlgk ge tjo Xrgpjot. Jo strossos, tgg, tj`t tjo t`w`e ls kgt ` p`d`k custgi gr ` egri ge lbga`try, lbga`try, nut ls io`kt `s ` sunilsslgk ge gkosoae tg tjo wlaa ge Dgb lk grbor tg okj`kco tjo agvo egr Dgb `kb tg cgkelri Jls uklty, noc`uso lt noagkds tg Jli (^l ḉĀ >888= 083–082). Slila`r oigtlgks gvorwjoai ^lb` burlkd tjo wuque 6 jo eooas juinao `kb euaa ge rovorokco `igkd tjo iuatltubo ge noalovors ergi `aa cgrkors ge tjo wgrab, wjg `ro cr ylkd, pr`ylkd, `kb pr`lslkd Dgb lk `aa a`kdu`dos. jo scoko roilkbs jli ge tjo a`st m ubdiokt6 tjo noalovor j`s tjo eooalkd tj`t jo st`kbs `agko noegro Dgb, lk splto ge tjo i`ss surrgukblkd jli (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>8, 0>2, 0>5–0>4). jls `ssgcl`tlgk ls ` woaafkgwk tgpgs lk J`mm altor`turo. altor`turo. @ roi`rf`n roi `rf`nao ao p`ss` p `ss`do do ls l s ` flkb ge bìmè vu tj`t ^lb` oxporlokcos wjok jo soos tjo stro`i ge tjo ]un`yb` woaa. Jo roa`tos tj`t sgio yo`rs o`ralor jo s`w jlisoae lk ` bro`i lk Iocc` wltj ` erlokb. Lk tjo Dro`t Igsquo jo s`w Sj`rle Jussolk nlk @al, wjg s`lb tg jli ‚To woro oxpoctlkd ygu, nut ygu `ro a`to“. Jo lkvltob
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jli tg jls jgio `s ` duost, `kb tjoy p`ssob ` c`k`a wltj e`st stro`ilkd w`tor. jok tjoy vlsltob tjo jgio ge Oilr @nb`aa`j, `kb lt w`s s`lb tg jli tj`t jo wguab nocgio c`alpj gr cjloe li`i. ^lb` lktorprots tjls bro`i `s ` problctlgk, slkco igst ge jls vlslgks j`vo cgio truo burlkd jls st`y lk Iocc`. jo r`plbay stro`ilkd w`tor cguab roeor tg tjo rocokt roegris lk Iocc`, nut jo cgkcaubos blsi`aay tj`t tjo w`tor lk tjo c`k`a eagws aoss r`plbay tj`k lk jls bro`i (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>?–0>5). Cao`ray, ^lb` j`s kg bleelcuaty lkcgrpgr`tlkd jls noaloe lk tjo egroc`stlkd pgwors ge bro`is lktg jls roegrilst roaldlgslty. Tjok ^lb` s`ys e`rowoaa e`ro woaa tg tjo F`“n` tg cgipaot cgi paotoo jls jl s pladr p ladrli`d li`do, o, jo j o ls elaaob elaa ob wltj ` sokso ge j`pplkoss `kb tr`kqulaalty. Jo ls `aagwob tg oktor tjo F`“n` `kb `d`lk eooas `wo `kb juilalty `kb, tjlkflkd ge tjo Xrgpjot, jo crlos sg prgeusoay tj`t jo ls uk`nao tg prgkgukco tjo t`fnlr gr dagrlelc`tlgk ge Dgb (^l ḉĀ >888= 0?3–0?2). Burlkd jls pladrli`do, ^lb` j`s twlco a`ioktob tj`t ‚gkay jo wjg j`s oxporlokcob lt, fkgws jgw lt ls“ (^l ḉĀ >888= 083, 0>4), `kb tj`t tjoro ls ` dro`t bleeorokco notwook tjo porsgk `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo s`io porsgk wjg j`s oxporlokcob `aa tjo lktokso oigtlgks (^l ḉĀ >888= 0>4). Xgaltlc`a lssuos
@s provlgu pro vlgusay say kgtob, kg tob, ^lb`“s ^lb`“s J`mm J`m m tggf tgg f pa`co pa` co lk ` porlg p orlgbb ge dro`t dr o`t pgaltl pg altlc`a c`a turig t urigla. la. ^lb` jlisoae bgos kgt roi`lk `agge, nut lktorvokos lk tjo pgaltlc`a scoko ny bovoagplkd lbo`s egr tjo pa`co ge roaldlgk lk euturo sgcloty `kb pgaltlc`a structuros `kb ny socrotay kodgtl`tlkd wltj tjo Nrltlsj `utjgrltlos. jo Nrltlsj, jgwovor, cgkslborob jli `k lktr`ct`nao oxtroilst. Jls iootlkd wltj Oilr @nbuaa`j lk C`lrg lk 0<02 w`s io`kt tg `aldk jlisoae jli soae wltj tjo c`uso ge g e tjo Iocc`k sj`rle, nut tjo rospgkso w`s cgga `kb ovok jgstlao. Lt w`s porj`ps jls roaldlgus lktr`ksldokcy tj`t i`bo gtjor p`rtlos roauct`kt tg `ssgcl`to wltj jli, `s tjoy i`y j`vo eo`rob jls `inltlgk `kb strlct lbo`s. @ccgrblkd tg sgio, jls i`lk `li w`s tg gccupy ` strgkd pgsltlgk wltjlk pgtoktl`a kow roaldlgus lkstltutlgks, lkstltutlgks, porj`ps lk Iocc`. Tj`tovor Tj`t ovor tjo c`so i`y j`vo nook, nook , jls j ls `inltlgk `inl tlgkss woro w oro tjw`rtob tjw` rtob,, nut jo noc`io noc` io pgaltlc`aay `ctlvo `d`lk wltj jls Bocoktr`als`tlgk X`rty X`rty burlkd tjo boalnor`tlgks `ngut Syrl`k lkbopokbokco lk tjo 0<>8s (`unor 0<<3). Lk tjo nodlkklkd ge jls tr`voagduo, ^lb` oipj`slsos tj`t jo ukbort`fos tjo pladrli`do gkay tg euaela jls roaldlgus buty, `kb kgt tg kodgtl`to wltj tjo `utjgrltlos lk Iocc` `ngut tjo ost`nalsjiokt ge ` c`alpj`to gr tg gnt`lk ` pgsltlgk `s ` sj`lfj gr ` cjloe mubdo. Jo ls `asg kgt ` ioinor ge tjo boa od`tlgk ge roaldlgus scjga`rs sokt sok t tg tjo sj`rle ny tjo Odyptl`k dgvorkiokt `kb st`tos tj`t jo gppg sos tjo sj`rle noc`uso jo j`s sunmoctob jlisoae tg tjo Nrltlsj `kb tjo Erokcj. Erokcj. Lk splto ge tjoso st`toiokts, ^lb`“s `ccgukt ls kgt boprlvob ge pgaltlc`a gnsorv`tlgks `kb cgiiokts. cgiiokts . ^lb` ioktlgks ioktlg ks tjo cgkquost cgkquos t ge ` `“le ny Oilr @nbuaa`j, @nbuaa`j , wjg boeo`tob boeo`to b tjo urflsj dgvorkgr, `kb jls eostlvo oktry lktg tjo tgwk. Ospocl`aay `etor tjo cgipaotlgk ge tjo J`mm rltu`a, ^lb` boblc`tos tjo roi`lkbor ge jls `ccgukt tg tjo pgaltlc`a sltu`tlgk ge tjo Jlm`z, st`rtlkd wltj tjo rocoptlgk ge tjo oilr ny
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tjo trln`a ao`bors `kb tjo `ppglktiokt ge ` kow cjloe mubdo tjrgudj ` bocroo ergi Jussolk `kb tjo cgukcla ge sj`lfjs. ^lb` ls cgksuatob ny tjo oilr `kb tjo ‚pogpao“ (lk ^lb`“s wgrbs) oxpoct jli tg no `ppglktob tg ` i`mgr pgsltlgk, nut tjls bgos kgt i`torl`also. jo sj`rle ls rolkst`tob `s c`rot`for ge tjo pladrli`do `kb tjo Jlm`z ny ` elri`k ergi tjo suat`k (^l ḉĀ >888= 033–03?). jo koxt b`y ` iootlkd ls joab `t tjo p`vlalgk ge tjo `ilr, wjoro ^lb` dlvos ` pgaltlc`a `bbross. `b bross. @pp`roktay, ^lb`“ ^lb`“s spoocj w`s woaa rocolvob rocolv ob ny tjo `ublokco, `kb sgio jgpob tj`t ^lb` wguab no ` c`kblb`to egr tjo c`alpj`to. jo rospgkso ge tjo sj`rlel`k e`ilay ls rosorvob, tg s`y tjo ao`st, nut kovortjoaoss ^lb` cgkcaubos jls `ccgukt wltj pr`lso egr Jussolk, wjg j`s prgilsob tg lipgso roegris `kb j`s `sfob ^lb` egr jls suppgrt. Jgwovor, `ccgrblkd tg Jussolk, ^lb` c`k no igro joapeua lk Odypt tj`k lk tjo Jlm`z. Gtjor sgurcos s`y tj`t ^lb` kodgtl`tob wltj Jussolk `ngut ` euturo pgaltlc`a cggpor`tlgk notwook jls pgaltlc`a grd`kls`tlgk, tjo Sgcloty ge tjo @r`n @ssgcl`tlgk, `kb ` pgtoktl`a @r`n st`to wltj Jussolk `s proslbokt, nut tj`t jo w`s ‚oxtroioay ukpgpua`r“ lk Iocc` (`unor 0<
Le wo t`fo ^lb`“s pladrli`do `ccgukt `s ` wjgao, lt ls o`sy tg soo tj`t, gk tjo gko j`kb, lt cgkt`lks roeorokcos tg tjo tr`bltlgk ge tjo J`mm lk toris ge ngtj lts rodua`tlgks `kb lts ukboraylkd io`klkd. Gk tjo gtjor j`kb, lt `asg j`s cao`r tr`cos ge tjo igbork cgktoxt `kb ioblt`tlgks gk tjo igbork pr`ctlco ge tjo J`mm. Lk tjo egur eloabs tj`t wo blscussob, tjo roa`tlgksjlp notwook tjoso twg er`iowgrfs ls sjgwk ny ^lb`“s oa`ngr`to boscrlptlgks ge igbork io`ks ge tr`kspgrt `kb cgiiuklc`tlgk, wjlcj cgktr`st wltj jls rlblkd ` iuao tg Iocc`6 jls roeorokcos tg `utjgrlt`tlvo toxts gk J`mm rodua`tlgks `kb jlstgrlc`a n`cfdrgukbs cginlkob wltj crltlclsi ge igbork pr`ctlcos6 jls oipj`sls gk tjo oxporloktl`a slbo ge tjo J`mm, cginlklkd oigtlgk`a `kb pjyslc`a j`rbsjlps `kb bro`is `kb `k oxpagr`tlgk ge tjo ngukb`ry notwook aodltli`to `kb laaodltli`to egris ge oxporlokco6 `kb, elk`aay, jls crltlc`a ov`au`tlgk ge tjo pgaltlc`a cgktoxt lk wjlcj tjo J`mm t`fos pa`co, cgktr`stlkd tjo jgay st`tus ge Iocc` wltj tjo tjro`t ge egroldk lktoreorokco `kb okvls`dlkd ` pgaltlc`a structuro tg s`eodu`rb tjo lktodrlty ge tjo e`ltj. Lt ls ovlbokt tj`t ^lb` cgkslborob jls mgurkoy `s t`flkd pa`co lk ` porlgb ge tr`ksltlgk‒gko lk wjlcj roegris woro roqulrob tg cj`kdo gab, gnsgaoto j`nlts `kb pgaltlc`a `ctlgk w`s koobob tg `vglb tjo sunmud`tlgk ge Lsa`i tg egroldk pgwors gr lts cgrruptlgk ny ‚okoilos wltjlk“. jo clrcuist`kcos j`rngurob
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pgsslnlaltlos `s woaa `s tjro`ts6 ` crltlquo ge tjo sltu`tlgk ge tjo Iusalis sjguab ao`b tg ` ro`w`foklkd, `kb tjo tjro`t ergi gutslbo sjguab rosuat lk ` rostructurlkd ge tjo pgaltlc`a er`iowgrf `kb kow cgkcopts ge Lsa`ilc ao`borsjlp. @s ` truo S`a`elst roegrior, ^lb` usob ` purlelob li`do ge tjo tr`bltlgks cgkkoctob tg tjo J`mm wltj igbork egris `kb lktorprot`tlgks. lktorprot`tlgks. Ge cgurso, tjo J`mm ls p`rtlcua`ray sultob egr tjls `li slkco, `s oxpa`lkob `ngvo, lt ls ngtj ` roaldlgus gnald`tlgk `kb ` rltu`a pr`ctlco sj`pob ny oxtork`a clrcuist`kcos. Lk jls `ccgukt, ^lb` i`bo euaa uso ge tjo pgsslnlaltlos geeorob ny tjo cgkvoktlgks ge tjo tr`voagduo, utlalslkd ` tr`bltlgk`a dokorlc er`iowgrf tg cginlko cgkvoktlgks wltj porsgk`a gnsorv`tlgks `kb oxporlokcos. Ny puttlkd jlisoae cgkslstoktay lk tjo coktro ge ovokts, jo rolkegrcob tjo oxporloktl`a cgipgkokt ge tjo toxt. To c`k egaagw oigtlgks‒jls s`bkoss `t jls bop`rturo, jls `kdor `t roaldlgus a`xlty, `kb jls r`pturo `kb `wo `t tjo sldjt ge tjo Jgay Xa`cos‒`s woaa `s jls ploty, juilalty, `kb blsclpalko. To syip`tjlso wltj jls pjyslc`a blscgiegrt, `ro liprossob ny jls iootlkds wltj kgt`naos, `kb c`k blroctay ‚jo`r“ jls pgaltlc`a spoocj. joso k`rr`tlvo bovlcos okj`kco tjo sokso ge `utjoktlclty, br`w tjo ro`bor lktg tjo toxt, `kb strokdtjok tjo `utjgrlty ge tjo `utjgr, wjg j`s porsgk`aay oxporlokcob `aa ge tjls. Lt sgalblelos ^lb`“s `rduiokts lk wj`t ls, `etor `aa, `k lbogagdlc`a toxt wltjlk wjlcj jo jgpos tg cgkvlkco jls ro`bors ge jls roegrilst lbo`s. Cgkvorsoay, tjo roaldlgus io`klkd ge tjo toxt i`y j`vo sorvob woaa tg jlbo tjo ro`a lktoktlgk ge tjo mgurkoy, mgurkoy, wjlcj w`s porj`ps `s iucj ` pgaltlc`a `s ` roaldlgus ukbort`flkd. Nlnalgdr`pjy
@b`is, @b`i s, C.C. C .C. (0<33), (0<33 ), Lsa`i `kb igborklsi lk Odypt . Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross. Jgur`kl, @. (0<:3), @r`nlc @r`nl c tjgudj tjg udjtt lk tjo alnor`a alno r`a `do . C`inrlbdo= C`inrlbdo _klvorslty Xross. Forr, I.J. (0<54), Lsa`ilc roegri= pgaltlc`a `kb aod`a tjogrlos ge Iuj`ii`b @nbuj `kb ^`sjlb ^`s jlb ^lb` . Norfoaoy= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. ^l ḉĀ, ^. (>888), ‚^l ḯa`t `a- ḢlmĀz“, lk \Ŧsue \Ŧsue ĭnlsj (ob.), (ob .), ^l ḯaĀt `a-liĀi Iuj`ii`b ^`sjĦb ^l ḉ Ā , 43-058. Nolrut= N`br al-`a-K`sjr w`-`a-`wzĦ‚. ḉ Ā `unor, O. (0<:<), ‚^`sjlb ^lb` ^l b` `s p`k-@r`nlst p`k-@r`nl st noegro TT L“, jo Iusali Iusal i Tgrab 4<= 08>-00>. `unor, O. (0<<3), jo oiordokco ge tjo @r`n igvoiokts . Agkbgk= Er`kf C`ss. `unor, O. (0<)= 084-0>0.
<3
D LERS, S G_UOKL^S, @KB @K B
RJO RJ O J @M M
0
Uokotl` Xgrtor jo dlvlkd `kb rocolvlkd ge dlets j`s nook `k lktrlkslc oaoiokt ge tjo J`mm slkco tjo nodlkklkd ge Lsa`i. @s Lsa`i spro`b gut ge @r`nl` `kb pogpao nod`k dglkd gk tjo J`mm ergi lkcro`slkday e`r `eloab, sg tjo k`turo ge tjo dlets nod`k tg roeaoct tjo dagn`a k`turo ge tjo J`mm. jo prlkclp`a dlet tg tjo J`r`i (s`kctu`ry) `t Iocc` tr`bltlgk`aay tr`bltlgk`aay `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo J`mm ls tjo flsw` , tjo toxtlao tj`t cagtjos tjo F`“n`. ^oturklkd pladrlis, lk ` tr`bltlgk tj`t cgktlkuos tg tjls b`y, wguab t`fo n`cf bleeorokt flkbs ge ioioktgos ergi tjolr J`mm, r`kdlkd ergi gnmocts i`bo lk Iocc` ltsoae tg tjgso tj`t woro purcj`sob tjoro nut wjlcj ildjt j`vo grldlk`tob oasowjoro. @ cao`r ox`ipao ge tjls ls ` klkotooktj-coktury klkotooktj-coktury toxtlao i`bo ergi ` wlab slaf fkgwk `s tuss`r, ge ` typo i`bo lk Nokd`a, t`fok ny pladrlis tg no tr`bob lk Iocc` `kb ` pgpua`r sguvoklr egr Lkbgkosl`k pladrlis wjg roturkob jgio wltj tjoi (Xgrtor >80>`= 0556 Igas >803= >>26 Fj`k >803). jls cj`ptor wlaa oxpagro tjo r`kdo ge tjoso dlets `kb sguvoklrs, nodlkklkd wltj tjo dlets ge toxtlaos `kb gtjor gnmocts geeorob tg tjo J`r`i `kb tjo F`“n` ltsoae. Lt wlaa tjok cgkslbor sgio ge tjo bleeorokt flkbs ge ioioktgos tj`t woro `cqulrob `kb wj`t sldklelc`kco tjoy joab, ergi tjo toxtlaos tj`t j`b tgucjob tjo s`crob pa`cos tjoisoavos tg tjo roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo s`crob sltos lk tjo egri ge p`lktlkds. Elk`aay Elk`aay lt wlaa blscuss wj`t c`k no surilsob `ngut tjo wgrf ge `rtlsts lk Iocc`. Dlets tg tjo Jgay S`kctu`rlos
Dlvlkd tg tjo s`kctu`rlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` w`s kgt rostrlctob tg tjo tlio ge tjo J`mm, `kb dlets cguab cgio ergi lkblvlbu`as, sucj `s tjo Igsua c`kbaostlcf b`tob 404 @J (0304/030: CO) `kb a`tor geeorob ny ` Iurm`k `a-Suat`kl tg tjo s`kctu`ry `t Ioblk` (N`aal`k >88<= 0>:–03?), gr `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo roeurnlsjiokt ge tjo jgay s`kctu`rlos. joro `ro c`kbaostlcfs boblc`tob ny tjo I`iauf Suat`k P`ytn`y (r. 025:–02<5), egr ox`ipao, wjg nulat soctlgks ge tjo J`r`i `t Ioblk` lk tjo eletooktj coktury `kb ukbortggf rostgr`tlgk wgrf lk Iocc`, lkcaublkd liprgvlkd tjo suppay ge w`tor lk tjo ]`iz`i woaa (Kowj`aa
0
L wguab alfo tg tj`kf Aultd`rb Igas Igas `kb tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok egr tjo lkvlt`tlgk tg p`rtlclp`to lk tjo cgkeorokco J`mm. Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do . Ro p`por dlvok tjoro j`s egriob tjo n`sls egr tjo prosokt cj`ptor.
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0<:4= >33ee6 Nojroks-@ngusole 0<<:6 Xgrtor >80>`= 053). > Gtjor lipgrt`kt `kb syingalc dlets woro tjo foys `kb agcfs egr tjo bggr ge tjo F`“n`. joro j`b nook ` foy tg tjo bggr ge tjo F`“n` ergi tjo Xrgpjot“s aleotlio tj`t w`s i`bo ge wggb, `kb a`tor gkos woro i`bo ge lka`lb iot`a. Agcfs `kb foys woro `igkd tjo dlets geeorob ny tjo I`iauf `kb Gttgi`k suat`ks. joy woro getok lkscrlnob wltj tjo k`ios ge tjo suat`ks `kb vorsos ge tjo Pur“`k roeorrlkd tg tjo coktr`a rgao ge tjo F`“n` lk Lsa`i6 sgio j`vo tjo pjr`so ‚foy ge tjo jguso ge Dgb“. jo I`iauf foys woro sokt tg Lst`knua egaagwlkd tjo Gttgi`k cgkquost ge Odypt lk 0?04, `kb tjo Gttgi`ks wguab sgiotlios t`fo tjoi gk ilalt`ry gpor`tlgks tg rokbor tjoi vlctgrlgus, `s tjoy blb gk Iur`b LU“s N`djb`b c`ip`ldk lk 053: (@yblk >882= 0?>). joro `ro >0 foys `kb agcfs lk tjo cgaaoctlgks ge gpf`pİ X`a`co Iusoui, tjo o`ralost ge wjlcj ls lkscrlnob wltj tjo k`io ge tjo @nn`slb C`alpj `a-K`slr al-Blk @aa`j (r. 00:8–0>>?), `s woaa `s ` eow ox`ipaos lk gtjor cgaaoctlgks (Sgurboa-jgilko 0<406 Sj`aoi >884= >44). jo geeorlkd ge dlets tg tjo F`“n` ltsoae j`s ` agkd tr`bltlgk dglkd n`cf tg tjo pro-Lsa`ilc or`, wjok tjo F`“n` w`s tjo egcus ge `k `kclokt cuat (Xotors 0<<2= 3–2:). @slbo ergi toxtlaos, wjlcj wlaa no cgkslborob lk igro bot`la noagw, tjoro w`s ` pr`ctlco ge geeorlkd tg tjo F`“n` `kb stgrlkd wltjlk lt `kb gtjor pa`cos lk tjo s`kctu`ry bleeorokt typos ge gnmocts. Noegro Lsa`i, tjoso cgkslstob igstay ge vgtlvo geeorlkds `kb, lk tjo o`ray Lsa`ilc or`, tjoy lkcaubob gnmocts aggtob burlkd cgkquosts, ` sunmoct oxtokslvoay blscussob ny @vlkg`i Sj`aoi `kb eurtjor ny N`rry Eaggb (Sj`aoi >8846 Eaggb >88<= 3>ee). Sgio ge tjoso gnmocts wguab no blspa`yob burlkd tjo tlio ge tjo J`mm. jo oxtokt `kb r`kdo ge tjo gnmocts boscrlnob lk tjo sgurcos ls st`ddorlkd, `kb tjoro w`s cao`r syingalsi `tt`cjob tg tjo `ct ge blspa`y. Aggtob gnmocts, sucj `s crgwks `kb tjrgkos, woro tgfoks ge vlctgry `kb sunilsslgk, wjlao c`pturob Jlkbu gr Nubbjlst lcgks `kb st`tuos prgca`liob tjo suproi`cy ge Lsa`i gvor tjo roaldlgks ge tjo cgkquorob pogpaos (Eaggb >88<= 3>–33). jo Xorsl`k scjga`r `a-Nlrukl (<43–082:) rocgukts jgw ‚tjo Jgay Xrgpjot…j`b tjo Dgabok Nggf ge tjo ]grg`strl`ks sokt tg jli ny N`bj`k tjo Xorsl`k `etor j`vlkd oinr`cob Lsa`i lk \oiok, suspokbob lk tjo F`“n`“ (Sj`aoi >884= >4?). jo J`mm w`s cao`ray ` igiokt egr i`flkd pgaltlc`a st`toiokts, `s lt j`s cgktlkuob tg no tjrgudjgut Lsa`ilc jlstgry. Eaggb kgtos tj`t tjo @nn`slb C`alpj `a-I`“iuk (r. :03–:33) cjgso tjo tlio ge tjo J`mm tg jldjaldjt jls vlctgry gvor tjo flkd ge F`nua lk `ngut :03 CO ny i`flkd ` blspa`y ergi tjo spglas jo j`b `cqulrob (Eaggb >88<= ><–38). Slila`ray, burlkd tjo roldk ge C`alpj `a-Iut`w`ffla (r. :24–:50), ` dgabok p`r`sga stubbob wltj po`ras, runlos, `kb cjrysgalto w`s suspokbob o`cj yo`r burlkd tjo J`mm (Eaggb >88<= 38). I`ky ge tjoso gnmocts `ro s`lb tg j`vo nook agst tg tjo C`ri`tjl`ks `etor tjoy r`lbob Iocc` `kb stgao tjo Na`cf Stgko lk tjo ilbbao ge tjo toktj coktury. >
<5
Roro `ro tjroo survlvlkd c`kbaostlcfs wjgso lkscrlptlgks st`to tjoy woro gorob tg tjo s`kctu`ry `t Ioblk` lk ::4 @J (02:>/02:3 CO), gko lk tjo Nok`fl Iusoui, @tjoks, `kb tjo gtjor twg lk tjo Iusoui ge Lsa`ilc @rt lk C`lrg.
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Elduro 0= Rjo s`kctu`ry `t Iocc` lk Eutuj `aJ`r`i`yk , Iocc` Ioc c` <<8 < <8 @J
(0?:>/0?:3 CO), ega. 0
Dlet dlvlkd tg tjo F`“n` cgktlkuob lktg tjo ioblov`a porlgb, nut, kg agkdor spglas ge w`r, tjoso gnmocts woro, `s tjo Sp`klsj Iusali tr`voaaor Lnk Mun`yr wjg w`s lk Iocc` lk 00:3 boscrlnos tjoi, ‚plgus okbgwiokts i`bo egr tjo naossob Jguso, sucj `s Fgr`ks, nggfs, c`kbaostlcfs `kb tjo alfo“. Jo toaas us tj`t tjoso gnmocts woro stgrob lk twg bgiob structuros wltjlk tjo s`kctu`ry, tjo Punn`t `aSj`r`n, wjlcj w`s nulat ny @nn`s, tjo Xrgpjot“s ukcao `kb opgkyigus egukbor ge tjo @nn`slb alko, `kb ‚tjo bgio k`iob `etor tjo Mows“ (Lnk Mun`yr 0= :2). joso twg structuros wjlcj woro `asg usob tg stgro tjo m`rs ge ]`iz`i w`tor, `ro boplctob lk tjo br`wlkds ge tjo s`kctu`ry egukb lk J`mm cortlelc`tos `kb i`kuscrlpts ge tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk (elduro 0). jo tr`bltlgk ge nrlkdlkd ‚plgus“ gnmocts sucj `s Pur“`ks `agkd wltj tjo J`mm c`r`v`k w`s gko tj`t cgktlkuob woaa lktg tjo Gttgi`k porlgb. jo Gttgi`k Surro wguab tr`voa a`bok wltj sucj dlets egr tjo s`kctu`rlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` `s woaa `s cgkslbor`nao `igukts ge dgab cglk tg p`y egr roeurnlsjiokts tg tjo s`kctu`rlos gr tg p`y lkblvlbu`as. jls w`s c`rrlob lk ` purso c`aaob ` surr` gr surro , wjlcj d`vo lts k`io tg tjo Gttgi`k J`mm c`r`v`k (E`rgqjl 0<<2)(elduro >). 3
3
Laaustr`tob lk N`yj`k >88:= >82–>8? ls ` roi`rf`nao scrgaa tj`t roprosokts tjo tj`kfs ge tjo pogpao ge Iocc` tg tjo Gttgi`k Suat`k Suaoyi`k tjo I`dklffcokt (r. 0?>8–0?55).
<4
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Elduro >= Iuao c`rrylkd prosokts proso kts tg Iocc` lk Cgstuios Rurcs , vga. vga . 0,
ega.0>?, ega.0 >?, c. c . 04<8. 04 <8. © Rjo Rrustoos ge tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui, Iusoui , lkv. lkv . kr. 0<42,850 0<42 ,8504, 4, 8.0>.>.0>?.
jo r`kdo `kb qu`alty ge tjoso gnmocts‒Pur“`ks lk mowoaaob c`sos, rgcf cryst`a a`ips, c`kbaostlcfs, cgr`a `kb `inor rgs`rlos, `kb gtjor proclgus ltois‒boigkstr`to jgw sorlgusay tjoso ruaors tggf tjolr rgao `s du`rbl`ks ge tjo jgay s`kctu`rlos `kb, oqu`aay, jgw vlslnao tjoy w`ktob tjls rgao tg no. I`ky ge tjoso gnmocts `ro kgw lk tjo cgaaoctlgks ge gpf`pİ X`a`co lk Lst`knua (N`yj`k >88:= 023–05?), j`vlkd nook nrgudjt n`cf tg tjo c`plt`a ny tr`lk ny tjo Gttgi`k dokor`a rospgkslnao egr tjo Jlm`z, E`jrobblk X`sj`, burlkd tjo Elrst Tgrab T`r `kb must prlgr tg tjo Gttgi`k wltjbr`w`a ergi tjo Jlm`z lk 0<05 (@yblk >882= >?>–>?3).
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Roxtlaos
jo igst coaonr`tob ge tjo dlets tg tjo F`“n` `ro toxtlaos, cgktlkulkd ` tr`bltlgk tj`t oxlstob lk `kclokt @r`nl` `kb tjo Ko`r O`st noegro Lsa`i ge cgvorlkd s`crob structuros wltj toxtlaos gut ge rospoct (D`uboergy-Boiginykos 080>`= >80>`= >?4ee ) 2 `kb woro probgilk`ktay i`bo lk Odypt lk ` tr`bltlgk cgktlkulkd lktg tjo twoktlotj coktury, `atjgudj tjoro `ro gcc`slgk`a roeorokcos tg toxtlaos i`bo oasowjoro ny ruaors `ttoiptlkd tg rlv`a I`iauf gr Gttgi`k suzor`lkty gvor tjo Jgay Xa`cos (K`ss`r >803= 04?6 S`rbl >803= 05<). jo dlvlkd ge toxtlaos w`s kgt dokor`aay tjo prorgd`tlvo ge lkblvlbu`as. @k oxcoptlgk tg tjls, jgwovor, w`s tjo a`vlsj dlet ge Cjlkoso toxtlaos dlvok ny tjo wo`atjy twoaetj-coktury Xorsl`k iorcj`kt @nu“a-P`sli ^`ilsjt, wjg tr`bob `crgss tjo Lkbl`k Gco`k `s e`r `s Cjlk` `kb w`s nurlob `t Iocc`. _kegrtuk`toay kg bot`las oxlst `ngut wj`t tjoso suiptugus toxtlaos `ctu`aay aggfob alfo (Duy >88?= 08). jo cgst ge prgbuctlgk ge tjo F`“n` toxtlaos w`s v`st, `kb dro`t pgip `kb rltu`a surrgukbob tjolr bop`rturo ergi C`lrg, `agkd wltj tj`t ge tjo coroigkl`a i`ji`a gr p`a`kqulk (Nuja 0<<06 Xgrtor >803), `kb tjolr `rrlv`a lk Iocc`, ergi tjo roldk ge tjo I`iauf Suat`k N`yn`rs N`yn` rs (r. 0>58–0>44) gkw`rbs. joro w`s `asg dro`t rltu`a lk brosslkd tjo F`“n` wltj tjo a`vlsj cgvorlkd. jgso wjg wltkossob lts ukegablkd i`rvoaaob `t lts no`uty= ‚` cagtj ( flsw` ) ge nrldjt drook“ wrgto Lnk Mun`yr lk 00:3, ‚`kb joab tjo oyos lk spoaa spoa a egr lts no`uty“ no`ut y“ (Lnk Mun`yr 0= 0:?). Ny tjo tlio tjo Okdalsj oxpagror ^lcj`rb Nurtgk s`w tjo flsw` lk 0:?3, lt w`s na`cf `kb tjoro woro gtjor `ssgcl`tob toxtlaos, wjlcj j`b nook lktrgbucob lk tjo procoblkd cokturlos, lkcaublkd ` bggr curt`lk ( slt`r` ), ), ` noat ( jlz`i), squ`ro plocos fkgwk `s s`i`blyy` , p`koas i`bo egr tjo lkslbo bggrs ge tjo F`“n`, `kb rob slaf toxtlaos wltj zldz`d bosldks cgvorlkd tjo lktorlgr w`aas. Lk `bbltlgk, tjoro w`s ` toxtlao cgvorlkd egr tjo st`kblkd pa`co ge @nr`j`i (Lnr`jli), gko ge tjo structuros lk tjo J`r`i, fkgwk `s I`q`i I`q` i Lnr`jli Lnr`jl i (K`ss`r >803= 04:). r`bltlgk`aay r`bltlgk`a ay tjo kow flsw` w`s w`s ropa`cob gk tjo b`y ge tjo Olb `a-@bj` (tjo (tjo Eo`st 2
Ro tori flsw` , io`klkd ‚vola“ grldlk`aay, bokgtob tjo gvor`aa cgvorlkd ge tjo F`“n` `atjgudj lt ls sgiotlios usob tg boscrlno `aa tjo toxtlaos pa`cob upgk tjo F`“n`.
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ge S`crlelco) lk sucj ` w`y tj`t tjo structuro w`s kovor aoet ukcgvorob, ` pr`ctlco tj`t cgktlkuos tgb`y. Ge `aa ge tjoso toxtlaos, lt w`s gkay tjo flsw` `kb `kb tjo slt`r` tj`t woro `aw`ys `kku`aay ropa`cob. Lt ls tjoso, `s woaa `s tjo zldz`d p`ttorkob toxtlaos ge tjo lktorlgr, tj`t woro cut up `kb geeorob tg bldklt`rlos gr `cqulrob ny pladrlis tg t`fo jgio `s dlets. jls cuttlkd up `kb blspors`a ge tjo toxtlaos w`s tjo rospgkslnlalty ge tjo Sj`rles ge Iocc` `kb tjo N`ku Sj`yn`, wjg woro tjo tr`bltlgk`a du`rbl`ks ge tjo J`r`i `kb wjg j`b nook cgkelriob lk tj`t rgao burlkd tjo tlio ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b jlisoae. jo Butcj scjga`r Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, wjg w`s lk Iocc` lk 0::?, wrgto tj`t ‚tjoy Vtjo N`ku Sj`yn`Y bg ` tr`bo lk tjo usob flsw`j…ge o`cj yo`r, soaalkd si`aa scr`ps ge lt `s `iuaots“ (Skgucf Jurdrgkmo >885= >4). jls custgi nod`k burlkd tjo roldk ge tjo _i`yy`b C`alpj Iu“`wly` (r. 550–5:8) wjok spocl`a porilsslgk w`s sgudjt ergi tjo Xrgpjot“s wlbgw @lsj`, wjg cgksoktob gk cgkbltlgk tj`t tjo prgcoobs wokt tg plgus c`usos (Xotors 0<<2= 0>:). Lk ` cgktlkulkd tr`bltlgk, tjo toxtlaos woro cut up lk p`rtlcua`r w`ys, wltj cort`lk soctlgks nolkd rosorvob egr porsgks ge jldjor st`tus gr dlvok `s blpagi`tlc dlets. @k oxcoptlgk`a dlet ge `k oktlro flsw` w`s dlvok `s tj`kfs tg ^lbw`k Noy, `k Odyptl`k kgt`nao burlkd tjo roldk ge
Elduro 3= Er`diokt ge flsw` wltj `bbltlgk`a oinrglborob p`koa. C`lrg, a`to klkotooktj / o`ray twoktlotj coktury. © K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok, lkv. kr. N00:-0.
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tjo Gttgi`k Suat`k Iur`b LU (r. 05>3–0528), egr jls lkvgavoiokt lk tjo rostgr`tlgk ge tjo F`“n` (E`rgqjl 0<<2= 0<<6 ĸpof >885= 384). Sg spocl`a woro tjo toxtlaos tj`t plocos ge tjo gab gkos woro getok lkcgrpgr`tob lktg tjo koway i`bo curt`lks (lkkor `kb gutor) ge tjo F`“n` gr tjo curt`lks egr tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk` (ĸpof >885= ><36 Igm`k >803= 0<3). Sgio woro `asg put tgdotjor tg i`fo up sguvoklr dlets. @k ox`ipao ge tjo a`ttor ls tjo ploco dlvok tg Oilao Dgnìo (0::0–00, wjlcj w`s i`bo ergi tjo coktro ge ` s`i`blyy` stltcjob gktg ` ploco ge tjo na`cf flsw` (Igas (Igas >803= >0?) (elduro 3). Jls Butcj cgktoipgr`ry Skgucf Jurdrgkmo `cqulrob twg er`diokts ge tjo na`cf flsw` burlkd burlkd jls st`y lk Mobb`j `kb Iocc` lk 0::2 `kb 0::?, `agkd wltj ` ngttao ge ]`iz`i w`tor. _kalfo tjo pladrlis wjg nrgudjt n`cf tjo s`crob ]`iz`i w`tor `s plgus sguvoklrs, Skgucf Jurdrgkmo“s lktorost w`s igro scloktlelc6 jo lktokbob tg tost lts cjoilc`a prgportlos (Igas >803= <>). Lt w`s kgt gkay tjo flsw` `kb `kb slt`r` tj`t tj`t woro cut up `kb dlvok ` kow eukctlgk, nut `asg tjo lkkor toxtlaos ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjgso tj`t cgvorob tjo curt`lks `kb tgin ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk`. joso slaf toxtlaos toxtla os wltj tjolr cj`r`ctorlstlc cj`r`ctorl stlc zldz`d bosldks `kb lkscrlptlg lk scrlptlgks ks woro dokor`aay, nut kgt oxcauslvoay, rob egr tjo F`“n` F`“n` `kb drook egr Ioblk` `kb i`bo lk Lst`knua gr Nurs`. joy woro gkay rokowob wjok
Elduro 2= Xlocos ge Iocc` toxtlaos ergi tjo tgin ge tjo slxtooktj-coktury iystlc \`jy` Oeokbl, Noŗlft`ŗ, Lst`knua.
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tjoy wgro gut (ĸpof >885= ><8). Gttgi`k geelcl`as lk Iocc` wguab cgaaoct tjo elkost plocos tg sokb tg Lst`knua wjoro, gk `rrlv`a `t Ñsfub`r, tjoy wguab no t`fok tg Oyyup `kb ‚ergi tjoro, ` cgrtodo aob ny uaoi`, sj`yfjs, s`yylbs, `kb jldj geelcl`as `ccgip`klob ny ropotltlvo cjgr`a prgkgukcoiokts `eelrilkd tjo dro`tkoss `kb uklquokoss ge @aa`j nrgudjt tjo roaldlgus toxtlaos tg tjo p`a`co“ (ĸpof >885= 384). Lkblvlbu`as wguab `asg `cqulro tjoso plocos, `kb tjo kow gwkors wguab tjok tr`voa tg i`ky bleeorokt p`rts ge tjo wgrab wjoro tjoy ildjt turk tjo cagtj lktg m`cfots m`c fots,, sjlrts, sjlr ts, noats, noat s, gr turn`ks. turn` ks. jolr jol r igst pgpua`r pgp ua`r uso, jgwovor, jgwov or, w`s lk tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro wjoro tjoy woro usob tg cgvor cgeelks lk tjo tgin cj`inors igstay ge ioinors ge tjo Gttgi`k rgy`a e`ilay. I`ky ge tjoso tgin cgvors `ro lk tjo cgaaoctlgks ge gpf`pİ X`a`co `kb tjo ñrnoaor Iusoui lk Lst`knua (ĸpof >88?6 ĸpof >885= 3086 ĸpof >800) (elduro 2). Sg pgpua`r w`s tjls tr`bltlgk tj`t tjo stgko tgin cgvors tjoisoavos woro sgiotlios c`rvob wltj bosldks ocjglkd tjgso ge tjo toxtlaos (ĸpof >88?= 338). jo tr`bltlgk ge cuttlkd up tjo toxtlaos ge tjo lkslbo ge tjo F`“n` (kgw drook, `kb i`bo lk tjo flsw` e`ctgry lk Iocc`) tg dlvo `s dlets cgktlkuos tgb`y.
Elduro ?= Klkotooktj-coktury w`tor `sf i`bo lk Cjlk` `kb aaob wltj ]`iz`i ]`iz` i w`tor lk Iocc`. Iocc` . ©Rrustoo ©Rr ustooss ge tjo t jo Nrltlsj Nr ltlsj Iusoui, Iusoui , lkv. lkv . kr. @e,+.04 @e ,+.04?5. ?5.
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S`crob Sguvoklrs
Gtjor tj`k tjo toxtlaos tj`t woro proclgus gk `ccgukt ge j`vlkd nook lk cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob sjrlkos, tjoro w`s ` r`kdo ge gtjor dlets `kb ioigr`nlal` tj`t woro nrgudjt n`cf ny roturklkd pladrlis gvor tlio. joso c`k no c`todgrlsob nrg`bay lktg gnmocts tj`t j`vo spoclelc cgkkoctlgk tg tjo jgay sltos, sgio ge wjlcj c`k no cgkslborob roalcs6 gnmocts tj`t boplct tjo Jgay Xa`cos6 `kb gnmocts tj`t, ny vlrtuo ge j`vlkd nook purcj`sob lk Iocc` gr Ioblk`, `cqulro spocl`a sldklelc`kco (Fj`k >803). jo igst gnvlgus dlet lk tjo elrst c`todgry ls tjo w`tor ergi tjo sprlkd ge ]`iz`i, wjlcj Iusalis noalovo `ppo`rob tg J`d`r `kb Lsji`oa (Lsi`“la) `etor tjoy woro `n`kbgkob ny @nr`j`i lk tjo bosort. Lt w`s tjo Xrgpjot“s dr`kbe`tjor @nb `a-Iut`aa `a -Iut`aaln ln wjg wj g roblscgvo robl scgvorob rob lt `kb, ` kb, burlk b urlkdd tjls prgco p rgcoss, ss, `asg `a sg egukb eg ukb `kclok `k cloktt gnmocts nurlob lk tjo woaa agkd `dg (Sj`aoi >884= >48ee6 Xgrtor >80>`= 4>). @aa wjg vlsltob tjo s`kctu`ry wguab brlkf ]`iz`i w`tor, ` pr`ctlco tj`t cgktlkuos tgb`y. jo w`tor w`s tr`bltlgk`aay fopt lk spocl`a gko-j`kbaob m`rs, c`aaob b`w`rlq , `kb lts slkdua`r prgporty ‚ls tj`t gk lssulkd egrtj ergi tjo ngttgi ge tjo woaa ygu elkb lt, tg tjo sokso ge t`sto alfo ilaf cgilkd ergi tjo ubbors ge ` c`ioa“ (Lnk Mun`yr 0= :2, 0>8–0>0). @atjgudj pladrlis wguab getok elaa tjolr gwk w`tor cgkt`lkors wltj ]`iz`i w`tor, tjoro woro `asg spocl`a cgkt`lkors tj`t cguab no purcj`sob lk Iocc`, wjlcj lkcaubob so`aob ngttaos i`bo ge Cjlkoso pgrcoa`lk (elduro ?). Gkco jgio, tjo w`tor wguab no put tg i`ky bleeorokt usos lkcaublkd nolkd sprlkfaob gk ` sjrgub. @ p`rtlcua`r c`todgry ge gnmocts ergi tjo ioblov`a porlgb noc`io fkgwk `s pladrlis“ ea`sfs, i`bo igstay ge cor`ilc gr da`ss, sgio jldjay oa`ngr`to, nut wjotjor tjoso woro `aa io`kt tg cgkt`lk ]`iz`i w`tor ls bon`t`nao (Eojìrvàrl >888= >88–>8>6 Igas >803= 5<). Sucj cgkt`lkors `ro kgw a`rdoay i`bo ge pa`stlc gr iot`a (Fj`k >803= >3?). @igkdst @igk dst tjo gtjor gtjo r dlets dlet s cgkkocto cgkk octobb blroctay blro ctay tg tjo jgay a`kb ltsoae ltso ae woro `iuaots i`bo ergi ca`y `kb bust, ocjglkd ` tr`bltlgk `ssgcl`tob wltj Sjl“` Lsa`i wjorony ca`y ergi tjo `ro`s `rgukb K`m`e `kb Fornoa` ls tr`bltlgk`aay turkob lktg pr`yor stgkos (Ilawrldjt >803= ><). Slila`ray, pladrlis wguab nrlkd n`cf e`ks i`bo ergi tjo p`ai drgvos `rgukb Ioblk`, wjlcj woro noalovob tg j`vo nook pa`ktob ny tjo Xrgpjot jlisoae. Ovok p`rts ge tjo nulablkd ge tjo J`r`i `t Iocc` woro proclgus‒wggbok ngxos elaaob wltj stuccg er`diokts e`aaok ergi tjo w`aas ge tjo F`“n` `ro lk tjo cgaaoctlgks ge gpf`pİ X`a`co (N`yj`k >88:= >><, >33). Lt w`s kgt ukcgiigk tg nrlkd n`cf sucj plocos `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo s`crob nulablkd6 sovor`a si`aa er`diokts ge tjo Na`cf Stgko `ro lksortob `ngvo tjo bggr `kb lk tjo iljr`n ge tjo igsquo ge Sgfuaau Iojiot X`sj` lk Lst`knua, wjlcj w`s cgipaotob lk <4< @J (0?40/0?4> (0?40/0?4> CO). joso er`diokts woro dlvok tg Sgfuaau Iojiot X`sj` `s ` dlet egr j`vlkd grborob oxtokslgks tg tjo J`r`i `t Iocc` (Dggbwlk 0<40= >42).
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Ulsu` Uls u`al alsl slkd kd tjo tj o J`mm J`m m
@ socgkb socg kb c`todgr c`to dgryy ge gnmocts gnm octs tj`t c`k no cgkslbor cgks lborob ob sguvoklr sguv oklr ltois ltoi s `ro tjgso tjgs o tj`t cgkslst ge gr lkcaubo boplctlgks ge tjo Jgay Cltlos gr roeor spoclelc`aay tg tjo J`mm. jls ls ` a`rdo cgaaoctlgk ge ltois cgiprlslkd i`kuscrlpts, br`wlkds, pjgtgdr`pjs, pgstc`rbs, pgstc`rbs, pgstors, `kb tlaos, gkay sgio ge wjlcj wlaa no cgkslborob joro. ? joro `ro i`kuscrlpts tj`t `ct `s ngtj dulbonggf `kb ioioktg, tjo igst pgpua`r ge wjlcj ls Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk, gr ^ovoa`tlgks ge tjo wg Jgay S`kctu`rlos ny ny Iujyl Iujyl `a-Blk A`rl (b. 0?>5). A`rl A` rl grldlk`aay c`io c` io ergi Xorsl`, nut jo boblc`tob jls wgrf tg Iuz`ee`r `a-Blk lnk I`jiub Sj`j, ruaor ge Dum`r`t (r. 0?00–0?>5) lk wostork Lkbl`. Lk iystlc`a `kb oigtlgk`a Xorsl`k vorso, A`rl boscrlnos tjo bleeorokt rltos ge tjo J`mm `kb tjolr io`klkd. Gk poregrilkd tjo elrst t`w`e (clrcui`inua`tlgk) jo wrltos= Crylkd gut L i`bo egr tjo pa`co ge t`w`e 6 b`kclkd, L c`io egrw`rb egr iy clrcui`inua`tlgk. clrcui`inua`tlgk. Jls lkelklto dokorgslty noc`io i`kleost `s L pa`ktob ` flss upgk tjo Na`cf Stgko – rovgavlkd, clrcalkd, `kb euaa ge prosokco L noc`io ` igtj, `kb Jo ` auilkgus c`kbao. (Xgrtor >80>n= ??) 5 I`ky i`kuscrlpt ox`ipaos survlvo, `t ao`st twoavo ge wjlcj j`vo cgagpjgk lkscrlptlgks lkblc`tlkd tj`t tjoy woro prgbucob lk Iocc` (Ilaastolk >885). @aa tjo i`kuscrlpts cgkt`lk cgagureua laaustr`tlgks ge tjo bleeorokt st`tlgks ge tjo J`mm br`wk lk tjo twg-bliokslgk`a egri typlc`a egr sucj laaustr`tlgks, wjlcj `ppo`r `asg gk J`mm cortlelc`tos `kb Gttgi`k tlaos, wltj lkblvlbu`a agc`tlgks getok cao`ray a`noaaob (Sgurboa & Sgurboa-jgilko >8856 Xgrtor >80>`= 3:–3<6 I`ury >803). Slila`ray, pgotry lk _rbu _rbu `ccgip`klos ` cgaaoctlgk cgaaoc tlgk ge pjgtgdr`pjs t`fok ny tjo Lkbl`k pjgtgdr`pjor pjgtgdr`pj or Jus`yk Ilrz` ge Boajl lk 0<84 ge tjo st`tlgks ge tjo J`mm `kb gtjor roaldlgus sltos lk tjo Jlm`z tj`t laaustr`to ` dulbo egr Sgutj @sl`k @sl` k pladrli pla drlis. s. jo jo pjgtgdr pjg tgdr`pjs `pjs woro lktokbob lkto kbob tg joap tjo pladrli pla drli lk `bv`kco `bv` kco ge jls vlslt tg ‚ioigrlzo tjoi Vtjo st`tlgksY `kb wjok jo ro`cjos tj`t pa`co, lt bgos kgt `ppo`r egroldk tg jli“, nut egr tjo porsgk ‚wjg ls kgt dr`ktob tjo dggb egrtuko ge vlsltlkd tjo Jguso ge Dgb, ny soolkd ` v`duo roeaoctlgk ge lt…c`k `rguso erosjkoss lk tjo sgua…tj`t tjo vlowor eooas tj`t jo ls `ctu`aay st`kblkd `t tj`t pa`co“ (@s`kl & D`v`k 0<<:= 0:0). Cortlelc`tos, lk tjo egri ge scrgaas, tj`t `ttost tjo poregri`kco ge ` k`iob porsgk gk tjo J`mm gr _ir` (`kb wjlcj c`k `asg no bgko lk prgxy) `ro `kgtjor lipgrt`kt c`todgry ge gnmoct tj`t `cts `s ` sguvoklr ge pladrli`do. I`ky cortlelc`tos `ro laaustr`tob lk tjo s`io twg-bliokslgk`a, ea`t styao ge roprosokt`tlgk `s ioktlgkob lk cgkkoctlgk wltj tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk. jo o`ralost ox`ipaos b`to tg tjo twoaetj coktury `kb spocley wltjlk tjo `ccgip`kylkd toxt tjo proclso ? 5
Egr tlaos, soo I`ury >8036 egr pgstc`rbs, soo F`rdlal >8026 egr pjgtgdr`pjy, soo, egr ox`ipao, J`do >88? `kb Flguiml & Dr`j`i >88<. Soo `asg ox`ipaos lk Xgrtor >80> `kb Igas >803. X`rts ge tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk woro tr`ksa`tob egr @rt ge J`mm (Xgrtor (Xgrtor >80>n) ny Iuj`ii`b Ls` T`aoy. T`aoy.
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Elduro 5= X`kgr`ilc vlow ge Iocc` ny Iuj`ii`b @nb`aa`j, c. 0:2?. K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt, lkv. kr. ISS 0844. © Kgur Egukb`tlgk. Cgurtosy ge tjo Fj`alal E`ilay Rrust.
`ctlgks tj`t tjo pladrli tggf `t o`cj ge tjo st`tlgks ge tjo J`mm (@fsgy & Ilastolk >8886 Sgurboa & Sgurboa-jgilko >885). Sgio ge tjoi `asg lkcaubo gtjor jgay s`kctu`rlos, sucj `s tjgso lk Morus`aoi gr, egr tjo Sjl‚`, K`m`e `kb Fornoa` (Cjofj`n-@nub`y` & Nrosc >803= 030) `s blscussob lk tjo cgktrlnutlgk ny Aultd`rb Igas lk tjls vgauio. @rtl @r tlst stss lk l k tjo tj o Jgay Jga y Cltlo Clt loss
@k lktorost lkto rostlkd lkd quostlgk quos tlgk tg cgkslbor cgks lbor ls wjoro wjor o i`ky ge tjoso tjos o typos typo s ge gnmocts gnmo cts woro i`bo `kb ny wjgi. Egr lt ls nocgilkd lkcro`slkday cao`r tj`t i`ky ge tjoso ‚sguvoklr“ i`kuscrlpts `kb J`mm cortlelc`tos `ro alfoay tg j`vo nook i`bo lk Iocc` ltsoae. jls w`s ioktlgkob `ngvo lk tjo cgktoxt ge tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk i`kuscrlpts, wjoro ` kuinor ge tjoso st`to lk tjolr cgagpjgks tj`t tjoy woro cgplob lk Iocc` (lkcaublkd elduro 0, cgplob ny ` Djua`i @al). ^lcj`rb Nurtgk, wjg w`s lk Iocc` lk 0:?3, ioktlgks tjo prosokco ge Lkbl`k `rtlsts wjg ‚suppgrt tjoisoavos ny boplctlkd tjo jgay sjrlkos“6 ‚tjolr wgrf“, jo `bbs sgiowj`t blsp`r`dlkday, ‚`ro ` truay Grlokt`a ilxturo ge drgukb pa`k `kb oaov`tlgk, br`wk wltj pok `kb lkf, `kb nrldjtokob wltj tjo igst vlvlb cgagurs – drgtosquo okgudj, nut aoss uklktoaaldlnao tj`k tjo igro `inltlgus lilt`tlgks ge Ourgpo`k `rt“ (Nurtgk 0:?3, 0= 32>). @ kuinor ge p`lktlkds
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b`tlkd tg klkotooktj-coktury Iocc` `ro lkboob sldkob ny p`lktors ergi Lkbl` `kb oasowjoro= ` p`lktlkd blspa`ylkd ` p`kgr`ilc, nlrb“s-oyo vlow ge Iocc` (c. 0:2?) w`s sldkob ny Iuj`ii`b @nb`aa`j‒boscrlnob `s ‚c`rtgdr`pjor ge Iocc`“ `kb wjgso dr`kbe`tjor w`s cgurt p`lktor tg tjo Iudj`a ruaor N`j`bur Sj`j LL (r. 0:34–0:?:)‒wjg iust j`vo spokt sgio cgkslbor`nao cgksl bor`nao tlio lk Iocc` (^gdors >884= >58) (elduro 5). Uory cagso lk styao ls ` p`lktlkd cgiilsslgkob ny P`m`r Xrlkco E`rj`b Ilrz` (wjg wokt gk tjo J`mm lk 0><3 @J (0:45/0:44 CO), sldkob ny ` p`lktor c`aaob I`jigub. 4 @ euaa boplctlgk ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` `kb tjo st`tlgks ge tjo J`mm lk tjo tr`bltlgk`a twg-bliokslgk`a styao ge tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`yk laaustr`tlgks ioktlgkob `ngvo ls sldkob ny ` p`lktor c`aaob Lnr`jli Oeokbl B`djost`kl (Cjofj`n-@nub`y` & Nrosc >803= 03>). : C`k wo, gk tjo n`sls ge tjo `ngvo, cgkslbor gtjor uksldkob i`kuscrlpts `kb J`mm cortlelc`tos tg j`vo nook i`bo ny `rtlsts roslblkd lk Iocc`, `kb w`s tjo prgbuctlgk ge sucj gnmocts iucj dro`tor tj`k j`s jltjortg nook `ssuiob7 jo tr`bltlgk ge tjo ium`wlruk, pogpao wjg wokt gk tjo J`mm `kb okbob up st`ylkd lk tjo Jlm`z egr agkd porlgbs ge tlio `kb ovok bylkd tjoro, ls woaa `ttostob, `kb `rtlsts `ro alfoay tg j`vo nook `igkd tjoi. @ cao`r cao `r c`so c` so ge g e tjls tjl s ls tjo t jo Gttgi`k Gtt gi`k c`aaldr` c`aa ldr`pjor pjor Iuj`ii`b Iuj`ii `b Sj`flr, Sj` flr, wjg roslbob rosl bob lk tjo Jlm`z, porj`ps `etor i`flkd jls J`mm mgurkoy, `kb wjg blob tjoro lk 0>?8 @J (0:32/0:3? CO). Jo cgplob `kb laauilk`tob ` slkdao-vgauio Pur“`k, pgsslnay burlkd jls st`y lk tjo Jlm`z. @k `ccgipalsjob c`aaldr`pjor, jo ls fkgwk tg j`vo cgplob klko gtjor Pur“`ks, `kb, `s li St`kaoy j`s `rduob, jo cro`tob Gttgi`k-styao i`kuscrlpts lk Iocc` (St`kaoy >803). jls ao`bs gko tg pgso tjo quostlgk `ngut `kgtjor lipgrt`kt c`todgry ge i`kuscrlpts tj`t soois tg j`vo prgaleor`tob `s ` rosuat ge tjo J`mm‒tjo B`a`“la `a-Fj`yr`t , gr tjo Dulbos tg Dggbkoss , ny Iuj`ii`b lnk Sua`yi`k `a-M`zual (b. 025?), ` Igrgcc`k scjga`r `kb ioinor ge tjo Suel grbor ge tjo Sj`bjlalyy` wjgso nggf okuior`tos tjo vlrtuos ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b, lkvgflkd blvlko naosslkds upgk jli lk @r`nlc @r`n lc vorso. vors o. A`rdo kuinors kuin ors ge tjoso tjos o i`kuscrl i`ku scrlpts pts survlvo sur vlvo,, `kb sg blsp`r`to blsp `r`to `ro tjo laaustr`tlgks tj`t tjoy c`k no `ssgcl`tob wltj styaos ergi `s e`r `eloab `s Kgrtj @erlc`, @erl c`, tjo Bocc`k, Bocc `k, `kb tjo X`t`kl rodlgk rodlg k ge j`la`kb j`l a`kb.. Lt ls pgsslna pgs slnao, o, jgwovor, jgwov or, tj`t wjlao sgio ge tjoi woro cgplob lk tjo `rtlst“s jgioa`kb, gtjors woro cgplob `kb laaustr`tob lk Iudj`a gr Gttgi`k styao lk Iocc` ltsoae. @ p`rtlcua`ray lktorostlkd ox`ipao ls ` klkotooktj-coktury klkotooktj-coktury B`a`“la `a-Fj`yr`t stublob stublob ny E`rguf \`jy` (\`jy` ( \`jy` >885) >8 85) (elduro (eld uro 4). 4 ).
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Ro p`lktlkd ls lk tjo Iusoui Iusoui ge Lsa`ilc @rt lk Bgj`. Bgj`. Ro `utjgrs (Cjofj`n-@nub`y` & Nrosc Nrosc >803= 3>–33) j`vo suddostob tj`t tjls `rtlst k`iob I`jigub ls I`jigub I`alf, wjg w`s `t tjo cgurt ge tjo P`m`r ruaor E`tj @al Sj`j (r. 04<4–0:32). Le tjls ls lkboob tjo `rtlst, tjok jo ildjt oltjor j`vo sook tjo wgrf ge Iuj`ii`b @nb`aa`j gr wgrfob lk Iocc` lk jls stublg. Ro wgrf w`s cgiilsslgkob ny `a-J`mm `a-S`yylb \`jy` @dj` M`iml M`iml N`sjl lk tjo tjo yo`r 0>>3 @J (0:8: CO). Ro a`ttor p`rt ge ngtj tjoso ro`blkds ls prgpgsob ny tjls `utjgr.
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Elduro 4= B`a`“la `a-Fj`yr`t . K`tlgk`a Alnr`ry ge I`a`ysl`, lkv. kr. ISS0>43. © @rt D`aaory
ge Sgutj @ustr`al`.
jo laauilk`tlgk ge tjo bgunao-p`do roprosokt`tlgk ge tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk`, bgilk`tob ny nrlaal`kt rob `kb dgab, ls roi`rf `nao. Oa`ngr`to eagr`a bosldks, ea`ds, `kb ea`ilkd a`ips oxjlnlt `k ocaoctlc styao tj`t j`s br`wk lts lkeauokcos ergi Gttgi`k `rt `s woaa `s ergi rodlgk`a styaos ge Sgutj O`st @sl`k Lsa`ilc `rt. @atjgudj tjls i`kuscrlpt i`y j`vo nook prgbucob lk tjo I`a`y wgrab, lt cguab `asg j`vo nook tjo wgrf ge ` X`t`kl scrlno `kb `rtlst lk Iocc`, wjoro tjoro w`s ` a`rdo roslbokt cgiiuklty ge ium`wlruk ergi tj`t rodlgk. Scrlnos, cgpylsts, `kb laauilk`tgrs ergi tjo I`a`y wgrab `ro `asg fkgwk tg j`vo nook `ctlvo lk Iocc`, p`rt ge tjo a`rdo cgiiuklty ge tjo M`w` blscussob lk tjo jlstgry ge Iocc` ny Skgucf Jurdrgkmo (oj D`aagp >88?= 052, >4>6 Skgucf Jurdrgkmo >885= >><–30>). Cgkcaublkd ^oi`rfs
jo sunmoct ge `rt i`bo lk Iocc` bosorvos iucj eurtjor lkvostld`tlgk. Iocc` ls rod`rbob ny i`ky `s tjo elrst uklvorslty `kb ` coktro egr tjo stuby ge Lsa`i, wltj scjga`rs dr`vlt`tlkd tgw`rbs lt ergi `aa gvor tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab. Lt ls nocgilkd lkcro`slkday cao`r tj`t Iocc` w`s ` no`cgk egr `rtlsts `s woaa, wjg nrgudjt wltj tjoi tjo styaos ge tjolr k`tlvo cguktrlos, tjo prli`ry i`rfot egr wjgso wgrf woro
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tjo pladrlis wjg c`io gk tjo J`mm. joso `rtlsts woro ukbguntobay lksplrob ny gtjors `kb j`vo cro`tob wgrfs `t wjgso jo`rt ls `k oxtr`grblk`ry ocaoctlclsi= gko `spoct gkay ge tjo oeeoct ge tjo dagn`a k`turo ge tjo J`mm, wjlcj w`s tjo sunmoct ge tjo cgkeorokco `kb tjo cj`ptors lk tjls nggf. Nlnalgdr`pjy
@fsgy @fsg y, S. & ^. Ilastolk Ilas tolk (>888), (>888 ), ‚@ cgaaoct cga aoctlgk lgk ge tjlrtookt tjlr tooktj-co j-coktur kturyy laaustr` laau str`tob tob J`mm cortlelc`tos“, lk L.C. Scjlcf (ob.), I. _ėur Bori`k Bor i`k Eostscjrl Eosts cjrlet= et= p`pors p`po rs prosokto proso ktobb gk g k tjo gcc`slg gcc` slgkk ge g e jls j ls slxty-e slx ty-elet letjj nlrt n lrtjb` jb`y y , 080-32. Lst`knua= S`n`kcİ Ñklvorsltosl. @s`kl, @s`k l, @.S. & C.O.S. C.O. S. D`vlk (0<<:), (0<<: ), ‚jrgu ‚ jrgudj dj tjo aoks ge Ilrz` Ilrz ` ge Boajl= Boaj l= tjo Bonn`s `anui ge o`ray-twoktlotj-coktury pjgtgdr`pjs ge pladrli`do sltos lk Iuq`r k`s 0?= 04:-0<<. Iocc` `kb Ioblk`“, Iuq`rk`s @yblk, @ybl k, J. (>882), (>882 ), jo s`crob trusts= X`vlalgk ge tjo S`crob ^oalcs, gpf`pİ X`a`co Iusoui, Iusou i, Lst`k Ls t`knua nua . Sgiorsot, K.M.= Aldjt. N`aal`k, @. (>88<), ‚jroo ioblov`a Lsa`ilc nr`ssos `kb tjo Igsua tr`bltlgk ge Iguso lg Nok` N ok`fl fl <= lka`lb iot`awgrf“, Igusolg <= 003-020. N`yj`k, K. (ob.) (>88:), Liporl`a Surro , Oxjlnltlgk c`t`agduo. gpf`pİ X`a`co Iusoui Iusou i. Lst`knua= Fgrpus Xunalsjlkd Jguso. Nojroks-@ngusole, B. (0<<:), ‚P`ytn`y“s egukb`tlgk lk Ioblk`, tjo I`br`s`j I`br` s`j , tjo ^ln`t `kb `kb tjo B`sjlsj`j“, I`iauf I`ia uf Stublo St ubloss ^ovlo ^o vlow w >= >= 50-40. Nuja, E. (0<<0), ‚I`ji`a“, jo okcycagp`obl` ge Lsa`i UL, 22-25. Aolbok= O.M. Nrlaa. Nurtgk, ^. (0:43), Xorsgk`a k`rr`tlvo ge ` pladrli` plad rli`do do tg t g @a-I`bl @a-I `blk`j k`j `kb Iocc`j Iocc `j , > vgas. Agkbgk= yastgk `kb Obw`rbs. Cjofj`n-@nub`y`, I. & C. Nrosc (obs.) (>803), J`mm-jo mgurkoy tjrgudj `rt . Ila`k= Sflr`. E`rgqjl, S. (0<<2), Xladrlis `kb suat`ks= jo J`mm ukbor tjo Gttgi`ks, 0?0405:3. Agkbgk/Kow \grf= L.N. `urus. `urus. Eojìrvàrl, D. (>888), Cor`ilcs ge tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab lk tjo `roq ^`m`n Iusoui . Agkbgk= L.N.`urls. Eaggb, E.N. E.N. (>88<), (> 88<), Gnmocts ge tr`ksa`tlgk= I`torl`a cuaturo `kb ioblov`a ‑Jlkbu Iusali Iusal i’ Okcgu Ok cgukto ktor r . Xrlkcotgk= Xrlkcotgk _klvorslty Xross. D`uboergy-Boiginykos, I. (0= ?->0.
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Dggbwlk, D. (0<40), @ jlstgry jlst gry ge Gttgi`k Gttg i`k `rcjlto `rcj ltoctu cturo ro . Agkbgk= j`ios `kb Jubsgk. Duy, M. (>88?), ‚O`ray klktj-coktury Cjlkoso oxpgrt cor`ilcs `kb tjo Xorsl`k Duae cgkkoctlgk= jo Noalktukd sjlpwrocf ovlbokco“, `gcl 2= 2= <->8. J`do, N. oa- (ob.) (>88?), Xjgtgdr`pjlos `kclokkos bo a` Iocquo ot bo Ioblko 0::8-0<24 . X`rls= Lkstltut bu Igkbo @r`no. Lnk Mun`yr (0), jo tr`voas ge Lnk Mun`yr , tr`ksa. ^.M.C. Nrg`bjurst. Agkbgk= Mgk`tj`k Mgk`tj `k C`po. C `po. ĸpof, S. (>88?), ‚Gsi`kaİ“b` S`kbuf`a`r` Õrtñ Õrtio Doaokoėl vo Oyñp Suat`k J`zlrosl“kbofl `ŗ A`jlt“, `rljl, Fñatñrñ vo S`k`tİya` Oyñp Suat`k Soipgzyuiu LZ, (03-0? I`yİs >88?)= 3>3–334. ĸpof, S. (>885), ‚Gttgi`k ^`vz`-l Iut`jj`r` cgvors sokt ergi Lst`knua tg Ioblk` wltj tjo surro prgcosslgks“, Iuq`rk`s Iuq`r k`s >3= >:<-305. ĸpof, S. (>800), ‚Brosslkd tjo Xrgpjot= toxtlaos ergi tjo J`r`i`yk“, J`al 05:= 05:= ?<-50. Mgilor, Mgilo r, M. (0802), J`mm jo Jgay mgurkoy. jo J`mm rguto tjrgudj pgstc`rbs . Lst`knua= Boklzaor Flt`novl. Fj`k, P.I. (>803), ‚Sguvoklrs `kb dlets= Cgaaoctlkd igbork J`mm“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys, >>:->28. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Flguiml, E. & ^. Dr`j`i (>88<), @ pjgtgdr`p pjgt gdr`pjor jor gk tjo J`mm= J`mm = jo tr`voas tr`vo as ge Iuj`ii`b Iuj`i i`b ‚@al Oeeokbl Oeeok bl S`“ub S`“ubll (0<82/0 (0<8 2/0<8: <8:)). C`lrg/Kow \grf= jo @iorlc`k _klvorslty lk C`lrg Xross. I`f`rlgu, S. (ob.) (>80>), Lsa`ilc `rt `t tjo Iusìo bu Aguvro . X`rls= Iusìo bu Aguvro/J`z`k. I`ury, C. (>803), ‚Boplctlgks ge tjo J`r`i`yk gk Gttgi`k tlaos= Cgktokt `kb cgktoxt“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 023-0?<. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Ilawrldjt, I. (>803), ‚r`bo `kb tjo Syrl`k J`mm notwook tjo 0> tj `kb tjo o`ray >8tj cokturlos= Jlstgrlc`a `kb `rcj`ogagdlc`a porspoctlvos“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , >:-34. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Igm`k, I.J. `a- (>808), jo Jgkgr`nao F`n`j `rcjltocturo `kb Flsw`j . Iocc`= tjo F`wk Coktor. 08<
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Igm`k, I.J. `a- (>803), ‚ jo toxtlaos i`bo i`b o egr tjo Xrgpjot“s Xrgpjot“s Igsquo `t Ioblk`. @ proalilk proa lilk`ry `ry stuby s tuby ge g e tjolr tjol r grldlks, grld lks, jlstgry jlst gry `kb ` kb styao“, sty ao“, lk U. U. Xgrtor & A. A . S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 0:2-0<2. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Igas, A. (>803), Uora`kdok k``r Ioff`. Bo j`bm lk 088 vggrworpok . Aolbok= ^lmfsiusoui Ugafokfukbo. K`ss`r, K. (>803), ‚B`r oa-Flsw` `a-Sj`rle`= `bilklstr`tlgk `kb prgbuctlgk“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 04?-0:3. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Kowj`aa, @. (0<:4), jo p`trgk`do ge tjo t jo I`iauf Suat`k P`l“t N`y 025:-02<5. _kpunalsjob XjB tjosls J`rv`rb _klvorslty. G“F`ko, N. (ob.) (>885), jo tro`suros ge Lsa`ilc `rt lk tjo iusouis ge C`lrg . C`lrg/Kow \grf= jo @iorlc`k _klvorslty lk C`lrg Xross. Xotors, E.O. (0<<2), jo J`mm= jo Iusali pladrli`do tg Iocc` `kb tjo Jgay Xa`cos . Xrlkcotgk, Xrlkcotgk _klvorslty Xross. Xgrtor, Xgrtor, U. U. (ob.) (o b.) (>80>`), J`mm= mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsa`i . Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xgrtor, U. (>80>n), jo `rt ge J`mm . Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xgrtor, Xgrtor, U. U. (>803), ‚jo ‚ jo i`ji`a i`ji` a rovlsltob“, rovlsltob“ , lk U. U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 08?. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. ^gdors, M.I. (>884), jo `rts ge Lsa`i. ro`suros ergi tjo K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk. Sybkoy= @rt D`aaory ge Kow Sgutj T`aos. S`rbl, I. (>803), ‚To`vlkd egr tjo J`mm ukbor tjo I`iaufs“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 05<-042. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Sormo`kt, ^.N. (0<2:), ‚I`torl`a ‚I`torl `a egr ` jlstgry ge Lsa`ilc toxtlaos up tg tjo Igkdga cgkquost. Cj`ptor ZU. oxtlaos lk tjo \oiok“, @rs Lsa`ilc` Lsa`i lc` 03= 4?-004. Sj`aoi, @. (>884), ‚I`bo egr tjo sjgw“= jo ioblov`a tro`sury ge tjo F`“n` lk Iocc`“, lk N. G“F`ko (ob.), jo lcgkgdr`pjy ge Lsa`ilc `rt , >5<->:3. Oblknurdj= Oblknurdj _klvorslty Xross. Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, C. (>885), Ioff` lk tjo a`ttor a`t tor p`rt p`r t ge tjo 0< tj coktury. B`lay aleo, custgis `kb ao`rklkd. jo Igsalis ge tjo O`st-Lkbl`k @rcjlpoa`dg, tr`ksa. M.J. Igk`j`k, Igk`j `k, lktrgb. lktr gb. M.M. M.M . Tltf`i. Tlt f`i. Aolbok/N Aolb ok/Ngstg gstgk= k= O.M. Nrlaa. Nrla a. Sgurboa, B. & M. Sgurboa-jgilko (>885), Cortlelc`ts bo pêaorlk`do b“ìpgquo @yygunl @yyg unlbo. bo. Cgktrln Cgk trlnutl utlgk gk è a“jlstg a“jl stgro ro bo a“lbìga a“lb ìgagdlo gdlo bo a“Lsa`i a“Lsa `i `u toips toip s bos crgls`bos . X`rls= a“@c`bìilo bos lkscrlptlgks ot noaaos-aottros. noaaos-aottros. 008
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Sgurboa-jgilko, M. (0<40), ‚Caoes ot sorruros bo a` F`“n`“, ^ovuo bos Ìtubos lsa`ilquos ><-52. St`kaoy, . (>803), ‚Gttgi`k-porlgb i`kuscrlpts ergi tjo J`r`i`yk“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , >>2->>4. Agkbgk= tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. oj D`aagp, @. (>88?), ‚Lsa`ilc i`kuscrlpt `rt ge Sgutjo`st @sl`“, lk M. Nokkott, Croscokt iggk= Lsa`ilc Lsa`ilc `rt & clvlals`tlgk lk Sgutjo`st @sl` , 0?:-0:3. @boa`lbo= @rt D`aaory D`aa ory ge Sgutj Sg utj @ustr`al`. @ustr` al`. \`jy`, E. (>885), (>885 ), @ B`a`“la `a-Fj`yr`t i`kuscrlpt lk tjo Xorpust`f``k Kod`r` I`a`ysl` I`a` ysl` (ISS0>4 (ISS 0>43) 3) , I@ Blssort`tlgk, Scjgga ge Grlokt`a `kb @erlc`k Stublos, _klvorslty ge Agkbgk.
000
J @M M E^GI C JLK@ = S GCL@A I O@KLKDS @KB @K B I @RO^ L@ A C _AR_^O
Galvor Iggro @nstr @ns tr`c `ct t
jls cj`ptor blscussos jgw tjo io`klkds ge tjo J`mm lk Cjlk` c`k no lktorprotob tjrgudj Cjlkoso Iusalis“ Iusalis“ jlstgrlc`a oxporlokcos ge p`rtlclp`tlgk lk ` iuatlcuatur`a sgcloty `kb tjolr okd`doiokt wltj sgio ge lts ao`blkd lkstltutlgks. Lt oxpagros tjls tjrgudj ` nrg`b tjoio ge `ccuatur`tlgk. @ kuinor ge c`sos‒r`kdlkd ergi a`to ioblov`a eukor`a `rr`kdoiokts tg liporl`a clvla-sorvlco ox`ilk`tlgks tg tjo ost`nalsjiokt ge ` iuatl-otjklc igbork st`to‒boigkstr`to tjo blvorso tjo`tros lk wjlcj tjo J`mm“s J`mm“s sgcl`a io`klkds c`k no rocgkstructob ergi toxts `kb li`dos wltjlk iotjgbgagdlc`a `pprg`cjos `s blvorso `s `rcj`ogagdy `rcj`ogagd y, nlgdr`pjy, nlgdr`pjy, `kb sgcl`a mgurk`alsi. Kgt gkay bg tjoso c`sos ukcgvor p`rtlcua`r jlstgrlos ge i`torl`a `kb vlsu`a oxprosslgk, tjoy lkblc`to tjo lipgrt`kco ge ngtj tjo t jo i`torl`a `kb vlsu`a bliokslgks lk roso`rcj gk jlstgrlc`a `kb cgktoipgr`ry Lsa`i lk Cjlk`. jls cj`ptor `rduos, tjok, tj`t tjo quostlgk ge `ccuatur`tlgk ls ` io`ks ngtj tg dr`sp tjo qu`altlos ge Iusali i`torl`a cuaturo lk Cjlk` `kb tg roelko currokt boelkltlgks ge i`torl`a cuaturo. jo pglkt ls tg lktorprot tjo J`mm `s `k lkstltutlgk `kb oxporlokco tr`kscokblkd i`torl`a cuaturo“s cuaturo“s cgiigk progccup`tlgk wltj i`torl`alty yot `asg bopokbokt gk i`torl`alty“s i`torl`alty“s v`rlgus roeaoctlgks.
jls cj`ptor grldlk`tob lk ` vlslt tg tjo Klumlo (Gx Stroot) blstrlct ge Nolmlkd tg `cqulro ltois ge i`torl`a cuaturo roprosokt`tlvo ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk` egr tjo J`mm oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`. jo Xladrli“s Mgurkoy , wjlcj gpokob lk Soptoinor >803 `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok. @atjgudj kgt ` blroct rosuat ge tj`t vlslt, tjo egaagwlkd blscusslgk aggfs `t tjo J`mm lk lts Cjlkoso cgktoxts ergi tjo porspoctlvo ge ` roso`rcjor wjgso agkdost e`ilal`rlty ls wltj lssuos ge sgcloty sgcl oty,, cuaturo, `kb a`kdu`do lk ngtj tjo igbork-b`y igb ork-b`y Xogpao“s Xogpao“s ^opunalc ge Cjlk` `kb jlstgrlc`a Cjlk` ukbor succosslvo or`s ge liporl`a ruao. Tlaal`i Tlaa l`i ^gee j`s gnsorvo gnso rvobb tj`t ‚kg `boqu` `b oqu`to to iotjgbg iotj gbgagdy agdy j`s nook bovlsob bov lsob egr `k`aysls ge Vtjo J`mm“sY lipgrt `kb io`klkd egr jlstgrlc`a Lsa`i“ (^gee 0<:?= 4<). jls ls cort`lkay truo ge tjo J`mm poregriob `kb lktorprotob ny Iusali cgiiukltlos lk Cjlk`, `kb tjo stuby ge Iusali pladrli`do pr`ctlcos lkslbo Cjlk` (tg s`lkts“ tgins) j`s yot tg nodlk. jo obltgrs ge tjo igst lipgrt`kt rocokt stuby ge jlstgrlc`a pladrli`do lk Cjlk` `bilt tj`t, cgip`rob tg tjo dokor`a e`ilal`rlty wltj Nubbjlst `kb B`glst pladrli tr`bltlgks, fkgwaobdo
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cgkcorklkd tjo igtlvos `kb p`ttorks ge Iusali pladrli`do ngtj wltjlk `kb noygkb Cjlk`“s ngrbors j`rbay oxlsts (K`qulk & \ñ 0<<>= >:). Ovok aoss j`s nook s`lb cgkcorklkd Lsa`i“s Lsa`i“s `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso Cjlkos o cgkbltlgks tjrgudj sgcl`a poregri`kcos, i`torl`a prgbuctlgks, `kb vlsu`a oxprosslgks. jls cj`ptor turks tg tjoso quostlgks vl` tjolr roaov`kco tg tjo J`mm, prgpgslkd ` r`kdo ge `pprg`cjos lk wjlcj tjo J`mm eo`turos sldklelc`ktay. joso `pprg`cjos ngrrgw ergi `rcj`ogagdy, opldr`pjy, nlgdr`pjy, lktoaaoctu`a jlstgry, `kb sgcl`a mgurk`a mgu rk`alsi. lsi. Kg bgunt, bgun t, gtjor gtjo r `pprg`c `ppr g`cjos jos `ro `v`la`nao `v`la `nao.. jo prosokt pros okt soaoctlg soao ctlgkk ls botorilkob ny tjo ro`by `v`la`nlalty ge roaov`kt sgurcos, ` cgkvoklokco tj`t suddosts tj`t, lk o`cj `pprg`cj, tjo sunmoct ge tjo J`mm ergi Cjlk` j`s nook kodaoctob lk tjo v`rlgus sottlkds ge lts agc`a fkgwaobdo. jo soaoctlgk ls `asg ngukbob ny `v`la`nao tlio `kb okordy `kb, `ngvo `aa, ny aliltob cgipotokco noygkb tjo `utjgr“s usu`a progccup`tlgks wltj `rt `kb sgcloty lk Cjlk`. jls a`st alilt`tlgk prgilsos `t ao`st tjo lip`rtl`alty ge `k `dkgstlc kowcgior lk `k ukcj`rtob eloab. jls cj`ptor j`s slx soctlgks. jo elrst elvo cgkslbor tjo J`mm“s sgcl`a io`klkds lk tjo egaagwlkd roprosokt`tlgks= roprosokt`tlgks= 0) nlgdr`pjlc`a cgiioigr`tlgks lk o`ray Iusali nurl`as6 >) iot`pjgrs ge ronlrtj6 3) Iusali bgctrlko lk Cjlk`“s lktoaaoctu`a jorlt`do6 jorlt`do6 2) tr`voa oxporlokcos6 `kb ?) tr`ksk`tlgk`a syingas ge ` kow cgiiuklst st`to“s roa`tlgksjlp tg tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab. jo elk`a soctlgk cgkslbors boelkltlgks ge Iusali i`torl`a cuaturo `kb lsga`tos sgio ge tjo i`torl`a `kb vlsu`a oxprosslgks igst roaov`kt tg tjo J`mm. Kgt o`cj ge tjo provlgus elvo roprosokt`tlgks ls oqu`aay roaov`kt tg ` cgkslbor`tlgk ge i`torl`a cuaturo, nut tjolr ox`ipaos boigkstr`to `k okcgip`sslkd tjoio ge Lsa`i“s `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso surrgukblkds. jo s`io tjoio ls `asg roaov`kt tg i`torl`a cuaturo“s igbork cgkbltlgks ge `ccuatur`tlgk lk wjlcj gab `kb kow egris ge cgktokt cgkvordo. Tj`t tjls s`ys `ngut sgcl`a io`klkds `kb tjo `pprg`cjos tj`t rovo`a tjoi ls grborob `s e`r `s pgsslnao cjrgkgagdlc`aay. Lk e`ct, roso`rcj `kb wrltlkd prgdrossob lk `kgtjor grbor, oeeoctlvoay pa`clkd k`lvo vlsu`a gnsorv`tlgks ge i`torl`a cuaturo lk tjo rocoktay oxporlokcob prosokt `jo`b ge jlstgrlc`a `kb joriokoutlc`a sgurcos ge Lsa`i `kb Iusali aleo lk Cjlk`“s p`st. jo kow soquokco okegrcos ` cao`ror grd`kls`tlgk `kb geeors‒tjgudj kgt `nsgautoay‒` jlstgry ge tjo J`mm ergi v`rylkd pgsltlgks wltjlk Cjlk`. Lt `asg sjgws tjo J`mm `s ` iot`pjgr bovoagpob egr v`rlgus cgksoksu`a `ccuatur`tlgks tg sgcl`a cgkbltlgks lk Cjlk`. Elrst, jgwovor, ` eow roi`rfs `ro lk grbor tg boscrlno Iusali sgcloty lk Cjlk` `kb gko ge lts cgiigkost toris ge bosldk`tlgk. Rjo Jul
jo tori ‚Iusali sgcloty“ lk Cjlk` ls kgt kocoss`rlay igro mustlel`nao tj`k ‚Iusali sgclotlos“. Lk koltjor c`so bg igbork boscrlptlgks joap, slkco tjo cgiigkost Cjlkoso k`io egr tjo Iusali pgpua`tlgk lk Cjlk` ls `inldugus. jo k`io ‚Jul“‒jlstgrlc`aay ‚Juljul“‒bosldk`tos twg drgups wjg `ro kgt
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`nsgautoay lktorbopokbokt= elrstay, tjo Jul pogpao, wjg prgeoss Lsa`i, `kb socgkbay, `aa `bjorokts tg Lsa`i, rod`rbaoss ge tjolr otjklc ioinorsjlp. jo Jul pogpao j`vo `k gnvlgus cuatur`a lboktlty tj`t ls roi`rf`nay jgigdokgus lk tjo i`ky agc`tlgks tj`t tjoy lkj`nlt, nut tjolr otjklc boscokt ls ilxob wltj i`ky gtjor drgups, kgt ao`st wltj tjo Cjlkoso pgpua`tlgk lk bleeorokt `ro`s ge Cjlk`. Sgio gnsorvors cgktokb cgkvlkclkday tj`t tjo Jul `ro kgt ` slkdao otjklc drgup (Alpi`k 0<:2). Gtjors j`vo pglktob gut tj`t tjo uso ge tjo k`io ‚Jul“ d`lkob a`stlkd igioktui ergi `k lipgsob boelkltlgk ge gtjorkoss, tj`kfs ospocl`aay tg Cjlkoso rovgautlgk`ry ao`bors“ kow `bvgc`cy ge ` Cjlkoso k`tlgk`a lboktlty lk tjo o`ray twoktlotj coktury. ^oaldlgus noaloe, wjlcj ildjt j`vo nook suppgsob tg botorilko gkay lbogagdlc`a sgrtlkd, w`s tgg pgsltlvoay cg-gptob lk tjo lkvoktlvo prgcossos ge cgkstructlkd ` k`tlgk`alty. jo roi`rf`nao cgktr`st ge `lw`k“s dgvorkiokt pgalcy, wjlcj cgkstructs ‚Jul“ `s ` roaldlgus `eelal`tlgk `kb kgt ` k`tlgk`alty, sjgws jgw cgktostob tjo boelkltlgk ge tjo tori stlaa roi`lks wltjlk tjo a`rdor slkgpjgko wgrab (Da`bkoy 0<<0= 0?–0>, 5?–00?). Iusalis lk tjo Xogpao“s ^opunalc ge Cjlk` kuinor igro tj`k twokty ilaalgk. Kg gtjor cguktry lk O`st @sl` ng`sts sucj ` a`rdo Iusali prgpgrtlgk wltjlk lts pgpua`tlgk. Sovor`a otjklc drgups cgiprlso probgilk`ktay Iusali noalovors, agc`tob a`rdoay lk Cjlk`“s kgrtj-wost. Drgups, sucj `s tjo _ldjurs `kb F`z`fjs, sj`ro ` cgiigk otjklclty `kb cuaturo wltj sgclotlos alvlkd gutslbo Cjlk`“s kgrtj-wost ngrbor. Jul sgcloty, alfo gtjor drgups tj`t prgeoss Lsa`i, ls `asg cgkcoktr`tob i`lkay lk kgrtj-wost Cjlk`‒lk D`ksu `kb Klkdxl` prgvlkcos‒nut tjo blstrlnutlgk ge lts pgpua`tlgk ls ny e`r tjo igst bl`spgrlc. A`rdo drgups ge Jul alvo lk tjo sgutjwost‒lk \ukk`k prgvlkco‒`kb lk `aa ge Cjlk`“s i`mgr cltlos. _kalfo gtjor otjklc drgups ge Iusali noalovors, tjo Jul spo`f Cjlkoso. Iusalis lk Cjlk` j`vo agkd nook lk Mgk`tj`k Alpi`k“s (0<<4) strlflkd igttg ‚e`ilal`r str`kdors“, gr lk Sus`k K`qulk“s boscrlptlgk ‚ngtj oxgtlc `kb agc`a“ (>888= >0>). Jul lboktlty ls ny kg io`ks ` tr`ks-rodlgk`a igkgaltj. Bru Da`bkoy pglkts gut ‚egr tjo Jul, tjoro ls kg ‑To’“ (0<<0= 083). jo jlstgry ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk` ls getok roa`tob `s ` cgktlkuui st`rtlkd ergi tjo o`ralost `rrlv`a ge @r`n `kb Xorsl`k Iusalis `t tjo `kd liporl`a cgurt lk tjo sovoktj coktury, ` blpagi`tlc egukblkd igiokt cjrgklcaob sggk `etor Iuj`ii`b“s bo`tj lk 53> CO. So`iaoss k`rr`tlvos cgvorlkd tjo sunsoquokt egurtook cokturlos coktu rlos pgssoss ` cort`lk trutj, trutj , euoaalkd ` ‚dro`t tr`bltlgk“ ge lbogagdlc`a tr`ksilsslgk ergi tjo @r`n jo`rta`kb, `kb `asg sust`lklkd psycjgagdlc`a `kb rjotgrlc`a rosgurcos lk tjo Cjlkoso Iusali cgiiuklty“s li`dlk`tlgk ge ltsoae. Nut tjo s`io k`rr`tlvos‒ovoktu`aay prosorvob ny Cjlk`“s cgurt jlstgrl`ks‒ s`y r`tjor alttao `ngut tjo sgcl`a ro`altlos ge Iusali sottaoiokt, kgt tg ioktlgk oplsgbos ge lktork`a ildr`tlgk, ro-okd`doiokt, ro-okd`doiokt, `kb gutw`rb ro`cj ergi wltjlk Cjlk`“s Cjlk`“s ngrbors. jo egaagwlkd soctlgks soc tlgks sjgw jgw rocgrbs cro`tob cro `tob lk aoss-oaov`tob aoss-oaov `tob clrcuist`kcos getok rovo`a tjls lkegri`tlgk igro oeeoctlvoay.
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Nlgdr`pjlc`a Cgiioigr`tlgks lk O`ray Iusali Nurl`as
@ drgup ge tgin lkscrlpt lksc rlptlgks lgks ergi tjo twoaetj twoa etj coktury cokt ury rovo`as rovo` as tjo sldklelc sldk lelc`kco `kco ge tjo J`mm lk tjo Iusali sgcl`a aleo ge ` Cjlkoso rodlgk. joso lkscrlptlgks `bgrkob Iusali nurl`a sltos lk Pu`kzjgu, ` clty lk cg`st`a sgutjo`st Cjlk`. Lk tjo sovoktj coktury, Iusali iorcj`kts gpor`tob lk Cjlkoso j`rngurs `kb `agkd tjo a`kb rgutos tjrgudj Coktr`a @sl`. Igsquos `aaodobay egukbob lk tjo `kd c`plt`a Cj`kd`k Cj` kd`k (a`tor Zl`k) Zl`k ) `kb lk rokgwkob `kd `kd torilkl ge lktork`tlgk`a lktork`tlgk` a tr`bo okburo `s pgworeua jlstgrlc`a syingas ge Lsa`i“s o`ralost lktodr`tlgk wltjlk tjo pgaltlc`a `kb ocgkgilc spjoros ge ` dgabok `do ge st`to `bilklstr`tlgk `kb cuatur`a `cjlovoiokt. Jgwovor, tjo e`igus lkscrlptlgk cgiioigr`tlkd tjo egukb`tlgk ge ` igsquo lk Cj`kd`k lk 42> CO, bosplto lt agkd tr`ksilsslgk gvor i`ky cokturlos, ls kgw blscguktob `s ` a`tor toxt `kb porj`ps ovok ` boalnor`to egrdory. Slila`ray, tjo cgiigk noaloe tj`t `k o`ray vlsltgr tg `kd Cjlk`, T`jn @nu F`ncj`, wjg ls nurlob lk tjo coiotory `t tjo Ju`lsjokd igsquo lk Du`kdzjgu, w`s ` cguslk ge Iuj`ii`b Iuj`ii`b ls vlt`a tg igbork Cjlkoso Iusali sgcl`a ioigry, nut kgt ` str`ldjtegrw`rb dlvok. jo si`aa kuinor ge survlvlkd lkscrlptlgks ergi Pu`kzjgu dlvo ` e`sclk`tlkd da`kco lktg tjo aleo ge ` a`tor ioblov`a cgiiuklty ge Iusali lkj`nlt`kts. Pu`kzjgu, tjo pgrt clty lk Cjlk`“s sgutj-o`stork Euml`k prgvlkco, w`s fkgwk tg Duae `kb Iobltorr`ko`k tr`bors `s ]`ytgk, tjo k`io usob ny `a-Lbrlsl, tjo Xrgpjot“s e`igus boscokb`kt `kb tjo dogdr`pjor wjg i`ppob tjo fkgwk wgrab egr Flkd ^gdor LL ge Slclay lk 00?2. jo Pu`kzjgu Pu`kzjgu tginstgkos, wjlcj j`b nook blspa`cob tjrgudj v`rlgus ro-usos `aa gvor Pu`kzjgu, egri tjo a`rdost ngby ge o`ray opldr`pjlc ovlbokco `v`la`nao ergi ` slkdao agc`tlgk lk Cjlk`. Klkoty-oldjt tginstgkos, igst ge wjlcj `ro agc`tob tgb`y lk Pu`kzjgu“s I`rltlio Iusoui, woro punalsjob lk 0<:2 (Cjok 0<:2) tg rovo`a ` crgss soctlgk ge Pu`kzjgu“s Iusali lkj`nlt`kts, r`kdlkd ergi cgiiuklty ao`bors wjgso k`ios c`k no tr`cob tg `kclokt Lr`kl`k alko`dos tg tjo slkdao c`so ge ` sa`vo dlra. jo o`ralost lkscrlptlgk b`tos tg 0040. Slx igro lkscrlptlgks lk @r`nlc `ro egr j`mml s `kb egr lkblvlbu`as wjgso e`tjors gr dr`kbe`tjors `ro rocgrbob `s j`mml s, s, `s woaa `s egr gko wgi`k wjg `pp`roktay i`bo ` pladrli`do tg `k ukspoclelob bostlk`tlgk= sgk ge ` j`mml (b. (b. 0>44)6 ngtj ` j`mml `kb `kb sgk ge ` j`mml (b. (b. 0><8)6 sgk ge ` j`mml (b. (b. 0382)6 dr`kbsgk ge ` j`mml (b. (b. 03>>)6 ` eoi`ao pladrli tg ` jgay slto (prgn`nay kgt Iocc` gr Ioblk`) (b. 0335)6 `kb ` j`mml (b. 0353) (Cjok 0<:2= elds. 306 3>6 206 246 ?06 ?5). joso slx k`iob lkblvlbu`as, lkblvlbu`as, mgurkoyob tg Iocc` notwook notwook tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo tjlrtooktj coktury `kb 0353. Fj`blm` Fj`tuk“s pladrli`do cguab j`vo nook tg ` slto lk Cjlk`. Lkscrlnob wltjlk eukor`a pr`ctlcos, tjoso ca`lis cgkelri tjo euaelaiokt ge J`mm `splr`tlgks `s ` tr`kscokbokco ge Lsa`ilc cuaturo lk Cjlkoso cgkbltlgks. joy `asg cgkelri tjo J`mm `s ` rltu`a `ct lktodr`tob `t tjo jldjost aovoa ge porsgk`a lboktlty `kb ioigry. Xorj`ps tjo `eelri`tlgk ge tjo J`mm lkscrlnob gk ` si`aa kuinor ge dr`vostgkos ovok iuatlpalob lts st`tus `kb io`klkd tjrgudjgut tjo
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oktlro cgiiuklty ge ` dr`voy`rb, nut tjls ls j`rb tg mubdo, slkco tjo grldlk`a `rr`kdoiokt ge `aa tjo rotrlovob Pu`kzjgu stgkos oaubos us. @asg kgtowgr kgto wgrtjy, tjy, jgwovor, jgwov or, ls tj`t tjo s`io ngby ge lkscrlpt lksc rlptlgk lgkss cgkt`lks cgkt `lks lkst`kcos ge `k `ccuatur`tlgk tg tjo lkstltutlgk ge Cjlkoso eukor`as. @ eow ge tjoso @r`nlc @r`n lc oplt`p op lt`pjs js `ro i`tcjob i`tc job wltj w ltj Cjlkos Cj lkosoo p`r`tox p`r `toxts‒k ts‒kgt gt ox`cta ox `ctayy tr`ksa`t tr`k sa`tlgks lgks‒ ‒ `kb cgip`rlsgk ge ngtj sots ge st`toiokts ls sgiotlios rovo`alkd. jo Cjlkoso toxt egr K`lk` ( slc ) Iuj`ii`b (0>5:–0383), egr lkst`kco, prgvlbos ` b`to ge bo`tj lk cgkealct wltj tjo @r`nlc rocgrb ge ` b`to cgrrospgkblkd tg M`ku`ry, 038?= tjo dlvok Jlmrl yo`r 482 oqu`tos tg tjo twoavo-igktj porlgb str`bbalkd 0382-038?, kgt tg tjo porlgb twg yo`rs o`ralor wjok tjo dlvok Cjlkoso b`to cgrrospgkbs tg >3 Eonru`ry 0383 (Cjok 0<:2= eld. 3:). @kgtjor roi`rf`nao eo`turo ge tjls Cjlkoso toxt ls lts lkvgc`tlgk ge Cjlkoso igurklkd wltj tjo br`i`tlc pjr`so ‚wooplkd naggb“ ( ql xuo ). ). Kgri`aay prgkgukcob ny ` plgus sgk‒lkboob tjo c`so joro‒tjls rltu`alsob oxprosslgk ge oigtlgk`a oxcoss ls ` ngrrgwlkd ergi tjo \lmlkd (Nggf ge Cj`kdos ) cgiigkay lkscrlnob lk v`rlgus Cjlkoso eukor`a pr`ctlcos. Sldklelc`ktay, tjls gsclaa`tlgk notwook Cjlkoso `kb Lsa`ilc kgris j`ppoks lk ` toxt wjgso cgiilsslgkor j`s `asg agst tr`cf ge j`rigklslkd tjo rospoctlvo b`tlkd systois. Nut tjo a`rdor pglkt ls tj`t, wjlao tjo Pu`kzjgu dr`vostgkos dr`vostgkos prgvlbo ` strgkd ox`ipao ge tjo J`mm (`kb gtjor syingalc e`cts) sust`lklkd Iusali Iusali lboktlty `kb ioigry e`r `w`y ergi tjo coktro st`do ge Lsa`ilc rltu`a, tjo cro`tgrs ge tjoso gnmocts `kb tjo sldklelc`kt slto lk wjlcj tjoy woro gkco cgkboksob cguab kgt roslst tjo trokb tg `bgpt tjo rltu`a egris `kb oxprosslgks ge ` bleeorokt wgrab vlow. Xa`stlc `rts `ssgcl`tob wltj nurl`a `asg rovo`a tjo lktodr`tlgk ge Iusali aleo lk lts Cjlkoso surrgukblkds. @kgtjor `ccuatur`tlgk `t tjo aovoa ge vlsu`a oxprosslgk oiordos `t Pu`kzjgu `kb gtjor `kclokt Iusali sltos lk tjolr stgkoi`sgks“ ropo`tob bopagyiokt ge ` woaa-ost`nalsjob roportglro ge Cjlkoso `usplclgus syingas. jls w`s ` cgksorv`tlvo lcgkgdr`pjy lk wjlcj, `slbo ergi dogiotrlc`a grk`iokts, agtus eagwors, pogky naggis, paui nagssgis, sw`stlf`s, rjginusos, cagubs, `kb bgunao rlkds rocur lk `aa sgrts ge stgkowgrf bgko egr p`trgks wjg
Elduro 0= Lkf runnlkd sjgwlkd tjo vortlc`a okbs, coktr`a rlbdo `kb sagpob slbos ge ` etooktjcoktury tgin cgvor, oxc`v`tob \`kdzjgu, 0<>4 gr 0<><. A (stgko) 0?8 ci. ^opgrtob agc`tlgk (ge stgko)= Xuj`bblk (Xuj`blkd) Rgin X`rf, \`kdzjgu. @etor Dokd 0<4:= pa. 2.
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woro kgt Iusalis. Gkay gko gnmoct (` c`rvob tgin cgvor), i`bo prgn`nay lk tjo egurtooktj coktury, eo`turos ` croscokt iggk (Cjok 0<:2= eld. 0>>). Ovoktu`aay, `aa ge tjo gtjor usos, wjlcj boey c`todgrls`tlgk ukbor `ky gko roaldlgus gnsorv`kco, noc`io tr`ks-rodlgk`a. @ tgin cgvor ergi \`kdzjgu (elduro 0), b`tlkd prgn`nay tg tjo eletooktj coktury, usos roct`kdua`r `kb grtjgdgk`a n`kblkd tg blspa`y Pur“`klc clt`tlgks `kb vorsos vor sos ny tjo Odyptl`k pgot Lnk Kun`t` (0>::–0355), nut tjoso `ro sot `ilb ` cgiigk vlsu`a aoxlcgk cgkslstlkd ge ` bokso `kb oxqulslto lkelaa ge pogky naggis `kb egal`do. Iot`pjgrs ge ^onlrtj
^ocgrbs ge tjo J`mm ergi a`tor cokturlos `kb gtjor rodlgks gutalko tjo `ccuatur`tlgk ge Lsa`i tg gko ge Cjlk`“s igst okburlkd sgcl`a lkstltutlgks, tjo trlokkl`a st`to ox`ilk`tlgks egr clvla sorvlco `kb ilalt`ry rocrultiokt. Ox`ilk`tlgks prgvlbo `k jlstgrlc`a ox`ipao ge tjo boalnor`to pgaltlc`a p`rtlclp`tlgk ge kgt gkay Jul lkblvlbu`as, nut `asg e`ilalos `kb cgiiukltlos. jo oktlro ox`ilk`tlgk systoi strotcjob ergi tjo p`a`co proclkcts‒wjoro tjo jldjost `cjlovors wrgto tjolr p`pors‒bgwk tg i`sslvo `ssoinay j`aas lk tjo prgvlkcos, c`torlkd tg ` cginlkob lkt`fo ge ilaalgks. Bosplto porlgblc rlgts `kb `cts ge `rsgk, tjo systoi, wjlcj w`s bosldkob tg e`la igst wjg oktorob lt, dr`ktob `k `aa-cgksuilkd li`dlk`tlgk ge sgcl`a ignlalty, `kb lt cgii`kbob agy`aty. Ox`ilk`tlgks woro `ngalsjob lk 0<82. jo Jul scjga`r \`kd B`yo j`s survoyob Jul ox`ilk`tlgk `cjlovoiokts lk tjolr prgvlkcl`a blstrlnutlgk tjrgudjgut tjo Ilkd `kb Plkd byk`stlos (035:– 0522 / 0522–0<00), `ssoinalkd b`t` gk iok wjg d`lkob tjo ‚prosoktob scjga`r“ bodroo ( mlksjl mlk sjl ), ), tjo jldjost bodroo tltao tj`t gkay sgio jukbrob iok d`lkob k`tlgkwlbo ovory tjroo yo`rs. _ksurprlslkday, dlvok tjo jlstgrlc`a p`ttork ge Jul sottaoiokt, tjo si`aa yot sldklelc`kt kuinors ge succosseua Jul dr`bu`tos `ppo`r egroigst lk prgvlkcl`a qugt`s ergi \ukk`k `kb sovor`a kgrtjork prgvlkcos. Notwook 035: `kb 0<82, egr ox`ipao, Jul c`kblb`tos ergi \ukk`k d`lkob 20 bodroos. jus, egrtuko e`vgurob gkay ` eow, nut tjo syingalc row`rbs ge roturklkd ergi tjo c`plt`a wltj ` mlksjl mlks jl bodroo bodroo woro okgrigus. jls w`s kg aoss truo egr succosseua Jul c`kblb`tos tj`k egr Cjlkoso (\`kd >800= ?:5–?:4). Igro lktorostlkd tj`k rotrgspoctlvo st`tlstlcs ls jgw jlstgrlc`a `ctgrs wltjlk tjo ox`ilk`tlgks ox`ilk`tlgk s systoi boscrlnob boscrlno b tjolr succoss. jo iot`pjgr, le kgt tjo ro`alty, ro`alty, ge tjo J`mm elduros a`rdoay a`r doay.. D`lklkd ` mlksjl mlk sjl bodroo bodroo w`s kgt tjo s`io `s mgurkoylkd s`eoay tg Iocc` `kb n`cf, nut tjo `cjlovoiokt w`s `k oqu`aay prostldlgus gutcgio. jo J`mm `ppo`aob tg tjo sgcl`a li`dlk`tlgk `s ` igioktgus rlto ge p`ss`do, `kb sg tgg blb tjo cgkeorr`a ge ` st`to bodroo. Bodroo wlkkors cgiigkay rocgaaoct tjolr trluipj lk toris ge ronlrtj. jo ca`sslc iot`pjgr ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm ls tjo s`io. Gko ox`ipao ge opldr`pjlc ovlbokco cgaaoctob ny \`kd B`yo sjgws ` ko`r poreoct `ccuatur`tlgk ge tjo J`mm tg ox`ilk`tlgk succoss `kb lts `cca`li lk ` agc`a cgiiuklty.
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Alu Zu (02:5-0?33), ` Jul lkj`nlt`kt ge Zl`k (egrioray Cj`kd`k), wgk jls mlksjl mlks jl bodroo bodroo `t tjo Ilkd c`plt`a Nolmlkd lk 0?>0. wg yo`rs a`tor, n`cf lk Zl`k, Zl`k , jo `ssoktob `sso ktob tg jls cgiiukl cgi iuklty“ ty“ss roquost roqu ost tg wrlto wrl to ` rocgrb rocg rb lk Cjlkoso Cjlk oso tg cgiioigr`to tjo rokgv`tlgk ge jls clty blstrlct“s igsquo. Jls toxt rovlows tjo jlstgry ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk` slkco `kd tlios `kb tjo egrtukos ge tjo igsquo slkco lts egukb`tlgk burlkd tjo Igkdga \u`k byk`sty. Alu Zu `asg boscrlnos `k oplsgbo tj`t jo c`kkgt j`vo ldkgrob egr lts nlgdr`pjlc`a roaov`kco tg jls gwk rocokt succoss= burlkd tjo o`ray eletooktj coktury, tjo e`igus `bilr`a `kb Iusali oukucj ]jokd Jo (0340–0233) sot gee gk tjo Ilkd dgvorkiokt“s dro`t k`v`a ilsslgk tg oxpagro tjo alilts ge tjo Lkbl`k Gco`k. Slkco ]jokd Jo koobob `k @r`nlc lktorprotor, jo suiigkob J`ss`k, tjo Zl`k igsquo“s cjloe lkstructgr, tg mglk jls geelcl`a st`ee. Lt ls kgt st`tob, nut lt ls pgsslnao tj`t J`ss`k `ccoptob jls cgiilsslgk `etor socurlkd cgkelri`tlgk tj`t jo cguab vlslt Iocc`. Lk e`ct, lk jls igsquo rocgrb, Alu Zu boscrlnos tjo wjgao Lkbl`k Gco`k ilsslgk `s `k oxpobltlgk tg tjo ‚cguktry ge tjo F`“n`“. Cao`ray st`tob, igrogvor, ls tj`t J`ss`k j`tob tjo b`kdors ge so`e`rlkd `kb pr`yob eorvoktay burlkd tjo wgrst stgris, prgilslkd tg rop`lr tjo igsquo lk Zl`k lk roturk egr boalvor`kco (\`kd >800= >–2). Tjok Alu Zu `aldks `ald ks jls j ls gwk g wk ronlr r onlrtj tj lk l k tjo tj o str`tg st r`tgspjo spjoro ro ge Ilkd geelcl` gee lcl`abg abgi i wltj J`ss`k“s nr`vo ropubl`tlgk ge tjo jgrrgrs ge gco`k tr`voa `kb‒wo wlaa `ssuio‒` s`eo roturk ergi Iocc`, jo oxorclsos ` p`r`bldi ge cuatur`a euslgk tj`t Iusali tjlkfors lk Cjlk` gko coktury a`tor ro-boscrlno ovok igro cgjoroktay. Iusali Bgctrlko lk Cjlk`“s Lktoaaoctu`a Jorlt`do
Iusali c`kgklc`a scjga`rsjlp wrlttok lk Cjlkoso ovoktu`aay cg`aoscob lktg ` spoclelc nr`kcj ge ao`rklkd wjgso jynrlb k`io J`k flt`n (J`k = Cjlkoso6 flt`n= nggf) rovo`as tjo joriokoutlc`a coktr`alty ge @r`nlc Pur“`klc sgurcos `aldkob `aigst cguktor-lktultlvoay cguktor-lktultlvoay wltj tjo b`uktlkd sgcl`a gnald`tlgk tg lktorprot tjoso sgurcos tg ` cgkdrod`tlgk cgkdrod`tlgk uk`nao tg ro`b @r`nlc. jo sovoktooktj `kb oldjtooktj cokturlos s`w tjo dro`tost upsurdo lk Lsa`ilc scjga`rsjlp, n`sob egr tjo igst p`rt lk K`kmlkd. Joro, tjo ao`blkd Lsa`ilclst ge jls `do, Alu ]jl (c. 0558–c. 043<), roso`rcjob `kb wrgto ` sorlos ge wgrfs tj`t roprosokts tjo igst okcgip`sslkd prgmoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc pjlagsgpjy `kb bgctrlko ovor `ttoiptob lk Cjlkoso. Lk ` syktjosls tj`t ngrrgws i`ky oxpa`k`tgry toris ergi Cgkeucl`klsi, Alu ]jl `rduos tj`t Iusali e`ltj bgos kgt cgkealct wltj gnoblokco tg tjo Cjlkoso liporl`a st`to, slkco @aa`j w`s kgt gppgsob tg tjo grtjgbgx Cgkeucl`k oktrustiokt ge tjo pgaltlc`a `kb cgsilc grbors tg tjo i`kb`to ge jo`vok (Cjlttlcf, Iur`t` & u >88<). @ tjgrgudj tjgr gudj ro`blkd ro`bl kd ge Alu ]jl“s prgal p rgalelc elc gutput gutp ut ls noygkb noygk b tjo scgpo scg po ge tjls cj`ptor, cj`ptor, nut gko ge jls igst oxtr`grblk`ry cgktrlnutlgks bosorvos sgio cgiiokt, kgt ao`st noc`uso lt ls blstlkctay ` pgpua`r toxt. jo jroo jo jroo Cj`r`ctor C`kgk ge tjo F`“n` (l`ke`kd S`kzl Mlkd ), ), wjlcj ls `v`la`nao lk igbork roprlkt (elduro >), ls
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Elduro >= Rl`ke`kd S`kzl Mlkd ,
cjlabrok“s obltlgk punalsjob ny _ii`jw`y (I) Sbk. Njb (k.p.) lk >80>. Xurcj`sob ny tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok >80>.
` slipao oxpgsltlgk ge Lsa`ilc bgctrlko, kgt blsslila`r tg ` c`tocjlsi (wjgso Droof rggt no`rs tjo sokso ge i`flkd `ublnao). Lt ls egriob gut ge st`toiokts ge tjroo-wgrb tjroo-wgrb (cj`r`ctor) ca`usos. jo toxt gpoks ‚l`k bl cju, w`k wu sjl, ygu zjl zuk, yuo zjok zju (夬圸则 萡牬姆 朌至對 書眗丶)“, wjlcj tr`ksa`tos= ‚@t tjo nlrtj ge jo`vok `kb o`rtj6 wjoro `aa tjlkds st`rt6 tjoro ls gko oilkokt `ngvo `aa6 Jls k`io= tjo truo Agrb.“ jls gpoklkd alko nro`fs tjo ruao, r uao, nut dokor`aay tjo slxtj `kb twoaetj wgrbs (cj`r`ctors) ge ovory twoavo-wgrb uklt tjrgudjgut tjo rost ge tjo toxt `ro rjyiob tg nottor e`clalt`to ngtj roclt`a `kb ioigrls`tlgk. Alu ]jl“s toxt, wjlcj i`fos `ur`a rocoptlgk tjo gnmoct ge gr`a roclt`tlgk, ls `k gutst`kblkd eukctlgk`a ox`ipao ge Lsa`i“s `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso poregri`kco `t aovoas roaov`kt tg ngtj oalto ao`rklkd `kb n`slc altor`cy altor `cy.. Lts prgtgtypo ls tjo e`igus S`kzlmlkd ( (jroo Cj`r`ctor C`kgk), ` Cgkeucl`k toxt prgn`nay cgipgsob lk tjo tjlrtooktj coktury `kb agkd tjo igst cgiigk prlior toxt egr ` altor`to obuc`tlgk. Lk jls jroo Cj`r`ctor C`kgk Alu ]jl ovok `bbrossos jls ro`bors `s le tjoy woro Cgkeuclus“ ygukdost blsclpaos= ‚ygu ygukd doktaoiok“ (or xl`g zl , 爻將存). @slbo ergi rjytjilc cgkvordokco, Alu“s gpoklkd `asg i`tcjos tj`t ge jls igboa= rok zjl cju, xlkd nok sj`k (‚`t tjo nlrtj ge iok, tjolr k`turo ls lkjoroktay dggb“). @atjgudj jo tjok turks tjo egcus tg @aa`j `s tjo grldlk`a cro`tgr, jo geeors `ssur`kco tj`t Lsa`i ls kgt ` r`blc`a blvordokco ergi Cjlkoso pjlagsgpjlc`a lbo`as, `kb, crucl`aay, jo geeors `k `sslila`tlgk tocjklquo lkjorltob ergi tjo agkdst`kblkd pob`dgdlc`a pr`ctlcos ge jls gwk ca`ss. Alu“s tjroo-cj`r`ctor c`kgk geeors i`ky pglkts ge cuatur`a cgip`rlsgk, kgt tjo ao`st ge wjlcj ls jls eroquokt roeorokco tg tjo kuinor elvo, slkco tjls `aagwob jli tg `aay Cjlkoso cgkcoptu`a drguplkds ge tj`t kuinor, o.d. tjo Cgkeucl`k elvo c`rblk`a roa`tlgksjlps (e`tjor tg sgk, oabor tg ygukdor nrgtjor, otc.) wltj tjo elvo plaa`rs ge Lsa`ilc e`ltj. jls ls tjo cagsost jls toxt `pprg`cjos tg `ky ioktlgk
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ge tjo J`mm. Jgwovor, jls ropo`tob lkmukctlgks tg gnsorvo jgurs ge pr`yor `kb tg poregri b`lay rltu`as stross roaldlgus sunilsslgk `s `ccuiua`tob `cts, kgko ge wjlcj cgkealcts wltj tjo J`mm `s tjo suproio p`r`bldi ge roaldlgus grtjgpr`xls. ‚F`“n`“ ( l`ke`kd ) lk tjo tltao ge tjo wgrf spo`fs blroctay tg ` poregri`tlvo `li ge lktorlgrlslkd tjo uatli`to dg`a ge tjo J`mm, lkboob sunali`tlkd tjo oktlroty ge Lsa`ilc bgctrlko tg `k ocst`tlc vlslgk ge lts igst s`crob slto. To To fkgw tgg alttao cgkcorklkd Iusali vlsu`a cuaturo lk Cjlk` `rgukb tjo turk ge tjo oldjtooktj coktury, nut lt ls kg borlsgry ao`p tg suddost tj`t Alu“s tltao i`tcjob ` plctgrl`a prosokco ge tjo F`“n` tj`t w`s `s vlvlb, le porj`ps kgt sg unlqultgus, `s lt ls `igkd Iusalis lk Cjlk` tgb`y. jo elk`a soctlgk roturks tg sucj li`dos. Rr`voa Oxporlokcos
Alu ]jl prgn`nay blb kgt tr`voa oxtokslvoay6 wo fkgw gkay tj`t jo i`bo ` pladrli`do tg Pueu, tjo nlrtjpa`co ge Cgkeuclus (Alpi`k 0<<4= :0). Jgwovor, a`tor dokor`tlgks dokor`tlgk s ge Iusalis lk Cjlk` getok boscrlno tjolr alvos `s ropo`tob st`do s ge igvoiokt `kb roagc`tlgk. Kgt gkay eo`ts ge tr`voa, tjoso oxpaglts woro `asg `cts ge tr`ksa`tlgk. I` Boxlk, egr lkst`kco, nod`k jls J`mm pladrli`do lk tjo sgutjwostork prgvlkco ge \ukk`k lk 0:20. _k`nao tg s`la ergi Du`kdzjgu burlkd tjo Gplui T`r (0:3<–0:2>), jo egaagwob `k gvora`kb p`tj tjrgudj Nuri` `kb mglkob mgl kob ` sjlp gk lts cg`st. cg` st. Ovoktu`aay, Ovoktu `aay, `slbo `slb o ergi poregril pore grilkd kd tjo J`mm, J`mm , I` `asg spokt sovor`a yo`rs stubylkd `t `a-@zj`r _klvorslty lk C`lrg. Egaagwlkd jls roturk tg Cjlk` lk 0:2:, jo blct`tob tjo @r`nlc `ccgukts ge jls tr`voa oxporlokcos `kb jls bgctrlk`a cgiiokt`rlos tg blsclpaos wjg cguab turk tjoi lktg Cjlkoso toxts (I` 0<::). g boscrlno I`“s altor`ry gutput `s wrltlkd wguab gnscuro (wltjgut ilklilslkd) tjo cgkbltlgks ge qulto ` bleeorokt lktoaaoctu`a okbo`vgur, wjlcj w`s ` prgcoss ge blct`tlgk, tr`ksa`tlkd tr`ksa`tlkd ergi @r`nlc altor`ry cuaturo lktg Cjlkoso. jo Cjlkoso tori egr tjls prgbuctlgk, ‚k`rr`to“ ( sju ), lkblc`tos proclsoay ` to`i c`todgry ge rocgrb lk wjlcj `k ‑`utjgr’, gkay p`rtl`aay le `t `aa eauokt lk wrlttok Cjlkoso, tr`ksa`tob `kb blct`tob ergi @r`nlc sgurcos gr blroctay ergi oxporlokco, sg tj`t ` cggpor`tgr cguab prgbuco ` Cjlkoso toxt. Gkay Jul scjga`rs wltj tjo `pprgprl`to tr`lklkd cguab `cqulro cgipotokcy lk @r`nlc, `kb i`ky ge tjoi, alfo I`, c`plt`alsob gk tjo gppgrtuklty ge tjo J`mm mgurkoy tg pursuo agkd altor`ry stublos `nrg`b, ao`blkd tg wj`t iust j`vo nook i`ky c`sos ge Iusali altor`cy“s roi`rf`nao st`tus blssgk`kco lk Cjlk`. Jlstgrl`ks ge igbork Cjlk` j`vo sg e`r ldkgrob tjls tr`ks-alkdu`a eagw wltj lts igro gnscuro a`kbe`aas lk tjo N`y ge Nokd`a, lksto`b oipj`slslkd `aigst ox`ctay tjo s`io prgcossos ge blct`tlgk-tr`ksa`tlgk-lkscrlptlgk lk `k Okdalsj (Xrgtost`kt) iobl`tlgk ge kow fkgwaobdo tjrgudj pgrts gk Cjlk`“s o`stork cg`st. Ny tjo okb ge tjo klkotooktj coktury, rodua`r sto`isjlp s`lalkds ergi O`st @sl`k @sl` k pgrts tg tjo Ilbbao O`st `kb Ourgpo Ourgp o j`b, egr i`ky, cgipaoto cgip aotoay ay rogrd`klso rogrd` klsobb tjo ocgkgiy ge pladrli`do. @ tr`voaaor lk 0<34 `ng`rb ` sto`ior lk Sj`kdj`l ostli`tob tj`t gvor 048 pladrlis mglkob tjo sjlp egr tjo mgurkoy tg Mobb`j `kb
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gkw`rbs. Nut gab J`mm p`ttorks woro roslst`kt, `kb kgt ovory pladrli i`bo tjo p`ss`do ny so`. @asg lk 0<34, Gwok A`ttligro, crgsslkd tjo Iobltorr`ko`k gk ` sjlp ergi Drooco tg Odypt, iot `kb pjgtgdr`pjob Jul `kb _ldjur pladrlis gk tjolr w`y tg Iocc` `etor ` mgurkoy tjrgudj Coktr`a @sl` (Da`bkoy 0<<0= ?3, 300). g ro`b tjo nlgdr`pjy ge tjo li`i Mlk ]lcj`kd (0<8>–0<50) ls tg dr`sp ` uklquo bl`spgr` oxporlokco ge cgkst`kt igvoiokt `kb sottaoiokt gvor v`st blst`kcos, gko tj`t w`s ny kg io`ks uktyplc`a ge tjo jldjay cgsigpgalt`k lkvgavoiokts tj`t cj`r`ctorlsob klkotooktj- `kb twoktlotj-coktury Jul oxporlokcos. Ngrk lk Mlk`k, tjo prgvlkcl`a c`plt`a ge Sj`kbgkd, Mlk agst jls e`tjor o`ray `kb, lk 0<00, igvob wltj jls igtjor `kb slnalkds ko`ray 3,888 flagiotros wost tg roslbo wltj jls dr`kbe`tjor lk _ruiql (tjo so`t ge dgvorkiokt lk Zlkml`kd Zlkm l`kd). ). Joro jo e`riob e`ri ob `kb nod`k nod` k jls Pur“`k stublos stub los `s woaa `s ` altor`r alto r`ryy obuc`tlgk lk Cjlkoso. Jo igvob o`st `d`lk, `s e`r `s Zlkbl`kzl lk D`ksu prgvlkco, `kb sottaob wltj jls i`tork`a ukcao, wjg elk`kcob jls eurtjor stublos. Ny 0<>? jo j`b d`lkob tjo st`tus ge li`i `kb wgk cgksokt tg i`rry jls cguslk. jo cgupao roturkob tg Mlk`k lk 0<>?, nut sggk bop`rtob `d`lk egr Sj`kdj`l wjoro Mlk okrgaaob `t tjo Sj`kdj`l Kgri`a Cgaaodo ge Lsa`i. Joro jo nod`k tg oblt Sj`kdj`l“s Lsa`ilc Stubokts“ I`d`zlko (\lsla`k Zuosjokd ]`zjl ), ), tjo elrst ge i`ky lkeauoktl`a obltgrl`a lkvgavoiokts tj`t jo pursuob tjrgudjgut tjo rost ge jls aleo. Lk 0<33, suppgrtob ny tjo Sj`kdj`l Sgcloty egr Pur“`klc ^oso`rcj, jo bop`rtob egr Odypt `kb okrgaaob tjo egaagwlkd yo`r `t `a-@zj`r. jo pgrtr`lt tj`t jo cgiilsslgkob `t ` C`lrg pjgtgdr`pjy stublg twg yo`rs a`tor bgcuiokts tjo st`tus ge ` Cjlkoso Iusali e`r gutslbo tjo ngrbors ge Cjlk` nut stlaa okiosjob lk tjo dagn`a iotrgpgalt`k clrcults ge jls b`y (elduro 3). jo egaagwlkd yo`r, `ctlkd `s socrot`ry `kb lktorprotor, jo `ccgip`klob `k geelcl`a Cjlkoso Lsa`ilc boaod`tlgk gk tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc`. Jo roturkob tg Mlk`k lk 0<34, `etor `eto r wjlcj wjlc j jo w`s succoss succ osslvoa lvoayy li`i `t igsquos igs quos lk A`kzjgu, A`kz jgu, _ruiql, `kb Nolmlkd. Ergi tjls porlgb gkw`rbs jo wrgto prgalelc`aay `kb tr`ksa`tob foy roaldlgus toxts `kb cgiiokt`rlos ergi @r`nlc. Gko ge jls punalc`tlgks w`s ` rocgrb ge jls J`mm mgurkoy lk 0<35. Jo clrcua`tob tjls `kb gtjor toxts prlv`toay, nut lt soois tj`t `aa woro ovoktu`aay bostrgyob burlkd tjo porlgb ge tjo Cuatur`a ^ovgautlgk `kb lts `etori`tj (0<55–0<45). Gkay tjo pjgtgdr`pjs tj`t jo tggf ge tjo F`“n` `kb gtjor jgay sltos j`vo survlvob (`pp`roktay) lk gko g ko ge Mlk`k“s Mlk`k“s igsquos. @etor @e tor 0<2< jo `ssuiob rgaos rg aos lk tjo v`rlgus geelcl`a okd`doiokts tj`t Lsa`ilc scjga`rs `kb li`is ukbortggf lk succosslvo `ttoipts tg ro`cj roaldlgus `kb pgaltlc`a cgiprgilso wltj tjo kow cgiiuklst dgvorkiokt. Lk 0800= 042–045). Ovok lk suii`ry, Mlk ]lcj`kd“s aleo ls lkstructlvo lk cj`r`ctorlslkd tjo oxtroioay cgkelbokt porlgb ge Iusali grd`kls`tlgk `kb `ctlvltlos burlkd tjo yo`rs ge tjo Cjlkoso ^opunalc (0<0>–0<2<). Mlk w`s ny kg io`ks tjo elrst gr
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Elduro 3= Xgrtr`lt ge Mlk ]lcj`kd, C`lrg, 05 Eonru`ry, 0<3?. Rjo `utgdr`pj lkcaubos jls Cjlkoso k`io `kb ` rob so`a liprosslgk tj`t iust j`vo nook `bbob a`tor, egr lt rocgrbs jls @r`nlc @r`nl c k`io k`i o Iuj`ii`b Iuj` ii`b K`slr K`sl r `a-Blk `ngvo tjo Jlmrl yo`r 03?? (0<35-0<34). (@etor Mlk >800= ergktlsploco).
a`st stubokt tg `ttokb `a-@zj`r, kgr slkdua`r lk oxtr`ctlkd i`xliui prostldo ergi jls yo`rs ge stuby ny `ssgcl`tlkd tjoi wltj tjo J`mm. Jls `cjlovoiokts `ro oinaoi`tlc ge ` kow lktork`tlgk`a cgksclguskoss tj`t swopt tjrgudj tjo Cjlkoso Iusali wgrab. Cjlkoso Iusali grd`kls`tlgks kgw elk`kcob ioinors tg stuby `t e`igus coktros ge ao`rklkd lk tjo `kclokt cltlos ge Lsa`i“s o`ralost oxp`kslgk, `kb Iusali caorlcs `kb cgiiuklty ao`bors `cjlovob agc`a, rodlgk`a, `kb lktork`tlgk`a lkvgavoiokt tjrgudj tjo sust`lkob okd`doiokt ge igbork punalsjlkd `kb mgurk`alsi. Rr`ksk`tlgk`a Syingas ge ` Kow Cgiiuklst St`to“s ^oa`tlgksjlp tg tjo Lsa`ilc Tgrab
jo s`io str`todlos ge obuc`tlgk, cgiiuklc`tlgk, `kb roprosokt`tlgk tj`t j`b cgktrlnutob sg iucj tg ` igro lktork`tlgk`a Iusali st`tus woro `asg lkeauoktl`a lk boelklkd‒gr porj`ps gkay cgktlkulkd‒egris ge Iusali grd`kls`tlgk `etor tjo Cjlkoso rovgautlgk ge 0<2<. Lk cgaa`ngr`tlgk wltj tjo koway egukbob Cjlk` Lsa`i @ssgcl`tlgk, tjo prgp`d`kblsts ge Cjlk`“s cgiiuklst pgalclos sggk blscgvorob tj`t Jul `kb gtjor Iusali cgiiukltlos cgkt`lkob jldjay pjgtgdoklc pjgtg doklc sunmocts, `kb tjoy usob tjo usu`a tocjklquos ge pjgtgmgurk`alsi tg e`nrlc`to `
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i`dklelcokt vlsu`a `rcjlvo ge Iusali sgcl`a aleo `kb wgrf lk tjo o`ray 0 (elduro ?), `kb `kgtjor sjgwlkd sjgwl kd tjo s`io drgup burlkd ` stgp lk A`jgro. jo 0
Elduro 2= Iusali stooawgrfors `t tjo Sjlmlkdsj`k pa`kt ko`r Nolmlkd. @etor Cjlk` Lsa`ilc @ssgcl`tlg @ssgc l`tlgkk 0
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Elduro ?= Drgup cjgsok tg poregri pore gri tjo t jo J`mm J `mm ny tjo Cjlk` C jlk` Lsa`ilc @ssgcl`tlgk, Nolmlkd 0. @etor Cjlk` Lsa`ilc @ssgcl`tl @ssg cl`tlgk gk 0
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`kb sgio ge lts rltu`a egris igvob cagsor tg tjo coktro ge `k lktork`tlgk`a Lsa`ilclsob prgmoctlgk ge Cjlk`. Lsa`i“s I`torl`a Cuaturo lk Cjlk`
Lk grbor tg lkcro`so lts jgablkds ge Cjlkoso Lsa`ilc i`torl`a cuaturo, tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy purcj`sob ` kuinor ge gnmocts gk < Bocoinor >80> `t sjgps lk Klumlo (Gx Stroot), tjo i`lk tjgrgudje`ro lk tjo igst woaa-fkgwk `kb porj`ps gabost Iusali blstrlct lk Nolmlkd. jo v`rlgus cgktokts `kb egris lk tjls `bilttobay soaoctlvo roprosokt`tlgk `ro i`torl`a rospgksos tg tjo koobs `kb `splr`tlgks ge ` p`rtlcua`r Iusali cgiiuklty lk Cjlk`, ovok ge ` a`rdor li`dlkob Iusali cgiiuklty tj`t oxlsts tjrgudjgut tjo Xogpao“s ^opunalc. jo iusoui `cqulrob ljr`i cagtjlkd6 iok“s c`ps6 wgiok“s jo`bsc`rvos6 li`dos ge tjo F`“n` gk wgvok toxtlaos6 crgss-stltcj flts tg cro`to v`rlgusay yot igro li`dos ge tjo F`“n`, tjo toxts ge e`igus J`bltjs (elduro 0>), `kb tjo swgrb ge @al6 lkcokso nurkors6 to`pgts6 to`cups6 no`bs6 porsgk`a `bgrkiokts6 foy rlkds6 n`rs ge sg`p6 scokts6 c`aokb`rs6 prlktob lkvlt`tlgks tg eostlvo gcc`slgks6 laaustr`tob dulbos tg rltu`a grtjgpr`xls6 s`crob vorsos lkscrlnob lk @r`nlc `kb Cjlkoso gk c`rb gr iot`a pa`quos6 roprlkts ge `kclokt obuc`tlgk`a toxts6 rocokt Cjlkoso punalc`tlgks ge jlstgrlc`a stublos ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk`6 `kb drook, rob, `kb
Elduro 4= J`mmls lk S`ubl @r`nl`, >> Muay 0
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wjlto okvoagpos egr prosoktlkd `ais ( z`f`t ), ), lkscrlnob wltj tjo Cjlkoso ‚ klotlo“ (乑帕 )‒` tori kgt egukb lk st`kb`rb Cjlkoso blctlgk`rlos. Tjotjor `rt wltj alttao uso v`auo gr lipaoiokts egr b`lay uso, `aa tjls i`torl`a lktork`alsos Lsa`i“s io`klkds lk Cjlk` `t aovoas tj`t ` eow p`r`dr`pjs c`kkgt euaay okc`psua`to. jo egaagwlkd blscusslgk `ttoipts elrst tg s`y wj`t tjo strgkdost `rtlcua`tlgks ge Lsa`i i`y no lk i`torl`a cuaturo wltjlk tjolr Cjlkoso j`nltus. Socgkbay, lt `pprg`cjos wj`t i`torl`a oxprosslgks `ro roaov`kt tg tjo J`mm. @ rocokt roco kt tjogrls` tjog rls`tlgk tlgk ge i`torl`a i`to rl`a cuaturo cuat uro prgpgsos prgp gsos tj`t gnmocts gnmo cts `asg oxort oxor t bgilklgk gvor sunmocts. j`t ls, gnmocts r`kdo lk tjolr sc`ao `kb bliokslgks ergi tjgso tj`t okcagso tjolr usors lk surrgukblkd sp`cos‒jgios `kb toipaos‒ tg `rtlcaos gvor wjlcj tjolr gwkors c`k oxort agwor aovoas ge sp`tl`a okcagsuro `kb cgktrga (Fo`ko >885= >88). jls lksldjteua boscrlptlgk joaps lk `ky dr`sp ge Lsa`ilc i`torl`a cuaturo lk Cjlk`, ospocl`aay lk tjlkflkd `ngut jgw tjo bliokslgks ge a`rdo `kb si`aa tjlkds ok`naos tjo rocgdkltlgk ge jldjay v`rlob io`klkds. jo pjyslc`a e`cts ge nulablkds `ro sucj tj`t prgn`nay `aa sunmocts surrokbor bgilklgk tg tjo `rcjltoctur`a sp`co `rgukb tjoi, nut lt ls bleelcuat tg `rduo tj`t tjo oxporlokco tr`ksa`tos lktg `ky uklty ge io`klkds wjok wgrsjlppors oktor ` igsquo lk Cjlk`. jo lktokso v`rloty ge nulablkd egris lk Cjlk`“s Lsa`ilc `rcjltocturo ls ` blsj`rigklgus ro`alty boeylkd tjo kgtlgk tj`t, woro tjoy ovok prosokt, cgkslstokt nulablkd egris `kb styaos cgiiuklc`to ` cgiigk sot ge io`klkds tg o`cj sunmoct tj`t tjolr i`torl`alty okcagsos. jls nro`btj ge `rcjltoctur`a `rcjltoctur`a `ostjotlcs‒lts rlcjkoss `kb grldlk`alty‒nods tjo quostlgk wjotjor ukltlos ge pr`ctlco `kb bgctrlko lksto`b cgktrlnuto tg ` boopor syingalsi tj`k tjo sp`tl`a sokso ge okcagsuro tj`t toipgr`rlay `ccgip`klos tjoi. L c`kkgt `kswor tjls cgkelboktay, oxcopt tg s`y tj`t tjo oxporlokco `kb li`dlk`tlgk ge rltu`a `cts‒lkcaublkd tjo J`mm‒i`y `asg oxcoob oingblob prosokco lk ` igsquo, `kb porj`ps ovok geeor aovoas ge bgilklgk noygkb tj`t ge i`torl`a tjlkds. L w`s strucf burlkd iy vlslt tg Cjlk` lk Bocoinor >80> tj`t gko ge tjo eow pori`kokt sldklelors ge Iusali e`ltj‒gk vlow tg Iusalis `kb kgk-Iusalis `alfo‒woro tjo aokdtjy `ccgukts ge J`mm oxporlokcos blspa`yob gk kgtlcong`rbs lk tjo proclkcts ge sovor`a igsquos lk Nolmlkd `kb Mlk`k, tjo prgvlkcl`a c`plt`a ge Sj`kbgkd. jo `ccgukt pgstob lk tjo Klumlo igsquo roa`tob (lk Cjlkoso tr`ksa`tlgk) ` J`mm pladrli`do nodlkklkd lk Kgrtj Agkbgk. jo `utjgrltlos ge tjoso igsquos blb kgt blspa`y tjoso `ccgukts egr oktort`lkiokt gr kows v`auo, `kb lt wguab j`vo nook surprlslkd tg ao`rk tj`t punalclslkd J`mm oxporlokcos w`s `t tj`t igiokt ` boalnor`to pgalcy `t igsquos lk bleeorokt pa`cos. ^`tjor, tjo igst sldklelc`kt `li ge tjls ropo`tob `rr`kdoiokt ls tg upjgab tjo J`mm `s ` suproio oxporlokco wgrtj sj`rlkd‒lkboob wgrtj tr`ksa`tlkd‒ovok tr`ksa`tlkd‒ ovok ergi cggrblk`tos `s prgvlkcl`alsob prgvlkcl`a lsob `s Flanurk. Igrogvor, tjoso wltkossos“ roigtokoss, wjlcj tr`ksa`tlgk gkay `ccoktu`tos, `asg okj`kcos tjolr cgiigk `ppo`a tg tjo lktli`cy ge sj`rob jlstgrlc`a ioigry. Alfo ` a`kbsc`po tj`t ls lkjorltob, tjo sldks ge `aa egrono`rs“ wgrf bg kgt boca`ro tjoisoavos
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`s le tjo a`kb woro ` i`p wltj oxpa`k`tgry aodokbs, nut tjo lkjorltgrs fkgw tj`t gtjors noegro tjoi j`vo sj`pob lt. joy soo `k jlstgrlc`a a`kbsc`po. Lk toris sgiowj`t `k`agdgus tg aggflkd `t agc`a surrgukblkds, tjgso poregrilkd tjo J`mm cgiilt‒gr porj`ps sunilt‒tg `cts `kb rlsfs `aro`by poregriob ny probocossgrs. Xoregri`kco, tjok, ls jlstgrlc`a `ctlkd, `kb tjls suddosts ` bliokslgk ge io`klkds tj`t oxcoobs tjgso liiobl`toay `pp`r`rokt lk tjo pjyslc`alty ge a`rdor gnmocts (ovok a`kbsc`pos). @kgtjor @kgt jor tjogrls` tjog rls`tlgk tlgk,, wjlcj wjlc j ls kgw okd`dob okd` dob wltj tjo lip`ct lip `ct ge sgukb sguk b `s ` i`torl`a prosokco, ls usoeua lk dr`splkd tjo scgpo ge i`torl`a cuaturo noygkb lts igst e`ilal`r qu`altlos ge t`ctlao `kb vlslnao pjyslc`alty. Scjga`rs j`vo `rduob cgkvlkclkday tj`t sgukb, `s woaa, ls toxturob `s p`rt ge tjo i`torl`a cuaturo upgk wjlcj lt cgkst`ktay rongukbs (Obltgrl`a 0<<5= <6 `ccjl 0<<:= >5), `kb `k oa`ngr`to c`so kgw oxlsts gk noj`ae ge sgklc i`torl`alsi (Cgx >800). @ttoktlgk tg sgukb `asg oxtokbs tjo pgsslnlaltlos egr boelklkd Lsa`ilc i`torl`a cuaturo gk ` sc`ao tj`t ls a`rdo, porv`slvo, `kb `aigst lipgsslnao tg roslst. Gaod Dr`n`r‒`k `rcjltoctur`a `rcjltoctur`a jlstgrl`k wjg ildjt porj`ps j`vo ` vostob lktorost tg i`fo ngabor ca`lis egr tjo vlsu`a lk Lsa`ilc cuaturo‒w`s gko ge tjo elrst tg pglkt gut jgw sgukb ls p`r`igukt lk tjo lktorwgvok str`kbs ge Lsa`ilc cuaturo (Dr`n`r 0<:3= ><). _nlqultgus rltu`as alfo tjo c`aa tg pr`yor suppgrt tjls wltj `k oigtlgk`a lktokslty tj`t eow ge us `kywjoro c`k j`vo ilssob. jo lipgrt`kco ge sgukb c`k no alkfob `asg tg wj`t Tlaal`i Dr`j`i (0<:?) kgtob sgio tlio `dg `s tjo alttao stublob eukctlgk ge tjo Pur“`k `s spgfok wgrb. Jo cguab j`vo `bbob, ge cgurso, tjo gr`a/`ur`a cj`r`ctor ge Lsa`ilc cgiiokt`rlos `kb lkstructlgk dulbos igro dokor`aay. Cuatur`a `ktjrgpgagdlsts wguab `bb r`blg, blkkor t`af, `kb stroot kglso. Lk Cjlk`, kgt gkay tjoso s`io rltu`as `kb j`nlts, nut `asg sltu`tlgks `t agwor aovoas cguab soksltlso us tg sgukb `s ` i`torl`a prosokco toxturob tgw`rbs `eeocts ge Lsa`ilc cuaturo, le kgt lts blroct io`klkds. Ox`ipaos ergi tjls pgtoktl`aay judo sunmoct lkcaubo `ur`a `ccuatur`tlgks ge @r`nlc prgkgukcoiokts tg tjo puroay pjgkotlc v`auos ge Cjlkoso. Gko ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy“s Nolmlkd `cqulsltlgks ls ` n`slc dulbo tg b`lay rltu`a `cts oktltaob jo Iusali Okcycagpobl` ( Iuslalk Iusla lk b`qu`k b`q u`k ). jls wlaa sooi `t elrst da`kco `k lkcgkdrugus tltao, slkco tjo wgrf cgkt`lks kgtjlkd gk tjo J`mm `kb gtjor i`mgr gnsorv`kcos, nut lt oxpa`lks `kb laaustr`tos qugtlbl`k rltu`a `cts tj`t `ro tjo n`slc e`nrlc ge Iusali grtjgpr`xls `kb ` sunmoct“s porsgk`a okd`doiokt wltj Lsa`i `t `aigst `ky aovoa. jls pgpua`r wgrf“s truay ovgc`tlvo qu`alty, jgwovor, ls tj`t, noko`tj ovory alko ge lkegri`tlgk dlvok lk @r`nlc, lt prgvlbos ` pjgkotlc tr`ksaltor`tlgk tr`ksaltor`tlgk lk Cjlkoso cj`r`ctors `s woaa `s ` Cjlkoso tr`ksa`tlgk ge tjo sokso. r`ksaltor`tlgks `ro crucl`a roeaoctlgks ge sgukb“s i`torl`alty lk ngtj cuatur`a `kb roaldlgus soksos. Gkay Jul scjga`rs wltj tjo roqulrob tr`lklkd c`k ro`b @r`nlc, @r`n lc, nut egr tjo i`mgrlt i`m grltyy gk tjo gtjor gtjo r ge tjls s`crob s`cr ob altor`cy alto r`cy blvlbo, blv lbo, tg ro`b `agub Cjlkoso `pprgxli`tlgks ge tjo sgukbs ls stlaa `k `ct ge e`ltj. @asg, unlqultgus pa`quos lkscrlnob wltj tjo sj`j`b` , tjo Lsa`ilc croob, lk @r`nlc `kb
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Cjlkoso, wjlcj no`r `t elrst da`kco ioroay tjo eukctlgk`a prosokco ge ` Cjlkoso tr`ksa`tlgk, pgssoss lk Cjlkoso ` roltor`tlvo c`bokco tj`t c`pturos sgio ge tjo sgklc egrco ge @r`nlc rjotgrlc`a styao. joso sldks `ppo`r `aigst lke`aalnay lk o`tlkd ost`nalsjiokts, wjlcj Da`bkoy j`s suddostob egri tjo igst lipgrt`kt tjo`tro ge tjo Jul punalc spjoro (Da`bkoy 0<<0= 0<>). Lt ls gkay `kocbgt`a, nut, wjok L `rrlvob `t Klumlo gk ` punalc nus, tjo gvorjo`b t`kkgy na`rob ` prorocgrbob `kkgukcoiokt ge tjo stgp lk @r`nlc. Lsa`ilc i`torl`a cuaturo, tjok, ls suroay porcoptlnao gk ` a`rdo sc`ao, nut tjo iotjgbs tjrgudj wjlcj tjls ls ok`naob `ro kgt ox`ctay wj`t tjoy usob tg no. jo J`mm `asg elts lktg tjls a`rdo er`iowgrf, `kb tjo provlgus blscusslgk j`s suddostob `k ox`ipao lk wjlcj tjo J`mm“s io`klkd oqu`as gr oxcoobs tjo b`lay okcagsuros ge Iusali aleo `kb wgrsjlp. Nut wj`t ge Lsa`ilc cuaturo `s `k oktlty wjgso ioinors gpor`to `t tjo gtjor okb ge tjo sc`ao wjoro sunmocts cgii`kb gnmocts7 Joro tjo strgkdor pgsslnlalty oxlsts tj`t io`klkds c`k no st`nlalsob lk aoss jotorgdokogus egris `kb styaos ge gnmocts, wjgso rodokor`tlgk ls `asg boigkstr`nay cgksorv`tlvo. O`ray ox`ipaos, sucj `s tjo eukor`ry stgkowgrf provlgusay blscussob, sjgw tjolr strgkd roal`kco gk egris `kb bosldks pro-oxlstokt lk gtjor c`todgrlos ge `rt lk Cjlk`. jo jynrlb qu`altlos ge tjoso gnmocts `ro sldklelc`kt i`torl`a oxprosslgks ge tjo jlstgrlc`a `ccuatur`tlgk `ccuatur`tlgk ge Lsa`i tg Cjlkoso vlsu`a `kb i`torl`a cgktoxts. jolr bosldk jlstgrlos `asg sjgw roi`rf`nao cgjoslgk gvor agkd porlgbs ge tlio.
Elduro := ^o`blkd ^o`b lkd tjo Pur“`k `t ` jgio lk Nolmlkd. @etor Cjlk` Lsa`ilc @ssgcl`tlgk 0
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Lk `bbltlgk, tjoy roprosokt `k ocgkgiy ge us`do wjorony gnmocts“ eukctlgk`a `ssgcl`tlgks ge cgktoxt‒eukor`as, i`rrl`dos, `ais-dlvlkd, `ais-dlvlkd, wgrsjlp, `kb sg gk‒ `utjoktlc`tos Iusali pr`ctlcos tjrgudj t`ctlao `kb vlsu`a roeorokcos tg slila`r pr`ctlcos ovok lk gtjor cuatur`a cgkbltlgks. @utjoktlc`tlgk ls kgt gkay ` rocoptlvo prgcoss, nut `asg `k gvort oxprosslgk ge cgktrga. Sucj cgktrga ls boigkstr`tob ny trlpgb coksors tj`t eo`turo prgilkoktay lk punalc `kb prlv`to spjoros (elduro :). jo cgksorv`tlsi ge tjolr ukv`rylkd egri, oxprossob lk v`rlgus i`torl`as gvor i`ky cokturlos, ls ` j`nlt ge i`kue`cturo, `k gkdglkd cgktrga ge eukctlgk`a roaov`kco, `kb elk`aay `k oeelclokt roltor`tlgk tj`t trlpgb cgkt`lkors bopagyob egr nurklkd lkcokso lk oalto `kb pgpua`r Cjlkoso wgrsjlp c`k no robopagyob egr tjo s`io purpgso lk Iusali b`lay aleo `kb wgrsjlp. j`t lkcokso nurkors iust no ngwas saukd agw gk tjroo aods ls kg `pgblctlc ox`ipao ge cgiigk sokso, nut lt ls lrroeut`nao tg tjo soksgrlui ge sldjt `kb sioaa wltjlk wjlcj sucj gnmocts `ro lkstltutob. Si`aa gnmocts alfo tjls `ro ` er`ctlgk`a s`ipao ergi jukbrobs igro tj`t boigkstr`to tjo nrg`bor eagw ge Iusali `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso cgkbltlgks. Xrovlgus Xrovlgus soctlgks j`vo boigkstr`tob `pprg`cjos tg sjgw jgw poregriors ge tjo J`mm `ccuatur`tob tjls rltu`a tg v`rlgus `spocts ge Cjlkoso sgcloty, nut tjoy j`vo rovo`aob aoss ge tjolr oeegrts tg cro`to ` J`mm i`torl`a cuaturo. jo pglkt kgw ls kgt tg tr`ksa`to ` rltu`a `ct sgiowj`t `rtlelcl`aay lktg gkay tjo i`torl`a ltois tj`t roeaoct lt, kgr ls lt tg oxtr`ct ` J`mm sunsot ge cgkcroto ltois ergi ` drgss i`ss tj`t st`kbs egr tjo oktlroty ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk`. ^`tjor lt ls tg lboktley cort`lk gnmocts `kb li`dos tj`t j`vo agkd nook coktr`a tg ro`a `kb `splrlkd roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo J`mm. Gko li`do tj`t gccuplos coktro st`do lk cguktaoss prlv`to `kb punalc bgi`lks ls tjo F`“n`. Liprlkts, p`lktlkd, `kb toxtlaos sjgw v`rlgus tokbokclos ge `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso vlsu`a j`nlts. J`kdlkd scrgaas, usu`aay i`bo ge p`por, sjgw jgay sltos sot lk v`rlgusay sj`pob c`rtgucjos. Gko ge tjoso, tjo gpok e`k, ls ` cgkvoktlgk ge roprosokt`tlgk usob `crgss tjo oktlro r`kdo ge Cjlkoso p`lktlkd `kb prlkt iobl`. jo ox`ipao sjgwk lk elduro <, wjlcj w`s nrgudjt n`cf tg Cjlk` gk roturk ergi tjo J`mm porj`ps lk tjo klkotooktj coktury, i`y j`vo `asg ngrrgwob cgktoipgr`ry cgkvoktlgks ergi Ourgpo`k i`ps `kb nggf laaustr`tlgks. Lk `bbltlgk, lts roctlalko`r okcagsuros `bgpt ` eo`turo usob cgiigkay lk lnot`k bosldks. @kgtjor ox`ipao ge tjls sgrt ge vlsu`a cgiioigr`tlgk ge tjo J`mm, wjlcj eo`turos lk tjo Iusoui“s oxjlnltlgk (elduro 08), ls ` p`lktlkd ge tjo F`“n` suriguktob ny `kgtjor e`k er`ilkd ` spr`y ge paui nagssgis, tjo ca`sslc syinga ge oaod`kco, okbur`kco, `kb otjoro`a no`uty, `aa agkd foyob tg sovor`a rodlstors ge Cjlkoso altor`ry `kb pgpua`r oxprosslgk. Ovok tjo `rr`kdoiokt ge ` coktr`a scrgaa wltj twg slbo n`kkors‒wjotjor egr ` sot ge li`dos gr @r`nlc c`aaldr`pjy‒ls ngrrgwob ergi Cjlkoso egris `kb pr`ctlcos6 sg tgg `ro tjo `rcjltoctur`a sp`co `kb grlokt`tlgk kocoss`ry tg j`kd tjoso gnmocts lk toipao gr bgiostlc lktorlgrs (elduro :).
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Elduro <= Coktr`a scrgaa `kb slbo scrgaas sjgwlkd F`“n` `kb gtjor jgay sltos, p`por, J >8? ci. Agc`tlgk= Iusoui ge Kgrtjwostork Xogpaos“ _klvorslty, A`kzjgu. @etor Cjok & R`kd >88:= 3<5.
Elduro 08= Scrgaa sjgwlkd tjo F`“n`, suriguktob ny ` nr`kcj ge wlktor paui p`lktob ny I` Cj`g, Cj `g, p`por p `por,, J 03> 0 3> ci. c i. Agc`tlgk= K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt, Agkbgk, ISS 00>5. © Kgur Egukb`tlgk. Cgurtosy ge tjo Fj`alal E`ilay Rrust.
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Elduro 00= Scrgaa sjgwlkd Iocc` `kb surrgu s urrgukblkd kblkds, s,
p`por, p`po r, blioksl bl iokslgks gks ukfkgwk u kfkgwk.. Agc`tlgk= Ju`muoxl`kd Igsquo, Igsquo , Zl`k. Zl` k. @etor Cjok & R`kd >88:= 3<4.
I`ky li`dos `ro tjroo-bliokslgk`a tjroo-bliokslgk`a vlows `bmustob tg ` i`p pa`ko, yot tjoy lkcaubo Cjlkoso j`nlts ge sjgwlkd igukt`lks `s succosslvoay rocoblkd gnmocts (elduro 00). @slbo ergi oxprosslkd e`ltj, tjoso li`dos spro`b fkgwaobdo ge tjo jgay sltos, i`flkd tjoi e`ilal`r `igkd cgiiukltlos tg wjlcj tjo pladrlis roturkob wltj tjo kow st`tus `kb prostldo ge ` rltu`a p`ss`do. Ls``c I`sgk cgkvortob gko ge tjoso li`dos lktg ` bl`dr`i tg laaustr`to jls nggf jo @r`nl`k Xrgpjot , n`sob gk tjo wrltlkds ge Alu ]jl (I`sgk 0<>0= >28). Jo bgos kgt clto tjo sgurco, nut jls roprgbuctlgk lkcaubos tjo grldlk`tgr“ grldlk`tgr“s oxpa`k`tgry cgagpjgk, wjlcj cgkcaubos= ‚lk tjo slxtj yo`r ge Du`kdxu, tjo dokdcj dok dcjok ok yo`r V0::8Y, wgrsjlpeuaay k`rr`tob (sju )“. @atjgudj kgt ` agdlc`a agdlc` a boscrlptlgk boscrlptlg k ge vlsu`a tostligky, tjo wgrb ‚k`rr`tob“ ‚k`rr`tob“ ls crucl`a. To iot tjls tori lk tjo cgktoxt ge tr`ksa`tlkd J`mm oxporlokcos lktg Cjlkoso toxts. Lk tjls lkst`kco, lt egrodrgukbs `d`lk tjo `utjoktlclty ge ` ropgrt ergi sgiogko wjg vlsltob Iocc` `kb roturkob, `kb lt okj`kcos tjo `utjoktlclty ge lts ropgrt lrgklc`aay okgudj tjrgudj tjo lipalclt `bilsslgk tj`t lts `utjgr ls kgt altor`to lk Cjlkoso. 03>
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Elduro 0>= Crgss-stltcj flt tg cro`to tjo J`bltj= ‚Soof egr fkgwaobdo ovok tjgudj lt no `s e`r `w`y ` w`y `s Cjlk`“. Cjlk` “. Xurcj`s Xur cj`sob ob ny tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok, >80>.
Lt ls prgn`nao tj`t cgiilsslgklkd tjoso li`dos w`s p`rt ge ` wlbor sot ge lkegri`aay `pprgvob `ctlgks ge e`ltj, nut roso`rcj gk tjoso gnmocts koobs kow boopoklkd. boopoklkd . @cqulrob lk Nolmlkd Nolmlk d gk noj`ae ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, tjo cj`nagks `kb cgagurob wggas egr i`flkd crgss-stltcjob li`dos ge tjo F`“n`, tjo swgrb ge @al ( Bju `a-elq`r ), ), `kb tjo e`igus (`kb wo`fay `ttrlnutob) J`bltj ‚Soof egr fkgwaobdo ovok tjgudj lt no `s e`r `w`y `s Cjlk`“ (elduro 0>) i`y noagkd lk ` slila`r c`todgry ge e`ltj `kb obuc`tlgk, tjls tlio i`bo ovok igro oeeoctlvo ny tjo i`for“s rospgkslnlalty tg dokor`to tjo li`do egaagwlkd ` proscrlnob p`ttork. E`ilal`r Cjlkoso eagr`a syingas (pogky `kb n`ingg) gkco `d`lk cj`r`ctorlso tjls prgbuctlgk wltj tjo jynrlblty tj`t wo j`vo sook lk sg i`ky gtjors. jo jlstgrlc`a clrcua`tlgk ge tjoso syingalc li`dos ls gkay saldjtay ukborstggb. jo crgss-stltcj flt egr tjo swgrb ge @al, egr ox`ipao, roltor`tos tjo s`io li`do sjgwk gk ` prlktob p`por `iuaot tj`t gko ge S`iuoa ]woior“s (0<3<) cgrrospgkbokts cgaaoctob egr jli ergi Klumlo burlkd tjo 0<38s gr o`ralor. jo gnmoct elttob lktg ]woior“s blscusslgk ge Lsa`i“s ‚jo`vy ukbortgw ge suporstltlgk“ `kb jls tr`ksk`tlgk`a roso`rcj lktg wj`t wguab kgw no boscrlnob `s Lsa`i“s Lsa`i“s pgpua`r pgpu a`r cuaturo. cuat uro. Cgkcauslgks
jo J`mm j`s kg blroct i`torl`a oxprosslgk. Lt ls ` mgurkoy, `kb oqu`aay `k oxporlokco, tgg v`rlob lk `aa lts io`klkds tg no cgkboksob lktg gko slkdao gnmoct. Nut, tjo oxporlokco (ro`a gr li`dlkob) c`k no lkvgfob tjrgudj vlsu`a `kb i`torl`a cgkeldur`tlgks. Sgio ge tjo li`dos ge tjo F`“n` prosoktob `ngvo `ro prlio ox`ipaos. joso vlsu`a bovlcos bg kgt i`fo euaa sokso wltjgut tjo
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`utjoktlc`tlgk ge `cts‒`ctu`a mgurkoys‒`kb tjo `ccuiua`tlgk ge tjgso `cts `s tjo J`mm“s J`mm“s jlstgrlc`a ioigry (`kb tjo proigkltlgk ge euturo poregri`kcos). Kgr bgos tjo J`mm okegab io`klkds egr `ky Cjlkoso Iusali cgiiuklty le lt ls blsagbdob ergi lts cgkeldur`tlgk wltjlk tjo oktlro r`kdo ge Iusali `ccuatur`tlgks tg Cjlkoso cgkbltlgks. @s tjls cj`ptor j`s trlob tg sjgw, tjgso cgkbltlgks j`vo `k oipj`tlc prosokco lk ngtj ost`nalsjob `kb rocoktay rokowob toris ge i`torl`a cuaturo. Jgwovor, wjlao i`torl`a tjlkds `ro wgrtj oipj`slslkd noc`uso tjoy `ro `igkd tjo nost vlslnao sldks ge Lsa`i“s jlstgry `kb prosokt, tjolr prosokco c`k no prgelaob `aa tjo igro sj`rpay wjok lt ls roeaoctob `d`lkst tjo cgkcoptlgks ge sovor`a gtjor `pprg`cjos. jolr cginlk`tlgk lk tjo provlgus blscusslgk bgos kgt boigkstr`to `k ox`ct elt `agkd ovory obdo, nut, lk egrodrgukblkd sgio ge tjolr lktorbopokbokt lktorbopokbokt `spocts, tjo sgcl`a, lktoaaoctu`a, `kb cuatur`a strokdtjs ge Lsa`i lk Cjlk` oiordo lk tjolr euaaost rodokor`tlvo tok`clty `kb pgrtokt. Nlnalgdr`pjy
Cjok, B. (0<:2), Pu`kzjgu \lsla`kml`g sjlfo VLsa`ilc VLsa`ilc opldr`pjy lk Pu`kzjguY. Euzjgu= Euml`k rokilk cjun`ksjo & Klkdxl` rokilk cjun`ksjo. Cjok, \. \. & Z. `kd (obs.) (>88:), ]jgkddu ]jgk ddugg Julzu wokwu wokw u V Cuatur`a gnmocts ge Cjlk`“s Cjlk`“s Jul pogpao pog pao Y. Y. \lkcju`k= Klkdxl` rokilk cjun`ksjo. Cjlk` Lsa`ilc @ssgcl`tlgk (]jgkddug Lsla`kml`g xlojul) (ob.) (088<), jo s`do ao`rklkd ge Alu ]jl= Lsa`ilc tjgudjt lk Cgkeucl`k toris . C`inrlbdo, I`ss`cjusotts= J`rv`rb _klvorslty Xross. Cgx, C. (>800), ‚Noygkb roprosokt`tlgk `kb sldklelc`tlgk= gw`rb ` sgklc i`torl`alsi“, Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge Ulsu`a Ulsu `a Cuaturo Cuatu ro , 08 (>)= 02?-050. Obltgrl`a (0<<5), Mgurk`a Mgurk `a ge I`to I `torl`a rl`a Cuaturo Cuatu ro , 0 (0)= ?-02. Dokd, M. (0<4:), ‚\`kdzjgu cjutu bo @a`ngwok sjlml VStgko rlbdos wltj @r`nlc toxts oxc`v`tob lk \`kdzjguY“, Tokwu 3= :4-::. Iusal i Cjlko Cj lkoso= so= Otjklc Otjk lc k`tl k `tlgk`a gk`alsi lsi lk tjo t jo Xogpao Xog pao“s“s ^opuna ^o punalc lc . Da`bkoy, B. (0<<0), Iusali C`inrlbdo, I`ss`cjusotts= J`rv`rb _klvorslty Xross.
Dr`n`r, G. (0<:3), ‚Syingas `kb sldks lk Lsa`ilc `rcjltocturo“, lk ^. Jgagb (ob.), @rcjltoc @rcj ltocturo turo `kb ` kb cgiiukl cgi iuklty= ty= Nulabl Nu lablkd kd lk tjo t jo Lsa`ilc Lsa` ilc wgrab wg rab tgb`y tg b`y , >?-3>. Kow \grf= \grf= @porturo. @po rturo.
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Dr`j`i, T.@. (0<:?), ‚Pur“`k `s spgfok wgrb= @k Lsa`ilc cgktrlnutlgk tg tjo ukborst`kblkd ge scrlpturo“, lk ^.C. I`rtlk (ob.), @pprg`cjo @pprg` cjoss tg Lsa`i lk roaldlgus stublos , >3-28. ucsgk, @rlzgk`= _klvorslty ge @rlzgk` Xross. Mlk, S. (ob.) (ob. ) (>800) ( >800),, Zlkalkd Zlk alkd y`kdz` y`k dz`k= k= Mlk ]lcj`kd ]lcj `kd `jgkd `jgk d dulzj d ulzjok ok wusjl wus jl zjgukl` zjgu kl`kk mlkl`k mlk l`k wokml wokm l V @ @ splrlt splr lt aletob alet ob lk pr`lso= pr`ls o= Bgcuiok Bgc uioktsts cgiioigr` cgii oigr`tlk tlkdd tjo eletlo ele tlotj tj `kklvors`ry ge tjo bo`tj ge li`i Mlk ]lcj`kd Y. Jgkd Fgkd= l`ki` cjun`ksjo. Fo`ko, T. (>885), ‚Sunmocts `kb gnmocts“, lk C. laaoy ot `a. (obs.), J`kbnggf ge i`torl`a cuaturo, 0<4->8>. Agkbgk= S`do Xunalc`tlgks. Alpi`k, M. (0<:2), ‚X`tcjwgrf sgcloty, kotwgrf sgcloty= @ stuby ge Slkg-Iusali cgiiukltlos“, cgiiukltlos“, lk ^. Lsr`oal & @. Mgjks (obs.), Lsa`i lk @sl` , vga. >, Sgutjo`st `kb O`st @sl`, @sl` , >25->42 >2 5->42.. Nguabo Ng uabor, r, Cgagr`bg Cgag r`bg== Tostvlow Tostvlo w Xross. Xros s. Alpi`k, M. (0<<4), E`ilal`r str`kdors= @ jlstgry ge Iusalis lk Kgrtjwost Cjlk` . So`ttao/Agkbgk= _klvorslty ge T`sjlkdtgk Xross. I`, B., cgip., @. I`, tr`ks. (0<:: V0:50Y), Cj`gmlk tuml V Vr`voa rocgrb ge J`mm Y.Y. \lkcju`k \lkc ju`k== Klkdxl` Klk dxl` rokilk roki lk cjun`k c jun`ksjo. sjo. I`sgk, L. (0<>0), jo @r`nl`k prgpjot= @ aleo ge Igj`iiob ergi Cjlkoso `kb @r`nlc sgurcos – @ Cjlkoso-Iusali wgrf ny Alu Cj`l-Alok . Sj`kdj`l= Cgiiorcl`a Xross. K`qulk, S. (>888), Xoflkd= oipaos `kb clty cl ty aleo, 0288-0<88 028 8-0<88 . Norfoaoy= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. K`qulk, S. & Cjñk-e`kd \ñ (obs.) (0<<>), Xladrli `kb s`crob sltos lk Cjlk` . Norfoaoy, C`alegrkl`= _klvorslty ge C`alegrkl` Xross. ^gee, T.^. (0<:?), ‚Xladrli`do `kb tjo jlstgry ge roaldlgks= jogrotlc`a `pprg`cjos tg tjo J`mm“, lk ^.C. I`rtlk (ob.), @pprg`cj @pprg `cjos os tg Lsa`i Ls a`i lk roald ro aldlgus lgus stublos , 4:-:5. ucsgk, @rlzgk`= _klvorslty ge @rlzgk` Xross. `ccjl, M. (0<<:), ‚^`blg toxturo= Notwook soae `kb gtjors“, lk B. Ilaaor (ob.), I`torl`a I`to rl`a cuaturos cua turos== Tjy sgio tjlkds tjlk ds i`ttor i`t tor , >?-25. Agkbgk= _CA Xross. \`kd, B. (>800), (>800 ), Ilkd Plkd Julzu mlksjl mlk sjl f`gaño f`ga ño VSurvoy ge Jul mlksjl mlk sjl bodroos burlkd tjo Ilkd `kb Plkd Y. Y. \lkcju`k= Klkdxl` rokilk cjun`ksjo. ]woior, S.I. (0<3<), Stublos lk pgpua`r Lsa`i= @ cgaaoctlgk ge p`pors bo`alkd wltj tjo suporstltlgks & noaloes ge tjo cgiigk pogpao . Agkbgk/Kow \grf= Sjoabgk Xross/I`cilaa`k.
03?
R JO I OCC@ X X @LKR S G_^CO EG JO _ XXS@A@ I @L KR LKD LK D = @ K OT S EG^ ^ RJO RJ O C _AR_^@A R GXGD^@XJ\ @K G XGD^@XJ\ @K B J LSRG^LGD^@XJ\ I OCC@ EG^ EG ^ I
Ioj Io j iot io t ñtñk ñt ñkcñ cñ Li`dos ge Lsa`i“s jgalost pa`co, tjo F`“n` `kb tjo clty ge Iocc`, j`vo nook vory pgpua`r tjrgudjgut tjo cokturlos. joso li`dos j`vo nook put gk bleeorokt i`torl`as, sucj `s stgko, cor`ilcs, p`por, `kb cagtj (Na`lr >803= 058–05:). jo J`mm oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`, tjo Xladrli“s Mgurkoy joab `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok oxjlnltob i`ky s`ipaos ge roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge 0 tjo jgay clty ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n`. @ foy ploco w`s ` p`rtlcua`ray lipgrt`kt `kb spocl`a oldjtooktj-coktury oldjtooktj-coktury p`lktlkd ergi tjo _pps`a` _klvorslty cgaaoctlgk lk Swobok, ge wjlcj kg gtjor cgip`r`nao cgktoipgr`ry br`wlkds oxlst (Igas >803= 0>8–0>0). jo p`lktlkd ny `k ukfkgwk `rtlst `ppo`rs tg no ` ro`alstlc `kb `stgklsjlkday ox`ct br`wlkd ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n` lk tjo yo`rs 0408–040> (elduro 0). Lt cgkt`lks uklquo `kb vory lipgrt`kt lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjo cuatur`a tgpgdr`pjy ge Iocc` `kb lts urn`k e`nrlc `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo oldjtooktj coktury. jo p`lktlkd sjgws ` tgpgdr`pjlc`a vlow ge Iocc` wltj tjo Dro`t Igsquo lk tjo coktro, tjo jgusos liiobl`toay surrgukblkd lt, tjo bleeorokt koldjngurjggbs ge tjo clty, `kb tjo surrgukblkd jlaas `kb igukt`lks. jo stroot p`ttorks ge Iocc` c`k o`slay no rocgdklsob, `s c`k i`ky nulablkds tj`t `ro i`rfob ny ` rob nrusj tg lboktley tjolr k`ios. Lk tjo ilbbao ge tjo a`rdo gpok cgurt ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo st`kbs tjo F`“n`, tjo jgalost s`kctu`ry ge Lsa`i. jo p`lktlkd (gla gk c`kv`s, J :? x T 000 ci wltjgut er`io, J <3 x T 00< ci wltj er`io, lkv. kr. __>34>) w`s purcj`sob ny _pps`a` _klvorslty lk 0404 ergi tjo ost`to ge tjo Swoblsj tjogagdl`k `kb grlokt`alst Ilcj`oa Okoi`k (0545–0402). Okoi`k, `k okvgy ge tjo Swoblsj Flkd Cj`raos ZLL (05:>–040:) lk Lst`knua, prgn`nay `cqulrob tjo p`lktlkd lk C`lrg lk 040>. > Jo tr`voaaob lk 0
>
Rls cj`ptor ls n`sob gk proalilk`ry roso`rcj gk tjo _pps`a` _pps`a` p`lktlkd, tjo ffrst rosuats ge wjlcj L prosoktob `t tjo J`mm= Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do syipgslui syipgslui lk Kgvoinor >803 `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok `kb `t ` syipgslui grd`klsob ny F`rlk Ïb`ja gk ? I`y >802 `t _pps`a` _klvorslty oktltaob Ro Li`do ge Iocc`. Ro Xladrli`do, tjo gpgdr`pjy `kb tjo Lcgkgdr`pjy . L wguab alfo tg tj`kf Aultd`rb Igas, gko ge tjo grd`klsors ge tjo Aolbok syipgslui `kb cur`tgr ge tjo oxjlnltlgk, `s woaa F`rlk Ïb`ja, tjo grd`klsor ge tjo _pps`a` syipgslui, egr `aagwlkd io tg stuby tjo p`lktlkd `kb egr tjolr dokorgus suppgrt burlkd iy roso`rcj. Gk tjo tjo n`sls ge Slaeworcr`ktz“s Slaeworcr`ktz“s ukpunalsjob bl`ry, Mgj`k Joabt Joabt ergi _pps`a` _klvorslty _klvorslty j`s blscgvorob tj`t tjo p`lktlkd w`s `cqulrob ny Ilcj`oa Okoi`k“s cgip`klgk Mgj`k Slaeworcr`ktz lk C`lrg lk I`rcj 040>. (Mgj`k Joabt, Gr`a Xrosokt`tlgk `t tjo Li`do ge Iocc` syipgslui, syipgslui, _pps`a` _klvorslty, _klvorslty, ? I`y >802).
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Elduro 0= Rjo _pps`a` Iocc` p`lktlkd wltj kuior`as dlvok ny I. Rñtñkcñ. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
Odypt `kb Syrl` notwook 0400 `kb 0403 tg cgaaoct grlokt`a i`kuscrlpts `kb tg oxpagro cgiiorcl`a prgspocts. Tjok jo roturkob tg Lst`knua lk 0403, jo w`s lkegriob tj`t jo j`b nook `ppglktob prgeossgr ge grlokt`a a`kdu`dos `t _pps`a` _klvorslty, `etor wjlcj jo roturkob tg jls jgio cguktry. Gk ? @udust 0402, Okoi`k `rrlvob gk Swoblsj sgla `kb liiobl`toay wokt tg _pps`a`. Jls tr`voaalkd, jgwovor, j`b sorlgusay lkmurob jls pjyslc`a cgkbltlgk, `kb, sjgrtay `etor jls lkst`aa`tlgk `s prgeossgr gk >5 Soptoinor, jo c`udjt ` cgab `kb blob gk 4 Gctgnor 0402. jo p`lktlkd w`s purcj`sob purcj`so b ergi jls ost`to lk 0404 ny _pps`a` _klvorslty. jo _pps`a` roprosokt`tlgk ge Iocc` ls uklquo noc`uso lt ls p`lktob wltj gla gk c`kv`s, ` tocjklquo tj`t w`s r`roay usob lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab lk tjls porlgb. Lt ildjt no tjo elrst gla-p`lktlkd cro`tob ny ` Iusali `rtlst. Lts ukusu`aay bot`laob `kb cgrroct boplctlgk ge Iocc` lk tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo oldjtooktj coktury ls ge ` uklquo qu`alty. Oqu`aay rovgautlgk`ry ls tjo uso ge tjo sg-c`aaob ‚nlrb“s oyo vlow“, wjlcj w`s elrst bovoagpob lk Ourgpo burlkd tjo ^ok`lss`kco, wjlcj `aagwob tjo liiobl`to vlsu`a cgiprojokslgk ge ` a`rdo sp`co. Lt w`s tjo elrst tlio tj`t ` Iusali `rtlst lktrgbucob tjls porspoctlvo egr boplctlkd Iocc`. jo p`lktlkd prgn`nay `asg sorvob `s ` igboa egr a`tor Ourgpo`k li`dos ge tjo F`“n` ( o.d. ^oa`kb 0404, blscussob noagw). Bosplto lts troiokbgus lipgrt`kco egr gur jlstgrlc`a fkgwaobdo ge Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm, roso`rcj gk tjo p`lktlkd j`s
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Elduro >= Rjo o`ray tjlrtooktjcoktury sa`n ergi Igsua (`etor Strlf` 0<45= d. 43).
Elduro 3= F`“n` roprosokt`tlgk gk ` tlao p`koa, b`tob 0844 @J (0555–0554 CO) ergi Rgpf`pİ S`r`y lk Lst`knua. Xjgtg I. Rñtñkcñ.
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gkay must noduk. 3 jo Swoblsj scjga`r Orlf Drok wrgto lk 0<2?= ‚jls, wltjgut `ky bgunt, ls tjo dro`tost tro`suro tj`t Okoi`k nrgudjt n`cf, `kb lt ls qulto roi`rf`nao tj`t lt sjguab stlaa kgt j`vo nook punalsjob, ovok tjgudj lts dro`t v`auo `aw`ys j`s nook `pprocl`tob“. 2 @asg, F`rlk Ïb`ja j`s a`ioktob ‚gb`y elety yo`rs a`tor, tjo p`lktlkd j`s stlaa kgt nook i`bo tjo sunmoct ge `ky scjga`ray stuby“ (Ïb`ja >880= >?5). Lk tjls stuby ge tjo p`lktlkd, L wlaa elrst nrloeay blscuss Iocc` roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks tj`t procobob tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd. jok lk tjo i`lk ngby ge iy toxt, L wlaa boscrlno tjo cgktokts ge tjo p`lktlkd `kb roa`to tjoso tg bot`las ergi gtjor sgurcos tj`t c`k prgvlbo lkegri`tlgk `ngut wj`t tjo p`lktlkd rovo`as. Elk`aay, L wlaa roeaoct gk tjo lkeauokco ge tjls p`lktlkd gk tjo bovoagpiokt ge a`tor Iocc` roprosokt`tlgks. ^oprosokt`tlgks ge tjo F`“n` noegro 040>
jo o`ralost survlvlkd laaustr`tlgk ge tjo F`“n` F`“n` `ppo`rs gk ` J`mm cortlelc`to, kgw lk tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo urflsj `kb Lsa`ilc @rts Iusoui lk Lst`knua. Lt ls b`tob ?:< @J (08:2 CO) (@fsgy & Ilastolk >888= 082). Xladrlis wjg j`b euaelaaob tjolr J`mm buty cguab nuy sucj J`mm cortlelc`tos, wjlcj, ergi tjo twoaetj coktury gkw`rbs, woro laaustr`tob wltj tjo F`“n` `kb Jgay pa`cos surrgukblkd lt. joso cortlelc`tos sorvob `s prgge egr pladrlis ge tjolr J`mm tr`voas, `s Aultd`rb Igas boigkstr`tos lk jor cj`ptor gk prlktob J`mm-cortlelc`tos lk tjls vgauio. Gtjor roprosokt`tlgks gk p`por ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n` c`k no egukb lk laaustr`tlgks egr tjo dulbos usob ny pladrlis egr grlokt`tlgk burlkd tjo J`mm. I`sm lb `a-J`r`i `a-J` r`i (Dro`t Igsquo) `asg `ppo`rob Li`dos ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjo I`smlb lk gtjor iobl`. @ vory e`igus F`“n` roprosokt`tlgk w`s egukb gk `k o`raytjlrtooktj-coktury stgko sa`n ergi Igsua, kgw lk tjo Lr`q Iusoui lk N`db`b (elduro >). Lk tjo coktro ge tjls iucj stublob sa`n tjo I`smlb I`sm lb `a-J`r`i `a-J` r`i, tjo F`“n`, `kb sovor`a nulablkds surrgukblkd tjo igsquo `ro scjoi`tlc`aay c`rvob (Strlf` 0<45= eld. 436 Na`lr >803= 0536 Muvlk >808= 2<<). Ergi tjo socgkb j`ae ge tjo sovoktooktj coktury tg tjo elrst j`ae ge tjo oldjtooktj coktury, coktury, boplctlgks ge tjo jgay sltos `ppo`rob gk tlaos `kb tlao p`koas (elduro 3). joso tlao p`koas getok pgrtr`yob tjo ilk`rots, bggrs, `kb bgiob d`aaorlos ge tjo Dro`t Dro`t Igsquo, `s woaa `s tjo iuatlpao si`aa nulablkds tj`t surrgukbob tjo F`“n` (I`ury >803= 023– 0?<). Cgiigk tg `aa tjoso F`“n` laaustr`tlgks ls tj`t tjoy `ro slipao scjoi`tlc br`wlkds tj`t cginlko drgukb pa`k `kb oaov`tlgk nut a`cf `ky ro`a porspoctlvo gr boptj. joy `aa sfotcj tjo n`slc alkos ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo nut ko`ray kgtjlkd ge tjo clty `rgukb lt. Egr tjo tgpgdr`pjy ge tjo clty ge Iocc`, tjoy `ro tjoroegro 3
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J`ks Kgrbosmõ, gko ge tjo cgktrlnutgrs ge tjo _pps`a` _klvorslty Li`do ge Iocc` syipgslui, syipgslui, stublob tjo rob c`ptlgks ge tjo p`lktlkd `kb sunilttob jls ffkblkds gk > @prla > 802 tg tjo _pps`a` _klvorslty roportgry. Iy ro`blkds prosoktob burlkd tjo J`mm syipgslui lk Aolbok lk Kgvoinor >803 blor lk sgio rospocts ergi tjgso ge J`ks Kgrbosmõ. r`ksa`tlgk ny Ïb`ja (>880= >?5).
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Elduro 2= Rjo grlokt`tlgk ge tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
ge alttao lipgrt`kco. jls tr`bltlgk`a styao ge p`lktlkd Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n` wguab cj`kdo br`i`tlc`aay wltj tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd (elduro 2). Rjo _pps`a` X`lktlkd `kb Lts C`ptlgks
jo _pps`a` p`lktlkd ls grlokt`tob ergi tjo porspoctlvo ge Igukt Sj`hn @al, kgrtjwost ge tjo F`“n`. jls igukt`lk prgvlbos `k oxcoaaokt vlow ge tjo F`“n` `kb Iocc`, `kb lt aggfs tg tjo s`“l `ro`, `ro`, wjoro tjo rlto ge rukklkd notwook tjo jlaagcfs ge S`e` `kb I`rw` t`fos pa`co, `kb tjo kgrtjork e`c`bo ge tjo I`smlb I`s mlb `a-J`r`i . Lk tjo br`wlkd, sgutj ls lk tjo uppor rldjt ge tjo c`kv`s, `kb kgrtj lk tjo agwor aoet. Igukt @r`e`t ls cgrroctay br`wk tg tjo sgutjo`st ge Iocc`, `s ls Mobb`j, wjlcj ls p`lktob tg tjo wost. @asg tjo rg`b tg @r`e`t ls ro`alstlc`aay rokborob, `s lt dgos tg tjo kgrtj elrst `kb tjok nokbs sj`rpay tg tjo o`st. Kgw`b`ys oxcopt egr tjo F`“n`, `aa nulablkds `kb pa`cos ergi jlstgrlc`a Iocc` j`vo v`klsjob. jls i`fos tjo p`lktlkd p`rtlcua`ray lipgrt`kt noc`uso lt prgvlbos lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjo nulablkds tj`t woro bostrgyob burlkd tjo uprlslkds lk tjo klkotooktj coktury `kb igborkls`tlgks ge tjo twoktlotj coktury
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(Frlodor >8036 K`sr`wl >884). ? jo p`lktlkd boplcts ` vlow ge tjo Jgay Clty `etor tjo Gttgi`k ronulablkd porlgb ge tjo slxtooktj coktury. jo p`lktor j`s trlob tg sjgw tjo tgwk pa`kklkd `kb stroot p`ttorks. jo gab Iocc`k blstrlcts woro boksoay lkj`nltob `kb tjo jgusos ro`cjob tjo oxtorlgr w`aas ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo. Tj`t ls eurtjor eurt jor strlflkd strl flkd ls tjo cgipaot cgi paotoo `nsokco `nso kco ge `ky jui`k jui` k nolkd nolk d lk tjo p`lktlkd. jls lkblc`tos tj`t tjo p`lktlkd w`s prgn`nay lktokbob egr ` qlna` w`aa (tjo w`aa lk tjo blroctlgk ge Iocc`) lk ` igsquo. Boplctlkd jui`k nolkds lk ` roaldlgus cgktoxt ls prgjlnltob lk Lsa`i, sg tj`t pogpao wjg pr`y `ro kgt blstr`ctob. Lk tjo p`lktlkd, lipgrt`kt nulablkds `kb pa`cos `ro lboktlelob ny si`aa a`noas lk rob lkf (aodokbs), wjlcj dlvo lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjolr k`io `kb eukctlgk. joro `ro 4? ge tjoso c`ptlgks lk tjo p`lktlkd, wjlcj `ro i`rfob wltj kuior`as, lk elduros 0, `kb ? tg 02 egr o`sy roeorokco. Xr`yor pa`cos `kb lipgrt`kt jgay nulablkds lk tjo clty `ro p`lktob wltj drook bgios. jo bgios ge prge`ko nulablkds alfo punalc n`tjs ( j`ii`is ) ) `ro cgagurob droy. jls lkblc`tos tj`t tjo p`lktor w`s woaa lkegriob `ngut tjo k`turo ge tjo nulablkds tj`t jo brow. jo jgusos j`vo ea`t rgges `kb `ro p`lktob lk wjlto gr droy cgagurs. jo jgusos igstay cgkslst ge twg eaggrs, wjlao sgio j`vo `k `bbltlgk`a tjlrb eaggr. eaggr. Geelcl`a `kb dgvorkiokt`a nulablkds nulablkds `ro egur gr elvo stgrlos jldj. Noagw L wlaa survoy tjo wjgao p`lktlkd wltj c`ptlgk kuinors lk nr`cfots. @ boscrlpt bosc rlptlgk lgk ge tjo gnmoct gnmo ct gr nulablkd nula blkd,, wltj roeorokco roeor okcoss `kb gnsorv` gnso rv`tlgk tlgkss ergi gabor sgurcos, ls `bbob `kb ls egaagwob ny `k `ppokblx wltj ` alst ge aodokbs. jo survoy st`rts lk @r`e`t, tjo elrst agc`tlgk ge J`mm, `kb egaagws tjo st`tlgks `kb rltos ge J`mm. Lt okbs wltj `k `k`aysls ge tjo F`“n` `kb lts c`ptlgks. @r`e`t @r`e `t,, Iuzb` Iuz b`al ale` e`,, `kb `k b Ilk` Il k` (eld (e lduro uro ?)
@t tjo tgp aoet cgrkor cgrk or ge tjo er`io er`i o (tgpgdr` (tgp gdr`pjl pjlc`aa c`aayy sgutj-o` sgut j-o`st st ge Iocc`), Iocc` ), lt ls wrlttok (0) Conoa-l @r`e`t (Igukt @r`e`t). @r`e`t @r`e `t ls ` a`rdo a`rd o pa`lk pa`l k surrgukb surr gukbob ob ny igukt`lk iguk t`lks, s, sgio >? flagiotr flag iotros os ergi tjo F`“n`. Lt ls s`lb tj`t tjo J`mm ls @r`e`t, @r`e`t, noc`uso tjo igst lipgrt`kt rlto ge tjo J`mm t`fos pa`co tjoro. Xladrlis iust ro`cj @r`e`t ny ilbb`y pr`yor gk tjo y`w i `a-wuq `a -wuque ue (tjo ‚b`y ge w`ltlkd“ gr ‚st`kblkd“) ge tjo igktj ge klktj b`y, gr y`wi J`mm (Bju `a-Jlmm` ). ). Ergi kggk tlaa suksot pladrlis `ro roqulrob tg roi`lk `kb
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Ro bostructlgk ge tjo gab cltlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` w`s bgko `etor tjo 0<43 gla crlsls, wjok tjo S`ubls j`b nocgio ffk`kcl`aay lkbopokbokt. Tltj tjo gla igkoy tjoy st`rtob dro`t nulablkd `ctlvltlos ukbor tjo protoxt ge kooblkd tg jgst a`rdo kuinors ge pladrlis. g `ccgiigb`to tjo pladrlis `kb tg oxtokb tjo jgay igsquo, `aa tjo nulablkds ge tjo gab clty woro cgipaotoay wlpob gut bosplto `aa cuatur`a, jlstgrlc`a, gr `rcj`ogagdlc`a `rduiokts. I`ky pogpao suspoct tj`t tjls w`s bgko ny tjo S`ubl `utjgrltlos egr roaldlgus ro`sgks, tg provokt tjo prosorv`tlgk ge jlstgrlc`a nulablkds tj`t ildjt ao`b tg pgaytjolsi. Roy bostrgyob `asg `aa tgins `kb tgin stgkos `kb `ttokob tjo coiotorlos. Ergi jlstgrlc`a Iocc` ` kb Ioblk` kgtjlkd roi`l ks oxcopt tjo F`“n` `kb tjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo.
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Elduro ?. @r`e`t, Iuzb`ale`, `kb Ilk`, bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
pr`y lk @r`e`t. @ccgrblkd tg tr`bltlgk, lt w`s joro tj`t tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b boalvorob jls e`rowoaa spoocj. wg pggas tj`t rocolvo tjolr w`tor ergi tjo sgurco @yk ]un`yb` j`vo nook lkcaubob lk tjo p`lktlkd. @asg, koxt tg igukt`lk @r`e`t, ` nulablkd wltj egur gr elvo bgios c`k no gnsorvob. jls ls tjo (>) I`tn`j, I`t n`j, tjo ‚fltcjok“, wjlcj kg agkdor oxlsts. jo i`tn`j lk tjo br`wlkd ls suroay tjo gko ioktlgkob ny
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tjo sovoktooktj-coktury Gttgi`k tr`voaaor Ovaly` Äoaonl `s Iosclb-l Iosc lb-l I`tn`jI`t n`j-İİ 5 J`zrot-l @boi, tj`t ls, jo Igsquo ge tjo Fltcjok ge @b`i = @b`i `kb Ovo woro wo ro rouklt ro ukltob ob joro j oro `etor ` etor ` agkd ag kd porlg p orlgbb ge sop`r`tl sop` r`tlgk gk egaagwlkd tjolr oxpuaslgk ergi X`r`blso. Lt ls joro wjoro tjoy `ro s`lb tg j`vo nook t`udjt jgw tg prop`ro sgup. Sg lt ls tr`bltlgk tj`t rlcj pogpao i`fo elro `kb cggf joro, `kb blstrlnuto tjolr eggb tg tjo pggr pogpao. jo a`tor ruaors nulat ` igsquo wjlcj j`s kg ilk`rot, `kb wjlcj c`k `ccgiigb`to >88 (pr`ylkd) pogpao. (Ovaly` Äoaonl >88?= 3?5) Ao`vlkd @r`e`t tjo pladrli p`ssos twg plaa`rs, tjo (2) Ilaoyk Ilao yk (‚twg ilaostgkos“), wjlcj i`rf tjo ngukb`rlos ge tjo s`crob torrltgry ge @r`e`t. Lk tgt`a slx sucj ilaostgkos c`k no sook lk tjo p`lktlkd. Gk tjo toktj b`y ge Bju `a-Jlmm` `aa pladrlis iust i`fo suro tg no lkslbo tjo torrltgry i`rfob ny tjoso ilaostgkos. Le tjoy st`y gutslbo, tjok tjo J`mm ls kgt v`alb. Eurtjor tg tjo rldjt ls tjo (3) Iosclb-l Iosc lb-l ĸnr`jli (tjo ‚Igsquo ge @nr`j`i“), `asg c`aaob I`smlb I`sm lb `a-K`i ` a-K`ilr` lr` . Xladrlis pr`y joro `etor tjoy st`kb `kb pr`y `t @r`e`t. jls igsquo ls sltu`tob must gutslbo tjo ngrbor ge @r`e`t `kb, lk tjo p`lktlkd, ls rldjtay pgrtr`yob noygkb tjo ilaostgkos. jo koxt stgp ls (?) tjo gpok pa`lk ge Iuzb`ale` (urflsj= Iñzboaleo), wjoro ` a`rdo igsquo wltj ` ilk`rot ls agc`tob. Iuzb`ale` ls sltu`tob notwook Ilk` tg tjo o`st `kb @r`e`t tg tjo wost `kb ls surrgukbob tg tjo kgrtj `kb sgutj ny igukt`lks. @etor suksot gk tjo b`y ge tjo rlto `t @r`e`t, pladrlis prgcoob tg Iuzb`ale`. Iuzb`ale`. Joro tjoy spokb tjo kldjt pr`ylkd gr saooplkd `etor j`vlkd cgaaoctob ponnaos egr tjo koxt b`y“s rlto ge stgklkd tjo M`i`r`t, M`i`r`t , tjo plaa`rs `t tjo slto wjoro Sj`yt`k (‚S`t`k“) ls noalovob tg j`vo toiptob tjo Xrgpjot @nr`j`i lktg ao`vlkd jls e`ltj. Bgwkw`rbs ergi Iuzb`ale` ls (08) Ilk`. Lk tjo p`lktlkd wo c`k soo ` igsquo wltj twg ilk`rots, tjo (00) Iosclb-l Iosc lb-l J`ye (tjo `a-Fj`ye Igsquo), wjoro, `ccgrblkd tg tr`bltlgk, tjo Xrgpjot pr`yob. g tjo rldjt ge tjo igsquo ls ` si`aaor bgiob nulablkd (0>). jls ls tjo I`j`aa-l I`j` aa-l Kñzua-l Kñzua -l ‚U ‚ Uo“a-Iñrsoa “a-Iñ rsoaît“ ît“ , gr ‚tjo pa`co wjoro Vtjo sur`Y T`-“a-Iurs`a`t w`s w`s rovo`aob“ (l.o. Pur“`klc vorso 44=0, wjlcj ro`bs ‚Ny tjgso sokt egrtj lk swlet succosslgk“). g tjo rldjt ge Iuzb`ale`, (5) ` vlaa`do c`aaob Jñsoyklyo (Jus`yklyy`) ls boplctob lk `k g`sls `ngut twokty flagiotros sgutj-o`st ge Iocc`. jo p`lktor j`s pa`cob tjls vlaa`do j`aew`y notwook Iocc` `kb tjo pladrli`do sltos. g tjo 5
Ovaly` Äoaonl w`s ngrk lk 0500 lk Lst`knua Lst`knua `kb blob lk Odypt lk 05:?. Jo tr`voaaob e`r `kb wlbo `crgss tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro `kb koldjngurlkd `ro`s `kb wrgto oxtokslvoay `ngut jls tr`voas lk jls Soy`j`tk`io (Ro Nggf ge r`voas) . Lt ls tjo agkdost `kb igst bot`laob tr`voa `ccgukt lk Lsa`ilc (le kgt wgrab) altor`turo. Lt ls ` v`st p`kgr`ilc boscrlptlgk ge tjo Gttgi`k wgrab `kb ls ` uklquo sgurco egr rocgkstructlkd tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro“s sgcl`a `kb cuatur`a aleo lk tjo ilb-sovoktooktj coktury. Ugauio < ge Soy`j`tk`io ls ls boblc`tob tg Ovaly`“s J`mm vgy`do. Jo st`rts jls mgurkoy lk I`y 0540 lk Lst`knua `kb ro`cjos B`i`scus lk M`ku`ry 054>. Ergi tjoro, jo mglks tjo pladrli`do c`r`v`k ge B`i`scus. Ro pladrli`do igktj tj`t yo`r‒ Bju `a-Jlmm` 08:> 08:> @J‒cgrrospgkbs tg @prla 054>. @etor poregrilkd poreg rilkd jls buty, Ovaly` mglks tjo c`r`v c `r`v`k `k ge g e tjo Odyptl`k Odyptl `k pladrl pl adrlis, is, wjg w jg ao`vo a o`vo liiobl`toa liiob l`toayy `etor tjo J`mm rltu`a tg tr`voa `crgss tjo ^ob So` tg C`lrg.
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aoet ge tjo igsquo, gko c`k soo (4) Coiro-l Ovvoa, tjo elrst ge tjroo plaa`rs wjoro tjo rltu`a tjrgwlkd ge ponnaos tg syingalso tjo stgklkd ge S`t`k t`fos pa`co. jok egaagws tjo socgkb plaa`r, (:) Coiro-l S`kl, `kb, `t tjo ngrbor ge tjo p`lktlkd, tjo tjlrb, (<) Coiro-l S`als . @ccgrblkd tg tr`bltlgk, S`t`k ls stgkob noc`uso jo w`ktob tg provokt tjo s`crlelco ge Lsji`oa. jo jo pa`co wjoro tjo s`crlelco w`s tg t`fo pa`co ls lkblc`tob `t tjo obdo ge tjo p`lktlkd, (>2) I`j`aa-l I`j` aa-l ]onj-l ]onj -l ĸsi`la ĸsi`l a (pa`co ge tjo s`crlelco ge Lsji`oa). Iosc lb-l @ŗoro @ŗo ro , Bgwk ergi Ilk` gk tjo w`y tg Iocc` ls ` igsquo, (03) Iosclb-l wjlcj kgw`b`ys ls `asg c`aaob I`smlb @q`n`, `etor tjo a`rdost ge tjo tjroo stgklkd-plaa`rs, stgklkd-plaa`rs, gr I`smlb I`sm lb `a-N`yh `a-N `yh` ` , wjoro tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b rocolvob tjo g`tj ge `aaodl`kco ergi tjo pogpao ge Ioblk`. jls igsquo stlaa st`kbs noegro tjo oktr`kco tg tjo plaa`rs. Kuinor (02) ls tjo I`j`aa I`j `aa-ll Ț`ff ua-F`io ua-F `ior r (gr (gr I`j`aa I`j` aa Sj`qq Sj`q q `a-P`i`r `a-P `i`r lk @r`nlc, @r`n lc, tjo ‚Xa`co ge tjo Spalttlkd ge tjo Iggk“), ` roeorokco tg Pur“`klc vorso ?2=0, ` ilr`cao `scrlnob ny sgio cgiiokt`tgrs tg tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`iiob. g tjo aoet ge tjo s`kctu`ry, gk ` prgilkokt igukt`lk wltj ` bgiob igsquo gr ioigrl`a, ls (0?) Conoa-l Onu Funoys (tjo ‚Igukt`lk ge @nu Pun`ys“), wjoro tjo Na`cf Stgko i`y j`vo nook fopt egr sgio tlio, grldlk`aay gr burlkd ` eaggb. Clbbo (Mobb`j) (elduro 5)
@ngvo tjo tj o coktr`a cokt r`a p`rt p` rt ge tjo tj o s`kctu`r s`kc tu`ryy (eld. (eld . 5) tjoro tjo ro `ro twg c`ptl c `ptlgks= gks= (0:) roeors ro eors I`j` aa-l Iovaub-İ Iova ub-İ Onu Noflr Nofl r ), tg tjo nlrtjpa`co ge @nu N`fr ( I`j`aa-l ), tjo succossgr tg tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b `kb elrst c`alpj ge Lsa`i. jo gtjor c`ptlgk, (04), ls agc`tob `ngvo tjo elrst gko `kb lkblc`tos tjo pa`co ge Nurfo-l \oioklyo . jls
Elduro 5= Mobb`j. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
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ls tjo \oiokl w`tor rosorvglr, wjoro tjo \oiokl pladrlis d`tjorob `kb st`yob burlkd tjo J`mm porlgb. Sgio tokts `ro `asg boplctob. wg gtjor rosorvglrs egr tjo J`mm c`r`v`ks, tjo (3:) B`i`scus gko `kb tjo (3<) Odyptl`k gko, tgdotjor wltj tjolr pggas `kb c`iplkd pa`cos, j`vo `asg nook lkcaubob lk tjo p`lktlkd. jo clty ge Mobb`j ls p`lktob tg tjo uppor rldjt-j`kb cgrkor ge tjo p`lktlkd (tgpgdr`pjlc`aay tg tjo wost). jo rg`b tg Mobb`j st`rts lk ` si`aa vlaa`do (>:) k`iob `etor śoyj I`jiub (Sj`yfj I`jiub), ` jgay porsgk. śoyj I`jiub“s sjrlko ls boplctob boplc tob wltj tjroo bgios. @ccgrblkd @ccg rblkd tg Ovaly` Äoaonl, śoyj I`jiub“s I`jiub“s rostlkd pa`co ls ukbor ` agw bgio. Lt ls gk tjo sgutj blroctlgk blroct lgk ergi Iocc`. joro `ro >88 pggr jgusos `kb p`ai troos, `kb ` eow i`smlb s (igsquos) (Ovaly` Äoaonl >88?= 284). @ (><) (> <) egukt e gukt`lk `lk gr Sonla ukbor ukbor ` bgiob nulablkd ls sjgwk ko`r tjo er`io ge tjo p`lktlkd, saldjtay noagw tjo vlaa`do ge śoyj I`jiub. jls Sonla-l I`jiub I`j iub cguab no tjo Sonla-l Fİza`r`ė`sİ ko`r tjo I`rfot ge A`jz` tj`t ls boscrlnob ny Ovaly` Äoaonl (>88?= 3<4). Ergi joro tg Mobb`j, lt ls sgio 48 flagiotros. Tjlao tjo sc`ao ls cao`ray blstgrtob tgw`rbs tjo aoet `kb rldjt cgrkors ge tjo p`lktlkd, tjo agc`tlgks `kb blroctlgks `ro cgrroct. Ovaly` Äoaonl wrltos lk jls Soy`j`tk`io (jo Nggf ge r`voas ) `ngut tjo rg`b tg Mobb`j ‚Lk tjo sgutj tjoro `ro ` eow cgeeoojgusos“ (Ovaly` Äoaonl >88?= 284). jo cgeeoojgusos, roeorrob tg `s (>8) F`jvo , `ro `asg prosokt lk tjo p`lktlkd. jo (>0) si`aa egrt `kb vlaa`do Jubbo ls `asg sjgwk, `ngut wjlcj Ovaly` Äoaonl wrltos ‚Lt ls slx jgurs tr`voas tg T`by Jubbo. Jubb o. Lk egrior tlios lt w`s ` dr`kb clty nut kgw`b`ys lt gkay cgkslsts ge ` eow cgeeoo jgusos“ (Ovaly` Äoaonl >88?= 284). Gutslbo tjo egrt lk Jubbo, sgio bwoaalkds `kb `asg sgio tokts `ro br`wk, wjlcj i`y lkblc`to tjo c`iplkd slto ge pladrlis wjg `rrlvo tg Mobb`j ny so` `kb tr`voa tg Iocc` ny a`kb. Lk tjo uppor-rldjt-j`kb cgrkor ge tjo p`lktlkd, gko c`k soo tjo (>>) Sonla-l @jiob @jio b Noy (tjo ‚Egukt`lk ge @ji`b Noy“), wjlcj tjo pladrlis wguab p`ss ny noegro `rrlvlkd lk Mobb`j. jo jo (>3) pgrt ge Clbbo (Mobb`j) ls `asg sjgwk ko`r tjls cgrkor ge tjo p`lktlkd. Mobb`j ls p`lktob wltj gutor egrtlelc`tlgks nut wltjgut `ky bot`las. Nut `k gnsorvor ge tjo p`lktlkd wlaa `t ao`st ao`rk jgw tjo rg`b tg Mobb`j Mobb` j ruks r uks `kb wj`t gko c`k oxpoct oxp oct upgk `rrlvlkd `rrl vlkd lk Mobb`j. Mobb`j . Rjo igukt`lks `rgukb Iocc` (elduros 5, : `kb 08)
jo igukt`lks tj`t surrgukb Iocc` `ro p`lktob lk `k ukro`alstlc `kb lk`ccur`to w`y, w`y, aggflkd igro alfo alf o ` so` ge s`kb bukos. joy `aa j`vo tjo s`io sj`po `kb a`cf a `cf blstlkctlvo cj`r`ctorlstlcs. cj`r`ctorlstlcs. Gkay sgio igukt`lks `ro lboktlelob ny k`io. Gk tjo rldjt slbo ge tjo p`lktlkd, tjo upporigst igukt`lk ls (>5) tjo Conoa-l Dñzoa (‚jo No`utleua Igukt`lk“, eld. :), wjlcj ls `asg fkgwk ukbor bleeorokt k`ios= `a-@ji`r (‚tjo ^ob“), `a-@hr`e (lk pro-Lsa`ilc tlios), `kb M`n`a Jlkbl Jlkb l . Ovok eurtjor tg tjo rldjt ls (05) Conoa-l Sovlr ( ‚ tjo tjo Nuaa Igukt`lk“). jls igukt`lk
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rlsos ergi ` bosort ge si`aa igukt`lks boplctob lk tjo uppor p`rt ge tjo p`lktlkd. Lt ls fkgwk egr tjo c`vo lk wjlcj tjo Xrgpjot tggf roeudo wltj @nu N`fr `t tjo nodlkklkd ge jls Jlmr`, gr oildr`tlgk ergi Iocc`. Ko`r tjo er`io gk tjo aoet, ukbor ` bgiob nulablkd gk ` vory stoop igukt`lk, tjoro ls c`ptlgk (2<) tj`t okbs wltj tjo wgrb kur (‚aldjt“) (‚aldjt“) (eld. 08). jo nodlkklkd ge tjo c`ptlgk i`y ro`b I`f`i I`f` i gr I`q`i, tj`t ls, ‚pa`co“ gr ‚st`tlgk“. jo c`ptlgk i`y roeor tg tjo Conoa-l Kur (‚tjo Igukt`lk ge Aldjt“), wjlcj ls tjo pa`co wjoro tjo elrst rovoa`tlgk ge tjo Pur“`k, sur` <2, ls noalovob tg j`vo gccurrob. jls igukt`lk ls sltu`tob tg tjo kgrtj ge Iocc`. g tjo aoet ge tjo upporigst ilk`rot `t tjo rldjt slbo ge tjo p`lktlkd ls tjo igukt`lk ge _i`r wltj ` (0<) bgiob nulablkd c`aaob Iovaub-İ Iova ub-İ Soyylblk Soyy lblk`` Õior (‚tjo nlrtjpa`co ge gur agrb _i`r“) (eld. 5). jls roeors tg _i`r lnk `a-Fj`tt`n, tjo socgkb c`alpj. @ccgrblk @ccg rblkdd tg Mgj`kk Aubwld Aubw ld Nurcfj`rbt Nurcf j`rbt,, tjls nulablkd nulab lkd w`s bostrgyob bost rgyob ny tjo T`jj` T`jj`nls nls (Nurcfj`rb (Nurc fj`rbtt 0:><= 0:> <= >84). ]`wl ]` wlyos yos `kb `k b Suel Sue l t`rl t` rlf` f`ts ts== borv bo rvls lsj j agbd ag bdos os (eld (e lduro uro 4)
jo rldjt agwor cgrkor (kgrtj) ge tjo p`lktlkd ls elaaob wltj ` v`rloty ge nulablkds, pggas, coiotorlos, cupga`s, `kb igsquos. @ stroot ergi tjo d`to N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ ñs-Soa`i-İ Coblb ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ao`bs gut ge Iocc`. Lk ro`alty tjls stroot ls tjo rg`b
Elduro 4= Iuh`aa` `kb Su koldjngurjggb. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
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tj`t ruks tg Ilk` `kb @r`e`t. Must gutslbo Iocc`, tjoro `ro tjo twg w`tor pggas tj`t L ioktlgkob o`ralor lk tjo toxt. jo gko gk tjo aoet (3:) ls k`iob Nurfot oa-ś`il , ‚tjo Syrl`k rosorvglr“, `kb tjo gko gk tjo rldjt (3<) ls Nurfot-l Iİsrl , ‚tjo Odyptl`k rosorvglr“. Gk tjo i`p ge Igur`bdo` B“Gjssgk 4 tjoy `ro k`iob Scj`i-Nurfossy kr. >8 `kb Ilsslr-Nu Ilss lr-Nurfos rfossy sy kr. 30. 30 .: Nut B“Gjssgk j`s agc`tob tjo pggas gk tjo agwor-aoet cgrkor (o`st ge Iocc`), wjlcj ls `ctu`aay wrgkd. Ko`r tjo pggas, tjo tokts wjoro tjo cgktlkdokts ge pladrlis ergi B`i`scus `kb Odypt wguab j`vo st`yob `ro `asg p`lktob. jo rg`b joro turks tg tjo aoet, i`fos ` _-turk, `kb cgktlkuos tg @r`e`t tg tjo sgutj-o`st ge Iocc`. @ngvo tjo twg w`tor w`to r rosorvglr rosor vglrss lkblc`tl lkbl c`tlkd kd tjo c`iplkd c`ip lkd sltos slto s ge B`i`scus B`i`s cus `kb tjo Odyptl`k cgktlkdokts ge pladrlis, gko nulablkd wltj ` ilk`rot `kb `kgtjor `bgrkob ny ` cupga` `ro boplctob. jo c`ptlgks gk tjoso nulablkds `ro `asg bleelcuat tg ro`b. jo gko gk tjo aoet (3?) okbs lk @jiobly @ji oblyo o , `kb tjo gko gk tjo rldjt (35) i`y okb lk F`blrlyo . Iy cgkmocturo wguab no tj`t tjoso nulablkds woro coktros egr tjo Suel grbors ge tjo @jjioblyo (porj`ps ` nr`kcj ge tjo Fj`aw`tlyy` gr J`avotlyo) `kb F`blrlyo. Noagw `kb tg tjo aoet ge tjo rosorvglrs ge tjo B`i`scus `kb Odyptl`k c`iplkd sltos ls tjo Iovaovl Iova ovlj`k j`ko o (22) (‚tjo jguso ge tjo Iovaovl borvlsjos“). jls Iovaovlj`ko ls boscrlnob ny Ovaly` Äoaonl `s egaagws= Lkslbo tjo clty ge tjo F`“n` tjoro `ro 4: cgkvokts ge borvlsjos. joy woacgio `s duosts pggr porsgks. Nut tjo nost pa`co ls tjo cgkvokt ge Iova`k` ko`r tjo Iuh`aa`, wjlcj ls ` p`r`blso-alfo p`r`bls o-alfo pa`co wltj ` dro`t d`rbok, lt j`s ` soi` `kb s`e`j`ko (pa`cos wjoro iuslc `kb b`kcos ge tjo wjlralkd borvlsjos woro oxocutob) `s woaa `s i`ky rggis wjoro pogpao cguab st`y, lt j`s w`tor egukt`lk pggas, `kb ` sonla . Lt ls ` pa`co wjoro ygu c`k j`vo ` pao`s`kt st`y. @aa tjo kgt`naos ergi Iocc` `kb ao`rkob porsgks ergi Noffo cgio tg w`tcj tjo Iovaovl rltu`as joro. jls cgkvokt w`s ost`nalsjob ny Borvlsj Iuj`ii`b ergi Jlkb `kb A`jgro wltj tjo porilsslgk ge Iova`k`z`bo Äoaonl Oeokbl ergi Fgky`. (Ovaly` Äoaonl >88?= 3<<) I`ha I` ha`` `kb `k b lts lt s surrg su rrguk ukbl blkd kds s
^ldjt noagw tjo pggas gk tjo eggt ge ` igukt`lk ls tjo dro`t coiotory ge I`ha` gr Iuh`aa`, wjoro i`ky e`ilay-ioinors ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb lipgrt`kt elduros lk o`ray Lsa`ilc jlstgry woro nurlob. Lk tjo agwor cgrkor gk tjo rldjt-j`kb slbo 4
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Ldk`tlus Igur`bdo` B“Gjssgk (30 Muay 0428–>4 @udust @udust 0:84) w`s `k Gttgi`k-@riokl`k grlokt`alst, jlstgrl`k, `kb blpagi`t lk Swoblsj sorvlco. Lk 045: jo w`s suproio lktorprotor `kb oaov`tob tg tjo Swoblsj kgnlalty. Jo ls tjo `utjgr ge tjo e`igus 04:: `nao`u Dìkìr`a bo A“Oiplro Gtjgi`k `kb j`s punalsjob vory e`igus Iocc` okdr`vlkds tj`t woro br`wk ny Erokcj okdr`vor a“Osplk`sso. B“Gjssgk 04::= pa. 2?, Uuo bo A` Iocquo, kr. 38 Sj`i-Nurfossy (pgga ge tjo Syrl`ks) `kb kr. kr. 30 Ilsslr Nurfossy (pgga ge tjo Odyptl`ks).
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ge tjo p`lktlkd lk tjo coiotory ls (23) ` nulablkd wltj `k lkscrlptlgk tj`t ls bleelcuat tg ro`b, nut wjlcj roeors tg tjo dr`vo ( f`nr ) gr i`usgaoui ( i`f`i) ge J`tlco (Fj`blm`), tjo elrst wleo ge Iuj`ii`b. Iuj`ii`b. Gutslbo tjo coiotory tjoro `ro egur nulablkds wltj cupga`s. jo socgkb ergi tjo aoet (20) ls tjo Iorf`b-İ Iorf` b-İ Onu `aln (‚tjo gin ge @nu `aln“), tjo ukcao ge Iuj`ii`b `kb e`tjor ge @al. jo nulablkd tg tjo rldjt (2>) ls Iosclb-l Clkk (tjo ‚Igsquo ge tjo Mlkk“). Eurtjor tg tjo rldjt wo elkb twg nulablkds lk ergkt ge tjo rldjt-j`k b rosorvglr. jo lkscrlptlgk gk tjo uppor gko ls o`slor tg ro`b= (28) Sorb`r-İ Iñst`jeİz`k (tjo ‚Xa`co ge tjo Jo`b ge tjo Du`rbs“). @t tjo tlio ge @al Noy, tjoso woro tjo n`rr`cfs ge tjo ‚Kodrg `kb Igdronlk“ du`rbs (@al Noy 0:05= 00<). J`ii`is (elduros : `kb 08)
Gk tjo kgrtj-wostork slbo ge tjo s`kctu`ry, ` c`ptlgk gk ` cupga` (>4) ro`bs I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ @yb`rus @yb` rus , ‚tjo St`tlgk ge @yb`rus“, prgn`nay ` jgay i`k. @ eow jgusos bgwk (kgrtj) ge tjls st`tlgk ls (>?) J`ii`i-İ _iro (‚tjo (‚tjo _ir` N`tj“). Lt ls sg k`iob noc`uso lt ls agc`tob ko`r tjo _ir` D`to ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo. jo
Elduro := J`ii`i-İ _iro (tjo ‚_ir` j`ii`i“) `kb Tost qu`rtors. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. p`lkt lkd. _pps` _ pps`a` a` _klvorslt _kl vorslty. y. Lkv. Lkv . kr. __>34>. __>3 4>. © _pps`a` _pp s`a` _klvorslty _klvor slty Alnr`ry. Alnr`r y.
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Elduro <= Rjo Sj`rle“s p`a`co `kb kgrtj-o`st koldjngurjggbs. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
k`io _ir` roeors tg tjo sg-c`aaob ‚aossor pladrli`do“ tg Iocc`, wjlcj i`y no ukbort`fok `t `ky tlio ge tjo yo`r. jo _ir` n`tj ls ioktlgkob ny Nurcfj`rbt, nut lt w`s bostrgyob burlkd tjo oxp`kslgk ge tjo J`r`i lk 0<48 (Nurcfj`rbt 0:><= >?8–>?0). jo gtjor n`tj, wjlcj w`s agc`tob lk tjo kgrtj-o`st qu`rtors ge Iocc`, ls tjo (2:) J`ii`i ñk-Konl (‚tjo n`tj ge tjo Xrgpjot“) (eld. 08). Lt borlvob lts k`io ergi lts agc`tlgk ko`r tjo (?8) Nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot (eld. 08). jls w`s tjo Gttgi`k j`ii`i ge Suat`k Sñaoyi`k. @ccgrblkd tg Ovaly` Äoaonl, wjg roeors tg lt `s J`ii`i-İ Fuŗ`ŗlyo (‚jo (‚jo N`tj ge tjo Pusj`sjlyy` VPu`rtorY“), tjo n`tj w`s bosldkob ny tjo e`igus `rcjltoct Slk`k (c. 02<8-0?::) (Nurcfj`rbt 0:><= 008). jo n`tj j`b `k lkscrlptlgk ergi tjo yo`r <48 @J (0?5> CO) (_auokdlk 0<::= 324). Rjo rg`b tg @r`e`t (elduro <) `kb tjo nlrtjpa`cos ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb jls e`ilay (elduro 08)
@etor @eto r p`ssl p `sslkd kd twg pggas pgga s `kb ` kb tjo Iovaovl Iova ovlj`k j`ko o gk gk tjo rg`b tg @r`e`t, wo cgio tg ` d`rbok wltj ` p`a`co (2?) tj`t ls sop`r`tob ergi tjo Jgay Clty ny ` jlaa. jls p`a`co ls tjo nlddost nulablkd ge tjo p`lktlkd. jo jo lkscrlptlgk gk lt okbs lk Uozlr (‚ilklstor“). jls ls prgn`nay P`sr `a-T`zlr , p`a`co ge tjo vlzlor gr Sj`rle ge Iocc`6 lt ls ` nld p`a`co d`rbok `kb j`s p`ai troos. Lk gab i`ps ` p`a`co ge tjo Sj`rle w`s agc`tob tg tjo kgrtj-o`st. Lk jls pa`k ge Iocc`, Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo ioktlgks ukbor kr. 2> tjo Sgiiord`rtok bor Scjorleo (‚suiior d`rbok ge tjo Sj`rles “)“) gk tjo rg`b tg Ilk` `kb @r`e`t. (Skgucf Jurdrgkmo 0:::= I`p 0). Lk jls pa`k, ukbor ukb or kr. ?<, Nurcfj`rbt alsts ‚` d`rbok `kb ` pao`suro jguso ge tjo sj`rle . jo d`rbok ls okcagsob ny jldj w`aas `kb tgwors“ (Nurcfj`rbt 0:><= 0:?).
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Elduro 08= tjo Kgrtj-o`stork qu`rtors. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. p`lkt lkd. _pps` _ pps`a` a` _klvorslt _kl vorslty. y. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
Lk tjo qu`rtors tg tjo kgrtj-o`st ge tjo s`kctu`ry tjoro `ro twg nulablkds wltj
Elduro 00= Rjo Nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot= tg tjo aoet ` bot`la ergi tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd6 tg tjo rldjt ` bot`la ge ` pjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. p`lkt lkd. _pps` _ pps`a` a` _klvorslt _kl vorslty. y. Lkv. Lkv . kr. __>34>. __>3 4>. © _pps`a` _pp s`a` _klvorslty _klvor slty Alnr`ry. Alnr`r y.
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cupga`s (elduro 08). Gko (24) ls tjo nlrtjpa`co ge E`ti` (E`tli`), tjo b`udjtor ge Iuj`ii`b `kb wleo ge @al, tjo egurtj c`alpj. Gkay tjo wgrb ‚E`ti`“ c`k no cao`ray rocgdklsob lk tjo c`ptlgk. jls nulablkd w`s `asg fkgwk `s B`r Fj`blm` (‚Jguso ge Fj`blm` Fj`blm `“), tjo elrst wleo ge tjo Xrgpjot. @etor @ etor jls wobblkd tjo Xrgpjot igvob tg tjls jguso. _kbor tjo nlrtjpa`co ge E`ti` gr Fj`blm`“s Jguso ls (25) Iokzla-l Iokz la-l Onu Noflr Nofl r (tjo (tjo ‚Jguso ge @nu N`fr“), tjo elrst c`alpj. jo nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`iiob, wjlcj ls i`rfob `s ` igsquo Iova ub ñk-Konl, ñk-Ko nl, tjo Nlrtjpa`co ge tjo wltj ` cupga` `kb ` ilk`rot, ls (?8) Iovaub Xrgpjot. jls jguso wjoro tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b w`s ngrk j`s slkco nook fkgcfob bgwk6 kgw`b`ys, tjo alnr`ry ge Iocc` ls sltu`tob gk tjls slto. @ pjgtgdr`pj (elduro 00) ge tjls nulablkd ergi tjo nodlkklkd ge twoktlotj coktury sjgws slila`rltlos wltj tjo bgiob structuro lk tjo p`lktlkd.< Noygkb tjo tjroo jgusos tj`t `ro boplctob `ngvo tjo nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot, tjoro ls `kgtjor bgiob nulablkd (?>) c`aaob Iovaub-İ Iova ub-İ @al (tjo ‚Nlrtjpa`co ge @al“). @al“) . Nurcfj`rbt Nurcf j`rbt roeors roeor s tg t g lt l t `s ` s tjo Iguaob Iguao b Li`i Li `i @ay lk lk tjo qu`rtor c`aaob Sj`n @ay (Nurcfj`rb (Nurc fj`rbtt 0:><= 0 :><= 30>–303). 30>–3 03). jls jls ls ` si`aa s i`aa sjrlko, sjrl ko, tjo eaggr eagg r ge wjlcj wjlc j j`s ` jgao tj`t i`rfs tjo spgt wjoro @al, tjo sgk-lk-a`w ge Iuj`iiob, ls s`lb tg j`vo nook ngrk. Saldjtay tg tjo rldjt ge tjo ilk`rot ge tjo Xrgpjot“s Xrgpjot“s Jguso Jgu so (?8) (?8) ls tjo lkscrlptlgk (?0) B`r oa-J`yzur`k, tjo ‚jguso ge Fj`yzur`k“, igtjor ge tjo C`alpj J`ruk `a-^`sjlb, wjg ngudjt tjo jguso wjoro tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b j`b jls elrst socrot iootlkds wltj jls egaagwors `kb wjlcj jo turkob lktg ` pa`co egr pr`ylkd. S`e` `kb I`rw` (elduros 0> `kb 03)
Gko ge tjo J`mm rltos ls tjo s`“l , tjo w`aflkd n`cf `kb egrtj sovok tlios notwook tjo egrior jlaagcfs ge I`rw` `kb S`e` lk lilt`tlgk ge J`d`r“s w`aflkd tjrgudj tjo bosort lk so`rcj egr w`tor egr jor n`ny Lsji`oa. jo s`“l cgurso j`s nook lkcaubob lk tjo p`lktlkd `s egaagws= tjo trlpao-`rcjob nulablkd tg tjo aoet gr sgutj ls tjo (?3) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ S`e` (tjo ‚St`tlgk ge S`e`“), `kb tjo `rcjob, rggeaoss nulablkd tg tjo rldjt gr kgrtj (32) ls I`f`i-İ Iorvo (tjo ‚St`tlgk ge I`rw`“). jo nulablkd wltj lrgk drlaas notwook (?<) `kb (58) ls tjo S`nla gr w`tor-blspoks`ry ge tjo I`iauf suat`k P`ytn`y (r. ::4–<80 @J (025:–02<5 (025: –02<5 CO)). CO)) . Ergi joro w`tor w`to r w`s blstrlnu blst rlnutob tob tg tjo pladrlis plad rlis.. jo nulablkd ko`r tjo (?<) N`n-İ Sonla-l P`ytn`y (tjo (tjo ‚D`to ge tjo S`nla ge ge P`ytn`y“) (notwook (?:) `kb (?<)) ls tjo Iobroso Iobros o ( ( I`br`s`) I`br`s `) , tjo scjgga ge Suat`k P`ytn`y tj`t w`s oroctob ny jli lk <<> @J (0244 CO) (elduro 03). Jo `asg eurklsjob lt wltj ` v`au`nao alnr`ry. jo scjgga w`s nulat lk tjo I`iauf styao `kb j`b egur lw`ks, nut w`s boigalsjob lk 0 caglstors `kb a`rdo wlkbgws aggflkd gktg tjo I`smlb I`sm lb `a-J` ` a-J`r`i r`i `kb tjo stroot `a-I`sh`. <
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Rls pjgtg w`s prgvlbob ny Br. Br. Ior`m K`w`n K`w`n Ilrz` ergi Ro Coktor ge I`ff`j Jlstgry `t _ii `a Pur` _klvorslty lk Iocc`. @ccgrblkd tg jli, tjls pjgtg w`s t`fok `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury.
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Elduro 0>= S`e`. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
Elduro 03= I`rw`. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
Notwook tjo (?5) N`n-İ @al (‚D`to (‚D`to ge @al“) `kb tj`t (58) N`n ñk-Konl (‚D`to ge tjo Xrgpjot“) ls (50) Ila-l @jb`r @jb` r (tjo (tjo ‚Drook Sldkpgst“) gk ` plaa`r. jls ls gko ge tjo plaa`rs `agkd tjo I`s“` , wjoro pladrlis ruk sovok tlios notwook tjo jlaagcfs ge I`rw` `kb S`e`. jo sldkpgst i`rfs tjo spgt wjoro pladrlis j`vo tg cj`kdo ergi w`aflkd tg rukklkd. @ eow ge tjoso i`rfor stgkos j`vo survlvob lk tjo @a-J`r`i`yk Iusoui lk Iocc`. Ko`r tjo socgkb ilk`rot gk tjo rldjt (cguktlkd ergi tjo ngttgi), tjo (30) I`jfoio I`jf oio gr ‚cgurt ge mustlco“ ls sjgwk (elduro 02). Eurtjor bgwk gko c`k lboktley tjo (3>) Iobroso-l Iobro so-l Sñaoyi`kl Sñaoy i`klyo yo gr ‚Scjgga ge Sñaoyi`k“, wjlcj w`s nulat ny Suat`k Sñaoyi`k L `kb Soali LL `kb jgusob tjo egur Sukkl a`w scjggas. jls scjgga usob tg j`vo ` ilk`rot, nut lt w`s boigalsjob lk 0<), wjlcj ioktlgks lk tjo s`io 0?3
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Elduro 02= Rjo I`smlb `a-J`r`i. Bot`la ge tjo Iocc` p`lktlkd. _pps`a` _klvorslty. Lkv. kr. __>34>. © _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry.
pa`co ` ‚egkt`lko punalquo“ (B“Gjssgk 04::= kr. ><). @asg, Nurcfj`rbt st`tos ‚ko`r tjls pa`co, tgg, ls ` punalc egukt`lk, tjo wgrf ge tjo Gtji`k Oiporgr Sgaoyi`k Lnk Soayi= lt ls suppalob ergi tjo Ioff` `quobuct, `kb ls crgwbo b tjo wjgao b`y ny j`bmys VpladrlisY, wjg cgio tg elaa tjolr w`tor-sflks“ w`tor-sflks“ (Nurcfj`rbt 0:><= >0?). Rjo S`kctu`ry (J`r`i) `ro` (elduro 02)
jo vlow ge Iocc` ls bgilk`tob ny tjo s`kctu`ry `ro`, tjo J`r`i. Lk tjo coktro ls tjo F`“n`. jo (4?) J`cor ña-Osvob (gr (gr `a-J`m`r `a-@sw`b , tjo ‚Na`cf Stgko“) wrlttok vortlc`aay liiobl`toay tg tjo aoet ls lksortob lktg tjo o`stork cgrkor ge tjo F`“n`. Gk tjo rgge ge tjo nulablkd, tjo toxt (42) @atuk @atu k Gauf gr ‚Dgab Spgut“ ls wrlttok `t tjo pa`co ge tjo w`torspgut. Lk @r`nlc tjls wguab no c`aaob Ilz`n Ilz` n `a-^` `a -^`ji` ji` (tjo (tjo ‚Spgut ge Iorcy“). jo Gttgi`k Suat`k @jiob L ropa`cob tjo tr`bltlgk`aay slavor gr wggbok spgut wltj ` dgab spocliok. jo uso ge tjo Gttgi`k tori @atuk @atu k Gauf , lksto`b ge tjo @r`nlc gr Xorsl`k pjr`so, boigkstr`tos tj`t tjo p`lktor w`s ` urflsj porsgk. Gk tjo sgutj-o`st slbo ge tjo s`kctu`ry, tjoro ls ` p`a`co wltj `k lkscrlptlgk gk tjo rgge (?2) tj`t ro`bs B`r us-S`h`b` , gko ge tjo k`ios ge Lst`knua. jls cguab no tjo p`a`co ge tjo `dj` s ge tjo B`r us-S`h`b` , wjg woro sokt ergi
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tjo p`a`co lk Lst`knua tg Iocc` tg suporvlso tjo suat`k“s w`qe s, gr roaldlgus okbgwiokt eukbs. Gkay ` eow ge tjo kuiorgus d`tos ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo `ro boplctob `kb a`noaaob gk tjo p`lktlkd. Lk tjo n`cf, egrilkd ` spocl`a squ`ro gutslbo tjo sgutjwost w`aa, ls tjo (??) N`n-İ ĸnr`jli (tjo ‚D`to ge Lnr`jli“), k`iob kgt `etor tjo Xrgpjot @nr`j`i, nut `etor ` t`lagr wjg alvob ko`rny tjls d`to. g tjo rldjt, lk ` slila`r squ`ro gutslbo tjo kgrtj-wost w`aa notwook twg ilk`rots, ls tjo (38) N`n ñz-]ly`bo (tjo ‚D`to ge tjo Lkcro`so“). @t tjo ergkt gr kgrtj-o`st slbo tjo lkscrlptlgks ro`b, ergi rldjt tg aoet, (?4) N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ Coblb ( tjo tjo ‚Kow D`to ge Xo`co“), (?:) N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ-S`ėlr ñs-Soa`i-İ-S`ėlr ( ( tjo tjo ‚Si`aa D`to ge Xo`co“), (?< ) N`n-İ N`n- İ SonlaSonl aP`ytn`y (tjo (tjo ‚D`to ge tjo Egukt`lk ge P`ytn`y“), (58) Nîn-oa-Koné (tjo (tjo ‚D`to ge tjo Xrgpjot“), `kb (?5) N`n-İ @al (tjo ‚D`to ge @al“). Gppgslto tjo rldjt slbo gr kgrtj-wost e`co ge tjo F`“n` ls ` agw soil-clrcua`r w`aa. Lt okcagsos `k `ro` ge spocl`a s`kctlty, tjo (4>) Jlclr (gr (gr Jlmr, io`klkd tjo ‚lkvlga`nao“). @ccgrblkd tg tjo tr`bltlgk, tjls ls wjoro Lsji`oa `kb J`d`r `ro nurlob. jo lkscrlptlgk noagw tjo w`aa ro`bs Jlcr-l ĸsi`la . Liiobl`toay noagw tjo ergkt gr kgrtj-o`st e`co ge tjo F`“n` ls ` squ`ro jgaagw lk tjo drgukb, drgukb , lboktlelob lboktlelo b ny tjo toxt (43) Ilcoko Ilco ko (@r. (@r. Ilhm`k` Ilhm `k` , ‚trgudj“). jls ls tjo pa`co wjoro @nr`j`i `kb Lsji`oa `ro noalovob tg j`vo ilxob tjolr igrt`r wjok tjoy nulat tjo F`“n`. jls w`s `asg tjo pa`co wjoro prosokts sokt ergi `aa gvor tjo wgrab tg tjo F`“n` usob tg no prosorvob. jo egur a`w scjggas (i`bjj`ns ) ge Sukkl Lsa`i o`cj `ro agc`tob `rgukb tjo F`“n`. jo (5<) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ J`knoaë J`kn oaë (‚J`kn`al (‚J`kn`al Xa`co“) gk tjo aoet-j`kb gr sgutjo`st slbo, tjo (48) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ I`alfl I`al fl (‚I`alfl Xa`co“) `t tjo n`cf gk tjo sgutjwost slbo, `kb tjo (40) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ J`koel J`ko el (‚J`k`el Xa`co“) gk tjo rldjt-j`kb gr kgrtj-wost slbo nojlkb tjo Jlmr w`aa. jo egurtj a`w scjgga ge Li`i Sj`el“l, ls kgt i`rfob lk tjo p`lktlkd, nut tjo sj`el“ls `aw`ys pr`yob lk tjo (52) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ ĸnr`jli (tjo ‚st`kblkd pa`co ge @nr`j`i“). jls pa`co ls i`rfob ny ` stgko wltj @nr`j`i“ @nr`j `i“ss eggtpr eg gtprlkt. lkt. @nr`j`i @nr`j `i ls noalovob noal ovob tg j`vo j` vo stggb st ggb gk lt l t wjok wjo k nulablk nul ablkdd tjo F`“n`. F`“n`. g g tjo aoet aoe t ls tjo p`vlalgk p `vlalgk wltj w ltj tjo (55) ]oizoi-l ]oiz oi-l śorle śo rle (‚Kgnao ]`iz`i“). jo p`lktlkd j`s ` vortlc`a egab joro. jlrsty jlrsty pladrlis cguab brlkf tjo jgay w`tor ge tjo ]`iz`i woaa o`slay wltjgut w`ltlkd `s lt w`s stgrob lk tjo kuiorgus w`tor-muds tj`t woro aylkd lk tjo cgurty`rb. Notwook tjo twg bgiob p`vlalgks tjoro ls ` si`aa, igv`nao st`lrc`so wltj tjo toxt (53) Iobroc Iobro c (‚st`lrc`so“). (‚st`lrc`so“). joso st`lrs `ro usob tg oktor tjo F`“n` , slkco tjo oktr`kco ls pa`cob saldjtay jldjor tj`k tjo drgukb. Gk tjo p`lktlkd tjo oktr`kco ls i`rfob rldjt ge tjo (4?) J`cor ña-Osvob (tjo Na`cf Stgko) gk tjo e`co ge tjo nulablkd. g tjo rldjt ge tjo I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ ĸnr`jli ĸnr`jl i ls tjo (5?) Ilknor-l Ilkn or-l-śorl -śorle e (tjo ‚Kgnao Xuaplt“), usob egr pro`cjlkd. jo toxt ls wrlttok `agkd gko ge tjo plaa`rs `t tjo tgp ge tjo squ`ro. Lk ergkt ge tjo I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ ĸnr`jli ĸnr`jl i tjoro ls ` d`to, (5>) N`n ñsSoaîi-İ @tlf (tjo ‚Gab D`to ge Xo`co“). jls d`to ls porj`ps tjo gkay roi`lklkd p`rt ge `k gabor okcagsuro ge tjo s`kctu`ry.
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Lk tjo agwor cgrkor tg tjo aoet ge tjo s`kctu`ry st`kb twg nulablkds fkgwk `s (54-5:) `a-Punn`t`yk (‚tjo wg Bgios“). joy woro usob `s stgrojgusos noegro nolkd boigalsjob boigalsj ob lk tjo a`to klkotooktj coktury. jo lkscrlptlgks lkscrlptl gks gk tjo p`lktlkd `ro bleelcuat tg ro`b. jo aoet gko porj`ps ro`bs `s (54) I`f`i I`f` i ña-Eorr`ŗlk ña-Eo rr`ŗlk (tjo ‚Bgio ge tjo C`rot`fors ge tjo J`r`i“), `kb tjo gko tg tjo rldjt i`y ro`b (5:) I`f`i-İ I`f` i-İ F`boi F`b oi lk-Kon l k-Konl l (‚Bgio (‚Bgio ge tjo Eggtprlkt ge tjo Xrgpjot“). Gtjor bot`las
Sgio vory lktorostlkd bot`las tj`t `ro kgt i`rfob wltj c`ptlgks nut bg prgvlbo lktorostlkd lkegri`tlgk lkegri`tlgk wjok stublob lk cginlk`tlgk wltj gtjor sgurcos c`k no gnsorvob lk tjo p`lktlkd. Gk tjo rg`b tg @r`e`t, tjroo woaas `ro p`lktob. Lkslbo tjo J`r`i tjoro `ro kuiorgus w`tor muds egr stgrlkd ]`iz`i w`tor. Gko c`k `asg soo tokts lk tjo clty sunurns. @asg, tjoro `ro sovok uki`rfob qu`br`kdua`r gr rgukb stoopaos, wjlcj c`k no lboktlelob `s tjo ilk`rots ge N`n `a-_ir` 6 N`n `a-S`a`i6 N`n @al 6 N`n `a-Tlb` 6 N`n I`br`s`t P`ytn`y 6 N`n `a-]ly`b`6 `kb N`n I`br`s`t I`br` s`t `a-Suat` `a-Su at`kk Sua`yi Su a`yi`k `k . A`tor Bovoagpiokts lk ^oprosokt`tlgks ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n`
Bosplto tjo `aro`by ioktlgkob a`cf ge scjga`ray lktorost gvor tjo a`st 388 yo`rs, tjo Okoi`k p`lktlkd j`s j`b qulto `k lip`ct gk Ourgpo`k roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo F`“n` F`“n` `kb Iocc`. Lk 0404 egr ox`ipao, @brl``k @brl`` k ^oa`kb, ` Butcj prgeossgr ge
Elduro 0?= Rjo F`“n` i`p lk ^oa`kb“s punalc`tlgk ge 0404 CO.
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grlokt`a a`kdu`dos a`kdu`do s `t _trocjt _klvorslty, _klvorslty, punalsjob tjo socgkb obltlgk obltlg k ge jls nggf Bo ^oaldlgko Igj`iioblc` Alnrl Bug gk Lsa`i. Lt cgkt`lks twg laaustr`tlgks6 gko ge tjo F`“n` `kb gko ge Iuzb`ale` (^oa`kb 0404= 002, 00:). ^oa`kb ls fkgwk `s tjo elrst Ourgpo`k scjga`r tg punalsj ` ro`alstlc roprosokt`tlgk ge tjo F`“n`. Gk jls w`y n`cf tg Swobok lk 0402, Ilcj`oa Okoi`k vlsltob tjo Kotjora`kbs `kb j`b ` iootlkd wltj ^oa`kb lk _trocjt. ^oa`kb ioktlgkob tj`t Okoi`k sjgwob tjo p`lktlkd ge Iocc` tg jli `kb tj`t jo d`vo jli tjo porilsslgk tg i`fo ` cgpy (^oa`kb 0404= 00<6 Tltf`i >88>= >3?–>34). ^oa`kb brow tjo I`smlb I`s mlb `a-J`r`i `a-J` r`i `kb F`“n` `kb `bbob pogpao `rgukb tjo cgurty`rb, sgio ge tjoi poregrilkd tjo pr`yor. Lk tjls br`wlkd, gkay tjo Jgay Igsquo ls boplctob6 tjo clty ltsoae ls kgt sjgwk. ^oa`kb prgn`nay w`ktob tg cgkcoktr`to gk tjo jgalost pa`co `kb kgt gk tjo clty ge Iocc`. @kgtjor @kgt jor e`igus e`ig us Iocc` laaustr` laau str`tlgk tlgk ls tjo `aro`by `aro `by ioktlgko iokt lgkobb okdr`vlk okdr `vlkdd ge B“Gjssgk (0428-0:84) (B“Gjssgk 04::= pa. 2? ). B“Gjssgk“s roprosokt`tlgk ls t`fok ergi tjo s`io porspoctlvo `s tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd, nut jls br`wlkd ls aoss sgpjlstlc`tob `kb aoss ox`ct. To bg kgt fkgw wjotjor jo j`b sook tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd. Nut lk jls okdr`vlkd, ospocl`aay tjo clty `kb lts surrgukblkds `ro aoss sgpjlstlc`tob tj`k Okoi`k“s. @k li`do li`d o tj`t tj `t rosoi r osoinaos naos tjo _pps`a` _pps` a` p`lktlkd p`lk tlkd c`k prosokta pros oktayy no n o egukb eg ukb lk tjo t jo Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk (^gdors >808= >58–>50). jls br`wlkd lk lkf `kb gp`quo w`torcgagur gk p`por w`s prgbucob lk tjo yo`r 0:2? ny Iuj`iiob @nbuaa`j, wjg w`s ` c`rtgdr`pjor ergi Boajl. jo br`wlkd ls cgip`r`nao tg tjo _pps`a` X`lktlkd lk lts cjglco ge v`kt`do pglkt. Lt ls `asg vory `ccur`to, nut bgos kgt lkcaubo c`ptlgks gk tjo nulablkds `kb gtjor pglkts ge lktorost.
Elduro 05= Sj`wf`t, X`kgr`ilc Ulow ge tjo Clty ge Iocc`, 0<>>-0<>3, gla gk c`kv`s, K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt. Lkv. kr. ISS 0053. © Kgur Egukb`tlgk. Cgurtosy ge tjo Fj`alal E`ilay Rrust.
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Lk tjo Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk, tjoro ls ` cgpy ge tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd (elduro 05). 08 Lk e`ct, tjo sj`po ge tjo igukt`lks `kb tjo stroots `ro ` gko-tg-gko cgpy. jo p`lktlkd ls sldkob ny tjo jltjortg ukfkgwk p`lktor Sj`wf`t `kb ls b`tob 0320 @J (0<>>–0<>3 CO). Jgw jo d`lkob `ccoss tg tjo p`lktlkd `t _pps`a` _klvorslty lk grbor tg i`fo ` cgpy ls ` iystory. Xjgtgdr`pjy
Slkco tjo 0::8s, tjo clty ge Iocc` j`s nook pjgtgdr`pjob `kb elaiob. Ovok tjoso li`dos, jgwovor, `ro ge aoss v`auo tj`k tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd. X`r`bgxlc`aay, tjgudj tjoso pjgtgs `ro p`kgr`ilc, tjoy bg kgt sjgw `s i`ky bot`las `s tjo o`ralor roprosokt`tlgks blb. joroegro, gko c`k cgkcaubo tj`t tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd roi`lks `k `nsgauto suiilt lk J`mm roprosokt`tlgks `kb j`s kovor nook surp`ssob, ovok ny a`tor tocjklquos ge cgagurob plcturos gr pjgtgdr`pjs. Cgkcauslgk
jo _pps`a` p`lktlkd ls ` uklquo `kb oxtr`grblk`ry roprosokt`tlgk ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n`. Lt w`s prgn`nay i`bo ny ` Iusali `rtlst lk C`lrg `kb, `etor lts purcj`so ny Ilcj`oa Okoi`k, `rrlvob lk _pps`a` lk 0402. jo p`lktlkd ls tjo elrst fkgwk tjroo-bliokslgk`a roprosokt`tlgk ge Iocc` `kb boigkstr`tos wj`t w`s `t tjo tlio ` rovgautlgk`ry nlrb“s oyo vlow. Lt prgvlbos ` vory bot`laob boscrlptlgk ge tjo nulablkds ge tjo clty. jo roaov`kco ge tjls p`lktlkd j`s gkay rocoktay nook rocgdklsob ny scjga`rs. @k lipgrt`kt ro`sgk egr tjls ls tj`t gab I`iauf `kb Gttgi`k Iocc` w`s bostrgyob cgipaotoay ny tjo S`ubl du`rbl`ks ge tjo Jgay Clty6 tjls plcturo ls lkblspoks`nao tg rocgkstructlkd `kb boscrlnlkd tjo Gttgi`k Clty. Kg gtjor laaustr`tlgks ge Iocc` cgkt`lk cgkt`l k igro gr rlcjor bot`las `ngut tjo urn`k kotwgrf `kb clty p`ttork tj`k tjo _pps`a` p`lktlkd. joro ls stlaa iucj igro `k`aysls tg no bgko gk tjls p`lktlkd, wjlcj j`s gkay st`rtob st`rt tg rovo`a lts socrots.
08 Rls F`“n` F`“n` p`lktlkd (lkv. (lkv. kr. kr. ISS 0053, X`kgr`ilc X`kgr`ilc Ulow ge tjo Clty ge Iocc`, gla gk c`kv`s, <: x 0<3ci) ls kgt punalsjob. L wguab alfo tg tj`kf K`ja` K`ss`r, cur`tgr ge tjo Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgks, egr dlvlkd io porilsslgk tg stuby tjls gnmoct.
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@ppok @pp okbl blx= x= Aodo Ao dokb kbss lk tjo tj o _pps` _p ps`a` a` X`lktl X`lk tlkd kd
L j`vo usob tjo urflsj tr`kscrlptlgk egr tjo aodokbs tj`t `ro wrlttok lk tjo p`lktlkd. jo igst lipgrt`kt bleeorokco notwook Gttgi`k `kb @r`nlc pa`cok`ios `ro tjo cj`r`ctors c, v, ŗ `kb ä (Gttgi`k) egr m, w, sj `kb cj (@r`nlc). 0. Conoa-l @r`e`t (Igukt`lk @r`e`t) >. I`tn`j (Fltcjok) 3. Iosclb-l ĸnr`jli (Igsquo ge @nr`j`i) 2. Ilaoyk (I`rfors ge tjo ngrbor ge @r`e`t) ?. Iñzboaleo (Iuzb`ale`) 5. Jñsoyklyo (`a-Jus`yklyy` vlaa`do) 4. Coiro-l Ovvoa (tjo Elrst Xlaa`r) :. Coiro-l S`kl (tjo Socgkb Xlaa`r) <. Coiro-l S`als (tjo jlrb Xlaa`r) 08. Ilk` 00. Iosclb-l J`ye J`ye (Igsquo (Igsquo ge `a-Fj`ye) 0>. I`j`aa-l Kñzua-l ‚Uo“a-Iñrsoa`t“ ‚Uo“a-Iñrsoa`t“ (Xa`co ge ^ovoa`tlgk ge Sur` w`-`a-Iñrsoa`t) 03. Iosclb-l @ŗoro (Igsquo ge @q`n`) 02. I`j`aa-l ś`ff ua-F`ior (Xa`co wjoro tjo Iggk w`s Spalt) 0?. Conoa-l Onu Funoys (Igukt`lk ge @nu Pun`ys) 05. Conoa-l Sovlr (j`wr Igukt`lk) 04. Nurfot-l \oioklyo \oioklyo (tjo \oiokl \oiokl Xgga) 0:. I`j`aa-l Iovaub-l Onu Noflr (Nlrtjpa`co ge @nu N`fr) 0<. Iovaub-İ Soyylblk` Õior (Nlrtjpa`co ge gur Agrb _i`r) >8. F`jvo (Cgeeoo `kb ^ost Jguso) >0. Jubbo (Jubbo Ulaa`do) >>. Sonla-l @jiob Noy (Egukt`lk ge @ji`b Noy) >3. Clbbo (Mobb`j) >2. I`j`aa-l ]onj-l ĸsi`la (Xa`co ge tjo S`crlelco ge Lsji`oa) >?. J`ii`i-İ _iro (tjo _ir` N`tj) >5. Conoa-l Dñzoa (M`n`a Jlkbl) >4. I`f`i-İ @yb`rus (St`tlgk ge @yb`rus) >:. śoyj I`jiub (Sj`yfj I`jiub) ><. SonlaV-l I`jiubY (Egukt`lk Vge I`jiubY) 38. N`n ñz-]ly`bo (D`to ge Lkcro`so) 30. I`jfoio (Cgurt)
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3>. Iobroso-l Sñaoyi`klyo (Suaoyi`klyo Scjgga) 33. I`z`nlz (@nautlgk Egukt`lk) 32. I`f`i-İ Iorvo (I`rw` Jlaa) 3?. ]`vlyo-l @jioblyo (Cgkvokt (Cgkvokt ge tjo @ji`blyy` Grbor) 35. ]`vlyo F`blrlyo (Cgkvokt ge tjo P`blrly` Grbor) 34. Suf (I`rfot) 3:. Nurfot oa-Ț`il (B`i`scus Xgga) 3<. Nurfot-l Iİsrl (Odyptl`k Xgga) 28. Sorb`r-İ Iñst`jeİz`k (Jo`b ge tjo Socurlty) 20. Iorf`b-İ Onu `aln `aln ( ( gin ge @nu `aln) `aln) 2>. Iosclb-l Clkk (Igsquo ge tjo Mlkk) 23. (Iorf`b-İ (Iorf`b-İ ) J`tlco (Vgin (Vgin ge Y Fj`blm`) 22. Iovaovlj`ko Iovaovlj`ko (Cgkvokt (Cgkvokt ge Iovaovl Borvlsjos) 2?. VF`sr-İY Uozlr (VX`a`co ge tjoY Dgvorkgr) 25. Iokzla-l Onu Noflr (Jguso ge @nu N`fr) 24. VIovaub-İY E`ti` E`ti` (VNlrtjpa`co (VNlrtjpa`co ge Y E`tli` E`tli` ) 2:. J`ii`i ñk-Konl (N`tj ge tjo Xrgpjot) 2<. I`f`i-İ Conoa-l VKurY (St`kblkd-pa`co ge VKurY Igukt`lk) ?8. Iovaub ñk-Konl (Nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot) ?0. B`r oa J`yzur`k (Jguso ge J`yzur`k, J`yzur`k, igtjor ge J`ruk `a-^`sjlb) ?>. Iovaub-İ @al (Nlrtjpa`co (Nlrtjpa`co ge @al) ?3. I`f`i-İ S`e` (St`kblkd-pa`co ge S`e`) ?2. B`r us-S`h`bo (Jguso ge Eoalclty, tjo jguso ge tjo Gttgi`k dgvorkgr) ??. N`n-İ ĸnr`jli (D`to ge @nr`j`i) ?5. N`n-İ @al (D`to ge @al) ?4. N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ Coblb (Kow D`to ge Xo`co) ?:. N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ S`ėlr (Si`aa D`to ge Xo`co) ?<. N`n-İ Sonla-l P`ytn`y (D`to ge tjo Egukt`lk ge P`ytn`y) 58. N`n ñk-Konl (D`to ge tjo Xrgpjot) 50. Ila-l @jb`r (tjo Drook Sldkpgst) 5>. N`n ñs-Soa`i-İ @tlf (tjo Gab D`to ge Xo`co) 53. Iobroc (St`lrc`so) 52. I`f`i-İ ĸnr`jli (tjo St`kblkd pa`co ge @nr`j`i) 5?. Ilknor-l śorle (tjo Kgnao Xuaplt) 55. ]oizoi-l śorle (tjo Kgnao ]`iz`i VwoaaY) 54. I`f`i-İ F`boi lk-Konl (tjo Agc`tlgk ge tjo Eggt ge tjo Xrgpjot) 058
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5:. I`f`i ña-Eorr`ŗlk (tjo Agc`tlgk ge tjo C`rot`fors) 5<. I`f`i-İ J`knoal J`knoal (tjo Agc`tlgk ge tjo J`kn`al scjgga ge murlsprubokco) 48. I`f`i-İ I`alfl I`alfl (tjo Agc`tlgk ge tjo I`alfl scjgga ge murlsprubokco) 40. I`f`iİ J`koel J`koel (tjo Agc`tlgk ge tjo J`k`el scjgga ge murlsprubokco) 4>. Jlcr-l ĸsi`la (tjo Nurl`a pa`co ge Lsji`oa) 43. Ilcoko (‚rgudj“) 42. @atuk Gauf (Dgabok Spgut) 4?. J`cor ña-Osvob (tjo Na`cf Stgko) Nlnalgdr`pjy
Ïb`ja, Ïb`j a, F. (0<<8), (0<<8 ), Grlokt`alsiok l svoksf fgkst. Lsa`ilsf` eõroiïa, eõronlabor gcj lkeauoksor l fgkst gcj fgkstj`ktvorf. Stgcfjgai= Jõd`kâs Tlfok. Ïb`ja, Ïb`j a, F. (>880), (>880 ), ‚Ulow ‚Ul ow ge Iocc` `kb tjo F`“n`“, F`“n`“, lk . Jolkoi`kk Jolko i`kk,, _pps`a` _klvorslty @rt Cgaaoctlgks, >?5->?4. _pps`a`= _pps`a` _klvorslty. @fsgy @fsg y, ś. & ^. Ilastolk Ilast olk (>888), (>88 8), ‚@ cgaaoctl cgaa octlgk gk ge tjlrtook tjlr tooktj–c tj–coktur okturyy laaustr` laau str`tob tob Bori `k 5? y`ŗ `ri`ė` `ri `ė`kİ kİ – J`mm cortlelc`tos“, lk ĸ.C. Scjlcf (ob.), I. _ėur Bori`k 5? tj nlrtjb`y eostscjrlet , 080-032. Lst`knua= S`n`kcİ Ñklvorsltosl. @al Noy (`al`s (`al `s Bgilkdg Bgilk dg N`bl` N`bl ` y Aoynalcj) Aoyna lcj) (0:05), (0:05 ), r`voas ge @al Noy lk Igrgccg, rlpgal, Cyprus, Odypt, @r`nl`, Syrl` `kb urfoy notwook tjo \o`rs 0:83 `kb 0:84 , > vgas. Agkbgk= Agkdi`k. Na`lr, S. (>803), ‚Lkscrlnlkd tjo j`mm“ lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), J`mm. Cgaaoctob oss`ys, 058-05<. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Nurcfj`rbt, M.A. (0:><), r`voas lk @r`nl`. Cgiprojokblkd `k `ccgukt ge tjgso torrltgrlos lk Jobm`z wjlcj tjo Igj`iiob`ks rod`rb `s s`crob . Agkbgk= Cganurk. B“Gjssgk, L.I. (04::), `nao`u dìkìr`a bo a“Oiplro gtjgi`k. Blvlsì ok boux p`rtlos p`r tlos,, bgkt a“uko a“uk o cgiprokb cgip rokb a` aìdlsa` aìd lsa`tlgk tlgk i`jgiìt` i`jg iìt`ko6 ko6 a“`utro, a“`u tro, a“jlstgl a“jl stglro ro bo a“Oiplro gtjgi`k, bìblì `u ^gl bo Suêbo , > vgas. X`rls= A“Liprliorlo bo igkslour VElrilk BlbgtY. Ovaly` Äoaonl (>88?), Ovalyî Äoaonl Soy`j`tkîiosl. gpf`pİ S`r`yİ Fñtñpj`kosl N`ėb`t 385, Sñaoyi`klyo Fñtñpj`kosl Xortov X`ŗ` X`ŗ` 25>, Sñaoyi`klyo Fñtñpj`kosl J`cİ Noŗlr @ė` 2?> kui`r`aİ y`zi`a`rİk iuf`yosoal tr`ksfrlpslygku blzlkl , lk \. B`ėaİ, B`ėaİ , S.@. F`jr`i`k F`jr `i`k & ^. B`kfgee B`kfg ee (obs.), (obs .), 0. n`sfİ n`sf İ flt`p flt` p <. Lst`knua= Lst`k nua= \`pİ Frobl Fro bl \`yİka`rİ \`yİk a`rİ.. Drok, O. (0<2?), “Nlbr`d tlaa Ilcj`oa Okoi`ks nlgdr`el stublor gcj ngfeõrvârv“, lk Bgkui Dr`po`kui. Eostsfrlet tlaaâdk`b õvornlnalgtof`rlok õvornlnalgtof`rlok @kbors Dr`po Dr`po pï soxtlgeoiïrsb`dok bok 4 i`rs 0<2?, 22?-2<2. 22?-2<2. _pps`a`= @aiqvlst gcj Tlfsoaa. 050
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Muvlk, C. (>808), (>80 8), “j “joo tginstgk tgin stgkos os ergi tjo `a-I`“`a` coiotor coio toryy lk Iocc`“, lk @.L. @.L . `a-Dj`nn`k `a-Dj`n n`k ot `a., ^g`bs ge @r`nl`, `rcj`ogagdy `rcj`ogagdy `kb jlstgry ge tjo Flkdbgi ge S`ubl @r`nl`, 2<8-?>0. X`rls= Iusìo bu Aguvro. Frlodor, ]. (>803), ‚ IcIocc`. jo str`kdo `aal`kco ge caorlc s `kb nuslkossiok nuslkossio k lk S`ubl @r`nl`. Tjy `ro T`jj`nl T`jj`nl ao`bors `aagwlkd `aagw lkd tjo bostructlgk ge jlstgrlc`a jlstg rlc`a sltos lk Lsa`i“s Lsa`i“s jgalost clty7“, clt y7“, lk jo @ta`ktlc , 0< I`rcj >803. Gkalko `ccosslnao `t= jttp=//www.tjo`ta`ktlc.cgi/lktork`tlgk`a/`rcjlvo/>803/83/iciocc`tjo-str`kdo-`aal`kco-ge-ca tjo-str`kdo-`aal`kco-ge-caorlcs-`kb-nuslk orlcs-`kb-nuslkossiok-lk-s`ubl ossiok-lk-s`ubl-`r`nl`/>42 -`r`nl`/>42025/. 025/. I`ury, C. ( >803), ‚Boplctlgks ge tjo J`r`i`yk gk Gttgi`k tlaos. Cgktokts `kb cgktoxt“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), J`mm. Cgaaoctob oss`ys, 023-0?< . Agkbok= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Igas, A. (>803), Uora`kdok k``r Ioff`. Bo j`bm lk jgkborb vggrworpok . Aolbok= ^lmfsiusoui Ugafokfukbo. K`sr`w, S. (>884), ‚Iocc`“s `kclokt jorlt`do ls ukbor `tt`cf. Bovoagpiokts egr pladrlis `kb tjo strlct noaloes ge S`ubl caorlcs `ro okcrg`cjlkd gk gr oalilk`tlkd Lsa`i“s jgay sltos lk tjo flkdbgi“, lk Ags @kdoaos lios , Soptoinor 05, >884. Gkalko `ccosslnao `t jttp=//`rtlcaos.a`tlios.cgi/>884/ jttp=//`rtlcaos.a`tlios.cgi/>884/ sop/05/kows/`bed-iocc`05. ^oa`kb, J. (0404), Bo ^oaldlgko Igj`iioblc` alnrl bug. Obltlg `ator` `uctlgr. _trocjt= Nrgoboaot. ^gdors, M.I. (>808), jo `rts ge Lsa`i. I`storplocos ergi tjo Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk , Agkbgk= j`ios & Jubsgk. Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, C. (0:::), Ioff`. Ioff` . L. Blo St`bt ukb ljro Jorrok . J``d= I`rtlkus Klmjgee. Strlf`, X.U. (0<4<), ‚@ F`n` Xlcturo Ergi Igsua“, lk Sgurcos egr tjo jlstgry ge @r`nl`. @r`nl` . Stublos Stubl os lk tjo jlstgry jlst gry ge @r`nl` @r`nl ` , vga. 0, 02?-02<. ^ly`bj= ^ly`bj _klvorslty Xross. _auokdlk, K. & N. _auokdlk (0<::), ‚Ilk`r Slk`k“İk Ioffo vo Ioblko“bofl Osoraorl“, lk Ili`r Ili` r Slk`k Slk` k Bõkoil Bõk oil ñrf Ili`raİė Ili` raİėİİ vo S`k`tİ S`k` tİ , 32?-358. Lst`knua= ñrflyo ĸŗ N`kf`sİ Fñatñr \`yİka`rİ. Tltf`i, Tltf` i, M.M. M.M . (>88>), (>88> ), Urggijolb ok `ctlvlsio lk ook lsa`iltlscj donobo don obokngo kngof. f. Bo doscjl dos cjlobok oboklsls v`k bo B`a` B`a `“la `a-Fj`y `a-F j`yr`t r`t v`k `a-D`zual `a-D` zual . Aolbok= _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjoof (Faolko punalc`tlos v`k bo Aolbso _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjoof).
05>
J @M M I _^@AS
G @SLS ( O D\XR ) LK B @FJA @F JA@ @ G @S LS (O
0
^oifo Fruf `kb Er`ks Ggrt Lk Igrdok Igrdo k nagolok nago lok bo `nrlfgz `nr lfgzok ok (gigrrgw tjo `prlcgts wlaa no lk naggi ), tjo Butcj pgot Nortus @`emos dlvos ` e`sclk`tlkd `ccgukt ge tjo iur`as bovgtob tg tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc` tj`t jo s`w lk ` pgpua`r qu`rtor ge C`lrg= Ro wjlto, ergkt w`aa ge tjo jguso usu`aay sjgwob, lk ` prliltlvo e`sjlgk, tjo rguto tj`t tjo tr`voaaor tg Iocc` j`b egaagwob. Ro st`rtlkd pglkt woro tjo tjroo pyr`ilbs ge Dlz`. Rok tjo vgy`do ny sjlp tjrgudj tjo nauo ^ob So`. Koxt, tjo trlp ny c`ioa (` c`ioa wltj tjo jo`b ge ` sjrow) tjrgudj tjo yoaagw bosort, wjlcj w`s usu`aay lkj`nltob ny twg gr tjroo prliltlvo algks (sg prliltlvo tj`t tjoy aggfob alfo ` crgss notwook ` igkstrgus bgd `kb ` igkstrgus c`t). @kb ffk`aay, tjo mgygus `rrlv`a `t tjo F`“n` lk Iocc`. (@`os 0-033) 03>-033)> Tj`t @`emos @`em os boscrlno bosc rlnoss joro ls tjo Odyptl`k Odyp tl`k custgi cust gi tg coaonr`to coao nr`to ` J`mm pladrli“ plad rli“ss jgiocgilkd ny bocgr`tlkd jls jguso, i`rflkd tjo succosseua cgipaotlgk ge tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc`. @`emos“ vlow ls tj`t ge ` tgurlst, kgt ` scjga`r, `kb cgksoquoktay lt ls sgiowj`t k`çvo. g tjo igro sgpjlstlc`tob oyo, lt wguab no gnvlgus tj`t igst ge tjo plcturos‒ l.o. algks, c`ioa trlps, `kb tjo pyr`ilbs‒ bg kgt roeor tg tjo `ctu`a ro`alty oxporlokcob ny tjo pladrli, nut r`tjor `ro oinaoi`tlc ge cort`lk `spocts ge tjo pladrli`do= b`kdor, tr`voa lk @r`nl`, `kb pa`co ge bop`rturo. Ro custgi ge bocgr`tlkd tjo pladrli“s jguso wltj iur`as ls igst wlboay spro`b lk Odypt, nut `asg gccurs lk gtjor cguktrlos sucj `s Alny`, Syrl`, `kb tjo Lsr`oa-X`aostlko rodlgk. @`os i`fos kg ioktlgk ge @r`nlc wrltlkds, nut wrlttok toxt ls `k ossoktl`a p`rt ge tjo iur`as. Ro cgro p`rt usu`aay cgkslsts ge `k lkscrlptlgk prgca`lilkd tj`t Dgb j`s dr`ktob tjo pladrli, ioktlgkob ny k`io, tjo e`vgur ge cgipaotlkd tjo J`mm , tjo pladrli`do tg Iocc` tj`t ovory `nao Iusali j`s tg poregri `t ao`st gkco lk jls gr jor aleo. Rls lkscrlptlgk ls usu`aay, usu`aay, nut kgt `aw`ys, pa`cob `ngvo tjo oktr`kco ge tjo jguso. g tjls lkscrlptlgk i`y no `bbob v`rlgus gtjor oaoiokts= br`wlkds ge tjo F`“n`, F `“n`, li`dos ge tjo egris ge tr`kspgrt tj`t ildjt no usob gk tjo pladrli`do, tjo igsquo wjoro tjo Xrgpjot ls nurlob, gr plgus lkscrlptlgks wltj bocgr`tlvo ngrbors. Roso bocgr`tlgks i`y no egukb gk tjo e`ä`bo ge tjo jguso gr gk tjo `bm`cokt w`aas. Lkslbo tjo jguso, 0 >
Gur roso`rcj lk B`fja` w`s i`bo pgsslnao tjrgudj tjo joap ge gur cgaao`duos p`rtlclp`tlkd lk tjo B`fja` G`sls Xrgmoct (BGX), ospocl`aay Br. gky Ilaas, Blroctgr ge BGX, wjg gorob us dokorgus jgsplt`alty `t tjo BGX ^oso`rcj Coktro lk @yk `a-Mlkbl. Lko Moaaoi` brow ^oifo Fruf“s `ttoktlgk tg tjls p`ss`do.
053
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Elduro 0= N`kbs ge Pur“`klc toxts roa`tlkd tg tjo J`mm lkslbo tjo jguso ge Iuj`ii`b S`ali, tjo blroctgr ge tjo `ktlqultlos bop`rtiokt lk B`fja` (`a-M`blb`, 02>5 @J (>88? CO)). Xjgtg= E. Aooijuls.
tjo w`aas ge tjo `ro`s vlsltob ny duosts `ro `asg getok bocgr`tob wltj agkd n`kbs ge toxt, usu`aay vorsos ergi tjo Pur“`k roeorrlkd tg tjo pladrli`do (ffduro 0). Spoct`cua`r iur`as c`k no sook so ok lk tjo Klao U`aaoy, U`aaoy, egr lkst`kco lk tjo Auxgr rodlgk, rodl gk, `kb cgoo-t`naocgo o-t`naotypo nggfs tj`t lkcaubo plcturos `s woaa `s usoeua e`ctu`a lkegri`tlgk, sucj `s tjgso ge X`rfor (0<888), j`vo rodua`ray nook bovgtob tg tjo iur`as. Jlstgry
Jgw gab tjo custgi ls, wo bg kgt fkgw. Lk tjo p`st, lt w`s kgt tjo sgrt ge tjlkd i`ky pogpao p`lb `ttoktlgk tg, `kb boscrlptlgks ge sucj uksgpjlstlc`tob i`kleost`tlgks i`kleost`tlgks ge pgpua`r `rt woro usu`aay kgt lkcaubob lk tr`voa `ccgukts. joy dokor`aay woro kgt kgtlcob `t `aa. joro `ro, jgwovor, ` eow oxcoptlgks. jo Gttgi`k `utjgr Iust`e` @al, lk jls boscrlptlgk ge C`lrg b`tlkd ergi 0?<<, i`fos tjo egaagwlkd roi`rf= jo klco custgi ls `asg jldjay pr`lsob ny wlso pogpao tj`t gko ge tjo roa`tlvos ge tjo porsgk tj`t ukbort`fos tjo pladrli`do, gko wjg ls fkgwk tg no slkcoroay bovgtob bovgto b tg jli, j`s tjo Fgr`k vorso gk tjo pladrli`do Vsur` 3= <4, `a-Lir`kY lkscrlnob wltj a`rdo aottors gk tjo w`aa ge jls bggr. Sgio ovok bocgr`to lt wltj v`rlgus oinoaalsjiok ts `kb cgagrs. jgso wjg p`ss tjrgudj tj`t stroot wlaa fkgw egr suro tj`t tjo gwkor ge tj`t jguso j`s dgko gk tjo pladrli`do tj`t yo`r. (Iust`eî h@aë 0<4?= 33) Igro `ngut tjo jlstgry ge pladrli`do iur`as `kb tjolr lktorprot`tlgk c`k no egukb lk C`ipg (0<<0= 023-025). Joro wo i`y must ioktlgk O.T. A`ko“s boscrlptlgk, n`sob gk jls gnsorv`tlgks lk C`lrg notwook 0:>? `kb 0:3?, noc`uso lt roeors tg plctgrl`a oaoiokts stlaa okcguktorob lk tgb`y“s iur`as=
052
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Lt ls ` cgiigk custgi tg grk`iokt tjo oktr`kco ge ` pladrli“s jguso, ` b`y, gr twg gr tjroo b`ys, noegro jls `rrlv`a6 p`lktlkd tjo bggr, `kb cgagurlkd tjo `atork`to cgursos ge stgko gk o`cj slbo `kb `ngvo wltj rob gcjro, `kb wjltow`sj6 gr, le lt no ge nrlcf, grk`ioktlkd lt lk ` slila`r i`kkor, wltj nrg`b jgrlzgkt`a strlpos ge rob `kb wjlto= getok, `asg troos, c`ioas, otc., `ro p`lktob lk ` vory rubo i`kkor, lk drook, na`cf, rob, `kb gtjor cgagurs. jo pladrli sgiotlios wrltos tg grbor tjls tg no bgko. (>883= 23:) O`ralor Stublos `kb @pprg`cjos
Lt j`s agkd nook cao`r tj`t, cgktr`ry tg wj`t igro k`çvo gnsorvors j`vo sgiotlios tjgudjt, tjo iur`as `ro kgt i`bo ny tjo pladrlis tjoisoavos `kb bg kgt cgkt`lk ioigrlos ge tjlkds sook gk tjo pladrli`do. ^`tjor, tjo bocgr`tlgks `ro i`bo ny erlokbs `kb roa`tlvos ge tjo pladrlis tg prop`ro egr tjolr jgiocgilkd, `kb tjo li`dos `ro lktokbob tg jldjaldjt syingalc`aay tjo i`mgr oaoiokts ge tjo pladrli`do. Sovor`a stublos gvor tjo yo`rs j`vo nook bovgtob tg iur`as lk v`rlgus p`rts ge Odypt, ngtj lk C`lrg (Ilcjgt, lk 0<4:) `kb _ppor Odypt (C`kgv` lk 0<4? `kb C`ipg, wjg `asg lkcaubob C`lrg, E`yui, `kb Suoz, lk 0<<0). Roso stublos woro i`bo sovor`a boc`bos `dg, nut tjo iur`a custgi ls stlaa wlbospro`b lk Odypt. Rgudj tjo liprosslgk gko dots tjoso b`ys ls tj`t tjo jldjor sgcl`a ca`ssos lk Odypt kgw tokb tg soo lt `s `k gab-e`sjlgkob, rur`a (n`a`bl ) custgi. Ro e`ct tj`t J`mm iur`as lk C`lrg `ro igstay egukb lk tjo pggror pgpua`r qu`rtors cgkffris tjls. To s`w i`ky no`utleua iur`as, rocoktay oxocutob, lk tjo P`r`e`, tjo jlstgrlc`a (nut stlaa usob) coiotory cgvorlkd i`ky squ`ro ilaos `kb tj`t ls lkj`nltob ny pggr e`ilalos. Soktliokts `ngut tjo n`a`bl k`turo ge tjo iur`as `ro gk tjo rlso kgt gkay lk C`lrg, nut `asg lk tjo rur`a `ro`s tjoisoavos. Tjok Iuj`ii` Iuj`ii`bb S`ali, S`ali, tjo blroctgr blroctgr ge tjo `ktlqultl `ktlqultlos os bop`rtiok bop`rtioktt lk B`fja` B`fja` G`sls, poregriob tjo pladrli`do lk >88?, jo blb kgt `t ffrst w`kt jls jguso tg no
Elduro >= @kkgukcoiokt ge cgipaotlgk ge tjo J`mm gk tjo jguso Iuj`ii`b S`ali, blroctgr ge tjo `ktlqultlos bop`rtiokt lk B`fja` (`a-M`blb`, 02>5 @J (>88? CO)). Xjgtg= E. Aooijuls.
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bocgr`tob, cgkslborlkd tjo custgi gab-e`sjlgkob `kb n`a`bl. Lk tjo okb, jo `droob gk `k lkscrlptlgk `ngvo tjo oktr`kco ge jls jguso nut stlpua`tob tj`t tjo `ccgip`kylkd Pur“`klc Pur“`klc toxts cguab gkay `ppo`r gk tjo lkslbo w`aas ge jls jguso (ffduro >). Ge tjo stublos i`bo lk tjo p`st, tjroo bosorvo spocl`a `ttoktlgk noc`uso tjoy gor oauclb`tlvo vlows gk tjo k`turo `kb eukctlgk ge tjo iur`as. Ro ffrst ls tj`t ge Dlgv`kkl C`kgv`, wjg stublob ?4 iur`as lk _ppor Odypt i`bo notwook 0<3: `kb 0<4?, probgilk`ktay lk tjo Auxgr `ro` (C`kgv` 0<4?). Noslbos boscrlnlkd tjo iur`as `kb tjolr oaoiokts, plctgrl`a `s woaa `s opldr`pjlc, jo oxpa`lks tjo bocgr`tlkd ge pladrlis“ jgusos lk tjo wlbor cgktoxt ge tjo lipgrt`kco ge tjo J`mm egr pladrlis `kb tjgso `rgukb tjoi, wjlcj ls nrgudjt lktg egcus ny e`rowoaa `kb woacgilkd coroigklos. Jo nrloy blscussos sucj i`ttors `s wjg oxocutos tjo bocgr`tlgks (sgks gr puplas, proeor`nay, proeor`nay, nut `asg sgiotlios prgeosslgk`a p`lktors) `kb tjo blorokco ge gplklgk `ngut wjotjor lt ls porilttob tg lkcaubo roprosokt`tlgks ge jui`k nolkds `kb `kli`as. Jo `asg spo`fs `ngut tjo soilgtlc `spoct ge tjo iur`as, pglktlkd gut jgw tjo io`klkd `kb wlbor lipalc`tlgk ge o`cj p`rtlcua`r oaoiokt c`k liiobl`toay no dr`spob ny `aa wjg soo lt, nolkd p`rt ge ` sldk a`kdu`do ukborstggb ny tjo wjgao cgiiuklty. ‚Ro prosokco ge ` slkdao oaoiokt, egr lkst`kco tjo F`“n`, sufficos tg aot tjo ‑sldklffob’ oiordo lk lts dagn`alty“ (C`kgv` 0<4?= <0). Mo`k Mo`k Ilcjgt boscrlnob boscrlnob ?8 C`lroko C`lroko iur`as tj`t jo stublob stublob lk tjo o`ray 0<48s. 0<48s. Jo dlvos ` auclb `kb woaa-bgcuioktob `k`aysls ge tjo igtles `kb opldr`pjs jo egukb `kb lkcaubos `aa tjo roaov`kt bot`las. Jo `asg dlvos ` cao`r plcturo ge tjo sgcl`a `kb roaldlgus cgktoxts lk wjlcj tjoso bocgr`tlgks `ro prgbucob, `rdulkd tj`t tjo prgcoss ge bocgr`tlkd tjo jguso gors tjo erlokbs `kb roa`tlvos ge pladrlis tjo gppgrtuklty tg sj`ro tjo roaldlgus oxporlokco. g g tjls, tjoy gor up tjolr gwk oinaoi`tlc roprosokt`tlgks ge wj`t tjoy soo `s tjo io`klkdeua `spocts ge tjo J`mm (Ilcjgt 0<4:) . Mu`k Mu`k Obu`rbg Obu`rbg C`ipg, C`ipg, wjg `k`aysob `k`aysob tjo iur`as iur`as ge 35 jgusos jgusos lk tjo Pok` dgvorkgr`to, Dro`tor C`lrg, Suoz, `kb E`yui notwook 0<45 `kb 0<:?, bosorvos spocl`a `ttoktlgk. Jo cj`r`ctorlsos cj`r`ctorlsos tjoi `s sots ge slipao br`wlkds wltj ` aliltob sot ge igtles, `ccgip`klob ny toxts tj`t `ro ge ` strlflkday egriua`lc cj`r`ctor= tjo plgus egriua`s fkgwk `s n`si`a` (‚Lk tjo k`io ge Dgb, tjo Iorcleua, tjo Cgip`sslgk`to“), t`anly` (‚@t ygur sorvlco, g Dgb“), t`saly` (‚Dgb naoss jli `kb dlvo jli po`co“), `kb t`fnlr (‚Dgb ls igst dro`t“) `ro iucj lk ovlbokco, `s `ro Pur“`klc vorsos, getok lk `nnrovl`tob egri. Lk jls gplklgk, tjls `aa pglkts tg pogpao wgrflkd ergi ioigry. Jo prosokts ` euaa ca`sslffc`tlgk ge lcgklc igtles `rr`kdob `ccgrblkd tg tjoio, `s woaa `s `k gvorvlow `kb ca`sslffc`tlgk ge tjo toxts lk tjo opldr`pjs (C`ipg 0<<0= 03<-0<0). @rdulkd @rdulkd tj`t gko c`kkgt c`kkgt tro`t tro`t tjo iur`as iur`as `s `s ` j`pj`z`r j`pj`z`rbb cgkdag cgkdagior`t ior`too ge ffdur`tlv ffdur`tlvoo oaoiokts `kb lkscrlptlgks, C`ipg st`tos tj`t gko sjguab aggf egr ‚tjo rodua`rltlos dgvorklkd tjo roa`tlgks notwook tjo oaoiokts“. g tjls purpgso, alfo C`kgv` noegro jli, jo `pprg`cjos tjo iur`as ergi ` soilgtlc pglkt ge vlow, soolkd tjoi `s ` sot ge oaoiokts tj`t j`s ` ioss`do tg cgkvoy gr, wo ildjt s`y, ` stgry tg toaa= Sook soilgtlc`aay, J`mm iur`as `ro tjroo-bliokslgk`a, jldjay iot`pjgrlc egris ge blscgurso. @atjgudj tjoy `ro kgt `s er`diokt`ry, nlz`rro, gr geeokslvo `s i`ky j`vo ca`liob, koltjor 055
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`ro tjoy `s proclso gr `nstr`ct `s tjogagdlc`a, aod`a, gr pjlagsgpjlc`a blscgursos. jo iur`as `ro p`r`t`ctlc lk structuro6 tj`t ls, tjoy `ro nulat up ge aliltob sots ge igtles, egriua`lc pjr`sos, `kb prlkclpaos ge cgipgsltlgk. Lk e`ct, tjoy `ro roi`rf`nay slila`r tg, nut kgt lboktlc`a wltj, gr`a dokros ge pgotry, sgkd, iytj, `kb oplc. (0<<0= 02<) C`ipg `asg prosokts tjo lktorostlkd vlow tj`t tjo iur`as `eeoct tjo io`klkd ge bgiostlc sp`co lk tjo sokso tj`t tjoy sorvo tg s`cr`also bgiostlc sp`co. jo pladrli“s J`mm j`s tr`ksegriob jli lktg sgiogko wltj ` jldjor roaldlgus st`tus wjg sjguab roturk tg ` jguso tj`t ls lk `ccgrb`kco wltj tjls kow st`tus. Bocgr`tlgk wltj tjo `pprgprl`to syingas dlvos tjo jguso, lk ` w`y, tjo `spoct ge ` sjrlko. Lk C`ipg“s vlow, tjo e`ct tj`t tjo bocgr`tlvo oaoiokts `ro getok tjo s`io `s tjo gkos usob tg bocgr`to sjrlkos, lkcaublkd Cjrlstl`k sjrlkos, suppgrts tjls lbo`. C`ipg, alfo Ilcjgt noegro jli, eurtjor gnsorvos tj`t tjo iur`as lkcaubo i`ky oaoiokts tj`t `asg gccur lk tjo cgktoxt ge `pgtrgp`lc i`dlc, egr lkst`kco gk `iuaots. Ox`ipaos ioktlgkob lkcaubo iori`lbs, c`ioas, nlrbs, ffsj, sk`fos, gwors, p`ais, st`rs, croscokts, j`kbs, `kb oyos (C`ipg 0<<0= 0?5). Ngtj Ilcjgt `kb C`ipg cgkslbor sucj oaoiokts tg j`vo `k `pgtrgp`lc eukctlgk, w`rblkd g tjo ovla c`usob ny gtjor pogpao“s okvy (j`s`b ) `ngut tjo pladrli“s kow st`tus. J`s`b ls iucj eo`rob noc`uso lt i`y `ctlv`to bostructlvo pgwors. Roy i`y j`vo ` pglkt, ospocl`aay lk tjo c`so ge tjo j`kbs `kb tjo oyo, nut gko i`y `asg t`fo lktg `ccgukt tj`t, lk tjo cuaturo ergi wjlcj tjoso iur`as stoi, ffdur`tlvo roprosokt`tlgks woro tr`bltlgk`aay sc`rco. Egr slipao a`cf ge ox`ipaos, sucj roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks `s tjoro woro tokbob tg no usob gvor `kb gvor `d`lk lk ` v`rloty ge cgktoxts. Lk tjo s`io w`y, tjo li`dos e`ilal`r ergi i`dlc nggfs `kb `iuaots, sucj `s ffsjos, iori`lbs, sk`fos, `kb scgrplgks, i`y j`vo nook usob slipay egr tjolr bocgr`tlvo v`auo, must alfo pj`r`gklc roprosokt`tlgks `ro lkcgrpgr`tob lk tjo rodlgks wjoro ox`ipaos `ro `nukb`kt. Rls tr`bltlgk, gkco ost`nalsjob, i`y slipay j`vo nook cgktlkuob, ovok wjok plctgrl`a roprosokt`tlgks ge `aa flkbs noc`io `v`la`nao gk ` a`rdo sc`ao. ^oso`rcj gk tjls i`torl`a sg e`r j`s i`lkay cgkcoktr`tob gk Dro`tor C`lrg C`lrg `kb tjo Klao U`aaoy, `atjgudj tjo nggfs ge X`rfor (0<888) `asg lkcaubo gtjor agc`tlgks (@aox`kbrl`, `a-@rlsj, Xgrt S`lb, Suoz, sgio ge tjo Tostork g`sos). Ro iur`a custgi ls wlbospro`b lk tjo Tostork Tostork g`sos, `kb lt sooiob wgrtjwjlao tg j`vo ` cagsor aggf lk grbor tg soo wjotjor tjo iur`as tjoro prosoktob `ky kow vlows. @s ` st`rt st`rt,, wo boclbo boclbobb tg survoy survoy tjo tjo iur`as iur`as egukb lk tjo tjo g`sls g`sls ge B`fja` B`fja` (`b-B`fjla (`b-B`fjla`), `), sgio 3?8 flagiotros wost ge Auxgr. Gnsorv`tlgks lk B`fja` G`sls
jo B`fja` G`sls cgvors `k `ro` ge rgudjay :8 flagiotros ny >? flagiotros. Lt j`s nook lkj`nltob slkco projlstgrlc tlios, `kb `aa tjo succosslvo cuaturos ge Odypt j`vo aoet tjolr tr`cos tjoro. @s tg lts Lsa`ilc p`st, rocokt `rcj`ogagdlc`a 054
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wgrf ny Erob Aooijuls lk P`sr, gko ge tjo twg tgwks ge g e B`fja`, j`s sjgwk tj`t tj `t lt ls noygkb ` bgunt tj`t tjo tgwk b`tos n`cf tg tjo b`ys ge tjo E`tlilb byk`sty (<8<-0040 CO). @ccgrblkd tg `k ostli`to ergi >883, tjo g`sls jgusos sgio 4?,888 lkj`nlt`kts spro`b gvor twg tgwks `kb ` kuinor ge vlaa`dos `kb j`iaots. J`mm iur`as `ro egukb lk `aa tjoso agc`tlgks, wltj tjo oxcoptlgk ge tjo Nobgulk sottaoiokt must gutslbo Iut. Ro ffrst liprosslgk gko dots ergi ` c`su`a gnsorv`kco ge tjo B`fja` J`mm iur`as ls tj`t tjoy `ro, gk tjo wjgao, slipao `kb scjoi`tlc. Ro probgilk`kco ge slipao toxtu`a `kkgukcoiokts, eroquoktay eroquoktay (nut kgt `aw`ys) `ccgip`klob ny ` si`aa `kb jldjay styalsob lcgk ge tjo F`“n`, F`“n` , `asg ls cgksplcugus. Cagsor gnsorv`tlgk ge o`cj vlaa`do yloabob yloabob ` igro v`rlob plcturo nut blb kgt n`slc`aay cj`kdo tjo liprosslgk tj`t tjo iur`as lk B`fja` `ro iucj aoss oxunor`kt tj`k tjgso lk tjo Klao U`aaoy. Gur survoy w`s bgko burlkd vlslts notwook >882 `kb >885. To lkcaubob `aa tjo i`mgr agc`tlgks, egurtook lk tgt`a, k`ioay P`sr, Iusjly`, `a-M`blb`, P`a`iuk, Lz`n `a-P`sr (wjlcj ls lk e`ct ` caustor ge si`aa vlaa`dos), N`bfjuau, `r-^`sjb` (`r-^`sjlb`), Iut, Sj`yfj `a-T`al, @si`kt (Silkt), I`“s`r`, N`a`t, N`sjlkbl, `kb lkob` (`klb`). Lk tjo tgwks ge P`sr `kb Iut, wo slipay cgaaoctob ` kuinor ge wj`t wo jgpo `ro roprosokt`tlvo s`ipaos. Lk tjo vlaa`dos gur cgvor`do ge tjo i`torl`a w`s iucj wlbor, `atjgudj wo c`kkgt a`y ` ca`li tg cgipaotokoss6 lk tjo i`zos ge si`aa `aaoys `kb cgurty`rbs, spoclioks i`y o`slay j`vo nook ilssob bosplto tjo joapeua `sslst`kco ge tjo vlaa`dors. Ro tgt`a kuinor ge J`mm `kkgukcoiokts tj`t wo stublob, cguktob ny plcturos ge tjo F`“n` tj`t wo cgaaoctob, w`s `ngut 008. @bb tg tj`t sgio `kkgukcoiokts tj`t blb kgt lkcaubo ` roprosokt`tlgk ge tjo F`“n`, `kb tjo kuinor rgudjay `igukts tg 0>8, i`ky ge wjlcj wo pjgtgdr`pjob. Gur lktorost lk tjoso spoclffc`aay Iusali `kb r`tjor uksgpjlstlc`tob br`wlkds sgiotlios `stgklsjob tjo vlaa`dors. Roy egukb gur lktorost lk tjo `ccgip`kylkd c`aaldr`pjlc toxts o`slor tg ukborst`kb. Gcc`slgk`aay sgiogko `sfob us wjotjor wo lktokbob tg uso tjo i`torl`a egr plcturo pgstc`rbs. Sucj pgstc`rbs, usu`aay wltj iur`as ergi tjo Auxgr `ro`, `ro lkboob sgab lk tgurlst sjgps oasowjoro lk Odypt. Gur survoy w`s a`rdoay rostrlctob tg tjo oxtorlgrs ge jgusos. Lk sgio c`sos wo woro dlvok tjo gppgrtuklty tg aggf lkslbo, nut gk tjo wjgao pogpao blb kgt `pprocl`to tjls. Ro lkslbo bocgr`tlgks tj`t wo gnsorvob cgkslstob oxcauslvoay ge plgus toxts, usu`aay Pur“`klc vorsos. To blb kgt lkcaubo tjoso lk tjo survoy. J`mm iur`as woro iucj lk ovlbokco lk `aa tjo agc`tlgks. Roy woro egukb gk tr`bltlgk`a iub-nrlcf jgusos `kb gk igro igbork typos ge nulablkds, usu`aay gk tjo e`ä`bos nut getok gk tjo `bm`cokt w`aas `s woaa. Igst ge tjoi woro kgt ko`ray `s spoct`cua`r `s lk Auxgr `kb tjo `bm`cokt vlaa`dos lk tjo Klao U`aaoy6 kovortjoaoss, tjoy woro e`sclk`tlkd lk tjolr v`rloty `kb cgktokts. Ro gabost s`ipao wo cgaaoctob w`s b`tob 03<4 @J (0<44 CO), p`rt ge wjlcj ls roprgbucob lk Elduro ?. Ro a`tost spocliok lkcaubob lk gur survoy b`tob ergi 02>? @J (>88? CO) `kb c`k no sook lk Elduro 0 `kb Elduro >.
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Elduro 3= @kkgukcoiokt ge cgipaotlgk ge tjo J`mm ny ` wgi`k, E`tli` Iuj`ii`b ]`yk `b-Blk (Iut, 0203 @J (0<<3 CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
Gko ge gur purpgsos w`s tg ffkb gut wjotjor tjoro woro kgtowgrtjy blorokcos notwook tjo J`mm iur`as ge B`fja` `kb tjgso stublob o`ralor `kb tg soo wjotjor gnsorv`tlgks lk B`fja` cguab tjrgw `bbltlgk`a aldjt gk tjo vlows ge o`ralor scjga`rs (kgt`nay, Ilcjgt `kb C`ipg). To `asg tggf kgtlco ge tjo cj`kdos tj`t cguab no gnsorvob burlkd tjo porlgb tj`t tjo iur`as lk gur survoy woro i`bo (0<44–>88?). @ eurtjor eurtjor quostlg quostlgkk w`s wjotjo wjotjorr tjoro tjoro woro woro sunst`k sunst`ktl`a tl`a blor blorokco okcoss notwook notwook tjo tjo v`rlgus v`rlgus agc`tlgks ge B`fja` ltsoae. To tggf lktg `ccgukt tjo lcgklc roprosokt`tlgks `s woaa `s tjo toxts, `atjgudj gur lkvoktgry ge tjo a`ttor w`s aoss systoi`tlc `kb oxtokslvo tj`k C`ipg“s6 wo i`lkay kgtob bgwk toxts tj`t sldklffc`ktay blvordob ergi wj`t w`s lkcaubob lk jls lkvoktgry. Lk B`fja`, alfo oasowjoro, tjo iur`as boigkstr`to tjo lipgrt`kco ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm. @ roi`rf roi`rf`nao `nao laaustr`t laaustr`tlgk lgk ge ge tjls tjls woro woro tjo tjo oipty oipty,, wjltow`s wjltow`sjob job sp`co sp`coss tj`t tj`t wo sgiotlios kgtlcob `ngvo tjo oktr`kcos ge jgusos. Roso woro sp`cos `aro`by prop`rob tg rocolvo tjo `kkgukcoiokt ge ` succosseuaay cgipaotob pladrli`do, porj`ps kgt ovok tjls yo`r nut ‚jgpoeuaay koxt yo`r“, `s pogpao tgab us. @s sucj, tjo sp`cos sorvob sor vob kgt gkay tg strokdtjok pogpao lk tjolr lktoktlgks, nut `asg tg i`fo tjoso lktoktlgks punalc. @kgtjor @kgtjor roi`rf`n roi`rf`nao ao c`so w`s ` iur`a iur`a gk ` j`ae-ffkl j`ae-ffklsjob sjob jguso ge aliostgko aliostgko `kb robnrlcf `kkgukclkd tjo pladrli`do ge ` wgi`k. Igst alfoay sjo w`s tjo igtjor ge tjo lkj`nlt`kt, `kb tjo lipalc`tlgk ildjt no tj`t sokblkd tjo igtjor gk pladrli`do j`b t`fok ffk`kcl`a prlgrlty gvor ffklsjlkd tjo jguso (ffduro 3). Ro oaoiokts ge tjo B`fja` iur`as `ro kgt, lk ` dokor`a sokso, blorokt ergi wj`t j`s sg e`r nook gnsorvob= tjoy cgkslst ge plcturos, plgus toxts, `kb gtjor bocgr`tlvo oaoiokts, sucj `s grk`iokt`a ngrbors. Roso oaoiokts usu`aay, usu`aay, nut ny kg io`ks `aw`ys,
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`ppo`r lk cginlk`tlgk. Stublob lk igro bot`la, tjo lcgklc roprosokt`tlgks usob lk B`fja` rgudjay cgrrospgkb tg wj`t j`s nook boscrlnob lk o`ralor punalc`tlgks, nut tjo sot ge roprosokt`tlgks ls cgkslbor`nay igro aliltob. Alfo oasowjoro, tjo coktr`a oaoiokt ls tjo l“a`k, tjo `kkgukcoiokt tj`t Dgb j`s dr`ktob tjo roslbokt ge tjo jguso gr gko ge jls e`ilay ioinors tjo e`vgur ge cgipaotlkd tjo J`mm pladrli`do. Getok tjo pogpao lkvgavob woro ` cgupao, lk wjlcj c`so tjo wleo w`s roeorrob tg `s `s-s`yylb` j`r`iuju (i`b`i, jls wleo). Le tjo pladrlis woro ` sgk `kb jls igtjor, igtjor, tjo igtjor w`s roeorrob tg `s `s-s`yylb` w`alb`tuju (i`b`i, jls igtjor). Le ` wgi`k j`b poregriob tjo pladrli`do gk jor gwk, jor euaa k`io w`s ioktlgkob. jo igktj `kb yo`r ge tjo pladrli`do woro dlvok, tjo a`ttor getok `ccgrblkd tg tjo Lsa`ilc `s woaa `s tjo Drodgrl`k c`aokb`r. Eroquoktay tjo b`to dlvok w`s tj`t ge tjo wuque coroigky `t Igukt gr M`n`a @r`e`t. Sgiotlios tjo poregri`kco ge tjo _ir`, tjo ‚aossor pladrli`do“, w`s `asg ioktlgkob, oltjor lk `bbltlgk tg ioktlgk ge tjo J`mm gr gk lts gwk. Lk tjo a`ttor c`so tjo porsgk lkvgavob w`s `aw`ys roeorrob tg `s ` j`mml, lipaylkd tj`t tjo gnald`tgry dro`tor pladrli`do, tjo J`mm, j`b `aro`by nook poregriob. jo _ir` usu`aay _ir` usu`aay j`b nook poregriob burlkd ^`i`b`k, tjo klktj igktj ge tjo Lsa`ilc c`aokb`r, nut gcc`slgk`aay `asg lk tjo sovoktj igktj, ^`m`n. jo wgrb zly`r` (vlslt) (vlslt) w`s rodua`ray usob tg roeor tg tjo J`mm (o.d. zly`r`t n`yt @aa`j , ‚vlslt ge tjo jguso ge Dgb“6 gr zly`r`t n`yt @aa`j `a-j`r`i, ‚ vlslt vlslt ge tjo jgay jguso ge Dgb“). Lk `bbltlgk, tjoro w`s tjo gcc`slgk`a ioktlgk ge tjo vlslt tg tjo Xrgpjot“s dr`vo (sukk`t `z-zly`r`, ‚ tjo tjo `bvls`nao custgi ge tjo vlslt“). jo `kkgukcoiokt w`s usu`aay, nut kgt `aw`ys, pa`cob `ngvo tjo coktr`a oktr`kco ge tjo jguso. Lt w`s getok surrgukbob ny ` er`io cgkslstlkd ge slipao alkos gr ` bocgr`tlvo ngrbor. Sgiotlios tjls er`io j`b tjo sj`po ge ` igsquo“s cupga` wltj tjo kow iggk gk tgp, `kb lt w`s gcc`slgk`aay ea`kfob ny ilk`rots. Sucj er`ios woro p`rtlcua`ray pgpua`r lk tjo vlaa`dos ge @si`kt `kb N`bfjuau (elduro 2). @ plcturo ge tjo F`“n`, oltjor scjoi`tlc`aay gr igro oa`ngr`toay br`wk, w`s sgiotlios lkcaubob lk tjo er`io, `s woro gtjor gtjor n`slc oaoiokts ge J`mm lcgkgdr`pjy sucj `s `k `orgpa`ko, ` sjlp, ` nus, gr tjo cupga` ge tjo Xrgpjot“s dr`vo. Lcgklc oaoiokts, jgwovor, woro igro cgiigkay pa`cob gutslbo tjo l“a`k er`io. Lk lts igst n`slc egri, tjo `kkgukcoiokt ge j`vlkd poregriob tjo pladrli`do ls `aa tjoro ls. Fooplkd `kkgukcoiokts `s sgnor `s pgsslnao w`s lkboob tjo trokb lk sgio vlaa`dos, kgt`nay lk lkob`. Lk igst c`sos, jgwovor, tjo `kkgukcoiokt w`s surrgukbob ny `k `i`ad`i ge lcgklc oaoiokts, toxts, `kb bocgr`tlgks tj`t tgdotjor toaa tjo stgry ge tjo pladrli`do `kb tjo lipgrt`kco `tt`cjob tg lt. Joro, tgg, blstlkct trokbs lk styao c`k no gnsorvob ergi agc`alty tg agc`alty= ` igtle, gkco lktrgbucob, ls lilt`tob, sg tj`t w`aflkd tjrgudj tjo vlaa`do gko c`k egaagw trokbs, igtles, tjoios, `kb ovok spoclffc pgts ge p`lkt.
048
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Elduro 2= @kkgukcoiokt lk tjo sj`po ge ` igsquo“s cupga` wltj kow iggk gk tgp (N`bfjuau 020? @J (0<<2 CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
Tjok wo `sfob `sfob vlaa`dors vlaa`dors `ngut `ngut wjg oxocutob oxocutob tjo iur`a iur`as, s, wo dgt blorokt blorokt `kswors= `kswors= sgiotlios lt w`s ‚must `kygko“ wjg cguab br`w ` nlt, nut getok tjo wgrf w`s bgko ny prgeosslgk`as. jo c`aaldr`pjlc qu`alty `kb storogtypob k`turo ge tjo igro rocokt `kkgukcoiokts cao`ray lkblc`tob tj`t prgeosslgk`a cr`etsiok j`b nook `t wgrf, `s w`s lkboob tjo c`so. Getok, tjo prgeosslgk`as woro agc`a scjggai`stors wjg sgiotli sgi otlios os j`b `asg sot up sjgps sjgp s wjoro tjoy tjoy wgrfob wgrfob lk tjo `etork `etorkggks ggks (wjok (wjok scjgga scjgga w`s ffklsjob) `s pjgtgdr`pjors `kb c`aaldr`pjors. joso prgeosslgk`as j`b t`fok tg sldklkd tjolr wgrf, ospocl`aay lk vlaa`dos wjoro igro tj`k gko ge tjoi w`s `ctlvo. @aa lk `aa, wo lboktlffob tjo k`ios ge tjlrtook fj`tt`t s (c`aaldr`pjors) wjg j`b sldkob tjolr k`ios gk tjo iur`as. @s o`ralor scjga`rs scjga`rs j`vo kgtob, tjo bocgr`tlgks bocgr`tlgks `ro r`roay r`roay fopt up `etor tjoy j`vo nook `ppalob. Gcc`slgk`aay `kkgukcoiokts i`y no ro-usob le `kgtjor ioinor ge tjo e`ilay dgos gk pladrli`do (J`mm gr _ir`), lk wjlcj c`so tjo cgagurs `ro roerosjob gr tjo wjgao `kkgukcoiokt ls rowrlttok tg lkcaubo tjo kow lkegri`tlgk. Rls c`k no sook ny tjo lkcauslgk ge blorokt b`tos lk tjo `kkgukcoiokt. Gtjorwlso tjo iur`as,
040
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j`vlkd sorvob tjolr purpgso tg coaonr`to tjo pladrli“s jgiocgilkd, `ro aoet tg e`bo gr e`aa lktg boc`y. X`sslkd lk >884 ny tjo s`io rg`bs wjoro wo cgaaoctob gur i`torl`a twg gr tjroo yo`rs o`ralor, o`ralor, wo kgtob tj`t iur`as wjlcj j`b aggfob erosj `kb cgagureua wjok wo pjgtgdr`pjob tjoi twg yo`rs o`ralor j`b `aro`by e`bob gr cruinaob wltj tjo w`aas. Dlvok tjo s`kb stgris tj`t rodua`ray swoop tjo `ro`, tjls ls j`rbay surprlslkd. @k Lkvokt Lkvo ktgr gry y ge g e Spoc S pocle lelc lc Oaoio Oa oiokt ktss ge g e tjo t jo B`fja B` fja`` Iur`as Iur` as
Tj`t egaagws egaa gws ls `k lkvoktgr lkvo ktgryy `kb blscuss bls cusslgk lgk ge tjo v`rlgus v`rl gus oaoiokts oaoi okts‒gr ‒gr sldk uklts, tg uso tjo soilgtlc tori‒tj`t wo egukb lk tjo B`fja` iur`as. jo twg i`lk c`todgrlos ge sldk uklts `ro opldr`pjlc egriua`o `kb ffdur`a oaoiokts. C`ipg bo`as oxtokslvoay wltj tjo opldr`pjlc egriua`o, blvlblkd tjoi lktg ffvo tjoi`tlc drguplkds lk boscokblkd grbor ge eroquokcy= Dgb, tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b, pladrli`do `kb jgay pa`cos, blvlko naosslkd, `kb vlctgry gvor `bvorslty. `bvorslty. Elkblkds lk B`fja` a`rdoay `droo wltj tjls, `kb wo bg kgt tro`t tjo opldr`pjlc egriua`o lk bot`la. Kgt`nao, jgwovor, jgwovor, w`s ` c`so kgt lkcaubob lk C`ipg“s lkvoktgry, k`ioay ` iur`a lk Iut eo`turlkd sur` 00> (`a-Lfja`s ), ), ` toxt wlboay usob egr plgus purpgsos, lkcaublkd w`rblkd gee ovla. Gur egcus lk tjls cj`ptor ls gk tjo eldur`a oaoiokts. g e`clalt`to cgip`rlsgk wltj o`ralor roso`rcj, wo rgudjay egaagw tjo ca`sslelc`tlgk usob ny C`ipg lk @ppokblx @ppo kblx N ge jls ‚j ‚joo iot`igrp iot` igrpjgsl jgslss ge bgiostlc bgio stlc sp`co sp`c o lk tjo pladrli` plad rli`do do iur`as ge Odypt“, wjlcj kgtos tjo eroquokcy wltj wjlcj tjo oaoiokts gccurrob lk jls gwk survoy `s woaa `s tjgso ge Ilcjgt `kb C`kgv` (C`ipg 0<<0= 0:0-0:>). C`ipg“s c`todgrlos lkcaubo `) Xladrli`do `kb jgay pa`cos (sunblvlbob lktg oldjt c`todgrlos, slx ge wjlcj woro egukb lk B`fja`)6 n) Dokor`a Lsa`ilc roaldlgus igtles (sunblvlbob lktg slx c`todgrlos, twg ge wjlcj `ppo`rob lk gur B`fja` survoy)6 c) Odyptl`k cuaturo (wltj slx sun-c`todgrlos, kgko ge wjlcj turkob up lk tjo B`fja` iur`as)6 b) Xa`kts, troos, `kb `kli`as (wltj tok sun-c`todgrlos, gkay egur ge wjlcj woro egukb lk B`fja`)6 `kb o) Bosldks `kb t`alsi`klc elduros (wltj egur sun-c`todgrlos, gkay gko ge wjlcj w`s prosokt lk B`fja`). @. Xlad Xl adrl rli` i`do do `kb `k b jgay jg ay pa`c pa `cos os 0. r`kspg r`kspgrt rt
@s w`s pglktob pglk tob gut ny o`ralor o`ra lor scjga`r scj ga`rs, s, tjo lcgklc lcgk lc li`dos li`d os roeorrlkd roeor rlkd tg tr`voa tr`v oa lk tjo iur`as sjguab kgt no t`fok `s ` altor`a roeorokco tg tjo tr`kspgrt tj`t w`s `ctu`aay usob= tjoy must cgkvoy tjo dokor`a lbo` ge tr`kspgrt tg Iocc`. @ iur`a i`y cgkt`lk ngtj ` sjlp `kb `k `orgpa`ko, nut lt ls j`rbay alfoay tj`t ngtj woro usob. \ot tjoro ls sgio cgkkoctlgk tg `ctu`a agc`a ro`alty, `s tr`lks `kb c`rrl`dos wlaa gcc`slgk`aay turk up lk tjo iur`as ge tjo Klao U`aaoy nut kgt lk B`fja`. Nusos, gk tjo gtjor j`kb, wjlcj, `p`rt ergi prlv`to c`rs, egri B`fja`“s sgao cgkkoctlgk wltj gtjor urn`k `ro`s, `ppo`r ergi tlio tg tlio lk tjo iur`as ge B`fja`. Nusos, ge cgurso, `asg pa`y ` i`mgr rgao lk tr`kspgrtlkd pladrlis ergi tjo `lrpgrt lk Mobb`j tg Iocc` `s woaa `s burlkd tjo J`mm ltsoae. Sjlps rosoinalkd
04>
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crulso sjlps `ppo`r lk iur`as ovorywjoro, `s bg scjoi`tlc`aay br`wk s`lalkd vossoas, roc`aalkd Klao eoaucc`s. C`ioas, tjo i`mgr egri ge tr`kspgrt`tlgk lk tjo p`st, gcc`slgk`aay `ppo`r lk gabor iur`as. jo egaagwlkd lkvoktgry boigkstr`tos tjo `ctu`a gccurrokco ge tr`kspgrt li`dos. C`ioas= Slx li`dos ge c`ioas woro egukb, sgio sjgwlkd must ` c`ioa gr ` erlozo ge c`ioas, gtjors ` c`ioa nolkd aob gr pogpao rlblkd ` c`ioa. Ox`ipao= ` i`k ao`blkd twg c`ioas wltj s`bbaos, p`rt ge tjo gabost iur`a tj`t wo cgaaoctob, b`tob 0<44 CO (elduro ?). @orgpa`k @org pa`kos= os= To egukb >4 li`dos li`d os ge `orgpa`k `org pa`kos, os, e`lray e` lray oqu`aa oq u`aayy blstrlnuto blstr lnutobb gvor tjo bleeorokt agc`tlgks. To rocgrbob kgko lk Iusjly`, `a-M`blb`, N`a`t, `kb lkob`. jo pa`kos woro getok r`tjor prliltlvoay br`wk, `atjgudj sgiotlios wltj `ttoktlgk tg bot`la, sucj `s ` pa`ko no`rlkd tjo aottors _K@^ (elduro 5). jo gabost pa`ko wo s`w b`tob ergi 0282 @J (0<:2 CO), `kb tjo igst rocokt w`s ergi 02>8 @J (>880 CO). Nusos= Gkay twg nusos woro egukb, ngtj lk Iut (elduro 4). Sjlps (pgworob ny sto`i gr igtgrs)= To rocgrbob oldjtook sjlps, blvlbob gvor sovok agc`tlgks `kb oxocutob notwook 0<<3 `kb >88>. Sjlps woro br`wk ovok igro prliltlvoay tj`k `orgpa`kos, wltj sgio rosoinalkd ` wjlstalkd to` fottao (elduro :).
Elduro ?= @ i`k ao`blkd twg c`ioas wltj s`bbaos (N`bfjuau, 03<4 @J (0<44 CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
043
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Elduro 5= @lrpa`ko (Iut, 0208 @J (0<<8 CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
Elduro 4= Nus (Iut, 020< @J (0<<< CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
042
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Elduro := Sto`isjlp (Lz`n `a-P`sr, 02>3 @J (>88> CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
Elduro <= S`lang`t (I`“s`r`, iur`a no`rlkd twg b`tos= 0282 @J (0<:2 CO) `kb 028< @J (0<:< CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
04?
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Elduro 08= @ jldjay styalzob li`do ge tjo F`“n` (P`a`iuk 020< @J (0<<< CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
S`lang`ts= To egukb sovok li`dos ge s`lang`ts. joy woro kgt `aw`ys o`slay rocgdklz`nao= rocgdklz`nao= sgiotlios tjoy aggfob alfo ` kow iggk aylkd gk lts n`cf wltj `k uinroaa` lk tjo ilbbao. Elduro < prgvlbos `k ox`ipao ge `k li`do tj`t ls ukilst`f`nay ` s`lang`t. >. Ro F`“n F`“n` `
To To egukb egukb sgio 008 li`dos ge tjo F`“n`. Sucj Sucj li`dos `ro ` coktr`a oaoiokt ge tjo iur`as, `kb lt ls r`ro tg ffkb `k `kkgukcoiokt ge ` cgipaotob pladrli`do wltjgut lt. F`“n` li`dos `ppo`r lk i`ky v`rlotlos. Roy c`k no br`wk `s ` slipao na`cf `kb wjlto cuno (ffduro 08)6 wltj lkscrlptlgks6 wltj ` curt`lk j`kdlkd gvor lt6 `kfob ny a`ip pgsts6 okclrcaob ny ` suddostlgk ge pogpao poregrilkd tjo clrcui`inua`tlgk ( t`w`e )6 wltj tjo cgagkk`bos `kb ilk`rots ge tjo j`r`i lk tjo n`cfdrgukb6 `kb ovok `kfob ny cyprossos. Cginlk`tlgks ge `aa tjoso oaoiokts gccur. gccur. F`“n`s, wltj gr wltjgut t`w`e, woro sgiotlios pa`cob wltjlk tjo er`io cgkt`lklkd tjo J`mm `kkgukcoiokt. Ro igro oa`ngr`to oa`ngr`to li`dos ge tjo F`“n` F `“n` lkcaublkd cgagkk`bos `kb ilk`rots woro usu`aay, nut kgt `aw`ys, pa`cob gutslbo tjo toxt er`ios (ffduro 00). Gcc`slgk`aay tjo F`“n` w`s pa`cob lk ` sop`r`to er`io tgdotjor wltj gtjor lcgklc J`mm boplctlgks sucj `s io`ks ge tr`kspgrt. 3. Ioblk`
Igsquo= To egukb sgio slxtook li`dos ge tjo igsquo lk wjlcj tjo Xrgpjot ls nurlob, `k li`do tj`t sorvos `s `k lcgk egr Ioblk` lk dokor`a. Lt w`s kgt `aw`ys pgsslnao tg ost`nalsj noygkb ` bgunt tj`t lt w`s `ctu`aay tjls igsquo tj`t w`s lktokbob tg no boplctob. @ igsquo cupga` (sgiotlios cgagurob 045
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Elduro 00= F`“n` wltj pogpao poregrilkd
tjo t`w`e, cgagkk`bos, `kb ilk`rots lk tjo n`cfdrgukb (I`“s`r` iur`a no`rlkd twg b`tos= 0282 @J (0<:2 CO) `kb 028< @J (0<:< CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
Elduro 0>= X`ai troo, syingalzlkd Ioblk`, `s `atork`tlvo egr `k li`do ge tjo Xrgpjot“s nurl`a igsquo. X`rt ge ` sorlos ge br`wlkds, o`cj roprosoktlkd `k lcgklc oaoiokt ge tjo J`mm (I`“s`r`, iur`a no`rlkd twg b`tos= 0282 @J (0<:2 CO) `kb 028< @J (0<:< CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt
drook) wltj `t ao`st gko ilk`rot `kb usu`aay ` kow iggk gk tgp w`s tjo igst n`slc egri lk wjlcj tjls lcgk `ppo`rob. Lk gko c`so, tjoro w`s must ` drooklsj cupga`. Gtjorwlso `aa sgrts ge v`rlotlos gccur, lkcaublkd igsquos wltj d`tos6 wltj igro ilk`rots6 `kb wltj nlrbs gk tjo rgge gr lk tjo `lr. Kg ilkn`r s (Xrgpjot“s puaplt) woro rocgrbob lk tjo iur`as. jo igsquos woro rodua`ray `ccgip`klob ny tjo J`bltj s`ylkd tj`t tjo Xrgpjot wlaa dlvo jls lktorcosslgk tg tjgso wjg vlslt jls dr`vo.
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B`to p`ais= X`ai troos, usu`aay no`rlkd b`to nukcjos, getok `ppo`r lk tjo iur`as, nut tjoy sjguab kgt slipay no ca`sslffob `s ‚k`turo oaoiokts“ `agkd wltj tjo gwors, troos, `kb gr`a scrgaas tj`t `asg `ppo`r gcc`slgk`aay. X`ai troos `ro strgkday cgkkoctob tg Ioblk` 3 `kb lkboob syingalso Ioblk` lk i`ky c`sos, sucj `s lk ` iur`a prosoktlkd must twg li`dos, li`dos, ` F`“n` `kb ` p`ai troo, troo, tg lkblc`to lkblc`to vlslts vlslts tg Iocc` Iocc` `s woaa `s Ioblk`. @kgtjor iur`a sjgws ` p`ai troo wltj b`tos, `k li`do tj`t ls p`rt ge `k `i`ad`i lk wjlcj tjo pgrtlgk ge tjo w`aas notwook wlkbgws o`cj no`r ` sldklffc`kt oaoiokt ge J`mm lcgkgdr`pjy= tjo F`“n`, ` s`lang`t, ` i`k pr`ylkd `t @r`e`t, `k `orgpa`ko, ` socgkb s`lang`t, ` socgkb F`“n`, F`“n` , `kb ` p`ai troo (ffduro 0>). 2. I`ji` I` ji`a a
Kg ox`ipaos ge tjls woro egukb lk tjo B`fja` iur`as. ?. Xladrlis
^oprosokt`tlgks ge pladrlis `kb ge jui`k nolkds lk dokor`a `ro roa`tlvoay r`ro lk tjo B`fja` iur`as, nut wo egukb tjroo iur`as wltj gnvlgus roprosokt`tlgks ge lkblvlbu`a pladrlis. Gko ge tjoi w`s lk I`“s`r` `kb sjgwob ` i`k pr`ylkd `t @r`e`t `kb `kgtjor st`kblkd i`k lk ljr`i cagtjlkd . jo iur`a no`rs twg
Elduro 03= St`kblkd (prgn`nay pr`ylkd) wgi`k (N`sjlkbl, 028? @J (0<:? CO)). Lt ls gko ge tjo twg roprosokt`tlgks ge ` wgi`k tj`t wo egukb lk tjo iur`as. Xjgtg= E. Ggrt. 3
04:
Ro Xrgpjot“s Xrgpjot“s b`udjtor E`tli` E`tli` ls ropgrtob tg j`vo pa`ktob twg p`ai troos lk jor d`rbok, `kb li`dos ge jor dr`vo eroquok tay lkcaubo tjoso p`ai troos. (Soo egr lkst`kco, Xgrtor, @nboa @nboa J`aooi, @ristrgkd, Lrwlk, Fokkoby & S`rb`r >80>= :> Vffd. ?8Y, 08? Vffd. 5
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bleeorokt b`tos, 0282 @J (0<:2 CO) `kb 028< @J (0<:< CO). jo gtjor iur`a sjgwlkd roprosokt`tlgks ge pladrlis w`s `t N`sjlkbl. Lt sjgwob ` st`kblkd (prgn`nay pr`ylkd) wgi`k `kb ` st`kblkd i`k lk ljr`i cagtjlkd (elduro 03). jo tjlrb sjgwob ` wgi`k fkooalkd lk pr`yor. Lk `bbltlgk tg tjo roprosokt`tlgk ge ` pladrli pr`ylkd `t @r`e`t, wo `asg egukb ` rgukboa suddostlkd ` d`tjorlkd ge pogpao `t @r`e`t, tjo igukt`lk ltsoae lk tjo n`cfdrgukb. Ro wgrbs `a-J`mm @r`e`t (‚tjo pladrli`do ls @r`e`t“) `ro lkscrlnob lk tjo plcturo. Ro iur`a w`s b`tob 028? @J (0<:? CO). Roro woro gtjor roprosokt`tlgks ge pogpao cgkkoctob tg tjo pladrli`do, nut tjoso ngro kg cgkkoctlgk tg spoclffc J`mm rltu`as. Roro woro pogpao ao`blkd gr rlblkd c`ioas (soo `ngvo, C`ioas) `kb pogpao okd`dob lk v`rlgus plgus `ctlvltlos, sucj `s ` i`k ro`blkd ` nggf, prgn`nay tjo Pur“`k6 ` st`kblkd i`k wltj pr`yor no`bs6 `kb ` i`k lk tr`bltlgk`a `ttlro wltj ` wjlto c`p, jls j`kbs r`lsob lk pr`yor. 5. Xrgpjot“s Xrgpjot“s ilkn`r
Kg ox`ipaos ge tjls woro egukb lk tjo B`fja` iur`as. 4. T`tor soaaors
Kg ox`ipaos ge tjls woro egukb lk tjo B`fja` iur`as.
Elduro 02= @nr`j`i `ngut tg s`crlco jls sgk `kb `k `kdoa nrlkdlkd ` r`i `s ropa`coiokt (N`sjlkbl, kg b`to, prgn`nay 0<:8s). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt
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Elduro 0?= Igsquos `kb ilk`rots (N`sjlkbl, kg b`to). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
:. @nr`j`i“s s`crlelco
To rocgrbob rocg rbob gko roprosokt ropro sokt`tlg `tlgkk ge @nr`j`i“ @nr`j `i“ss s`crlelc s`cr lelco, o, k`ioay k`io ay lk N`sjlkbl N`sj lkbl (elduro 02). Kg b`to cguab no egukb, nut tjo iur`a aggfob e`lray gab, porj`ps ergi tjo 0<:8s. N. Dokor`a Lsa`ilc roaldlgus igtles
Ge C`ipg“s slx sun-c`todgrlos, twg woro egukb lk B`fja`= 0. Kow iggk
jls li`do w`s wlboay egukb, usu`aay `s `k grk`iokt gk tgp ge igsquos. >. Igsquos `kb ilk`rots
Igsquos `kb ilk`rots woro ` unlqultgus igtle, getok usob `s ` er`io egr tjo J`mm `kkgukcoiokt, `kkgukcoiokt, `s w`s oxpa`lkob `ngvo. @ spoct`cua`r c`so ge igsquos `kb ilk`rots gk tjolr gwk w`s egukb lk N`sjlkbl (elduro 0?). C. Odyptl`k cuaturo
jo gkay lkst`kco lk B`fja` tj`t ildjt pgsslnay elt ukbor tjls c`todgry w`s tj`t ge tjo cgeeoo pgt `kb cup egukb gk ` iur`a lk I`“s`r` (elduro 05).
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Elduro 05= Cgoo pgt `kb cup `s `k lkvlt`tlgk tg okmgy tjo roturkob pladrli“s jgsplt`alty. Roxt= ‚Brlkf tjo brlkfs ge J`mm @nb`aa`j @nb`a a`j _i`r _ i`r @nb `a-J`yy.“ `a-J `yy.“ (I`“s`r`, 0283 @J (0<:3 CO)). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt
Elduro 04= K`turo oaoiokts= ` gwor lk ` v`so `kb ` kb ` pldogk pldo gk lk ` troo (I`“s`r`, kg b`to). Xjgtg= E. Ggrt.
B. Xa`kts, troos, `kb `kli`as.
Gkay tjroo ge C`ipg“s C`ipg“s tok c`todgrlos (c`todgry (c`to dgry gko, twg `kb egur) e gur) woro egukb lk B`fja`. @s tg jls c`todgry tjroo, c`ioas, tjls w`s `aro`by blscussob o`ralor ukbor tjo r`kspgrt soctlgk. jo c`todgrlos egukb lk B`fja` woro=
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0. Eagwors
Lk B`fja`, eagwors woro gkay gcc`slgk`aay lkcaubob lk tjo iur`as. To rocgrbob tjroo lkst`kcos, twg ge tjoso sjgwlkd eagwors lk v`sos (elduro 04). >. roos
X`ai troos= X`ai troos syingalzlkd Ioblk` j`vo `aro`by nook blscu ssob `ngvo (Ioblk`). @p`rt ergi tj`t, p`ai troos, sgiotlios lk cauips ge tjroo, woro rodua`ray usob lk tjo iur`as. To egukb sovok lkst`kcos. @k ox`ipao w`s ` sorlos ge p`ai troos gk tgp ge ` toxtu`a erlozo. Gtjor troos= jroo c`sos woro rocgrbob, gko wltj ` nlrb gk lts nr`kcjos (soo `ngvo6 Elduro 04). 2. Nlrbs
Nlrbs, usu`aay pldogks, rodua`ray `ppo`rob lk tjo B`fja` iur`as. To egukb slx lkst`kcos. Xldogks `ro alkfob lk i`ky w`ys tg tjo plgus tr`bltlgk lk Lsa`i, lkcaublkd tjo Iocc`k `kb Ioblk`k s`kctu`rlos vlsltob burlkd tjo pladrli`do. O. Bosldks `kb t`alsi`klc elduros
jls c`todgry ge C`ipg“s w`s gkay roprosoktob lk B`fja` ny bocgr`tlvo ngrbors `agkd gr `rgukb wrlttok p`ss`dos `kb lcgklc li`dos. Ao`e scrgaas woro `asg egukb gcc`slgk`aay. `alsi`klc elduros woro cgipaotoay `nsokt. Cgkcaublkd ^oi`rfs
jo lkvoktgry dlvok `ngvo boigkstr`tos tj`t ` kuinor ge oaoiokts prosokt lk iur`as oasowjoro lk Odypt woro kgt egukb lk B`fja`. To blb kgt soo `ky pj`r`gklc oaoiokts. Oaoiokts cgkkoctob tg tjo b`kdors lkvgavob lk tjo pladrli`do ( o.d. sgablors `kb algks) woro `asg `nsokt. Igst kgtowgrtjy w`s tjo gvor`aa `nsokco ge i`dlc syingas sucj `s sk`fos, scgrplgks, elsjos, iori`lbs, j`kbs, `kb oyos. O`ralor roso`rcjors sucj `s Ilcjgt `kb C`kgv` j`vo pglktob gut tjo pgsslnao eukctlgk ge sucj syingas lk w`rblkd gee ovla, `kb C`ipg soos tjoi `s eurtjor prgge tj`t bocgr`tlkd tjo jguso j`s tjo eukctlgk ge kgt gkay s`cr`alslkd tjo bgiostlc sp`co ge tjo roturklkd pladrli, nut `asg w`rblkd gee j`rieua lkeauokcos. jo pladrli“s kow st`tus ls alfoay tg lkclto j`s`b , ` wlboay eo`rob sgurco ge ovla, `kb prgtoctlvo io`suros io`suros j`vo tg no t`fok `d`lkst lt. \ot \ot gko gko i`y `rduo `rduo tj`t tj`t le w`rbl w`rblkd kd g ovla ls sucj sucj ` prgil prgilkokt kokt `spoct `spoct ge bocgr`tlk bocgr`tlkdd tjo jguso, tjo cjglco ge toxts (Pur“`klc `kb gtjorwlso), wguab rooct tjls. C`ipg“s survoy ge toxts egukb gk tjo iur`as, jgwovor, bgos kgt lkcaubo `ky ge tjo st`kb`rb Pur“`klc toxts usob egr tjls purpgso, sucj `s tjo Rrgko vorso (sur` >= >??), tjo a`st tjroo sur`s ge tjo Pur“`k ( `a-Lfja`s , `a-E`a`q , `kb `k-K`s ),), gr `ky gtjor toxt usob `s prgtoctlgk. @s w`s s`lb `ngvo, lk B`fja` wo egukb gko lkst`kco ge sur` 00> ( `a-Lfja`s ).).
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_kalfo sur`s 003 `kb 002 (tjo iu“`wwlbj`t`k), jgwovor, wjlcj oxpalcltay roeor tg prgtoctlgk ergi ovla, `a-Lfja`s eukctlgks eukctlgks wlboay `s ` plgus toxt lk dokor`a `kb koob kgt no cgkkoctob oxcauslvoay tg w`rblkd g tjo ovla ge j`s`b. Rus, ffkblkds lk B`fja` bg kgt suppgrt tjo lbo` oxprossob ny o`ralor roso`rcjors tj`t `k lipgrt`kt `spoct ge tjo iur`as ls tjolr `pgtrgp`lc eukctlgk. Gk tjo n`sls ge tjo lkvoktgry, tjo egaagwlkd c`k no s`lb `ngut tjo J`mm iur`as ge B`fja`. @s w`s `aro`by st`tob, tjo iur`as `ro, gk tjo wjgao, slipao `kb oxocutob `t ` ilkliui cgst. Burlkd tjo porlgb cgvorob ny gur survoy (0<44–>88?), kgt`nao cj`kdos cguab no gnsorvob, tjo igst lipgrt`kt ge wjlcj w`s tj`t `kkgukcoiokts `ro dottlkd lkcro`slkday slipaor `kb igro uklegri, rostrlctob tg tjo `kkgukcoiokt tj`t tjo pladrli`do j`s nook euaffaaob `kb `k li`do ge tjo F`“n`. F `“n`. Gtjor ffdur`tlvo oaoiokts, lk p`rtlcua`r roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge jui`k nolkds, woro igstay egukb lk tjo gabor iur`as. Ro igst rocokt roprosokt`tlgk ge ` jui`k nolkd tj`t wo egukb b`tob ergi 0<<:, nut igst ge tjoi woro sgio yo`rs gabor. jo eroquokcy wltj wjlcj oaoiokts gccur boigkstr`tos tj`t tjo coktr`a purpgso ge tjo iur`as ls tg `kkgukco tj`t tjo roaldlgus buty ge tjo pladrli`do j`s nook euaelaaob. @aa gtjor oaoiokts, sucj `s eldur`a roeorokcos tg tr`kspgrt `kb ovok tg vlsltlkd tjo Xrgpjot“s dr`vo, `ro bocgr`tlvo oxtr`s. Gk `ngut 008 li`dos ge tjo F`“n`, wo egukb aoss tj`k twokty li`dos roeorrlkd tg Ioblk`. To j`vo kg w`y ge fkgwlkd wjotjor tjls roeaocts tjo `ctu`a porcokt`do ge vlslts tg Ioblk`, nut lt bgos kgt sooi alfoay. @ igro prgn`nao ro`sgk ildjt no tj`t kg oxtr` roaldlgus prostldo w`s d`lkob ergi lkcaublkd lt lk tjo iur`a. @s tg blorokco blorokcoss notwook notwook agc`tlgks, agc`tlgks, o`cj vlaa`do vlaa`do gorob gorob lts gwk cj`r`ctorl cj`r`ctorlstlc stlc li`dos noc`uso trokbs tokb tg no egaagwob `kb prgn`nay `asg noc`uso tjo s`io `rtlst ls `ctlvo. Kgtowgrtjy, tjgudj, w`s tjo `aigst cgipaoto `nsokco ge ffdur`tlvo li`dos lk lkob`, `asg lk gabor iur`as. g ` aossor oxtokt, tjls w`s `asg tjo c`so lk P`sr. Lk rocokt yo`rs, tjo tokbokcy tg put gkay sgnor toxts wltj, `t nost, ` usu`aay jldjay styalsob F`“n` `s laaustr`tlgk ls cao`ray gk tjo rlso lk igst agc`tlgks. Lt ls ukcao`r wjotjor tjls ls buo tg tjo lkcro`slkd lkuokco ge stork grtjgbgx Lsa`ilc vlows lk B`fja` gr le gtjor e`ctgrs pa`y ` rgao. Ro lkuokco ge grtjgbgx Lsa`i, lkboob, i`kleosts ltsoae lk ` kuinor ge w`ys= kow igsquos, stork pro`cjors, `kb tjo bls`pprgv`a gr supprosslgk ge tjo vokor`tlgk ge agc`a s`lkts, tg k`io ` eow. Oipj`sls gk Lsa`ilc gnmoctlgks tg tjo roprosokt`tlgk roprosokt`tlgk ge alvlkd nolkds, ospocl`aay lk cgkkoctlgk tg J`mm iur`as, ildjt no p`rt ge tjls. Blscusslgks `ngut sucj roprosokt`tlgks, roprosokt`tlgks, jgwovor, jgwovor, j`vo nook dglkd gk egr i`ky yo`rs wltjgut kgt`nao cgksoquokcos egr `ctu`a pr`ctlco (C`ipg 0<<0= 053). Gko i`y woaa `rduo tj`t tjo kow trokb ls igro alfoay buo tg igbork, igro urn`k vlows gk tjo oxocutlgk ge `kkgukcoiokts tj`k tg grtjgbgx Lsa`ilc kgris rod`rblkd li`dos ge pogpao `kb `kli`as. @kkgukcoiokts sjguab no styalsj `kb kgt cgkt`lk cjlablsj br`wlkds, wjlcj `ro cgkslborob n`a`bl‒ slipao slipao `kb rur`a. @s tg cr`etsi`k cr`etsi`ksjlp sjlp,, tjoro, tjoro, tgg, prgeosslgk prgeosslgk`alsi `alsi ls gk tjo lkcro`so lkcro`so.. I`ky I`ky `kkgukcoiokts kgw`b`ys `ro oxocutob ny prgeosslgk`a c`aaldr`pjors, `kb `ky br`wlkds prosokt `asg aggf prgeosslgk`a. @ prlio ox`ipao ge tjls ls tjo c`so ge Iuj`ii`b S`ali“s iur`a ergi >88?, ioktlgkob `ngvo= tjo F`“n` p`lktlkd gk jls `kkgukcoiokt
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ls, le kgt jldj `rt, boffkltoay ` prgeosslgk`a ploco ge p`lktlkd (Elduro >). Ge kgto joro ls tj`t tjls p`lktlkd w`s kgt i`bo gk tjo spgt, str`ldjt gktg tjo w`aa ge tjo jguso, nut r`tjor gk ` wggbok ng`rb lk tjo p`lktor“s sjgp `kb tjok jukd `ngvo tjo oktr`kco ge tjo jguso. Rls ildjt no t`fok `s ` kow bovoagpiokt, ` stop gk tjo rg`b tg i`ss prgbuctlgk ge sucj `kkgukcoiokts, nut lk e`ct tjo custgi tg p`lkt gk aggso ng`rbs j`s oxlstob lk B`fja` egr sgio tlio. Lt ls ioktlgkob ny Cjêvro (>888= ??), `kb wo `asg s`w `k ox`ipao lk N`bfjuau, b`tob 02>2 @J (>883 CO), ge ` aggso ng`rb put `d`lkst ` w`aa `kkgukclkd `k _ir` poregriob _ir` poregriob lk ^`m`n (@udust-Soptoinor). Nlnalgdr`pjy
@`emos, @`em os, N. N . (0<:8 (0< :8 V0888), `nao`ux bo a` v`aaìo bu Kla. X`rls= @rtj`ub. Frlss, ^. & J. Frlss-Jolkrlcj (0<58), Ugafsda`uno li Norolcj bos Lsa`i, > vgas. Tlosn`bo Tlos n`bok= k= J`rr` J `rr`ssgw ssgwltz. ltz. A`ko, O.T O. T. (>883), @k `ccgukt `ccgu kt ge tjo i`kkors i`kko rs `kb custgis cust gis ge tjo igbork igbor k Odyptl` Ody ptl`ks. ks. jo boelkltlvo 0:58 obltlgk. Lktrgbucob ny M`sgk jgipsgk. C`lrg `kb Kow \grf= \grf= jo jo @iorlc`k @ior lc`k _klvorslty _klvor slty lk C`lrg C `lrg Xross. Ilcjgt, M. (0<4:), ‚Aos erosquos bu pìaìrlk`do bu C`lro“, @rt `kb @rcj`oga @rcj `ogagd gdyy ^oso`rcj X`pors 03= 03= 4->0. Iust`eî h@aë (0<4?), Iust`eî Iust` eî h@aë“s boscrlptlgk ge C`lrg ge 0?<<. Obltob `kb tr`ksa`tob ny @kbro`s lotzo . Ulokk`= Õstorrolcjlscjo @f`boilo bor Tlssoksc Tlss okscj`et j`etok. ok. X`rfor, @. & @. Ko`a (0<80>), J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsa`i. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross.
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S G_UOKL^ , R OSRLIGK\ L KSR^_CRLGK = O SRLIGK\ , @KB @K B B OULCO EG EG^ ^ L @K B O @^ A\ R KR LO RJ -C OKR_^\ A @RO K LKOROOKRJ- @KB R TO KRLO X ^LKROB J @M M C O^RLELC@ROS0
Aultd`rb Igas Tjlao Tjla o prop`rlk prop `rlkdd egr tjo oxjlnltlg oxjl nltlgkk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`, tjo Xladrli“s Mgurkoy lk >803, tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok `sfob Butcj Iusalis tg aokb J`mm sguvoklrs `s toipgr`ry ag`ks egr blspa`y. Tjok tjls soaoctlgk w`s cgip`rob wltj gabor Iocc`-roa`tob ioioktgs ergi iusouis `kb prlv`to cgaaoctlgks, ngtj ` cgktlku`tlgk `kb ` cj`kdo lk t`sto noc`io vlslnao. C`fos prossob ergi bust ge tjo Xrgpjot“s tgin `ro cao`ray foops`fos ge tjo p`st (A`ko 0:58= >5>). @asg `nsokt tgb`y `ro tjo gkco iucj-cjorlsjob flsw` er`diokts, wjlcj lk klkotooktj-coktury sgurcos woro stlaa cgkslborob prosokts elt egr prlkcos (Nurtgk 0:42 (3)= ?5) `kb rod`rbob tg no `s pgworeua `s wrlttok cj`ris (A`ko 0:58= >50–>5>), nut wjlcj `ro kgt sgab lk tjo Iocc`k i`rfots `kyigro. Ea`sfs wltj ]`iz`i w`tor, jgwovor, `ro stlaa `s pgpua`r `s tjoy woro lk tjo p`st.> Boplctlgks ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo lk Ioblk` `asg okmgy cgktlkuob pgpua`rlty. 3 Kgw`b`ys, tjo s`kctu`rlos `ro eroquoktay roprosoktob gk pr`yor ruds `kb oxocutob lk ilkl`turo tjroo-bliokslgk`a tjroo-bliokslgk`a igboas, nut lk tjo p`st tjolr li`dos woro rodua`ray eo`turob gk J`mm cortlelc`tos (elduro 0). Sucj pladrli cortlelc`tos woro gko ge eow typos ge ioioktgs ge Iocc` tj`t woro porsgk`alsob ny `bblkd tjo k`io ge tjo j`mml tg tjoi. 2 jls typo ge sguvoklr w`s igro tj`k ` roilkbor ge tjo rltu`a= lt `ctob `s tostligky ge tjo `ccgipalsjiokt ge tjo J`mm. @igkd tjo a`to klkotooktj-coktury klkotooktj-coktury cortlelc`tos woro cgagureua prlkts wltj oxunor`kt lcgkgdr`pjlc cycaos tj`t `asg `ttr`ctob tjo `ttoktlgk ge okvgys wgrflkd `t tjo Butcj cgksua`to lk Mobb`j. Lk 0::5 Okvgy M.@. M.@ . bo Ulcq bgk`tob bgk`to b twg cgagure cgag ureua ua prgges prgge s ge pladrli`do pladrl i`do tg tjo K`tlgk`a K`tlg k`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok. Lk 0:<> jls succossgr Jokrl Sp`faor (0:50-`etor 0<>?) 0 > 3
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L wguab alfo tg tj`kf @rkgub Urgalmf `kb _arlcj I`rzgapj egr tjolr usoeua cgiiokts rod`rblkd tjo cortlffc`tos. Egr lksldjts lk cgktoipgr`ry J`mm `kb _ir` sguvoklrs, soo Fj`k >803. Ro blsdulsob Erokcj Erokcj pladrli Aìgk ^gcjos, ^gcjos, wjg vlsltob Iocc` Iocc` lk 0:20, gnsorvob= ‚@t tjo oxlt ge tjo igsquo tjoro `ro ` dro`t i`ky sjgps wjoro `ro sgab tjo roik`kts ge tjo j`kdlkds ge tjo F`“n`, wjlcj `ro iucj lk boi`kb ny tjo pladrlis. @asg gk s`ao `ro roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo igsquos `kb jgay pa`cos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk`. Roro ls kg pladrli, jgwovor pggr, wjg bgos kgt nrlkd jls e`ilay `kb erlokbs ` plgus sguvoklr ge jls pladrli`do.“ (^gcjos 0<82= 384) Burlkd jls st`y lk Iocc` lk 0::?, Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo gnsorvob tj`t ]`iz`ils, tjgso rospgkslnao egr tjo blstrlnutlgk ge ]`iz`i w`tor lk tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc`, `asg porsgk`alsob tjo o`rtjokw`ro muds ( bgr`q s) s) ny lkscrlnlkd tjoi wltj tjo k`io ge tjo custgior. Soo Tltf`i >884= >02.
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Elduro 0= @ cgagureua a`to klkotooktj-coktury pladrli cortlc`to. Cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgag Ot jkgagdy, dy, Aolbo A olbok. k. Lkv. Lkv . kr. :48->2. :48- >2.
d`vo egur spoclioks tg tjo iusoui, twg ge wjlcj cgkt`lk toxt gkay. @kgtjor cortlelc`to w`s `bbob tg tjo s`io iusoui cgaaoctlgk lk 0:<2 ny Jokrlcus Ggrt (0:35-0<>4), ` prgeossgr ge tjogagdy `t Aolbok _klvorslty. Gko cortlelc`to tj`t roprosokts Ioblk` (lkv. kr. pa`kg ?3 E 0, kg. ?:) oxcauslvoay c`io lktg tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty lk tjo elrst j`ae ge tjo twoktlotj coktury `kb j`b nook p`rt ge tjo cgaaoctlgk ge prgeossgr ge otjkgagdy N.M.G. Scjrlofo (0:<8-0<2?) (Tltf`i >88>= >33). @kgtjor, igro b`i`dob, spocliok wltjgut `k lkvoktgry kuinor w`s p`rt ge tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo Ggstors Lkstltuut, wjlcj w`s egukbob lk 0<>4 ny prgeossgr Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo (0:?4-0<35) `kb tr`kseorrob tg tjo Aolbok _klvorslty cgaaoctlgks cg aaoctlgks lk 0<
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L wguab alfo tg tj`kf @rkgub Urgalmf, Cur`tgr ge Grlokt`a I`kuscrlpts `kb ^`ro Nggfs `t Aolbok _klvorslty, egr sj`rlkd tjo lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjo prgvok`kco ge tjo cortlffc`to wltj io.
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Roxt-Gkay J`mm Cortlelc`tos
jo twg slipao toxt-gkay J`mm bgcuiokts lk tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy cgaaoctlgk `ro nagcf prlktob lk na`cf gk wjlto p`por `kb ioktlgk tjo `ccgipalsjiokt ge tjo pladrli`do tg tjo ‚^ovorob Jguso ge Dgb“ ( N`yt @aa`j `a-Sj`rle ) `kb tjo vlslt tg tjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo lk Ioblk`. Gk tjo gabost twg (lkv. kr. :48->3, J >0 x T 0>.> ci), ` proprlktob toxt ioktlgks tjo k`io ge e`q lj `kb li`i tjo geelcl`a lssuor, @ji`b @nb @aa`j lnk Iust`e`, tjo Sj`el“lto e`qlj ge tjo s`crob proclkct lk Iocc` (elduro >). Jls porsgk`a so`a lk tjo coktro `utjoktlc`tos tjo bgcuiokt. jo gpok na`kfs woro elaaob lk ny j`kb= tjo b`to >5 Bju `a-Jlmm` 038: (> @udust 0:<0 CO) w`s `bbob, `s woro tjo k`ios ge tjo pladrlis Iuj`ii`b `yyln F`bu `kb I`ry`i F`bu (rospoctlvoay), wjg woro igst prgn`nay ` jusn`kb `kb wleo ergi Lkbgkosl`. jo b`to ge lssuo, `pprgxli`toay twg woofs `etor tjo pladrli`do ge 0:<0 j`b elklsjob, suddosts tj`t tjo j`mml s j`b oltjor st`yob gk lk Iocc` gr tj`t tjoy p`lb ` vlslt tg tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk` noegro gnt`lklkd tjolr cortlelc`to lk Iocc`. jo rgpokiusoui spocliok (lkv. kr. @-52:0, J >:,5 x T >8 ci), wjlcj w`s lssuob lk 0330 @J (0<03 CO), cgkt`lks igro toxt lk `bbltlgk tg sgio eagr`a bocgr`tlgk `t tjo tgp (elduro 3). Noslbos roaldlgus toxt, sucj `s tjo n`si`a` `kb `kb roeorokcos tg Dgb, tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b, `kb J`bltj , lt eo`turos ` proprlktob iob`aalgk wltj tjo k`io ge tjo lssuor, Iuj`ii`b \`sslk, tjo li`i ge tjo Sj`el“lto aod`a scjgga `kb ` to`cjor lk tjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Iocc`, `kb sgk ge tjo boco`sob Sj`yfj Iuj`ii`b `a-N`syukl. g g tjo proprlktob tostligky to stligky lk tjo agwor j`ae, tjo yo`r 0330 j`s nook `bbob lk j`kbwrltlkd, egaagwob ny tjo k`io ge tjo j`mml , @nb `a-Dj`kl, wjg w`s prgn`nay ergi M`inllk (kgw`b`ys c`aaob M`inl, ` clty `kb prgvlkco prgv lkco ge Sui`tr`). Sui`tr `). @s kg gtjor gtjo r toxt-gka toxt -gkayy J`mm cortlel cor tlelc`to c`toss ergi notwook 0:<0 `kb 0<03 `ro (yot) fkgwk tg io ergi gtjor cgaaoctlgks, lt ls ukcao`r `t wj`t pglkt tjo a`ygut ge tjls c`todgry ge toxt-gkay cortlelc`tos cj`kdob, gr wjotjor cgksocutlvo e`qlj e`q lj s grborob kow bosldks wjok tjoy `ccoptob tjo geelco ge li`i lk tjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Iocc`. @kb, lt wguab no lktorostlkd tg fkgw wjotjor tjo li`is ge tjo tjroo gtjor scjggas ge Lsa`ilc a`w (tjo J`kn`al, tjo J`k`el, `kb tjo I`alfl) `asg lssuob cortlelc`tos tg tjolr egaagwors wjg j`b poregriob tjo J`mm. @ssuilkd @ssu ilkd tj`t sucj egri`a egri `a bgcuiokt bgcu iokt`ry `ry prgge prgg e ge J`mm cgipaot cgi paotlgk lgk wguab wgua b j`vo nook ge dro`t lipgrt`kco tg tjo jgabor, lt ls roi`rf`nao tj`t tjo twg cortlelc`tos tj`t `ro b`tob @udust 0:<0 woro geeorob tg tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy gkay oldjt igktjs `etor tjolr lssuo. joy woro bgk`tob gk >< I`rcj 0:<> ny tjo Butcj Okvgy tg Mobb`j Jokrl Sp`faor `s p`rt ge ` a`rdor dlet ge >5 igstay otjkgdr`pjlc gnmocts. Lk ` aottor tg tjo iusoui b`tob >4 I`rcj 0:<> Sp`faor oxpa`lks tj`t tjo k`iob pladrlis j`b blob lk Mobb`j. Mobb` j. Jo `bbob `bb ob tj`t tjoso tjos o bgcuiok bgc uiokts ts cgkt`lko cgkt `lkobb tjo kow k`ios k`io s dlvok tg tjo pladrlis `etor tjolr `ccgipalsjiokt ge tjo J`mm rltos. joso pladrli cortlelc`tos
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Elduro >= Rwg na`cf-`kb-wjlto, toxt-gkay pladrli cortlc`tos lssuob ny tjo Sj`“lto li`i lk 0:<0. Cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok. Lkv. kr. :48->3. Elduro 3= @ na`cf-`kb-wjlto, toxt-gkay pladrli cortlc`to lssuob ny tjo Sj`“lto li`i lk 0<03. Cgaaoctlgk ge Rrgpokiusoui, @istorb`i. Lkv. kr. @-52:0.
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Elduro 2= Gvorvlow ge tjo egur scokos ge pladrli cortlc`to lkv. kr. ?23-0>.
i`y j`vo ro`cjob Sp`faor noc`uso cgkt`ct notwook Lkbgkosl`k pladrlis `kb tjo Butcj cgksua`to w`s i`kb`tgry `t tj`t tlio. Lk grbor tg rodua`to, e`clalt`to, `kb suporvlso tjo J`mm ge pladrlis ergi tjo Butcj O`st Lkblos, Lkbgkosl`k Iusalis j`b tg `cqulro ` tr`voa p`ss lk Lkbgkosl` ergi tjo cgagkl`a `utjgrltlos. @ cgip c gipaoto aoto tr`voa tr`v oa p`ss lssuob lssu ob lk 0<>:, wltj toxt lk Butcj `kb I`a`y, stlpua st lpua`tos `tos tj`t pladrlis j`b tg ropgrt tg tjo Butcj cgksua`to lk Mobb`j wltjlk >2 jgurs ge `rrlv`a lk Mobb`j pgrt (gk pok`aty ge ` i`xliui >?-dulabor elko gr botoktlgk egr ` i`xliui ge slx b`ys) `kb `etor cgipaotlkd tjo J`mm, wjok ro`by egr bop`rturo.5 Xlctgrl`a J`mm Cortlelc`tos
jo socgkb c`todgry ge a`to klkotooktj-coktury J`mm cortlelc`tos cgkslsts ge sovok cgagureua eldur`tlvo prlkts. jo twg spoclioks lk tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgk ge Aolbok _klvorslty egcus gkay gk Ioblk`. Gko (lkv. kr. pa`kg ?3 E 0, kg. ?:) w`s prgn`nay nrgudjt ergi Lkbgkosl` `kb w`s p`rt ge ` cgaaoctlgk ge altjgdr`pjs ge prgeossgr ge Otjkgagdy N.M.G Scjrlofo (0:<8-0<2?). Lt w`s punalsjob ny M`k Must Tltf`i Tltf` i (Tltf`i (Tlt f`i >88>= >38->33). >38-> 33). jo gtjor gtjo r w`s p`rt ge tjo Ggstors Ggst ors Lkstltuut cgaaoctlgk `kb tr`kseorrob tg tjo Aolbok _klvorslty cgaaoctlgks lk 0<), 0:<> (lkv. kr. :48->2), 0:<2 (lkv. kr. 080<->), `kb >803 (lkv. kr. P>802-3). Sg e`r twg gtjor cgip`r`nao plctgrl`a, cgipgslto spoclioks j`vo nook punalsjob, tjo o`ralost lk 0<88 ny S`iuoa ]woior wjg roi`rfob tj`t lt ‚ls aggfob upgk ny Igsaois `s pr`ctlc`aay ` p`sspgrt tg jo`vok“ (]woior 0<88= 28, Xas. L-LU). @aigst ` coktury 5
Lktork Lkdo v`k ^ultok ls stubylkd tjo tr`voa-p`ss nggfaot, lk @? egri`t `kb cgkslstlkd ge oaovok p`dos, lk bot`la. Rls ls p`rt ge jor roso`rcj gk `k `rcjlvo, jgusob lk tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok, tj`t cgkt`lks igro tj`k 08,888 ag gso p`dos wltj porsgk`a bot`las ge Lkbgkosl` k pladrlis tj`t woro tgrk ergi tr`voa p`ssos lk tjo Butcj Cgksua`to lk Mobb`j `kb fopt tjoro.
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a`tor, M`k Jmârpo punalsjob ` socgkb cortlelc`to tj`t Oralkd Olboi, ` prgeossgr ge tjo Kow ost`iokt, j`b bgk`tob tg tjo _klvorslty ge Aukb, Swobok, lk 0<30 (Jmârpo 0<<:). joso cgipgslto cortlelc`tos `aa uso tjo s`io a`ygut `kb lcgkgdr`pjy, nut tjoy bleeor ergi gko `kgtjor lk styao, lboktleylkd a`noas, `kb bot`las ge bosldk. A`ygut `kb lcgkgdr`pjy
Tjok cgipaot cgi paoto, o, tjo cgipgslt cgip gsltoo cortl c ortlelc` elc`tos tos cgkslst cgks lst ge twg jgrlzgkt jgrl zgkt`a `a sjoot s jootss tj`t tj `t woro dauob tgdotjor gk ` vortlc`a `xls. 4 O`cj sjoot cgkt`lks twg sop`r`to scokos tj`t sjguab no ro`b `kb aggfob `t ergi rldjt tg aoet (elduro 2). jo rldjt slbo st`rts wltj ` cgipgslto scoko ge, `igkd gtjors, @r`e`t, Ilk`, `kb Iuzb`ale`, egaagwob ny tjroo sop`r`to scokos ge tjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Iocc`, tjo igsquoi`usgaoui ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk`, `kb tjo s`kctu`ry lk Morus`aoi (egr ` euaa boscrlptlgk ge tjo scokos `kb lboktleylkd a`noas ge cortlelc`to wltj lkv. kr. ?23-0>, soo @ppokblx). jo cgipgslto cortlelc`tos `ro `aa er`iob wltj ` yoaagw ngrbor ge tjroo coktliotros wjlcj ls bocgr`tob wltj lktorsoctlkd clrcaos wltj bgts `t tjolr cgros. : jo bleeorokt slzos slzo s ge `aa cgipgslto cortlelc`tos co rtlelc`tos (lkv (l kv.. kr. ?23-00= J 20.? x T ?3.> ci6 lkv. kr. ?23-0>= J 2?.3 x T 08< ci6 lkv. kr. :48->2= J 22 x T 008.> ci6 ci 6 lkv. kr. kr. 080<->= J >:.> x T :?.? :?. ? ci6 lkv. kr. P >802-3= J ?3.: x T 00:.< ci) lkblc`to tj`t bleeorokt prlktlkd stgkos woro usob. Gk tjo a`rdost cortlelc`to, lkv. kr. P >802-3, gkay tjo elrst tjroo scokos `ro prosokt. J`b tjls bgcuiokt nook cgipaoto, tjo tgt`a wlbtj wguab `igukt tg `pprgxli`toay 0?2 ci. Ovok wltjlk ` slkdao cortlelc`to, tjo wlbtj ge tjo bleeorokt prlktlkd nagcfs usob w`s kgt st`kb`rblsob. Lk `aa elvo spoclioks, tjo Iocc` scoko w`s dlvok prlio vlslnlalty, nolkd igst sp`clgus wltj ` wlbtj v`rylkd notwook >0.: ci (lkv. kr. kr. 080<->) `kb 20.2 20 .2 ci (lkv. kr. P>802-3). Igst k`rrgw ls tjo t jo cgipgslto cgipgs lto scoko ge @r`e`t, Ilk` `kb Iuzb`ale`, tjo wlbtj ge wjlcj v`rlos notwook 05.? ci (lkv. kr. 080<->) `kb 35 ci (lkv. kr. P >802-3). jls sooilkday cgktr`blcts tjo lipgrt`kco lipalob ny lt nolkd tjo elrst scoko roprosoktob gk tjoso J`mm bgcuiokts. @atjgudj @atj gudj tjo cortlel cor tlelc`to c`toss v`ry v`r y lk sgio sgi o bot`la, bot` la, igstay igst ay wltj rospoct rosp oct tg tjolr tjol r lboktleylkd a`noas, tjoy sj`ro tjo s`io a`ygut ge scokos. jo elrst cgipgslto scoko, wjlcj ls crgwkob wltj Pur“`klc vorso >= 0<: tj`t roeors tg tjo rlto `t @r`e`t, @r`e `t, laaustr` laau str`tos tos tjo prlio prli o J`mm J `mm agc`tlg agc `tlgks. ks. joso joso roa`to roa`t o tg t g tjo rltos rlto s ge st`kblkd st`k blkd (wuque ) `t Igukt @r`e`t, tjo cgaaoctlkd ge ponnaos `t Iuzb`ale`, `kb tjo stgklkd ge tjo plaa`rs `t Ilk`. jo laaustr`tlgk ge tjo pa`co wjoro @nr`j`i ko`ray s`crlelcob jls sgk Lsji`oa roeors tg `kb syingalsos tjo Olb `a-@bj` . joso J`mm4 :
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@atjgudj cortlffc`to lkv. kr. P>802-3 cgkslsts ge twg sjoots, tjo aoet j`ae ge tjo aoet sjoot ls ilsslkd. Cortlffc`to lkv. kr. ?23-00 ls `asg lkcgipaoto, cgkslstlkd ge ` slkdao sjoot gkay. @aa cortlffc`tos j`vo ` slila`r ngrbor, ngrbor, oxcopt egr bgcuiokt lkv. kr. P>802-3, lk wjlcj tjo p`lktor j`s usob blorokt cgagurs tg blstlkdulsj qu`troeglas wltjlk tjoso lktorsoctlkd alkos ge tjo clrcaos. Lk tjo Ioblk` cortlffc`to, lkv. kr. Xa`kg ?3 E 0, kg. ?: ge tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty, rgsottos ropa`co tjo bgts `t tjo cgro ge tjo clrcaos.
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roa`tob scokos `ro cginlkob wltj agc`tlgks gr a`kbsc`pos tj`t roeor tg ovokts tj`t roa`to tg tjo nodlkklkds ge Lsa`i, sucj `s Kur Igukt`lk (wjoro, `ccgrblkd tg Lsa`ilc tr`bltlgk, Iuj`ii`b rocolvob jls elrst rovoa`tlgks lk tjo c`vo ge Jlr`) `kb j`wr Igukt`lk (wjoro Iuj`ii`b `kb @nu N`fr tggf roeudo ergi tjo Pur`lsj gk tjolr w`y ergi Iocc` tg Ioblk`), `s woaa `s pa`cos `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo elrst Iusalis, sucj `s tjo Igsquo ge `le (wltj tjo tgin ge Iuj`ii`b“s cguslk @nbuaa`j lnk @nn`s) `kb tjo nlrtjpa`cos ge Iuj`ii`b, jls b`udjtor E`tli`, jls kopjow `kb sgk-lk-a`w @al, `kb tjo elrst c`alpj @nu N`fr. joso pa`cos woro kgt strlctay p`rt ge tjo J`mm rltos, nut woro getok vlsltob ny pladrlis vgaukt`rlay. Lk `bbltlgk, igro-iukb`ko tgplcs, sucj `s tr`blkd `s `k lksop`r`nao p`rt ge pladrli`do (syingalsob ny tjo i`rfots ge Ilk`) `kb tjo alvlkd cgkbltlgks ge pladrlis (roprosoktob ny tokts ge v`rlgus sj`pos) `ro roprosoktob. Lk tjo gnagkd n`kb noagw tjls elrst scoko, ` proprlktob tostligky alsts tjo bleeorokt rltos ge tjo J`mm. Na`kfs tg no elaaob lk ny j`kb woro aoet gpok egr tjo k`io ge tjo pladrli, tjo k`io ge gko ge elvo agc`tlgks wjoro tjo pladrli w`s roqulrob tg cj`kdo lktg ljr`i bross (ilq`t ), ), `kb tjo b`to `t wjlcj tjo rlto ge wuque tggf pa`co. jo a`ttor roeors tg tjo st`kblkd `kb pr`ylkd ergi ilbb`y tg suksot gk gr ko`r Igukt @r`e`t, wjlcj ls cgkslborob tjo igst lipgrt`kt rlto ge tjo J`mm. jls ls egaagwob ny na`kfs egr tjo k`ios ge wltkossos. jo kuinor ge wltkossos bgos kgt sooi tg j`vo nook proscrlnob, `s lt v`rlos ergi tjroo tg slx. Gk kgko ge tjo cortlelc`tos woro tjo na`kfs elaaob lk, ao`vlkd rggi egr spocua`tlgk `s tg tjo purpgso egr wjlcj tjoy woro ngudjt. Toro tjoy spoclelc`aay grborob ny Butcj okvgys `kb tjoroegro kgt usob `s tostligky, gr blb sgio pladrlis `asg nuy tjoi sgaoay egr tjolr `ttr`ctlvo gvorvlow ge tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm `kb Lsa`ilc jlstgry7 jo a`ttor ls suddostob ny tjo gccurrokco ge ` er`diokt ge ` cgip`r`nao eldur`tlvo J`mm-cortlelc`to J`mm-cortlelc`to wltjgut tjo k`ios ge tjo j`mml gr gr wltkossos, wjlcj w`s egabob notwook tjo nlkblkd `kb tjo cgbox lk ` a`to-klkotooktj-coktury a`to-klkotooktj-coktury Pur“`k ergi Lkbgkosl` lk tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy (lkv. kr. 83->28). < jo socgkb scoko cgkt`lks ` cginlkob pa`k `kb oaov`tlgk ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc` wltj tjo F`“n` lk lts coktro. Sgio ge tjo nulablkds tj`t liiobl`toay surrgukb tjo F`“n`, sucj `s tjo st`kblkd pa`co ge @nr`j`i `kb tjo ]`iz`i woaa, roeaoct tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir`, lk tjls c`so tjo pr`ylkd `t tjo pa`co cgiioigr`tlkd @nr`j`i `s egukbor `kb nulabor ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjo brlkflkd ge w`tor ergi tjo sgurco tj`t Dgb `aagwob tg sprlkd up tg quokcj tjo tjlrst ge Lsji`oa. jo jo rlto ge s`“l, gr ‚jurrylkd“, ‚jurr ylkd“, tj`t i`rfs J`d`r“s so`rcj egr w`tor egr jor sgk Lsji`oa notwook tjo jlaagcfs ge S`e` `kb I`rw` ls lkblc`tob gutslbo tjo igsquo prgpor wltj tjo a`noas ‚jls ls S`e`“, ‚jls ls I`rw`“, `kb ‚jls ls tjo i`rfot wjoro s`“l ls ls poregriob“. jo br`wlkd `asg dlvos cao`r lkegri`tlgk `ngut tjo cgipgslto oaoiokts ge tjo igsquo, wjlcj `ro, lk <
Ro cgaaoctlgk jlstgry ge tjls Pur“`k wltj lkv. lkv. kr. 83->28 ls ukegrtuk`toay ukfkgwk egr tjo i`kuscrlpt w`s e gukb lk tjo iusoui“s stgrorggi lk tjo 0<<8“s wltjgut `k `ccossl gk kuinor.
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Elduro ?= Boplctlgk ge tjo F`“n` `kb tjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle gk cortlc`to lkv. kr. P>802-3.
igst c`sos, a`noaaob. K`ios ge twokty bggrs, oldjt p`tjw`ys lk tjo cgurty`rb, `kb `bbltlgk`a nulablkds surrgukblkd tjo F`“n`, sucj `s tjo puaplt ( ilkn`r ), ), tjo st`lrc`so usob tg oktor tjo lktorlgr ge tjo F`“n`, `kb tjo nulablkds egr tjo li`is ge tjo egur Lsa`ilc rltos, e`clalt`to lboktlelc`tlgk. jo F`“n`, lk sgio cortlelc`tos i`rfob ‚tjo Jguso ge Dgb“, ls boplctob wltj tjo r`lk spgut, tjo Na`cf Stgko, `kb tjo flsw` , lts curt`lk. Gkay tjo a`ttor j`s kg lboktleylkd a`noa, nut lt ls rocgdklz`nao ny tjo wjlto gnagkd n`kb `ngvo `kb tjo wjlto bggr gr bggr curt`lk noagw (elduro ?). Gutslbo tjo igsquo twg a`kbi`rfs lkblc`to ilq`t , ` pa`co ge ngukb`ry, wjlcj c`kkgt no oktorob wltjgut ljr`i cagtjlkd. Gko ls tjo igsquo ge `k“li, sovok-`kb-`-j`ae sovok-`kb-`-j`ae flagiotros ergi Iocc`, wjoro pladrlis cj`kdo lktg ljr`i bross wjok tjoy lktokb tg poregri tjo _ir`, tjo aossor pladrli`do, `t `ky tlio ge tjo yo`r (Tokslkcf 0<40= 08?>-08?3). jo gtjor, wjlcj ls a`noaaob Ilq`t Ilq` t J`r`i , lkblc`tos tjo agc`tlgk wjoro pogpao wjg alvo lk Iocc` `kb w`kt tg poregri tjo J`mm sjguab oktor lktg pladrli“s bross. jo tjlrb scoko pgrtr`ys tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b lk Ioblk`, wltj a`noas lboktleylkd spoclelc ilk`rots, oxtorlgr bggrs, `kb bgios. jo igsquo ls blvlbob lktg tjroo p`rts= `k uppor zgko wjlcj cgkt`lks ` br`wlkd ge tjo i`usgaoui rggi wltj lts tjroo cokgt`pjs, kgko ge wjlcj a`noaaob6 ` coktr`a zgko wltj ` ilkn`r `kb `kb ` iljr`n, lboktlelob `s tj`t ge c`alpj _tji`k, `kb twg pr`ylkd pa`cos egr tjo Sj`el“lto `kb tjo J`k`elto li`i6 `kb ` agwor p`rt wltj c`kboa`nr`s a`noaaob `s ‚troos ge a`ips“ `kb ` br`wlkd ge tjo d`rbok (elduro 5). 0<>
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Elduro 5= Rjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo gk cortlc co rtlc`to `to lkv. l kv. kr. kr . P>802-3.
Gutslbo tjo igsquo gk tjo aoet, tjo N`ql“` coiotory ls boplctob, wltj a`noaaob sjrlkos egr tjo b`udjtors `kb wlvos ge tjo Xrgpjot, wjlcj woro pgpua`r vlsltlkd pa`cos egr pladrlis. @asg roprosoktob `ro ` v`rloty ge igsquos `ssgcl`tob wltj o`ray i`ao Iusalis, sucj `s J`iz` (`k ukcao ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b), @nu N`fr, `kb @al. @asg lkcaubob `ro agc`tlgks tj`t roeor tg lipgrt`kt ovokts lk o`ray Lsa`i, sucj `s tjo igsquo ge tjo twg blroctlgks b lroctlgks ge pr`yors (`a-Plna`t`yk), wjlcj cgiioigr`tos tjo cj`kdo ge tjo blroctlgk ge pr`yor ergi Morus`aoi tg Iocc` (Pur“`k >= 022), `kb tjo igukt`lk _jub, wjoro tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b egukb roeudo `d`lkst tjo Iocc`ks lk 5>? burlkd tjo n`ttao ge _jub. jo twg cortlelc`tos ergi tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty, wjlcj roprosokt Ioblk` gkay (l.o. tjoy bg kgt blspa`y cgipgslto li`dos), egaagw tjls a`ygut nut lkcaubo, `t tjo n`so, ` proprlktob tostligky ge tjo vlslt tg tjo igsquo. jls roeors tg tjo vlslt ge tjo dr`vo ge tjo Xrgpjot, jls b`udjtor E`tli`, `kb tjo boco`sob `t tjo N`ql“` coiotory cagso ny. Lktorostlkday, tjgso cortlelc`tos `ro lktokbob `s prgge tj`t tjo rltos woro poregriob ny ` pladrli `s ` ropa`coiokt egr sgiongby oaso, `s tjo toxt roeors tg ` vlslt ny prgxy. jls spoclelc uso ls kgt ioktlgkob lk tjo tostligky ge tjo cgipgslto cortlelc`tos.
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Elduro 4= Rjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt Mubdo iokt ls syingal sy ingalsob sob ny ny roeorokcos tg tjo n`a`kco, tjo woaa ge sguas (wjoro tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b wlaa d`tjor d`tj or jls jl s cgiiuklt cg iiuklty), y), joaa, j oaa, `kb jo`vok lk tjo agwor p`rt ge cortlc`to lkv. kr. 080<->.
jo egurtj scoko ge tjo cgipgslto cortlelc`tos sjgws tjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Morus`aoi `s `k okcagsuro wltj bgiob `rc`bos, lkslbo ge wjlcj ls ` bgiob igsquo wltj twg ilk`rots. Lt roprosokts tjo oipao Igukt tj`t jgusos ngtj tjo `a-@qs` igsquo `kb tjo Bgio ge tjo ^gcf. _kbor tjo bgiob `ro`, tjo suspokbob rgcf `kb twg liprlkts ge tjo eoot ge tjo Xrgpjot `ro br`wk `kb a`noaaob. joy roeor tg tjo agc`tlgk ergi wjoro Iuj`ii`b `scokbob burlkd jls ilr`cuagus vlslt tg jo`vok. jo B`y ge Mubdoiokt ls syingalsob ny ` n`a`kco egr woldjlkd tjo boobs ge i`k, sclssgrs, `kb tjroo rgukboas (elduro 4). jo rgukboas `ro a`noaaob ergi rldjt tg aoet `s tjo woaa ge sguas, joaa, `kb jo`vok `kb `ro cgkkoctob ny ` tjlk alko c`aaob tjo p`tj ( `a-slr`t ). ). Lk Lsa`ilc noaloe, tjo j`r`i `ro` ge Morus`aoi ls noalovob tg no tjo slto ge tjo rosurroctlgk `kb tjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt. @kb elk`aay, `s ` roeorokco tg tjo cj`lk ge prgpjots tj`t c`io noegro Iuj`ii`b, tjo a`noaaob sjrlkos ge Igsos, B`vlb, Sgagigk, `kb M`cgn `ro plcturob tg tjo slbos ge tjo okcagsuro. @aa lk `aa, tjo eukctlgk eukc tlgk ge tjoso tjos o cortlel cor tlelc`to c`toss dgos noygkb noyg kb tjo slipao slip ao roprosokt ropro sokt`tlg `tlgkk ge J`mm-roa`tob sltos `kb tostligky ge j`vlkd poregriob tjo J`mm. Kgt gkay `ro Ioblk` `kb Morus`aoi plctgrl`aay lkcaubob `s twg gtjor i`mgr sltos ge Iusali pladrli`do, nut tjo kuiorgus a`noaaob igsquos, sjrlkos, `kb a`kbsc`pos tj`t roeor tg e`ilay ioinors ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb o`ray Iusalis ovgfo lipgrt`kt `kb ovok plvgt`a ovokts lk o`ray Lsa`i. joy prgvlbo ` vlsu`a a`kbsc`po egr lkstructlgk
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Elduro := Sjl“lto sjrlkos lk Forn`a`, N`djb`b, `kb F`zli`lk gk cortlc`to lkv. kr. P>802-3.
gk Lsa`ilc roaldlgk `kb o`ray jlstgry. Sliuat`kogusay, tjoso cortlelc`tos roprosokt Lsa`i lk lts o`ray nodlkklkd `kb rlso up tg tjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt. joso twg okbs ge tjo spoctrui `ro `asg p`rt ge tjo J`mm. Egr lkblvlbu`a Iusali Iusali pladrlis, tjo okb ls syingalsob ny tjo sjobblkd ge slks `ccuiua`tob burlkd aleo burlkd tjo wuque rltu`a `t @r`e`t, wjlao tjo kow nodlkklkd ls syingalsob ny nolkd ngrk `d`lk `s lkkgcokt `s ` kowngrk n`ny, ` tjoio tj`t ls blscussob lk bot`la lk Xklk` Tornkor“s cj`ptor cj`p tor lk l k tjls tjl s vgauio vg auio.. jo oxtok o xtokslvo slvo plctgrl plc tgrl`a `a p`kgr p `kgr`i` `i` roprosokt ropro soktob ob gk tjoso cortlelc`tos `kb tjolr slzo cguab j`vo i`bo tjoi sult`nao rosgurcos egr lkstructlgk tg si`aa drgups. Styalstlc eo`turos
Lk dokor`a, tjo cortlelc`tos j`vo `k lboktlc`a cgipgsltlgk `kb eo`turo slila`r scokos. Ilkgr v`rl`tlgks lk tjo cjglco ge lboktleylkd a`noas, jgwovor, lipay blvorso `ublokcos. Lk cortlelc`to lkv. kr. P>802-3, elvo Sjl“lto sjrlkos lk curroktb`y Lr`q `ro `bbob lk tjo elrst scoko, suddostlkd tj`t tjo `rtlst j`b ` Sjl“lto caloktoao lk ilkb (elduro :). A`noaaob `ro sjrlkos lk Forn`a` (tj`t ge Jus`yk, tjo dr`kbsgk ge Iuj`ii`b, Iuj`ii`b, `kb tjo VukspoclelobY i`rtyrs ge Forn`a`) `kb lk N`djb`b (tjo i`usgaoui ge J`kn`al murlst `kb Suel @nb `a-P`blr `a-N`djb`bl).
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Noslbos tjls, twg sjrlkos lk F`zli`lk `ro lkcaubob tj`t roeor, lk `aa prgn`nlalty, tg tjo tgins ge tjo sovoktj `kb klktj Sjl“lto li`is, Ius` `a-F`zli `kb Iuj`ii`b `a-`ql. 08 Br`wlkds ge lboktlc`a nulablkds `ro `asg lkcaubob lk tjo s`io agc`tlgk agc`tlg k gk cortlelc`to lkv. kr. kr. 080<->, nut, wltj tjo oxcoptlgk oxcoptlg k ge tjo sjrlko ge @nb `a-P`blr `a-N`djb`bl, tjoy j`vo kg lboktleylkd a`noas. jo `nsokco ge a`noas cguab suddost tj`t tjo Sjl“lto suntoxt w`s gilttob boalnor`toay tg i`fo lt nottor sultob `d`lk egr Sukkl pladrlis, woro lt kgt egr tjo e`ct tj`t tjls cortlelc`to `asg a`cfs lboktleylkd a`noas egr tjo nlrtjpa`cos ge tjo Xrgpjot, @al, E`tli`, `kb @nu N`fr, `s woaa wo aa `s ` roeorokc roe orokcoo tg tjo pa`co p a`co tj`t t j`t cgiioi cg iioigr`t gr`tos os @nr`j`i“ @nr` j`i“ss ko`rko`r s`crlelco ge Lsji`oa. T`s tjo `rtlst slipay lk`ccur`to, gr blb jo j`vo prgnaois boclpjorlkd tjo lboktleylkd aodokbs ge tjo igboa cortlelc`to tj`t jo ildjt j`vo usob7 Tj`tovor i`y no tjo c`so, tjo plctgrl`a cycao ge bgcuiokt lkv. kr. P>802-3 sjgws tj`t, ny si`aa lktorvoktlgks, cortlelc`tos cguab no `bmustob tg tjo koobs `kb wlsjos ge bleeorokt nr`kcjos ge Lsa`i. Jgwovor, ` tr`bltlgk ge gvortay Sjl“lto Sjl“lto pladrli`do scrgaas `asg oxlstob, `s _arlcj I`rzgapj j`s sjgwk lk jls cgiprojokslvo `k`aysls ge ` klkotooktj-coktury P`m`r spocliok (I`rzgapj >8036 >802). 00 Jls ox`ipao lkcaubob toxt `kb li`dos roeorrlkd tg ` iuatltubo ge Sjl“lto Sjl“lto pa`cos ge pladrli`do lk Lr`q `kb Lr`k, lk `bbltlgk tg agc`tlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo J`mm. jo styao ge tjo bot`laob br`wlkds ls alko`r `kb naokbs twg-bliokslgk`a `kb tjroo-bliokslgk`a porspoctlvos. jo oxtorlgr ge si`aaor nulablkds, boplctob `s oaov`tlgks wltj tjroo-bliokslgk`a eo`turos sucj `s stops, d`naob rgges, `kb ilk`rots, ls cginlkob wltj lktorlgr vlows suddostob ny tjo prosokco ge a`ips. Egr tjo Dro`t Igsquos lk Iocc`, Ioblk`, `kb Morus`aoi, drgukb pa`ks `ro cginlkob wltj oaov`tlgks. g tjoso sgio tjroo-bliokslgk`a eo`turos woro `bbob, sucj `s tjo ilkn`r `kb ]`iz`i nulablkd lk Iocc`, tjo ilkn`r `kb d`rbok lk Ioblk`, `kb tjo n`a`kco `kb ilk`rots lk Morus`aoi. Sgio spoclioks, sucj `s bgcuiokt lkv. kr. P>802-3 `kb tjo Ioblk` cortlelc`tos ge tjo grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks cgaaoctl gks ge Aolbok _klvorslty, sjgw ` igro ro`alstlc ro`alstlc rokborlkd rokbo rlkd ge sp`co tjrgudj tjo `ppalc`tlgk ge bgunao alkos egr tjo cgauiks tj`t suppgrt tjo `rcjos `kb surrgukb tjo cgurty`rb lk tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot lk Ioblk`. jo bot`laob br`wlkds cgktr`st, jgwovor, wltj tjo cg`rso `kb uksystoi`tlc w`y lk wjlcj w`torcgagurs lk yoaagw, robblsj-plkf, drook, `kb sgiotlios nauo woro `ppalob. Tjoro Tjor o a`noas a`n oas `ro ` ro `nsokt, `ns okt, lt ls bleelcua blee lcuatt tg lboktley lbok tley typos typo s ge nulablkds nulab lkds,, aot `agko `agk o rocgdklso spoclelc pa`cos ge cgiioigr`tlgk, `s `rtlsts cjgso ` slkdao egri egr ` v`rloty ge nulablkds. Bgiob roct`kdaos `ro a`noaaob oltjor `s igsquos, sjrlkos, gr `s nulablkds cgiioigr`tlkd tjo nlrtjpa`co ge `k lipgrt`kt elduro. @ slipao roct`kdao wltj ` j`kdlkd a`ip ls lboktlelob `s ` jguso, igsquo, gr nulablkd tj`t cgiioigr`tos ` s`crlelco. jls koob kgt slipay no oxpa`lkob `s ` a`cf ge oxporlokco gk tjo p`rt ge tjo p`lktor, nut cguab woaa j`vo `pprg`cjob ro`alty. 08 Roso `bbltlgks `ro `asg egukb gk ` cortlffc`to punalsjob lk ]woior ]woior 0<88= pa. L. 00 Egr `kgtjor gvortay, gvortay, oldjtooktj-coktury Sjl“lto pladrli scrgaa p`lktlkd ergi tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Boki`rf, Cgpokj`dok, lkv. kr. OO`.0, soo Igas & Sj`t`k`wl >802= 038-030.
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Elduro <= U`rlgus sj`pos `kb slzos ge tokts gk cortlc`to lkv. kr. P>802-3.
jo gppgslto c`k `asg no gnsorvob= bleeorokt sj`pos boelko igsquos. joy `ro roprosoktob `s slipao roct`kdaos wltj ` j`kdlkd a`ip, bgiob roct`kdua`r nulablkds wltj ` ilk`rot tgppob wltj ` elkl`a, gr `s ` squ`ro pa`k wltj bgiob `rc`bos. j`t tjls v`rloty ge sj`pos ildjt j`vo nook io`klkdeua tg pladrlis `t tjo okb ge tjo klkotooktj coktury `kb pgsslnay pglktob tg ` bleeorokt eukctlgk gr st`tus ge tjoso nulablkds sjguab kgt no blsilssob. Lk tjo c`so ge tjo rokborob tokts, tjo lboktleylkd a`noas sorvo `s ovlbokco tj`t tjo blvorslty lk sj`pos `kb slzos pglkts tg bleeorokt eukctlgks (elduro <). jo a`noas ge tokts `bm`cokt tg tjo pa`lk `kb igukt`lk ge @r`e`t `kb ko`r tjo igsquo ge Iuzb`ale` gk cortlelc`to P>802-3 blstlkdulsj notwook tokts ge tjo pladrlis (fjly`i `a-jumm`m ) `kb tjgso ge tjo trggps `kb tjo tr`bors ( fjly`i `a-`sf`r w`a-tumm`r ). ). Gk cortlelc`tos lkv. krs. ?23-00 `kb ?23-0>, tokts ge pladrlis ( jumm`m ) `kb ge pogpao ge tjo agwost agwost io`ks (`nw`sj) woro lboktlelob. @aa tjoso bleeorokt drgups egriob p`rt ge tjo `kku`a J`mm c`r`v`ks, ` v`rloty tj`t w`s gnsorvob lk 0<8? ny oyowltkoss `kb pladrli J`bml Fj`k wjok jo d`zob bgwk gk tjo pa`lk ge @r`e`t= _kbor tjo rubby da`ro ge tjo tgrcjos `kb tjo yoaagw aldjt ge tjo a`ktorks, tjo tokts ge tjo e`ltjeua stggb gut `d`lkst tjo b`rfkoss noygkb. jo gkay rodua`ray pltcjob c`ips woro tjgso ge tjo sgablory sgablor y, tjo Sjorle `kb tjo gtjor bldklt`rlos bldklt`rl os ge tjo J`mm6 `aa ge tjoso gccuplob tjo sp`co gk tjo aoet-j`kb slbo ge tjo gnsorvor6 wjlao lk tjo egrodrgukb, tg tjo rldjt, `s woaa `s tg tjo aoet, tjo tokts ge tjo Syrl`k `kb tjo Odyptl`k c`r`v`ks woro cgksplcugus6 `kb igst ge tjoso woro oltjor clrcua`r gr oaalptlc`a lk sj`po `kb ge cgkslbor`nao
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slzo, sgiotlios `s i`ky `s twokty pladrlis, `kb kovor aoss tj`k tok, saooplkd lk ` slkdao tokt. (J`bml Fj`k & T. Sp`rrgy 0<8?= >>8). Xogpao `ro `nsokt lk `aa scokos, nut tjolr prosokco ls syingalsob gk tjo gko j`kb ny tjo iuatltubo ge tokts, jgusos, `kb i`rfot nulablkds `kb, gk tjo gtjor j`kb, ny tjo coroigkl`a pyr`ilb`a p`a`kqulks, c`aaob i`ji`a s. s. jo a`ttor syingalso ngtj tjo `utjgrlty ge tjo suat`k, wjg j`b tjo suzor`lkty suzor`lk ty gvor tjo Jgay Cltlos, `kb tjo Odyptl`k `kb Syrl`k J`mm c`r`v`ks, wjlcj cgkslstob ge tjgus`kbs ge pladrlis. jo `nsokco ge rokborob pogpao ilrrgrs tjo tr`bltlgk ge li`dos ge tjo jgay sltos lk pladrli i`ku`as alfo tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`lk, pr`yor nggfs alfo tjo B`a`“la B`a`“la `a`a Fj`yr`t , `kb F`“n` tlaos tj`t boplct tjo s`kctu`rlos `kb a`kbsc`pos gkay. 0> joy i`y sj`ro `igkd o`cj gtjor tjo purpgso ge plgus lkstructlgk. joso cortlelc`tos i`y j`vo nook lktokbob egr ` roaldlgus sp`co wjoro roprosokt`tlgks ge jui`k nolkds woro dokor`aay prgjlnltob, `s woro tjo F`“n` tlaos sot lk w`aas ge igsquos. Xladrlis clrcui`inua`tlkd tjo F`“n` lk ilkl`turos lk Xorsl`k `kb Gttgi`k jlstgrlos, prgso, `kb pgotry sldkley, jgwovor, tjo oxlstokco ge ` tr`bltlgk tj`t w`s gpok tg boplctlkd jui`k nolkds lk tjo s`kctu`ry ge Iocc`. 03 jls ls `asg truo egr iur`as tj`t `bgrk tjo oxtorlgr `kb lktorlgr w`aas ge tjo jgios ge roturklkd pladrlis lk Odypt, `atjgudj jui`k roprosokt`tlgks `ro sc`rco gk iur`as lk tjo g`sls ge B`fja`, `s ^oifo Fruf `kb Er`ks Ggrt gnsorvob lk tjolr cj`ptor lk tjls vgauio. Igboas
jo prlktob J`mm tostligklos blscussob lk tjo provlgus soctlgk `ro p`rt ge ` agkdst`kblkd tr`bltlgk lk br`wk `kb (nagcf-)prlktob J`mm cortlelc`tos tj`t dgos n`cf `s e`r `s tjo oaovoktj coktury. coktury. jo a`rdost cgrpus ge o`ray spoclioks stublob sg e`r cgkslsts ge igro tj`k 0?8 ko`r-cgipaoto `kb er`diokt`ry cortlelc`tos tj`t woro egukb lk tjo _i`yy`b Igsquo lk B`i`scus `etor tjo bov`st`tlkd elro ge 0:<3 (Sgurboa & Sgurboa-jgilko >8856 @fsgy & Ilastolk >888). joso cgkslst igstay ge tjlrtooktj-coktury cortlelc`tos. jo elkblkd pa`co cgrrospgkbs wltj tjo gnsorv`tlgk ge Erokcji`k Mo`k Cj`rblk (0523–0403), tr`voaalkd lk Xorsl` lk tjo 0558s `kb 0548s, tj`t cortlelc`tos woro oltjor fopt `t jgio `s gnmocts ge
0> @k oxcoptlgk `ro tjo ilkl`turos wltj lktodr`tob pogpao ergi tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`lk ny Iujyl `aBlk A`rl, lk tjo g rlokt`a cgaaoc tlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty, lkv. kr. kr. Gr 00.84<, b`tob 0583 CO. 03 Ngu`rb >802= 084, 033.
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ploty ge tjgso rodlstorob, gr bopgsltob lk igsquos gr jukd gk igsquo w`aas. 02 Ulslnlalty lk ` roaldlgus sp`co porj`ps oxpa`lks tjo bliokslgks ge tjo bgcuiokts, tjo aokdtj ge wjlcj cguab oxcoob twg iotros. @aro`by @aro `by lk tjls tjl s o`ray tr`blt tr `bltlgk, lgk, ngtj ng tj toxt-gka toxt -gkayy `kb plctgrl` plct grl`aa cortlelc cort lelc`tos `tos oxlsto ox lstobb slbo ny slbo. @atjgudj ngtj woro `t elrst c`aaldr`pjob `kb p`lktob ny j`kb, `aro`by lk tjo o`ray tjlrtooktj coktury tjo cr`etsiok lkcro`slkday i`bo uso ge nagcf prlktlkd tg `ppay scokos `kb toxt igro qulcfay. jo toxt-gkay tostligklos getok lkcaubob c`aaldr`pjy lk bleeorokt slzos `kb styaos `kb gnagkd eagr`a gr dogiotrlc laauilk`tlgks tj`t `ro lboktlc`a tg cj`ptor jo`blkds lk Pur“`ks (Sgurboa & Sgurboa-jgilko >885= pas. ZZZ, ZZZL). jo lcgkgdr`pjlc cycao ge tjo ioblov`a plctgrl`a bgcuiokts st`rts wltj boplctlgks ge Igukt @r`e`t, tjo Igsquo ge Iuzb`ale`, tjo plaa`rs ge Ilk`, `kb tjo Fj`ye Igsquo. jok egaagws tjo F`“n` lk Iocc` wltj `bm`cokt nulablkds alfo tjo ]`iz`i nulablkd, tjo St`kblkd Xa`co ge @nr`j`i, `kb S`e` `kb I`rw`. jo elk`a twg br`wlkds cgkslst ge tjo tgin cj`inor lk Ioblk` `kb Morus`aoi, syingalsob ny, `igkd gtjors, ` bgio, ilk`rots, `kb Iuj`ii`b“s eggtprlkts gk tjo rgcf lk Morus`aoi. @ cgip`rl cgi p`rlsgk sgk notwook notwo ok tjo ioblov`a iobl ov`a `kb tjo a`to-klko a`to- klkotook tooktj-c tj-coktu oktury ry bgcuiokts sjgws ngtj ` cgktlku`tlgk ge tr`bltlgk `kb sovor`a bop`rturos ergi lt. jo uso ge prlktlkd-tocjklquos lk ngtj suddosts tjoy woro lk dro`t boi`kb lk ngtj porlgbs. jo blscrop`kcy notwook tjo ilkuto rokborlkd ge tjo bot`laob br`wlkds `kb tjo cg`rso w`y lk wjlcj cgagur w`s `ppalob gk spoclioks ergi ngtj drgups lipalos tj`t, lk ngtj porlgbs, spocl`alsts `kb kgk-spocl`alsts woro rospgkslnao egr tjo okb rosuat. Ngtj usob dauo egr p`stlkd tjo sjoots tgdotjor, nut tjo ioblov`a gkos woro `ssoinaob vortlc`aay, wjlao tjo klkotooktj-coktury gkos woro cgkkoctob jgrlzgkt`aay. @atjgudj wltkossos woro roqulrob lk ngtj tr`bltlgks, tjo ioblov`a cortlelc`tos put igro oipj`sls gk tjolr aodltli`cy. Egr ox`ipao, tjoro w`s ` procgkbltlgk tj`t tjo wltkoss fkgw tjo pladrli lk k`io `kb porsgk. Jgwovor, tjo ioblov`a toxt-gkay spoclioks blb kgt roqulro `utjoktlc`tlgk ge tjo bgcuiokt ny `k geelcl`a li`i, `s w`s tjo c`so wltj tjo klkotooktj-coktury klkotooktj-coktury toxt-gkay ox`ipaos. jo pr`ctlco ge st`rtlkd tjo lcgkgdr`pjlc cycao wltj @r`e`t `kb okblkd lt wltj Morus`aoi Morus `aoi w`s `aro`by `aro` by woaa w oaa ost`nals ost` nalsjob job lk iobl i oblov`a ov`a cortlel cor tlelc`to c`tos. s. Nut N ut tjo tj o oaoiok oa oiokts ts tj`t syingalso Morus`aoi lk tjo ioblov`a roportglro blb kgt yot cgkt`lk igtles tj`t roeor tg tjo B`y ge Mubdoiokt. 0? @atjgudj cortlelc`tos ergi ngtj porlgbs uso lboktleylkd a`noas, tjo a`noaalkd ge tjo a`to-klkotooktj-coktury a`to-klkotooktj-coktury cortlelc`tos ls 02 Cj`rblk ioktlgks tjo cortlffc`tos twlco= ‚Puoaquo egls aos pìaorlks iusuai`ks r`ppgrtokt `voc oux uko `ttost`tlgk bos aloux qu“las gkt vlsltìs= cotto `ttost`tlgk s“`poaao alvro bu pìaorlk`do (zly`r`t k`io). Las a` rod`rbokt cgiio uk igkuiokt prìcloux bo aour plìtì, ot è aour rotgur las a` bìpgsokt cjoz oux gu a` suspokbokt `u iurs bos igsquìos“ (^olk`ub 0:>: (>)= >>2)6 `kb ‚Cos `ttost`tlgks so bìpgsokt b`ks aos igsquìos, gu sgkt cgksorvìos b`ks a` e`ilaao, bovok`kt uk igkuiokt prìcloux bo a` plìtì bos porsgkkos qul y sgkt kgiiìos“. (^olk`ub 0:>: (>)= 308-300). 0? Ro syinga ge tjo n`a`kco bgos, jgwovor, jgwovor, sure`co gk ` j`kb-p`lktob cortlffc`to ge tjo s`kctu`ry `t Morus`aoi Morus` aoi lk tjo K`ssor B. Fj`alal Fj`a lal Cgaaoctlgk Cgaao ctlgk ge Lsa`ilc Lsa`il c `rt, lkv. kr. ISS I SS 42?.4 `kb laaustr`t laau str`tob ob lk Xgrtor (>80>= 5:).
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e`r igro oxtokslvo. @asg tjo scgpo ge tgplcs ls nrg`bor lk tjo a`tor porlgb, r`kdlkd ergi nulablkds `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo Xrgpjot“s e`ilay, jls elrst cgip`klgks, `kb spoclelc ovokts lk o`ray Lsa`i tg iukb`ko i`ttors sucj `s tokts. Lrrospoctlvo ge tjo cgiigk`altlos notwook tjo twg bot`laob plctgrl`a pr`ctlcos, sg e`r kg oxt`kt cortlelc`tos j`vo sure`cob ergi tjo slxtooktj tg o`ray klkotooktj coktury tj`t dlvo tostligky ge ` blroct cgktlku`tlgk ge tjo tr`bltlgk. @atjgudj a`rdo, j`kb-p`lktob J`mm cortlelc`tos wltj roprosokt`tlgks roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc`, Ioblk`, `kb Morus`aoi Morus `aoi br`wk br`w k ny Lkbl`k Lkbl `k p`lktors p`lk tors `ro fkgwk ergi tjls lktorvo lkto rvoklkd klkd porlgb, porl gb, tjolr blvordokt cgipgsltlgk `kb styao prgvlbos kg ovlbokco tj`t tjoy sorvob `s tjo lktoriobl`ry st`do `kb cgktlku`tlgk ge tjo custgi.05 Nut tjo cr`etsiok ge tjo cortlelc`tos i`y j`vo nook lksplrob ny gtjor sovoktooktj-coktury sgurcos, sucj `s pladrli i`ku`as alfo tjo Eutuj `a-J`r`i`lk ny Iujyl-l Blk A`rl, wltj lts boscrlptlgk ge tjo Jgay Cltlos `kb tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm. Ospocl`aay tjo rokborlkd ge Igukt @r`e`t, tokts, `kb i`ji`a s lk tjoso ilkl`turos sjgw ` roi`rf`nao gvora`p wltj tjo cortlelc`tos (Xgrtor >80>= 246 >803= >88, pa. 5). Aod`cy
jo a`to-klkotooktj-coktury a`to-klkotooktj-coktury plctgrl`a tr`bltlgk tggf gk ` bleeorokt sj`po lk tjo elrst j`ae ge tjo twoktlotj coktury. jo pgpua`rlty ge cgagureua cortlelc`tos ge si`aaor slzo wltj ` igro aliltob lcgkgdr`pjy `kb styao lkcro`sob, `s sjgwk ny ` ngby ge oxt`kt cortlelc`tos lk tjo K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt lk Agkbgk (lkv. krs. @^C. ct 8882 tg @^C. ct 8822). Cr`etsiok stlaa cginlkob tjo tjroo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc`, Ioblk`, `kb Morus`aoi lk gko cortlelc`to, nut le tjoy lkcaubob roeorokcos tg J`mm-roa`tob agc`tlgks sucj `s @r`e`t `kb Ilk` gr tg sjrlkos `kb nlrtjpa`cos ge e`ilay-ioinors ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b, tjoso woro robucob tg tjo i`rdlk `kb sot lk si`aa vldkottos. Sliuat`kogusay, tjo t`sto egr cortlelc`tos wltj ` slkdao s`kctu`ry drow. Sgio ge tjoso cgkt`lk si`aa lksorts wltj boplctlgks ge tjo igukt`lk `t @r`e`t, tjo plaa`rs `t Ilk`, tjo ]`iz`i woaa, S`e` `kb I`rw`, `kb tokts. Kow w`s tjo lkcauslgk ge sto`isjlps, wjlcj syingalso tjo tjok-igbork igbo ge tr`kspgrt tj`t nrgudjt tjgus`kbs ge Lkbgkosl`k `kb Lkbl`k pladrlis tg Iocc` `kku`aay (Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk, lkv. krs. @^C. ct c t 888?, 888 ?, @^C. @ ^C. ct 8803, @^C. ct c t 8802, 880 2, `kb `k b @^C. ct 8832, 88 32, `igkd `igk d gtjors gt jors)) (elduro 08). jls kow styao ng`sts tjroo-bliokslgk`alty `kb tjo lkcauslgk ge tjo clty a`kbsc`po nojlkb tjo s`kctu`rlos. Egr tjls, tjo cr`etsiok usob pjgtgdr`pjs ge tjo s`kctu`rlos `s igboas. joso pjgtgdr`pjs ovok `ctob tjoisoavos `s cortlelc`tos (Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk, lkv. krs. @^C. ct 88>4, @^C. ct 883>). U`rlgus punalsjlkd 05 Egr j`kb-p`lktob J`mm cortlffc`tos ny prgxy ergi tjo oldjtooktj coktury wltj slkdao roprosokt`tlgks ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc`, tjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo `t Ioblk`, `kb tjo s`kctu`ry `t Morus`aoi, soo Xgrtor >80>= 33, 3:, 5:, 08?. Egr cgaaoctlgks, soo tjo K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc `rt, Agkbgk, lkv. krs. ISS 42?.0, ISS 42?.> ` kb ISS 42?.4 `kb tjo @d` Fj`k Cgaaoc tlgk, Dokov`, lkv. kr. JLA 33?/0->82.
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Elduro 08. Rjo `bbltlgk ge ` sto`isjlp lk tjo agwor rldjt-j`kb cgrkor gk ` twoktlotj-coktury cortlc`to lk tjo K`ssor B. Fj`alal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsa`ilc @rt lk Agkbgk, lkv. kr. @^C. ct 8802. © Kgur Egukb`tlgk. Cgurtosy ge tjo Fj`alal E`ilay Rrust.
`kb blstrlnutlgk jgusos `ctlvo lk C`lrg, Iocc`, `kb Ioblk` `bbob tjolr k`ios `kb `bbrossos, `s blb ` cr`etsi`k, tjo Odyptl`k `a-J`mm @nn`s F`r`r`. jo paotjgr` ge bleeorokt bosldks `kb punalsjlkd jgusos tostlelos tg tjo lkcro`slkd lipgrt`kco ge cortlelc`tos `s ` cgiiorcl`a cgiigblty lk tjls porlgb. @s gkay sgio ge tjo cortlelc`tos ergi tjo Fj`alal cgaaoctlgk lkcaubo tjo j`kb-wrlttok `bbltlgk ge tjo pladrli“s k`io, gko iust `ssuio tj`t tjoy woro usob ngtj `s tostligky `kb slipay `s sguvoklr. J`mm-cortlelc`tos woro p`rt ge ` a`rdor ngby ge roaldlgus li`dos tj`t woro roprlktob lk tjo socgkb j`ae ge tjo twoktlotj coktury. joso woro sgab kgt gkay lk Iocc` `kb Ioblk`, nut `asg lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab `t a`rdo (Xulk >88: (3)= <>?–<28). jgso li`dos prgn`nay agst tjolr eukctlgk `s cortlelc`tos. Lksto`b, tjoso roprlkts woro jukd gk tjo w`aas ge jgusos, igsquos, `kb i`br`s` s `s ` vlsu`a roilkbor ge tjo jgay sltos ge Lsa`i. Cgkcauslgk
jo a`to-klkotooktj-coktury pladrli cortlelc`tos `ro p`rt ge ` agkd tr`bltlgk ge prlktob tostligklos ge tjo J`mm `kb lkblvlbu`alsob pjyslc`a ioioktgs ge Iusali pladrli`do. jo tocjklquo ge uslkd altjgdr`pjy `s ` prlktlkd tocjklquo oksurob o`sy roprgbuctlgk `kb bocro`sob prgbuctlgk cgsts. Ngtj toxt-gkay `kb plctgrl`a
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c`todgrlos wguab j`vo j`b tjolr gwk caloktoao= toxt-gkay cortlelc`tos ildjt j`vo nook e`vgurob ny pggror pladrlis gr ny tjgso wjg sgudjt tjo `utjoktlc`tlgk ge `k geelcl`a lssuor, l.o. tjo (Sj`el“lto) li`i ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo. @asg, tjolr `ustorlty ildjt j`vo `ppo`aob tg Iusalis wjg woro `d`lkst boplctlkd tjo jgay sltos ge Lsa`i. Egr tjgso wjg cjgso ` plctgrl`a cortlelc`to, ` tostligky w`s cginlkob wltj ` vlsu`a roilkbor ge tjo jgay pa`cos ge Lsa`i. jo li`dos cguab stliua`to tjo roalvlkd ge J`mm oxporlokcos `kb okd`doiokt wltj tjo Lsa`ilc e`ltj. Egr tjgso tj`t j`b kgt yot poregriob tjo J`mm, tjoy cguab lkstld`to ` agkdlkd tg bg sg. @s wltj tjo J`mm iur`as gk tjo jgusos ge roturklkd pladrlis lk Odypt, tjo cortlelc`tos `bvortlsob tjo `ccgipalsjiokt ge tjo J`mm tg e`ilay, erlokbs, `kb koldjngurs. jo wlbo scgpo ge boplctob nulablkds ge cgiioigr`tlgk, oxtokblkd e`r noygkb tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm, i`bo tjoso cortlelc`tos sult`nao egr lkstructlgk `ngut tjo J`mm `kb Lsa`i `t jgio. jo elrst j`ae ge tjo twoktlotj coktury wltkossob tjo cgiiorcl`als`tlgk ge tjo prgbuctlgk `kb blstrlnutlgk ge J`mm cortlelc`tos, lk wjlcj agc`a `kb lktork`tlgk`a punalsjlkd jgusos woro lkvgavob. @kb, tjgudj tjo koob egr ` prlktob plctgrl`a tostligky ge tjo J`mm ls robucob tg `aigst zorg lk tjls `do ge t`naots `kb si`rtpjgkos, J`mm cortlelc`tos c`k stlaa no purcj`sob‒ovok vl` tjo Lktorkot. Lk Soptoinor >802 tjo @iorlc`k Xunalsjlkd cgip`ky E`i`cg geeorob ` er`iob J`mm I`nrur Cgiioigr`tlvo Cortlelc`to , porsgk`alzob wltj tjo k`io ge tjo pladrli `kb jls gr jor dulbo gr li`i, `kb b`to ge pladrli`do.04 @ppok @pp okblx blx 0= Boscr Bos crlpt lptlgk lgk ge J`mm J`m m Cort Co rtle lelc lc`t `too lkv lk v. kr. ?2 ?23-0 3-0> > 0:
J`mm cortlelc`to lkv. kr. ?23-0> ls b`to`nao notwook 0::> `kb 0::5, tjo a`ttor nolkd tjo yo`r ge lts rodlstr`tlgk lk tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy. jo yo`r 0::> CO ls borlvob ergi tjo lkcgipaoto proprlktob jlmrlyy` b`to 038 tj`t cgkt`lks tjo coktury `kb tjo boc`bo gkay. g tjls, tjo elk`a clpjor sjguab no `bbob ny j`kb. jls cgrrospgkbs wltj yo`rs 0::> `kb 0:<> lk tjo Drodgrl`k c`aokb`r. jo cortlelc`to“s io`suroiokts `ro= J 2?.3 x T 08< ci. jo jgrlzgkt`a cortlelc`to ls cgipgsob ge twg sjoots tj`t `ro p`stob gk tgp ge o`cj gtjor gk ` vortlc`a `xls. jo na`cf-`kb-wjlto prlkt ls r`kbgiay p`lktob wltj drook, plkf, `kb yoaagw cgagurs. Egur bleeorokt cgipgslto scokos `ro roprosoktob roprosoktob tj`t j`vo tg no ro`b ergi rldjt tg aoet. jo scokos `ro surrgukbob ny ` ngrbor ge lktorsoctlkd clrcaos wltj bgts `t tjolr coktros. jls ngrbor ls p`lktob yoaagw wltj rob `kb plkf bgts. Tj`t egaagws ls ` boscrlptlgk ge tjoso scokos wltj tjo ox`ct rokborlkd ge tjo @r`nlc lboktleylkd a`noas `s usob gk tjo cortlelc`to lk p`roktjosos.
04 Soo `t jttp=//www.e`i`cgpunalsjors.cgi/lkbox0.j tia700.jtia&0. 0: Jmârpo (0<<:) `asg boscrlnob ` cgip`r`nao pladrli cortlffc`to, kgw p`rt ge tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo E`cuaty ge Rogagdy `t tjo _klvorslty ge Aukb. Ro Aukb cortlffc`to blors lk bot`las ergi tjo Aolbok cortlffc`tos, `s bg sgio ge iy ro`blkds ge tjo lboktleylkd a`noas.
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Elduro 00= @r`e`t, Ilk`, `kb Iuzb`ale` `kb agc`tlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj o`ray Lsa`i.
Scoko 0= @r`e`t, Ilk`, `kb Iuzb`ale` (elduro 00)
jo eloab ge tjo elrst scoko, tg tjo upigst rldjt, ls blvlbob lktg elvo jgrlzgkt`a zgkos. jo uppor `kb agwor zgkos `ro elaaob wltj toxt gkay. jo uppor gnagkd zgko cgkt`lks `k lkscrlptlgk ngrborob ny ` c`rtgucjo, wjlcj roeors tg tjo rlto `t @r`e`t @r`e `t `kb cgkslst cgk slstss ge Pur“`klc Pur“`kl c vorso >= 0<:= ‚Tjok ‚ Tjok ygu surdo su rdo bgwk ergi er gi @r`e`t, @r`e `t, roioinor Dgb `t tjo s`crob pa`co“. jo jo jgrlzgkt`a rodlstor noagw tjls ls blvlbob lktg tjroo squ`ros, tjo rldjt ge wjlcj cgkt`lks ` pa`k ge ` igsquo wltj bgiob `rc`bos wltj lboktleylkd a`noas tj`t roeor, lk prlktob @r`nlc, tg tjo Igsquo ge `le ( I`smlb I`s mlb ` `“le ) `kb tj`t cgkt`lk tjo j`kbwrlttok `bbltlgk lk A`tlk cj`r`ctors ‚I`smlb `le `le “ `kb ‚ ‚ `le“. `le “. jo bgiob nulablkd lk lts coktro ls tjo Bgio (gr Sjrlko) ge @nbuaa`j lnk @nn`s ( Punn` S`yylbk` @nbuaa`j lnk @nn`s ). ). Noagw tjo br`wlkd ls ` roeorokco tg kgnao `le ( `yle sj`rle ) lk @r`nlc `kb tjo j`kbwrlttok `bbltlgk lk A`tlk cj`r`ctors ‚`le ‚`le “. jo coktr`a squ`ro cgkt`lks br`wlkds ge ` igukt`lk, a`noaaob Igukt`lk @r`e`t ( M`n`a @r`e`t @r`e` t )6 )6 sgio uklboktlelob blsporsob tokts6 twg i`ji`a s a`noaaob `s Odyptl`k `kb Syrl`k ( I`ji`a I`ji `a Sj`il Sj`i l `kb `kb I`ji`a I`ji `a Ilsrl Ilsr l ) wltj `bm`cokt ea`ds, noagw6 `kb nulablkds, lboktlelob `s tjo Igsquo ge Klir` >83
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( I`smlb I`sm lb Klir` Kl ir` ), ), `ngvo aoet, `kb ` br`wlkd ge twg roct`kdaos wltj j`kdlkd a`ips lboktlelob `s P`rk `a-I`k`zla, tjo ilq`t gr gr pa`co egr tjo `ssuiptlgk ge ljr`ibross egr pogpao cgilkd ergi Komb, `ngvo rldjt. Lk tjo aoet cgrkor ls ` roeorokco tg tjo cguktry gr vlaa`do ge @r`e`t (n`a`b `a-@r`e`t ). ). Lk tjo aoet, er`iob squ`ro tjo coktr`a nulablkd, lboktlelob `s tjo Igsquo ge Iuzb`ale` ( I`smlb I`sm lb Iuzb`al Iuz b`ale` e` ), ), ls surrgukbob ny pltcjob tokts ge bleeorokt sj`pos `kb slzos, a`noaaob `s tjo tokts ge tjo pladrlis `kb pogpao ge tjo agwost io`ks ( fjly`i `a-jumm`m w`-a-`nw`sj ). jo tjlrb `kb coktr`a jgrlzgkt`a zgko ls blvlbob lktg twg soctlgks, tjo rldjt ge wjlcj cgkt`lks ` rokborlkd ge ` igukt`lk a`noaaob j`wr Igukt`lk ( M`n`a j`wr ). ). jo aoet sjgws egur typos ge nulablkds. jo a`rdo bgiob nulablkd wltj ` ilk`rot gk tjo rldjt ls lboktlelob `s tjo Igsquo ge Fj`ye ( I`smlb I`s mlb Fj`ye Fj` ye ). jo rgw ge egur si`aa roct`kdaos wltj j`kdlkd a`ips `ro lboktlelob ergi rldjt tg aoet `s tjo Xa`co ge S`crlelco ge gur agrb Lsji`oa ( I`bjn`j I`bj n`j s`yylbk` Lsi`“la ), ), tjo Igsquo ge @k`“ltlk` ( I`smlb I`sm lb @k` @k ` @tlk` @tl k` ), ), tjo Igsquo ge tjo Sur` ge tjo VTlkbsY Sot Egrtj ( I`smlb I`s mlb Sur`t `a-Iurs` `a- Iurs`a`t a`t ), ), `kb ` nulablkd slipay roeorrob tg `s ` igsquo (i`smlb ). ). jo oagkd`tob, tjroo-stgrlob nulablkd noagw ls lboktlelob `s tjo jgusos ge tjo i`rfot ge Ilk` ( nuyut suq Ilk` Ilk` ). ). Noagw tjoi, ` tjroo-stgrlob nulablkd ls rokborob wltj tjroo bgiob plaa`rs, wjlcj `ro lboktlelob `s tjo Elrst Xlaa`r ( M`ir`t M`ir`t _a` _a ` ), ), tjo Coktr`a Xlaa`r ( M`ir`t T`st T`st`) `) `kb tjo _qn` plaa`r (M`ir`t `a-_qn` ). ). jo egurtj jgrlzgkt`a zgko ls cgipgsob ge tjroo p`rts= lk tjo rldjt p`rt, ` jlaa crgwkob wltj ` bgiob oblelco ls a`noaaob Kur Igukt`lk ( M`n`a M`n`a Kur ). ). jo coktr`a er`io j`s twg bgiob, roct`kdua`r nulablkds a`noaaob `s tjo Bgio ge gur a`by Fj`blm` (Punn` slttk` Fj`blm` ) `kb tjo Bgio ge @ilk` ( Punn`t @ilk` @ilk ` ). ). Lk tjo egrodrgukb, plaos ge twg gr tjroo roct`kdua`r stgkos tj`t cgkstltuto slipao dr`vos `ro rokborob. jo aoet er`io cgkt`lks egur bgiob oblelcos, wjlcj uppor twg a`noaaob tjo Nlrtjpa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot ( I`walb I`wa lb `a-K`nl `a-K` nl ) `kb tjo Nlrtjpa`co ge @al ( I`walb I`wa lb @al ), ), `kb tjo agwor twg a`noaaob tjo Nlrtjpa`co ge E`tli` ( I`walb I`wa lb Slttk` E`tli` ) `kb tjo Nlrtjpa`co ge @nu N`fr ( I`walb I`wa lb S`yy S `yylbk` lbk` @nl N`fr N `fr ). ). Lk tjo eletj rodlstor `t tjo n`so ls tjo egaagwlkd proprlktob toxt, wltj na`kf sp`cos egr j`kbwrlttok k`ios, b`tos, `kb gtjor bot`las (kgtob noagw notwook nr`cfots)= Xr`lso no tg Dgb wjg `aagttob tg us tjo tj o S`crob Jguso `kb `a-]`iz`i `kb tjo Xa`co `kb tjo Xa`co ge tjo Xrgpjot i`y Dgb naoss jli `kb dlvo jli po`co. @kb tjus j`s t`fok gk tjo st`tus ge ljr`i tjo j`mml Ilq` t Vk`io Vk`ioY ergi tjo aod`aay bosldk`tob agc`tlgks ge Ilq`t Vk`io ge tjo spoclelc Ilq`t Ilq` t -agc`tlgkY -agc`tlgkY `kb roi`lklkd lk ` st`to ge ljr`i, s`ylkd tjo a`nn`lf` -pr`yor -pr`yor `kb naosslkd tjo Xrgpjot, i`y Dgb naoss jli `kb dlvo jli po`co, uktla jo oktorob Iocc` `kb oktorob tjrgudj tjo D`to ge Xo`co `kb poregriob tjo clrcui`inua`tlgk ge `rrlv`a (t`e` nl-a-qubui ) `kb poregriob tjo rlto ge rukklkd ( s`“l ) `kb `scokbob tg @r`e`t `kb stggb tjoro uktla suksot `kb j`stokob tg Iuzb`ale` `kb cgaaoctob tjo ponnaos `kb spokt tjo kldjt tjoro uktla >82
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Elduro 0>= Rjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Iocc`.
b`wk `kb wokt tg Ilk` tg stgko tjo _qn` plaa`r `kb boscokbob `kb wokt bgwk tg Iocc` `kb poregriob tjo clrcui`inua`tlgk ge tjo vlslt (t`w`e `a-zly`r` ) `kb roturkob tg Ilk` `kb st`yob tjoro egr tjo b`ys ge `sjrlq `kb `kb stgkob tjo tjroo plaa`rs `kb tjus okbob tjo J`mm `kb tjok poregriob _ir`. @kb gur st`kblkd w`s b`y Vb`y/igktjY ge tjo yo`r 038V..Y Jlmrl. J`s wltkossob tjls Vk`io ge wltkossY J`s wltkossob tjls Vk`io ge wltkossY J`s wltkossob tjls Vk`io ge wltkossY. Scoko >= Rjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Iocc` (eld uro 0>)
jo socgkb scoko cgkslsts ge ` br`wlkd ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc` wltj tjo F`“n` lk lts coktro. @ c`rtgucjo `kb gnagkd n`kb `ngvo lt cgkt`lks Pur“`klc vorso 3= <5= ‚jo elrst Jguso Vge wgrsjlpY tg no ost`nalsjob egr pogpao w`s tjo gko `t Iocc`. Lt ls ` naossob pa`co6 pa`c o6 ` sgurco ge dulb`kco dulb `kco egr `aa pogpao.“ pogp ao.“ jo F`“n` F`“n` ls `aigst oktlroay okclrcaob ny pgaos wltj j`kdlkd a`ips6 lkslbo tjls okcagsuro `ro a`noaaob tjo soilclrcua`r ngrbor nulat ny @nr`j`i ( J`tli), tjo Br`lkplpo ge Iorcy ( Ilz`n Ilz`n `a-^`j `a- ^`ji` i` ), ), tjo Na`cf Stgko (J`m`r @sw`b), tjo Bggr ge tjo Jguso (N`n `a-N`yt ), ), `kb tjo Xa`co ge @nr`j`i ( I`q`i I`q `i Lnr`jli Lnr`jl i). Lk notwook tjo `rc`bos ge tjo igsquo `kb tjo F`“n`, si`aa structuros `ro lboktlelob= tjo ilkn`r ( ilkn`r ), ), tjo st`lrc`so ( iub`rr`m ),), tjo Sprlkd ge ]`iz`i ( Nl“r Nl“r ]`iz`i ]`iz` i), tjo @a-S`a`i D`to ( N`n `a-S`a`i), `kb twg bgios a`noaaob `s tjo Bgio ge tjo
>8?
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Jgurs (Punn`t `a-S`“`t ) `kb tjo Nggfs (`a-Futun), `s woaa `s tjo pr`yor `ro`s ge tjo tjroo Sukkl scjggas ge a`w ( ius`aa` I`alfl, ius`aa` Sj`el“l, ius`aa` J`kn`al) `kb tjo cgurty`rb ge tjo pr`yor `ro` ge tjo J`k`el rlto ( s`jk ius`aa` J`k`el ius`aa` J`k`el ). ). Noslbos tjls, oldjt p`tjw`ys ( i`isjl“`t ) tgw`rbs tjo F`“n` `ro lkblc`tob, sovok ge wjlcj j`vo lboktleylkd a`noas= tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo B`“ub` D`to ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n B`“ub` ), ), tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo D`to ge @nr`j`i ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n Lnr`jli Lnr`jl i), tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo D`to ge E`rowoaa ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n `a-T`b`“ `a-T`b`“ ), ), tjo p`tjw`y ge I`is jl“` N`n @al ), tjo D`to ge @al ( I`isjl“` ), tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo D`to ge tjo Xrgpjot ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n `a-K`nl `a- K`nl ), ), tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo D`to ge Xo`co ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n `aS`a`i), `kb tjo p`tjw`y ge tjo d`to ge tjo cgurt ( I`isjl“` I`is jl“` N`n `a-I`jf `a-I `jf`i` `i` ). ). Boplctob `asg `ro slx p`ai troos, `aa lboktlelob `s troos ge a`ips ( Sj`m`r` P`k`bla ).). Gutslbo tjo igsquo prgpor, twokty d`tos `ro a`noaaob. jo uppor egur `ro tjo D`to ge _ir` ( N`n `a-_ir` ),), tjo D`to ge B`“ubly` ( N`n B`“ubly` ), ), tjo D`to ge @nr`j`i ( N`n Lnr`jli), `kb tjo D`to ge E`rowoaa ( N`n `a-T`b`“ ). ). jo sovok `agkd tjo aoet w`aaob okcagsuro `ro tjo D`to ge _ii J`kl ( N`n _ii J`kl ), ), tjo D`to ge tjo Kgnao Iok ( N`n Mly`b ),), tjo Kgnao D`to ( N`n Sj`rle ), tjo `a-N`dja` D`to (N`n `a-N`dja` ),), tjo D`to ge S`e` ( N`n `a-S`e` ),), tjo D`to ge tjo Sguas (N`n `a-Kueus ), ), `kb tjo D`to ge @al ( N`n S`yylbk` @al r`bl @aa`j `kju (altor`aay, tjo d`to ge gur Agrb @al i`y Dgb no pao`sob wltj jli). jo tjroo d`tos noagw `ro a`noaaob tjo D`to ge Gur agrb @nn`s ( N`n S`yylbk` @nn`s ),), tjo d`to ge tjo Xrgpjot (N`n `a-K`nl ),), `kb tjo D`to ge Xo`co ( N`n `a-S`a`i). @agkd tjo rldjt w`aaob okcagsuro `ro tjo egaagwlkd slx lboktlelob d`tos= jo Bur`yn` d`to ( N`n Bur`yn` ), ), tjo D`to ge tjo Mubdo ( N`n P`bl ),), tjo D`to ge tjo Lkcro`so ( N`n `a ]ly`b`), ]ly` b`), tjo Putnl D`to ( N`n Putnl ), ), tjo `a-N`stly` D`to ( N`n `a-N`stly` ), ), `kb tjo Gab D`to ( N`n `a-@tlq ). ). jo igsquo ls br`wk wltj sovok ilk`rots, kgko ge wjlcj j`vo lboktleylkd a`noas. Surrgukblkd Surrgukblkd tjo igsquo, sovok nulablkds `kb tjroo igukt`lks `ro boplctob `kb a`noaaob. St`rtlkd ergi tjo uppor rldjt j`kb cgrkor `kb dglkd `ktlcagcfwlso, gko elkbs tjo Igsquo ge `k“li ( I`smlb I`s mlb `k `k“li “li y`kl y`k l uir` ), ), twg roct`kdua`r roc t`kdua`r nulablkds nulab lkds a`noaaob a`noaa ob `k“li `k“li (`k“li) `kb `a-_ir` ( (`a_ir` ), ), `kb ` si`aa nulablkd a`noaaob Jub`ynlyy` ( Jub`ynlyy` ). ). @agkdslbo tjo aoet w`aaob okcagsuro tjoro ls tjo Igukt`lk ge gur Agrb _i`r, i`y Dgb no pao`sob wltj jli ( M`n`a M`n` a S`yylb S` yylbk` k` _i`r r`bl @aa`j @aa` j `kju ` kju), ), tjo Xa`co ge ngukb`ry egr tjo J`r`i ( Ilq`t Ilq` t J`r`i ), 0< tjo Igukt`lk ge @nu P`ys ( M`n`a @nu P`ys ), ), `kb ` nulablkd a`noaaob ‚tjls ls S`e`“ ( j`bj` `a-S`e` ). ). Lk tjo agwor rldjt-j`kb cgrkor ls ` a`noa ‚tjls ls tjo i`rfot ge I`s“`“ ( j`bj` suq I`s“` ) `kb ` nulablkd a`noaaob ‚tjls ls I`rw`“ ( j`bjljl `a-I`rw` )6 )6 lk tjo uppor rldjt-j`kb cgrkor gko elkbs Jlkbl igukt`lk ( M`n`a Jlkbl Jlkb l ). ).
0< @ ilq`t ls ` pa`co ge ngukb`ry wjoro ljr`i cagtjlkd sjguab no `ssuiob. Roro `ro ? ilq`t s egr pladrlis wjg alvo gutslbo ge Iocc`. Rls ilq`t ls ls egr tjgso wjg alvo lk Iocc` `kb w`kt tg poregri tjo J`mm.
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Elduro 03= Rjo Igsquo `kb i`usgaoui ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b Iuj`i i`b lk Ioblk`. Iob lk`.
Scoko 3= Rjo Igsquo `kb i`us gaoui ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b lk Ioblk Iob lk`` (eld (e lduro uro 03) 03 )
jo tjlrb scoko cgkslsts ge ` rokborlkd ge tjo Xrgpjot“s Igsquo lk Ioblk` surrgukbob ny si`aa nulablkds. @ c`rtgucjo `kb gnagkd n`kb `ngvo lt cgkt`lks ` j`bltj ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b= ‚jo Xrgpjot, Dgb naoss jli `kb dr`kt jli s`av`tlgk, s`lb= ‑Tjgovor vlslts iy dr`vo, iy lktorcosslgk ls lipgsob upgk jli’“. jo a`rdost p`rt ge tjo roct`kdua`r eloab ls t`fok up ny tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot, wjlcj ls boplctob wltj twg a`rdo bgios. jo a`rdo gko gk tjo aoet ls a`noaaob ‚tjo naossob Bgio ge gur Agrb Iuj`ii`b, tjo iossokdor ge Dgb, Dgb naoss jli `kb dr`kt jli s`av`tlgk“ ( Punn`t `a-iun`r`f` S`yylbk` Iuj`ii`b r`sua @aa`j s`aa` @aa`j `a`yjl w`s`aa`i ), `kb tjo si`aaor gko gk tjo rldjt ls tjo Bgio ge _tji`k (Punn`t _tji`k). joro `ro elvo ilk`rots= tjo uppor rldjt Ilk`rot ge tjo D`to ge Xo`co ( I`k`r` I`k `r` N`n `a-S`a` `a-S `a`i i), tjo uppor aoet Ilk`rot ( I`k`r` I`k` r` ), ), tjo coktr`a Ilk`rot gk tjo rldjt slbo ge tjo igsquo ls tj`t ge tjo D`to ge tjo Iorcleua ( I`k`r` I`k` r` N`n N` n `a-^ ` a-^`ji` `ji`kk), tjo agwor-rldjt Egurtj Ilk`rot I`k` r` ^`nl“` ^`n l“` ), I`k `r` I`mlblyy I`ml blyy` ` ). ( I`k`r` ), `kb tjo agwor-aoet Ilk`rot ge I`mlbly` ( I`k`r` ). jo igsquo prgpor ls blvlbob lktg tjroo zgkos `kb ls surrgukbob ny bgiob `rc`bos wltj j`kdlkd a`ips. jo uppor zgko j`s ` roct`kdua`r okcagsuro wltj
>84
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tjroo uklboktlelob jgrlzgkt`a roct`kdaos tj`t syingalso tjroo dr`vos. g tjo rldjt ls ` j`kdlkd a`ip lk ` klcjo a`noaaob `s tjo Iljr`n ge gur Agrb _tji`k i`y Jo no pao`sob wltj jli ( Iljr`n S`yylbk S`yy lbk`` _tji`k _tji` k r`bl @aa`j @aa` j `kju `kj u) `kb ` styalsob pgao. Lk tjo igsquo“s coktr`a p`rt `ro twg klcjos wltj a`ips `kb ` ilkn`r tj`t tj`t `ro a`noaaob `s tjo Xr`yor pa`co ge tjo Sj`el“lto Li`i ( Ius`aa` Ius`a a` Li`i Li `i `a-Sj ` a-Sj`el“l) `el“l) ), Ilkn`r Ilkn `r ( Ilkn`r Ilkn `r ), ), `kb tjo Xr`yor pa`co ge tjo J`k`el Li`i ( Ius`aa` Ius`a a` Li`i J`k`el ). ). Lk tjo coktro ge tjo roct`kdua`r zgko noagw `ro ` roct`kdua`r d`rbok boplctob wltj tjroo troos, lboktlelob ny tjo a`noas b`to p`ai ( k`fjla ) `kb D`rbok ge tjo Jgay Xroclkct (Nust`k `a-J`r`i), `kb twg a`rdo c`kboa`nr` c`kbo a`nr` a`noaaob a`noaao b roo roo ge a`ips (Sj`m`r`t P`k`bla ). ). jo igsquo j`s elvo a`noaaob bggrs. jo twg `agkd tjo aoet w`aaob okcagsuro `ro a`noaaob `s tjo D`to ge D`nrloa ( N`n Mlnrla ) `kb tjo D`to ge tjo Tgiok ( N`n `a-Kls`“ `a-Kls`“ ), ), tjo gko lk tjo coktro ge tjo w`aa noagw ls tjo D`to ge I`mlbl (N`n I`mlbl ), ), `kb `agkd tjo rldjt w`aaob okcagsuro `ro tjo D`to ge tjo Iorcleua (N`n `a-^`ji`k) `kb tjo D`to ge Xo`co ( N`n `a-S`a`i ). jo igsquo ls surrgukbob ny a`noaaob nulablkds `kb igukt`lks. Lk tjo uppor rldjt cgrkor ls ` bgiob nulablkd a`noaaob tjo Igsquo ge Gur Agrb J`iz` ( I`smlb I`sm lb S`yylbk S`yy lbk`` J`iz` ), ), `kb lk tjo uppor aoet cgrkor ls tjo Igsquo ge Puww`t `a-Lsa`i ( I`smlb I`sm lb Puww`t `a-Lsa`i ). Gk tjo aoet-j`kb slbo gko elkbs ` roeorokco tg tjo nurl`a pa`co ge N`ql“` (`a-N`ql“` ) `kb br`wlkds ge bgiob nulablkds a`noaaob `s tjo Bgio ge Gur Agrb @nn`s ( Punn` S`yylbk` @nn`s ), ), tjo Bgio ge tjo B`udjtors ge tjo Xrgpjot (Punn` N`k`t `a-K`nl ), ), tjo Bgio ge tjo Tlvos ge tjo Xrgpjot ( Punn`t @zw`m @zw `m `a-K`nl `a-K` nl ), ), tjo Bgio ge gur Agrb Lnr`jli, Sgk ge tjo Xrgpjot, egaagwob ny, lk `nnrovl`tob egri Dgb naoss jli `kb dr`kt jli s`av`tlgk ( Punn` S`yylbk` Lnr`jli Lnr`jli lnk `a-K`nl, s`aa` @aa`j `a`yjl w`-s`aa`i). Lk tjo twg agwor cgrkors `ro br`wlkds ge uka`noaaob igukt`lks. @agkd tjo aoet w`aaob okcagsuro ls ` caustor ge elvo si`aa igsquos, tjo uppor twg ge wjlcj a`noaaob tjo Igsquo ge Gur Agrb @nu N`fr ( I`smlb I`sm lb S`yylbk S`yy lbk`` @nl N`fr ) `kb tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot ( I`smlb I`sm lb `a-K`nl ), ), tjo coktr`a twg a`noaaob tjo Igsquo ge Gur Agrb @al ( I`smlb I`sm lb S`yyl S` yylbk` bk` @al ) `kb tjo Igsquo ge Gur Agrb Sgagigk ( I`smlb I`sm lb S`yylbk S`yy lbk`` Sua`yi`k Sua`y i`k ), `kb tjo gko noagw a`noaaob `s tjo Igsquo ge tjo wg Plna`s ( I`smlb I`sm lb `a-Plna` `a-P lna`t`y t`ykk). @ngvo tjls caustor caus tor ge elvo e lvo igsquos igs quos ls `kgtj ` kgtjor or br`wl b r`wlkd kd ge g e ` igsquo, igsq uo, lboktlel lbok tlelob ob `s `s tjo Bgio ge tjo Sukk` ge tjo Xrgpjot, Dgb naoss jli `kb dr`kt jli s`av`tlgk (Punn` Suk`k `a-K`nl s`aa` @aa`j `a`yjl w`s`aa`i) `kb ` br`wlkd ge ` igukt`lk a`noaaob _jub Igukt`lk ( M`n`a _jub ).). Scoko 2= Rjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Morus`aoi (eld uro 02)
jo egurtj scoko ls ` rokborlkd ge tjo jgay proclkct lk Morus`aoi surrgukbob ny si`aa nulablkds. @ c`rtgucjo `kb gnagkd n`kb `ngvo lt cgkt`lks tjo elrst p`rt ge Pur“`klc vorso 04=0 tj`t roeors tg tjo kldjt mgurkoy ge tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b ergi Iocc` tg Morus`aoi= ‚Dagry tg Jli wjg i`bo Jls sorv`kt tr`voa ny kldjt ergi tjo s`crob pa`co ge wgrsjlp tg tjo eurtjost pa`co ge wgrsjlp.“ Noagw tjls ls ` roct`kdua`r nulablkd wltj bgiob `rc`bos wltj j`kdlkd a`ips `kb tjroo
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Elduro 02= Rjo J`r`i `a-Sj`rle lk Morus`aoi.
a`rdo bgios, `aa wltjgut a`noas. Lk notwook tjo tjroo a`rdo bgios `ro twg a`noas= tjo `a-@qs` Igsquo ( I`smlb I`s mlb `a-@qs` `a-@ qs` ) `kb Blroctlgk ge pr`yor ge tjo Xrgpjots (Plna`t `a-`knly` ). ). Lkslbo tjo bgiob `rc`bos ls `k uppor eloab wltj ` bgiob igsquo a`noaaob tjo Jgay Jguso (N`lt `a-I`qbls gr Iuq`bb`s ), ), wjlcj ls ea`kfob ny twg ilk`rots tj`t `ro slipay roeorrob tg `s Ilk`rot ( I`k`r` I`k `r` ). ). jo igsquo j`s ` trlp`rtlto blvlslgk, wltj p`lrs ge j`kdlkd a`ips tg o`cj slbo `kb ` br`wlkd ge ` na`cf roct`kdao a`noaaob `s tjo Stgko ge Dgb ( S`fjr`t @aa`j) `ngvo `kb tjo Suspokbob Stgko ( J`m`r Iu“`aa`q ) noagw lt. Noagw tjls ls ` br`wlkd ge ` p`lr ge pglktob gnmocts, lboktlelob `s tjo wg Eoot ge tjo Xrgpjot, I`y Dgb naoss jli `kb dr`kt jli s`av`tlgk Vlk `nnrovl`tob egriY ( P`b`i`yk `a-K`nl s`aa` @aa`j `a`yjl w`s`aa`i ). Lk tjo eloab noagw ls ` rokborlkd ge ` n`a`kco ( ilz`k) `kb sclssgrs (ilq`ss ) ea`kfob ny twg c`kbaostlcfs a`noaaob `s roo ge a`ips ( Sj`m`r`t P`k`bla ). ). jo igsquo ls surrgukbob ny egur igukt`lks, tjo agwor ge wjlcj `ro kgt a`noaaob. Lk tjo uppor rldjt cgrkor ls tjo ur Slk`l Igukt`lk ( M`n`a ur Slk` ), ), `kb lk tjo uppor aoet ls tjo Igukt`lk gr gur a`by ^`nl“` `a-N`srl ( M`n`a slttk` ^`nl“` `a-N`srl ). ). Gutslbo tjo w`aaob okcagsuro gk tjo aoet `ro twg sjrlkos a`noaaob tjo Bgio ge gur Agrb B`vlb po`co no upgk jli ( Punn` S`yylbk` B`wub `a`yjl `a-s`a`i ) `kb tjo Bgio ge gur Agrb Sgagigk po`co no upgk
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jli (Punn` S`yylbk` Sua`yi`k `a`yjl `a-s`a`i ). jo sjrlkos `bm`cokt tg tjo rldjt slbo ge tjo igsquo `ro ro`b `s Bgio ge gur Agrb Igsos po`co no upgk jli (Punn` S`yylbk` Ius` `a`yjl `a-s`a`i) `kb Bgio ge gur Agrb M`cgn po`co no upgk jli ( Punn` S`yylbk` \`“qun `a`yjl `a-s`a`i). Noagw ls ` scjoi`tlc br`wlkd ge tjroo iob`aalgks. Ergi rldjt tg aoet, tjoso `ro a`noaaob tjo Toaa ge Sguas (Nl“r `a-@rw`j ), joaa ( m`j`kk m`j `kk`i `i) `kb jo`vok ( m`kk` m`k k` ). ). joy `ro cgkkoctob ny ` tjlk alko a`noaaob `s p`tj ( slr`t ).). Nlnalgdr`pjy
@fsgy @fsg y, S. & ^. Ilastolk Ilas tolk (>888), (>888 ), ‚@ cgaaoct cga aoctlgk lgk ge tjlrtookt tjlr tooktj-co j-coktur kturyy laaustr` laau str`tob tob J`mm cortlelc`tos“, lk L.C. Scjlcf (ob.), I. _ėur Bori`k Bor i`k Eostscjrl Eosts cjrlet= et= p`pors p`po rs prosokto proso ktobb gk g k tjo gcc`slg gcc` slgkk ge g e jls j ls slxty-e slx ty-elet letjj nlrt n lrtjb` jb`y y , 080-32. Lst`knua= S`n`kcİ Ñklvorsltosl. Nguee`rb, Ì. (ob.) (>802), J`mm. Ao pêaorlk`do è a` Iocquo . VJouaoY= _ltdovorlm Skgocf Ìbltlgks/Xunalsjors, otc. Nurcfj`rbt, M.A. (0<5:), r`voas lk @r`nl` cgiprojokblkd `k `ccgukt ge tjgso torrltgrlos lk Jobm`z wjlcj tjo Igj`iiob`ks rod`rb `s s`crob , roprlkt 0:><. VsaY= Er`kf C`ss & cg. Nurtgk, ^. (0:42), Xorsgk`a k`rr`tlvo ge ` plad ` pladrli` rli`do do tg Iocc` Iocc ` `kb Ioblk` Ioblk ` , 3 vgas. Aolpzld= Norkj`rb `ucjkltz. Ost`naot, C & M.X. X`scu`a (0<<:), _atlio vgy`do pgur a` Iocquo. Aos lkvokt`lros `prês bìcês bo pìaorlks igrts è B`i`s vors 0488 . B`i`scus= a“Lkstltut Er`kä`ls b“Ìtubos @r`nos bo B`i`s. Ottlkdj`usok, ^. (0<32), ‚Blo nlabalcjo B`rstoaaukd bor F`“n` li lsa`ilscjok Fuaturfrols“, ]oltscjrlet bor boutscjok Igrdokaâkblscjok Dosoaascj`et 0>/3= 000-034. J`bml Fj`k Fj` k & T. T. Sp`rrgy (0<8?), Tltj tjo pladrlis tg Iocc`, wltj `k lktrgbuctlgk ny @. U`inìry. Agkbgk/Kow \grf= Mgjk A`ko. Jmârpo, M. (0<<:), ‚@ ‚@ J`mm cortlelc`to cortl elc`to ergi tjo o`ray o`r ay >8tj coktury“, coktur y“, lk X. X. Scj`af & I. St`usnord, ‑Nolkd roaldlgus `kb alvlkd tjrgudj tjo oyos’. Stublos Stublos lk roaldlgus lcgkgdr`pjy `kb lcgkgagdy. @ coaonr`tgry punalc`tlgk lk jgkgur ge Xrgeossgr M`k Nordi`k, E`cuaty ge jogagdy _klvorslty, _klvorslty, punalsjob gk tjo gcc`slgk ge jls 5?tj 5? tj nlrtjb`y, Muko > 0<<: , 0<4->82. _pps`a`= _pps`a` _klvorslty Alnr`ry. Fj`k, P.I (>803), ‚Sguvoklrs `kb dlets= Cgaaoctlkd igbork J`mm“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le, jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , >>:->28. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross.
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Fruyt, M.@. (0::8), ‚Ookldo iobobooalkdok ok noscjguwlkdok notroeeokbo Bmobb`j ok jot b``r`cjtor alddokbo dobooato v`k Ilbbok-@r`nlæ“, Ilbbok-@r`nlæ“, lmbscjrlet v`k jot @`rbrlmfsfukbld dokggtscj`p 2 (?)= 335-350. A`ko, O.T. (0:58), jo i`kkors `kb custgis ge tjo igbork Odyptl`ks . Agkbgk/ Kow \grf= M.I. Bokt/O.X. Bokt/O.X. Buttgk. Buttgk . I`rzgapj, _. (>803), ‚Ergi Iocc` tg I`sjj`b= tjo k`rr`tlvo ge `k laaustr`tob Sjllto pladrli`do scrgaa ergi tjo P`m`r porlgb“, Sj`kdrl A` wgrflkd p`pors lk Lsa`ilc `rt ?= ?= 0-33. I`rzgapj, _. (>802), ‚Ergi Iocc` tg I`sjj`b= tjo k`rr`tlvo ge `k laaustr`tob Sjllto pladrli`do scrgaa ergi tjo P`m`r porlgb“, Iuq`rk`s Iuq`r k`s >0= >0= >84->2>. I`ury, C., ‚Boplctlgks ge tjo J`r`i`yk gk Gttgi`k tlaos“, lk U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= cgaaoctob oss`ys , 023-0?<. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Igas, A. & I. Sj`t`k`wl, ‚N`cf tg tjo sgurco. Xladrli`dos tg Lsa`ilc s`crob pa`cos“, lk I@S|Iusoui ``k bo Strggi (ob.), S`crob Xa`cos. Xladli`dos lk Mub`lsi, Mub`l si, Cjrlstl Cjrl stl`kl `klty ty `kb Lsa`i, Lsa` i, 088-034. @ktworp= N@L Xunalsjor. Xotors, E.O. E.O. (0<<2), jo J`mm. jo Iusali Iusali pladrli`do tg Iocc` `kb t jo jgay pa`cos . Xrlkcotgk= Xrlkcotgk _klvorslty Xross. Xgrtor, U. (ob.) (>80>), J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsa`i. Agkbgk= Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xgrtor, Xgrtor, U. U. (>803), ‚jo ‚ jo i`ji`a rovlsltob“, lk U. U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys , 08?. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xulk, O. (>88:), Lsa`ilscjo Xa`f`to. F`aaldr`pjlo ukb I`aorol li Bloksto bos Da`unoks , 3 vgas. Bgrtiukb= Uora`d eñr Grloktfukbo. Pur“`k. @ kow tr`ksa`tlgk ny [email protected]. @nboa J`aooi (>882). Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross.
^olk`ub, I. (0:>:), Boscrlptlgk bos igkuiokts iusuai`ks bu c`nlkot bo I. ao buc bo Na`c`s , > vgas. X`rls= a“Liprliorlo rgy`ao. a“Lsa`i 0:32-0:22 . X`rls= Xorrlk ot clo. ^gcjos, A. (0<82), Blx `ks è tr`vors a“Lsa`i
Sgurboa, B. & M. Sgurboa-jgilko (>885), Cortlelc`ts bo pêaorlk`do b“ìpgquo @yygunl @yyg unlbo. bo. Cgktrln Cgk trlnutl utlgk gk è a“jlstg a“jl stgro ro bo a“lbìgag a“lb ìgagdlo dlo bo a“Lsa`i a“Lsa `i `u toips toi ps bos crgls`bos . X`rls= a“@c`bìilo bos lkscrlptlgks ot noaaos-aottros. noaaos-aottros. Tokslkcf, Tokslkcf , @.M. @.M . (0<40), (0<40 ), ‚LjrĀi“, ‚Ljr Āi“, jo Okcycagp`obl` ge Lsa`i , kow ob., vga LLL, 08?>-08?3. 08?>-08?3. Aolbok/Agkbgk= O.M. Nrlaa/Auz`c & Cg.
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Tltf`i, Tltf` i, M.M. M.M . (tr`ksa. (tr` ksa.,, ob.) (>884), (>88 4), Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo. Ioff` lk bo twoobo joaet v`k bo kodoktlokbo oouw. Scjotsok ult jot b`doalmfs aovok . @istorb`i @ist orb`i/@kt /@ktworp worpok= ok= @ta`s. @ta` s. (Fa`s ( Fa`sslof slofoo ^olzok) ^ol zok) Tltf`i, Tltf` i, M.M. M.M . (>88>), (>88> ), Urggijolb ok `ctlvlsio lk ook lsa`iltlscj donobokngof. Bo doscjlobokls v`k bo B`aĀ“la `a-Fj`yrĀt v`k `a-ě`zŦaĦ. Aolbok= Aod`tui T`rko T`rkorl`k rl`kui ui _klvorslto _klvor sltolsnl lsnlnalg nalgtjoo tjooff Aolbok. Aolb ok. (Faolko (Fao lko punalc`t puna lc`tlos los v`k bo Aolbso _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjoof ?8) ]woior, S.I. (0<88), @r`nl`. @r`nl` . jo Cr`bao ge Lsa`i. Lsa`i . Stublos Stubl os lk tjo dogdr`pjy, dogd r`pjy, pogpao pogp ao `kb `k b pgaltl pga ltlcs cs ge tjo Xoklksua` Xoklk sua` wltj wlt j `k `ccg ` ccgukt ukt ge Lsa`i Lsa `i `kb `k b ilsslgk ils slgk-wgr -wgrf f . Oblknurdj/Agkbgk= Galpj`kt @ksorsgk `kb Eorrlor.
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@ XXO@^@KCOS -C OKR^OB T G^AB X XO@^@KCOS N OALO . @ I OCC@ -C G ^AB I @X @K B @ S RJ O S KG_CF J J _^D^GKMO X JGRGD^@XJ E^GI RJO A OLBOK _ KLUO^SLR\ C C GAAOCRLGKS
@rkg @r kguu b Urga Urg a l m f ‚Kgw, wj`t L w`kt ls, E`cts. o`cj tjoso ngys `kb dlras kgtjlkd nut E`cts. E`cts `agko `ro w`ktob lk aleo. Xa`kt kgtjlkd oaso, `kb rggt gut ovorytjlkd oaso. \gu c`k gkay egri tjo ilkbs ge ro`sgklkd `kli`as upgk E`cts= E`cts= kgtjlkd oaso wlaa ovor no ge `ky sorvlco tg tjoi.“ ‒Cj`raos Blcfoks, J`rb lios = 24 joso `ro tjo wgrbs ge jgi`s Dr`bdrlkb, Dr`bdrlkb, ` scjggai`stor lk ` ilb-klkotooktjcoktury ilaa tgwk lk A`kc`sjlro. jo e`ct ls, jgwovor, tj`t tjo i`k bgos kgt oxlst. Jo ls ` elctltlgus cj`r`ctor lk Cj`raos Blcfoks“s 0:?2 kgvoa J`rb lios , wrlttok tg boigkstr`to tjo vory gppgslto ge Dr`bdrlkb“s wgrbs= tj`t jui`k alvos sjguab kgt no dgvorkob ny ioro e`cts, nut r`tjor ny e`r igro oauslvo tjlkds sucj `s agvo, cj`rlty `kb tjo pgwor ge li`dlk`tlgk. Lk vory iucj tjo s`io i`kkor, oxjlnltlgks noagkd tg tjo ro`ai ge tjo li`dlk`tlgk r`tjor tj`k tjo e`ctu`a wgrab. Tjg wguab w guab boky b oky tj`t tj `t `k oxjlnlt oxj lnltlgk lgk ls ` st`do s t`do,, wjoro wjor o gnmocts gnmo cts `ppo`r `p po`r `s ` s cj`r`cto cj`r `ctors rs lk ` pa`y7 jo p`r`aaoa ls igst strlflkd burlkd tjo prop`r`tlgks egr `k oxjlnltlgk= tjo sioaa ge s`wbust `kb erosj p`lkt, tjo wjlzz `kb scroocj ge pgwor tggas, tjo wjlto-dagvob dl`kts dl`k ts ergi tjo `rt p`cfor“s p`cfor“s jgablkd gnmocts gnmoc ts `s le tjoy woro kowngrk n`nlos, `kb korvgus cur`tgrs pr`ctlslkd tjo elko `rt ge nlagc`tlgk. Nut noegro brletlkd `w`y lktg tjo v`duo kgtlgk tj`t `aa tjo wgrab“s ` st`do, L wguab alfo tg nodlk ny s`ylkd tj`t Aolbok _klvorslty j`s dokorgusay aokt gnmocts ergi lts grlokt`a cgaaoctlgks tg tjroo cgksocutlvo J`mm oxjlnltlgks= lk Agkbgk (Nrltlsj Iusoui, >80>–>803), Aolbok (K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, >803– >802), `kb X`rls (Lkstltut bu igkbo `r`no, >802). Gk tjroo gcc`slgks gcc`sl gks L j`vo j`b tjo jgkgur ge cggpor`tlkd cg gpor`tlkd wltj wl tj tjo (duost) cur`tgrs cur`tg rs Uokotl` Uokotl` Xgrtor, P`lsr` Fj`k, Aultd`rb Igas `kb Ìagblo Nguee`rb. O`cj tlio, tjo cur`tgrs i`bo ` c`roeua soaoctlgk ge oxjlnlts tj`t wguab no `ppgslto egr tjolr purpgsos. Ovory tlio, tjo soaoctlgk w`s bleeorokt, slkco o`cj oxjlnltlgk j`b lts gwk egcus. Oxtr` c`ro w`s koobob, egr tjo tjoio ge tjo oxjlnltlgks w`s e`r ergi trlvl`a. jo J`mm ls, ge cgurso, gko ge tjo jgalost rltu`as ge Lsa`i, `kb ` sgurco ge o`dor `ktlclp`tlgk, jgpo `kb blvlko lksplr`tlgk egr ovory noalovor. L `i cgkvlkcob tj`t ovory slkdao gnmoct tj`t w`s cjgsok ergi tjo Aolbok _klvorslty _klvorslty cgaaoctlgks sorvob lts purpgso woaa, wjotjor lt w`s put gk blspa`y lk gko gr igro ge tjo oxjlnltlgks gr usob `s
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laaustr`tlvo i`torl`a lk tjo `ccgip`kylkd c`t`agduos gr gtjor punalc`tlgks. Kg boclslgk w`s t`fok aldjtay gr lrrovoroktay. Nut tjls bgos kgt io`k tj`t tjo oxjlnlts ergi Aolbok _klvorslty wjgaay cglkclbo wltj tjo purpgso egr wjlcj tjoy woro cjgsok, jgwovor slkcoro `kb ukoqulvgc`a tj`t purpgso i`y j`vo nook. Lk tjls cgktrlnutlgk L wlaa `rduo tj`t `k gnmoct i`y j`vo bleeorokt ‒ `kb sgiotlios p`r`bgxlc`a ‒ a`yors ge io`klkd. @etor blscusslkd twg bleeorokt gnmocts, L wlaa r`lso tjo quostlgk le tjls lktork`a lkcgkslstokcy ls lk `ky w`y promublcl`a tg tjo vory purpgso egr wjlcj tjoy woro soaoctob. jo elrst gnmoct ls `k Lsa`ilc i`pp` iukbl , gr wgrab i`p lk tjo iobl`ov`a styao, `ppo`rlkd lk ` ilb-sovoktooktj-coktury Gttgi`k i`kuscrlpt. jo jo socgkb ls ` drgup pjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo cgaaoctlgks ge tjo Butcj Lsa`i scjga`r Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, i`bo burlkd jls st`y lk tjo @r`nl`k Xoklksua` (0::2–0::?). Rjo Coktro ge tjo Tgrab lk `k Lsa`ilc I`p
@k oxjlnlt oxjl nlt eo`turlk eo`t urlkdd lk `aa tjroo J`mm oxjlnltl oxjl nltlgks gks w`s tjo `kgkyigu `kgk yiguss `rlj-l Jlkb-l D`rnl (Jlstgry ge tjo Kow Tgrab ), ), `k oxqulsltoay laaustr`tob Gttgi`k urflsj i`kuscrlpt `cqulrob ny Aolbok _klvorslty lk 0<48 (cgbox Gr. 0>.35?). jo a`st prlv`to gwkor w`s tjo Dori`k grlokt`alst Er`kz Dust`v `oscjkor (b. 0<54), wjg tggf `k `vlb lktorost lk Gttgi`k dogdr`pjy (Scjilbt >888–>80>= LLL, >5–>:, 00?–0>0). Gk egalg <8n ge tjls i`kuscrlpt ergi 0858 @J (05?8 CO), tjoro ls ` no`utleuaay oxocutob clrcua`r i`pp` iukbl , n`sob gk tjo Droof gr Joaaoklstlc igboas wjlcj woro cgiigkay usob lk tr`bltlgk`a @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc c`rtgdr`pjy (elduro 0). jo i`p w`s i`bo sop`r`toay `kb tjok p`stob gktg tjo i`kuscrlpt. @t tjo vlsu`a (nut kgt tjo i`tjoi`tlc`a) i`tjoi`tlc`a) coktro ge tjls i`p, tjoro ls ` ilkuto li`do ge tjo F`“n` F`“n` wjlcj ls bot`laob b ot`laob okgudj okgud j egr tjo ro`bor tg rocgdklso ro cgdklso tjo flsw` , gr toxtlao cgvorlkd ge tjo F`“n`, wltj lts bocgr`tlvo noat ( jlz`i) `kb bggr p`koa (slt`r` ).). @ alttao altt ao tg tjo kgrtj kgr tj ge tjo F`“n` (sgutj (sgu tj ls tgpigst tgpi gst lk tjls prgmoctl prgm octlgk), gk), tjoro ls ` rob squ`ro wltj wj`t `ppo`rs tg no ` cgeelk wltj ` pglktob alb, roprosoktlkd tjo Xrgpjot“s tgin `kb J`r`i igsquo lk Ioblk`. jo oxjlnltlgk c`t`agduos stross tjo lipgrt`kco ge tjo F`“n` `s tjo coktro ge tjo wgrab, wjlcj ls oxprossob sg `ptay lk tjls i`p. jo Nrltlsj Iusoui ovok prlktob ` pgstc`rb ge lt, `k ukilst`f`nao sldk ge `pprocl`tlgk (Xgrtor >80>`= 526 >80>n= 0>6 Igas >803= >8, 35–346 Nguee`rb >802= ?8–?0). ^oeorokco ls i`bo tg tjo woaa-fkgwk Flt`n `a-i`w`hlz w`“a-lhtln`r el bjlfr `a-fjlt`t w`“a-`tj`r ( (jo Nggf ge Oxjgrt`tlgks `kb @bigklt @big kltlgk lgk.. @k @ccgukt @ccg ukt ge I`ps `kb Igkuiokt Igkui okts s ), ), ` wgrf gk tjo tgpgdr`pjy `kb prgilkokt nulablkds ge I`iauf C`lrg ny tjo Odyptl`k `utjgr @ji`b n. @al `a-I`qrlz `a-I` qrlzll (0352–022> (0352 –022>)) (Nrgcfoai (Nrgc foai`kk `kk 0<23–0<2<= 0<23– 0<2<= D LL 3<). Lk jls wgrf, wgrf , `a-I`qrlzl oxprossos jlisoae lk tjo egaagwlkd toris `ngut tjo egc`a pgsltlgk ge tjls roi`rf`nao nulablkd= ‚jo F`“n` wltj rospoct tg tjo lkj`nltob p`rts ge tjo wgrab ls alfo tjo coktro ge ` clrcao wltj rospoct tg tjo clrcao ltsoae. @aa rodlgks e`co
>02
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Elduro 0= Iocc`-coktrob i`p ge tjo wgrab wltj tjo F` “ n`, n`, ergi `k `kgkyigu `kg kyiguss Ggi`k Gg i`k Rurflsj jlstgry ge tjo Kow D`rnl . Tgrab, R`rlj-l Jlkb-l D`rnl. I`kuscrlpt I`kusc rlpt b`tob 0858 @J @J (05?8 CO). Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. 0>.35?, ega. <8n.
tjo F`“n`, surrgukblkd lt `s ` clrcao surrgukbs lts coktro, `kb o`cj rodlgk e`cos ` p`rtlcua`r p`rt ge tjo F`“n`.“ (Xgrtor >80>`= 52). 0 @igkd @igk d tjo spocliok spoc liokss ge tr`bltlg tr`b ltlgk`a k`a @r`nlc-Ls @r`nl c-Lsa`il a`ilcc c`rtgdr c`r tgdr`pjy `pjy lk tjo altor`turo `v`la`nao tg io, jgwovor, Iocc` ls kgt `t tjo vlsu`a gr i`tjoi`tlc`a coktro ge wgrab i`ps. jo @r`nl`k Xoklksua` `s ` wjgao jgvors `rgukb tjo coktro, usu`aay tg tjo wost ge tjo coktr`a `xls (J`raoy & Tggbw`rb 0<<>= pa. 4–086 Sozdlk >888= eld. 0`, >, 08–00). Gkay lk tjo wgrab i`ps ge `a-Sj`rle Iuj`ii`b n. Iuj`ii`b `a-Lbrlsl (c. 0088–c. 005?), `kb a`tor @nb `a^`ji`k n. Iuj`ii`b Lnk Fj`abuk (033>–0285), wjg n`sob jlisoae gk `aLbrlsl, tjo @r`nl`k Xoklksua` dr`vlt`tos tgw`rbs tjo o`st. Lk v`rlgus Lbrlsl-styao i`ps, tjo coktr`a `xls bgos lkboob `ppo`r tg ruk tjrgudj tjo rodlgk ge tjo Jlm`z gk tjo wostork slbo ge tjo Xoklksua`, nut wltjgut `ctu`aay puttlkd Iocc` `t tjo ox`ct coktro (Nrgcfoai`kk 0<23–0<2<= D L 244, S L :45, D LL >2>, S LL 32>6 J`raoy & Tggbw`rb 0<<>= pa. 006 I`qnua @ji`b 0<<>= 050, 0406 0
Xgrtor roeors tg Flkd 0<<0= 0:0, wjoro tjo roeorokco tg `a-I`qrlzl sjguab no ro`b `s ‚Fjlt`t, ll, >?4“.
>0?
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Elduro >= Ryplc`a i`p ge tjo wgrab lk tjo ca`sslc`a @r`nlcLsa`ilc tr`bltlgk, wltjgut tjo F`“ n` n` gr Iocc` `t tjo coktro. Lnk `a-T`rbl, Fj`rlb`t `a`m` ‚ln ( Rjo _kngrob Xo`ra ge Tgkbors). I`kuscrlpt b`tob <:2 @J (0?43 CO). Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. 0?:, ega. 3n–2`.
Sozdlk >888= eld. ?–5, <). jo cagsost jlt L j`vo cgio `crgss sg e`r ls yot `kgtjor Lbrlsl-styao i`p lk tjo rocoktay blscgvorob Nggf ge Curlgsltlos , `k Odyptl`k i`kuscrlpt j`lalkd ergi tjo a`to twoaetj gr o`ray tjlrtooktj coktury. Lk tjls i`p, Iocc` `ppo`rs `aigst `t tjo ox`ct coktro, nut tjo k`io ge tjo clty ltsoae ls kgt ioktlgkob (S`v`do–Siltj & ^`pgpgrt >884= ega. >4n–>:`). > Slkco 0<:<, jgwovor, twg i`tjoi`tlc`aay cgrroct, Iocc`-coktrob wgrab i`ps b`tlkd ergi c. 054? j`vo cgio tg aldjt, ngtj ge tjoi okdr`vob gk ` clrcua`r nr`ss pa`to lk tjo i`kkor ge `k `strga`no. Tltj tjo joap ge ` cggrblk`to drlb, ` elxob sc`ao `kb ` igvlkd ruao gko c`k ro`b tjo blroctlgk `kb tjo blst`kco tg Iocc` (Flkd 0<<5= 0?8–0?36 0<<<= 0<4–352). Nut tjoso twg cagsoay roa`tob i`ps noagkd tg tjo bgi`lk ge i`tjoi`tlc`a dogdr`pjy r`tjor tj`k tr`bltlgk`a @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc c`rtgdr`pjy. B`vlb @. Flkd, gko ge tjo vory eow spocl`alsts lk tjo eloab, tjlkfs lt alfoay tj`t o`ralor i`tjoi`tlc`aay cgrroct, Iocc`-coktrob wgrab i`ps gkco oxlstob (gr porj`ps stlaa oxlst), nut woro kovor blscgvorob (0<<<= 32>–32<, 35>–352). @ccgrblk @ccg rblkdd tg tjo @iorlc`k @ior lc`k scjga`r scjg a`r F`rok Xlktg, Xlktg , tjo boplctlg bopl ctlgkk ge tjo F`“n` lk Lsa`ilc wgrab i`ps ls ` roa`tlvoay a`to pjokgiokgk, b`tlkd ergi tjo ilbeletooktj coktury gkw`rbs. 3 @k `ttr`ctlvo ox`ipao ls ` i`kuscrlpt joab ny tjo Alnr`ry ge g e Cgkdross ge g e ` a`to wgrf wg rf ny Slr`m `a-Blk _i`r n. Iuz`ee`r Lnk `a-T`rbl `a-T`rbl > 3
S`v`do-Siltj & ^`pgpgrt >884 ls `k obltlgk ge Gxegrb, Ngbaol`k Alnr`ry, IS @r`n. c. <8, `k `cqulsltlgk ergi >88>. Br F`rok Xlktg Xlktg (Nglso (Nglso St`to St`to _klvorslty, _klvorslty, Lb`jg, _S@) ls curroktay prop`rlkd `k `rtlcao gk tjo sunmoct. @ccgrblkd @ccgrb lkd tg Br Xlktg, tjo o`ralost o`ra lost li`do li`d o ge tjo F`“n` lk `k Lsa`ilc Lsa`i lc wgrab wgra b i`p gccurs gccu rs lk ` ilbffetooktj-coktury @q Pgyukau i`kuscrlpt prosorvob lk Lst`knua, gpf`pİ S`r`yİ Iñzosl, @jiob LLL cgaaoctlgk, IS @>:38. Ro lkkgv`tlgk i`y j`vo nook lktrgbucob ny liurlb `rtlsts `t tjo @q Pgyukau cgurt lk Bly`rn`fİr, wjokco lt w`s sunsoquokta y `bgptob `kb pgpua`rlsob ny tjo Gttgi`ks (porsgk`a cgiiuklc`tlgk ergi Br Xlktg, @udust >802).
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Elduro 3= S`crob dogdr`pjy= `k li`do ge tjo F` “ n`, n`, surrgukbob ny ` bl`dr`i ge pa`co k`ios lkblc`tlkd tjo blroctlgk ge pr`yor. pr`yo r. Lnk `a-T`rbl, Fj`rlb`t `a-`m`‚ln. ln . I`kuscrlpt b`tob <:2 @J (0?43 CO). Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. 0?:, ega. 24n.
(b. 02?4), oktltaob Fj`rlb`t `a-`m`“ln w`-e`rlb`t `a-dj`r`“ln (jo _kngrob Xo`ra ge Tgkbors `kb tjo Xroclgus Doi ge I`rvoas ), ), ` pgpua`r `ccgukt ge dogdr`pjy `kb k`tur`a jlstgry. Lt cgkt`lks ` clrcua`r wgrab i`p wltj `k li`do ge tjo F`“n` wjlcj ls, jgwovor, boclbobay gee-coktro (Nrgcfoai`kk 0<23–0<2<= D LL 030, S LL 053). 2 Lt sjguab no kgtob, jgwovor, tj`t kgt `aa tjo wgrab i`ps lk tjo Lnk `a-T`rbl i`kuscrlpts cgkt`lk tjls plcturo ge tjo F`“n`. Aolbok _klvorslty, egr lkst`kco, jgabs ` i`kuscrlpt ge tjo toxt, tjo gabost p`rt ge wjlcj ls b`tob <:2 @J (0?43 CO) (cgbox (cg box Gr. 0?:). 0? :). joro joro ls `k `ttr`ctlv `ttr` ctlvoo wgrab wgra b i`p gk egalg egal g 3n– 2`, nut tjoro ls kg F`“n`, `kb tjo @r`nl`k Xoklksua` ls kgt `t tjo coktro ge tjo wgrab oltjor (elduro >). @kgtjor @kgt jor ox`ipao ox`i pao ls tjo Gttgi`k Gttg i`k ]ñnbot ]ñnb ot ñt-tov ñt- tov`rlj `rlj (Cro`i ge Jlstgrlos ) gr Slaslaok`io ( (Nggf ge Doko`agdy ), ), ` wgrf ny tjo slxtooktj-coktury Gttgi`k cgurt jlstgrlgdr`pjor Soyylb Agfi`k lnk Jñsoyk lnk oa-@ŗurl oa-Ñriovl. jo gabost 2
Soo T`sjlkdtgk B.C., Alnr`ry ge Cgkdross, @r`nlc IS SI–3 BAC, BAC, ega. 5n–4`. Xori`alkf jttp=// acck.agc.dgv/>80320??3>, vlsltob @udust >802 (wltj spocl`a tj`kfs tg Iuj`kk`b S`ajl). Egr `k li`do ge tjo i`p lk quostlgk, soo tjo Alnr`ry ge Cgkdross gkalko oxjlnltlgk Tgrab ro`suros= Nodlkklkds , alkf jttp=//www.agc.dgv/oxjlnlts/wgrab/o`rtj.jtia#gnm082.0, vlsltob @udust >802.
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Elduro 2= Eaggr pa`k ge tjo F`“ n`, n`, surrgukbob ny pa`co k`ios `kb tjolr roa`tlvo pgsltlgk pgslt lgk wltj w ltj rod`r r od`rbb tg Iocc`. Iocc` . P`ns `a-`kw`r w`-n`jm`t `a-`sr`r (Rjo C`pturo ge Aldjts `kb ^ospaokbokco ge Socrots) , `scrlnob `sc rlnob tg Iujyl Iuj yl
‚ a-Blk a-Blk Lnk @r`nl. I`kuscrlpt b`tob <58 @J (0??3 CO). Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. ?, ega. 34`.
i`kuscrlpt ge tjls toxt b`tos ergi 0?:3 CO. joro ls `k li`do ge tjo F`“n` lk tjls i`kuscrlpt, nut `t tjo rlsf ge nocgilkd ropotltlvo, lt ls kgt agc`tob `t tjo ox`ct coktro ge tjo wgrab (F`r`iust`e` 0<<>= >>8–>>0). jo li`do ge tjo F`“n` F`“n` `s tjo egc`a pglkt ge tjo wgrab, `s sg oaod`ktay oxprossob oxpro ssob ny `a-I`qrlzl, noagkds lksto`b tg tjo tr`bltlgk ge tjo ‚s`crob dogdr`pjy“ ge Lsa`i, wjlcj ls qulto blstlkct ergi tjo socua`r scloktlelc tr`bltlgk (Flkd 0<<0= 0:0). Lk Lsa`ilc i`kuscrlpts tjoro `ro cguktaoss bl`dr`is wltj ` boplctlgk ge tjo F`“n`, F`“n`, getok lk sgio bot`la, surrgukbob ny ` clrcao wjlcj ls blvlbob lktg soctgrs. joso soctgrs, v`rylkd lk kuinor ergi egur tg 4>, blspa`y tjo k`ios ge cltlos gr cguktrlos `kb tjolr `pprgxli`to dogdr`pjlc`a pgsltlgk wltj rod`rb tg Iocc`. joso getok cauislay-bovlsob bl`dr`is, i`bo egr bocgr`tlvo purpgsos gkay, sorvob tg laaustr`to tjo qlna` , gr blroctlgk tg wjlcj Iusalis turk lk pr`yor (Flkd & Agrcj 0<<>6 Flkd 0<<5= 03?–0206 0<<<= ?0–?2). S`crob dogdr`pjy cgoxlstob j`rigklgusay wltj tjo socua`r tr`bltlgk, `s ls sjgwk ny tjo Aolbok i`kuscrlpt ge Lnk `a-T`rbl“s Fj`rlb`t `a-`m`“ln `aro`by ioktlgkob `ngvo (cgbox Gr. 0?:). Lt cgkt`lks kgt gkay ` socua`r-styao wgrab i`p, nut `asg ` qlna` cj`rt cj`rt wltj `k li`do ge tjo F`“n`, surrgukbob ny ` clrcao blvlbob lktg 35 soctgrs (egalg 24n)(elduro 24n)(elduro 3). @kgtjor @kgt jor igro no`utleu no`u tleuaa ox`ipao ox`i pao ge sucj ` cj`rt cj`r t wltj `k li`do, li`d o, gr r`tjor r`tj or ` eaggr pa`k, ge tjo F`“n` ls ` i`kuscrlpt ergi <58 @J (0??3 CO) wltj `strgkgilc`a `kb blvlk`tgry t`naos `kb bl`dr`is (Aolbok cgbox Gr. ?). Lt ls
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Elduro ?= Tostork-styao, sovoktooktj-coktury i`p ge tjo O`stork Joilspjoro lk tjo Ggi`k Rurflsj jlstgry ge tjo J lkb-l Kow Tgrab, R`rlj-l Jlkb-l D`rnl. Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. 0>.35?, ega. 005`. 005` .
tjo uklquo cgpy ge tjo P`ns `a-`kw`r w`-n`jm`t `a-`sr`r ( ( jo C`pturo ge Aldjts `kb ^ospaokbokco ge Socrots ), ), cgiigkay ‒ nut `aigst cort`lkay orrgkogusay ‒ `ttrlnutob tg tjo woaa-fkgwk iystlc Iujyl ‚a-Blk Lnk @r`nl (005?–0>28) (Nrgcfoai`kk 0<23–0<2<= D L 225 kg. <>6 Djorsottl 0<<2). Surrgukbob ny ` clrcao cgkslstlkd ge oaovok soctgrs, tjo eaggr pa`k ge tjo F`“n` ls sg woaa br`wk tj`t gko c`k `ctu`aay soo tj`t lt ls kgt `k ox`ct cuno (ega. 34`)(elduro 2). jo s`io i`kuscrlpt `asg j`s ` socua`r-styao i`pp` iukbl , wjoro Iocc` ls boelkltoay kgt `t tjo coktro (ega. 0n–>`). jus lt wguab `ppo`r tj`t tjo laaustr`tgr ge tjo Aolbok _klvorslty i`kuscrlpt ge tjo Jlstgry ge tjo Kow Tgrab (cgbox (cgbox Gr. 0>.35?), wjg alvob lk tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro lk ` porlgb wjok tjo ca`sslc`a tr`bltlgk ge @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc c`rtgdr`pjy w`s pr`ctlc`aay oxtlkct, aggfob n`cf gk `k li`dlkob p`st `kb cgkt`ilk`tob tjo twg tr`bltlgks ge tr`bltlgk`a socua`r c`rtgdr`pjy `kb qlna` cj`rts cj`rts ny cro`tlkd tjls oxqulslto, `kb prgn`nay uklquo, jynrlb i`p. Lk `ky c`so, lt bgos kgt prgvlbo ` ro`alstlc plcturo ge @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc c`rtgdr`pjy lk tjo ilb-sovoktooktj coktury.
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Elduro 5= I`p ge g e tjo Tostork Joilspjoro lk tjo R`rlj-l Jlkb-l D`rnl. Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. 0>.35?, ega. 0>8`.
Ny tj`t tlio, Gttgi`k c`rtgdr`pjors woro woaa `w`ro ge igbork bovoagpiokts lk Ourgpo`k i`pi`flkd, wjlcj ls `ipay sjgwk ny sovor`a spoclioks lk tjo s`io Aolbok cgbox. Alfo tjo ‚ca`sslc`a“ clrcua`r i`pp` iukbl , tjoso igbork Tostorkstyao i`ps woro `asg prop`rob sop`r`toay `kb tjok `bbob tg tjo i`kuscrlpt. Gk egalgs 005` `kb 0>8`, tjoro `ro twg slkdao-p`do i`ps ge tjo O`stork Joilspjoro `kb Tostork Joilspjoro wltj aodokbs lk Gttgi`k urflsj (elduros ? `kb 5). joy rovo`a ` st`to ge dogdr`pjlc`a fkgwaobdo fkgwaobdo lk tjo Gttgi`k Oiplro wjlcj ls roilklscokt ge Iorc`tgr“s @ta`s @ta` s Ilkgr Ilkg r lk tjo rocokslgk ge Mgbgcus Jgkblus `kb Mgj`kkos M`kssgklus, M`kssgklus, sovor`a obltlgks ge wjlcj `ppo`rob notwook 0584 `kb 0528. jo lkeauokco ge tjo @ta`s @ta` s Ilkgr Ilkg r c`k c`k gkay no laaustr`tob ny tjo e`ct tj`t lk 05?2, p`rt ge tjo 05>: obltlgk w`s tr`ksa`tob lktg urflsj ny tjo Gttgi`k lktoaaoctu`a Fîtln Äoaonl (gr J`bml Fj`ale`, b. 05?4) wltj tjo joap ge ` Erokcj rokod`bo (Scjilbt >888–>80>= L, 2>3–2>: s.v. Gr. 008<). gw`rbs tjo okb ge tjo i`kuscrlpt, gk egalg >0?n–>05`, tjoro ls ` bgunao-p`do wgrab i`p wltj aodokbs lk A`tlk, wjlcj roeaocts `k o`ralor st`do ge Ourgpo`k i`pi`flkd.
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Surprlslkday okgudj, tjo tr`bltlgk`a clrcua`r i`p wltj tjo F`“n` `t tjo vlsu`a coktro ge tjo Gab Tgrab `ppo`rs lk tjo Gttgi`k jlstgry ge tjo Kow Tgrab. Grldlk`aay wrlttok lk tjo a`st qu`rtor ge tjo slxtooktj coktury, lt ls n`sob gk Lt`al`k tr`ksa`tlgks ge Sp`klsj wgrfs ergi tjo elrst j`ae ge tjo coktury gk tjo Cgkqulst` `kb `kb tjo k`tur`a jlstgry ge Coktr`a `kb Sgutj @iorlc`. jo nggf j`s nook stublob lk bot`la `kb tr`ksa`tob ny jgi`s B. Dggbrlcj, wjg lboktlelob klkotook i`kuscrlpts `kb twg prlktob obltlgks (0<<8= >0–>:). _kegrtuk`toay, tjo Aolbok i`kuscrlpt bgos kgt elduro `igkd tjoi. @aa oxt`kt i`kuscrlpts `kb tjo twg prlktob obltlgks `ngukb wltj e`kcleua laaustr`tlgks ge @iorlc`k pa`kts `kb `kli`as sucj `s ` m`du`r, `k `ri`blaag, `k `kto`tor `kb ` sagtj ‒ tjo a`ttor w`aflkd nrlsfay gk `aa egurs `kb aggflkd r`tjor alfo `k `ap`c` (lnlb.= ??–52). Clrcua`r i`ps ge tjo Gab Tgrab gccur rodua`ray lk tjo i`kuscrlpts, nut kgko ge tjoi j`vo tjo F`“n` `s tjolr egc`a pglkt alfo tjo Aolbok i`kuscrlpt. (lnlb.= 3:–??). Lk grbor tg oxpa`lk tjo gccurrokco ge sucj ` tr`bltlgk`a i`p lk ` nggf gk tjo Kow Tgrab, gko iust t`fo ` cagsor aggf `t tjo cgktokts. jo elrst cj`ptor ls wjgaay bovgtob tg ca`sslc`a @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc dogdr`pjy `t ` tlio wjok tjo Kow Tgrab w`s stlaa stla a ukfkgwk ukfk gwk (Dggbrlc (Dgg brlcjj 0<<8= 48–02>). 48–02 >). jo `utjgr `utjg r cgktlkuo cgkt lkuoss tg oxpa`lk lk ` vory nrloe socgkb cj`ptor tj`t tjo `kclokts blb kgt noalovo tj`t gko cguab crgss tjo ‚B`rf Gco`k noygkb tjo Xlaa`rs ge Jorcuaos“ ( l.o., tjo @ta`ktlc), nut `t tjo okb ge tjo eletooktj coktury, ‚` eo`raoss drgup ergi tjo pogpao ge @kb`ausl @kb` ausl`“ `“ ro`cjob ro`c job tjo tj o gtjor slbo s lbo ge tjo t jo @ta`ktlc @ta` ktlc `kb `k b tjorony tjoro ny blscgvor bls cgvorob ob tjo Kow Tgrab (lnlb.= (lnl b.= 02?). Lk tjls i`kkor, i`kk or, tjo `utjgr `utj gr cro`tob cro`t ob ` tr`lt-b“uklgk notwook tr`bltlgk`a Lsa`ilc `kb igbork Tostork-styao dogdr`pjy. jo `ngvo-ioktlgkob Lnk `a-T`rbl `kb jls Fj`rlb`t `a-`m`“ln ls `igkd tjo igst eroquoktay cltob sgurcos lk tjo elrst cj`ptor, `kb lt ls tjoroegro alfoay tj`t jls wgrab i`p wltj tjo gee-coktrob li`do ge tjo F`“n` sorvob `s `k ox`ipao egr tjo Aolbok cgbox Gr. 0>.35?. Jgwovor, tjo laaustr`tgr ge tjls Aolbok i`kuscrlpt prgn`nay roi`lks uklquo lk tj`t jo put tjo jgay F`“n` `t tjo coktro ge tjo wgrab. @ Drgup Dr gup Xjgtgd Xjg tgdr` r`pj pj ge Cjrls Cjr lstl tl`` ``k k Skguc Skg ucf f Jurdr Jur drgkm gkmoo lk l k `k Grlokt`a Bìcgr
J`vlkd cgio tg tjo proalilk`ry cgkcauslgk tj`t tjo elrst ox`ipao ukbor blscusslgk, ` Iocc`-coktrob i`p ge tjo wgrab, ls kgt qulto wj`t lt `ppo`rs tg no, wo sj`aa kgw turk gur `ttoktlgk tgw`rbs tjo socgkb, igro rocokt ox`ipao. Lt ls ` a`to-klkotooktj-coktury a`to-klkotooktj-coktury pjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo Aolbok _klvorslty cgaaoctlgks (cgbox Gr. >5.282= >). Lt `ppo`rob kgt gkay lk tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui oxjlnltlgk c`t`agduo, nut `asg lk tjo Aolbok J`mm oxjlnltlgk `s `k ox`ipao ge tjo lkvgavoiokt ge tjo Butcj lk grd`klslkd tjo J`mm ergi tjo Butcj O`st Lkblos (Lrwlk >80>= 0<>). jo pjgtgdr`pj ls p`rt ge tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjo Butcj Lsa`i scjga`r Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo (0:?4–0<35), wjg lk @udust 0::2 a`kbob lk Mobb`j Mobb` j wltj ` c`ior`, c`io r`, ` sot ge da`ss da` ss pa`tos pa`t os `kb ` wjgao wjg ao `rr`y ge cjoil c joilc`as c`as.. St`ylkd
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`s ` duost ge tjo Butcj cgksua M.@. Fruyt, Skgucf Jurdrgkmo Jurdrgkm o tggf i`ky plcturos ge pladrlis `rrlvlkd egr tjo J`mm ge tjo yo`r 0380 @J (Soptoinor–Gctgnor 0::2 CO). @t tjo okb ge tjo yo`r jo cgkvortob tg Lsa`i, `kb lk Eonru`ry 0::? jo tr`voaaob tg Iocc` tg gnsorvo agc`a aleo. joro c`k no alttao bgunt tj`t jo `asg lktokbob tg p`rtlclp`to lk tjo J`mm ge 038> @J (Soptoinor 0::? CO). Tjok jls c`ior` w`s sokt gk tg jli lk @prla 0::?, jo tggf up pjgtgdr`pjy `d`lk. Egr jls gutbggr oxpgsuros jo roalob gk tjo joap ge ` agc`a Iocc`k pjyslcl`k `kb plgkoor ge sclokco, @nb `a-Dj`ee`r n. @nb `a-^`ji`k `a-N`djb`bl, wjg fopt tjo c`ior` `kb cgktlkuob t`flkd plcturos `etor Skgucf Jurdrgkmo j`b nook egrcob tg ao`vo tjo @r`nl`k Xoklksua`, gkay woofs noegro tjo J`mm so`sgk nod`k. Skgucf Jurdrgkmo kovor vlsltob @r`nl` `d`lk (Tltf`i >884= 083–04?). Jo `aw`ys roi`lkob v`duo `ngut tjo lboktlty ge jls Iocc`k `ssgcl`to, nut lk jls turk tjo bgctgr w`s kgt `vorso tg suppaylkd Skgucf Jurdrgkmo wltj plcturos t`fok ny `t ao`st gko gtjor pjgtgdr`pjor wltjgut toaalkd jli sg (Urgalmf >803). Gkay ` eow bgzok pjgtgdr`pjs woro ovor punalsjob burlkd Skgucf Jurdrgkmo“s aleotlio, elrst lk Nlabor-@ta`s zu Ioff` , `k `anui ge pa`tos `ppo`rlkd `ppo` rlkd lk 0::: `s ` suppaoiokt tg jls twg-vgauio wgrf Ioff` , `kb ` alttao a`tor `s ` sop`r`to `anui, Nlabor `us Ioff` (0::<). (0::<).
Elduro 4= Rjo Butcj cgagky lk Mobb`j wltj sorv`kts lk `k grlokt`a solkd. Xjgtgdr`pj ny Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo (0:?4-0<35), t`fok lk tjo cgurty`rb ge tjo Butcj cgksua`to noegro ilb-M`ku`ry 0::?. Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. >5.282= >.
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jo prosokt pjgtgdr`pj ls p`rt ge ` sot tj`t w`s tr`kseorrob lk 0<<5 ergi Jot Ggstors Lkstltuut (jo Grlokt`a Lkstltuto), wjlcj w`s egukbob ny Skgucf Jurdrgkmo lk 0<>4. Lt ls ` drgup pgrtr`lt ge slx Ourgpo`ks `kb tjroo kgkOurgpo`ks, `aa ge wjgi `ro wo`rlkd tjolr Sukb`y nost ‒ le sucj ` tori ls `ppalc`nao tg ` Iusali cguktry (elduro 4). jo scoko c`k no rocgdklsob `s tjo cgurty`rb ge tjo Butcj cgksua`to lk Mobb`j, Mobb` j, egr tjo wlkbgws wlkb gws `kb pgttob pgtt ob pa`kts pa`k ts `ppo`r `ppo `r lk i`ky pjgtgdr pjg tgdr`pjs `pjs t`fok t`fo k ny Skgucf Jurdrgkmo lk tjls agc`tlgk. Lk >882, tjls p`rtlcua`r pjgtgdr`pj w`s elrst punalsjob `kb oxjlnltob tg tjo punalc ny Blrry Ggstb`i `kb M`k Must Tltf`i Tltf `i (>882= (>882 = V>Y, 53–5?). 53–5? ). Lt ls o`sy tg rocgdkls rocg dklsoo tjo elduro eldu ro ge Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, wjg ls st`kblkd st`k blkd lk tjo tjlrb rgw gk tjo rldjt. Jo ls wo`rlkd ` eoz `kb ` sg-c`aaob m`s tutup tut up, tjo wjlto, jldj-cgaa`rob cgagkl`a uklegri m`cfot cgiigkay wgrk lk tjo Butcj O`st Lkblos. jo gtjor oldjt pogpao lk tjo pjgtgdr`pj j`vo nook lboktlelob ny Ggstb`i `kb Tltf`i wltj v`rylkd bodroos ge cort`lkty. Elvo Butcjiok slt lk tjo socgkb rgw= tjo iok gk tjo e`r aoet `kb rldjt `ro pgsslnay Stlmkls `kb Uoriouaok, ngtj oipagyoos ge tjo vlco-cgksua `kb sjlpplkd `dokt Xlotor Klcga``s v`k bor Cjlms. jo socgkb porsgk ergi tjo aoet cguab vory woaa no tjo I`a`y `kb M`v`koso pjlagagdlst M.A. Nr`kbos, wjg w`s gk jls w`y tg tjo Butcj O`st Lkblos. Koxt tg jli `ro Cgksua M.@. Fruyt, wo`rlkd ` eoz, `kb U`k bor Cjlms, wjg ls sigflkd `k okgrigus jggf`j. Lk tjo egrodrgukb, twg sorv`kts k`iob M`wj`r (gk tjo aoet) `kb Iuj`ii`b (gk tjo rldjt) `ro so`tob gk ` strlpob flali. Lk tjo n`cf, Jus`yk, tjo f`v`ss gr gr du`rb ge tjo Butcj cgksua`to, ls st`kblkd lk euaa rod`al` wltj jls coroigkl`a st`ee. jo igst prgilkokt `kb coktr`a elduro lk tjo plcturo pl cturo ls Cgksua Fruyt, Fruy t, wjg e`clalt`tob e`clalt` tob Skgucf Jurdrgkmo“s Jurdrgkmo“s `rrlv`a lk Mobb`j. Ulco-Cgksua U`k U`k bor Cjlms blb ovorytjlkd wltjlk jls pgwor tg `sslst Skgucf Jurdrgkmo lk jls quost egr roso`rcj i`torl`as, ospocl`aay `etor tjo a`ttor“s roturk tg Ourgpo. jo eoz bgkkob ny Skgucf Jurdrgkmo j`s provlgusay `ttr`ctob tjo `ttoktlgk ge scjga`rs= ls tjo prosokco ge tjls typlc`aay Iusali jo`bdo`r prgge ge jls cgkvorslgk tg Lsa`i7 Le sg, tjok wj`t `ngut tjo eoz wgrk ny Cgksua Fruyt, wjg w`s boelkltoay kgt ` Iusali7 (U`k Fgklkdsvoab 0<:4= 08<–008, 02>6 Tltf`i >884= eld. > e`clkd 52, 45–:8). jo scoko lk quostlgk j`s nook boscrlnob `s ` pgrtr`lt ge tjo alttao Butcj cgagky lk Mobb`j wltj sorv`kts, sorv`kts, d`tjorob `t tjo jgio jgio ge Cgksua Fruyt egr tjolr woofay tr`bltlgk`a Lkbgkosl`k blkkor (Tltf`i >884= 3?). Lk tjls rospoct, lt ls lktorostlkd tg cgip`ro tjls pjgtgdr`pj wltj ` vory slila`r gko lk tjo s`io sot (Aolbok cgbox Gr. >5.282= 0). Lt sjgws tjo s`io drgup ge Butcjiok slttlkd `t tjo s`io t`nao, `atjgudj tjo twg iok gk tjo aoet j`vo cj`kdob pa`cos (elduro :). jo sottlkd ls ` cgrkor ge tjo s`io cgurty`rb ge tjo Butcj cgksua`to, t`fok ergi ` saldjtay bleeorokt `kdao. Lksto`b ge tjolr egri`a `ttlro, tjo iok `ro kgw wo`rlkd tjolr ovoryb`y wgrflkd cagtjos6 tjolr gvor`aa `ppo`r`kco ls br`n, le kgt ` alttao scrueey. Nut tj`t ls kgt `aa. Lt ls `s le ` doklo j`s cgio `kb swopt `w`y `aa tjlkds grlokt`a ergi tjls pjgtgdr`pj. jo tjroo k`tlvo sorv`kts lk tjolr tr`bltlgk`a cgstuio j`vo v`klsjob lktg tjlk `lr. jo flali j`s bls`ppo`rob `kb
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Elduro := Rjo s`io drgup pgrtr`lt `s lk Eld. 4, nut wltjgut sorv`kts `kb lk ` igro ovoryb`y solkd. Xjgtgdr`pj ny Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, t`fok noegro ilb-M`ku`ry 0::?. Aolbok _klvorslty Alnr`rlos, lkv. kr. Gr. >5.282= 0.
tjo jggf`j j`s nook ropa`cob ny wj`t soois tg no ` ngttao ge pgrt `kb da`ssos gk tjo t`nao. @ngvo `aa, tjo eozzos j`vo dgko. Lk trutj, wo sjguab no aggflkd `t tjoso twg pjgtgdr`pjs ergi tjo gppgslto blroctlgk. jo socgkb, igro qugtlbl`k plcturo ls ` e`r igro roal`nao tostligky `s tg jgw tjo Butcj cgagky lk Mobb`j `ctu`aay spokt tjolr aolsuro tlio tgdotjor. Igst alfoay, Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, gr porj`ps tjo wjgao drgup, `t sgio pglkt cgkcolvob ge tjo lbo` ge cro`tlkd tjo oxtr`grblk`ry, grlokt`a t`nao`u vlv`kt ny nrlkdlkd lk oxgtlc sorv`kts `kb tjo`trlc`a prgps sucj `s tjo flali, tjo jggf`j `kb tjo eozzos. Egr ` eostlvo tgucj tjoy put gk tjolr nost cagtjos, wjlcj iust j`vo nook torrlnay ukcgiegrt`nao ukcgiegrt`nao lk tjo jgt `kb juilb cali`to ge Mobb`j. jo grlokt`a pjgtgdr`pj iust j`vo nook t`fok noegro ilb-M`ku`ry 0::?, wjok Fruyt aoet Mobb`j tg t`fo up ` kow cgksua`r pgsltlgk lk tjo Str`lts Str`lts Sottaoiokts. Xorj`ps lt w`s lktokbob `s ` ioioktg ge jls st`y lk @r`nl`. Tj`tovor tjo gcc`slgk, lt ls kgtjlkd nut ` p`stlcjo, ` c`roeuaay st`dob roprosokt`tlgk ge Tostork grlokt`alsi. Cgkcauslgk
@s e`r `s tjo t jo twg soaoc s oaoctob tob gnmocts gnm octs ergi e rgi Aolbok Aol bok _klvorsl _klv orslty ty `ro cgkcor cg kcorkob, kob, lt l t wguab wgua b cort`lkay sooi tj`t `ppo`r`kcos noalo. jo i`p ge tjo wgrab wltj ` plcturo ge tjo F`“n` `t lts coktro ls igst alfoay ` gko-gee. Egr `aa pr`ctlc`a purpgsos, tjoro
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j`s kovor nook sucj ` tr`bltlgk lk @r`nlc-Lsa`ilc c`rtgdr`pjy. jo laaustr`tgr ge tjo Aolbok i`kuscrlpt `bbob ` jynrlb, gab-e`sjlgkob i`p ge tjo wgrab, `aa tjo wjlao fkgwlkd poreoctay woaa jgw igbork i`ps aggfob lk jls gwk b`y. Lk vory iucj tjo s`io i`kkor, tjo Skgucf Jurdrgkmo pjgtgdr`pj t`fok lk Mobb`j Mobb` j ls kgt ` e`ltjeua e`lt jeua c`pturo c`pt uro ge b`lay b`la y aleo `t tjo Butcj cgksua`t cgks ua`to, o, nut `k `rtlelcl`a vlow wltj strgkd grlokt`alst gvortgkos. joso `ro gkay twg ox`ipaos, nut tjoro ls `ipao ro`sgk tg `ssuio tj`t, upgk scrutlky, i`ky ge tjo gtjor oxjlnlts wlaa sjgw cr`cfs `s woaa. Nut bgos tj`t i`fo tjoi lk`pprgprl`to egr tjo purpgso ge `k oxjlnltlgk7 ox jlnltlgk7 Kgt kocoss`rlay kocoss `rlay.. jo syingalc v`auo ge tjo F`“n` `s tjo splrltu`a egcus ge tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab stlaa st`kbs, `kb tjo li`do ge tjo jgay oblelco ls e`r igro io`klkdeua lk ` rocgdkls`nao i`p tj`k lk ` bl`dr`i surrgukbob ny k`ios ge pa`cos lk ` scrlpt tj`t eow iusoui vlsltgrs lk tjo Tostork wgrab c`k boclpjor. jo Skgucf Jurdrgkmo pjgtgdr`pj i`y no sgiotjlkd ge ` cj`r`bo, nut wj`t flkb ge io`klkd wguab tjo gtjor, igro ro`alstlc pjgtg geeor wltj lts alttao drgup ge kgkboscrlpt Butcjiok lk `k ukrocgdkls`nao pa`co7 jo IlbbaoO`stork p`r`pjork`al` dlvo tjo Tostork vlowor must tjo vlsu`a stliual koobob tg plkpglkt tjo pjgtgdr`pj lk tlio `kb pa`co, `kb tjo wjgao ilso-ok-sc êko poreoctay syingalsos tjo suppgrt tj`t Skgucf Jurdrgkmo Jurdrgkmo rocolvob ergi jls eoaagw cguktryiok lk Mobb`j. Lk Lk gtjor wgrbs, tjoso tjoso iusoui oxjlnlts oxjlnlts c`k lkboob lkboob no rod`rbob `s `ctgrs gk ` st`do wltj ` b`n ge p`lkt gk tjolr e`cos, pa`ylkd tjo p`rts ge jorgos wltjgut nolkd jorgos tjoisoavos. Nut ls tjls `ccopt`nao lk tjo s`crob cgktoxt ge tjo J`mm7 L bgk“t soo wjy kgt, slkco tjo J`mm rltos tjoisoavos cgkt`lk `k oaoiokt ge br`i`. jo pladrlis pr`y tgw`rbs tjo F`“n`, nut lk bglkd sg wgrsjlp ` Suproio Nolkd wjg ls e`r oaov`tob `ngvo ` squ`ro nulablkd ge stgko `kb igrt`r. Alfowlso, tjoy tjrgw ponnaos `t stgko plaa`rs wjlcj syingalso tjo bovla, nut tjo plaa`rs `ro kgt tjo bovla. Burlkd tjo s`hy , gr jurrlob w`af notwook tjo `kclokt jlaagcfs ge S`e` `kb I`rw`, tjo noalovors oiua`to J`d`r“s bospor`to so`rcj egr w`tor egr jorsoae `kb jor lke`kt sgk, nut tjoy `ro kgt J`d`r. jo lktoktlgk roi`lks slkcoro, `kb tj`t jgabs truo egr tjo J`mm ltsoae `s woaa `s egr tjo oxjlnltlgks tj`t sg succosseuaay oxpa`lkob lt tg ` Tostork `ublokco. Nlnalgdr`pjy
Nguee`rb, Ì. (ob.) (>802), J`mm. Ao pêaorlk`do è a` Iocquo . VJouaoY= _ltdovorlm Skgocf Ìbltlgks/Xunalsjors, otc. Nrgcfoai`kk, C. (0<23-0<2<), Doscjlcjto bor `r`nlscjok Alttor`tur. >. bok Suppaoioktnâkbok `kdop`ssto @uea`do. > vgas. + 3 vgas. suppa. Aolbok= O.M. Nrlaa. Blcfoks, C. (0<:?), J`rb tlios. Egr tjoso tlios. ^opr. Agkbgk= Xokdulk. (Xokdulk ca`sslcs).
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Djorsottl, @. (0<<2), ‚_k` t`noaa` bl elslgdkgilc` koa P`ns `a-`kwĀr w`-n`jd`t `a-`srĀr `ttrlnultg ` Lnk ‚@r`nĦ“, Pu`borkl bl stubl @r`nl 0>= 0>= 0?-24. Dggbrlcj, .B. .B. (0<<8), jo Gttgi`k Gtt gi`k urfs urfs `kb `k b tjo Kow Tgrab. Tgrab. @ stuby ge `rlj-l `rlj-l Jlkb-l D`rnl `kb slxtooktj-coktury Gttgi`k @iorlc`k` . Tlosn`bok= Gttg J`rr`ssgwltz. (Ko`r `kb Ilbbao O`st igkgdr`pjs, Kow Sorlos). Lrwlk, ^. (>80>), ‚Mgurkoy tg Iocc`. @ jlstgry (p`rt >)“, lk U. Xgrtor (ob.), J`mm. Mgurkoy Mgurk oy tg t g tjo t jo jo`rt jo` rt ge Lsa`i , 035->0<. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. F`r`iust`e`, @.. (0<<>), ‚Ilalt`ry, `bilklstr`tlvo, `kb scjga`ray i`ps `kb pa`ks“ lk M.N. J`raoy & B. Tggbw`rb (obs.), C`rtgdr`pjy lk tjo tr`bltlgk`a Lsa`ilc `kb Sgutjo`st @sl`k sgclotlos , >8<->>4. Cjlc`dg, otc.= _klvorslty Xross. (jo jlstgry ge c`rtgdr`pjy, vga. >/0). Flkd, B.@. (0<<0), (0<<0) , ‚I`ff` - 2. @s tjo coktro ge tjo Tgrab“, lk jo Okcycagp`obl` ge Lsa`i, vga. UL, 0:8-0:4, 0:8-0:4, Kow ob. Aolbok= Nrlaa. Flkd, B.@. (0<<5), ‚@strgkgiy `kb Lsa`ilc sgcloty. Plna`, dkgigklcs `kb tliofooplkd“, tliofooplkd“, lk ^. ^`sjob & ^. Igroagk (obs.), Okcycagpobl` ge tjo jlstgry ge @r`nlc sclokco , vga. 0, 0>:-0:2. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo. Flkd, B.@. (0<<<), Tgrab-i`ps egr elkblkd tjo blroctlgk `kb blst`kco tg Iocc`. Lkkgv`tlgk `kb tr`bltlgk lk Lsa`ilc sclokco . Aolbok, otc.= Nrlaa6 Agkbgk= @aEurqĀk Lsa`ilc Jorlt`do Egukb`tlgk. (Lsa`ilc pjlagsgpjy, tjogagdy `kb sclokco. oxts `kb stublos). Flkd, B.@. & ^.X. Agrcj (0<<>), ‚Plna` cj`rts, qlna` i`ps, `kb roa`tob lkstruiokts“, lk M.N. J`raoy & B. Tggbw`rb (obs.), C`rtgdr`pjy lk tjo tr`bltlgk`a Lsa`ilc `kb Sgutjo`st @sl`k sgclotlos , 0:<->8?. Cjlc`dg otc.= _klvorslty Xross. (jo jlstgry ge c`rtgdr`pjy, vga. >/0). Fgklkdsvoab, X.S. v`k (0<:4), ‚Skgucf Jurdrgkmo `al`s @nbgoa-Dj`ee``r. Okldo jlstgrlscj-frltlscjo ``ktofoklkdok“, lk lboi, Skgucf Jurdrgkmo ok bo Lsa`i , 084-038, 02>. Aolbok= ^lmfsuklvorsltolt, E`cuatolt bor Dgbdoaoorbjolb, Bgcuiokt`tlonuro`u Bgcuiokt`tlonuro `u Lsa`i-Cjrlstokbgi. (Xunalsjob provlgusay `s lk`udur`a aocturo, Aolbok= ^lmfsuklvorsltolt, 0<:>). I`qnua @ji`b, S. (0<<>), ‚C`rtgdr`pjy ge `a-Sj`rĦe `a-LbrĦsĦ“, lk M.N. J`raoy & B. Tggbw`rb (obs.), C`rtgdr`pjy lk tjo tr`bltlgk`a Lsa`ilc `kb Sgutjo`st @sl`k @sl `k sgclot sgc lotlos los , 0?5-042. Cjlc`dg otc.= _klvorslty Xross. (jo jlstgry ge c`rtgdr`pjy, vga. >/0). Igas, A. (>803), Uora`kdok k``r Ioff`. Bo j`bm lk jgkborb vggrworpok . Aolbok= ^lmfsiusoui Ugafokfukbo.
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Ggstb`i, B. & M.M. Tltf`i (>882), Tost-@r`nl`k okcguktors. Elety yo`rs ge Butcj @r`nl`k @r`nl` k roa`tlgks roa`t lgks lk li`dos li`d os (0::?-0 (0:: ?-0<3? <3?)) V…Y. Aolbok= _klvorsltol _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjo tsnlnalgtjoof. of. (Faolko punalc`tlos v`k bo Aolbso _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjoof). _klvorsltoltsnlnalgtjoof). Xgrtor, Xgrtor, U. U. (ob.) (o b.) (>80>`), ( >80>`), J`mm. Mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsa`i. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. Xgrtor, U. (>80>n), jo `rt ge J`mm . Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui Xross. S`v`do-Siltj, O. & \. ^`pgpgrt (obs.) (>884), jo nggf ge curlgsltlos. @ crltlc`a obltlgk . VGxegrb= Ngbaol`k Alnr`ryY. Gkalko vl` www.ngbaoy.`c.uf/ nggfgecurlgsltlos, nggfgecurlgsltlos, vlsltob @udust >802. Scjilbt, M. (>888->80>), (>888->80>), C`t`agduo ge urflsj urflsj i`kuscrlpts lk tjo alnr`ry ge Aolbok _klvorslty `kb gtjor cgaaoctlgks lk tjo Kotjora`kbs . 2 vgas., Aolbok= _klvorslty Alnr`ry. Uga. 2 punalsjob Aolbok, otc.= Nrlaa. (Cgblcos i`kuscrlptl). Sozdlk, E. (>888), I`tjoi` I`t joi`tls tlscjo cjo Dogdr`pjlo Dogdr` pjlo ukb F`rtgd F`r tgdr`pjlo r`pjlo li Lsa`i Lsa` i ukb ljr Egrtaonok li @nokba`kb. F`rtokn`kb . Er`kfeurt `i I`lk= Lkstltut eñr Doscjlcjto bor @r`nlscj-Lsa`ilscjok Tlssokscj`etok `k bor Mgj`kk Tgaed`kd Dgotjo-_klv Dgotj o-_klvorsl orsltât. tât. (Doscjlcj (Dosc jlcjto to bos b os @r`nl @ r`nlscjo scjokk Scjrle Sc jrlettuis ttuis,, Nb. N b. ZLL). ZLL ). Urgalmf, @. (>803), ‚@k o`ray pjgtgdr`pj ge tjo Odyptl`k I`ji`a lk Iocc`. ^oeaoctlgks gk lktoaaoctu`a prgporty `kb igborklty lk tjo wgrf ge C. Skgucf Jurdrgkmo“, lk U. U. Xgrtor & A. S`le (obs.), jo J`mm. Cgaaoctob oss`ys , >85->03. Agkbgk= jo Nrltlsj Iusoui. (^oso`rcj punalc`tlgks). Tltf`i, Tltf `i, M.M. M.M . (tr`ksa., (tr`k sa., ob.) ob. ) (>884), (>884 ), Cjrlstl``k Skgucf Jurdrgkmo, Ioff` lk bo twoobo joaet v`k bo kodoktlokbo oouw. Scjotsok ult jot b`doalmfs aovok . @istorb` @ist orb`i, i, otc.= o tc.= _ltdovorl _ltdo vorlmm @ta`s @ ta`s.. (Fa`ss (F a`sslofo lofo rolzok). rolzo k).
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J @M M I _SLC E^GI O D\XR , S \^L@ \^ L@ @K @K B A ON@KGK= S GIO GI O 0 O EAOCRLGKS GK S GKDS EG EG^ ^ RJO RJ O X LAD^LI@DO ^ OEAOCRLGKS
Kola v`k bor Alkbok jls cj`ptor jldjaldjts iuslc tj`t w`s `kb ls nolkd usob tg coaonr`to `kb cgiioigr`to tjo J`mm lk p`st `kb prosokt tlios. Lt cgkcoktr`tos gk rocgrblkds ge J`mm sgkds ergi Odypt, Syrl`, `kb Aon`kgk. joro `ro woaa-bgcuioktob ox`ipaos ergi tjoso cguktrlos, `s tjoso cguktrlos pa`y ` coktr`a rgao lk tjo @r`nlc @r`n lc iobl` iobl ` `kb t`fo ` coktr`a cokt r`a cuatur`a cuat ur`a rgao lk dokor`a dokor `a lk tjo @r`nlc @r`n lc wgrab. wgra b. jo cj`ptor wlaa prgvlbo tjo ro`bor wltj ox`ipaos ge sucj sgkds `kb alkfs tg wonsltos wltj rocgrblkds ge iuslc poregriob gk tjo gcc`slgk ge tjo J`mm gr tg cgiioigr`to tjo J`mm. jo ox`ipaos sjgw tj`t tjo dokro w`s poregriob ny `rtlsts ergi bleeorokt roaldlgus n`cfdrgukbs `kb tj`t lk rocokt boc`bos tjo k`turo ge tjo iuslc coaonr`tlkd tjo J`mm j`s cj`kdob. jo tori ‚J`mm iuslc“ bgos kgt roeor tg ` egri`aay `cfkgwaobdob dokro, nut egr cokturlos `aa gvor tjo Iusali wgrab iuslc j`s nook cro`tob tg coaonr`to tjo eostlvo cj`r`ctor ge tjo bop`rturo `kb tjo roturk ge tjo pladrlis. Sliuat`kogusay, sucj iuslc `aw`ys j`b ` cgiegrtlkd eukctlgk, `s pladrlis `kb tjolr roa`tlvos fkow tj`t tr`voa cguab nrlkd j`rbsjlp. @asg, tjo iuslc`a pr`ctlcos lkvgavob tjgso wjg j`b kgt yot ukbort`fok tjo mgurkoy gr tjgso wjg ildjt kovor dg. jo pr`ctlco ge J`mm iuslc j`s kgt bls`ppo`rob, `atjgudj ukbor tjo lkeauokco ge S`a`elsi `kb gtjor uatr`grtjgbgx to`cjlkds, `s woaa `s tjo ‚ngurdoglslelc`tlgk“ ge sgclotlos lk tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab, tjo v`rloty ge oxprosslgk j`s nook robucob cgkslbor`nay. ^ocgrblkds `kb Igvlo-Sgkds Igvlo-Sgkds
@s ls tjo c`so wltj `ky c`todgr c`to dgryy ge lkt`kdln lkt` kdlnao ao cuatu c uatur`a r`a jorlt`do, jorl t`do, wo iust i ust `ssuio `ssu io ergi o`r- `kb oyo-wltkoss boscrlptlgks wj`t tjo pr`ctlcos ox`ctay sgukbob `kb aggfob alfo lk tjo tlio noegro tjoy woro bgcuioktob gk rocgrb `kb elai. Nut lt ls s`eo tg `ssuio tj`t sgio ge tjo tr`bltlgks tj`t stlaa woro prosokt `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury dg n`cf e`r lk tlio. Ergi tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo twoktlotj coktury gk, wo j`vo v`rlgus rocgrblkds ge egafagrlc pr`ctlcos, iuslcgagdlsts“ `kb `i`tours“ eloab-rocgrblkds, cgiiorcl`a rocgrblkds ge pgpua`r roaldlgus cj`kts, `kb ` spocl`a c`todgry ge sgkds i`bo ny i`mgr slkdlkd st`rs, lk sgio c`sos i`bo egr elais, `aa roa`tob tg tjo J`mm. @ rocokt ox`ipao ge ` rocgrblkd 0
Ro `utjgr wguab alfo tg tj`kf @fr`i @a-^`yoss, @yi`k ^`i`b`k, Mgk`tj`k Sj`kkgk, Iust`e` Iust`e` S`lb, @zz` I`bl`k, `kb Sjorle` ]ujur egr joaplkd tg ffkb i`torl`a gr puttlkd lt lk lts cgktoxt.
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ge egafagrlc pr`ctlcos ls ` tr`bltlgk`a J`mm sgkd ergi tjo dgvorkgr`to ge Pok`, _pporOdypt, _pporOdypt, sukd ny wgiok `kb iok wjg poregri wjlao so`tob gk tjo eaggr ge ` slipao jguso (Iuslc calp 0). @kgtjor Odyptl`k rocgrblkd gk `ublgc`ssotto, ` ioblui tj`t egr boc`bos w`s ` cjo`p `kb `ccosslnao ioblui tg blstrlnuto iuslc `kb roaldlgus sorigks, ls ` aokdtjy pr`lso ge tjo J`mm ny tjo Odyptl`k Suel slkdor Sj`yfj `a-@r`nl E`rj`k `a-Nlanlsl (Iuslc calp >). Jo poregris ]`ee`t ]`ee `t `a-Jumm` `a-Ju mm`mm (Xrgcosslgk ge tjo J`mmls ), ), ` sgkd tj`t roeors tg tjo prgcosslgk tg tjo ]`iz`i woaa. jo ayrlcs lkcaubo bu“` pr`yors pr`yors `kb tjo wgrbs ge tjo A`nn`yf` -pr`yor -pr`yor tj`t ls rocltob burlkd tjo rltos `t Iocc`. @ pjr`so lk tjo toxt roeors tg tjo i`dkltubo ge tjo J`mm= ‚J`w`a`yk` `a-F`“n`, i`a`ylk w` i`a`ylk“ (‚`aa `rgukb tjo F`“n`, ilaalgks `kb ilaalgks“). ilaalgks“). Lk Odyptl`k igvlos, tjo bop`rturo egr `kb mgurkoy tg tjo jgay cltlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk` woro rodua`r tgplcs tj`t lkcgrpgr`tob J`mm iuslc. @ scoko ergi tjo elai Nlkt `a-@f`nlr (B`udjtor ge Kgt`naos ) (0
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Sjorle` ]ujur, `utjgr ge tjo nlgdr`pjy @si`j` @si `j`kk“s Socrots Socro ts , j`s tjo egaagwlkd cgiiokt gk tjls sgkd= jo ioagby rlsos vory slipay, nut tjo uso ge i`q`i n`yy`tl V`k grlokt`a tgk`a igbo getok usob lk Pur“`klc roclt`tlgkY, tjo sokso ge roaldlgus prgcosslgk`a, `kb tjo sjgrt, o`sy pjr`sos ge tjo roer`lk lkvlto ropotltlgk. jo sgaglst cgktlkuos wltj tjo alko `ngvo, `kb tjok roturks tg tjo roer`lk. roer `lk. V..Y @si`j`k“ @s i`j`k“ss pjr`slkd ls c`ai, c`a i, `kb gko j`s tjo sokso tj`t sjo ls kgt gkay oxpoctlkd tjo cjgrus tg slkd wltj jor, nut tjo punalc `s woaa. V..Y jls sgkd j`s tjo pgwor tg c`st tjo wgrabay @si`j`k `s ` iuqrl“` (` (` Pur“`klc slkdor/rocltor) ao`blkd ` cj`ktlkd cgiiuklty lktg tjo splrltu`a coktro ge tjo Lsa`ilc wgrab“ (]ujur >888= 04?–045). Io`kwjlao, Io`kwjlao, tjo iuslc `kb elai lkbustry ge tjo twoktlotj coktury stliua`tob tjo bovoagpiokt ge kow poregrilkd styaos lk tjo @r`nlc wgrab, sucj `s tj`t ge tjo slkdao-tjoio sgag sgkd `ccgip`klob ny ` a`rdor grcjostr`. @ strlflkd ox`ipao ls ` calp ge _ii Fuatjui (b. 0<4?), tjo igst pgpua`r slkdor lk @r`nlc cuaturo (`kb `rdu`nay gko ge tjo igst pgpua`r lcgks lk iuslc lk wgrab jlstgry) `kb gko ge tjo i`lk `rcjltocts ge tjls kow styao, slkdlkd tjo sgkd La` @r`e`t @aa`j (g @r`e`t @r` e`t Dgb ) wltj ayrlcs ny tjo rokgwkob Odyptl`k pgot @ji`b Sj`wql (0:5:–0<3>) (Iuslc calp ?). jo sgkd w`s usob egr ` vlbog calp egr Odyptl`k toaovlslgk lk 0<50 tg prgigto tjo J`mm. Lt w`s cgipgsob ny ^ly`b `a-Sukn`tl, wjg wrgto tjo iuslc egr ` cgkslbor`nao p`rt ge _ii Fuatjui“s roportglro. Sjo `asg poregriob tjo sgkd alvo lk ` cgkcort lk 0<5?, lk jor typlc`a w`y ge oxtokblkd lt lktg ` ploco ge `ngut `k jgur (Iuslc calp 5). @kgtjor @kgt jor ox`ipao ox`i pao ergi tjo dgabok dgab ok or` ge tjo Odyptl`k Odypt l`k elai `kb iuslc iusl c lkbustry ls A`nn`yf , ` J`mm sgkd cgipgsob `kb poregriob ny Iuj`ii`b E`wzy (0<0:–0<55) (Iuslc calp 4). Lts ayrlcs `ro e`r gabor tj`k tjo sgkd ltsoae6 tjoy woro wrlttok ny tjo @nn`slb pgot @nu Kuw`s (4?5–:02), wjg w`s fkgwk egr jls oa`ngr`to vorsos `kb - porj`ps roi`rf`nay roi`rf`nay – egr jls sgiotlios alnortlko, le kgt r`ukcjy, tgplcs. jo tltao roeors tg tjo t`anly` , tjo pjr`so tj`t ls cj`ktob ropo`tobay ny pladrlis burlkd tjolr pladrli`do. Iuatl-^oaldlgus Xoregriors
jo e`igus Aon`koso slkdor E`lruz (n. 0<3?) `asg poregriob ` sgkd `ngut tjo J`mm – Dj`kk`ytu I`ff` ( (L S`kd egr Iocc` ) – wltj ayrlcs ny S`lb @qa `kb iuslc ny tjo e`igus ^`jn`kl nrgtjors (tjo jusn`kb `kb nrgtjor-lk-a`w ge tjo slkdor) (Iuslc calp :, ` vorslgk prgbucob egr ` Aon`koso U st`tlgk6 Iuslc calp < >, ` alvo rodlstr`tlgk ergi 0<55). jo cginlk`tlgk ge tjls a`ub`tgry sgkd egr Iocc` poregriob ny tjo Cjrlstl`k E`lruz ildjt sooi roi`rf`nao `t elrst, nut sucj crgss>
Kgto tjo oxcltoiokt ergi tjo `ublokco wjok tjo ayrlcs ioktlgk tjo Pur“`k, `t >=88.
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roaldlgus `pprg`cjos `ro kgt ukcgiigk tg elkb. jo `egroioktlgkob `egroioktlgkob @si`j`k `kb E`rlb `a-@tr`sj woro Bruzo (` nr`kcj ge Lsa`i grldlk`tlkd ergi Lsi`lalsi), wjlao A`ya` Iur`b w`s ngrk Mowlsj. jus coaonr`tlkd tjo J`mm gnvlgusay w`s p`rt ge ` nrg`b rodlgk`a cuatur`a cgksclguskoss. jls ildjt no cgip`rob tg Tostork ca`sslc`a iuslcl`ks wjg, rod`rbaoss ge roaldlgus n`cfdrgukb, poregri N`cj“s Dggb Erlb`y X`sslgks gr Uorbl“s ^oquloi. Lk ` porsgk`a cgiiuklc`tlgk scjga`r Sjorle` ]ujur, jgwovor, pglkts gut tj`t lt w`s kgt wlboay fkgwk tj`t @si`j`k `kb E`rlb `a-@tr`sj woro Bruzo, p`rtlcua`ray kgt lk Odypt. @kb `atjgudj A`ya` Iur`b ls kgw tjgudjt ge `s Mowlsj, sjo j`b cgkvortob tg Lsa`i wjok sjo i`rrlob ` Iusali. ]ujur `bbs tj`t slkdors ge bleeorokt roaldlgus n`cfdrgukbs (wjg i`bo up tjo iuslc`a cgiiuklty lk tjo iuatl-roaldlgus Ilbbao O`st ge tjo p`st) ildjt slkd tjo iuslc coaonr`tlkd tjo J`mm, ^`i`b`k `kb tjo Olbs `s p`rt ge tjo igs`lc ge Lsa`ilc cuaturo ge tjo rodlgk. r`bltlgk`aay, ioinors ergi bleeorokt roaldlgus n`cfdrgukbs wguab cgkdr`tua`to Iusalis gk tjo Olb, `s wguab Iusalis cgkdr`tua`to Cjrlstl`ks gk Cjrlsti`s `kb tjo Eo`st ge tjo @ssuiptl @ssu iptlgk. gk. 3 @kgtjor @kgt jor ox`ipao ox`i pao ge tjo crgss-roa crgs s-roaldlg ldlgus us `pprg`cj `ppr g`cj lk bovgtlgk bovg tlgk`a `a iuslc iusl c ls tjo Mowlsj Lr`ql ngrk slkdor Elaeoa Durdl (c.0<38–0<:3) wjg a`tor ildr`tob tg Lsr`oa nut wjg, `s ` ygukd i`k lk N`db`b, w`s e`iob egr jls c`p`nlaltlos lk Pur“`klc roclt`tlgk `kb p`rtlclp`tob lk r`blg nrg`bc`sts ge Pur“`klc vorsos (Alkbok >885= ?32). Lk tjo p`st, lt w`s kgt ukcgiigk egr Mows `kb Cjrlstl`ks wltj blstlkdulsjob vglcos tg ao`rk `kb roclto tjo Pur“`k, wjlao tjoy roi`lkob `aldkob wltj tjolr gwk roaldlgk. Gutslbo Gutsl bo tjo scgpo ge tjls cj`ptor, tjoro ls `asg `k lktorostlkd cgip`rlsgk pgsslnao notwook notwook iuslc roa`tob tg tjo J`mm `kb iuslc`a tr`bltlgks surrgukblkd tjo pladrli`do tg Cjrlstl`k `kb Mowlsj sltos. Cgktoipgr`ry J`mm Iuslc
@atjgudj @atj gudj tjo dokro ge J`mm J `mm iuslc iusl c j`s j` s kgt kg t bls`pp bl s`ppo`rob o`rob,, tjo tj o v`rlot v` rlotyy ge oxprossl oxpr osslgk gk cao`ray j`s blilklsjob. J`dd J`dood (>800) (>800) ls l s ` sgkd sg kd ny T`oa \`ss`r, \`ss`r, ` Aon`koso pgp slkdor pgpua`r `igkd took`dors. Lt ls eo`turob lk ` (uklsl`k-i`bo) calp cgkslstlkd ge ` salbosjgw ge plcturos ge tjo roturk ge tjo elrst ealdjt ge pladrlis `t Se`x-jyk` Lktork`tlgk`a @lrpgrt lk uklsl` (Iuslc calp 08). @k `rtls ` rtlstlc tlc agw pglkt pglk t ls l s tjo tj o uso u so ge g e J`mm J` mm sgkds sgkd s egr e gr cjlabrok cjla brok lk c`rtg c `rtggk gk egri` e gri`t.t. @atjgudj @atj gudj lt ls suddostob suddo stob tj`t wo jo`r cjlabrok cjla brok slkdlkd, slkd lkd, tjo rosuat rosua t r`tjor r`tjo r sgukbs sguk bs alfo `buat“s vglcos pltcjob up ny oaoctrgklc io`ks (Iuslc calp 00). Burlkd tjo porlgb ge tjo J`mm, sgio pladrlis slkd sgkds ko`r tjo Jgay sltos. @k ox`ipao ox`i pao ge tjls `ro `k`sjlb (splrltu`a (splrltu`a sgkds) poregriob ny Syrl`k iuksjlb s, s, ny io`ks ge tjo igst n`slc egri ge oxprosslgk, tjo jui`k vglco. joy `ro bovglb ge rjytji `kb `kytjlkd tj`t cguab blvort tjo ilkb ergi tjo ossokco ge tjo wgrbs (Iuslc calp 0>). 3
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@ porsgk`a cgiiuklc`tlgk ergi Sjorle` ]ujur, @udust >802.
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@asg lk tr`bltlg tr`b ltlgk`a k`a cgiiukl cgi iukltlos tlos ergi Tost-@erlc` Tost-@er lc` tg Lkbgkosl Lkbg kosl`` tjo iuslc`a iusl c`a pr`ctlco cgkkoctob tg pladrli`do cgktlkuos. Lk Lkbl`, egr lkst`kco, J`mm iuslc ls `asg p`rt ge i`lkstro`i pgpua`r pgpua`r cuaturo. Egr Egr ox`ipao, tjo igvlo igvlo @b`ilkt @b`i lktoo I`f`k I`f` k @nu ( @nu, @nu, Sgk ge @b`i ) ergi tjo st`to ge For`a` toaas tjo stgry ge ` pggr poreuio soaaor wjgso gkay roi`lklkd wlsj lk aleo ls tjo J`mm pladrli`do. Lk euaa cgipal`kco wltj tjo Lkbl`k tr`bltlgk tjo igvlo ls p`cfob wltj sgkds. Io`kwjlao tjo cgipgsor cgipg sor ge tjo scgro, tjo rokgwkob rokgwk ob Ls``c jgi`s Fgttuf`p`aay, ls ` Cjrlstl`k `kb tjo sgkds `ro poregriob ny ` pgpua`r slkdor ge Jlkbu n`cfdrgukb, ^`iosj K`r`y`k (Iuslc calp 03). Xorj`ps Xorj`ps sgiowj`t ukoxpoctob, tjo J`mm `ppo`rs lk ` r`p sgkd. Lk jls I`mkuk I`mk uk A`ya` ergi ergi >808, k`iob `etor tjo prgt`dgklsts lk tjo e`igus rgi`ktlc Xorsl`k pgoi, tjo @iorlc`k-Syrl`k r`ppor Gi`r Geeokbui (n. 0<:0) roeors tg dglkd gk tjo J`mm tg cgipoks`to egr nolkd boklob tjo j`kb ge jls noagvob A`ya`, roeusob tg jli ny jor e`tjor. jo `ct ge pladrli`do pladrli`d o ls porcolvob `s ` sgurco ge cgksga`tlgk cgks ga`tlgk (Iuslc calp 02). Lk ` prgmoct `liob `t cuatur`a blpagi`cy `igkd ygukdstors lk Iusali cgiiukltlos lk tjo _kltob St`tos, Gi`r Oeeokbui poregriob tjo sgkd lk ` ca`ssrggi lk ` vory igvlkd w`y, wltj roeorokco tg tjo J`mm `t 0=2: (Iuslc calp 0?). N`cf lk scjgga w`s wjok wo“b elrst dgt `cqu`lktob Crgssob p`tjs - ko`ray e`lktob Tjok ygu tgab io tj`t t j`t ygur k`io w`s A`ya` J`lr b`rfor tj`k tjo kldjt“s sfy T`ya`f T`ya`f!! I`mkggk wj`t ` cr`zy t`ao L tgg getok pgotlclzob ygur oyos g ovory p`ssor ny laa lt c`io n`cf tg j`ukt io @s ygur y gur b`b boklob bokl ob \gur \gur j`kb lk ilko, i lko, nut i`rrl`do i`rr l`do L w`s w `s s`b s `b tg elkb e lkb T`sk“ T`sk“tt wrltto wr lttokk egr eg r us lk tjo t jo dr`kb d r`kb bosldk bosl dk Sot gut egr Iocc` gk J`mm @s L w`s ro`aay ro`aa y gk obdo (Geeokbui >808) 4:5 w`s tjo k`io ge ` bovgtlgk`a r`p- `kb ^&N-drgup wltj ` dggb-aggflkd ngyn`kb-alfo `ur` cgilkd ergi Botrglt, _S@, tj`t gpor`tob burlkd tjo elrst boc`bo ge tjls coktury. cokt ury.2 jo drgup cgkslstob ge ioinors wltj @sl`k n`cfdrgukbs. jolr sgkd I`ff`j I`ff `j cgkslsts ge ioaagw cagso j`rigky, `ccgip`klob ny – oaoctrgklc porcusslgk gkay, sg wltjgut ioagblc lkstruiokts tj`t `ro ergwkob upgk ny vory 2
Sgio Iusalis gk tjo Lkbl`k Suncgktlkokt ospocl`aay uso tjo kuinor 4:5 `s `k `nnrovl`tlgk egr tjo n`si`a` (tjo gpoklkd pjr`so ge tjo Pur“`k ‚Lk tjo k`io ge @aa`j, tjo Cgip`sslgk`to, tjo Iorcleua“) lk `ccgrb`kco wltj tjo wrltlkd-systoi ge @nm`b kuior`as.
>33
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strlct Iusalis. Slkco tjo n`kb bgos uso ioagblc lkstruiokts lk igst ge tjolr gtjor sgkds, rostrlctlkd tjoisoavos tg porcusslgk i`y woaa j`vo nook roa`tob tg tjo s`crobkoss ge tjo tgplc lk tjls spoclelc sgkd. jo calp tg tjo sgkd I`ff`j I`ff `j sjgws tjo ioinors ge tjo drgup rg`ilkd ` bosort a`kbsc`po, `s le lkboob gk ` mgurkoy mgu rkoy (Iuslc calp 05). Lk jls tr`cf Igukt`lks Igukt `lks ge I`ff`j I`ff `j tjo Sgutj-@erlc`k slkdor ]`lk Njlfj` gilttob kgt gkay porcusslgk, nut `aa lkstruiokts wj`tsgovor (Iuslc calp 04). ‚Uglco ‚Uglco gkay“ `kb ‚Kg iuslc!“ `ro a`noas tjrgudj wjlcj tjo calp ls prgigtob gk \gutu \gutuno, no, tjo wgrb ‚iuslc“ lk tjo @r`nlc vork`cua` vork` cua`rr getok geto k roeorrlkd roeor rlkd tg lkstruiokt` lkstrui okt`aa iuslc. \ot \ot wj`t ls aoet gut gk lkstruiokt`a grk`iokt`tlgk grk`i okt`tlgk `kb `nukb`kt rjytji rjytj i ls i`bo up ny tjo typlc`a sgukb ge ` Sgutj-@erlc`k n`cfdrgukb cjgrus tj`t noc`io e`igus lk tjo Tost tjrgudj X`ua Sligk“s `anui Dr`coa`kb. Cgkcaublkd ^oi`rfs
jo rocgrbob sgkds roa`tob tg tjo J`mm `kb blscussob lk tjls cj`ptor `ro p`rt ge ` agkd-st`kblkd tr`bltlgk tj`t cgktlkuos tg bovoagp. Agc`a egaf slkdors, woaa fkgwk rocgrblkd `rtlsts, `kb elai st`rs ergi bleeorokt roaldlgus n`cfdrgukbs j`vo oinr`cob tjo dokro. jo tgplcs `bbrossob lk tjo sgkds r`kdo ergi a`ub`tgry pr`lsos ge Iocc` `kb tjo Xrgpjot Iuj`ii`b tg tjo mgy ge prop`rlkd egr tjo mgurkoy, ergi tjo yo`rklkd ge pladrlis egr tjo Jgay Clty tg tjo oigtlgks cgkkoctob wltj ao`vlkd agvob gkos nojlkb, `kb ovok, `s lk Gi`r Geeokbui“s rocokt sgkd, w`ktlkd tg egrdot sgiogko aoet nojlkb. Nlnalgdr`pjy
B`kloasgk, U. (0<<4), jo vglco ge Odypt= _ii Fuatjui, @r`nlc sgkd, `kb Odyptl`k sgcloty lk tjo twoktlotj coktury . Cjlc`dg= Cjlc`dg Stublos lk Otjkgiuslcgagdy. Alkbok, K. v`k bor (>885), ‚Lr`q“, lk S. Nrgudtjgk & S. Oaalkdj`i (obs.), jo rgudj dulbo tg wgrab iuslc. Uga. 0. @erlc` & jo Ilbbao-O`st . Agkbgk= Xokdulk. Alkbok, K. v`k bor (>80>), ‚Lr`ql I`q`i“, jttp=//lr`qli`q`i.nagdspgt. ka/>80>/08/lr`ql-i`q`i.jtia. ]ujur, S. (ob.) (0<<:), Li`dos ge okcj`ktiokt, vlsu`a `kb poregrilkd `rts ge tjo Ilbbao-O Ilbb ao-O`st `st . C`lrg= @iorlc`k _klvorslty lk C`lrg Xross. ]ujur, S. (>888), @si`j` @si `j`kk“s socrot so crots6s6 wgi`k w gi`k,, w`r, w` r, `kb sgkd sgk d . @ustlk= _klvorslty ge ox`s, Coktor egr Ilbbao-O`st Stublos.
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Iuslc calps
Iuslc calp 0. Tgiok ergi Pok`, Odypt jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9ywT0 jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9ywT0vakDe8\ vakDe8\66 08 Kgvoinor >803 Iuslc calp >. Sj`yfj `a-@r`nl E`rj`k `a-Nlanlsl, ]`ee`t ]`ee `t `a-Jumm`m `a-Ju mm`m jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9K4> jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9K4>CaOWPpz\ CaOWPpz\66 OaT`byIuslc^ocgrbs, >2 Bocoinor >80> Iuslc calp 3. A`ya` Iur`b, \` ^`yjook ala-K`nl `a-Dj`al jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9u^K0c>J>bNd6 joaagf`nj80,0> @udust >800 Iuslc calp 2. @si`j`k, ` a-I`ji`a a-I`ji`a `a-Sj`rle jttp=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9SnCizNWF@?\6 E`rlb J`ilbl, >0 Bocoinor >800 Iuslc calp ? _ii Fuatjui, La` @r`e`t @aa`j jttp=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9\]@nc4aTcP6 @agusj>0 @agu sj>0,, 05 Bocoinor Bocoi nor >88: Iuslc calp 5 _ii Fuatjui, La` @r`e`t @aa`j cgkcort vorslgk jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9fWI?f3U0:LO6 X`aostlkoGkalkoKotwgrf X`aostlkoGkalko, 08 M`ku`ry >800 Iuslc calp 4. Iuj`ii`b E`wzl, A`nn`yf jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9k0 cj7v9TTp?jN>k0sg6 sg6 4 M`ku`ry >88< p`rt >= jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`t jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9wWO:4qlp` cj7v9wWO:4qlp`uO6 uO6 : M`ku`ry >88< Iuslc calp <. E`lruz, Dj`kk`ytu I`ff` , alvo lk Fuw`lt jttp=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9m_eg@`zEbld juiior0?`a6 02 Muay >884 Iuslc calp 08. T`oa \`ss`r, \`ss`r, J`dd J`dood jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9tP-EN4dy_&`pp9bosftgp6 N`c`f, 02 Kgvoinor >800 Iuslc calp 00. Cjlabrok“ Cjla brok“ss K`sjlb `ngut `ngut J`mm jttp=//i.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9lgT@onaEMF\6 < Gctgnor >80>
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Iuslc calp 0>. @k`sjlb @k`s jlb ny ny Syrl`k iuksjlb s burlkd J`mm jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9XL08D0c-G86 5 Kgvoinor >803 Iuslc calp 03. @b`ilktoi`f`k@nu I`a`y`a`i Euaa Igvlo jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9a:l5Bsrx`Ig6 Ngysero`fs, 02 Muko >803 Iuslc calp 02. Gi`r Oeeokbui I`mkuk I`mk uk A`ya` A`ya ` jttp=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9nNwEjBE?J2g6 Tlss`i Tlss `i @b, @b , : Soptoinor Sopto inor >80> Iuslc calp 0?. Gi`r Oeeokbui I`mkuk I`mk uk A`ya` A`ya ` alvo alvo `t Drgtgk Scjgga jttp=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9_zq>55cnwMP6 Drgtgk Scjgga, >4 @prla >800 Iuslc calp 05. 4:5 I`ff`j I`ff `j jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v9^tsi>iU:cpP#t908?6 >? Bocoinor >884 Iuslc calp 04. ]`lk Njlfj`, Igukt`l Iguk t`lks ks ge I`ff`j I`ff `j jttps=//www.ygutuno.cgi/w`tcj7v95KfK:ksI>`s6 j`el iusali, >4 M`ku`ry >800
>35
C GKR^LN_RG^S
^GNO^R ^. NL@KCJL ls NL@KCJL ls ` aocturor lk a`w `t tjo _klvorslty ge Cjlc`dg A`w Scjgga, ` pgaltlc`a scloktlst, `kb `k lktork`tlgk`a a`wyor wltj spocl`a lktorosts lk Cjlk` `kb tjo Lsa`ilc Tgrab. Jo rocolvob jls bgctgr`to `kb a`w bodroos `t tjo _klvorslty ge Cjlc`dg. Jls igst rocokt nggf, Lsa`ilc Dagn`alz`tlgk= Xladrli`do, C`plt`alsi, Boigcr`cy, `kb Blpagi`cy (Tgrab Scloktlelc Xunalsjlkd, >803), ox`ilkos Iusali cguktrlos“ drgwlkd lipgrt`kco lk cro`tlkd ` igro lkcauslvo `kb iuatlcuatur`a lktork`tlgk`a systoi. Oi`la= noy`zgi`rHdi`la.cgi noy`zgi`rHdi`la.cgi I@^MG N_LROA@@^ ls `ssgcl`to prgeossgr @ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsa`i `t tjo e`cuaty ge jogagdy & ^oaldlgus Stublos `t tjo _klvorslty ge Drgklkdok, jo Kotjora`kbs. Jor roso`rcj lktorosts egcus gk Lsa`i lk ovoryb`y aleo, k`rr`tlvo lboktlty `kb ildr`tlgk. Sjo ls prgdr`iio ao`bor ge `k lktorblsclpalk`ry lktorblsclpalk`ry roso`rcj prgdr`iio gk Igbork `rtlcua`tlgks ge pladrli`do tg Iocc`. Xrovlgus roso`rcj prgmocts cgkcorkob otjkgdr`pjlc stublos gk tjo j`ii`i (punalc n`tj) `kb tjo igktj ge ^`i`b`k lk Igrgccg, `kb ` aleo stgry prgmoct `igkd ButcjIusali wgiok. Jor igst rocokt (cg-obltob) nggfs `ro= Kodgtl`tlkd @utgkgiy `kb @utjgrlty lk Iusali Cgktoxts (>803) (>803) `kb ^oaldlgus Uglcos lk Soae-K`rr`tlvos. I`flkd I`fl kd Sokso Soks o ge Aleo lk lios ge r`ksl r`ksltlgk tlgk (>803). ^OIFO F^_F ls ls Oiorltus Xrgeossgr ge @r`nlc `t Aolbok _klvorslty. Sjo j`s punalsjob gk ` v`rloty ge sunmocts, `igkd tjoi tjo Dr`ocg-@r`nlc Dr`ocg-@r`nlc tr`bltlgk lk k`tur`a sclokco6 i`dlc6 `kb @r`nlc pgpua`r stgrytoaalkd. Jor a`tost punalc`tlgk ls T`rrlgr Tgiok ge Lsa`i. Eoi`ao Oipgworiokt lk @r`nlc Xgpua`r Altor`turo , Agkbgk= L.N. `urls >802. Egr bot`las, soo www.roifofruf.cgi. ^LCJ@^B U@K AOO_TOK (XjB 0<<>, _klvorslty ge @istorb`i) @istorb`i ) ls ` aocturor ge Lsa`ilc Stublos lk tjo bop`rtiokt ge ^oaldlgus Stublos `t tjo _klvorslty ge @istorb`i @ist orb`i.. Jo j`s punalsjo puna lsjobb gk Ilbbao Ilbb ao O`stork O`st ork jlstgry, jlst gry, ^oegrilst ^oegr ilst Lsa`i, Lsa`i , roaldlgk `kb Ilbbao O`stork tr`voa, `kb @r`nlc altor`turo. Jls punalc`tlgks lkcaubo @r`nlc @r`nl c Stublos Stubl os lk tjo Kotjora`k Kotjo ra`kbs. bs. @ Sjgrt Sjgr t Jlstgry Jlst gry lk Xgrtr`lts, Xgrtr`l ts, 0?:8– 0?: 8– 0802)6 jo jgus`kb `kb Gko Kldjts6 Sp`co, r`voa r`voa `kb r`ksegri`t r`ksegri`tlgk lgk (^gutaobdo, Agkbgk >884)6 jo @r`nl`k Kldjts Okcycagpobl` (@NC-Calg, S`kt` N`rn`r` >882, > vgas., wltj _. I`rzgapj)6 T`qes `kb _rn`k Structuros lk Gttgi`k B`i`scus (Nrlaa, Aolbok, 0<<<)6 Kgt`naos `kb Caordy lk Igukt Aon`kgk6 tjo Fj`zlk sjoyfjs `kb tjo I`rgklto Cjurcj 04350:28 (Nrlaa, Aolbok 0<<2). KOLA U@K BO^ ALKBOK ls `k `dokt lk cuaturo oxcj`kdo wltj Kgrtj @erlc`, tjo Ilbbao O`st, Coktr`a @sl`, tjo Suncgktlkokt, `kb tjo Tost `kb cg-egukbor `kb obltgr ge tjo Duae @rt Dulbo, wjlcj c`k no egukb `t www.duae`rtdulbo.cgi. @igkd @ig kd jls rocokt rocok t prgmocts prgm octs `ro= @k Ovoklkd Ovokl kd gk Dgotjo Dgotj o `kb Lsa`i lk Bo N`alo N`al o lk @istorb`i6 prop`r`tlgks egr ` a`rdo-sc`ao oxjlnltlgk lk tjo Kotjora`kbs ge >34
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cgktoipgr`ry Ilbbao-O`stork `rt6 ` toaovlslgk bgcuiokt`ry gk tjo lm`kl lm`kl Suel nrgtjorjggb ge Eos, Igrgccg6 `kb iuslc wgrfsjgps `t Kow \grf _klvorslty @nu Bj`nl. Bj `nl. SOÀK ICAG_DJALK ls ` Soklgr Aocturor lk tjo Scjgga ge Xjlagsgpjy, ^oaldlgk `kb tjo Jlstgry ge Sclokco `t tjo _klvorslty ge Aoobs. Burlkd >803– 02, jo joab ` Nrltlsj @c`boiy Ilb-C`roor Eoaagwsjlp tg wrlto `ngut v`rlgus `spocts ge Nrltlsj Iusali J`mm-dglkd ergi tjo _F. jls egaagwob `k @J^Ceukbob cgaa`ngr`tlgk wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui gk lts >80> J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo Jo`rt ge Lsa`i oxjlnltlgk. @ punalc oxjlnltlgk ge Br IcAgudjalk“s roso`rcj ls `v`la`nao gkalko `t jttp=//`rts.aoobs.`c.uf/j`mm/oxjlnltlgk/ jttp=//`rts.aoobs.`c.uf/j`mm/oxjlnltlgk/ A_LRD@^B IGAS ls IGAS ls Cur`tgr egr tjo Ilbbao O`st, Tost, `kb Coktr`a @sl` `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok `kb `k `eelal`tob eoaagw `t Aolbok _klvorslty Coktro egr tjo Stuby ge Lsa`i `kb Sgcloty (A_CLS). Sjo cur`tob tjo oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`. jo Xladrli“s Mgurkoy (>803->802). Sjo aocturos gk Lsa`ilc `rt `t tjo _klvorslty ge @istorb`i. Jor roso`rcj curroktay egcusos gk tjo i`torl`a cuaturo ge tjo J`mm `kb gk prlv`to cgaaoctgrs ge Lsa`ilc i`torl`a cuaturo lk tjo Kotjora`kbs. GALUO^ IGG^O ls Cur`tgr ge tjo Cjlk` cgaaoctlgks `t tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy `kb aocturor lk tjo `rt `kb i`torl`a cuaturo ge Cjlk` `t Aolbok _klvorslty. Jls prosokt roso`rcj egcusos gk tjo o`ray jlstgry ge pjgtgdr`pjy lk Cjlk`. Gtjor lktorosts lkcaubo `pprg`cjos tg `rt jlstgry, `kb jlstgrlos ge p`lktlkd `kb okdr`vlkd lk O`st @sl`. E^@KS GG^R ls ls Oiorltus Xrgeossgr Xrgeoss gr ge Xuro I`tjoi`tlcs `t _trocjt _klvorslty _klvor slty.. Jls eloab ls `rltjiotlc `adonr`lc dogiotry. @k ox`ipao ge jls `ctlvltlos ls ` rocokt punalc`tlgk Cgipaox iuatlpalc`tlgk `kb aletlkd prgnaois, @iorlc`k @ior lc`k I`tjoi`tlc`a Sgcloty, >803.Jo `asg wrltos gk oaoiokt`ry i`tjoi`tlcs egr kgki`tjoi`tlcl`ks, i`tjoi`tlcl`ks, `s woaa `s p`pors gk tjo tjogry ge iuslc. Egr eurtjor bot`las soo jttp=//www.st`ee.sclokco.uu.ka/~ggrt80880> oxjlnltlgk J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo Jo`rt ge Lsa`i `kb obltgr ge tjo `ccgip`kylkd c`t`agduo `kb jo @rt ge J`mm (>80>). (>80>). Jor punalc`tlgks `asg lkcaubo @r`nlc `kb Xorsl`k Xorsl` k So`as `kb @iuaots lk tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui (>800) `kb, wltj Al`k` S`le, jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob Oss`ys (>803). IOJIOR RÑRÑKCÑ RÑRÑKCÑ ls cj`lri`k ge (SG@) ^oso`rcj Coktro egr urflsj `kb @r`nlc wgrab. jls coktro roso`rcjos tjo roa`tlgks notwook urfs `kb @r`ns lk tjo jlstgry `kb ospocl`aay tjo Gttgi`k jorlt`do lk tjo @r`n prgvlkcos ge tjo Gttgi`k oiplro. Jo punalsjob tjroo Nggfs gk Gttgi`k Jorlt`do lk
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Morus`aoi Morus `aoi (>885), (>885 ), X`aostlko X`aostl ko (>88:) (>88: ) `kb @adorl` @ado rl` (>803). (>80 3). Jo curroktay curro ktay wgrfs wgrf s gk Gttgi`k jorlt`do lk @r`nl` `kb tjo Jgay Cltlos ge Iocc` `kb Ioblk`. o-i`la= i.tutukcuHqulcfkot.ka @^KG_B @^KG _B U^GALMF U^GAL MF (0802). XKLK@ TO^NKO^ ls Oiorlt` Xrgeossgr ge Sgcl`a @ktjrgpgagdy `t Fooao _klvorslty. Sjo ls tjo `utjgr ge Xladrlis ge Agvo= jo @ktjrgpgagdy ge ` Dagn`a Suel Cuat (>883) `kb j`s wrlttok oxtokslvoay gk Suelsi `kb Lsa`i, ildr`tlgk, bl`spgr`, iuatlcuatur`alsi, jynrlblty, jynrlblty, `kb cgsigpgalt`klsi. Sjo j`s cgkbuctob roso`rcj lk Nrlt`lk, X`flst`k, `kb Ngtsw`k`.
>3<
IOBOBOALKDOK U ^ LMFSI_SO_I UG OBOBOALKDOK U@K @K JOR ^ LMFSI_SO_I UGG^ G^ U GAFOKF_KBO GAFOKF_KBO Kg. 0
M.X.N. M.X.N. bo Mgssoalk bo Mgkd, @rcjogagd @rcjo gagdlc` lc`aa I`torl`a I`to rl`ass ergi S`n` `kb St. Oust`tlus, Aossor @ktlaaos , 0<24. ?2 pp. + 0< elds. + 05 p. pa`tos.
Kg. >
M.A. Swoaaokdronoa, Ook vgrstokwlmblkd gp N`al. K``r i`torl``a vorz`ivor z`ioab bggr J.M.O.E. Scjw`rtz , 0<24. >4 pp. + 0: p. pa`tos.
Kg. 3
C. Kggtonggi, Puoaquos tocjklquos bo tlss`do bos Xotltos Laos bo a` Sgkbo . Tltj Blscusslgk ot bgkkìos cgipaìiokt`lros è prgpgs bo a“guvr`do bo I. M`ios Jgrkoaa , T`tortr`kspgrt, Grldlk `kb O`ray Ovgautlgk, p`r Xlorro X`rls 0<2:. 25 pp.+ : p. pa`tos + 08 elds.
Kg. 2
X.M.A. .M. A. U`kbokjgu `kbo kjguto, to, Ca`sslelc`tlgk styalstlquo bo i`squo B`k ot Duìrì bo a` Còto b“Lvglro gcclbokt`ao (@.G.E.) , 0<2:. 2: pp.+ 4 p. pa`tos, i`p.
Kg. ?
.Ugafor, .Ugafo r, _flygo Pu`rtot= Xunalsjor, Bosldkor, Okdr`vor `kb Xrlktor , 0<2< vl + >< pp. laa.
t jo @rt ge tjo Kg. 5/4 . Ugafor, gafo r, jo `kli`a lk E`r O`stork @rt `kb ospocl`aay lk tjo M`p`koso M`p`k oso Kotsufo, Kots ufo, wltj roeorokco roeo rokcoss tg Cjlkoso Cjlk oso grldlks grld lks,, tr`bltlgk tr`bl tlgks,s, aodokb aod okbss `kb `rt, 0
Kg. :/< X.J. Xgtt, Lktrgbuctlgk tg tjo lnot`k Cgaaoctlgk ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, Aolbok , 0 p. pa`tos. Kg. 08
M.X.N. M.X.N. bo Mgssoalk bo Mgkd, Aìvl-Str`uss“s Aìvl-Str`uss“s jogry gk Flksjlp `kb `k b I`rrl`do , 0. lv + ?< pp. + elds. ^oprlktob 0<48.
Kg. 00
lms Ugafor, gafo r, Xgrcoa`lk `kb tjo Butcj O`st Lkbl` Cgip`ky, `s rocgrbob lk tjo B`dj-rodlstors ge N`t`vl` C`stao, tjgso ge Jlr`kbg `kb Bosjli` `kb gtjor cgktoipgr`ry p`pors, 058>-05:> , 023 pp. + 3> p. pa`tos, i`ps.
Kg.0>
@brl``k @. Dornr`kbs, @rt `s `k ` k Oaoiokt Oaoi okt ge Cuatu Cu aturo, ro, ospocl osp ocl`aay `aay lk l k KodrgKodrg @erlc`k @er lc`k , 0
Kg. 03
lms Ugafor, gafo r, jo M`p`kso Xgrcoa`lk r`bo ge tjo Butcj O`st Lkbl` Cgip`ky `etor 05:3, 0 pp. + >5 p. pa`tos.
Kg. 02
@ktj rgpgagd gdyy `kb tjo Xunalc= Xunal c= jo ^gao ge Iusouis Iusou is , Jori`k J. Eroso, @ktjrgpga 0<58. vlll + >?3 pp. +05 p. pa`tos.
>20
J���
Kg. 0?
jo Tgkbor ge I`k“s I`k“s Lkdokulty Lkdokult y. Nolkd ` Sorlos ge Stublos lk @rcj`ogagd y, I`torl`a I`to rl`a Cuaturo, Cuat uro, `kb Sgcl`a Sgcl `a @ktjrgpga @ktj rgpgagd gdyy ny Ioinors Ioino rs ge tjo @c`boilc @c`b oilc St`ee ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy Otjkgagd y, Xunalsjob gk tjo Gcc`slgk ge tjo Iusoui Iuso ui“s“s 0>? tj @kklvors`ry , 0<5>. 05? pp. + >2 p. pa`tos, i`p.
Kg. 05
Sligk Fgglmi`k, Grk`ioktob N`rf-Cagtj lk Lkbgkosl` , 0<53. vlll + 02? pp. + 3> p. pa`tos `kb >3? br`wlkds.
Kg. 04
Dort T. T. Kggtor, Gab F`y`fs lk tjo Kotjora`kbs , 0<40. 45 pp. laa.
Kg. 0:
Eroorf C. F`ii` `kb Sligk Fgglmi`k, ^gw`w` Egrm`, Cjlab ge tjo Elro. Lrgk Tgrflkd Tgrflkd `kb ` kb tjo ^gao ge Lrgk lk Tost Tost Kow Dulko` Dul ko` (Tost Lr`k) , 0<43. vlll + 2? pp. laa. i`p.
Kg. 0<
Dor B. v`k Tokdok, jo Cuatur`a Lkjorlt`kco ge tjo M`v`koso lk Surlk`i, 0<4?. lv + ?? pp.
Kg. >8
Dort Kggtor, Ao`borsjlp `kb Jo`bsjlp= Cj`kdlkd @utjgrlty ge tjo X`ttorks lk `k O`st Drooka`kb Juktlkd Cgiiuklty , 0<45. vlll + 004 pp. laa.
Kg. >0
Sligk Fgglmi`k, `p` gk Igco Lsa`kb, Elml= @ r`bltlgk`a J`kblcr`et lk ` Cj`kdlkd Sgcloty , 0<44. x + 045 pp. laa.
Kg. >>
T.^. v`k Duaalf, Lrozuil= jo X`ttork ge Bori`tgdr`pjy lk M`p`k , 0<:>. xvlll + 38: pp. + 4> p. pa`tos.
Kg. >3
ob M.M. Aoyok``r, _a`i` = jo Xorpotu`tlgk lk Ioxlcg ge tjo Xro-Sp`klsj N`aa D`io _aa`i`altzal , 0<4:. vlll + 0>8 pp. laa.
Kg. >2
Sligk Fgglmi`k, @rt, @rt Gnmocts Gnmo cts,, `kb ^ltu`a ^lt u`a lk tjo Ililf` Ilil f` Cuaturo Cuatu ro , 0<:2. xlx + 043 pp. r`ksa`tob ergi jo Butcj ny Lkoz Soodor.
Kg. >?
Xlotor tor Fours `kb Blrf Silbt (obs.), jo a`kdu`do ge jlkds. Stublos lk Otjkgcgiiuklc`tlgk, lk Jgkgur ge Xrgeossgr @brl`k @. Dornr`kbs , 0<<8. >8: pp. laa.
Kg. >5
Dor`rb T. T. v`k Nussoa, X`ua A. . . v`k Bgkdok `kb ob M.M. Aoyok``r (obs), jo Iosg`iorlc`k N`aad`io. X`pors prosoktob `t tjo Lktork`tlgk`a Cgaagqului ‚jo Iosg`iorlc`k N`aad`io >888 NC-@B >888“, Aolbok , Muko 38 tj-Muay 3rb , 0<:: , 0<<0. 388 pp.laa.
Kg. >4
^lt` Ngaa`kb, wltj ^gdlor I.@. Nob`ux `kb ^okìo Ngsor- S`rlv`xov`kls, oaaoi oxtlaos, @rcj`ogagdlc`a Elkbs ergi Nurl`a C`vos lk I`al“s N`kbl`d`r` Calee. Xunalsjob lk Cggpor`tlgk wltj tjo rgpokiusoui, ^gy`a rgplc`a Lkstltuto @istorb`i, 0<<0. 3>0 pp. laa.
>2>
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Kg. >:
Blrf @.I. Silbt, Silbt, Xlotor tor Fours Fours `kb @anort rguwngrst (obs.), (obs.) , X`clelc I`torl`a Cuaturo. Oss`ys lk Jgkgur ge Br. Sligk Fgglmi`k, gk tjo Gcc`slgk ge jls :8 tj nlrtjb`y , 0<
Kg. ><
Ilcj`oa Xr`dor `kb Xlotor tor Fours (obs.), T.J. ^`ssors `kb tjo N`t`f I`dlc I`d lc St`ee St `ee , 0<<:. 0?> pp. laa.
Kg. 38
^oli`r Scjoegab `kb J`k E. Uoriouaok Uoriouaok (obs.), ro`suro Juktlkd7 Cgaaoctgrs `kb Cgaaoctlgks ge Lkbgkosl`k @rtoe`cts , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 38 / CKTS Xunalc`tlgks, Uga. 005, Aolbok >88>, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-84:-<, 3>2 pp. lkca. Lkbox gut ge prlkt.
Kg. 30
A`ur` v`k Nrgofjgvok, Cgkqulst`kbg Lg Lkvokclnao. Euoktos jlstórlc`s sgnro a`s cuatur`s lkbédok`s bo a` rodlgk Coktr`a bo Klc`r`du` , >88> LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-8:3-3, 3?> pp. Lkca., nlna., `pp., lkbox, ₡ 35,88.
Kg. 3>
Cukor` Nulms, Eurs `kb E`nrlcs. r`ksegri`tlgks, Cagtjlkd `kb Lboktlty lk O`st Drooka`kb , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 35 / CKTS Xunalc`tlgks Uga. 0><, Aolbok >882, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-8<2-<, 388 pp. Lkca. pjgtgdr.,elds., `pp., lkbox, gut ge prlkt.
Kg. 33
^. Nob`ux, M. Xgaot, Xgaot, F. S`kgdg & @. Scjilbt (ìbs), ^ocjorcjos `rcjìgagdlquos è Bl` b`ks ao Boat` lktìrlour bu Kldor (I`al)= nla`k bos s`lsgks bo egulaaos 0<<:->883 , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui ^lmfsiuso ui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 33/CKTS Xunalc`tlgks Uga. 022, Aolbok >88?, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-084-5, ?58 pp., rlcjay laa,. Lkca. elds., nlna., nlna., `kkoxos, `kkoxos, ₡ 2:,88.
Kg. 32
Xlotor tor Fours, Cgkboksob ^o`alty. @ stuby ge i`torl`a cuaturo. C`so stublos ergi Sl`ssl (X`pu` Kow Dulko`) `kb Okdd`kg ( Lkbgkosl`) , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui ^lmfsius oui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 32 / CKTS Xunalc`tlgk Uga. Uga. 02:, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-00>-8, <4:- <8-?4:<-00>-8, >28 pp. Laa., lkca.,`ppokb., nlna., lkbox, ₡ 35,88
Kg. 3?
Mggst Tlaalkf, St`dos lk Clvlals`tlgk, Butcj iusouis lk quost ge Tost Coktr`a @erlc`k cgaaoctlgks (0:?5-0::<), Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui ^lmfsius oui vggr Ugafokfukb Ugafokfukboo Aolbok, kg. 3? / CKTS Xunalc`tlgks Uga. 02<, Aolbok >884, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-003-4, 3<8 pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., lkbox, ₡ 2:,88.
Kg. 35
Xlotor tor Fours (ob.), Cgagkl`a Cgaaoctlgks ^ovlslstob , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok , kg. 35 / CKTS Xunalc`tlgks Uga. 0?>, Aolbok >884, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-0?>-5, >48 pp. Laa. ₡ 35,88.
>23
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Kg. 34
^ubgae Oeeort, ^gy`a C`nlkots `kb @uxlal`ry Nr`kcjos. Grldlks ge tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy 0:05-0::3 , Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui ^lmfsius oui vggr Ugafokfukbo Ugafokfukbo Aolbok Aol bok , kg. 34 / CKTS Xunalc`tlgks Kg. 0?<, Aolbok >88:, LSNK <4:-<8-?4:<-0?<-? 328 pp. ₡ 2?,88.
Kg. 3:
Uìrgklquo Bodrggt, C`kbl, Sp`co `kb A`kbsc`po. @ stuby gk tjo blstrlnutlgk, grlokt`tlgk `kb sp`tl`a grd`klz`tlgk ge Coktr`a M`v`koso toi pao roi`lks. roi`l ks. Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 3:, Aolbok >88<, LSNK <4:-<8-::<8-83<-5, 2<4 pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., lkbox, ₡ 2<,
Kg. 3<
A`ur` U`k Nrgofjgvok, Cukor` Cukor` Nulms & Xlotor Jgvoks (obs), Sj`rlkd Fkgwaobdo & Cuatur`a Jorlt`do= Elrst K`tlgks ge tjo @iorlc`s. Stublos lk Cgaa`ngr`tlgk Cgaa`ngr`tlgk wltj Lkbldokgus Xogpaos Xogpaos ergi Drooka`kb, Kgrtj `kb Sgutj @iorlc` @iorl c` . Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 3<, >808, LSNK <4:-<8-::<8-855->, >?8 pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., ₡ ><,
Kg. 28
F`rok M`cgns, Cgaaoctlkd F`igrg. Gnmocts, okcguktors `kb roprosokt`tlgk gk tjo sgutjwost cg`st ge X`pu` . Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 28, >800, LSNK <4:-<8-::<8-8::-2, >:: pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., lkbox, ₡ ><,
Kg. 20
@igt gpg`kk r`las r`las.. @ rocokt roco kt `rcj`o `rc j`ogagd gagd y ge rlg rlg igvoiok igv oiokts ts . Mliiy I`ks, @igtgpg` Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, kg. 20, >80>, LSNK <4:-<8-::<8-8<:-3, 33> pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., ₡ 32,
Kg. 2> @aox`kbor Dourbs & A`ur` U`k Nrgofjgvok (obs), Cro`tlkd @utjoktlclty. @utjoktlclt y. @utjokt @utj oktlc` lc`tlgk tlgk Xrgcosso Xrgco ssoss lk Otjkgdr`pj Otjk gdr`pjlc lc Iusouis Iusou is . Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui ^lmfsiuso ui vggr Ugafokfukbo Ugafokfukbo Aolbok, Aolb ok, kg. 2>, >803, LSNK <4:<8-::<8->8?-?, 045 pp. Laa., Lkca. nlna., ₡ ><,
>22
J`mm
Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do
Ovory yo`r, lk tjo a`st igktj ge tjo Lsa`ilc c`aokb`r, ilaalgks ge Iusalis ergi `rgukb tjo wgrab cgio tgdotjor lk Iocc` tg poregri tjo J`mm, tjo pladrli`do tj`t `aa c`p`nao Iusalis sjguab poregri `t ao`st gkco lk tjolr alvos. alvos. Lk >803, tjo K`tlgk`a Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok grd`klsob tjo oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc` . Rjo Xladrli“s Mgurkoy . Rjo cj`ptors lk tjls vgauio `ro tjo gutcgio ge tjo twg-b`y syipgslui gk tjo J`mm, wjlcj w`s joab `t tjo iusoui lk cgkkoctlgk tg tjo oxjlnltlgk. Rjo coktr`a tjoio tj`t r uks tjrgudj tjo nggf ls jgw J`mm pr`ctlcos, roprosokt`tlgks ge Iocc` `kb tjo oxcj`kdo oxcj`kdo ge J`mm-roa`tob gnmocts j`vo cj`kdob cj`kdob gvor tlio. Rjo cj`ptors lk tjo rst p`rt ge tjo nggf blscuss roaldlgus, sgcl`a, `kb pgaltlc`a io`klkds ge tjo J`mm. Joro tjo roa`tlgksjlp ls `bbrossob notwook tjo tjo sldklc`kco ge pladrli`do tg Iocc` egr tjo roaldlgus alvos ge lkblvlbu`as `kb drgups `kb tjo wlbor cgktoxts tj`t tjoy `ro oinobbob lk. Rgdotjor, tjoso `ktjrgpgagdlc`a cgktrlnutlgks prgvlbo lksldjts lktg tjo oeeocts gk J`mm pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds egr prosokt-b`y Iusalis c`usob ny currokt bliokslgks ge dagn`als`tlgk prgcossos. Rjo socgkb p`rt ge tjo nggf t`fos i`torl`a oxprosslgks ge tjo J`mm `s lts st`rtlkd pglkt. Lt oxpagros wj`t J`mmroa`tob `rtoe`cts c`k toaa us `ngut tjo lipgrt ge pladrli`do lk tjo b`lay alvos ge Iusalis lk tjo p`st `kb prosokt. Rjo cgktrlnutlgks lk tjls p`rt ge tjo vgauio pglkt gut tj`t Iocc` j`s `aw`ys nook ` cgsigpgalt`k clty `kb tjo kgb`a pglkt ge dagn`a lktor`ctlgks e`r oxcooblkd roaldlgus `ctlvltlos. Rgdotjor, Rgdotjor, tjo cj`ptors lk tjls nggf boplct bo plct tjo J`mm rltu`a `s ` alvlkd tr`bltlgk. O`cj wltj lts gwk egcus, tjo v`rlgus cgktrlnutlgks tostley tg tjo e`ct tj`t, wjlao tjo rltos tj`t i`fo up tjo J`mm woro egriua`tob egr iua`tob `kb rocgrbob lk kgri`tlvo toxts lk o`ray Lsa`i, bot`las lk tjo `ctu`a poregri`kco `kb lktorprot`tlgks ge tjoso rltos `ro ny kg io`ks st`tlc, nut r`tjor j`vo ovgavob gvor tlio lk t`kboi wltj cj`kdlkd sgclg-pgaltlc`a clrcuist`kcos. Slbostgko Xross LSNK= <4:-<8-::<8->:?-4
< 4:<8: 4:<8:: : <8>:? <8>:?4 4
Slbostgko Xross / ^IU
