WHAT VIOLENCE IS Newton Garver y Edgar Edgar Z. Friedenberg La Nacin !" de #$nio de %&'( )). (%&*(!! newtongarver .com/files/What%20 .com/files/What%20 Violence%20Is.doc
+o,t )eo)-e de)-ore vio-ence ,o/e )eo)-e e/brace vio-ence 0)er1a), re-$ctant-y2 and a 3ew )eo)-e reno$nce vio-ence. 4$t t1ro$g1 a-- t1e,e )o,t$re, t1ere r$n, a ce rtain ob,c$rity5 it i, never entire-y c-ear #$,t w1at vio-ence i,. T1o,e w1o de)-ore vio-ence -o$de,t and /o,t )$b-ic-y )$b -ic-y are $,$a--y )i--ar, o3 t1e status t1e status quo**,c1ooquo**,c1oo- )rinci)a-, b$,ine,,/en )o-itician, /ini,ter,. W1at t1ey inveig1 again,t /o,t o3ten i, overt attac6 on )ro)erty or again,t t1e 7good order o3 ,ociety.7 ,ociety.7 T1ey rare-y ,ee vio-ence in de3en,e o3 t1e status t1e status quo in t1e ,a/e -ig1t a, vio-ence directed again,t it. At t1e ti/e o3 t1e Watt, riot, in %&'8 +r. 9o1n,on $rged Negroe, to rea-i:e t1at not1ing o3 va-$e can be won t1ro$g1 vio-ent /ean, ** a )ro)o,ition w1ic1 /ay be tr$e b$t w1ic1. t1e ;re,ident did not a))-y to t1e /i-itary e,ca-ation in Vietna/ Vietna/ 1e wa, #$,t t1en e/bar6ed $)on and w1ic1 it wo$-d never 1ave occ$rred to 1i/ to a))-y to t1e action, o3 t1e Lo, Ange-e, ;o-ice $ated. Force wit1o$t vio-ence i, o3ten $,ed on a )er,on?, body. I3 a )er,on i, in t1e t1roe, o3 drowning t1e ,tandard @ed Cro,, -i3e*,aving tec1ni>$e, ,)eci3y 3orce w1ic1 i, certain-y no t vio-ence. To e>$ate an act o3 re,c$e wit1 an act o3 vio-ence wo$-d be to -o,e ,ig1t entire-y o3 t1e ,igni3icance o3 t1e conce)t. Si/i-ar-y ,$rgeon, and denti,t, $,e 3orce wit1o$t doing vio-ence. Vio-ence in 1$/an a33air, i, /$c1 /ore c-o,e-y connected wit1 t1e idea o3 vio-ation t1an wit1 t1e idea o3 3orce. W1at i, 3$nda/enta- abo$t vio-ence i, t1at a )er,on i, vio-ated. And i3 one i//ediate-y ,en,e, t1e tr$t1 o3 t1at ,tate/ent it /$,t be beca$,e a )er,on 1a, certain rig1t, w1ic1 are $ndeniab-y indi,,o-$b-y indi,,o-$b-y connected wit1 being a )er,on. One o3 t1e,e i, a rig1t to one, body body to deter/ine w1at one, body doe, and w1at i, done to one, body ** ina-ienab-e beca$,e wit1o$t one, body one wo$-d cea,e to be a )er,on. A)art A)art 3ro/ a body w1at w1at i, e,,entiato one?, being a )er,on i, dignity. dignity. T1e rea- dignity o3 a )er,on doe, not n ot con,i,t in re/aining Bdigni3ied b$t rat1er in t1e abi-ity to /a6e deci,ion,. In t1i, re,)ect w1at i, 3$nda/enta- abo$t a )er,on i, radica--y di33erent 3ro/ w1at i, 3$nda/enta- abo$t a dog. T1e way I treat /y dog w1ic1 ,ee/, to be a good way to treat a dog i, to train 1i/ to re,)ond in a /ore or -e,, /ec1anica- way to certain co//and,. However to treat 1$/an being, in t1at way i, an a33ront to t1eir dignity beca$,e a$tono/y i, e,,entia- to being 1$/an. T1e rig1t to one?, body and t1e rig1t to a$tono/y are $ndo$bted-y t1e /o,t 3$nda/entanat$ra- rig1t, o3 )er,on,. A ,$b,idiary one ,te/, 3ro/ t1e rig1t to a$tono/y. It i, c1aracteri,tic o3 1$/an action to be )$r)o,ive and to 1ave re,$-t, and con,e>$ence,. Freedo/ t1ere3ore i, rig1t-y conceived a, invo-ving not on-y on -y t1e rig1t to decide w1at to do b$t a-,o t1e rig1t to di,)o,e o3 or co)e wit1 t1e con,e>$ence, con ,e>$ence, o3 one?, action. One a,)ect o3 t1i, i, t1e rig1t to t1e )rod$ct o3
one?, -abor w1ic1 1a, )-ayed an i/)ortant ro-e in t1e t1eory o3 bot1 ca)ita-i,/ and co//$ni,/. I3 t1i, -ine o3 t1o$g1t i, e=tended to t1e )oint o3 con,idering one?, )ro)erty an e=ten,ion o3 a )er,on t1e ,co)e o3 t1e conce)t o3 vio-ence beco/e, great-y en-arged ** )er1a), in 1ar/ony wit1 )o)$-ar t1o$g1t on t1e ,$b#ect at -ea,t on t1e )art o3 )ro)ertied )er,on,. 0However one ,1o$-d a-way, bear in /ind t1at even )ro)ertied )er,on, can reconci-e t1e/,e-ve, /$c1 /ore readi-y to -o,, o3 )o,,e,,ion, t1an to -o,, o3 -i3e.2 T1e rig1t to co)e wit1 one?, own )rob-e/, and to 3ace t1e con,e>$ence, o3 one?, act, 0w1ic1 I do not accord /y dog2 i, ty)ica--y abrogated by )aterna-i,/. So vio-ence in 1$/an a33air, a/o$nt, to vio-ating )er,on,. It occ$r, in ,evera- /ar6ed-y di33erent 3or/, and can $,e3$--y be c-a,,i3ied into 3o$r di33erent 6ind, ba,ed on two criteria w1et1er t1e vio-ence i, )er,ona- or in,tit$tiona-i:ed and w1et1er t1e vio-ence i, overt or covert and >$iet. Overt )1y,ica- a,,a$-t o3 one )er,on on t1e body o3 anot1er i, t1e /o,t obvio$, 3or/ o3 vio-ence. +$gging ra)e and /$rder are t1e 3-agrant 7cri/e, o3 vio-ence7 and w1en )eo)-e ,)ea6 o3 vio-ence in t1e ,treet, it i, $,$a--y t1o,e act, t1at cro,, t1eir /ind,. I ,1are t1e generaconcern over t1e ri,ing rate o3 t1e,e cri/e, b$t de)-ore t1e tendency to -i/it t1e i/age o3 vio-ence to #$,t t1e,e t1ree ,ort, o3 a,,a$-t. T1e,e are ca,e, w1ere an attac6 on a 1$/an body i, a-,o bot1 c-ear-y an attac6 on a )er,on and c-ear-y i--ega-. 4$t 1ere we /$,t not tie t1e,e c1aracteri,tic, in too tig1t a )ac6age 3or ,o/e act, o3 vio-ence are intended a, a de3en,e o3 -aw and order or a, a bene3it to t1e )er,on w1o,e body i, beaten ** e.g. ordinary )o-ice activity 0not 7)o-ice br$ta-ity72 and t1e cor)ora- )$ni,1/ent o3 c1 i-dren by )arent, and teac1er,. T1e 3act t1at )o-ice )arent, and teac1er, invo6e ,ocia--y de3ined ro-e, w1en t1ey re,ort to vio-ence indicate, t1at t1e,e ca,e, 1ave in,tit$tiona- a,)ect, t1at over,1adow t1e ) $re-y )er,ona- one,D b$t t1at 3act cannot era,e t1e vio-ence done. O3 co$r,e not a-- ca,e, are ,o c-ear. 0I -eave to t1e reader to )onder #$,t 1ow in ,e= act, we di,ting$i,1 on )ractica- gro$nd, between t1o,e t1at are vio-ent and t1o,e t1at are not.2 4$t w1enever yo$ e/)-oy 3orce on anot1er )er,on?, body wit1o$t t1at )er,on, con,ent yo$ are attac6ing not #$,t a )1y,ica- entity b$t a )er,on ** and t1at i, )er,onaovert vio-ence. In war w1at one ar/y trie, to in3-ict on anot1er i, w1at 1a)) en, to individ$a-, in ca,e, o3 /$gging and /$rder. T1e ,o-dier, are re,)on,ib-e 3or act, o3 vio-ence again,t 7t1e ene/y7 at -ea,t in t1e -ogica- ,en,e t1at t1e vio-ence wo$-d not 1ave occ$rred i3 t1e ,o-dier, 1ad re3$,ed to act. T1e N$re/berg tria-, atte/)ted to e,tab-i,1 t1at ,o/e individ$a- ,o-dier, are re,)on,ib-e /ora--y and -ega--y too b$t t1i, over-oo6, t1e e=tent to w1ic1 t1e in,tit$tiona-i:ation o3 vio-ence /a6e, it, /ora- di/en,ion a/big$o$,. On t1e one 1and an individ$a- ,o-dier i, not acting on 1i, own initiative and re,)on,ibi-ityD on t1e ot1er a gro$) doe, not 1ave a ,o$- and cannot act e=ce)t t1ro$g1 t1e agency o3 individ$a- /en. T1$, t1ere i, a rea- di33ic$-ty in a,,igning re,)on,ibi-ity 3or ,$c1 in,tit$tiona- vio-ence. T1e ot1er ,ide o3 t1e vio-ence it, ob#ect i, e>$a--y a/big$o$,5 7t1e ene/y7 i, being attac6ed a, an organi:ed )o-itica- 3orce and yet t1e bodie, o3 individ$a/en 0and wo/en and c1i-dren2 receive t1e b-ow,. War3are t1ere3ore beca$,e it i, an in,tit$tiona-i:ed 3or/ o3 vio-ence di33er, 3ro/ /$rder in certain 3$nda/enta- re,)ect,. @iot, are anot1er 3or/ o3 in,tit$tiona-i:ed vio-ence a-t1o$g1 t1eir war-i6e c1aracter wa, not wide-y recogni:ed $nti- t1e )$b-ication o3 t1e re)ort o3 t1e ;re,ident?, Nationa- Advi,ory
Co//i,,ion on Civi- $ite di33erent 3ro/ cri/ina- ,it$ation, in w1ic1 )o-ice act again,t individ$a- /i,creant,. T1e overt 3or/, o3 vio-ence are on t1e w1o-e ea,ier to recogni:e t1an >$iet or covert vio-ence w1ic1 doe, not nece,,ari-y invo-ve direct )1y,ica- a,,a$-t on anybody?, )er,on or )ro)erty. T1ere are bot1 )er,ona- and in,tit$tiona- 3or/, o3 >$iet vio-ence. Con,ider 3ir,t a ca,e o3 w1at we /ig1t ca-- ),yc1o-ogica- vio-ence invo-ving individ$a-,. T1e 3o--owing ite/ a))eared in The New York Times in %&'(5
PHOENIX, Ariz., Fe. ! "AP# $$ i&da 'arie A(lt )illed herself, *oliceme& said toda+, rather tha& ma)e her do -ea(t+ *a+ for her &iht ith a married ma&. he *olice (oted her *are&ts, 'r. a&d 'rs. 1ose*h A(lt, as ii& this acco(&t3 i&da failed to ret(r& home from a da&ce i& em*e Frida+ &iht. O& 4at(rda+ she admitted she had s*e&t the &iht ith a& Air Force lie(te&a&t. he A(lts decided o& a *(&ishme&t that o(ld 5a)e i&da (*.5 he+ ordered her to shoot the do she had o&ed ao(t to +ears. O& 4(&da+, the A(lts a&d i&da too) the do i&to the desert &ear their home. he+ had the irl di a shallo rae. he& 'rs. A(lt ras*ed the do etee& her ha&ds, a&d 'r. A(lt ae his da(hter a .22$calier *istol a&d told her to shoot the do. I&stead, the irl *(t the *istol to her riht tem*le a&d shot herself. he *olice said there ere &o chares that co(ld e filed aai&st the *are&ts e6ce*t *ossil+ cr(elt+ to a&imals. T1e rea,on t1ere can be no c1arge, i, t1at t1e )arent, did no )1y,ica- da/age to Linda. 4$t t1at t1ey did terrib-e vio-ence to t1e gir- t1e 3at1er 1i/,e-3 recogni:ed w1en 1e ,aid to a detective 7I 6i--ed 1erD I 6i--ed 1er. It?, #$,t -i6e I 6i--ed 1er /y,e-3.7 I3 we 3ai- to recogni:e t1at a rea- ),yc1o-ogica- vio-ence can be )er)etrated on )eo)-e a vio-ation o3 t1eir a$tono/y t1eir
dignity t1eir rig1t to deter/ine t1ing, 3or t1e/,e-ve, to be 1$ /an, rat1er t1an dog, t1en we 3ai- to rea-i:e t1e 3$-- di/en,ion o3 w1at it i, to do vio-ence. One o3 t1e obvio$, tran,ition ca,e, between overt )er,ona- vio-ence and >$iet )er,onavio-ence i, t1e t1reat. ;er,on w1o do ,o/et1ing $nder t1reat o3 being ,1ot are degraded by -o,ing t1eir a$tono/y. We recogni:e t1at in -aw and /ora-,5 i3 a )er,on ,o t1reatened ta6e, /oney o$t o3 a ,a3e and 1and, it to a robber we ,ay t1at t1e )er,on acted $nder co/)$-,ion and t1e re,)on,ibi-ity 3or w1at i, done -ie, on-y wit1 t1e ar/ed robber. O3 co$r,e )er,on, coerced wit1 t1e t1reat o 3 in#$ry or deat1 needn?t ,$rrender t1eir a$tono/yD t1ey could #$,t re3$,e to 1and over t1e -oot. T1ere can be a great dea- o3 dignity in ,$c1 a re3$,a- and one o3 t1e /e,,age, o3 9ean*;a$- Sartre?, /ora- )1i-o,o)1y i, t1at w1enever one act, ot1er t1an wit1 3$-- re,)on,ibi-ity 3or one, own action, one i, acting in Bbad 3ait1. T1at very de/anding )1i-o,o)1y )$t, great e/)1a,i, $)on a$tono/y and dignity and i, not to be -ig1t-y di,/i,,ed. Nevert1e-e,, one cannot e=)ect t1at )eo)-e wi-- act wit1 ,$c1 $nco/)ro/i,ing ,trengt1 and dignity. To recogni:e t1at t1ey can be bro6en down by t1reat, and ot1er ),yc1o-ogica- )re,,$re, a, we-- a, by )1y,ica- attac6 and t1at to 1ave acted $nder t1reat or d$re,, i, a, good an e=c$,e be3ore t1e -aw a, )1y,ica- re,traint e,tab-i,1e, 3or t1e co//$nity t1e conce)t o3 ),yc1o-ogica- vio-ence. An in,idio$, 3or/ o3 ),yc1o-ogica- vio-ence i, w1at /ig1t be ca--ed t1e 7Fre$dian reb$33.7 It wor6, -i6e t1i,. S$))o,e a yo$ng /an /a6e, a co//ent on t1e war or on civi- rig1t, or on ,o/e ot1er c$rrent to)ic. T1e )er,on 1e i, ta-6ing to t1en ,ay,5 7We-- yo$?re #$,t ,aying t1at beca$,e o3 yo$r re-ation, wit1 yo$r 3at1er.7 T1e yo$ng /an nat$ra--y ob#ect,5 7O3 co$r,e I 1ad a 3at1er b$t -oo6 at t1e 3act,.7 And 1e ,tart, bringing o$t t1e #o$rna-, and new,)a)er, and )re,ent, 3act, and ,tati,tic, 3ro/ t1e/. Anot1er re#oinder5 7o$ /$,t 1ave a terrib-e Oedi)$, co/)-e=D yo$?re getting ,o e=cited abo$t t1i,.7 And t1e yo$ng /an t1en ,ay,5 7Loo6 I?ve 1ad ,o/e 3ig1t, wit1 /y 3at1er b$t I?ve read t1e )a)er and I 1ave an inde)endent intere,t in t1e civirig1t, >$e,tion. It 1a, not1ing to do wit1 /y 3at1er.7 To w1ic1 t1e re,)on,e i, 7We-- yo$r denia #$,t )rove, 1ow dee) yo$r Oedi)$, co/)-e= i,.7 T1i, ty)e o3 Fre$dian reb$33 1a, t1e e33ect o3 w1at 9o1n Henry New/an ca--ed 7)oi,oning t1e we--,.7 It give, it, victi/, no gro$nd to ,tand on. I3 t1ey try to advance 3act, and ,tati,tic, t1ey are di,co$nted and t1eir invo-ve/ent i, attrib$ted to Fre$dian 3actor,. I3 t1ey atte/)t to )rove t1e/,e-ve, 3ree o3 t1e aberration in >$e,tion t1eir very )rote,t i, $,ed a, evidence again,t t1e/. To ,tr$ct$re a ,it$ation again,t )er,on, in ,$c1 a /anner doe, vio-ence to t1e/ by de)riving t1e/ o3 t1eir dignity5 no /atter w1at t1ey do t1ere i, no way at a-- ,o -ong a, t1ey acce)t t1e )rob-e/ in t1e ter/, in w1ic1 it i, )re,ented 3or t1e/ to /a6e a re,)on,e t1at wi-- a--ow t1e/ to e/erge wit1 1onor. A-t1o$g1 t1i, ,ort o3 coc6tai-*)arty Fre$diani,/ i, not very ,erio$, in ca,$aconver,ation, t1ere are /any 3or/, o3 t1i, )-oy w1ere t1e w1o-e -i3e and c1aracter o3 a )er,on /ay be invo-ved. A c-a,,ic -iterary and re-igio$, ver,ion i, t1e di,)$te between C1ar-e, ing,-ey and 9o1n Henry New/an in t1e %&t1 cent$ry in w1ic1 ing,-ey c1a--enged New/an?, integrity and ended $) -o,ing 1i, ,tat$re a, a ;rote,tant ,)o6e,/an. A 3$-- acco$nt o3 t1e di,)$te i, written $) in 3a,cinating detai- in /any edition, o3 New/an?, Apologia. A )o-itica- variation i, t1e +ar=ian reb$33 w1ere o3 co$r,e it i, beca$,e o3 yo$r c-a,, ,tanding t1at yo$ 1ave ,$c1 and ,$c1
a view and i3 yo$ deny t1at yo$r c-a,, ,tanding i, in3-$encing yo$ in t1at way yo$r very denia,1ow, 1ow dee)-y yo$ are i/b$ed wit1 t1e ob3$,cating ideo-ogy. 4etween )arent and c1i-d a, between 1$,band and wi3e t1ere are variation, w1ic1 t$rn $)on t1e identi3ication 0by one in,i,tent )arty2 o3 -ove wit1 ,o/e )artic$-ar action ,o t1at t1e ot1er )arty /$,t eit1er ,$rrender 1i, a$tono/y or ac6now-edge 1i, 3ait1-e,,ne,,. T1i, ,ort o3 ),yc1o-ogica- vio-ence i, /o,t da/aging w1e n t1e )er,on ,tr$ct$ring t1e ,it$ation i, in ,o/e )o,ition o3 ,)ecia- a$t1ority e.g. in ,c1oo-,. An i/aginative c1i-d do e, ,o/et1ing o$t o3 t1e ordinary and t1e teac1er, re,)on,e i, t1at t1e c1i-d i, a di,ci)-ine )rob-e/. It i, now near-y i/)o,,ib-e 3or t1e c1i-d to e,ca)e being a )rob-e/. Trying to do ,o/et1ing creative wi-- be ,te))ing o$t o3 -ine again t1ereby Bcon3ir/ing being a )rob-e/. Staying in -ine i, a)t to -ead to ,c1o-a,tic )rob-e/, t1ereby Bcon 3ir/ing -ac6 o3 )otentia- 3or anyt1ing b$t /i,c1ie3. T1e re,$-t i, a 6ind o3 ,t$nted )er,on ty)ica- o3 ,c1oo-, o)erating in -arge $rban area,. T1i, -a,t variation o3 t1e ),yc1o-ogica- reb$33 -ead, to t1e 3o$rt1 genera- category o3 vio-ence in,tit$tiona-i:ed >$iet vio-ence. T1e ,c1oo-, are an in,tit$tion and teac1er, are 1ired not ,o /$c1 to act on t1eir own a, to 3$-3i-- a )redeter/ined c-a,,roo/ ro-e. Vio-ence done by t1e teac1er /ay t1ere3ore not be )er,ona- b$t in,tit$tiona-5 )er)etrated w1i-e acting a, a 3ait13$agent o3 t1e ed$cationa- ,y,te/. T1e idea o3 ,$c1 in,tit$tiona- vio-ence i, very i/)ortant. A c-earer e=a/)-e /ay be a we--*e,tab-i,1ed ,y,te/ o3 ,-avery or co-onia- o))re,,ion or t1e -i3e in conte/)orary A/erican g1etto,. Once e,tab-i,1ed ,$c1 a ,y,te/ /ay re>$ire re-ative-y -itt-e overt vio-ence to /aintain it. It i, -egendary t1at So$t1erner, $,ed to bo a,t 7We $nder,tand o$r nigra,D t1ey are 1a))y 1ere and wo$-dn?t want any ot1er 6ind o3 -i3e7 ** and t1ere i, no rea,on to do$bt t1at /any a So$t1erner rai,ed in t1e ,y,te/ and ,1e-tered 3ro/ t1e rec$rrent -ync1ing, be-ieved it. In t1at ,et$) it i, )o,,ib-e 3or an in,tit$tion to go a-ong )-acid-y wit1 no overt di,t$rbance, and yet to be terrib-y br$ta-. T1ere i, /ore vio-ence in t1e b-ac6 g1etto, t1an anyw1ere e-,e in A/erica ** even w1en t1e g1etto, are >$iet. At t1e ti/e o3 t1e Har-e/ riot, in %&'" t1e Negro ),yc1o-ogi,t ennet1 C-ar6 ,aid t1at t1ere wa, /ore day*to*day vio-ence in t1e -i3e o3 t1e g1etto, t1an t1ere wa, in any day o3 t1o,e di,t$rbance,. I?/ not ,$re e=act-y w1at 1e /eant. T1ere i, a good dea- o3 overt )er,ona- vio-ence in t1e b-ac6 g1etto, 3or rea,on, Frant: Fanon 1a, e=)-ained in The retched of the !arth. 4$t we /$,t a-,o recogni:e t1e >$iet vio-ence in t1e very o)eration o3 t1e ,y,te/. 4ernard La3ayette o3 SCLC" ,)ea6, angri-y o3 t1e vio-ence o3 t1e status quo" 7T1e rea- i,,$e i, t1at )art o3 t1e ?good order o3 ,ociety? i, t1e ro$tine o))re,,ion and raci,/ co//itted again,t /i--ion, o3 A/erican, every day. T1at i, w1ere t1e rea- vio-ence i,. A b-ac6 g1etto in /o,t A/erican citie, o)erate, very -i6e any ,y,te/ o3 ,-avery. @e-ative-y -itt-e overt vio-ence i, needed to 6ee) t1e in,tit$tion going and yet t1e in,tit$tion vio-ate, t1e 1$/an being, invo-ved beca$,e t1ey are ,y,te/atica--y denied t1e o)tion, w1ic1 are o)en to t1e va,t /a#ority in t1e ,ociety. A ,y,te/atic denia- o3 o)tion, i, one way to de)rive )eo)-e o3 a$tono/y. ;er1a), denying o)tion, wo$-d not do vio-ence to )eo)-e i3 individ$a- )er,on, were i,-and, $nto t1e/,e-ve, and individ$a-ity were t1e 3$-- tr$t1 abo$t 1$/an -i3e. 4$t it i, not. We are ,ocia- being,D o$r w1o-e ,en,e o3 w1at we are i, de)endent on t1e 3act t1at we -ive in ,ociety and 1ave o)en to $, ,ocia--y deter/ined o)tion,. W1at acce,, we 1ave to t1e ,ocia--y
de3ined o)tion, i, /$c1 /ore i/)ortant t1an w1at -ang$age or w1at ,y,te/ o3 )ro)erty rig1t, we in1erit at birt1. T1e in,tit$tiona- 3or/ o3 >$iet vio-ence o)erate, w1en )eo)-e are de)rived o3 c1oice, in a ,y,te/atic way by t1e very /anner in w1ic1 tran,action, nor/a--y ta6e ) -ace. It i, a, rea- and a, wic6ed a, t1e t1ie3 wit1 a 6ni3e.
Cuatro tipos de violencia: Papel personal o institucional del Actor / abierta o encubierta efecto de la acción Sobre la base de Newton Garver, "qué es la violencia," La Nación ! #$ de %unio, &'( ) , (&*+(
La responsabilidad moral de la ambigüedad moral de la acción individual roles 1tt)5www.)1i-o,o)1y.$ncc.ed$wcgayw)#o1otvio-encec1art.1t/Hurt consciente / Ofensa Daño Estructural / Opresión anifiesta la violencia personal
3iolencia 4nstitucional abierta Claro: 2uerra civil, 2uerra internacional
Claro: atraco, violación - asesinato .ebatido: la defensa de la le-, la persona beneficio .ebatidos: la pena capital, disturbios oderación 0ra1onable vs brutalidad policial e%ecución 0le2itiada vs asesinato 5stado ++el casti2o corporal vs abuso infantil 6uel2a 0or2ani1ada vs estallido espont7neo 8a violencia encubierta Personal Claro: verbal - psicoló2ica abuso .ebatidos: aena1as
5ncubierta 3iolencia 4nstitucional Claridad: la esclavitud, el colonialiso, 2uetos .iscutida: la disuasión
++a-o evitar violencias personales abiertas ++a-o anifiesto institucional para evitar la v iolencia ++responsabilidad en la violencia individual , si se 6ace
++9esponsabilidad de 3iolencia de 5stado, si se 6ace
NOTES
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. @iot, bro6e o$t in New or6 in %&'" w1en an o33*d$ty )o-ice o33icer ,1ot and 6i--ed a b-ac6 yo$t1. +ore riot, er$)ted in ot1er citie, d$ring t1at ,$//er. In %&'8 a /ore ,erio$, riot bro6e o$t in t1e Watt, di,trict o3 Lo, Ange-e,. @ioting contin$ed t1ro$g1 %&'' and %&' t1e wor,t occ$rring in $a--y )ower3$- wor6 3oc$,ing on t1e