VERTEBRATE VERTEBRA TE INTEGUMENT Structure for Support and Protection
Outline • Development of the vertebrate integument
integument • General structure of the vertebrate integument • Epidermis and its derivatives • Dermis and its derivatives
• Comparative anatomy of the vertebrate integument and
derivatives
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT Embryonic Origin of the Integument
Development of the Integument • Skin precursors • Delineate at the end of
neurulation • Ectoderm → epidermis • Mesoderm →
dermomyotome → dermatome → dermis Retrieved from http://skeletalsystemde .weebly.com/embryological-source-of-sk .weebly.com/embryological-source-of-skeletal-system.html eletal-system.html
Development of Integument • Neural crest cells migrate
between epidermis and dermis. • Neural crest → pigment cells
and body armor • Nerves and blood vessels
are added. Figure 6.1 Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hills
Development of Integument
Figure 6.1 Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hills
STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT Layers and Derivatives
Vertebrate Integument • Epidermis • Stratified epithelium
• Dermis • Connective tissues
• Hypodermis or
subcutaneous layer
s l l i H w a r G c M 1 0 0 2 © . l a t e . C , n a m k c i H . C 1 1 3 e r u g i F
Epidermis Fish
Figure 6.6 (left) and 6.7 (right) (r ight) Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hills
Tetrapod
Tetrapo etrapod d Epider Epidermis mis
Dermis Fish
Tetrapod
Epidermal Derivatives • Cornif Cornified ied struct structure ures s • Baleen • Scute • Beak • Nails, claws, hooves • Horn and antler • Hair and feather
Epidermal Derivatives • Other Other cornified cornified structures structures • Rattles • Rooster’s comb • Knee pads • Ischia Ischiall callo callosit sities ies
Epidermal Derivatives: Glands
Epidermal Derivatives in Fishes • Unicellular glands • Usually secretes mucus • Club cells • Binucleate
• Granular cells • Goblet cells • Sacc Saccifo iform rm cell cells s • Secrete toxin
Retrieved from http://203.250.122.194/lecture/systemic%20pa http://203.250.122.194/l ecture/systemic%20pathology/htmsys/sys01. thology/htmsys/sys01.htm htm
Epidermal Derivatives in Fishes • Multicellular glands • Photophores • Deep sea teleost
• Slime glands • Hagfishes
• Poison gland • Teleost
Epidermis Derivatives in Tetrapods • Multicellular glands • Mucus gland • Poison gland
Retrieved from http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anato http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.FrogSkinLabel.html my/4.FrogSkinLabel.html
Epidermis Derivatives in Tetrapods • Multicellular glands • Sudoriferous or sweat gland • Sebaceous or oil gland
Retrieved from http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/labs/lab15/ ulum/vm8054/labs/lab15/lab15.htm lab15.htm
Dermal Derivatives • Dermal bones • Dermal scales
Retrieved from (up) http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/ http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/bones-teeth-and-cartilage/dec n/bones-teeth-and-cartilage/deck/ k/ 937258
Other Structures in the Integument • Epidermis • Melanocytes • Langerhan’s cells • Merkel’s cell
• Dermis • Macrophages • Pigment cells • Fat cells
m t h . p w / n i k s / l l e b p m a c / u d e . a l c u . o i b o r u e n . a i d m e o m r f o r d u e v e n e / / i : r t p e t t R h
Skin Colorization • Results from the interaction
among physical and structural properties of the integument • Function as • Cryptic (concealing) • Aposematic (warning)
Skin Colorization • Important in • Species recognition • Establishment of territories • Courtship • Communication • Thermoregulation in reptiles
• Changes in color is due to physiology • Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
Skin Colorization • Differential scattering or Tyndall effect • Blue light scattered by air in barbs • E.g. Blue-colored feathers of kingfishes, blue
jays, bluebirds, and indigo blunting
• Pigment colors • Brown, black, red, orange and yellow
color
Skin Colorization • Melanophores • Synthesize melanin
• Anamniotes and reptiles:
Melanosome may migrate migrate to • Melanosome maximize maximize or concenrate concenrate the color. color. • Birds and mammals: • Pigment is transferred to feathers,
hair, hair, and other pigment cells.
l m t h . 3 f 7 6 8 0 0 8 6 / b a t _ g i f / 3 n / 7 9 v / l a n r u o j / y d h / m o c . e r u t m a o r n . f d w e w v w e / i : r / t p e t t R h
Skin Colorization • Xanthophores • Contain yellow granule
• Erythrophores • Contain red granules
• Iridophores • Contain guanine • Produces silvery or iridescent skin
ectotherms and iris of of the eye • Found in ectotherms of some birds
l m t h . 3 f 7 6 8 0 0 8 6 / b a t _ g i f / 3 n / 7 9 v / l a n r u o j / y d h / m o c . e r u t m a o r n . f d w e w v w e / i : r / t p e t t R h
THE VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT Comparative Anatomy
Fish Integument Epidermis
Dermis
• Thin
• Thick
• Made up of living cells
• Made up of connective tissue
• Keratin less extensive • Limited
• Derivatives • Unicellular glands common • Multicellular glands
• Arrange into plies
• Give rise to dermal bones and
scales • Supports multicellular glands
Living Agnathans Hagfishes
Lampreys
Ostraco Ostr acoder derms ms and Pla Placod coderm erms s
Sources: (left) retrieved from http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/isb200/fish.htm http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/isb200/fish.htm and (right) Figure 6.8 Kardong, Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hill
Chondrichthyes
Sources: Retrieved from (left) http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb7pg8.htm http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb7pg8.htm and http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453ph http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453photos/skin_photos/special_ otos/skin_photos/special_integument1.htm integument1.htm and (right) Figure 6.5 Kardong, K.
Chondrichthyes: Placoid Scales
Retrieved from http://www.savalli.us/BIO37 http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/2.SharkS 0/Anatomy/2.SharkSkinLabel.html kinLabel.html and http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453photos/s http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453photos/skin_photos/special_integument1.htm kin_photos/special_integument1.htm
Osteichthyes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Squamous epithelial cell Mucous cells Cuboidal epithelial cells Alarm cells Scale pocket with scale Dermis Skeletal muscles Chromatophores RBC
Retrieved from http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453ph http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453photos/skin_photos/ otos/skin_photos/
Osteichthyes: Rhomboid Scale
Cosmoid Cosmoi d sca scales les:: coelecanth
Ganoid scales: gars and bowfins
Osteichthyes: Elasmoid Scale Cycloid
Ctenoid
Development of Fish Scales
Tetrapo etrapod d Integu Integument ment Epidermis
Dermis
• Basal cells alive
• Thick
• Surface cells specialized specialized
• Composed of connective
• Extensive keratinization
• Derivative • Multicellular glands • Cornif Cornified ied struct structures ures
tissue • Upper layer – loose
connective tissue • Deep layer – dense irregular
connective tissue
Amph Am phib ibia ians ns Juvenile • Epidermis • Basal cells • Apical cells
• Leydig Leydig cells cells scatte scattered red • Dermis composed of
fibrous connective tissue
Adult • Leydi Leydig g cells cells abse absent nt • Epidermis • Stratum corneum,
granulosom, spinosum, and basale • With nuptial pads
Amph Am phib ibia ian n In Inte tegu gume ment nt
Cross section of frog skin. A: Mucus gland, B: Chromatophore, C: Granular poison gland, D:Connectiv D:Connective e tissue, E: Stratum Stratum corneum, corneum, F: Transit Transition ion zone, G: Epidermis Epidermis,, H: Dermis Dermis Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian#Anatomy_and_physiology phibian#Anatomy_and_physiology
Amph Am phib ibia ian n In Inte tegu gume ment nt
Retrieved from (L-R) http://www.californiaherps.com/s http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.granulosa alamanders/pages/t.granulosa.html .html and http://www1.dnr.wa.gov http://www1.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/herp/html/feat_rapr /nhp/refdesk/herp/html/feat_rapr.html .html
Derivatives of the Amphibian Integument: Glands Salamander
Frog
Derivatives of the Amphibian Integument Parotid gland
Osteoderm
Reptiles
Sources: Retrieved from (up-left) htt p://borbl426-526.blogspot.com/2014 p://borbl426-526.blogspot.com/2014/01/lab-1-gene /01/lab-1-general-anatomy-of-rep ral-anatomy-of-reptiles.html tiles.html and (down-right)
Reptiles • In lizards and snakes
Undergoes ecdysis ecdysis or molting molting • Undergoes • Turtles and crocodiles crocodi les
Sloughing off of of old cornified cornified layers layers • Sloughing
Retrieved from (left) http://www.hiltonpond.org/thiswe http://www.hiltonpond.org/thisweek020808.html ek020808.html and (right) http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo15 http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo150/mozley/fall/snake 0/mozley/fall/snakeskin.jpg skin.jpg
Derivatives of the Reptilian Integument: Horny Plates
Derivatives of the Reptilian Integument Claws
Setae
Derivatives of the Reptilian Integument • Osteoderms • Form a series of gastralia
Stiffen the pleurope pleuroperiton ritoneal eal cavity • Stiffen • Found in crocodiles and Sphenodon
• Apical pits • Near the posterior margin of the
epidermal scale • Protrudes a tiny hair-like filament Retrieved from http://courses.washington.e http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453 du/chordate/453photos/skin_photo photos/skin_photos/special_integu s/special_integument2.htm, ment2.htm, http://courses.washington.edu/chordate/453ph http://courses.washington.ed u/chordate/453photos/skeleton_pho otos/skeleton_photos/amniote_skeleto tos/amniote_skeleton_photos.htm, n_photos.htm, and http://gallery.pethobbyist.com/photo http://gallery.pethobbyist.com/photo.php?id=181 .php?id=181121&cpage=0 121&cpage=0&size=big &size=big
Derivatives of the Reptilian Integument • Glands are restricted to selected areas. • Femoral glands
Located on the the hindlimb hindlimb underside underside • Located • Secretion restrains female during copulation
• Scent glands • Of different location • E.g. anal area of turtles
Retrieved from (up) http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/liz http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/lizards/481434-bearded-dragon-red-spots. ards/481434-bearded-dragon-red-spots.html html and (down) http://www.herpsofnc.org/herps_of_NC http://www.herpsofnc.org/herps_of_NC/turtles/Steodo/steodo.html /turtles/Steodo/steodo.html
Derivatives of the Reptilian Integument: Glands
Box 1, Fig. 1, Box Essay 6.2 Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hill
Avi A vian an an and d Ma Mamm mmal alia ian n In Inte tegu gume ment nt
Retrieved from http://people.eku.edu/rit http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avian_int chisong/avian_integument.htm egument.htm
Bird
Sources: Figure 6.14 Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hill; Retrieved from http://people.eku.edu/ritch http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avian_integument. isong/avian_integument.htm htm and http://eaglenest.blogs.wm.edu/201 http://eaglenest.blogs.w m.edu/2011/03/05/incubation-brood 1/03/05/incubation-brood-patch/ -patch/
Derivatives of the Avian Integument: Feathers Pterylae
Feather Parts
Types of Feathers
y d o b / y g o l o i s y h p / / r g d i r b o . b e u h h t f y o r t l e u c o a p . f r w u w s w y r / / a : t p n t t h e m m u o g e r f t n d i / e s v m e e i r t t s
Feather Development
Feather Development
Feather Evolution • First used in insulation • Protof Protofeath eathers ers conser conserve ve
body heat. • Evolved to aid gliding
and flight • Favorable effect on
airstream Retrieved from http://www.transitionrig.com/fea http://www.transitionrig.com/feathers.htm thers.htm
Flight using Feathers
Figure 6.19, Kardong, K. © 2012 McGraw Hills
Derivatives of the Avi A vian an In Inte tegu gume ment nt • Few glands • Salt glands • Located at the head
• Uropyg Uropygial ial glands glands • Located at the base of the tail • Secretes lipids and protein products
• Corn Cornifi ified ed stru structu cture res s • Beak, claws and scales
l m t h . s l s o t m r t a h s . b l s a y / a 4 l 4 p s h i c d / l a a i d i e c o m s / e d n e a k r c C o / L / m o m c . o r ) t c e . h b k g e c i r - r w n u t f y e e y l c t ( i s n . i r m 2 h o 5 c r f 1 . d 1 w o w e i v b w / e / / / i : : r t p p e t t t t R h h
Mammals
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Hair
Retrieved from (right) http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/cur http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/lab riculum/vm8054/labs/lab15/lab15.h s/lab15/lab15.htm tm and (left) http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curr http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/la iculum/vm8054/labs/lab15/IMAGES/HAIRXSEC.JPG bs/lab15/IMAGES/HAIRXSEC.JPG
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument • Hairs • Fur or pelage • Guard hairs • Underfur
• Reduced or lost in marine mammals • Vibrissae or whiskers • Quills (porcupine)
Retrieved from http://mayang.com/texture http://mayang.com/textures/Nature/html/Fur%20and%20Skin/ s/Nature/html/Fur%20and%20Skin/index.html index.html and http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/w http://indianapublicmedia .org/amomentofscience/why-whiskers/http://ww hy-whiskers/http://www.northrup.org/ph w.northrup.org/photos/porcupine/ otos/porcupine/
Hair Developme Development nt
Early development of the hair follicle and primitive hair shaft . (A) Initial state of epidermal epithelium atop dermal mesenchyme. (B) Signal initiates local proliferation of the basal keratinocytes in the epidermis. (C) Proliferation of epidermal stem cells results in the formation of the hair germ, which signals the dermal mesenchymal cells to aggregate beneath it into a dermal papilla. (D) The papilla signals the continued proliferation of the hair germ, making it into a hair . The dermal papilla cells proliferate and tightly aggregate. (E) The primitive hair shaft engulfs the dermal papilla and forms the inner hair root directly above the papilla.
Retrieved from from http://9e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=12& http://9e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=12&id=128 id=128
(After (After Philpott Philpott and Paus, 1998.) 1998.)
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Hair and Associated Glands
Retrieved from (left) http://anatomy.kmu.edu.tw/BlockHis/Bloc http://anatomy.kmu.edu.tw/BlockHis/Block12/slides/block15_25.h k12/slides/block15_25.html tml and (right)
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Scent Glands
Retrieved from http://cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org http://cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org/2014/06/scent-pr /2014/06/scent-producing-structuresoducing-structures-of-male.html of-male.html
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Mammary Gland
Sources: (left) Figure Figure 6.23 Kardong, K. 2012 and (right) (right) retrieved from, http://nursingcrib.com/anatomy-and-phy http://nursingcrib.com/anatomy-and-physiology/anatomy-and-physiol siology/anatomy-and-physiology-of-mammary-glands-breast/ ogy-of-mammary-glands-breast/
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Cornif Cor nified ied Str Struct ucture ures s
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Cornif Cor nified ied Str Struct ucture ures s © . K , g n l s o l i d r H a K w a 6 r 2 G . 6 c e M r u 2 g 1 i 0 F 2
Derivatives of the Mammalian Integument: Cornif Cor nified ied Str Struct ucture ures s • Baleen • Thin, horny sheets of the oral epithelium • Each sheet is fringed along the edge.
flow ing water. • Fringes act like combs/sieves that strain food out of the flowing
