9 Manufactured Substances in Industry

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

CHAPTER 9

Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A : SULPHURIC ACID Learning Outcomes You should be able to: list uses of sulphuric acid explain industrial process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid explain that sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution. • • •

Activity 1 : SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the (a)……………………..…………………… (a) ……………………..…………………… . 2. Contact Contact Process Process consists consists of three stages: stages: (Complete the table below)

Stage 1

Preparation of (b) f (b)……………………………… ……………………………… gas Chemical equation

: S + O2

SO2

Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide Stage 2

Chemical equation

: (c)…………. + ………..…

…….

Cata Cataly lyst st

: (d)… (d)……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …...

Temperature

: (e)……………….. oC

Pressure

: (f)……….. atm

Production of sulphuric acid Stage 3

3.

Chemical equation

: (g)……… (g)……… + H2SO4

…………..

(h)………. + H2O

…………….

State six uses of sulphuric acid. i)………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii)………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii)………………………………….. ……………………………………………………….. iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………… v)…………………………………… ………………………………………………………… vi). ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

1

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4.

………………


……………………….gas ……………………….gas from the burning of product manufactured

from sulphuric acid can cause ………………………diseas ………………………disease e and ……………… rain.

5.

Figure 1 below shows the waste product from a factory which affect the quality of the environment.

Figure 1 a) By referring to the Figure 1 above, state t he following, i)

Types of of wa waste pr products an and th their so sources. •

…………………………………………………………………………………

•

…………………………………………………………………………………

ii)

How ac acid ra rain is is fo formed an and its its effec fect. •

Formation of acid rain: ……………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………. •

Effects on environment:…………………………… environment:…………………………………………………….. ………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… iii) iii)

How How doe does s the the tox toxic ic waste waste affe affect ct the the envi enviro ronm nmen entt and and its its effe effect ct ………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………..











B : AMMONIA Learning Outcomes You should be able to: list uses of ammonia state the properties of ammonia explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia design an activity to prepare ammonium fertilizer. • • • •

Activity 2 : AMMONIA

1.

Ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process by combining combining ………………… gas and …………………………….gas.

2.

(i). The reaction can be represented by the chemical equation ……………………………………………………………………………

(ii)

State the condition necessary to produce ammonia. Catalyst

: (a) ………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …

Temperature : (b) …………………………………………………… Pressure

: (c)……………………………………………… (c)…………………………………………………… ……

Ratio N2 :H2 : (d) …………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………

3. The following statements refer to the uses of ammonia. Fill in the blank with the correct words. (a) To manufacture …………………………… ……………………………….. ….. such as ammonium ammonium sulphate and and ammonium nitrate. The chemical equation for producing ammonium sulphate is given by ……………………………………………………………………… (b) Ammonia is used as raw material material to produce …………………………. …………………………. in the Ostwald Process. (c) Ammonia is also used as an alkali alkali to prevent the ………………………………of ………………………………of latex.

4. Listed below are three properties of ammonia. Fill in the blank according to the aspect given. (a) Colour: Ammonia is a……………………………….. a……………………………….. gas. (b) Solubility: Ammonia is very……………………………in water. (a) Smell Smell : Ammonia Ammonia has a ………

………… smell smell











Neutralisation reactions

Alkali

Aqueous

+

ammonia Aqueous

+

ammonia Aqueous

+

ammonia

Name of ammonium salt (fertiliser) Acid

Phosphoric

Ammonium phosphate

acid

Formula:………………………………..

Nitric

Ammonium nitrate

acid

Formula:………………………………..

Sulphuric acid

Ammonium sulphate (c )

Formula:…… :……………………………….

(i)

Write Write the formul formulae ae for the three three ammoni ammonium um salts salts in the above above table. table.

(ii) (ii)

Calcu Calculat late e the the perce percenta ntage ge of of nitro nitroge gen n found found in each each of the the ammo ammoniu nium m fertilisers. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; P = 31; S = 32]

(iii)

From the calculations in (b)(ii), deduce the type of ammonium compound that is most suitable for use as a nitrogenous fertiliser. Give reasons for











………………………………………………………………………………… Activity 3 Complete the chart below. Manufacture of ammonia: Haber Process

(a)

Equation: …………………………………… Raw material:......................... material:..................................... ................... ....... ...... Temperature: ………………………………………………. Pressure: ……………………………………………… Catalyst:

Uses of ammonia: (b)

Properties of ammonia: (c )

………………………… …………………………

…………………………………

………………………… …………………………

…………………………………

Test for ammonia: (d) ………………………… …………………………

…………………………………

………………………… …………………………

…………………………………

…………………………

Product formed from the reaction of ammonia, (e) with acids: …………………………………………………………………………

C : ALLOY

with metal ions: …………………………………………………………………………………

Learning Outcomes You should be able to:










• •


relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness relate properties of alloys to their uses.

Activity 4: ALLOY

1.

What is alloy? Alloy is a ............................. ............................. ............................... .........................

Figure 2 2.

A pure metals contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and orderly manner. Pure metal are ……………………………….. and ……………….…………… because …………………………………………………….… when external force is applied on them.

3.

In an alloy, the t he foreign metal atoms ………………………..arrangement ………………………..arrangement of metal atoms and the layers of metal atoms are prevented from …………...over each other easily.

4.

Complete the sequences by drawing the arrangement of atoms in the box below.

+

Pure metal 5.

Another pure metal

alloy

Three aims of alloying a pure metal are : a. to increase the …………………………. and ……………………….. of metal. b. to prevent ……………………………… or rusting. c. to improve the …………………………. of metal surface.

6.

Examples of alloy. (Complete the table below)













(i)

99% Iron

……………………

1% (ii)………….. (ii)…………..

(iii)

97% (iv)………… (iv)…………

………………

3% lead and antimony

90% (v)………… Bronze

Hard

Bridges, vehicles, heavy machinery framework

Hard and shiny

Decorative ornaments, souvenirs

Hard and shiny

10% tin

Decorative ornaments , art crafts

Brass

70% Copper

Hard and shiny

30% (vi)…………

Decorative ornaments, musical instrument

Magnalium

70% Aluminium 30% (vii)…………

Hard and light

(viii)……………… ……………………











Activity 5: POLYMERS Fill in the blanks below.

1.

Polymers are ………………

…………………... made up of many smaller and

identical separating unit called ………………………… …………………………………….. ………….. 2.

………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …… is the the pro proce cess ss by whic which h the the mono monome mers rs are are joined together to form a big molecule known as the polymer.

3.

Give at least two examples of:naturally occurring polymers and at least two examples of synthetic polymers.

Naturally occurring polymers

Synthetic polymers










4.


Match the synthetic polymers with their respective monomer

Monomer

Synthetic Polymer

Polyethylene

Phenylethene

Polypropylene

Chloroethene

Polyvinylchloride

Ethene

Polystyrene

Propene

Perspex

Tetrafluoroethene

Teflon

Methylmethacrylate

6. Comp Comple lete te the the tabl table. e.

Synthetic Polymer Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polyvinylchloride

Polystyrene

Uses











E : GLASS AND CERAMICS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: list uses of glass list uses of ceramics list types of glass and their properties state properties of ceramics. • • • •

Activity 6: GLASS AND CERAMIC Fill in the blanks below .

1.

Main composition of glass is ……………………………… ………………………………,, SiO2.

2.

Complete the table below. Type of glass

(a)

Chemical composition

Silica 99% Boron oxide 1%

……………………….

(b)

……………………….

Silica 70% Sodium oxide 15% Calcium oxide 10% Others 5%

Properties Very high softening point (1700 oC). Transparent to ultra violet and infra red light. Difficult to be made into different shapes. Does not crack with sudden temperature change. Very resistant to chemical attack. Low softening point (700oC). Breaks easily. Cracks easily with sudden temperature changes. Less resistant to chemical attack. Easy to make into different shapes.

Examples of uses Mirrors, Lenses, Laboratory glass wares.

Bottles, Window, Light bulb, Bowl










………………………..


oxide 10% Sodium oxide 3% Alimunium oxide 2%

shiny.

wares, Lens, Prisms Chandeliers

3. ……………………………are made from clay that is dried and then baked in a kiln at high temperatures. 4. The main main constituent constituent of clay is is ……………………………………… ……………………………………………….. ……….. …. (aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide). ……………………...consists of hydrated aluminosilicate aluminosilicate crystals. 5 …………………... ……………………...consists (High quality white clay) 6.

Complete the table. Composition

Properties

Examples of uses Construction materials,

Aluminosilicate

(i)……………………………………….

Tableware,

(aluminium (aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide)

(ii)……………………………………….

Insulators in electric equipments,

(iii)………………………………………. (iv)………………………………………. (v)………………………………………..

Refractories. Flowerpots













Activity 7 1.

Comp Compar are e and and cont contra rast st betw betwee een n gla glass ss and and cera cerami mic. c.

Glass

Main components: (a) ………………………………………. .

Ceramic

Main components: (b) ……………………………………………... ……………………………………………..

4 types of glass: (c)

4 examples of ceramics: (e)

……………………………………….

……………………………………………..

……………………………………….

……………………………………………...

………………………………………

……………………………………………..

………………………………………

……………………………………………..

Improved Glass: (d)

Improved Ceramics: (f)

………………………......................

……………………………………………..











Learning Outcomes You should be able to: describe needs to produce new materials for specific purposes state the meaning of composite materials list examples of composite materials and their components compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original • components. • • •

Activity 8: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.

Composite material is a structural material that is formed by ………….........…….. …………or ....................... different substances substances such as metal, alloys, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.

2.

Give three examples examples of composite composite materials. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

State the purpose of creating composite composite materials. materials. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….










Example


Composition

Properties

(i) Reinforced concrete

Uses (ii)

…………………...

Strong but brittle,

…………………..

…………………...

Weak in tension

…………………..

……………………

…………………..

(iii) …………………..

(iv) Conducting electricity

……………………

Superconductors …………………..

……………………

…………………..

……………………

(v)

Fibre optic

…………………..

Low material costs,

…………………..

High transmission capacity, chemical stability,

…………………..

Transmit data, voice and image in a digital format.

Less susceptible to interference. (vi)

(vii)











1. (a) Bronze is an alloy of copper. (i) Name the element that is added to copper to form bronze. …………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark] (ii) Explain why bronze is harder than pure copper. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..[2 marks] (iii) Draw and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and bronze.

Pure copper

Bronze

(b) Synthetic polymers polymers are widely used used in our daily daily lives. (i) Complete the table with the correct monomers. Polymer Polyvinylchloride Polyethene

Monomer

[2 marks]











450oC-500 oC

Heat

Fertilizer Z

Substance Y

Sulphuric acid

Concentrated H2SO4

Oleum

Figure 3 Based on Figure 3, answer the following questions. (a) Name the the process process of manufacturi manufacturing ng sulphuri sulphuric c acid. ………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark] (b) Name Name the the substa substance nce X. …………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark] (c) (c)

Subs Substa tanc nce e X cou could ld rea react ct dir direc ectl tly y with with wat water er to to form form sul sulph phur uric ic aci acid. d. Explain why this step is not carried out in the industrial process.

………………………………………………………………………………………………













………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1 mark )

3

A student conducts an experiment to study the hardness of two metallic plates, R and S. He drops a steel ball on R a few times t imes and each time, the diameter of the dent is measured. He repeats the same procedure on the S plate. The reading of the diameter of the dents made on each metallic plates are as follows, Diameter of dent made (mm) Plate

I

II

III

R

2.4

2.3

2.3

S

3.1

3.2

3.2

Average size

9 Manufactured Substances in Industry

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