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Modelling
Modelling
Mathematical-Modelling
NCERT Maths Class XI
Pengenalan tentang membuat model rambut dan efek dengan menggunakan software blenderDeskripsi lengkap
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Descripción: AFV Modeller is the leading visual bi-monthly magazine for armoured vehicle modellers. AFV Modeller showcases the work of the very best modellers from around the world, shows techniques on how to a...
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KNPC (Kuwait) 1st – 5th February February,, 2008
DYNSIM OTS Training Course 4.- DYN DYNSIM SIM Mod Modell elling ing:: Objects Configuration
4.- DYNS DYNSIM IM Modelli Modelling: ng: Objects Objects Confi Configurati guration on • Models Configuration • Connectors and References • DYNSIM Basic Modelling and Customization
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4.- DYNS DYNSIM IM Modelli Modelling: ng: Objects Objects Confi Configurati guration on • Models Configuration • Connectors and References • DYNSIM Basic Modelling and Customization
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Models Configuration •
•
• •
Glossary Model Configuration: Modes Data Entry Windows (DEW) Object Editor Viewer (OEV)
Glossary: Terms • Simulation – Collection of engines and flowsheets
• Engine – Solver for a set of flowsheets
• Flowsheet – A grouping of models (Many flowsheets to one engine; one or more engines to one simulation)
• Model – An equipment, control, or other model
• Submodel – Part of a model such as a tray or flash
• Point – A single value or a vector of values. Example TAMBIENT.
• Parameter – A type of point associated with a model. Example S1.P.
• Equation – A custom relationship attached to a model parameter
• Connector – Graphical way of linking parameters
• Library – A set of models grouped by function
• Stream – Transfer data between models
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Glossary: Terms • The term “Model” refers to the data and algorithms used to represent a real-world equipment and control devices • Models are organized into libraries on the icon palette and the Types Tree • A simulation model is built from one or more individual model objects connected to each other, and organized into flowsheets
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Model Configuration: Modes • Data Entry Window (DEW) – Used for editing data, references and equations
• Object Editor Viewer (OEV) – Used for editing data, references, equations AND viewing results. In addition this is the window where you can change the parameter class from Static to Dynamic
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Parameter Assignments THREE ways to make an assignment. Example: Set the pipe forced convection heat transfer coefficient • Parameter Value: PIPE1.UF = 10 • Parameter Reference to another model parameter or a point: PIPE1.UF = PIPE2.UF • Parameter Equation: PIPE1.UF = 10*(S1.F/10000)^0.7
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Data Entry Window: Parameter Data Entry
• Right-click on the box to specify – Value – Reference – Equation
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Data Entry Window (DEW) Tab Indication Red X: Tab not complete Red remains Yellow remains • •
Blue Check: Tab complete Green remains User entered • •
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Data Entry Window: GUI Basics “Get the
red
out”
• Red
The models are written with very little red
– Must specify (No Default)
• Yellow – Should specify (Default usually NOT okay)
• Green – May Specify (Default usually okay)
• Blank – Optional. Presence of this value changes behavior of model
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Object Editor Viewer (OEV): Introduction The Object Editor/Viewer (OEV) operates as an model object editor and also as a model object viewer • Two Ways to invoke the OEV for editing during simulation configuration: – From The Instances Tree: Select model and click on the Edit Button on the Tool Bar – From a flowsheet Canvas: Right-Click on the model and select Edit
• Two Ways to invoke the OEV for viewing while simulation is running: – From The Instances Tree: Select model and click on the View Button on the Tool Bar – From a flowsheet Canvas: Double-Click on the model
Note: While the simulation is not running , Double-C lick opens the DE W 11
Object Editor Viewer (OEV): Data Entry • More room on OEV to specify equation.
Object Editor Viewer (OEV): Data Vectors • Object Editor Viewer – Expand to show vectors such as compositions
EXPAND
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Connectors and References •
•
•
•
Connectors Stream and Connections Stream References Primitives and Widgets
Connectors • Graphical way of making Parameter References
• Default Connectors make the most common parameter choices for you 17
Connectors • Drag from the source of the data • Drop in the destination of the data • Dragging and drop in the opposite direction works but – Display UOM will be wrong – Connections do not appear in DEWs
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Connectors
Automatic Connectio n
Measured Value to Controller PV
PID Controller to Control Valve
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Streams and Connections • Click anywhere on the Connector / Stream line • Drag-drop the endpoint handle to the new model • Streams – Automatically reconnects – Stream may temporarily be left unconnected if dropped on empty canvas
• Connector – Pops up a Parameter Assignment window containing a list of parameters for the new model – Select the desired parameter from the single list in the popup – Clicking cancel will maintain the original configuration
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References: Point References in the Flowsheet
• Point References – Drag from OEV to flowsheet Canvas – Drag from Instances tree to flowsheet canvas – Type parameter name directly
• Flow Rate Indicator References – Enter stream name
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Primitives and Widgets • Buttons • Indicators • Sliders • Text Primitives
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DYNSIM Basic Modelling and Customization •
•
•
Point Types Standalone Points Miscellaneous Equation
DYNSIM Customization Several ways to customize DYNSIM • Add an equation to any model parameter using DEW or OEV (already shown) • Add standalone points (variables) • Assign values to groups of equations using the MiscEquation model and assign values to standalone points. • Excel Engine • User added models in C++. (beyond scope of this training)
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Point Types • STATIC – A value of a static point is saved in the database. It can NOT be changed while the simulation is running. Static points are not saved in Initial Conditions or BackTracks. The value of a static point can only be changed by Load Full command. An example of a static point is the Tank Wall Thickness parameter.
• DYNAMIC – A dynamic point represents a value that can be changed while the simulation is running. The values of dynamic points are saved in Initial Conditions and BackTracks. An example of a dynamic point is the Tank Fluid temperature parameter.
• STATE – A state point does not change instantaneously while the simulation is running. It remains constant during the time step when dynamic points are calculated. A state point has an associated time derivative (hence it is a dynamic point type). Normally, the derivative is calculated each time step and the state value is automatically integrated at each time step. An example of a state point is the Tank Fluid Mass parameter.
• GRAPHIC – A graphic point is used for operator interface connections. Its value can be changed while the simulation is running, but the value is not saved in Initial Conditions or BackTracks. Graphic points do not represent physical model measurements.
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Point Type: Settings • Monitor / Point Viewer – Put the simulation in Freeze mode – Change value
• Point Reference – Select “Allow Setting Value”
• OEV View Mode – Change value in Current Value Column
• Widgets (such as slider) Note:
If the point is STATIC, DYNSIM will not change the value. Static values can only be changed through the DEW or OEV Assignment window and then pressing LF 26
Point Types: Changing Paramater • Example is making Source Pressure Dynamic so it can be changed with a slider.
• Can only be done through OEV
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Standalone Points: Definition • Standalone points are like variable declarations • Select point type: – – – –
STATIC DYNAMIC STATE GRAPHIC
• Select data type – – – –
BOOLEAN INTEGER FLOAT DOUBLE
• Important difference between: – Standalone Point – Point Reference
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Standalone Points: UOM • Set internal UOM of point to match internal UOM of model parameters – Use DYNSIMInternal UOM Slate
• Do not set display UOM here. Use a Point Reference Instead
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Standalone Points: Function Tables • Use for the following: – Custom valve trim – Expander curves – Interpolation Equations
• This is useful for interpolating values in tables of pumps and compressors efficiency, duty or pressure load, using specific functions e.g.: Y = CINTRP1(X, VECTOR[0])
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Standalone Points: Use • Standalone Points
• Miscellaneous Equation
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Miscellaneous Equations: Definition • Adding reference parameters or equations just like using DEW or OEV editing mode
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Miscellaneous Equations: Point Assignment • Using DEW for standalone point assignments Miscellaneous equation assigns result of all equations to OUT vector
=
Optional Standalone Point
Equations
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Miscellaneous Equations: Standalone Point Value Set • Set value of standalone points in the Object Editor Viewer (OEV)
=
Optional Standalone Point
Equations
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Miscellaneous Equations: UOM • All equations use internal UOM, not the UOM slate so results are not affected by display choice. – Simulations can be passed from user to user and still work with UOM slate changes
• Equations can force UOM conversion if you add the UOM in curly braces after the parameter name, such as S1.W{lb/hr}
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Miscellaneous Equations: Utilities Library The Utilities library provides a collection of stand-alone objects for static validation, custom calculations, plotting, and panel graphic emulation • Miscellaneous Equations –
allows for any number of user-specified equations or calculations
• Process Lag –
provides a first order lag state of any number of process parameters
• Rolling Average –
calculate the averaging time period
• Rate of Change –
calculates a rate of change of the input over a filter time
• Gaussian Distribution –
calculates a Gaussian distributed random number, for a giv en user input mean and standard deviation
• Custom Discrete Malfunction –
a generic malfunction initiation interface to a custom malfunction
• Custom Analog Malfunction –
a generic malfunction initiation interface to a custom malfunction
