12HA1 - Frequency of Skipping Breakfast and Body Mass Index Among UST-SHS Students.pdf

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL A.Y. 2017-2018

FREQUENCY OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST AND BODY MASS INDEX AMONG UST-SHS STUDENTS

MIKAELA TOMENIO AZUL JOHN CARLO HIPOLITO BABASA PATRICK UY GLORIA JAMAIKA MARIE VELASQUEZ LAPIRA PATRICIA DENICE BAUTISTA TORRES 12-HA-1

MAY 2018

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FREQUENCY OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST AND BODY B ODY MASS INDEX AMONG UST-SHS STUDENTS

A Research Paper

Presented to the Senior High School HEALTH ALLIED STRAND University of Santo Tomas Manila, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research 3

MIKAELA TOMENIO AZUL JOHN CARLO HIPOLITO BABASA PATRICK UY GLORIA JAMAIKA MARIE VELASQUEZ LAPIRA PATRICIA DENICE BAUTISTA TORRES 12-HA-1

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, all praises and thanks to Almighty God for His tremendous shower of blessings throughout the course of our research work. We would like to express our deepest and most sincere gratitude to our research adviser, Miss Judee Anne D. Enriquez, Professor of the University of Santo Tomas Senior High School Department, for providing us her great insights and expertise that greatly assisted our research. We are of great respect for her and we see it as a privilege to work under her guidance. Our utmost gratitude goes to the following people: To Mr. Jerry Manlapaz, Professor of the University of Santo Tomas Senior High School Department, who put direction to our s tudy and paved the way for us. To Mr. Aaron John Supan, our previous research adviser, for h is invaluable guidance during the initial phase of our work. To Associate Professor Pilar Romero, Principal of the Senior High School Department of the University of Santo Tomas, for her support and approval for us to conduct this research. Finally, our gratitude goes to all who have helped us complete our research.

To God be all the Glory!

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ABSTRACT

Breakfast is considered as a vital initial source of energy for the day because it gives essential nutrients to the body in order to keep it going throughout the different demands for the day. Its consumption is described to be related to a person’s Body Mass Index according to the findings of different nutrition and dietetic journals like the Aus tralian Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics where it was found that breakfast skipping can be linked to excess weight gain. This leads to the notion that skipping breakfast automatically makes a person have an increased BMI o r at risk of increasing it. From this, the researchers aim to find the relationship of skipping breakfast to the increase in the body mass index and if there are other underlying factors that can affect the BMI of a person. The study suggests the significance of eating breakfast and can be a general basis when assessing health. This study is limited to the students of the University of Santo Tomas and the information given by the anthropometric measurement used which is the Body Mass Index. The statistical treatments used by the researchers are Frequency and Ranking since it is the appropriate method in identifying mass amounts of responses. Based from the results obtained, it was concluded that skipping breakfast is not the o nly cause of the increase in the body mass index of a person; there are other factors like exercise frequency, frequency in the consumption of fast food and rice which can actually affect the BMI.

Keywords: body mass index, breakfast consumption, nutrition

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Ackn Ac kn ow ledgem led gement ent Abst Ab st ract rac t Table of Contents List of Tables and and Graphs

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Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Significance of the Study 1.4 Scope and Limitation 1.5 Definition of Terms

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Review Review of Related Related Literature Lit erature 2.1 Importance of Breakfast 2.2 Body Mass Index Reliability 2.3 Implications of Skipping Breakfast on Body Mass Index 2.4 Factors in Skipping Breakfast 2.5 Factors that may affect the BMI

6 7 8 9 10

Methodology 3.1 Sampling Size 3.2 Statistical Tools 3.3 Data Gathering Procedure 3.4 Frequency and Ranking Analysis

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4.0 4.0

Result Result s and Discussion

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5.0 5.0

Summary, Conclusio n, and Recommendation Recommendation

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References 27 Appen Ap pendi di ces Appendix I: Permission Letter Appendix II: Validation Paper Appendix III: Survey Questionnaire

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1.0

Total Count of Breakfast Skippers and Eaters

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Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

Total Population per Body Mass Index Range BMI Range of Males BMI Range of Males (skippers) BMI Range of Males (eaters) BMI Range of Females BMI Range of Females (skippers) BMI Range of Females (eaters)

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Table 3.0

Fruits and Vegetables Consumptions

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Table 4.0

Rice Consumption

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Table 5.0

Frequency of Fast Food Consumption

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Table 6.0

Residency

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Table 7.0

Exercise Frequency

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2.0 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2
























CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Background o f the Study Study

Breakfast is considered as the most important meal as it provides primary nutrients needed by the body to keep it going throughout the day. According to an article a rticle by Fitzgerald Fitz gerald Watson in 2016, by the time children reach adolescence, around thirty percent (30%) of them no longer eat breakfast before heading to school (Davidson, 2005). However, an incessant practice of this can take a long-term long-term toll on a teenager’s health (Coila, 2017). Isolating the term into its simplest sense, breakfast means “breaking the fast.” According to the online publishing of the Harvard Medical School, “fast” in breakfast refers to the whole time a person was asleep the previous night. Based from the Nationwide Children’s organization, the average and recommended amount of sleep for adolescents is at exactly 9 ½ hours per night. The time between the evening meal and breakfast the next morning is usually the longest period without uptake of energy and nutrients. In addition, Widenhorn-Müller (2008) said that extending this fasting episode

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researcher offered a closer look uncovering some obvious reasons why this occurs. Adolescents who eat breakfast had lower BMI (Body Mass Index) and healthier body weights, whereas teens who reported not eating breakfast were two-thirds more likely to develop a cluster of risks linked to heart diseases and diabetes in their 40s. Obesity epidemic is one of the public health issues that the Philippines is currently facing. Its prevalence made a strong impact in the country considering the huge number of obese individuals. 18 million of th e total Filipino population are considered obese and overweight. Dr. Nick Finer, an American endocrinologist, said that obesity must be considered as an important medical issue. A catalogue of diseases is caused and exacerbated by obesity (Tacio, 2017). A recent study made by the University of the Philippines led them in the discovery that those who are more prone of acquiring noncommunicable diseases (NCD) are the young, primarily because of their high intake of energy-dense and nutrient-poor food. In line with this, according to a research study by Regan, Parnell, Gray, & Wilson, 2008, removing carbonated drinks and food which are high in fat from school settings can decrease the cases of obesity among children. Furthermore, people may be at risk of obesity, solely because of the food choices they

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Statement Statement of the Problem and Objectives of the Study

A recent study study conducted by a group of researchers said that people who eat breakfast, actually practice a healthier diet. This is because breakfast is considered as a significant sou rce of energy for the day in order for the brain to cope with various demands of the morning by providing essential nutrients to the brain (Adole et al., 2015). However, a lot of children skip breakfast. 25% of them seldom eat breakfast, 7% do not eat breakfast on school days, and 32% do not eat breakfast at all (Campbell, 2010). The researchers aim to find whether skipping breakfast is prevalent among the senior high school students of the University of Santo Tomas, and the reasons behind their unhealthy eating habits. The study also aims to make an inference on the relationship of skipping breakfast to the increase in BMI. Moreover, the study seeks to identify the probable factors that can affect the body mass index of a person.

Signific ance of the Study

The study of the effects of breakfast eating habits, its relation to the

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Scope and and Limi tation of t he Study Study

This study is limited to the students of the University of Santo Tomas and is restricted with the information given by the anthropometric measurement used, which is the Body Mass Index (BMI); given that some literatures question the validity of the BMI such that it cannot accurately define the total fat percentage of a person. The scope of this research is to make an inference on the relationship between the breakfast eating habits and BMI of the respondents. The results found in this research are applicable, only to the factors identified by the researchers such as: age, sex, residency, rice consumption, fruits and vegetable intake, fast food intake, and frequency of exercise.

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Definit Definit ion of Terms Terms

Obesity Obesity - It is defined as excess body fat or adipose tissue; it is this, not weight, which is associated with the comorbid conditions (Sweeting, 2007).

th e metric currently Body Bod y Mass Index (BMI) (BMI) - The body mass index (BMI) is the in use for defining anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults, and for classifying them into groups (Nuttall, 2015).

Eating Habits - Eating habits are influenced by taste of food, time sufficiency, convenience, and budget (Horacek & Betts, 1998).

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) - There are four main types of NCDs namely: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes (Alwan & MacLean, 2009).

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELA RELATED TED LITERATURE

A. Impo Im port rt ance anc e of Breakf Br eakfast ast

Breakfast can be argued as the most important meal of the day. It literally means, “breaking the fast”: the fast from the meal the evening before (Young & Weston, 2000). In Asian countries, where economies have been based largely on agriculture, breakfast was generally the largest meal and is considered an essential meal of the day. Radcliffe, Ogden, Coyne, and Pippa (2004) claimed that consumption of breakfast has been associated with many benefits for children, such as its positive effects on daily nutritional intake, body weight, and lipid profile. Breakfast is considered to be between the time of wake, and the commencement of school, and

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Radcliffe, B., Odgen, C., Welsh, Carroll, Coyne, & Craig, 2005; Kaleova, Lloren, Mashchak, Hill, & Fraser, 2017).

B. Body Mass Mass Index Reliability

Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to define the anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults and classifying them into groups. In a review done by Ralston, Walker and Truby (2012), the use of BMI was recommended for most future studies. About 399 (86 of which are peer reviewed) retrieved journal articles using BMI as a basis or one of the grounds of their studies. One of the main reasons how Nuttal (2015) saw why BMI is popularly used, is because it only needs the readily available biological information of the patient, which are height and weight. However, recent researchers concluded that BMI is not an accurate

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C. Implications of Skipping Breakfast Breakfast on Body Mass Index

A number of researchers have identified the unusual relationship of breakfast to a person's BMI. In a research conducted by Watanabe's group in 2014, it was found out that skipping breakfast affected the participants' waist circumference and BMI. At the same time, it was also determined that eating dinner before sleeping can only affect a person's BMI and not the waist circumference. It was observed by a research that skipping breakfast can cause a rapid increase in a person’s BMI. It was suggested that eating less frequently, not snacking, and consuming the heaviest meal during breakfast, may be the most effective methods to preventing weight gain (Kahleova et al., 2017). In the research study conducted by Kahleova et al. (2017), results

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were able to infer that skipping breakfast can cause rapid increase in BMI, due to the low energy intake it causes to the person.

D. Factors Factors in Skippi ng Breakfast

D.1 Increased age

A person's age was seen as a factor in skipping breakfast. In a study conducted by the group of Wilson in 2006, results have shown that among 3,725 children aged 5-14 that were surveyed, breakfast consumption was practiced more by the younger age group, group , while the older age group (11-14 y/o), tend to skip breakfast quite often. Similar results were exhibited by the study of the group of Pineda Vargas in 2016, which suggested that adolescent children are more likely to skip breakfast than younger

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from rural areas skipped breakfast, and 50% of children from urban and suburban areas skipped breakfast.

E. Factors that may affect the BMI

E.1 E.1 Perception Perception of food

Eating habits and food perceptions are greatly affected by how a person was raised by his parents. Effective childhood dietary interventions concerning fruit and vegetable consumption, or for improving children’s eating patterns more generally, should result in positive changes in eating patterns, in the short term (Huon, Wardle, & Szabo, 1999). If snacking becomes a frequent habit for a person at a young age, it will likely be manifested into eating habits when said person gets older. It is important

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Furthermore, adolescents are more likely to pick unhealthy foods as it is more delectable for their tastes. Their food choice is affected by pleasure factor. However, adults’ food choices are more associated on food's nutritional content (Williams et al., 1998).

E.2 E.2 Rice consumpt ion

In the Philippines, rice is considered as a staple food. In a research

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is at shorter distance; however, it mediated or lowered when its accessibility is farther away from the person’s living vicinity. The same results were also found in fast food consumption (Jago et al. 2007). In a study conducted by Cleland, Worsley & Crawford (2004), they found that more than 50% of children use the canteen. Some researches indicated that the children find it a hindrance to choose healthy food choices due to canteens offer ing more unhealthy food choices (Cleland et al., 2004; Maddock, Warren, Worsley. 2005).

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is also known to be associated with BMI, as physical activity can reduce the body mass index of adolescents (Kelley et al., 2015)

E.5 E.5 Fruits and vegetable vegetable consu mpti on

High fruit and vegetable consumption is found to reduce the risk of being obese, and developing various chronic diseases such as hypertension (Booth et al, 2008; Kothe, & Mullan, 2011; Wall et al., 2018 ).

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Sampling Size Researchers made use of Slovin’s formula  =

  2

to calculate the

sample size (number of respondents needed to represent a population). The student population, according to the office was 4,910 attendees; and

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Data Gathering Procedure The collection of data were done by each researcher who was tasked to gather data from four (4) sections within all strands of UST-SHS, for a total of eighty (80) respondents. Venues of which responses were gathered include the Main Building and BGPOP. Two (2) sections from grade 11 and grade 12 were randomly chosen, regardless of strand, and twenty (20) students from each section were asked to participate in the questionnaire.

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DICUSSION DICUSSION

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Table 2.1 BMI 2.1 BMI Range of Males Males Males (131 (131))

Underweigh t

Normal

Overweight

Obese

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Table 2.2.1 BMI 2.2.1 BMI Range of Females (skippers) – (skippers) – accounting accounting with age Age Ag e BMI

116 116 breakfast breakfast sk ippers t otal

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breakfast have higher BMI. (Kahleova, et.al. 2017; Radcliffe, et.al. 2004; Pineda Vargas et al., 2016). According to Sakamoto & et.al. (1998), having

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had an actual effect on BMI. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that it affects the number of the overweight and obese respondents.

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PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: AZUL First Name: Mikaela Middle Name: Tomenio Address: iTower 1, Padre Noval St., Sampaloc, Manila Telephone Home: -Telephone Mobile: +63 917 770 0269 Telephone Office: -Email 1: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected] Marital Status: Single Date of Birth: 07/October/1999 Gender: Female Country of Origin: Republic of the Philippines Present Nationality: Filipino Languages and Fluency Level: Filipino: Native Language; Fluent English: Fluent (speaking, reading, writing) EDUCATION: Secondary Secondary Education Senior Senior High School •

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PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: BABASA First Name: John Carlo Middle Name: Hipolito Address: Lot 18 Sandstone St. Rocka Village Tabang Plaridel, Bulacan Bulacan Telephone Home: 795-1634 Telephone Mobile: 09163269547 Telephone Office: N/A Email 1: [email protected] 1: [email protected] Email2: [email protected] Marital Status: Single Date of Birth: 06/ FEBRUARY / 1999 Gender: Male Country of Origin: The Philippines Present Nationality: Filipino Languages: Filipino & English EDUCATION Secondary Secondary Education Senior Senior High School University of Santo Tomas (Sampaloc, Manila) 2016-present 2016-present •

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PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: GLORIA First Name: Patrick Middle Name: Uy Address: 1015-B. Quintos Senior Street Sampaloc, Manila Manila Telephone Home: N/A Telephone Mobile: +63 917 674 1913 Telephone Office: N/A Email 1: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected] Marital Status: Single Date of Birth: 16 / MARCH / 2000 Gender: Male Country of Origin: The United States of America Present Nationality: Dual Citizenship (Filipino & American) Languages: English – English – Native Native Language Filipino – Filipino – Basic Basic (Speaking and Writing) EDUCATION Secondary Secondary Education Senior Hig h Scho ol (Grade (Grade 11 & 12) 12) University of Santo Tomas Senior High School (Sampaloc, Manila) August 2016-present 2016-present •

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PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: LAPIRA First Name: Jamaika Marie Middle Name: Velasquez Address: #20 San Roque, Bitas, Arayat, Pampanga Telephone Home: N/A Telephone Mobile: +63 906 327 6456 Telephone Office: N/A Email 1: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected] Marital Status: Single Date of Birth: 18/September/1999 Gender: Female Country of Origin: Republic of the Philippines Present Nationality: Filipino Languages and Fluency Level: Filipino: Native language English: Intermediate (speaking, reading, writing) EDUCATION: Secondary Secondary Education Senior Senior High School •

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PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: TORRES First Name: Patricia Denice Middle Name / Other Names: Bautista Physical Street Address for courier delivery: M - 23 Gonzales Avenue, San Vicente, Apalit Pampanga Telephone Home: (045) 302-5869 Telephone Mobile: +63 926 039 6431 Telephone Office: -Email 1: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected] Marital Status: Single Date of Birth: 07/June/1999 Gender: Female Country of Origin: Republic of the Philippines Present Nationality: Filipino Languages and Fluency Level: Filipino: native language English: intermediate (speaking, reading, writing) EDUCATION:

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•

Member of of St. Scholastica's Academy Girl's Volleyball Team (2013-2016), Supervisor: Jonathan Manalo - represented the school in various sports competitions - silver medalist

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12HA1 - Frequency of Skipping Breakfast and Body Mass Index Among UST-SHS Students.pdf

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