4to Laboratorio Equilibrio de Soluciones

CURSO : LABOR ATORIO S TECUARTO MA LABORA :

FISICO - QUIMICA EQUILIBR SOLUCION L-aEQUILIBRIO boratIOorDEioSOLUCIONES Nº 4 ES -

2014

A “EQUILIBRIO DE SOLUCIONES” L S PROF PR OFES ESOR OR : In! In ! Art rt"r "ro o Lo Loba bato to F# F#or or$% $% E E SECCION : “R” N : QUIRO& 'IRON CRISTIAN ALUMNO D ()*(*()+F O I O “UNI,ERSIDAD NACIONAL DE IN'ENIERIA” I C R U B I L L O I S U Q

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA MINERA Y METALURGICA

CUARTO LABORA LABOR ATORIO

- EQUILIBRIO EQUILIBR IO DE SOLUCIONES SOLUCION ES -


CUARTO LABORATORIO

- EQUILIBRIO DE SOLUCIONES -

EQUILIBRIO DE LAS SOLUCIONES “METODO COLORIMETRICO”

OBJETIVO

CURSO : FISICO - QUIMICA a/arato $ .$i0i1n $ int$n%ia TEMA⋅ Ai$%tra.i$nto: $n #$ b"$n "%o $# Lab!a"!# N$ % $ "na %"%tan0ia $%t"iaa2 0o#or3.$tro! “EQUILIBRIO DE SOLUCIONES”  an5#i%i% 0"a#itati6o 0"antitati6o $ %"%tan0ia /or ⋅ D$t$r.ina0i1n .7too 0a#ori.7tri0o ba%ao $n #a /ro/i$a 8"$ /o%$$n toa% #a%

&ROFESOR : I'() A!"*! Lba" F+!, %"%tan0ia% $ ab%orb$r #a $.i%i1n $ #a #"9! SECCION : “R” ALUMNO : QUIRO. GIRON CRISTIAN 2012120/F


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FUNDAMENTO TERICO E# .7too 0o#ori.7tri0o $% "n .7too ba%ao $n #a /ro/i$a 8"$ ti$n$ too% #o% 0"$r/o% $ ab%orb$r #a raia0i1n %o#ar /ara #a 0"a# /r$6ia.$nt$ $# a#".no $b$ r$6i%ar a#"no% 0on0$/to%! Una %"%tan0ia $n %o#"0i1n ab%orb$ 0i$rta 0antia $ $n$r3a $ #a raia0i1n $#$0tro.an7ti0a2 $%ta 6ar3a ir$0ta.$nt$ /ro/or0iona# a #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia 0"ano $%ta ab%or0i1n $% $n #a r$i1n 6i%ib#$ $# $%/$0tro2 $# an5#i%i% %$ $no.ina 0o#or3.$tro $bio $%ta ab%or0i1n /o$.o% %ab$r 8"$ tan 0on0$ntraa $% "n %o#"0i1n /or .$io $ %" 0o#ora0i1n /or %"/"$%to 0on #a a"a $ "n $%/$0tr1.$tro!


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Ra#a#3' ,+,"!a('5"#a: E% "na ;or.a $ $n$r3a 8"$ %$ tran%.it$ /or $# $%/a0io a 6$#o0ia ." a#ta /or .$io $ ona% %in"%oia#$%!

E6,"! ,+,"!a('5"#: E% $# 0on<"nto $ i%tinto% ti/o% $ raia0i1n $#$0tro.an7ti0a 8"$ abar0an #a% i%tinta% #onit"$% $ ona!

L*7 8##b+,: Una /art$ $ $# $%/$0tro $#$0tro.an7ti0o 0"a% #onit"$% $ ona% /"$$n %$r /$r0ibia% /or #a 6i%ta =".ana! Ta.bi7n $% 0ono0ia 0o.o #"9 b#an0a!

ABSORCIN DE LA LU. 9LEY DE BEER: Con%i7r$%$ "n =a9 $ #"9 .ono0ro.5ti0a 8"$ /a%a a tra67% $ "na /#a0a $ "n ab%orb$nt$ $ $%/$%or dx ! S$a I #a int$n%ia $# =a9 in0i$nt$ $ I + dI 2 #a int$n%ia $# =a9 $.$r$nt$! La int$n%ia $# =a9 $% $# n>.$ro $ 0"anto% $ #"9 8"$ atra6i$%an "n /#ano /$r/$ni0"#ar a #a ir$00i1n $# =a9 $ ar$a "nia $n #a "nia $ ti$./o! S$a $%t$ n>.$ro I ! Enton0$%2 − dI $% $# n>.$ro $ 0"anto% ab%orbio% $n #a i%tan0ia dx ! La /robabi#ia $ ab%or0i1n $n #a i%tan0ia dx

− dI

I  %i #a /#a0a $% $#aa2 #a /robabi#ia $ ab%or0i1n $% /ro/or0iona# $% a# $%/$%or $ #a /#a0a  a# n>.$ro $ .o#70"#a% 8"$ ab%orb$n $n #a /#a0a2 $%to $%2 a #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a $%/$0i$ ab%orb$nt$! T$n$.o%:

− dI = k ~c dx I

!!!!!!!?*@

Don$  $% #a 0on%tant$ $ /ro/or0iona#ia2 dx $% $# $%/$%or $ #a /#a0a!

~ c

$% #a 0on0$ntra0i1n

( mol

m

3

@2 

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− dI = (k 1c~1 + k 2 c~2 + ........)dx I

!!!!!!!?(@

La% 0on%tant$% k 1 , k 2 ,...., %on 0ara0t$r3%ti0a% $ #a% %"%tan0ia% $n 0"$%ti1n! Para 0"a#8"i$r %"%tan0ia2 $# 6a#or $  $/$n$ $ #a #onit" $ ona! Si #a %"%tan0ia $% tran%/ar$nt$ a "na #onit" $ ona $t$r.inaa2 /a%ara toa #a #"9  k = 0 ! Si a "na #onit" $ ona $t$r.inaa toa% #a% %"%tan0ia% %on tran%/ar$nt$% $0$/to "na2 $nton0$% #a $0"a0i1n ?(@ %$ r$"0$ a #a $0"a0i1n ?*@! La int$ra0i1n $ #a $0"a0i1n ?*@ a


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I

dI

∫

I

I 0

l

= −k c~ ∫ dx 0

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 I  ~   = − k c l I  0  o bi$n I = I e

ln 

−

~l k c

!!!!!!!?@

0

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I

I

~

E ~ c l

= I 010 −

!!!!!!!?4@

~

~

La 0on%tant$2 E 2 $% $# 0o$;i0i$nt$ $ ab%or0i1n .o#ar $ #a %"%tan0ia E %$ $no.ina ta.bi7n 0o$;i0i$nt$ $ $tin0i1n! La tran%.itan0ia2 T 2 %$ $;in$ /or: T

=

I I 0

!!!!!!!?@

 #a ab%orban0ia2 A2 %$ $;in$ /or A

= − log 10 T o bi$n

T

=

10

−

A

!!!!!!!?@

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Co.o

~ c

$%ta $n

mol / m

3

=

~~ E c l !!!!!!!?G@

2 # #o $%ta $n .$tro%  A $b$ %$r "n n".$ro /"ro2 ~

m

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A %" 6$92 “b” $% $# 0a.ino 1/ti0o o an0=o $ 0$#a  “”2 #a “ absortividad ” $# .$io2 "na 0on%tant$ $ /ro/or0iona#ia! E# T7r.ino “ - Ln T ” , ',  +a “Ab!ba'#a” = a<>

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0on0$ntra0i1n $ "na %$ri$ $ /atron$%2 /"$$ 0on0$ntrar%$ /or 0o./ara0i1n ir$0ta $ #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ "na ."$%tra /rob#$.a trataa $n #a .i%.a ;or.a 8"$ #o% /atron$%! Para $n0ontrar #a% 0on0$ntra0ion$% $ “ n “ 0o./on$nt$% 8"$ ab%orb$n $n "na .$90#a2 $% %";i0i$nt$ $n /rin0i/io =a0$r "na %$ri$ $ .oi;i0a0ion$% $ ab%orban0ia $ “ n” i;$r$nt$% #onit"$% $ ona!

USO DEL ES&ECTROFOTOMETRO ULTRAVIOLETA ? VISIBLE *! Para 0aa .$i0i1n %$ $b$ 0a#ibrar $# $%/$0tro;o.$tro a# *))J "%ano "na %o#"0i1n in0o#ora ?a"a $%ti#aa@2 $bio a 8"$ #a .a8"ina $% ." %$n%ib#$ a #a% 6aria0ion$% $ /r$%i1n  t$./$rat"ra! (! E# %$#$0tor $ #onit" $ ona 0o.o %" .i%.o no.br$ #o i0$ /$r.it$ %$#$00ionar #a #onit" $ ona $n $%t$ $/$ri.$nto! ! La $%0a#a 8"$ %$ 6$ no% ."$%tra $# /or0$nta<$ $ tran%.itan0ia $ #a ."$%tra! 4! En $# 0o./orta.i$nto $ #a 0$#a %$ intro"0$ #a ."$%tra a ana#i9ar!

USO DEL ES&ECTROMETRO

&ROCEDIMIENTO &ARTE E&ERIMENTAL A! Pr$/ara0i1n $ #a %o#"0i1n $%t5nar ⋅ P$%ar $a0ta.$nt$ * $ C" $#$0tro#3ti0o ⋅


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&ESAJE

⋅ Di%o#6$r#o 0on HNO3 ⋅ AKair ( 1  ota $ NH 4 OH ⋅ ,$rt$r #a %o#"0i1n $n "n ;io#a $ *))).L  $nra%ar#o 0on a"a $%ti#aa ⋅

ME.CLA OMOGENEA

⋅

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MUESTRAS EN SU RES&ECTIVO ORDEN

C final

9(?L

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(!  * ((! ) 4)

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C sol patron

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TABLA OBTENIDA DE TOMA DE DATOS E&ERIMENTALES

L"$o $ obt$n$r toa% #a% 0on0$ntra0ion$% /$ia% /ro0$$.o% a 0a#0"#ar $# /or0$nta<$ $ tran%.itan0ia $ 0aa ."$%tra!


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LIM&IAR IM&URE.AS

ESTANDARI.ACION


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CALIBRACION

TOMA DE DATOS


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CORRECTA &OSICION9SIN &ERTURBAR MESA DE TRABAJO

N MUESTR A * (  4  

CONCENTRACIN TRANSMITANCIA TRANSMITANCIA ABSORBANCIA 9(?+ ) *)) )) 4) )) /00

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200000 150000 100000 50000 0 0

200 400 600 800

TRANSMITANCIA


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GRAFICA OBTENIDA DEL E&ERIMENTO

CUESTIONARIO 1) D,!#b, ,' ;!a bH#a +a 6a!", , *' ;"3,"! = 3 ;*'#'a) E# ;ot1.$tro $% "n in%tr".$nto /ara .$ir #a #"9 $i%t$nt$ $n "na $%0$na  8"$ %$ "ti#i9a /ara 0a#0"#ar #a $/o%i0i1n 0orr$0ta $ 7%ta! Toa% #a% 05.ara% i%/on$n $ "n ;ot1.$tro int$rno 8"$ .i$ #a #"9 r$;#$
D$ #"9 in0i$nt$: Mi$ #a #"9 8"$ in0i$ %obr$ $# ;ot1.$tro! a0i$no "n r$trato 0on $%t$ .7too /onr3a.o% $# ;ot1.$tro a# #ao $ #a 0ara $# %"<$to  a/"ntar3a.o% =a0ia $# #ao o/"$%to /ara .$ir #a #"9 8"$ in0i$ $n %" 0ara!


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A&LICACION

FOTOMETRO

En $# .$r0ao /o$.o% $n0ontrar ;ot1.$tro% /ro;$%iona#$% 8"$ 0o.binan #o% o% ti/o% $ .$i0i1n2 a%3 0o.o ;ot1.$tro% 8"$ "ti#i9an "no $ #o% o% .7too%!


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2) U'a +*#3'  *, '"#,', 1>4)10-4 M "#,', *'a "!a'#"a'#a , 0>0/K4 *a' , #, ,' *'a ,+a , 2) Q*, ','"!a#3' ,  6,!#"#!H ",',! *'a "!a'#"a'#a % 8,, a=! # , *"#+#7a *'a ,+a , 1 I'##a+,'",: C H *24*)-4

A H - #oT H - #o?)2)+G4@

T H )2)+G4

A H *2)+4++

A H EBC

*2)+4++ H E?(0.@?*24*)-4@ E H 4244 ?*0.!M@

F#'a+,'",: C H  T H ?)2)+G4@

AH - #oTH - #o?)2(((@ AH )2+*G

R$$./#a9ano: AH EBC )2+*G H 4244 ?*0.!M@ ?*0.@ C

C@ 1>10-4 M %) T!a", b!, +a #6!"a'#a , +a +*#', +!,aa 6a!a *' *<# a'a+<"#) E# an5#i%i% $%/$0tro8"3.i0o /or $.i%i1n $% $# .7too in%tr".$nta# $ an5#i%i% .a% anti"o% /or $%o a %io ." $%t"iao  #o% .o$rno% $%/$0tr1.$tro% r$0o$n toa #a $/$ri$n0ia $ ."0=o% aKo% $ a6an0$ t$0no#1i0o $n 7%t$ 0a./o! D$ a8"3 8"$ %" 5r$a $ a/#i0a0i1n %$a tan $traorinaria.$nt$ a./#ia 8"$ abar0a $%$ an5#i%i% 0"a#itati6o  0"antitati6o $ .in$ra#$%  $ ro0a%2 a# $ /ro"0to% .$t5#i0o%  %i$r>ri0o%2 a#$a0ion$% $ too ti/o  /ro"0to% 0o.$r0ia#$% i6$r%o%!


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La $%/$0trora;3a $ $.i%i1n a6$nta .$ro $ $#$0tron$% 8"$ $ ion$% /o%iti6o%2 $% 0on"0tor $ #a $#$0tri0ia  %$n%ib#$ a "n 0a./o .an7ti0o! C"ano %$ $n$ra "n /#a%.a %$ #ib$ra "na ran 0antia $ $n$r3a 8"$ a #"ar a t$./$rat"ra% ." a#ta%! A%3 0on ar1n /"ro $n $%tao $ /#a%.a %$ =a a#0an9ao t$./$rat"ra% =a%ta $ *!)))! A $%ta% t$./$rat"ra% tan $#$6aa% %$ $0itan ."0=o% $#$.$nto%2 in0#"%o a8"$##o% 8"$ /or #o% .7too% 0on6$n0iona#$% $ $0ita0i1n ?##a.a2 ar0o o 0=i%/a@ no oriinan #3n$a% $%/$0tra#$% /or $<$./#o 0on #o% 0o./"$%to% $ niobio2 tanta#o  titanio o bi$n otro%2 0o.o 0i$rto% 0o./"$%to% $ ;1%;oro o $ boro i;30i#.$nt$ $0itab#$%!

4) D,;#'a + #(*#,'", "5!#': T!a#"a'#a La tran%.itan0ia o tran%.it$n0ia $% "na .anit" 8"$ $/r$%a #a 0antia $ $n$r3a 8"$ atra6i$%a "n 0"$r/o!

⋅

T!a'#"a'#a 6"#a La tran%.itan0ia 1/ti0a 8"$ %$ $;in$ 0o.o #a ;ra00i1n $ #"9 in0i$nt$2 a "na #onit" $ ona $%/$0i;i0aa2 8"$ /a%a a tra67% $ "na ."$%tra! S" $/r$%i1n .at$.5ti0a $%:on$ I ) $% #a int$n%ia $# rao in0i$nt$ $ I $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 8"$ 6i$n$ $ #a ."$%tra!


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I T = I 0

La tran%.itan0ia $ "na ."$%tra $%t5 nor.a#.$nt$ aa $n /or0$nta<$2 $;inia 0o.o: T =

I .100 I 0

Ab!ba'#a En $%/$0tro%0o/3a2 #a ab%orban0ia o ab%orb$n0ia $;inia 0o.o I A λ=− log ( )

? @

%$ I 0

Don$ $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 0on "na #onit" $ ona $%/$03;i0a λ  8"$ $% /a%aa /or "na ."$%tra ?int$n%ia $ #a #"9 tran%.itia@  I 0 $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 ant$% 8"$ $ntr$ a #a ."$%tra ?int$n%ia $ #a #"9 in0i$nt$@ La% .$ia% $ ab%orban0ia %on ;r$0"$nt$.$nt$ "%aa% $n 8"3.i0a ana#3ti0a2 a 8"$ #a ab%orban0ia $% /ro/or0iona# a# ro%or $ "na ."$%tra  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia $n 7%ta2 $n I

0ontra%t$ a #a tran%.itan0ia I 2 #a 0"a# 6ar3a $/on$n0ia#.$nt$ 0 0on $# ro%or  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n!

Ab!"#8#a E% "na 0on%tant$ $ /ro/or0iona#ia 8"$ $/$n$ $ #a #onit" $ ona $ #a #"92 $# %o#6$nt$  #a t$./$rat"ra!

Ab!"#8#a M+a! E% $# 6a#or $ #a ab%orban0ia /or 0aa .o# $ %"%tan0ia!

) Q*5 6!#'#6# (,',!a+ "!a"a +a +,= , B,,! La #$ $ B$$r 8"$a $ $%ta .an$ra: A H  b 0 La #$ $ B$$r no %$ 0"./#$ /ara toa% #a% 0on0$ntra0ion$% a 8"$ #a ab%orti6ia %$ $t$r.ina $/$ri.$nta#.$nt$! E# r$0orrio b %"$#$ %$r $ "n 0$nt3.$tro!


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La #onit" $ ona 0on #a 8"$ %$ 6a a traba
¿ ε 1 . b . c 1 + ε 2 . b . c 2+ ε 3 . b . c 3 + … + ε n . b . c n

La.b$rt-B$$r! E%ta #$ ta.bi7n %$ /"$$ a/#i0ar a .$90#a%2 0on #a i;$r$n0ia 8"$ %$ %".an #a% ab%orban0ia /ar0ia#$% $ 0aa .$90#a2 traba
L##"a#', , +a A6+#ab#+#a , +, +,= , B,,! Ei%t$n #i.ita0ion$% $ntr$ #a r$#a0i1n #in$a# $ntr$ #a ab%orban0ia  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n! E%ta r$#a0i1n $% #in$a# %i %$ traba
L,= , B,,!-Lab,!" La #$ $ B$$r %$ 6$ri;i0a ." bi$n %i C $% .$nor o i"a# 8"$ )!)* M! Fa##a $n %o#"0ion$% 0on 0on0$ntra0ion$% .5% a#ta%2  #a r5;i0a $ ab%orban0ia $n ;"n0i1n $ #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $

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C"ano $.$r$ /o0a #"9 $ #a ."$%tra ?ab%orban0ia a#ta@2 #a int$n%ia $% i;30i# $ .$ir! C"ano $.$r$ ."0=a #"9 $ #a ."$%tra ?ab%orban0ia bani0o a tra67% $ "na %o#a ."$%tra! E##o 0a"%a in$a0tit"2 /or8"$ tanto #a int$n%ia $ #a ;"$nt$ 0o.o #a r$%/"$%ta $# $t$0tor ;#"0t>an $n $# tran%0"r%o $# ti$./o! Si =a "n 0a.bio $n a#"na $ $##a% $ntr$ #a .$i0i1n $ "na 0"b$ta  otra2 #a ab%orban0ia a/ar$nt$ t$nr5 $rror! Un in%tr".$nto $ =a9 %i./#$ $% /o0o a/ro/iao /ara .$i0ion$% 0ontin"a% $ ab%orban0ia!

E*a#',: Diara.a $ #a ab%or0i1n $ "n =a9 $ #"9 atra6$%ano "na 0"b$ta $ ta.aKo #! E%to %$ /"$$ $/r$%ar $ i%tinta% .an$ra%: A = α . l . c

I 1 I 0 A

=e−α . l . c

()

I I 0 4 πk α = λ

=−

log


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IMAGEN ILUSTRATIVA


D1n$:

A: $% #a ab%orban0ia ?o ab%orb$n0ia@ I0: $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 in0i$nt$ I1: $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 "na 6$9 =a atra6$%ao $# .$io + : $% #a i%tan0ia 8"$ #a #"9 atra6i$%a /or $# 0"$r/o  : $% #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ %"%tan0ia ab%orb$nt$ $n $# .$io  : $% $# 0o$;i0i$nt$ $ ab%or0i1n o #a ab%orb$n0ia .o#ar $ #a %"%tan0ia  : $% #a #onit" $ ona $# =a9 $ #"9  : $% $# 0o$;i0i$nt$ $ $tin0i1n En r$%".$n2 #a #$ $/#i0a 8"$ =a "na r$#a0i1n $/on$n0ia# $ntr$ #a tran%.i%i1n $ #"9 a tra67% $ "na %"%tan0ia  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia2 a%3 0o.o ta.bi7n $ntr$ #a tran%.i%i1n  #a #onit" $# 0"$r/o 8"$ #a #"9 atra6i$%a! Si 0ono0$.o% #  2 #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia /"$$ %$r $"0ia a /artir $ #a 0antia $ #"9 tran%.itia! La% "nia$% $ 0   $/$n$n $# .oo $n 8"$ %$ $/r$%$ #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia ab%orb$nt$! Si #a %"%tan0ia $% #38"ia2 %$ %"$#$ $/r$%ar 0o.o "na ;ra00i1n .o#ar! La% "nia$% $  %on #a in6$r%a $ #a #onit" ?/or $<$./#o 0.!-*@! En $# 0a%o $ #o% a%$%2 0 /"$$ %$r $/r$%aa 0o.o $n%ia ?#a #onit" a# 0"bo2 /or $<$./#o 0.!-@2 $n 0"o 0a%o  $% "na %$00i1n r$/r$%$ntati6a $ #a ab%or0i1n  ti$n$ #a% "nia$% $n #onit" a# 0"arao ?0.(2 /or $<$./#o@! Si #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ 0 $%t5 $/r$%aa $n .o#$% /or 6o#".$n2  $% #a ab%orb$n0ia .o#ar nor.a#.$nt$ aa $n .o# 0.!-(! E# 6a#or $# 0o$;i0i$nt$ $ ab%or0i1n  6ar3a %$>n #o% .at$ria#$% ab%orb$nt$%  0on #a #onit" $ ona /ara 0aa .at$ria# $n /arti0"#ar! S$ %"$#$ $t$r.inar $/$ri.$nta#.$nt$! La #$ ti$n$ a no %$r 65#ia /ara 0on0$ntra0ion$% ." $#$6aa%2 $%/$0ia#.$nt$ %i $# .at$ria# i%/$r%a ."0=o #a #"9! La r$#a0i1n $ #a #$ $ntr$ 0on0$ntra0i1n  ab%or0i1n $ #"9 $%t5 ba%aa $n $# "%o $ $%/$0tro%0o/ia /ara i$nti;i0ar %"%tan0ia%!

TRANSMITANCIA La tran%.itan0ia o tran%.it$n0ia $% "na .anit" 8"$ $/r$%a #a 0antia $ $n$r3a 8"$ atra6i$%a "n 0"$r/o!

TRANSMITANCIA &TICA La tran%.itan0ia 1/ti0a 8"$ %$ $;in$ 0o.o #a ;ra00i1n $ #"9 in0i$nt$2 a "na #onit" $ ona $%/$0i;i0aa2 8"$ /a%a a tra67% $ "na . "$%tra! S" $/r$%i1n .at$.5ti0a $%: I T = I 0

Don$ I) $% #a int$n%ia $# rao in0i$nt$ $ I $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 8"$ 6i$n$ $ #a ."$%tra! La tran%.itan0ia $ "na ."$%tra $%t5 nor.a#.$nt$ aa $n /or0$nta<$2 $;inia 0o.o:

T =

I .100 I 0

La tran%.itan0ia %$ r$#a0iona 0on #a ab%orban0ia ?o ab%orb$n0ia@ A 0o.o: I A =−log 10 T =−log 10 ( ) I 0

V A

=

2 log 10 T −

Don$ TJ $% $# /or0$nta<$ $ tran%.itan0ia  T $% tran%.itan0ia $n Wtanto /or "noW! N1t$%$ 8"$ $# t7r.ino tran%.i%i1n %$ r$;i$r$ a# /ro0$%o ;3%i0o $ #a #"9 /a%ano /or "na ."$%tra2 .i$ntra% 8"$ tran%.itan0ia %$ r$;i$r$ a "na 0antia MATEMXTICA!

ABSORBANCIA En $%/$0tro%0o/ia2 #a ab%orban0ia o ab%orb$n0ia ? @ $% $;inia 0o.o A λ=− log (

I I 0

)

Don$ $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 0on "na #onit" $ ona $%/$03;i0a  8"$ $% /a%aa /or "na ."$%tra ?int$n%ia $ #a #"9 tran%.itia@  $% #a int$n%ia $ #a #"9 ant$% 8"$ $ntr$ a #a ."$%tra ?int$n%ia $ #a #"9 in0i$nt$@

La% .$ia% $ ab%orban0ia %on ;r$0"$nt$.$nt$ "%aa% $n 8"3.i0a ana#3ti0a2 a 8"$ #a ab%orban0ia $% /ro/or0iona# a# ro%or $ "na ."$%tra  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n $ #a %"%tan0ia $n 7%ta2 $n 0ontra%t$ a #a tran%.itan0ia I  I)2 #a 0"a# 6ar3a $/on$n0ia#.$nt$ 0on $# ro%or  #a 0on0$ntra0i1n!

) E' *a'" a+ ,*#6 *a *, '"!+, ' + H *a: Lo% 0ontro#$% .5% i./ortant$% $# $8"i/o %on:  Ca#ibraor $ #a #$0t"ra $ tran%.itan0ia  Ca#ibraor $ #a #onit" $ ona?()n.@ $# rao in0i$nt$

CALIBRADOR

ANEOS A&LICACIN A LA ES&ECIALIDAD

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-

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E# .7too $# Co#or3.$tro $% "%ao /or #o% .$ta#"ri%ta% /ara $# an5#i%i% $ ."$%tra% $ %"%tan0ia%  $8"i#ibrio $ %o#"0ion$%! En #a% .ina% $% "%ao /ara $# r$0ono0i.i$nto $ a$nt$% 0onta.inant$% /or $<$./#o #a% a"a% 0onta.inaa%  r$#a6$% /or .$io $ %" #onit" $ ona! Po$.o% "%ar#o $n $# 0a./o $ #a .in$ra#o3a /ara $# r$0ono0i.i$nto $ .in$ra#$%! E%/$0trora;3a a..a %"/$r;i0ia#2 $n /$r;ora0ion$%  n>0#$o%: /or .$io $ #o% r$i%tro $ raia0ti6ia $n /$r;ora0ion$%  ."$%tra% $ n>0#$o%  #o% ri/io% a"an a #o% $1#oo% a /r$$0ir on$ o0"rr$n $%trato% 0ont$n$or$% $ /$tr1#$o $ i$nti;i0ar %$0"$n0ia% #ito#1i0a%! Lo% r$i%tro% $ raia0ti6ia ini0an $# ti/o $ ro0a  #38"io% 0ont$nio% $n $##a%! E%to% ato% %$ 0orr$#a0ionan 0on otra% in;or.a0ion$% /ara a".$ntar #a% /robabi#ia$% $ $n0ontrar /$tr1#$o!

Entr$ otra% a/#i0a0ion$% t$n$.o%! -

L$6anta.i$nto% $o#1i0o%-.in$ro% r$iona#$%  $ $ta##$!

-

Pro%/$00i1n  $/#ora0i1n .in$ra?$%t"io% $o8"3.i0a%2 $o;3%i0o%2 $t0!@

-

E%t"io% .in$ra#1i0o%2 /$tror5;i0o%2 0a#0or5;i0o%  $ a#t$ra0i1n =irot$r.a#!

-

I$nti;i0a0i1n $ .in$ra#$% .$iant$ i;ra00i1n $ rao% Y  .i0ro%0o/ia $#$0tr1ni0a!

- An5#i%i% 8"3.i0o% ?$t$r.ina0i1n $ $#$.$nto% .aoritario%  tra9a $n

.in$ra#$%2 ro0a%2 a"a  %"$#o%@ /or $%/$0tro.$tr3a $ Ab%or0i1n At1.i0a! - Pro0$%a.i$nto iita# $ int$r/r$ta0i1n $ i.5$n$% %at$#ita#$%  ;otora;3a% a7r$a%!

CONCLUSIONES ⋅

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⋅

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⋅ ⋅

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En #a% .ina% $% "%ao /ara $# r$0ono0i.i$nto $ a$nt$% 0onta.inant$% /or $<$./#o #a% a"a% 0onta.inaa%  r$#a6$% /or .$io $ %" #onit" $ ona! Po$.o% "%ar#o $n $# 0a./o $ #a .in$ra#o3a /ara $# r$0ono0i.i$nto $ .in$ra#$%! E%/$0trora;3a a..a %"/$r;i0ia#2 $n /$r;ora0ion$%  n>0#$o%: /or .$io $ #o% r$i%tro $ raia0ti6ia $n /$r;ora0ion$%  ."$%tra% $ n>0#$o%  #o% ri/io% a"an a #o% $1#oo% a /r$$0ir on$ o0"rr$n $%trato% 0ont$n$or$% $ /$tr1#$o $ i$nti;i0ar %$0"$n0ia% #ito#1i0a%! Lo% r$i%tro% $ raia0ti6ia ini0an $# ti/o $ ro0a  #38"io% 0ont$nio% $n $##a%! E%to% ato% %$ 0orr$#a0ionan 0on otra% in;or.a0ion$% /ara a".$ntar #a% /robabi#ia$% $ $n0ontrar /$tr1#$o! Con0#"i.o% 8"$ #a ab%orban0ia $ "na %o#"0i1n $/$n$ #in$a#.$nt$ $ %" 0on0$ntra0i1n2 %i =a##a.o% i0=a r$#a0i1n2 /or$.o% =a##ar 0on0$ntra0ion$% $%0ono0ia% $ #a .i%.a %o#"0i1n! E# 0o#or $ "na %o#"0i1n $% $# 0o./#$.$nto $ #a #"9 8"$ ab%orb$! La #$ $ B$$r ta.bi7n %$ a/#i0a a %o#"0ion$% 8"$ 0ont$nan .5% $ "na 0#a%$ $ $%/$0i$ ab%orb$nt$ ?%"/oni7no%$ 8"$ no =a int$ra00i1n $ntr$ $##a%@! En $# 0o#or3.$tro #a %$Ka# $ #a 07#"#a ;oto6o#tai0a $% #in$a# r$%/$0to a #a /ot$n0ia $ raia0i1n 8"$ r$0ib$2 /or $n$ %$ .i$ "na r$#a0i1n 1%$a #a T $n J!

La ."$%tra .5% 0o#or$aa ?$ 0on0$ntra0i1n .5% a#ta@ /r$%$nta .aor A  .$nor T! ⋅ E# .7too $# Co#or3.$tro $% "%ao /or #o% .$ta#"ri%ta% /ara $# an5#i%i% $ ."$%tra% $ %"%tan0ia%  $8"i#ibrio $ %o#"0ion$%! ⋅

⋅

Entr$ otra% a/#i0a0ion$% t$n$.o%!

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L$6anta.i$nto% $o#1i0o%-.in$ro% r$iona#$%  $ $ta##$!

⋅

Pro%/$00i1n  $/#ora0i1n .in$ra?$%t"io% $o8"3.i0a%2 $o;3%i0o%2 $t0!@

⋅

E%t"io% .in$ra#1i0o%2 /$tror5;i0o%2 0a#0or5;i0o%  $ a#t$ra0i1n =irot$r.a#!

RECOMENDACIONES ⋅

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C"ano "%$.o% $# $%/$0tr1.$tro $ =a9 %i./#$2 $# 0ontro# $ *))J $ tran%.itan0ia $b$ r$a<"%tar%$ 0aa 6$9 8"$ %$ .oi;i0a #a #onit" $ ona $bio a #a r$%/"$%ta $# $t$0tor 8"$ /"$$ obt$n$r%$ a 0aa #onit" $ ona2 #a% #$0t"ra% /o%t$rior$% %$ $%0a#an a #a #$0t"ra $# *))J ! La $a0tit" $ #o% ato% $%/$0tro%01/i0o% $/$n$ %"%tan0ia#.$nt$ $# 0"iao 8"$ %$ t$na $# "%o  .ant$ni.i$nto $ #a% 0$#a% 2 #a% ="$##a%2 #a ra%a " otra% .an0=a% 8"$ /"$$n a;$0tar #o% 05#0"#o% o a;$0tar #a tran%.i%i1n $ "na 0$#a /or tanto $% i./r$%0inib#$ 8"$ #a% 0$#a% %$ #i./i$n /$r;$0ta.$nt$ ant$% 0o.o $%/"7% $ "%ar#a%!

BIBLIOGRAFIA

FISICO-QUIMICA! S$"na $i0i1n! 'i#b$rt Z! Ca%t$##an! Ai%on Z$%#$ Lon.an  FISICOQUIMICA L$6in$2M0 'a-i##  EIT[! LAIDER2 [ON ! MEISER! Fi%i0o8"3.i0a!  SIDNE ! A,NER! Intro"00i1n a #a .$ta#"ria ;3%i0a!  'ASTON PONS MU&&O! Fi%i0o8"3.i0a!  CASTELLAN! Fi%i0o8"3.i0a!

4to Laboratorio Equilibrio de Soluciones

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