90 DEGREE TURNING MOTORIZED MOTORIZED STEERING MECHANISM
PROJECT REPORT 2015-2016
Submitted by: (Team name) COLLEGE LOGO
Guided by:
Submitted in partia !u!iment "! t#e re$uirement !"r t#e %&ard %&ard "! 'ip"ma in ----------------------------------------- y t#e State "ard "! Te#nia Eduati"n G"*ernment "! Tami+adu,On Tami+adu,On C#ennai,
'epartment: C"e.e name:
Pae: 'EP%RT/E+T PROJECT REPORT-2015-2016
T#i Rep"rt i erti!ied t" be t#e "na!ide &"r d"ne by Se*anSe*i ---------------- Re.,+", ------------ O! 34 Semeter a "! t#i "e.e,
Guide
ead "! t#e 'epartment
Submitter Submitter !"r t#e Pratia Pratia Eaminat Eaminati"n i"n "! t#e b"ard "! Eaminati Eaminati"n "n State State "ard "! Te#nia Eduati"n C#ennai Tami+adu,On -------------- (date) #ed at t#e ------------ ("e.e name)C"imbat"re
4nterna Eaminer
Eterna Eaminer
DEDICATED DEDICATED TO OUR O UR BELOVED BELOV ED PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
%C7+O89E'GE/E+T
%t t#i peain. m"*ement "! #a*in. ue!uy "mpeted "ur pr"et &e &i# t" "n*ey "ur inere t#an and .ratitude t" t#e mana.ement "! "ur "e.e and "ur be"*ed #airman------------------------,&#" pr"*ided a t#e !aiitie t" u, 8e
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----------------------------------!"r -!"r !"r&ardin. !"r&ardin. u t" d" "ur pr"et pr"et and "!!erin. ade$uate ade$uate durati"n durati"n in "mpetin. "ur pr"et, 8e are a" .rate!u t" t#e ead "! 'epartment pr"!;;;;, !"r #er#im "ntruti*e u..eti"n
CONTENTS
CO+TE+TS C%PTER +O
1 2 = > 5 6 ? @ A 10 11 12 1= 1>
T4T9E
SYNOPSIS
AIM
T#e main "beti*e "! t#i pr"et i t" dei.n t#e !"ur &#ee teerin. me#anim,
ABSTRACT
% !"r 4ndian 4ndian r"ad r"ad tranp tranp"rt "rt enar enari" i" i "ner "nerned ned aide aident nt are be"min. a day t" day aue an attempt #a been made in t#i pr"et t" redue u# mi mi#ap, 4n "ur pr"et "! “90 “90 DEGR DEGREE EE ST STEE EERI RING NG CONT CONTRO ROL L #a*in. t#e !""& !""&in. in. "perat "perati"n i"n "ur "ur aut"ma aut"mati tia ay y in t#e MECHANISM” #a*in. *e#ie, T#ey are ',C m"t"r turn t#e &#ee e!t ide &#en t#e teerin. r"tate in t#e e!t ide direti"n, ',C m"t"r turn t#e &#ee ri.#t ide &#en t#e teerin. r"tate in t#e ri.#t ide direti"n,
Drawi!
Drawi!
Limit Switch
DC Motors
12 Baery
ADVANTAGES O" #WS
ADVANTAGES
+"&aday am"t a t#e t#e aut"m"bie *e#ie i bein. at"miBed in "rder "rder t" pr"dut t#e #uman bein., bein., T#e aut"m"bie aut"m"bie *e#ie i bein. at"miBed !"r t#e !""&in. rea"n,
T" redue man p"&er
T" inreae t#e e!!iieny "! t#e *e#ie
T" redue t#e &"r "ad
T" redue t#e *e#ie aident
T" redue t#e !ati.ue "! &"rer
T" #i.# rep"nibiity
9e /aintenane "t
ADVANTAGES O" #WS
T#e *e#ie "rnerin. be#a*i"r be"me m"re tabe and "ntr"abe at #i.# peed peed a &e a "n &et "r ippery r"ad ur!ae, ur!ae, T#e *e#ie rep"ne rep"ne t" teerin. input be"me $uier and m"re preie t#r"u.#"ut t#e *e#ie entire peed ran.e, T#e *e#i *e#i e e trai trai.# .#t- t-ine ine tab tabii iity ty at #i.# #i.# pee peed d i impr"*ed, +e.ati*e e!!et "! r"ad r"ad irre irre. .ua uarit ritie ie and and r" r"& &ind ind "n t#e t#e *e#i *e#ie e tabi tabiity ity are minimi minimiBed Bed,, Stabi Stabiity ity in ane ane #an.i #an.in. n. at #i.# #i.# peed peed i impr"*ed, T#e *e#ie i e iey t" ." int" a pin e*en in ituati"n in &#i &#i# # t#e t#e dri*e dri*err mut mut mae mae a udd udden en and and reati reati*e *ey y ar.e ar.e #an.e "! dire reti"n, y teerin. t#e rear &#ee in t#e direti"n direti"n "pp"ite "pp"ite t#e !r"nt &#ee &#ee at "& pee peed d t#e t#e *e#i *e#i e e turni turnin. n. ire ire i .reat .reaty y redu redued ed,,
T#ere T#e re!"r !"r e *e#i e man eu*eri eu* eri n. "n narr"& nar r"& r"ad r"ad and and durin durin. . par pari in. n. be" be"me me eaier,
APPLICATIONS O" #WS
4t i ued !"r eay parin. "! !"ur &#eeer and an be impemented in m"nter tru ar.e !arm *e#ie and tru, Et,, TYPES O" O " AUTOMOBILES
T#e aut"m"bie are ai!ied "n t#e !""&in. bai: 1, PDRPOSE i, Paen.er *e#ie ar eep bu, ii, G""d *e#ie Tru 2, C%P%C4TF i, 9i.#t m"t"r *e#ie ar eep m"t"r ye and ""ter, ""ter, ii, ea*y m"t"r *e#ie u "a# trat"r, trat"r, =, DE9 DSE' i, Petr" *e#ie ar eep m"t"r ye ""ter, ""ter, ii, 'iee *e#ie Tru bu trat"r trat"r bud"Ber, bud"Ber, iii, Eetri ab attery tru !"r i!t, i*, i*, Steam arria.e arria. e Steam r"ad r"er, >, +", >, +", "! &#ee, T&" &#eeer,
i, T#ree &#eeer, ii, "ur &#eeer, iii, Si &#eeer,
INTRODUCTION TO STEERING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO STEERING SYSTEM
Steerin. i t#e "eti"n "! "mp"nent ina.e et, &#i# a"& a *ee *ee (#ip (#ip b"at) b"at) "r *e#i *e#iee (ar (ar m"t"r m"t"ry ye e biy biye) e) t" !""& !""& t#e deire deired d "ure, %n eepti"n i t#e ae "! rai tranp"rt by &#i# rai tra "mbined
t".et#er &it# rair"ad &it#e (and a" n"&n a p"int in riti# En.i#) pr"*ide t#e teerin. !unti"n, !unti"n, i t"day &e are ."in. t" diu "me "! t#e bai "! p#yia dei.nin. and eetin. a #ai !"r a > &#ee dri*e R"b"t !"r be.inner, "r t#i t"pi &e are peiHay ."in. t" ee "me "! t#e dei.n "riented #aen.e t#at "me in t#e &ay "! dei.nin. a > &#ee ar t#at ue 'e!erentia Steerin. !"r tain. turn (e!t and ri.#t) "r t" mae a C"mpete A0 'e.ree in-pae (pi*"t) r"tati"n (Ber"radiu turnin.), %ttenti"n t" "me bai detai an #ep a be.inner t" mae an anient ar &it#"ut " "! mu# ener.y and t"r$ue, T#e teerin. "! a !"ur &#ee *e#ie i a !ar a p"ibe arran.ed " t#at t#e !r"nt &#ee &i r" truy &it#"ut any atera ip, T#e !r"nt &#ee are upp"rted "n !r"nt ae " t#at t#ey an &in. t" t#e e!t "r ri.#t !"r teerin., T#i m"*ement i pr"dued by .earin. and ina.e bet&een t#e teerin. &#eein. !r"nt "! t#e dri*er and t#e teerin. nue "r &#ee, T#e "mpete arran.ement i aed t#e teerin. ytem, T#e teerin. ytem eentiay "nit "! t&" eement- a teerin. .ear at t#e "&er end "! t#e teerin. nue and teerin. ina.e ,#"& a impi!ied dia.ram "! a teerin. ytem, T#e !unti"n "! t#e teerin. ytem i t" "n*ert t#e r"tary m"*ement "! t#e teerin. &#ee int" an.uar turn "! t#e !r"nt &#ee, T#e teerin. ytem a" ab"rb a ar.e part "! t#e r"ad #" t#u pre*entin. t#em !r"m bein. tranmitted t" t#e dri*er, i. #"& a ate m"de "! teerin. ytem, 4t #a &"rm and r"er type type teeri teerin. n. .ear .ear and reay reay type type teeri teerin. n. ina. ina.e, e, 8#en 8#en t#e dri*er dri*er turn turn t#e teeri teerin. n. &#ee &#ee t#e reuti reutin. n. m"ti"n m"ti"n i tranm tranmitt itted ed d"&n d"&n a teeri teerin. n. tube tube t"e teerin. .ear et at t#e end "! t#e teerin. tube, T#e .ear et #an.e t#e direti"n "! m"ti"n and mutipie t#e t&itin. !"re a"rdin. t" t#e .ear rati", 4t "utput
#a!t r"tate t" m"*e t#e pini"n arm &#i# tranmit t#e m"ti"n "! t#e teerin. nue t#r"u.# t#e reay r"ad ider arm t&" tie r"d t&" teerin. arm and t#e t&" !r"nt &#ee, T#u a ""n a t#e dri*er put #i #and-"n t#e teerin. &#ee t#e m"ti"n "! t#e !r"nt &#ee i in #i #and, 4! #e &ant t" turn t#e *e#ie t" t#e e!t #e turn t#e teerin. &#ee t" t#e e!t and i! #e &ant t" turn t#e *e#ie t" t#e ri.#t #e turn teerin. &#ee t" t#e ri.#t "t#er&ie t#e teerin. &#ee i in it midde p"iti"n and t#e *e#ie i ."in. in a trai.#t ine,
8OR74+G /ETO'O9OGF: /ETO'O9OGF:
8"rin. /et#"d"".y: T#ere are many appr"a#e t#at an be !""&ed !"r teerin. a > &#ee Car "r r"b"t u# a t#e !am"u ar-type teerin. (%erman teerin.) Cab-'ri*e
Steerin. Omni 'ireti"na &#ee and t#e 'e!erentia Steerin. met#"d &#ere t#e peed "! t#e &#ee i atered t" #an.e t#e direti"n "r t" tae turn, %erman and Cab-'ri*e teerin. re$uire "mpe dei.n and additi"na dri*er er*" and ".i t" "ntr" t#e r"b"t &e &i ee t#ee m"de "! teerin. in t#e ater tut"ria "r t#e be.inner perpeti*e it i .""d t" tart &it# t#e bai 'e!erentia Steerin. A0 'EGREE STEER4+G SFSTE/ 84T 4G TORIDE 'C /OTOR met#"d &#i# &#i# !"r a impe impe m"de uua uuay y d"e d"e n"t re$uire re$uire any additi"n additi"na a m"t"r m"t"r "r me#anim, T#e m"t "n*enti"n "n*enti"na a teerin. teerin. arran.ement arran.ement i t" turn t#e !r"nt &#ee &#ee uin. a #and "perated teerin. &#ee &#i# i p"iti"ned in !r"nt "! t#e dri*er *ia t#e teerin. "umn &#i# may "ntain uni*era "int (&#i# may a" be part "! t#e "apibe teerin. "umn dei.n) t" a"& it t" de*iate "me&#at !r"m a trai trai.# .#tt ine ine,, Ot#e Ot#err arra arran. n.em emen ent t are "me "meti time me !"un !"und d "n de!er de!eren entt type type "! *e#ie !"r eampe a tier "r rear&#ee teerin., Traed *e#ie u# a bud"Ber and tan uuay emp"y de!erentia teerin. t#at i t#e tra are made t" m"*e at de!erent peed "r e*en in "pp"ite direti"n uin. ut#e and brae t" brin. ab"ut a #an.e "! "ure "r direti"n, % de!erentia &#eeed r"b"t i a m"bie r"b"t &#"e m"*ement i baed "n t&" eparatey dri*en &#ee paed "n eit#er ide "! t#e r"b"t b"dy, b"dy, 4t an t#u #an.e it direti"n by *aryin. t#e reati*e rate "! r"tati"n "! it &#ee and #ene d"e n"t re$uire an additi"na teerin. m"ti"n, T" T" baane t#e r"b"t additi"na &#ee "r ater may be added,
RE$UREMENTS O" STEERING SYSTEM
"r t#e m""t# per!"rmane "! t#e ytem t#e teerin. ytem "! any *e#ie #"ud !u!i t#e !""&in. re$uirement: 1, 4t #"ud mutipy t#e turnin. e!!"rt appied "n t#e teerin. &#ee by t#e dri*er, 2, 4t #"ud be t" a ertain de.ree irre*eribe " t#at t#e #" "! t#e r"ad ur!ae en"untered by t#e &#ee are n"t tranmitted t" t#e dri*er K #and, =, T#e me#anim #"ud #a*e e! ri.#t tunin. e!!et " t#at &#en t#e dri*er reea reeaee t#e teeri teerin. n. &#ee &#ee a!ter a!ter ne."ti ne."tiati atin. n. t#e turn turn t#e &#ee &#ee #"ud #"ud try t" a#i a#ie* e*ee tra traii.#t .#t a#ea #ead p" p"iti iti"n ,T#e T#e read readeer may may bear ear in min mind t#a t#at t#e re$uirement "! any ytem may *ary but t#ey #"ud #a*e "me ind "! a*era.e "mpr"mie,
"UNCTIONS O" THE STEERING SYSTEM
"UNCTIONS O" THE STEERING SYSTEM
T#e *ari"u !unti"n "! t#e teerin. &#ee are 1, T" "ntr" t#e an.uar an.uar m"ti"n t#e &#ee and t#u t#e direti"n direti"n "! m"ti"n m"ti"n "! t#e *e#ie, 2, T" pr"*ide direti"na tabiity tabiity "! t#e *e#ie &#ie ."in. trai.#t a#ead, a#ead, =, T" !aiitate trai.#t a#ead "nditi"n "! t#e *e#ie a!ter "mpetin. a turn, >, T#e r"ad irre.ua irre.uaritie ritie mut be damped t" t#e t#e maimum p"ib p"ibee etent, etent, T#i #"ud "-eit &it# t#e r"ad !ee !"r t#e dri*er " t#at #e an !ee t#e r"ad "nditi"n &it#"ut eperienin. t#e e!!et "! m"*in. "*er it, 5, T" minimiBe minimiBe tire &ear &ear and inreae inreae t#e t#e i!e "! t#e tyre, tyre,
TYPES O" STEERING
'ependin. "n t#e number and p"iti"n "! t#e &#ee bein. teered teerin. ytem an be ai!ied a !""&: r"nt &#ee teerin. T#e m"t "mm"ny ued type "! teerin. "ny t#e t&" !r"nt &#ee "! t#e *e#ie are ued t" teer t#e *e#ie, T#i type "! teerin. u!!er !r"m t#e "mparati*ey ar.er turnin. ire and t#e etra e!!"rt re$uired by t#e dri*er t" ne."tiate t#e turn, % typia !r"nt &#ee teerin. me#anim ay"ut i .i*en in 4G Rear &#ee teerin. S"me type "! indutry battery tru and ba#"e "ader ue t#i type &#ere "ny t#e
t&" rear &#ee "ntr" t#e teerin., 4t an pr"dued maer turnin. ire but i unuitabe !"r #i.# peed purp"e and !"r eae "! ue,
C"n*enti"na r"nt 8#ee Steerin. Sytem %&'&( ")*r w+,,- ./,,ri!
T#e m"t e!!eti*e type "! teerin. t#i type #a a t#e !"ur &#ee "! t#e *e#ie ued !"r te erin. purp"e, % detaied deripti"n "! t#i type !""& "OUR WHEEL STEERING
4n a typia !r"nt &#ee teerin. ytem t#e rear &#ee d" n"t turn in t#e direti"n "! t#e ur*e and t#u urb "n t#e e!!iieny "! t#e teerin., +"rmay +"rmay t#i ytem #a n"t been t#e pre!erred #"ie due t" t#e "mpeity "! "n*enti"na me#ania !"ur &#ee teerin. ytem, "&e*er a !e& ar ie t#e "nda
Preude +ian Syine GT-R GT-R #a*e been a*aiabe &it# !"ur &#ee teerin. ytem &#ere t#e rear &#ee turn by a ma an.e t" aid t#e !r"nt &#ee in teerin., "&e*er "&e*er t#ee ytem #ad t#e rear r ear &#ee teered by "ny2 "r = de.ree a t#eir main aim &a t" ait t#e !r"nt &#ee rat#er t#an teer by t#eme*e,
With advances in technology, modern four wheel steering system systems s boast boast of fully fully electr electronic onic steer steer-by-wi -by-wire re system systems, s, equal equal steer angles for front and rear wheels, and sensors to monitor the vehi vehicl cle e dynam ynamic ics s and and adju adjust st the the st stee eerr angl angles es in real eal tim time. Although such a complex 4ws model has not been created for produ producti ction on purpos purposes, es, a number number of experi experimen mental tal concep concepts ts with with some
of
these
technologies
have
been
built
and
tested
successfully. ompared with a conventional two wheel steering system, the advantages o!ered by a 4ws system include" 1, #uperior cornering stability. 2, $mproved steering responsiveness and precision. %igh speed
straight line stability. =, +"tabe +"tabe impr"*eme impr"*ement nt in rapid rapid ane-#an. ane-#an.in. in. maneu*er maneu*er,, >, Smaer Smaer turnin. turnin. radiu and and ti.#t-pae ti.#t-pae maneu*e maneu*erabii rabiity ty at "& peed, peed, 5, Reati*e Reati*e 8#ee 8#ee %n.e %n.e and t#eir t#eir C"ntr", C"ntr", T#e direti"n direti"n "! teerin. teerin. t#e rear &#ee reati*e t" t#e !r"nt &#ee depend "n t#e "peratin. "nditi"n, %t "&-peed &#ee m"*ement i pr"n"uned " t#at rear &#ee are teered in t#e "pp"ite direti"n t" t#at "! !r"nt &#ee, T#i a" impi!ie t#e p"iti"nin. "! t#e ar in ituati"n u# a parin. in a "n!ined pae, Sine
t#e rear &#ee are made t" !""& t#e pat# "n t#e r"ad taen by t#e !r"nt &#ee t#e rear "! a >8S ar d"e n"t turn in t#e n"rma &ay, T#ere!"re t#e ri "! #ittin. an "btae i .reaty redued, %t #i.# peed &#en teerin. adutment are ubte t#e !r"nt &#ee and rear &#ee turn in t#e ame direti"n, % a reut t#e ar m"*e in a rab-ie manner rat#er t#an in a ur*ed pat#, T#i ati"n i ad*anta.e"u t" t#e ar &#ie #an.in. ane "n a #i.#-peed r"ad, T#e eiminati"n "! t#e entri!u.a e!!et and in "ne$uene t#e reduti"n "! b"dy r" and "rnerin. !"re "n t#ere impr"*e t#e tabiity "! t#e ar " t#at "ntr" be"me eaier and a!er, 4n a >8S ytem t#e "ntr" "! dri*e an.e at !r"nt and rear &#ee i m"t eentia,
TWO MODES ARE GENERALLY USED IN THESE #WSMODELS S-)w S1,,2. 3 R,ar S/,,r M)2,
%t "& peed peed t#e rear &#ee turn in t#e direti"n direti"n "pp"ite "pp"ite t" t#e !r"nt &#ee, T#i m"de "me in partiuary ue!u in ae "! piup tru and bue m"re "
&#en na*i.atin. #iy re.i"n, 4t an redue t#e turnin. ire radiu by 25L and an be e$uay e!!eti*e in "n.eted ity "nditi"n &#ere D-turn and ti.#t treet are made eaier t" na*i.ate, 4t i deribed a !""&in. in 4G Hi!+ S1,,2.
4n #i.# peed turnin. t#e rear &#ee t#r"u.# an an.e "pp"ite t" !r"nt &#ee mi.#t ead t" *e#ie intabiity and i t#u unuitabe, ene at peed ab"*e @0 mp# t#e rear &#ee are turned in t#e ame direti"n "! !r"nt &#ee in !"ur&#ee teerin. ytem, T#i i #"&n in 4G
r"nt-Rear Steerin. Rati" &it# repet t" peed "r a typia *e#ie t#e *e#ie peed determinin. t#e #an.e "! p#ae #a been !"und t" be @0 m#r, T#e teerin. rati" #"&e*er an be #an.ed dependin. "n t#e e!!eti*ene "! t#e rear teerin. me#anim and an be a #i.# a
ZERO TURNING CIRCLE RADIUS 3 (40 MODE
4n additi"n additi"n t" t#e a!"rementi"n a!"rementi"ned ed teerin. teerin. type type a ne& type "! !"ur!"ur&#ee teerin. &a intr"dued by t#e "nept *e#ie Jeep urriane "ne t#at "ud i.ni!ianty a!!et t#e &ay "ur *e#ie are pared in t#e !uture, T#e Jeep urriane "nept &it# Mer" Turnin. Cire Radiu T#i *e#ie #a a t#e t#ree m"de "! teerin. deribed ab"*e t#"u.# it p"rt a truy "mpe dri*e-train and teerin. ay"ut &it# t&" tran!er ae t" dri*e t#e e!t and ri.#t &#ee eparatey, eparatey, T#e !"ur &#ee &#ee #a*e !uy independe independent nt teerin. teerin. and need t" turn in an un"n*enti"na direti"n t" enure t#at t#e *e#ie turn ar"und "n it "&n ai, Su# a ytem re$uire preie auati"n !r"m a er*" m"t"r &it# rea-time !eedba t" mae ertain t#at a t#ree teerin. m"de !unti"n per!ety, T#e "nept didnKt mae it t" pr"duti"nN p"iby due t" t#e #i.# "t in*"*ed in t#e p"&er train ay"ut, ut t#e idea preented by t#e "nept "ntinue t" !ind imp"rtane, T#e "ny ma"r pr"bem p"ed by t#i ay"ut i t#at a "n*enti"na ra-and-pini"n teerin. &it# pitman arm &"ud n"t be uitabe !"r t#i m"de ine t#e t&" !r"nt &#ee are teered in "pp"ite direti"n, Steer-by-&ire ytem &"ud &"r !ine #"&e*er ine independent "ntr" an be a#ie*ed,
STEERING SYSTEM ACKERMAN STEERING MECHANISM
STEERING SYSTEM ACKERMAN STEERING MECHANISM
%ermann teerin. .e"metry i a .e"metri arran.ement "! ina.e in t#e teerin. "! a ar "r "t#er *e#ie dei.ned t" "*e t#e pr"bem "! &#ee "n t#e inide and "utide "! a turn needin. needin. t" trae "ut ire "! di!!erent di!!erent radii, T#e teerin. pi*"t p"int are "ined by a ri.id bar aed t#e tie r"d &#i# i a" a part "! t#e teerin. me#anim, 8it# per!et %ermann at any an.e "! teerin. t#e entre p"int "! a "! t#e ire traed by a &#ee &i ie at a "mm"n p"int, ut t#i may be di!!iut t" arran.e in pratie &it# impe ina.e and dei.ner dra& "r anayBe t#eir teerin. ytem "*er t#e !u ran.e "! teerin. an.e, ene m"dern ar d" n"t ue pure %ermann teerin. party beaue it i.n"re imp"rtant dynami and "mpiant e!!et but t#e prinipe i "und !"r "& peed maneu*er and t#e ri.#t and e!t &#ee d" n"t turn by t#e ame an.e be it any "rnerin. peed, T#i preent a di!!iut pr"bem !"r *e#ie &it# independent teerin. a t#e &#ee ann"t be eaiy .i*en t#e "rret %erman turnin. an.e, T#i &"ud direty a!!et t#e dynami #andin. "! t#e ar main. it imp"ibe t" "ntr" pr"pery, 8it# a t#e !"ur &#ee teered t#e pr"bem .et "mp"unded ine t#e appr"priate teerin. an.e !"r a !"ur &#ee need t" be auated, 4t i t" be n"ted t#at t#e *ariati"n in teerin. an.e a a reut "! %erman .e"metry i pr".rei*e and n"t !ied #ene t#ey #a*e t" be preauated and t"red by t#e "ntr"er, T#i ditate t#at t#e "ntr" "! !"ur-&#ee teeri teerin. n. ytem ytem be *ery *ery prei preie e and "ne$ "ne$uen uenty ty "mpe "mpe, , T#i T#i i an"t#e an"t#er r rea"n &#y manu!aturer #a*e n"t pre!erred t#e ue "! u# ytem in t#eir
*e#ie e*en &it# reent ad*ane in te#n"".y, te#n"".y, T#e "t "! u# ytem an be #i.# and a .""d am"unt "! reear# < de*e"pment i re$uired up !r"nt, STEERING RATIOS
E*ery *e#ie #a a teerin. rati" in#erent in t#e dei.n, 4! it didnt y"uKd ne*er be abe t" turn t#e &#ee, Steerin. rati" .i*e me#ania ad*anta.e t" t#e dri*er a"&in. y"u t" turn t#e tire &it# t#e &ei.#t "! t#e &#"e ar ittin. "n t#em but m"re imp"rtanty it mean y"u d"nt #a*e t" turn t#e teerin. &#ee a ridiu"u number "! time t" .et t#e &#ee t" m"*e, Steerin. rati" i t#e rati" "! t#e number "! de.ree turned at t#e teerin. &#ee *, t#e number "! de.ree t#e !r"nt &#ee are de!eted, S" !"r eampe i! y"u turn t#e teerin. &#ee 20 and t#e !r"nt &#ee "ny turn 1 t#at .i*e a teerin. rati" "! 20:1,"r m"t m"dern ar t#e teerin. rati" i bet&een 12:1 and 20:1, T#i "uped &it# t#e maimum an.e "! de!eti"n "! t#e &#ee .i*e t#e "-t"-" turn !"r t#e teerin. &#ee, "r eampe i! a ar #a a teerin. rati" "! 1@:1 and t#e !r"nt &#ee #a*e a maimum de!eti"n "! 25 t#en at 25 t#e teerin. &#ee #a turned 251@ &#i# i >50, T#at "ny t" "ne ide " t#e entire teerin. ."e !r"m -25 t" pu 25 .i*in. a " "-t"-" -t"-" an.e at t#e teerin. teerin. &#ee "! A00 "r 2,5 turn (A00 =60),T#i &"r t#e "t#er &ay ar"und t"" "! "ure, 4! y"u n"& t#e "-t"-" turn and t#e teerin. rati" y"u an !i.ure "ut t#e &#ee de!eti"n, "r eampe i! a ar i ad*ertied a #a*in. a 16:1 teerin. rati" and = turn "-t"-" t#en t#e teerin. &#ee an turn 1,5=60 (5>0) ea# &ay, &ay, %t a rati" "! 16:1 t#at mean t#e !r"nt &#ee de!et by ==,?5 ea# &ay, "r rain. ar t#e teerin. rati" i n"rmay mu# maer t#an !"r paen.er ar - i,e, C"er t" 1:1 - a t#e rain. dri*er need t" .et !uer de!eti"n int" t#e teerin. a $uiy a p"ibe,
TURNING CIRCLES
T#e turnin. ire "! a ar i t#e diameter "! t#e ire deribed by t#e "utide &#ee &#en turnin. "n !u ", T#ere i n" #ard and ! at !"rmua t" auate t#e turnin. ire but y"u an .et "e by uin. t#i: Turnin. ire radiu (tra2) Q (&#eebaein (a*era.e teer an.e)) T#e number re$uired t" auate t#e turnin. ire epain &#y a ai ba 9"nd"n tai #a a tiny @m turnin. ire t" a"& it t" d" D-turn in t#e narr"& 9"nd"n treet, 4n t#i ae t#e &#eebae and tra arent radiaydi!!erent t" any "t#er ar but t#e a*era.e teerin. an.e i #u.e,
KING PIN AND KING PIN A5IS
T#e ima.inary ai ab"ut &#i# t#e teered &#ee are &i*eed, 4n "der m"de a "id trutura "mp"nent i ued a a in. pin and it enter ine i t#e in. pin ai, 4n preent day m"de t#e "id "mp"nent i abent, 4ntead ba "int are ued, T#e ima.inary ine "inin. upper and "&er ba "int at a in. pin ai, i. 7in. Pin Pin %i %i
Ki!31i i6-ia/i) )r ./,,ri! a7-, i6-ia/i) CENTER POINT STEERING
T#e an.e bet&een t#e *ertia ine and entre "! t#e in. pin "r teerin. ae &#en *ie&ed !r"m t#e !r"nt "! t#e *e#ie i n"&n a in. pin ininati"n "r
teerin. ae ininati"n, T#e in. pin ininati"n in "mbinati"n &it# ater i ued t" pr"*ide direti"na tabiity in m"dern ar by tendin. t" return t#e &#ee t" t#e trai.#t trai.#t a#ead a#ead p"iti p"iti"n "n a!ter a!ter any turn, turn, 4t a" a" redue redue teeri teerin. n. e!!"r e!!"rtt partiuary &#en t#e *e#ie i tati"nary, tati"nary, 4t redue tire &ear a", T#e in. pin ininati"n in m"dern *e#ie ran.e !r"m > t" @ de.ree ,4t mut be e$ua "n b"t# t#e ide, 4! it i .reater "n "ne ide t#an t#e "t#er t#e *e#ie &i tend t" pu t" t#e ide #a*in. t#e .reater an.e, %" i! t#e an.e i t"" ar.e t#e teerin. &i be"me eeedin.y di!!iut, T#e in.-pin ininati"n i made m ade adutabe "ny by bendin., 8#en enter ine "! t#e &#ee meet t#e enter ine "! t#e in. pin ai at t#e r"ad ur!ae it i aed enter p"int teerin.,
Di.a28a/a!,. ) )/ +a8i! 6,/,r 1)i/ ./,,ri! SCRUB RADIUS
1, Dnneeary "upe !"rmed due t" !"re "! *ertia &ei.#t and r"ad reitane eparated by a ditane, 2, Steerin. be"me #ea*y a t#e &#ee m"*ement i a"n. an ar "! radiu e$ua t" t#e ditane bet&een in. pin ai pr"eti"n and tire "ntat p"int, =, 9ar.e bendin. tree in teerin. "mp"nent, T#e ditane bet&een t#e enter ine "! t#e &#ee and t#e in. pin ai at t#e r"ad ur!ae,
P).i/i8, .6r*: ra2i*.
8#en in. pin ai meet t#e r"ad inide t#e tyre tread ine, +e.ati*e rub radiu: 8#en in. pin ai meet t#e r"ad r "ad "utide t#e tyre tread ine, i. Srub Radiu
"RONT WHEEL GEOMETRY GEOMET RY
"RONT WHEEL GEOMETRY
CASTOR
4n additi"n t" bein. tited in&ard t"&ard t#e entre "! t#e *e#ie t#e in.pin ai may a" be tited !"r&ard "r ba&ard !r"m t#e *ertia ine, T#i tit i n"&n a ater, T#u t#e an.e bet&een t#e *ertia ine and t#e in.pin entre ine in t#e pane "! t#e &#ee (&#en *ie&ed !r"m t#e ide) i aed ater an.e, 8#en t#e t"p "! t#e in. pin i ba&ard t#e ater an.e i p"iti*e and &#en it i !"r&ard t#e ater an.e i ne.ati*e ,t#e ater an.e in m"dern *e#ie ran.e !r"m 2 t" @ de.ree, Tit "! t#e in. pin ai !r"m t#e *ertia eit#er t"&ard t#e !r"nt(ne.ati*e at"r) "r t"&ard t#e rear (p"iti*e at"r) Cat"r .i*e direti"na tabiity: T#e !"re atin. at t#e pi*"t (teerin. ai)and t#e reitane at t#e ur!ae "ntitute a "upe " t#at t#e &#ee !""& t#e ine "! t#rut,
CAMBER
T#e an.e bet&een t#e entre ine "! t#e tyre and t#e *ertia ine &#en *ie&ed !r"m t#e !r"nt "! t#e *e#ie i n"&n a amber, 8#en t#e an.e i "ut&ard " t#at t#e &#ee are !art#er apart at t#e t"p t#an at t#e b"tt"m t#e amber i p"iti*e, 8#en t#e an.e i in&ard " t#at t#e &#ee are "er t".et#er at t#e t"p t#an at t#e b"tt"m p"iti*e "r ne.ati*e tend t" aue une*en "r m"*e tire &ear "n ide t#an "n t#e "t#er ide, Camber #"ud n"t eeed t" 2,
TOE IN
T"e 4n t#e !r"nt &#ee are uuay turned in i.#ty in !r"nt " t#at t#e ditane bet&een t#e !r"nt end
(a) 4 i.#ty e t#an t#e ditane bet&een t#e ba end (b) &#en *ie&ed !r"m t#e t"p, T#e di!!erene bet&een t#ee ditane i aed t"e in, On a ar &it# t"e in t#e ditane bet&een t#e !r"nt &#ee i e at t#e !r"nt (a) T#an at t#e rear (b) &#en *ie&ed !r"m t#e t"p, T#e am"unt "! t"e-in i uuay = t" 5 mm, T#e t"e in i pr"*ided t" enure parae r"in. "! t#e !r"nt &#ee t" tabiiBe teerin. and pre*ent ide ippin. and eei*e tyre &ear, 4t a" er*e t" "!!et t#e ma de!eti"n in t#e &#ee-upp"rt ytem &#i# "me "ut &#en t#e ar i tandin. tiN t#ey tend t" r" parae "n t#e r"ad &#en t#e ar i m"*in. !"r&ard, S"me ai.nment peiait et t#e !r"nt &#ee in trai.#t-a&ay ai.nment in pre!erene t" t"ein adutment, TOE OUT:
T"e-"ut i t#e di!!erene in an.e bet&een t#e t&" !r"nt &#ee and t#e ar !rame durin. turn, T#e teerin. ytem i dei.ned t" turn t#e inide &#ee t#r"u.# a ar.er an.e t#an t#e "utide &#ee &#en main. a turn, T#i "nditi"n aue t#e &#ee t" t"e-"ut "n turn due t" t#e di!!erene in t#eir turnin. an.e, 8#en t#e ar i tain. turn t#e "uter &#ee r" "n a ar.er radiu t#an t#e inner &#ee and t#e ire "n &#i# t#e t&" !r"nt &#ee mut r" are "nentri, T#ere!"re T#ere!"re t#e inner inner &#ee mut mae a ar.er ar.er an.e an.e &it# t#e ar !rame t#an t#at t#e "uter &#ee mae, % #"&n in !i.ure &#en t#e !r"nt &#ee are teered t" mae a turn t#e inner &#ee turn t" an an.e "! 2=&it# t#e ar !rame &#ie t#e "uter &#ee turn "ny 20 &it# t#e ar !rame, T#e t"e "ut i
eured by pr"*idin. t#e pr"per reati"n#ip bet&een t#e teerin. nue arm tie r"d and pitman arm, RE$UREMENTS O"STEERING SYSTEM
4t #"ud mutipy t#e turnin. e!!"rt appied "n t#e teerin. &#ee by t#e dri*er,
4t #"ud be t" a ertain de.ree irre*eribe " t#at t#e #" "! t#e r"ad ur!ae en"untered by t#e &#ee are n"t tranmitted t" t#e dri*erK #and,
T#e me#anim #"ud #a*e e! ri.#tenin. e!!et" t#at &#en t#e dri*er reeae t#e teerin. &#ee a!ter ne."tiatin. t#e turn t#e &#ee #"ud try t" a#ie*e trai.#t a#ead p"iti"n,
"UNCTIONS O" THE STEERINGSYSTEM
T" "ntr" t#e an.uar m"ti"n t#e &#ee and t#u t#e direti"n "! m"ti"n "! t#e *e#ie,
T" T" pr"*ide direti"na tabiity "! t#e *e#ie &#ie ."in. trai.#t a#ead,
T" !aiitate trai.#t a#ead "nditi"n "! t#e *e#ie a!ter "mpetin. a turn,
T#e r"ad irre.uaritie mut be damped t" t#e maimum p"ibe etent, T#i #"ud "-eit &it# t#e r"ad !ee !"r t#e dri*er " t#at #e an !ee t#e r"ad "nditi"n &it#"ut eperienin. t#e e!!et "! m"*in. "*er it,
T" minimiBe tire &ear and inreae t#e i!e "! t#e tire,
TYPES O" STEERING SYSYEM
TYPES O" STEERING SYSYEM
r"nt &#ee teerin.,
Rear &#ee teerin.,
"ur &#ee teerin.,
MODES IN "OUR WHEELSTEERING SYSTEM
T8O /O'ES %RE GE+ER%99FDSE' 4+ TESE >8S /O'E9
S"& Speed - Rear Steer /"de:
i.# peed Crab /"de,
VEHICLE DYNAMICS ANDSTEERING
Dnder teer: Dnder teer i " aed beaue &#en t#e ip an.e "! !r"nt &#ee i .reater t#an ip an.e "! rear &#ee, O*er teer O*er teer i de!ined &#en t#e ip an.e "! !r"nt &#ee eer t#an t#e ip an.e "! rear &#ee, N,*/ra- ./,,r )r 6)*/,r ./,,ri!
C"unt er-t eerin. eer in. an de!ined de!i ned a & #en t#e ip an.e an. e "! !r" !r"nt nt &#ee &#ee i e$ua e$ua t" ip an.e "! rear &#ee STEERING GEAR BO5ES
P4T/%+ %R/,
R%C7 %+' P4+4O+,
REC4RCD9% REC4RCD9%T4+G %99R%C7 %+' SECTO SECTOR, R,
8OR/ %+' SECTOR,
8OR/ %+' RO99ER,
C%/ %+' RO99ER,
"ABRIC BRICA ATION TION O""OUR OUR WHE HEELS ELST TEERING SYSTEM
"ABRICA ICATIONO""OURWHEELSTEERING SYSTEM
ere t#e rear &#ee turn in a direti"n "pp"ite t" t#e !r"nt &#ee " #at t" redue t#e turnin. ire radiu at "& peed, T#i &"ud be *ery ue!u in ity tra!!i "nditi"n
T#e main "beti*e "! "ur pr"et i t" !abriate t#e "ur 8#ee teerin. (RE%R STEER /O'E),
8e made m"di!iati"n in t#e /%RDT4-@00 m"de ar t" a#ie*e !"ur &#ee &#ee tee teeri rin n., /art /artii @00 @00 i t#e ar ar.et .et e ein in. ar ar in 4ndi 4ndiaa, 4t i manu!atured by /arti Ddy". in 4ndia, /aruti @00 i idea "mpiment t" ad*aned i!etye and tate &it# a ar !uy made !"r t#e 4ndian r"ad,
BENE"ITS O" THE #WS MODEL
4n "nunti"n &it# rear teer m"de !"ur-&#ee teerin. an i.ni!ianty impr"*e t#e *e#ie #andin. at b"t# #i.# and "& peed,
'ue t" t#e better #andin. and eaier teerin. apabiity apabiity dri*er !ati.ue ! ati.ue an be redued e*en "*er "n. "n. dri*e,
Stabiity "! t#e *e#ie inreae,
Turnin. radiu "! t#e *e#ie an be dereaed t" a .reater .r eater etent by rear teer m"de, 8"rm dri*e a.ain, % t#e teerin. &#ee i turned t#e &"rm dri*e turn
and !"re t#e ba bearin. t" pre a.aint t#e #anne inide t#e nut, T#i
!"re t#e nut t" m"*e a"n. t#e &"rm dri*e, T#e nut ite! #a a "upe "! .ear teet# at int" t#e "utide "! it and t#ee me# &it# t#e teet# "n a et"r .ear &#i# i atta#ed t" t#e r" #a!t ut ie in t#e &"rm and et"r me#anim, T#i ytem #a mu# e !ree pay "r a in it t#an t#e "t#er dei.n #ene &#y &#y itK itK ued ued t#e t#e m"t m"t,, T#e T#e eam eamp pee be" be"& & #"& #"& a re ir iru uat atin in. . ba ba me#anim &it# t#e nut #"&n in uta&ay " y"u an ee t#e ba bearin. and t#ere iruati"n #anne, WORM AND SECTOR
8"rm and Set"r, Set"r, 4n t#i type "! teerin. b" t#e end "! t#e #a!t !r"m t#e teerin. &#ee #a a &"rm .ear atta#ed t" it, 4t me#e direty &it# a et"r .ear (" aed beaue it a eti"n "! a !u .ear &#ee), 8#en t#e teerin. &#ee i turned t#e #a!t turn t#e &"rm .ear and t#e et"r .ear pi*"t ar"und it ai a it teet# are m"*ed a"n. t#e &"rm .ear, T#e et"r .ear i m"unted "n t#e r"
S#a!t &#i# pae t#r"u.# t#e teerin. b" and "ut t#e b"tt"m &#ere it i pinted and t#e pitman arm i atta#ed t" t#e pine, 8#en t#e et"r .ear turn it turn t#e r" #a!t &#i# turn t#e pitman arm .i*in. t#e "utput m"ti m"ti"n "n t#at t#at i !ed !ed int" int" t#e t#e me# me#an ani ia a in ina. a.ee "n t#e t#e tra tra r"d, r"d, T#e T#e !""&in. dia.ram #"& t#e ati*e "mp"nent t#at are preent inide t#e &"rm &"rm and et"r et"r teeri teerin. n. b", b", T#e b" ite! ite! i eaed eaed and !ied !ied &it# .reae,
WORM AND ROLLER
8"rm and R"er R"er, T#e &"rm and r"er r"er teerin. teerin. b" i imiar imiar in dei.n t" t#e &"rm and et"r b", T#e di!!erene #ere i t#at intead "! #a*in. a et"r .ear t#at me#e &it# t#e &"rm .ear t#ere i a r"er intead, T#e r"er i m"unted "n a r"er bearin. #a!t and i #ed apti*e "n t#e end "! t#e r" #a!t, % t#e &"rm .ear turn t#e r"er i !"red t" m"*e a"n. it but beaue it i #ed apti*e "n t#e r" #a!t it t&it t#e r" r" #a! #a!t, t, Typi ypia ay y in t#e t#eee dei dei.n .n t#e t#e &"rm &"rm .ear .ear i atu atua ay y an #"ur.a #ape " t#at it i &ider at t#e end,
8it#"ut 8it#"ut t#e #"ur.a #ape t#e r"er mi.#t dien.a.e !r"m it at t#e etent "! it tra*e,
CAM AND ROLLER
R"er R"er Cam and e*er teerin. teerin. b"e b"e are *ery imiar imiar t" &"rm and et et"r "r tee teeri rin. n. b"e b"e, , T#e T#e &"rm &"rm dri* dri*ee i n"& n"&n n a a am am and and #a #a a mu# mu# #a"&er pit# and t#e et"r .ear i repaed &it# t&" tud t#at it in t#e am #anne, % t#e &"rm .ear i turned t#e tud ide a"n. t#e am #anne &#i# !"re t#e r" #a!t t" r"tate turnin. t#e pitman arm, One "! t#e dei.n !eature "! t#i tye i t#at it turn t#e r" #a!t A0 t" t#e n"rma " it eit t#r"u.# t#e ide "! t#e teerin. b" intead "! t#e b"tt"m, T#i an reut in a *ery "mpat dei.n &#en neeary,
DC MOTOR
DC M)/)r
% DC ;)/) me#ania iay y "mmut "mmutate ated d eet eetri ri m"t"r p"&ered p"&ered ;)/)rr i a me#an !r"m dire dirett urren urrentt ('C) ('C),, T#e T#e tat tat"r "r i tat tati" i"na nary ry in pa paee by de!i de!ini niti ti"n "n and and t#ere!"re " i it urrent, T#e urrent in t#e r"t"r i &it#ed by t#e "mmutat"r t" t" a" be tati"nary in pae, T#i i #"& t#e reati*e an.e bet&een t#e tat"r and r"t"r ma.neti !u i maintained near A0 de.ree &#i# .enerate t#e maimum t"r$ue,
'C m"t"r m"t"r #a*e a r"tatin. r"tatin. armature armature &indin. &indin. but n"n-r"tatin n"n-r"tatin. . armature armature ma.n ma.net eti i !ie !ied d and and a tat tati i !ie !ied d &ind &indin in. . "r perma permane nent nt ma.n ma.net et,, 'i!! 'i!!er eren entt "nn "nne eti ti"n "n "! t#e t#e !ie !ied d and and arma armatu ture re &ind &indin in. . pr"* pr"*id idee di!! di!!ere erent nt in#e in#ere rent nt peedt"r$ue re.uati"n #arateriti, T#e peed "! a 'C m"t"r an be "ntr"ed by #an.in. t#e *"ta.e appied t" t#e armature "r by #an.in. t#e !ied urrent, T#e intr"d intr"dut uti"n i"n "! *ariab *ariabe e reit reitan anee in t#e armatu armature re irui iruitt "r !ied !ied irui iruitt a" a"&e &ed d pee peed d "nt "ntr" r", , /"de /"dern rn 'C m"t" m"t"r r are are "!te "!ten n "nt "ntr" r" ed ed by p"&er eetr"ni ytem eetr"ni ytem aed 'C dri*e, T#e intr"duti" intr"duti"n n "! 'C m"t"r m"t"r t" run ma#inery ma#inery eiminate eiminated d t#e need !"r "a "a team team "r intern interna a "mbu "mbuti" ti"n n en.ine en.ine and in inee #a #a!t !t dri*e dri*e ytem ytem, , 'C m"t"r m"t"r an "perat "peratee diret direty y !r"m !r"m re#ar re#ar.ea .eabe be batter batterie ie pr"*id pr"*idin. in. t#e m"ti*e m"ti*e p"&er !"r t#e !irt eetri *e#ie, T"day 'C m"t"r are ti !"und in appiati"n a ma a t"y and di dri*e "r in ar.e iBe t" "perate tee r"in. mi and paper ma#ine,
Br*.+
/ain artie: ru#ed 'C eetri m"t"r % bru#ed 'C eetri m"t"r .eneratin. t"r$ue !r"m 'C p"&er uppy by uin. interna me#ania "mmutati"n pae tati"nary permanent ma.net !"rm t#e tat"r !ied, T"r$ue i pr"dued by t#e prinipe "! 9"rentB !"re &#i# tate t#at any urrent-arryin. "ndut"r paed &it#in an eterna ma.neti !ied eperiene a !"re n"&n a 9"rentB !"re, T#e atua (9"rentB) !"re ( and a"
t"r$ue ine t"r$ue i &#ere i r"t"r radiu) i a !unti"n !"r r"t"r an.e and " t#e .reen arr"&*et"r atuay #an.e en.t#ma.nitude &it# an.e n"&n a t"r$ue rippe) Sine t#i i a in.e p#ae t&" p"e m"t"r t#e "mmutat"r "nit "! a pit rin. " t#at t#e urrent re*ere ea# #a! turn ( 1@0 de.ree),
T#e bru#ed T#e bru#ed 'C eetri m"t"r .enerate .enerate t"r$ue direty !r"m 'C p"&er
upp uppi ied ed t" t#e t#e m"t" m"t"rr by uin uin. . inte intern rna a "mmu "mmuta tati ti"n "n tat tati" i"na nary ry ma.n ma.net et ( permanent "r permanent "r eetr"ma.net eetr"ma.net) ) and r"tatin. eetria ma.net, 9ie a eetri eetri m"t"r m"t"r "r .enerat"r .enerat"r t"r$ue t"r$ue i pr"dued pr"dued by t#e prinipe "! 9"rentB !"re !"re &#i# tate t#at any urrent-arryin. "ndut"r paed &it#in an eterna ma.neti !ied eperiene a t"r$ue "r !"re n"&n a 9"rentB !"re, %d*anta.e "! a bru#ed 'C m"t"r inude "& initia "t #i.# reiabiity and impe "ntr" "! m"t"r peed, 'iad*anta.e are #i.# maintenane and "& i!e-pan i!e-pan !"r #i.# intenity intenity ue, /aintenane /aintenane in*"*e in*"*e re.uary repain. repain. t#e bru#e and prin. &#i# arry t#e eetri urrent a &e a eanin. "r repa repain. in. t#e "mmutat"r , T#e T#eee "mp "mp"n "nen ent t are are nee nee ar ary y !"r !"r tran tran!e !erri rrin. n. eetria p"&er !r"m "utide t#e m"t"r t" t#e pinnin. &ire &indin. "! t#e r"t"r inide t#e m"t"r, Br*.+-,..
/ain artie: ru#e 'C eetri m"t"r and and S&it#ed reutane m"t"r Typia bru#e 'C m"t"r ue a r"tatin. permanent ma.net in t#e r"t"r and tati"nary eetria urrent"i ma.net "n t#e m"t"r #"uin. !"r t#e r"t"r but t#e ymmetria "pp"ite i a" p"ibe, % m"t"r "ntr"er "n*ert 'C t" %C %C,, T#i dei dei.n .n i imp impe err t#an t#an t#at t#at "! bru bru#e #ed d m"t" m"t"r r bea beau uee it eim eimin inat ate e t#e t#e "mpiati"n "! tran!errin. p"&er !r"m "utide t#e m"t"r t" t#e pinnin. r"t"r,
%d*anta.e "! bru#e m"t"r inude "n. i!e pan itte "r n" maintenane and #i.# e!!iieny, 'iad*anta.e inude #i.# initia "t and m"re "mpiated m"t"r peed "ntr"er, S"me u# bru#e m"t"r are "metime re!erred t" a Uyn Uyn# #r" r"n" n"u u m"t" m"t"r rUU at# at#"u "u.# .# t#ey t#ey #a*e #a*e n" ete etern rna a p"&e p"&err upp uppy y t" be yn#r"niBed &it# a &"ud be t#e ae &it# n"rma %C yn#r"n"u m"t"r, U6);;*/a/,2
Ot#er type "! 'C m"t"r re$uire n" "mmutati"n,
"m"p"ar m"t"r % #"m"p"ar #"m"p"ar m"t"r #a a ma.neti !ied a"n. t#e ai "! r"tati"n and an eetri urrent t#at at "me p"int i n"t parae t" t#e ma.neti !ied, T#e name #"m"p"ar re!er t" t#e abene "! p"arity #an.e,
"m"p"ar m"t"r neeariy #a*e a in.e-turn "i &#i# imit t#em t" *ery "& *"ta.e, T#i #a retrited t#e pratia appiati"n "! t#i type "! m"t"r,
a bearin. m"t"r % ba ba bearin. m"t"r i an unuua eetri m"t"r t#at "nit "! t&" ba t&" ba bearin.-type bearin.-type bearin. &it# t#e inner rae m"unted "n a "mm"n "nduti*e #a!t and t#e "uter rae "nneted t" a #i.# urrent "& *"ta.e p"&er uppy, uppy, %n aternati*e "ntruti"n !it t#e "uter rae inide a meta tube &#ie t#e inner rae are m"unted "n a #a!t &it# a n"n-"nduti*e eti"n (e,., t&" ee*e "n an inuatin. r"d), T#i met#"d #a t#e ad*anta.e t#at t#e tube &i at a a !y&#ee, T#e direti"n "! r"tati"n i determined by t#e initia pin &#i# i uuay re$uired t" .et it ."in.,
C),6/i) /<1,.
See a": Eitati"n (ma.neti)
T#ere are t#ree type "! eetria "nneti"n bet&een t#e tat"r and r"t"r p"ibe !"r 'C eetri m"t"r: erie #untparae and "mp"und ( *ari"u bend "! erie and #untparae) and ea# #a uni$ue peedt"r$ue #arateriti appr"priate !"r di!!ent "adin. t"r$ue pr"!iei.nature, S,ri,. 6),6/i)
% erie 'C m"t"r "nnet t#e armature armature and and !ied &indin. in &indin. in erie &it# a "mm"n ',C, p"&er "ure, T#e m"t"r peed *arie a a n"n-inear !unti"n "! "ad t"r$ue and armature urrentN urrent i "mm"n t" b"t# t#e tat"r and r"t"r yiedin. 4V2 (urrent) $uared be#a*i"r, % erie m"t"r #a *ery #i.# tartin. t"r$ t"r$ue ue and and i "mm" "mm"n ny y ued ued !"r !"r tar tarti tin. n. #i.# #i.# iner inerti tiaa "ad "ad u# u# a trai train n ee*at"r "r #"it, W2X T#i peedt"r$ue #arateriti i ue!u in appiati"n u# a dra.ine ea*at"r ea*at"r &#ere t#e di..in. t"" m"*e rapidy &#en un"aded but "&y &#en arryin. a #ea*y "ad, 8it# n" me#ania me#ania "ad "n t#e erie erie m"t"r m"t"r t#e urrent urrent i "& "& t#e "unter-E/ pr"dued by t#e !ied &indin. i &ea and " t#e armature mut turn !ater t" pr"due u!!iient "unter-E/ t" baane t#e uppy *"ta.e, T#e m"t"r an be dama.ed by "*er peed, T#i i aed a runa&ay "nditi"n, Serie m"t"r aed Uuni*era m"t"rU an be ued "n aternatin. urrent, Sine t#e armature *"ta.e and t#e !ied direti"n re*ere at (ubtantiay) t#e ame time t"r$ue "ntinue t" be pr"dued in t#e ame direti"n, Sine t#e peed i n"t rea reate ted d t" t#e t#e ine ine !re$ !re$ue uen ny y uni* uni*er era a m"t" m"t"r r an an de*e de*e" "p p #i.# #i.#er er-t -t#a #annyn#r"n"u peed main. t#em i.#ter t#an induti"n m"t"r "! t#e ame rated me#ania "utput, T#i i a *auabe #arateriti !"r #and-#ed p"&er t"", Dni*era m"t"r !"r "mmeria p"&er "mmeria p"&er !re$ueny are !re$ueny are uuay ma n"t m"re t#an
ab"ut 1 8 "utput, "&e*er mu# ar.er uni*era m"t"r &ere ued !"r eetri ""m" ""m"ti* ti*e e !ed by peia peia "&-!re "&-!re$ue $ueny ny tra trati ti"n "n p"& p"&er er net net&"r &"r t" a*"i a*"id d pr"bem &it# "mmutati"n "mmutati"n under #ea*y and *aryin. *aryin. "ad, S+*/ 6),6/i)
% #unt 'C m"t"r "nnet t#e armature and !ied &indin. in parae "r #unt &it# a "mm"n ',C, p"&er p"&er "ure, "ure, T#i type "! m"t"r #a .""d peed re.uati"n re.uati"n e*en a t#e "ad *arie but d"e n"t #a*e a #i.# "! tartin. t"r$ue a a erie 'C m"t"r,W=X 4t i typiay ued !"r indutria adutabe peed appiati"n u# a ma#ine t"" &indin.un&indin. ma#ine and teni"ner, C);1)*2 6),6/i)
% "mp"und 'C m"t"r "nnet t#e armature and !ied &indin. in a #unt and a erie "mbinati"n t" .i*e it #arateriti "! b"t# a #unt and a erie 'C m"t"r, W>X
T#i m"t"r i ued &#en b"t# a #i.# tartin. t"r$ue and .""d peed re.uati"n i
need needed ed,, T#e T#e m"t" m"t"rr an an be "nn "nne ete ted d in t&" t&" arran arran.e .eme ment nt: : umu umua ati ti*e *ey y "r di!!erentiay, Cumuati*e "mp"und m"t"r "nnet t#e erie !ied t" aid t#e #unt #unt !ied !ied &#i# &#i# pr"*i pr"*ide de #i.#er #i.#er tarti tartin. n. t"r$ue t"r$ue but e e peed peed re.u re.uati ati"n, "n, 'i!!erentia "mp"und 'C m"t"r #a*e .""d peed re.uati"n and are typiay "perated at "ntant peed,
P+)/)!ra1+<
COST ESTIMA ESTI MATION TION
COST ESTIMATION
S-&NO
PARTICLES
1
/ateria "t
2
8edin.
=
'riin. Grindin.
>
/anu!aturin. "t
5
9ab"r "t
6
Tranp"rt "t
?
O*er #ead #ar.e
TOT%9 COST
C)./ ) ;a/,ria-.
AMOUNT
Ma/,ria-. /"t"r attery C"ntr" unit /S materia
A;)*/
PHOTOGRAPHY
C)6-*.i)
C)6-*.i)
T#e pr".re in iene < te#n"".y i a n"n-t"p pr"e, +e& t#in. and ne& te#n"".y are bein. in*ented, % t#e te#n"".y .r"& day by day day &e an ima.ine ab"ut t#e !uture in &#i# t#in. &e may "upy e*ery pae, T#e pr"p"ed ytem i !"und t" be m"re "mpat uer !riendy and e "mpe &#i# an readiy be ued in "rder t" per!"rm e*era tedi"u and repetiti*e ta, T#"u.# it i dei.ned eepin. in mind ab"ut t#e need !"r indutry it an etended !"r "t#er purp"e u# a "mmeria < reear# appiati"n, T#e !eature mae t#i ytem i t#e bae !"r !uture ytem, T#e prinipe "! t#e de*e"pment "! iene i t#at n"t#in. i imp"ibe, S" &e #a "" !"r&ard t" a bri.#t < "p#itiated &"rd,
