SEMINARIO DE TECNOLOGÍA Y CONSTRUCCIONES
SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS
Sistema Constructivo. Sistema Tradicional Alumnos: - Canque Laqui, Brayan - Lizárraga Morera, Renzo - Reynoso Trujillo, Renata
1. Generalidades Sistema constructivo tradicional
Es el sistema de construcción más difundido y el más antiguo. Basa su éxito en la solidez, la nobleza y la durabilidad (dependiendo del material). Se entiende por sistemas constructivos tradicionales aquellos que tienen un sistema de industrialización bajo, considerados sistemas constructivos artesanales, donde la producción se realiza con equipos simples (herramientas de mano) y mano de obra simple. (2014, Caviglioni)
Estructura de paredes portantes (fábrica de ladrillos, piedra, o bloques, etc.); o estructura de hormigón armado. Paredes de mampostería: ladrillos, bloques, piedra, o ladrillo portante, etc. Revoques interiores, instalaciones de tuberías metálicas o plásticas y cubierta de tejas cerámicas, chapas, o losa plana. (CONSTRUMÁTICA)
Mg. DAYKER DELGADO BECERRA
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1.2. CLASIFICACIONES Sistema constructivo tradicional artesanal Es el sistema más antiguo puesto que utiliza materiales poco elaborados del lugar y se los aplica sin trabajarlos demasiado de forma rustica natural y objetivamente son variados, dependiendo del lugar, mano de obra no calificada. El rendimiento de los materiales es bajo por la poca resistencia a los agentes atmosféricos, pero por otro lado es el sistema más experimentado, es el que tiene también mayor aceptación psicológica, ofreciendo buenas condiciones de confort y seguridad.
Figura 1. Zona Altoandina Altoandin a
Figura 2. Zona Selva
Figura 3. Zona Sierra
Sistema tradicional racionalizado La construcción racionalizada es un avance sobre lo tradicional, ya que existe mejoras que surgen de una planificación que arranca en el diseño de los componentes constructivos que arranca en el diseño de los componentes constructivos y materiales empleados, minimizando de este modo los desperdicios por adaptación y corte y reduciendo los tiempos de mano de obra. Fundamentalmente el aporte está en nuevos materiales y técnicas, en base a estudios científicos que implica: Desarrollo tecnológico específico a la construcción, es decir, ciencias aplicadas de las matemáticas, física, mecánica, hormigones y otros, también se implementa los costos y la administración en la construcción.
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Sistema Tradicional Evolucionado
Es el sistema constructivo con mayor aplicación. Utiliza mano de obra especializada tecnificada más preparada en soluciones técnicas y prácticas y también no calificada, emplea materiales de construcción más elaborados y nuevos y no siempre del lugar, utiliza herramientas especializadas y algunas mecanizadas determinadas para cada tipo de trabajo.
Figura 6. Utilización de ladrillos
Sistema Tradicional Mampostería La mampostería es la unión de bloques o ladrillos de arcilla o de concreto con un mortero para conformar sistemas monolíticos tipo muro, que pueden resistir acciones producidas por las cargas de gravedad o las acciones de sismo o viento. Modernamente, se aprovechan los ladrillos de arcilla y los bloques de concreto de gran resistencia, unidos mediante morteros de cemento. Se puede utilizar para construir máximo seis sei s pisos. VENTAJAS :
Usando la mamposterial integral se puede eliminar el uso de enconfrado.
Al emplear mano de obra capacitada y ubidades modulares, se tiene una gran velocidad de construccion y reduce los costos.
Al emplear mano de obra capacitada y unidades modulares,se tiene una gran velocidad de construccion y reduce los costos.
Exelente aislamiento térmico.
Promueve
la
estandarizacion
de
los
edificacion(puertas,ventanas,muebles,cerchas.
elementos
complementarios
de
la
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Figura 7. Edificio
Figura 8. Bloques
Figura 9. Proceso de construcción
1.3. Sistemas estructurales tradicionales. 1.3.1. Albañilería confinada. Consta de un muro portante de ladrillo confinado con columnas de amarre y vigas soleras. Este sistema es aplicado en viviendas convencionales, en donde el muro es el elemento estructural de consideración. (2000, Carmen Car men Kuroiwa)
Figura 10. Albañilería Confinada
Figura 11. Confinamiento Confinamiento entre elementos
1.3.2. Albañilería armada. Se utiliza acero como refuerzo en los muros que se construyen. Estos refuerzos consisten en tensores (refuerzos verticales) y escalerillas (refuerzos horizontales), refuerzos que van empotrados en los cimientos o en los pilares, asegurando la calidad de muro portante. (2005, Marcial Blondet)
Figura 12. Refuerzos metálicos en albañilería armada
1.3.3. Muros Portantes. Consiste en el uso del muro como elemento estructural que logre ser lo suficientemente resistente para soportar las cargas que le son transmitidas por los elementos que soportan, como cubiertas, como cubiertas, entrepisos, entrepisos, otros otros muros superiores, etc. (2000, Manual SENCICO). Los
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Figura 13. Muro Portante de Tapial (material artesanal)
1.3.4. Estructuras de concreto armado: Pórticos. Pórticos . Sistema estructural de mayor uso. Basa su éxito en la solidez, la nobleza y la durabilidad. Sus elementos estructurales principales consisten en vigas y columnas conectados a través de nudos formando pórticos resistentes en las dos direcciones principales de análisis (x e y). (2001, SENCICO)
Figura 14. Pórticos de Concreto Armado
Figura 15. Disposición de elementos del Pórtico
Estos sistemas estructurales son de vital importancia debido a que la inclinación del diseño hacia uno determina el sistema constructivo que permitirá hacer realidad la edificación. El sistema constructivo enmarcada el proceso lógico para edificar el proyecto. En este caso, al ser un Sistema tradicional, se identificó 4sistemas estructurales, los cuales son utilizados para edificios convencionales, en especial viviendas y equipamientos de poca altura y de luces cortas.
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2. Aspectos Tecnológicos 2.1. Materiales. 2.1.1. Materiales del sistema tradicional artesanal. De antiguas construcciones son: a. El adobe. Es una pieza para construcción hecha de masa de barro (arcilla y arena + agua) mezclada con paja, moldeada en forma de ladrillo y secada al sol; con ellos se construyen paredes y muros. La técnica de elaborarlos y su uso están extendidos por todo el mundo. (Rejón de Silva, 1995)
Figura 16. Sillares de adobe para mampostería
b. El tapial. Técnica consistente en construir en construir muros muros con tierra arcillosa tierra arcillosa húmeda, compactada a golpes mediante un "pisón", empleando un encofrado para formarla. El encofrado suele ser de madera, aunque también puede puede ser metálico. De este modo, se genera un muro de barro resistente y de propiedades bioclimáticas. (Maldonado, 1998)
Figura 17. Muros de tapia de tierra cruda con cimbra de madera atada.
c. La piedra. Material pétreo natural para la edificación que se ha visto relegada a un papel secundario en los países industrializados, siendo aplicada en revestimientos y otros acabados decorativos. La piedra se extrae de canteras mediante explosivos o resquebrajándola con cuñas.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS Su uso se debió a tres factores: - Condiciones climáticas. Tienen climáticas. Tienen propiedades de aislantes térmicos y acústicos, permitiendo un acondicionamiento bioclimático pasivo, ya que no se contaba con tecnologías para el acondicionamiento de los ambientes, como el sistema de aire acondicionado o calefacción. - Disponibilidad de Uso: los Uso: los materiales se obtenían a partir del entorno mediato e inmediato, es decir, formaban parte del lugar de la construcción, generando disminución de costos, tiempo y esfuerzo en cuanto a su transporte y adquisición. adquisici ón. - Aplicación Simple: La Simple: La construcción resulta relativamente sencilla, no requiriendo mano de obra especializada, por lo que cualquier poblador puede usar estos materiales con conocimientos básicos de aplicación que aprende en su entorno local. Estos materiales de construcción comparten características biosustentables en común, como:
resistencia resistencia al fuego.
aislamiento acústico y térmico.
ahorro energético.
ahorro de material y transporte.
En conclusión, son materiales que aportan al desarrollo sustentable por su bajo impacto ambiental, además de su bajo costo.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS 2.1.2. Materiales del sistema tradicional evolucionado y racionalizado. Con el tiempo los materiales fueron mejorando en cuanto a calidad y producción, debido a que estos por su composición y diseño, eran más ligeros que los del tipo artesanal, más nobleza y de mejor acabado. Estos son: a. El ladrillo de arcilla. Pieza de cerámica de forma ortoédrica (de paralelepípedo) y de poco grosor, formada a partir de arcilla amasada, conformada, secada y cocida, que se utiliza para construir muros, pavimentos, etc. (Ladrillera Maxx, 2000). Destacan el ladrillo Pandereta (tabique) y el King Kong (muro portante)
Figura 19. Ladrillos de arcilla para entrega.
Figura 20. Disposición de ladrillos en muros de soga.
b. Bloques de Concreto. Unidad hueca o perforada para albañilería armada, utilizado para muros portantes en general, cercos, tabiques y parapetos. Es de mayor velocidad de construcción, menor consumo de mortero de asentado y de de tartajeo o enlucido. (Esparza, 2010)
Figura 21. Bloqueta de Concreto de Fábrica.
Figura 22. Acabado caravista en mampostería.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS d. Agregados finos y Gruesos. Los agregados finos consisten en arenas naturales o manufacturadas con tamaños de partícula que pueden llegar ll egar hasta 10mm; los agregados gruesos son aquellos cuyas partículas se retienen en la malla No. 16 y pueden variar hasta 152 mm. Son componentes granulares del concreto.
Figura 23. Agregado Grueso – Piedra Chancada.
Figura 24. Agregado Fino – Arena Gruesa.
e. Varillas de Acero. Las varillas de acero se fabrican cumpliendo las normas ASTM A-615 y ASTM A-706. Utilizadas para refuerzos tanto en albañilería armada como en sistema porticado. Las mismas se comercializan en varillas de 6, 9 y 12 metros, como largos estándar. Es Imprescindible para las columnas, mejorando el comportamiento por tracción del concreto.
Figura 25. Varillas de acero corrugadas.
f. Agua. Este Sistema constructivo considerado húmedo, requiere de agua en cada uno de sus etapas, ya sea en los cimientos hasta para el tarrajeo, por ello se recomienda el uso de agua potable, ya que ésta no contiene restos orgánicos ni residuos químicos que afecten las mezclas de concreto.
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2.2. PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO. TRABAJOS PRELIMINARES LIMPIEZA DE TERRENO C/MAQUINARIA Antes de la ejecución de la obra se debe realizar la eliminación de basura, elementos sueltos de toda el área del terreno, de manera que se encuentre una superficie plana al momento de la ejecución.
Figura 27. Limpieza del terreno
TRAZO Y REPLANTEO C/EQUIPO Se deberá trazar fijando ejes de referencia y estacas de nivelación. Este trazo se marca mediante ejes y a continuación las líneas de ancho de las cimentaciones para su próxima excavación, estos se trazan de acuerdo a los planos de arquitectura y estructuras. Los ejes serán fijados permanentemente por señales fijas en el terreno.
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Figura 29. Excavación del terreno
OBRAS DE CONCRETO SIMPLE Antes del vaciado de las cimentaciones, se debe tener en cuenta la colocación de la estructura de la columna. CIMIENTOS CORRIDOS 1:10+30% P.G. F'C=100 Kg/cm2 Se desarrollará con concreto ciclópeo: de dosificación 1:10 (cemento – hormigón) con 30% de piedra grande. CONCRETO SOBRECIMIENTO DE 1:8 (C-H) + 25% P.M. El concreto ciclópeo para este caso será con dosificación 1:8 o f’c mínimo 100 Kg/cm2 con 25% piedra mediana, siendo el dimensionamiento el especificado en los planos respectivos, debiendo respetarse los estipulados en éstos en cuanto a proporciones, materiales y otras indicaciones.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS ENCOFRADO Y DESENCOFRADO DE SOBRECIMIENTO Este se desarrolla con triplay debidamente laqueado, el encofrado llevará largueros y tornapuntas convenientemente distanciados, las caras interiores del encofrado deben de guardar la verticalidad, alineamiento y ancho constante. El encofrado a usarse deberá estar en óptimas condiciones garantizándose con éstos, alineamiento, idénticas secciones, economía, etc. En general, los encofrados no deberán quitarse hasta que el concreto se haya endurecido suficientemente como para soportar con seguridad su propio peso y los pesos superpuestos que puedan colocarse sobre él. Luego del fraguado inicial, se curará éste por medio de constantes baños de agua durante 3 días como mínimo. La cara superior del sobrecimiento deberá ser lo más nivelada posible, lo cual garantizará el regular acomodo de los ladrillos del muro.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS ARMADO DE MURO PORTANTE PREPARACIÓN DEL MATERIAL
Figura 32. Preparación del material
COLOCACIÓN DE HILADAS Antes de la colocación de hiladas de ladrillos, se debe verificar y rectificar los trazos para consecutivamente realizar el emplantillado sobre el sobrecimiento; manteniendo el nivel mediante apoyo del cordel.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS COLOCACIÓN DE MECHAS Teniendo en cuenta que no se debe construir más de 1.3 m de altura de muro por jornada diaria, se debe realizar la colocación de mechas según las especificaciones de la imagen posterior. El mortero debe tener de 1.0 a 1.5 cm de espesor.
Figura 34. Colocación de mechas
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Figura 36. Presentación de la albañilería confinada
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS LADRILLO HUECO PARA TECHO Los ladrillos serán de arcilla cocida, de formas y color uniformes, de fabricación industrial, de dimensiones constantes, debiéndose obtener un sonido metálico al ser golpeado, sin agrietamientos, fisuras ni fraccionamientos.
INSTALACIONES ELÉCTRICAS Y TELEFÓNICAS Oportunamente debes proveer a los muros de los espacios y canales requeridos para alojar tuberías y cajas de las instalaciones eléctricas para evitar así el inconveniente y peligroso picado de los muros luego de construidos. Si picamos debilitamos los muros portantes (estructura). (ACEROS AREQUIPA) Los tubos para las instalaciones eléctricas, telefónicas, etc., se alojarán en los muros, sólo cuando éstos tengan un diámetro menor o igual a 55 mm. Si esto sucediera, la colocación de los tubos en los muros se hará en cavidades dejadas durante la construcción de los muros portantes que luego se rellenarán con concreto. Siempre los recorridos de las tuberías serán verticales. (ACEROS AREQUIPA)
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS INSTALACIONES SANITARIAS Algunas veces, se suele colocar las tuberías después de construidos los muros por tantes. Esto implica picar la albañilería, y esto es un proceso constructivo incorrecto.
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SEMINARIO DE TECNOLOGÍA Y CONSTRUCCIONES
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Figura 41. Presentación de instalaciones sanitarias en el sistema de albañilería confinada
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2. Fijar la malla con clavos (1”) al muro que se v a a tarrajear.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS mínimo de 1.5 cm. aplicados en una capa sobre los paramentos de muros exteriores, derrames y aristas.
CIELO RASO CON MEZCLA C:A 1:5 El tratamiento del cielorraso será de dos clases: cl ases: a. En las áreas exteriores voladizos del aligerado se aplicará una mezcla en proporción 1:4 cemento-arena, igualmente en las áreas interiores con el sistema de cinta. b. En caso que se produzcan encuentros con otros planos ya sean estructurales o de albañilería con el cielorraso, se colocarán bruñas de 1 x 1 cm., esta bruña se ejecutará con “palo de corte” que corra apoyándose sobre reglas.
Con el fin de evitar ondulaciones será preciso aplicar la pasta de inmejorables condiciones de trabajabilidad. Para el tratamiento de estas superficies se encuentran indicaciones en el Cuadro de Acabados.
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS CARPINTERÍA DE MADERA PUERTA DE MADERA CEDRO TIPO TABLERO CON MARCO 2"x4" C/SEGURO 1/2"
Y
VENTANA CEDRO
Las uniones en las puertas y ventanas deben ser caja y espiga y encoladas. Las aristas de los bastidores de puertas y ventanas deben ser biseladas. Los marcos de puertas y ventanas serán rebajados con lijas en sus aristas. Los paneles de las puertas serán de cedro, según planos. El lijado de la madera se ejecutará en el sentido de la hebra. Todo trabajo de madera será entregado en obra bien lijado hasta un pulido fino impregnado, listo para recibir su acabado final. El acabado final será con barniz transparente, no se usará ningún elemento que cambie el color natural de la madera, ver en preparación de superficies (pintura). La fijación de las puertas y molduras de marcos no se llevará a cabo hasta que se haya concluido el trabajo de revoques del ambiente. Ningún elemento de madera será colocado en obra sin la aprobación previa del Ingeniero. Todos los elementos de madera serán cuidadosamente protegidos de golpes, abolladuras o
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS VIDRIOS, CRISTALES Y SIMILARES VIDRIO SEMIDOBLE. IMPORTADO Se refiere a la completa adquisición y colocación de todos los materiales, labor e implementos relacionados con las superficies vidriadas que para la iluminación de los locales se han adoptado en el proyecto. Los vidrios serán de óptima calidad, poseerán como características ser transparentes, impecable exentos de burbujas, manchas y otras imperfecciones, las cuales serán
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2.3. MARCO NORMATIVO. Normativa vigente del Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones NORMA E020. Cargas Las edificaciones y todas sus partes deberán ser capac es de resistir las cargas que
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3. Aspecto Económico. 3.1. Costos de Experiencia confiable desarrollada en procedimiento constructivo. La albañilería confinada es utilizada para edificaciones convencionales de bajas densidades, como
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SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS Se aprecia que el sistema con prefabricados es 12.97 % más caro. Analizando sólo las partidas de muros, se tiene que 1 edificio construido con elementos prefabricados es 13.79 % más caro.
Es por esta razón que en promedio el sistema constructivo tradicional cuesta casi 13 % más barato que uno prefabricado. Esto debido a la accesibilidad de equipos, materiales y mano de obra.
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