(WORKSTUDY AND ERGONOMICS) Part-A (2 Marks) 1.
2
What is !a"t #$ W%rk St&'$ Wha Work Study is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such such as to impr improv ovee the the effe effect ctiv ivee use use of reso resour urce cess and and to set set up stan standa dard rdss of performance for the activities carried out. out.
What is !a"t #$ M!th%' St&'$ Method Study is the systematic recording and critical examination of ways of doing things in order to make improvements.
1
3
What is Pr%!ss Charts Graphical representation of the seuence of steps or tasks !workflow" constituting a process# from raw materials through to the finished product. $t serves as a tool for examining the process in detail to identify areas of possi%le improvements. &lso called process map.
'
What is SIMO Charts & %asic motion(time chart used to show the simultaneous nature of motions) commonly a ther%lig chart for two(hand work with motion sym%ols plotted vertically with respect to time# showing the ther%lig a%%reviation and a %rief description for each activity# and individual times values and %ody(mem%er detail. &lso known as simultaneous motion(cycle chart.
*
What is &*ti+*! ati,it$ harts Multiple &ctivity +harts !or Multi(&ctivity +harts" are a very useful tool for understanding the flow of work in a cyclical process and as a conseuence understanding which resource is controlling the overall progress of the work. ,he tool can %e used to model different scenarios to determine the optimum mix of resources for the work. ,he example %elow is %ased on using a tower crane to lift concrete from the street to a high floor for placing. -ach resource is represented %y a column) time is on the vertical axis.
What ar! th!r#*is ,he ther%lig is used in the study of motion economy in the workplace. & workplace task is analy/ed %y recording each of the ther%lig units for a process# with the results used for optimi/ation of manual la%or %y eliminating unneeded movements. ,he word therblig was the creation of 0rank unker Gil%reth and illian Moller Gil%reth# &merican industrial psychologists who invented the field of time and motion study. $t is a reversal of the word Gilbreth# with th treated as one letter.
4
What is tra,!* hart & Travel Chart is a simple ta%le that is useful where there are multiple !and possi%ly irregular" movement %etween places. $t is a variation on the +heck Sheet# indicating movements from and to any com%ination of a given set of locations.
5
What is !a"t #$ %rk !as&r!!"t &pplication of time and motion study and activity sampling techniues to determine the time for a ualified worker to complete a specific 6o% at a defined level of performance. Work measurement is used in %udgeting# manpower planning# scheduling# standard costing# and in designing worker incentive schemes. See also ther%lig.
7
What is a**%a"! 1. & sum set aside for an occurrence that may or may not come to pass. 0or example# funds earmarked for expenses associated with potential %ad weather. 2. 0unds allocated periodically for a stated purpose# such as a per diem. 3. & discount# especially one offered as a result of specific circumstances.
2
18
11
12
What is !a"t #$ !r%"%is 9efinition: -rgonomics is the science of work. -rgonomics derives from two Greek words: ergon# meaning work# and nomoi# meaning natural laws. +om%ined they create a word that means the science of work and a person;s relationship to that work. What is !a"t #$ +r%!ss +*a""i" & process is something in which the forms of material undergo some changes %y doing some manual or mechanical work. ots of steps are involved under a process.
What ar! th! /at%rs a//!t +r%!ss +*a""i" ,he three classic factors that affect the planning process in %usiness are inputs# processes and outcomes. $nputs are raw materials# resources# knowledge and anything else %rought to the planning process.
13
What ar! th! r!as%"s /%r +r%!ss '%&!"tati%" & process consists of inputs and outputs that are created and used to produce significant outcomes. +ompanies rely on processes %ecause they %ring value and cohesiveness. >ou will find different types of processes in the marketplace# including management# support# and operations. =ne of the methods you want to apply when it comes to documenting a process is identifying and interviewing the right individuals or groups.
1'
Stat! th! !"!ra* a++r%ah!s t% +r%!ss +*a""i"
1*
What is CAPP C%+&t!r-ai'!' +r%!ss +*a""i" ! CAPP" is the use of computer technology to aid in the process planning of a part or product# in manufacturing. +&<< is the link %etween +&9 and +&M in that it provides for the planning of the process to %e used in producing a designed part. What ar! th! a',a"ta!s %/ CAPP $nvestment in hardware and software is not much. • ,he system offers a shorter development time and lower manpower • consumption to develop process plan. ,he system is very relia%le and reasona%le in real production environments for • small and medium si/e companies. ?uality of process plan depends on knowledge and %ackground of process • planner.
1
3
4
What is 0*% Chart & /*%hart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process# showing the steps as %oxes of various kinds# and their order %y connecting these with arrows. ,his diagrammatic representation can give a step(%y(step solution to a given pro%lem.
5
7
+onditions
+ondition <ernatives
&ctions
&ction -ntries
,he upper left uadrant contains the conditions. ,he upper right uadrant contains the condition rules ofr alternatives. ,he lower left uadrant contains the actions to %e taken and the lower right uadrant contains the action rules. 18
21
Stat! th! #!"!/its %/ '!isi%" ta#*! -asy to understand • Map nicely to a set of %usiness rules • &pplied to real pro%lems • Make no prior assumptions a%out the data • &%le to process %oth numerical and categorical data • D!/i"! C%st Estiati%" &n approximation of the pro%a%le cost of a product# program# or pro6ect# computed on the %asis of availa%le information. Four common types of cost estimates are: !1"
'
22
What ar! th! t$+!s %/ Estiati%" =rder of Magnitude -stimate • •
Suare 0oot and +u%ic 0oot -stimates
•
&ssem%lies !or Systems" -stimate
•
Cnit
23
What ar! th! !th%'s %/ Estiati%" -stimation methods %roadly follow evaluation designs# with the determination of the counterfactual %eing the core of the evaluation design. 9ifferent ways to esta%lish controls under different evaluation designs determine the methods to %e used to measure the counterfactual:
2'
Stat! th! i+%rta"! %/ r!a*isti !stiat!s. -ffective pro6ect managers cultivate the courage and competency to push %ack against ar%itrary %udgets and deadlines to negotiate realistic win(win cost and schedule estimates for their pro6ects. ,his article explores how to negotiate realistic estimates to set realistic expectations. What is '!si" %st 9esign(to(cost is a strategic management commitment to invest in the present for a significantly greater reward in the future. 9esign(to(cost is one of the strongest levers in the cost improvement tool%ox. 9esign(to(cost simply means designing a product from scratch to meet the Dtarget costE or the market price which customers are willing to pay# for a particular !or specified" level of functionality and uality# while returning a profit to the enterprise.
2*
2
24
What is *a#%&r %st ,he cost of wages paid to workers during an accounting period on daily# weekly# monthly# or 6o% %asis# plus payroll and related taxes and %enefits. What '% $%& !a" #$ %,!rh!a' %st ,he ongoing administrative expenses of a %usiness which cannot %e attri%uted to any specific %usiness activity# %ut are still necessary for the %usiness to function. -xamples include rent# utilities# and insurance.
25
D!/i"! %sti". System of computing cost of production or of running a %usiness# %y allocating expenditure to various stages of production or to different operations of a firm.
27
What ar! th! !th%'s %/ %sti" &s per the nature and peculiarities of the %usiness# different $ndustries follow different methods to find out the cost of their product. ,here are different principles and procedure for doing the costing. Fowever the %asic principle and procedure of costing remain the same. Some of the methods are mentioned %elow:
1. Cnit +osting 2. o% +osting
*
3. +ontract +osting '. atch +osting *. =perating +osting .
What ar! th! !*!!"ts %/ %st ,here are %roadly three elements of cost ( !1" material# !2" la%our and !3" expenses.: ,he su%stance from which the product is made is known as material. $t may %e in a raw state(raw material# e.g.# tim%er for furniture and leather for shoe# etc. $t may 6 also %e in manufactured state(components# e.g.# %attery for car# speaker for radio# etc# Materials can %e direct and indirect.
31
What ar! th! t$+!s %/ %st ,he different types of costs: opportunity cost accounting cost or historical costs transaction cost sunk cost marginal cost • • • • •
32
33
3'
What is !a"t #$ 'ir!t at!ria* &ll items such as raw materials# standard and speciali/ed parts# and su%( assem%lies reuired to assem%le or manufacture a complete product. 9irect material costs are assigna%le to a specific product# cost center# or work order . What ar! th! t$+!s %/ 'ir!t at!ria* Manufacturing a product needs input of raw materials. @aw materials are main component of the product. ,here are two types of materials. 1. Direct Materials ,he materials reuired for producing a product are called direct materials. 9irect materials are also known as raw materials or input materials. 9irect raw materials constitute the main component or part of a finished product. $t is identified in terms of cost per unit of output. Wood for furniture industry# sugarcane for sugar mills. textile for garment industry are some of the examples of direct materials. 2. Indirect Materials ,he materials that can not %e form as the main part of a finished product are called indirect materials. ,herefore# such materials can not %e easily identified with the product. Aails used in furniture industry and threads used in garment industry are some example of indirect materials. Stat! s%! !a+*!s /%r 'ir!t at!ria*. 0rom the perspective of a manufacturer# 9irect Material is any o%6ect that will %ecome part of the product that is sold to the end customer. $ndirect
3*
3
34
35
37
'8
Material is considered and o%6ect that is used in the creation of your end product %ut does not %ecome part of the end product. 0or example an Hair toolH used to assem%le a car is indirect material. & H%earingH used to maintain a conveyor system is considered an indirect material. While a Hgas pedalH that leaves the dealership with a car# for example# is direct material. What is !a"t #$ i"'ir!t at!ria* +onsuma%les !such as cleaning chemicals# disposa%le tools# protective devices" not used as raw materials# %ut which make the production of a good or service possi%le# more efficient# or safer. $ndirect material costs are not readily identifia%le with a specific product or 6o%. ,hey are termed indirect costs and are charged to overhead accounts. Wh% ar! a**!' 'ir!t *a#%&r Workers such as those who operate machines# who are directly involved in the production of goods or services# rather than those involved in organi/ing or managing the cost of employing workers to make a particular product or provide a particular service. ,his does not include other costs such as the amount spent on materials etc in ritain# workers who are employed directly %y an organi/ation such as a local government authority# rather than %eing employed through a separate company. Stat! s%! !a+*!s /%r 'ir!t *a#%&r H9irect la%orH refers to the work done %y those employees who actually make the product on the production line. !H$ndirect la%orH is work done %y employees who work in the production area# %ut do not work on the production line. -xamples include employees who set up or maintain the euipment." Cnlike direct materials !which are o%tained prior to %eing used" direct la%or is o%tained and used at the same time. ,his means that for any given good output# we can compute the direct la%or rate variance# the direct la%or efficiency variance# and the standard direct la%or cost at the same time. Wh% ar! a**!' i"'ir!t *a#%&r Wages paid to the indirect la%orer is called indirect la%or cost# or indirect wages# or unproductive wages. ,hese la%orers are not directly engaged in manufacturing of goods or services. ,hey are engaged generally in office I maintenance activities# selling I distri%ution of goods I services. -xample of indirect la%or are wages or salary paid to the office peon# clerk# watch man# store keeper etc. What is !a"t #$ /at%r$ %" %st ,otal cost of making a product at the production location# and comprising of raw material# la%or # and overhead costs. D!/i"! a" h%&r a"' ahi"! h%&r rat!. &s the name indicates# this method is simply a com%ination of man(hour rate and machine(hourrate methods. ,he man(hour rate method is suita%le only where work is done %y hand# for example#in fitting and assem%ly shops etc. Similarly# machine hour rate method is suita%le where almost allthe work is done %y machines. ,hus# in this way# %oth the methods can %e applied in one factory.,his method is com%ination of man(hour and machine(hour rate method of allocation.
4
'1
'2
'3
''
'*
What is &"it rat! & rate is a ratio that is used to compare different kinds of uantities. & unit rate descri%es how many units of the first type of uantity corresponds to one unit of the second type of uantity. Some common unit rates are miles !or kilometers" per hour# cost per item# earnings per week# etc. $n each case the first uantity is related to 1 unit of the second uantity. What is sa*! *%ss Scale loss is not normal for goldfish. ,hey do not molt. Most often scale loss is the result of physical in6ury J %anging against hard o%6ects in the tank !especially during %reeding season" or rough handling. $t may also result from skin infections# %ut in this latter instance clear signs of skin deterioration# %leeding and so on are o%vious. What ar! th! t$+!s %/ !*'i" 1. ,ig welding 2. Shielded metal arc welding also known as 6ust plain arc welding or stick welding 3 Mig welding What is th! +att!r" & +att!r"# from the 0rench patron# is a type of theme of recurring events or o%6ects# sometimes referred to as elements of a set of o%6ects. ,he elements of a pattern repeat in a predicta%le manner.
5
