Welding Procedure Specification

Welding Procedure Specification:- Example Weld Procedure Number Qualifying Welding Procedure (WPAR)

30 P1 TIG 01 Issue A WP T17/A

 Man  Manufact factu urer: er:

Met%od ,f Pre'aration and -leanin(:

Mac%ine and .e(rease

Parent Metal +'ecification:

Grade 30L +tainless +teel

Parent Metal T%ic$ness

3 to  Wall

Pi'e ,utside .iaeter

! to 100

Location:

National Fabs Lt Ltd ! Lane "nd #ir$ens%a& Leeds Wor$s%o'

 Weldi  Weldin( n( Proce Process: ss: Manual Manual TIG TIG  )o  )oint T*'e: +in(le +ided #utt Weld Weldin( Posit sition:

All Positio tions

Weldin eldin( ( Pro(re Pro(ressio ssion: n: 2'&ard 2'&ardss

Joint Design

Run

Proces s

1  And +ubs

TIG TIG

Welding Sequences

Size f  #urren $oltage %y&e f  Wire %rael eat !iller t #urrent'Polarit !eed *n&ut "etal A $ y S&eed S&eed

1 70 5 60  N/A 14 0 5 10

.-5 .-5

 N/A

N/A

N/A

Production Sequence Weldin( -onsuables:5 Weldin( T*'e T*'e .esi(nation Trade Nae: #+ 601 Part  : 30+6 An* +'ecial #a$in( or .r*in(:  No 1 -lean &eld and ! !  borders to bri(%t etal Gas Flu8: Ar(on 6666 Purit* usin( a''ro;ed sol;ent Gas Flo& 9ate 5 +%ield:  5 1 LPM  Position Position ites ites to be 5 #ac$in(: ! LPM &elded ensurin( (ood fit u' and a''l* 'ur(e

Welding Procedure Specification:- Example Weld Procedure Number Qualifying Welding Procedure (WPAR)

30 P1 TIG 01 Issue A WP T17/A

 Man  Manufact factu urer: er:

Met%od ,f Pre'aration and -leanin(:

Mac%ine and .e(rease

Parent Metal +'ecification:

Grade 30L +tainless +teel

Parent Metal T%ic$ness

3 to  Wall

Pi'e ,utside .iaeter

! to 100

Location:

National Fabs Lt Ltd ! Lane "nd #ir$ens%a& Leeds Wor$s%o'

 Weldi  Weldin( n( Proce Process: ss: Manual Manual TIG TIG  )o  )oint T*'e: +in(le +ided #utt Weld Weldin( Posit sition:

All Positio tions

Weldin eldin( ( Pro(re Pro(ressio ssion: n: 2'&ard 2'&ardss

Joint Design

Run

Proces s

1  And +ubs

TIG TIG

Welding Sequences

Size f  #urren $oltage %y&e f  Wire %rael eat !iller t #urrent'Polarit !eed *n&ut "etal A $ y S&eed S&eed

1 70 5 60  N/A 14 0 5 10

.-5 .-5

 N/A

N/A

N/A

Production Sequence Weldin( -onsuables:5 Weldin( T*'e T*'e .esi(nation Trade Nae: #+ 601 Part  : 30+6 An* +'ecial #a$in( or .r*in(:  No 1 -lean &eld and ! !  borders to bri(%t etal Gas Flu8: Ar(on 6666 Purit* usin( a''ro;ed sol;ent Gas Flo& 9ate 5 +%ield:  5 1 LPM  Position Position ites ites to be 5 #ac$in(: ! LPM &elded ensurin( (ood fit u' and a''l* 'ur(e Tun(sten Tun(sten "lectrode "le ctrode T*'e/ T*'e/ +i
Welding Procedure S&ecification +,am&le

A WP+ is a docuent t%at describes %o& &eldin( is to be carried out in  'roduction  'roduction T%e* are recoended recoended for all &eldin( &eldin( o'erations o'erations and an* a''lication codes and standards a$e t%e andator* W%at inforation s%ould t%e* include= +ufficient details to enable an* co'etent 'erson to a''l* t%e inforation and  'roduce a &eld of acce'tabl acce'tablee >ualit* >ualit* T%e aount aount of detail detail and le;el le;el of controls s'ecified on a WP+ is de'endant on t%e a''lication and criticalit* of t%e ?oint to be &elded For ost a''lications t%e inforation re>uired is (enerall* siilar to t%at recorded on a Procedure @ualification 9ecord P@9B or Weldin( Procedure A''ro;al 9ecord WPA9B e8ce't t%at ran(es are usuall* 'eritted on t%ic$nesses diaeters &eldin( current aterials ?oint t*'es etc If a WP+ is used in con?unction &it% a''ro;ed &eldin( 'rocedures t%en t%e ran(es stated ran(es  stated s%ould be in accordance &i t% t%e a''ro;al ran(es 'eritted b* t%e &eldin( 'rocedure Co&e;er careful consideration s%ould be (i;en to t%e ran(es s'ecified to ensure t%e* are ac%ie;able as t%e ran(es (i;en b* &eldin( 'rocedure standards standards do not al&a*s re'resent (ood &eldin( & eldin( 'ractice For e8a'le &eldin( 'ositions 'eritted b* t%e &eldin( 'rocedure standard a* not be ac%ie;able or 'ractical for certain &eldin( 'rocesses or consuables +N *S -./012-./012 - (formally +N 344 Part 3) +uro&ean Standard !or Welding Procedure S&ecifications "N I+, 1!406 .efines t%e contents of a Weldin( Procedure +'ecification in t%e for of a list of inforation t%at s%ould be recorded For soe a''lications it a* be necessar* to su''leent or reduce t%e list For e8a'le onl* in t%e case of a 'rocedure re>uirin( %eat in'ut control &ould t%ere be a necessit* to >uote tra;el s'eed or run5out len(t% for anual 'rocesses AS"+ *5 American 6oiler and Pressure Pressure $essel $essel #ode @W !0 Lists t%e ;ariables for eac% &eldin( 'rocess all t%e ;ariables stated s%ould be addressed T%e ran(e 'eritted b* t%e WP+ is dictated b* t%e P@9 or P@9Ds used to >ualif* it

T*'ical T*'ical Ites It es T%at +%ould #e 9ecorded ,n WP+:5 P+:5

#ommon to all Processes



•

Procedure nuber 

•

Process t*'e

•

-onsuable +i
•

-onsuable #a$in( 9e>uireent if a''licable

•

Parent aterial (rade and s'ec

•

T%ic$ness ran(e

•

Plate or Pi'e .iaeter ran(e

•

Weldin( We ldin( Position P osition

•

)oint Fit 2' Pre'aration -leanin( .iensions etc

•

#ac$in( +tri' #ac$ Gou(in( inforation

•

Pre5Ceat Min Te' and Met%odB

•

Inter'ass If 9e>uired Ma8iu Te'erature recorded B

•

Post Weld Ceat Treatent If 9e>uired Tie and Te'B

•

Weldin( Tec%ni>ue &ea;in(a8 run &idt% etcB

•

Arc "ner(* Liits s%ould be stated if i'act tests are re>uired or if t%e aterial bein( &elded is sensiti;e to %eat in'ut

""A

%*7

"*7 "A7 !#AW

Weldin( current

*es

*es

*es

*es

T*'e of Weldin( current A-/.- Polarit*

*es

*es

*es

*es

Arc ;olta(e

If Auto

*es

*es

Pulse 'araeters Pulse tie and 'ea$ E  bac$(ound currentB

If 2sed

If 2sed

*es

*es

S&ecific %o Welding Processes

Weldin( +'eed If Mec%anised

S86 AR#

*es

 8 Interstitial infoation=

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T Fillet Welds

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Calculating Volume Using Solids Of Reolution

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Welding Certification! " #asic $uide T%e re>uireent for &eld 'rocedures and t%e codin( of &elders is s'ecified in a''lication standards suc% as: •

#+ 671 -lass  Arc Weldin( of -arbon +teel Pi'e&or$

Gas Pressures

less t%an 17 bar(H •

#+ 433 -lass 1 Arc Weldin( of -arbon +teel Pi'e&or$

•

#+ 477 Arc Weldin( ,f Austenitic +teel Pi'e&or$

•

#+ 04 #oiler Pi'e Wor$ 9efers to #+ 671 and #+ 433B

•

P. !!00 2nfired Pressure essels Forall* #+!!00B

•

#+ 760 +%ell #oilers

•

#+ 1113 Water Tube #oilers

•

#+ !146 Air 9ecei;ers

A&&lication Standards All t%e abo;e a''lication standards re>uire &eldin( 'rocedures to "N I+, 1!41 Part 1 Forerl* #+"N 53B and &elders coded to #+"N 7 Part 1 +oe a''lications of #+ 671 and #+ !146 'erit &elders to be >ualified &it%out 'rocedures to #+ 7 a less strin(ent standard

T%e a''lication standard a* re>uire tests in addition to t%ose re>uired b* &eldin( standards for e8a'le ost 2J boiler and 'ressure ;essel codes re>uire all &eld tensile tests for 'late >ualification abo;e 10 8@ &ressure systems regulations Ites t%at coe under t%e 2J 'ressure s*stes re(ulations ust be K'ro'erl* desi(ned and constructed so as to 're;ent dan(erK and ites t%at are re'aired or odified s%ould not (i;e rise to dan(er T%e Cealt% and +afet* "8ecuti;e Guidance #oo$let to t%e re(ulations inter'rets t%is stateent as eanin( t%e anufacture or re'air of an* ite s%ould be carried out t out to o suitable codes co des and recoends t%e use of #ritis% +tandards or ot%er e>ui;alent National +tandards +uro&ean Pressure +qui&ment Directie

For ins'ection cate(or*  and abo;e all &eldin( 'rocedures and &elder >ualifications %a;e to be a''ro;ed b* a Notified #od* an Ins'ection Aut%orit* Notified b* a "uro'ean eber countr* under t%e .irecti;eB or a T%ird Part* ,r(anisation siilarl* a''ro;ed under t%e .irecti;e All >ualifications a''ro;ed b* t%ese or(anisations %a;e to be acce'ted b* all  'arties for &or$ &or$ carried out under under t%e directi;e directi;e 'ro;idin( 'ro;idin( t%e* t%e* are suitable suitable for t%e a''lication and tec%nicall* correct Welding Procedure S&ecifications T%is is a si'le instruction s%eet (i;in( details of %o& t%e &eld is to be  'erfored its its 'ur'ose 'ur'ose is to aid t%e 'lannin( 'lannin( and >ualit* >ualit* control control of t%e &eldin( o'eration "N I+, 1!406 forerl* "N Part B s'ecifies t%e contents of suc% a s'ecification in t%e for of a list of ites t%at s%ould be recorded %o&e;er onl* rele;ant inforation need be s'ecified for e8a'le onl* in t%e case of a 'rocedure re>uirin( %eat in'ut control &ould t%ere be a necessit* to >uote tra;el s'eed or run out len(t% for anual 'rocesses

A &eld 'rocedure s'ecification a* co;er a ran(e of t%ic$nesses diaeters and aterials but t%e ran(e ust be s'ecified and be co'atible &it% t%e rest of t%e 'araeters on t%e docuent I su((est t%at *ou 'roduce a ne& WP+ for eac% t*'e of ?oint and $ee' to t%e ran(es of t%ic$ness and diaeters s'ecified in t%e &eldin( 'rocedure standard

Welding Procedures Weldin( 'rocedures are re>uired &%en it is necessar* to deonstrate t%at *our co'an* %as t%e abilit* to 'roduce &elds 'ossessin( t%e correct ec%anical and etallur(ical 'ro'erties

A &eldin( 'rocedure ust >ualified in accordance &it% t%e re>uireents of an a''ro'riate &eldin( 'rocedure standard suc% as "N I+, 1!41 Part 1 as follo&s:5

1 Produce a &eldin( 'rocedure s'ecification as stated abo;e

 Weld a test 'iece in accordance &it% t%e re>uireents of *our

s'ecification T%e ?oint set u' &eldin( and ;isual e8aination of t%e co'leted &eld s%ould be &itnessed b* an Ins'ection #od* T%e details of t%e test suc% as t%e &eldin( current 're5%eat etc ust be

recorded durin( t%e test

3 ,nce t%e &eldin( is co'lete t%e test 'iece ust be sub?ect to

destructi;e and non destructi;e e8aination suc% as radio(ra'%* and ec%anical tests as defined b* t%e &eldin( 'rocedure standard T%is &or$ can be carried out in an* laborator* but t%e Ins'ection #od* a* re>uire to &itness t%e tests and ;ie& an* radio(ra'%s

 If t%e test is successful *ou or t%e test bod* co'lete t%e a''ro'riate

docuents &%ic% t%e test bodies sur;e*or si(ns and endorses T%e necessar* docuents are as follo&s:5

+- Weldin Welding g Procedur Proceduree A&&ro A&&roal al %e %est #ertificate #ertificate T%is is t%e front s%eet and onl* (i;es details of &%at t%e 'rocedure can  be used for ie its ran(e ran(e of a''ro;al a''ro;al +3 Details f We Weld ld %e %est st T%is (i;es details of &%at actuall* too$ 'lace durin( t%e test &eld it is siilar to a WP+ but s%ould not include ran(es of &eldin( 'araeters + %est Re Resul sults .etails of N.T and Mec%anical testin( 9esults +B Welder Welder A&&ro A&&roal al %e %est #ertifi #ertificate: cate: T%is is t%e &elder a''ro;al 'art of t%e >ualification Note T%e "1 " "3 " desi(nations are used b* soe Ins'ection Aut%orities to refer to t%e indi;idual fors "8a'les of t%ese fors are (i;en in anne8es of "N I+, 1!41 and "N7

Fors "1 " "3 a* be referred to as t%e WPA9 Weldin( Procedure A''ro;al 9ecordB or WP@9 Weld Procedure @ualification 9ecordB

In (eneral a ne& &eldin( 'rocedure ust be >ualified for eac% of t%e follo&in( c%an(es sub?ect to t%e indi;idual re>uireents of t%e a''ro'riate standard used:5

•

-%an(e in 'arent aterial t*'e

•

-%an(e of &eldin( 'rocess

•

T%e diaeter ran(e for 'i'e (i;en b* t%e &eldin( standard is e8ceeded T*'icall* 0!8. to 8.

•

T%e t%ic$ness ran(e is e8ceeded T*'icall* 0!8t to 8t

•

An* ot%er c%an(e re>uired b* t%e &eldin( standard

Welder A&&roal ,nce t%e 'rocedure is a''ro;ed it is necessar* to deonstrate t%at all *our &elders &or$in( to it %a;e t%e re>uired $no&led(e and s$ill to 'ut do&n a clean sound &eld If t%e &elder %as satisfactoril* co'leted t%e 'rocedure test t%en %e is autoaticall* a''ro;ed but eac% additional &elder ust be a''ro;ed b* co'letin( an a''ro;al test to an a''ro'riate standard suc% as "N 7 'art 1 as follo&s:5

-o'lete a &eld test as stated in B abo;e T%e test s%ould siulate  'roduction  'roduction conditions conditions and t%e &eldin( &eldin( 'osition 'osition s%ould s%ould be t%e t%e 'osition 'osition t%at t%e 'roduction &elds are to be ade in or one ore se;ere For a8iu 'ositional a''ro;al a 'i'e inclined at ! de(rees referred to as t%e 4G 'ositionB a''ro;es all 'ositions e8ce't ;ertical do&n Test t%e co'leted &eld in accordance &it% t%e rele;ant standard to ensure t%at t%e &eld is clean and full* fused For a butt &eld t%is is norall* a ;isual e8aination follo&ed b* radio(ra'%* ,nce t%e test is co'leted t%e " for %as to be co'leted b* *ou or  t%e test bod* and si(ned b* t%e test bodies sur;e*or  Note T%e T%e abo;e c%an(es t%at t%at re>uire re>uire a ne& &eldin( &eldin( 'rocedure 'rocedure a* a* also a''l* to t%e &elders a''ro;al refer to t%e standard for 'recise details AS"+ 1 A+M" 6 as far as t%e 'ressurised s*stes re(ulations are concerned can be considered as e>ui;alent to "N I+, 1!4151 /"N 7 Co&e;er it a* not  be contractuall* contractuall* acce'tab acce'table le T%e ad;anta(e ad;anta(e in usin( usin( A+M" A+M" is t%at t%at (enerall*

fe&er 'rocedure tests are re>uired 'articularl* &%en &eldin( 'i'e&or$ Welder A&&roal A&&roal Wit9out A &rocedure #+ 7 is for t%e >ualification of &elders &%ere a &eld 'rocedure is not re>uired eit%er b* t%e a''lication standard t%at (o;erns t%e >ualit* of  'roduction  'roduction &elds or or b* contractual contractual a(reeent a(reeent T*'icall* T*'icall* a''lied a''lied 'er 'er #+671 for &eldin( of boiler 'i'e&or$ less t%an 17 bar ( and 00- #asicall* t%e sae rules entioned abo;e for t%e &elder a''ro;al a''l* Acce&tance Standards In (eneral &elds ust s%o& a neat &or$an li$e a''earance T%e root ust  be full* fused alon( alon( t%e entire entire len(t% len(t% of t%e &eld &eld t%e 'rofile of of t%e ca' s%ould blend in soot%l* &it% t%e 'arent aterial and t%e &eld s%ould be si(nificantl* free fro i'erfections 9eference s%ould be ade to t%e acce'tance standard for 'recise details

Its a (ood idear to ensure t%at *ou can ac%ie;e t%e a''ro'riate standard  before *ou *ou call in an Ins'ection Ins'ection #od* #od* Penetration Penetration defects defects and and lac$ of fusion fusion can often be easil* detected b* sectionin( &elds and bendin( t%e C Ne,t Page

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Welding We lding Qualification Sub "enu

Pa(e last u'dated 1 Marc% 00

Procedure %ualification Record &P%R' P@9Ks are not re>uired if +tandard Weldin( Procedures are used see belo& for  details T%is docuent contains details of t%e &eldin( test it ust include details of all t%e 'araeters listed as ;ariables in tables @W!0 to @W4! for eac%  'rocess in;ol;ed in;ol;ed and all t%e t%e destructi;e destructi;e test results T%e rele;ant ;ariables for eac% t*'e of &eldin( 'rocess are clearl* defined in tables @W!0 to @W4! T%e left %and colun of eac% table defines t%e section and 'ara(ra'% &%ere eac% ;ariable and its a''lication to t%e table is e8'lained in t%e code Welding We lding $ariables $ariables

ariables used in a &eldin( 'rocedure test are di;ided into 3 cate(ories :5 •

•

•

+ssential $ariables  Are ;ariables t%at %a;e a si(nificant affect on t%e ec%anical 'ro'erties of a ?oint T%e* ust not be c%an(ed e8ce't &it%in t%e liits s'ecified b* t%is code e( Material t%ic$ness ran(e Material Grou' etc Non2+ssential $ariables  Are ;ariables t%at %a;e no si(nificant affect on ec%anical 'ro'erties T%e* can be c%an(ed &it%out re >ualification of t%e P@9 Su&&lementary $ariables Are ;ariables t%at %a;e an affect on t%e i'act 'ro'erties of a ?oint T%e* are classed as Non5"ssential if i'act testin( is not re>uired

All ;ariables listed as essential non5essential or su''leentar* s%ould be addressed on bot% t%e WP+ and t%e P@9 If an* of t%e ;ariables do not a''l* to t%e 'articular a''lication t%en t%e* s%ould be s'ecified as not a''licable Joint #onfiguration "it%er 'late or 'i'e can be used for t%e test 'iece 'late a''ro;es 'i'e and ;ice ;ersa ref @W11B @W11B an* &eldin( 'osition 'o sition a''ro;es all 'ositions 'ro;id in( no i'act tests are re>uired ref tables @W!0 to @W4! and an* ?oint (eoetr* a''ro;es all (eoetr*Ks e( sin(le s in(le  double   2 're' bac$ed or unbac$ed

A butt or (roo;e &eld a''ro;es branc% and fillet &elds but not t%e con;erse ref @W0 Non 'ressure retainin( fillet &elds in 'i'e or 'late can be tested  but t%e* t%e* ust be double sided sided if 'late 'late and at least t%e t%e diensions diensions illustrated illustrated in @W4a ref @W0c Pressure retainin( branc% &elds ust be >ualified  b* (roo;e (roo;e buttB &elds &elds "aterial 7rou&ing Materials are assi(ned P nubers in @W0 a test in one P nuber a''ro;es all aterials listed under t%at P nuber e8ce't &%ere i'act tests are re>uired t%en a''ro;al is restricted to aterials listed in t%e (rou' nuber &it%in t%e P nuber ,t%er P nuber (rou'in(s are 'erissible ref @W1 for details 9ef @W 1 for furt%er details

It is norall* 'erissible if t%e aterial is not listed in @W to assi(n it to a P nuber &%ic% lists aterials &it% t%e sae etallur(ical and ec%anical  'ro'erties  'ro'erties alt%ou(% alt%ou(% t%is is not in strict strict conforance conforance &it% &it% t%e code code T*' T*'icall* icall* #+1!01 1!1 30A lo& carbon steel could be re(arded as P1 and stainless steels suc% as 314 30 as P

 Note P! P! 6 E 10 are di;ided into sub (rou's e( !A!# etc etc Treat Treat eac% eac% sub (rou' li$e a se'arate P Nuber  .issiilar aterials are acce'table 'ro;idin( t%e* are co'atible For e8a'le P1 to P but t%is does not co;er P1 to P1 or P to P  Note + nubers nubers are for for 'i'e&or$ 'i'e&or$ to #31 #31 a P nuber co;ers co;ers an + nuber nuber but not t%e con;erse #onsumables T%e A+M" code uses its o&n s'ecifications for consuables S!A: &%ic% is alost identical to t%e AW+ s'ecification N%+ A c9ange in consumable is only &ermissible &roiding it 9as t9e same ! number and A number (if a&&licable) as t9e P:Q:R::

%9ic>ness
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W%en I'act tests are re>uired t%e iniu t%ic$ness a''ro;ed is restricted +ee @W034 More t%an one P@9 a* be re>uired to >ualif* dissiilar t%ic$ness

T%e t%ic$ness little t of de'osited &eld etal for eac% 'rocess in;ol;ed is a''ro;ed fro 0 to 8t e8ce't:5 •

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MIG/MAG GMAW/F-AWB di' transfer &eld of de'osited t%ic$ness less t%an O a''ro;es a8iu t%ic$ness of 11 8 t onl* 9ef: @W!! @W0310B If an* Pass in a sin(le or ulti'ass &eld  O t%en t%e t%ic$ness a''ro;al e>uals 118T

.issiilar T%ic$ness @W0:5 T%e t%ic$er and t%inner 'art ust be >ualified "8ce't P and PQ t%e t%inner 'art can be >ualified if no I'acts and test cou'on  4 t%ic$ T%ic$ness liits for fillet &elds as 'er @W4a or @W4d >ualif* all fillet &eld si
2nli$e "N t%ere is no re>uireent for an* non5destructi;e testin( suc% as radio(ra'%* or MPI/.PI alt%ou(% I &ould recoend radio(ra'%* for butt &elds T%e testin( re>uireent for (roo;e &elds are as follo&s:5 •

•

T&o Trans;erse tensile tests @W1!0B T&o 9oot bends and T&o face bends unless t%e 'late t%ic$ness e8ceeds 3/O t%en  side bends are re>uired All bend tests s%ould be done to @W140 usin( t%e correct forer ref @W44 to an an(le of 10 de(rees Lon(itudinal all &eldB bend tests are not recoended unless t%e base/&eld aterials differ ar$edl* in bendin( 'ro'erties +ee @W 44 for e8ce'tions and 'recise details

T%e testin( re>uireent for fillet &elds on 'late is ! acro sections onl* for Pi'e fillet &elds  acro sections No fracture test re>uired

Welding Procedure S&ecifications (WPS)

T%is docuent details t%e 'ractical a''lication of t%e Procedure @ualification 9ecord P@9B It s%ould contain enou(% inforation to (i;e direction to t%e &elder and s%ould address all ;ariables associated &it% t%e &eldin( 'rocess defined in @W!0 includin( non essential and su''leentar* A WP+ can cobine &eldin( 'rocesses fro ot%er P@9Ks but all t%e rele;ant ;ariables ust be addressed includin( 'arent etal t%ic$ness T%ere is an e8ce'tion to t%is rule for root runs fro P@9Ks t%at are (reater t%an 1! inc%es t%ic$ 31B 31B see code for details

Standard Standa rd We Welding lding Procedures S&ecifications S&ecifica tions (SWPs) +tandard &eldin( 'rocedures listed in anne8 " of A+M" IQ can be 'urc%ased fro t%e KAerican Weldin( +ociet*K and used &it%out >ualif*in( a P@9 +ection  of A+M" A+M" IQ (i;es details of essential ;ariables and restrictions A successful &elder 'erforance >ualification ust be carried out to deonstrate t%e +WPKs before a anufacturer can use it

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#rief Introduction

•

Procedure @ualification 9ecord P@9B

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Weldin( Perforance @ualification WP@B

•

•

A+M" definitions for &eldin( 'rocesses consuables and &eldin(  'ositions  'ositio ns

Weldin( @ualifications +ub Menu

Pa(e last u'dated 1 +e'teber +e'teber 001  Ads

Welder Performance %ualification &WP%' "aterials T%e 'ur'ose of t%is test is to deterine t%e &elders abilit* to de'osit a sound &eld t%erefore t%e base aterial is not considered as critical as it is in t%e P@9 Cence a 'erforance test on an* aterial in P (rou's 1 to 11 a''ro;es all t%ose (rou's and sub (rou's also P3 and PQ P05P6B Pro;idin( a co'atible consuable e8ists &it% t%e sae F nuber used in t%e >ualification test @W31B

 Note a sin(le sin(le sided sided &eld is classed classed as a &eld &it%out &it%out bac$in( bac$in( and a double double sided &eld or &eld &it% sealin( run is classed as a &eld &it% bac$in( #onsumables T%e F nuber cannot be c%an(ed &it%out re >ualification of t%e &elder e8ce't t%at for 'erforance >ualification onl* usin( +MAW MMAB F nubers u' to and includin(  a''ro;e all lesser F nubers for double sided or &elds &it%  bac$in(  bac$in( only ,ne -onsuable fro F1 To F! a''ro;es an* of t%ese consuables e8ce't +AW + AW 9ef QWB0B:--

 Note KAK KAK nubers do do not a''l* a''l* to &elder &elder a''ro;al a''ro;al tests $ariables For eac% &eldin( 'rocess t%ere is a list of essential ;ariables in @W3! to @W3!7 and @W340 for &eldin( o'erators t%ese are not necessaril* t%e sae as t%e ones for t%e P@9 "ssential ;ariables cannot be c%an(ed "8'lanations

of all t%ese t%ese ;ariables is (i;en ( i;en in section I of t%e code Diameter and %9ic>ness Ranges .iaeter liits for all circular &elds includin( (roo;e &elds branc% &elds and fillet fillet &elds is (i;en in @W!3 t%ere are no u''er liits on diaeters a''ro;ed and 'i'e co;ers 'late

 Note  Note for branc% &elds branc% &elds t%e diaeter considered for t%e abo;e liits is t%e one containin( t%e &eld 're'aration T%ic$ness liits (roo;e &elds T%e t%ic$ness t%ic$ness liit onl* a''lies to t%e de 'osited de 'osited &eld &eld etal t%ic$ness t%ic$ness not t%e t%e  'late t%ic$ness t%ic$ness and an* (roo;e &eld a''r o;es a''r o;es all fillet &eld siualified b* a (roo;e &eldB Joint #onfiguration )oint (eoetr* a double  or 2B is considered t%e sae as a ?oint &it%  bac$in(  bac$in( and does does not >ualif* >ualif* a sin(le sin(le  or 2B &it%out &it%out bac$in( bac$in( but a sin(le full 'enetration ?oint &it%out bac$in( >ualifies all ?oint confi(urations A&&roal Range "8tent of a''ro;al is ;er* &ell e8'lained in @W416 Ta$e 'articular note of &eldin( 'ositions &%ic% are also e8'lained in @W41 for e8a'le to >ualif* a fillet &eld in t%e noral %oriualified in at least t%e G 'osition T%e &eldin(  'ositions  'ositions defined in @W411E @W411E @W41 @W41 s%ould s%ould be referred referred to in t%e WP+ WP+ T%e 'osition desi(nations: 1G G 3G G !G 4G Groo;e WeldsB and 1F  F 3F F Fillet WeldsB are test 'ositions Period of $alidity'Rene=al of Qualifications (QW 33:3) Pro;idin( t%e &elder uses t%e 'rocess for &%ic% %e is >ualified and t%ere is no reason to >uestion %is abilit* t%en %is >ualification lasts indefinitel*

If t%e &elder does not use t%e &eldin( 'rocess for &%ic% %e is >ualified for a  'eriod of of 4 ont%s ont%s or ore t%en %e ust 'erfor 'erfor a ne& test test in 'i'e 'i'e or 'late 'late an* 'arent aterial t%ic$ness and 'osition if successful all t%e &elder a''ro;als for t%at &eldin( 'rocess are rene&ed in one test

%esting Requirements Test re>uireents for (roo;e &elds @W! consists of eit%er:5 •

,ne face bend and one root bend e8ce't for &eldin( 'ositions .7 E /7 &%ic% re>uire B bends (9ef @W!1 Note B If t%e 'late e8ceeds 3/O side bends a* be used +ee @W 44 for 'recise details and and e8ce'tions NoteF2 6end %ests %ests can in most cases be re&laced by Radiogra&9y GSee 6elo=H:

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Radiogra&9y is o'tional and ust be su''leented b* bend tests &%en usin( GMAW MIG/MAGB &it% di' transfer +%ort -ircuitin( ArcB or &%en &eldin( soe s'ecial aterials 9ef @W30

NoteF2 8ltrasonic +,amination in lieu of Radiogra&9y is not &ermitted Test re>uireents for fillet &elds in 'late ref @W!!:5 •

,ne acro section @W 1B and ,ne fracture test @W1B

T%e location &%ere eac% s'ecien %as to be ta$en is defined in @W43 Radiogra&9y Ref QW -1•

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A len(t% of at least 4O ust be e8ained for 'late or t%e entire circuference for 'i'e If t%e 'i'e circuference is less t%an 4O t%en ore sa'les ust be &elded u' to a a8iu of  9ef @W 30

$isual $isual +,amination Ref QW 03:3 E QW -10 Perforance test cou'ons ust s%o& co'lete ?oint 'enetration &it% full fusion of t%e &eld etal and base etal

T%e &elder 'erforance test ust follo& a 'ro'erl* >ualified WP+ ,nce >ualified t%e &elder ust al&a*s &or$ &it%in t%e e8tent of a''ro;al of an*  'ro'erl* >ualified WP P+ and %is WP P@ T%e &elder &%o >ualifies t%e P@9 is autoaticall* a''ro;ed &it%in t%e liits s'ecified in @W30 @W30! and @W303 9ef @W301 S&ecialist Processes

+uc% as corrosion resistant o;erla* or %ard facin( are co;ered in @W !3 Procedure ;ariables are defined &it% all 'rocedure ;ariables in @W! and in @W30 for &elder a''ro;al Min base t%ic$ness a''ro;ed R si
•

#rief Introduction

•

Procedure @ualification 9ecord P@9B

•

Weldin( Perforance @ualification WP@B

•

•

A+M" definitions for &eldin( 'rocesses consuables and &eldin(  'ositions  'ositio ns

Weldin( @ualifications +ub Menu

Pa(e last u'dated 01 +e'teber 001

"S(E )efinitions! Consuma*les! Welding Positions 

A+M" P Material Nubers "8'lained

A+M" %as ado'ted t%eir o&n desi(nation for &eldin( 'rocesses &%ic% are ;er* different fro t%e I+, definitions ado'ted b* "N043

Designation Descri&tion ,FW ,8*fuel Gas Weldin( +MAW +%ielded Metal Arc We Weldin( ldin( MMAB +AW +uber(ed Arc Weldin( GMAW Gas Me Metal Arc We Weldin( M MIG/MAGB

Weldin( Positions For Groo;e &elds:5 Welding Position Flat Cori
%est Position 1G G 3G 3G G !G 4G 4G

*S and +N PA PPF PG P" PF CL0! )L0!

%est Position 1F F F9 3F 3F F !F

*S and +N PA P# P# PF PG P. PF

 Weldin( Positions For Fillet &elds:5 Welding Position Flat Weld flat ?oint at ! de(reesB Cori
Welding Positions QWB-:- and QWB/-:3 Welding #asicall* t%ere are t%ree inclinations in;ol;ed •

Flat &%ic% includes fro 0 to 1! de(rees inclination

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1! 5 0 de(rees inclination

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ertical 0 5 60 de(rees

For eac% of t%ese inclinations t%e &eld can be rotated fro t%e flat 'osition to Cori
•

#rief Introduction

•

Procedure @ualification 9ecord P@9B

•

Weldin( Perforance @ualification WP@B

•

•

A+M" definitions for &eldin( 'rocesses consuables and &eldin(  'ositions  'ositions

Weldin( @ualifications +ub Menu

Pa(e last u'dated 16 Marc% 001  Ads

"S(E P (aterial +um*ers T%is is a (eneral (uide A+M" P nubers and t%eir e>ui;alent "N (rou'in(s Grou's referred to in t%e #ase Metal colun are A+M" sub (rou's "N aterial (rou's are included for co'arison onl* P No:

1

+N344

1

 3  !A

5  ! !

!#

!

!4 7

4  



6A # 10A#-FG 10 C 10 C 10) 11A Grou' 1 11 A Grou's

6

7 = 10 = 7 =

6ase "etal -arbon Man(anese +teels  +ub Grou's •

Grou' 1 u' to a''ro8 4! $si

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Grou'  A''ro8 70$si

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Grou' 3 A''ro8 0$si

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Grou'  =

Not 2sed 3 +ub Grou's:5 T*'icall* %alf ol* and %alf c%roe %alf ol*  +ub Grou's:5 T*'icall* one and a >uarter c%roe %alf ol* T*'icall* t&o and a >uarter c%roe one ol*  +ub Grou's:5 T*'icall* fi;e c%roe %alf ol* and nine c%roe one ol* ! +ub Grou's:5 -%roe ol* ;anadiu 4 +ub Grou's:5 Martensitic +tainless +teels T*'icall* Grade 10 Ferritic +tainless +teels T*'icall* Grade 06 Austenitic Austenitic +tainless +teels  +ub (rou's •

Grou'1 T*'ical T*'icall* l* Grades 30 314 37

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Grou'  T*'ical T*'icall* l* Grades Grade s 306 310

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Grou' 3 Ci(% an(anese an(anese (rades

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Grou'  T*'icall* T*'icall* ! +M, t*'e steels

T*'icall* t&o to four 'ercent Nic$el +teels Mi8ed ba ba( of lo lo& al allo* steel eels 10 10G 34 Nic$el +t +teel .u'le8 and +u'er .u' le8 Grades 3103 37!0 T*'icall* 4 -%roe one ol* 6 Nic$el +teels Mi8ed ba( of %i(% stren(t% lo& allo* steels

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Coe CoeUU Failure FailureUU -alculations -alculationsUU WPKs WPKsUU P". P".UU Fati(ue Fati(ueUU Fracture FractureUU Pre%eat Pre%eatUU Metallur(* Metallur(*UU + + *bolsUU F" *bols F"UU Lin$ Lin$ sU sU

Last Modified 1! )ul* 001

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are re>uired &%en deterinin( t%e iniu 're%eat le;el Additions of niobiu also re>uire s'ecial consideration For &elds sub?ect to %i(% restraint ore 're%eat is ad;isable su((est Inc -" b* 03 or (o do&n one %*dro(en scaleB

References: +N-0-- Part 3 "n(lis% ;ersion a;ailable fro #ritis% +tandardsB T%is standard is %i(%l* recoended as it (i;es details on t%is 're%eat  and also includes et%ods co;erin( fine (rain and cree' resistin( steels I includes 'ractical (uidance on t%e a;oidance of ot%er crac$in( ec%anis Muc% of t%e data contained in t%is standard coes fro TWI te'ered b* 'ractical e8'erience fro industr* It re'laces #+!13!B

%tt':// &&&&ood%ead5 &ood%ead5 Welding Steels Wit9out ydrogen #rac>ing  %tt'://&&&  'ublis%in(co  'ublis%in(co// T%is boo$ is based on t%e ori(inal researc% &or$ carried out b* TWI co;ers t%e a;oidance of %*dro(en crac$in( and 're%eat in (reat detail  're%eat (ra'%s (ra'%s tend to re>uire a %i(%er 're%eat t%an t%an t%e e>ui;alen e>ui;alentt ones in "N1011 Weldin( ldin( )our  %9e Welding of Structural Steels Wit9out Pre9eat T%e We A'ril 000 A ;er* inforati;e article co;erin( recent TWI researc% into &eldin( lo& %ardenabilit* steels &it%out 're%eat T%e article &on t%e Lincoln foundation (old a&ard Pre9eat calculator Lincoln arc &eldin( foundation A si'le to use and ine8'ensi;e calculator It is based on 'ractical e8'eri and tends to be ;er* conser;ati;e &%en co'ared &it% t%e TWI et%od

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The Metallurgy Metallurgy Of  Of Carbon Steel T%e best &a* to understand un derstand t%e etallur(* of carbon steel is to stud* s tud* t%e YIron -arbon .ia(raD T%e dia(ra s%o&n belo& is based on t%e tr ansforation ansforation t%at occurs as a result of slo& %eatin( +lo& coolin( coolin( &ill reduce t%e transforation te'eratures for e8a'le: t%e A1 'oint &ould  be reduced  be reduced fro 73- to 460 - Co&e;er t%e fast %eatin( and coolin( rates encountered in &eldin( &ill %a;e a si(nificant influence on t%ese te'eratures te'eratures a$in( t%e accurate 'rediction of &eld & eld etallur(* usin( t%is dia(ra dia(ra difficult

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Austenite T%is '%ase is onl* 'ossible in carbon steel at %i(% te'erature It %as a Face -entre -ubic F--B F--B atoic structure &%ic% can contain u' to  carbon in solution

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!errite T%is '%ase %as a #od* -entre -ubic structure #--B &%ic% can %old ;er* little carbon t*'icall* 00001 at roo te'erature It can e8ist e8ist as eit%er: al'%a or delta ferrite

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#arb #a rbon on A ;er* sall interstitial ato t%at tends to fit into clusters of iron atos It stren(t%ens steel and (i;es it t%e t%e abilit* to %arden  b* %eat treatent It also causes a?or 'robles for &eldin( 

 'articularl* if it e8ceeds 0! as it creates a %ard icrostructure t%at is susce'tible to %*dro(en crac$in( -arbon fors co'ounds &it% ot%er eleents called carbides Iron -arbide -%roe -%roe -arbide etc •

#ementite 2nli$e ferrite and austenite ceentite is a ;er* %ard interetallic co'ound consistin( of 47 carbon and t%e reainder iron its c%eical s*bol is Fe 3- -eentite is ;er* %ard but &%en i8ed &it% soft ferrite la*ers its a;era(e %ardness is reduced considerabl* +lo& coolin( (i;es course 'erlite soft eas* to ac%ine but 'oor 'oor tou(%ness Faster coolin( (i;es ;er* fine la*ers of ferrite and ceentite %arder and tou(%er 

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Pearlite A i8ture of alternate stri's of ferrite and ceentite in a sin(le (rain T%e distance bet&een t%e 'lates and t%eir t%ic$ness is de'endant on t%e coolin( rate of t%e aterial aterial fast coolin( creates t%in 'lates t%at are close to(et%er and slo& coolin( creates a uc% coarser structure  'ossessin( less tou(%ness T%e nae for t%is structure is deri;ed fro its ot%er of 'earl a''earance under a icrosco'e A full* 'earlitic structure occurs at 0 -arbon Furt%er increases in carbon &ill create ceentite at t%e (rain boundaries &%ic% &ill start to &ea$en t%e steel

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#ooling of a steel stee l belo= 0:4L carbon carbo n W%en a steel solidifies it fors austenite W%en t%e te'erature falls belo& t%e A3 A3 'oint (rains of ferrite start to for As ore (rains of ferrite start to for t%e reainin( austenite becoes ric%er in carbon At about 7373t%e reainin( austenite &%ic% no& contains 0 carbon c%an(es to 'earlite T%e resultin( structure is a i8ture consistin( of &%ite &%ite (rains of ferrite i8ed i8ed &it% dar$er dar$er (rains of 'earlite 'earlite Ceatin( is  basicall* t%e sae t%in( in re;erse

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F-"artensite If steel is cooled ra'idl* fro austenite t%e F-structure ra'idl* c%an(es to #-- lea;in( insufficient tie for t%e carbon to for 'earlite 'earlite T%is results in a distorted structure t%at %as t%e a''earance of fine needles T%ere is no 'artial transforation associated &it% artensite it eit%er fors or it doesnDt Co&e;er onl* t%e 'arts of a section t%at cool fast enou(% &ill for artensite in a t%ic$ section it &ill onl* for to a certain de't% and if t%e t%e s%a'e is co'le8 co'le8 it a* onl* for in sall sall 'oc$ets T%e %ardness of artensite is solel* de'endant on carbon content it is norall* ;er* %i(% unless t%e carbon content is e8ce'tionall* lo&

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%em&ering T%e carbon tra''ed in t%e artensite transforation can be released b* %eatin( t%e steel belo& t%e A1 transforation

te'erature T%is release of carbon fro nucleated areas allo&s t%e structure to defor 'lasticall* and reli;e soe of its internal stresses T%is reduces %ardness and increases tou(%ness but it also tends to reduce reduce tensile stren(t% T%e de(ree of te'erin( is de'endant on te'erature and tie te'erature %a;in( t%e (reatest influence •

Annealing T%is ter is often used to define a %eat treatent  'rocess t%at 'roduces soe softenin( of t%e structure True annealin( in;ol;es %eatin( t%e steel to austenite and %oldin( for soe tie to create a stable structure T%e steel is t%en cooled cooled ;er* slo&l* to roo te'erature T%is 'roduces 'roduces a ;er* soft structure  but also creates ;er* lar(e (rains &%ic% are seldo desirable  because of 'oor tou(%ness

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noral T%e steel is Normalising 9eturns t%e structure bac$ to noral %eated until it ?ust starts to for austenite it is t%en cooled in air T%is oderatel* ra'id transforation creates relati;el* fine (rains &it% unifor 'earlite

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Welding If t%e te'erature 'rofile for a t*'ical t*'ical &eld is 'lotted 'lotted a(ainst t%e carbon e>uilibriu dia(ra a &ide ;ariet* of transforation and %eat treatents &ill be obser;ed

Note t%e carbon e>uilibriu dia(ra s%o&n abo;e is onl* for illustration in realit* it &ill be %ea;il* distorted because of t%e ra'id %eatin( and coolin( rates in;ol;ed in t%e &eldin( 'rocess

a) Mi8ture of ferrite and 'earlite (rains te'erature belo& A1 t%erefore icrostructure not si(nificantl* affected b) Pearlite transfored to Austenite but not sufficient te'erature a;ailable to e8ceed t%e A3 line t%erefore not all ferrite (rains transfor to Austenite Austenite ,n coolin( onl* onl* t%e transfored (rains &ill be noralised

Te'erature ?ust e8ceeds A3 line full Austenite c) Te'erature transforation ,n coolin( all (rains &ill be be noralised d) Te'erature Te'erature si(nificantl* e8ceeds A3 line 'erittin( (rains to (ro& ,n coolin( ferrite &ill for at t%e (rain boundaries boundaries and a course 'earlite &ill for inside t%e (rains A course (rain structure is ore readil* %ardened t%an a finer one t%erefore if t%e coolin( rate bet&een 00- to !00- is ra'id a %ard icrostructure &ill be fored T%is is &%* a brittle fracture is ost li$el* to 'ro'a(ate in t%is re(ion

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Welds T%e etallur(* of a &eld is ;er* different fro t%e 'arent aterial We Weldin( ldin( filler etals are desi(ned to create stron( and tou(% &elds t%e* contain fine o8ide  'articles t%at 'erit t%e nucleation of fine (rains W%en a &eld solidifies its (rains (ro& fro t%e course CAZ (rain structure furt%er refineent ta$es 'lace &it%in t%ese course (rains creatin( t%e t*'ical acicular ferrite foration s%o&n o''osite

Recommended Reading •

"etals and o= %o Weld %9em :5 Lincoln Arc Foundation

A ;er* c%ea' %ard bac$ed boo$ co;erin( all t%e basic essentials of &eldin( etallur(* eta llur(* Welding "etallurgy %raining "odules :5 .e;ised b* T%e Weldin( We ldin( Institute of -anadaB Publis%ed in t%e 2J b* Abin(ton Publis%in( Not c%ea' but but t%e inforation is clearl* re'resented in a ;er* readable forat

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Residual Stress

Magnitude Of Stresses- A Simple Analogy

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Strain Age Embrittlement T%is '%enoenon a''lies to carbon and lo& allo* steel It in;ol;es ferrite forin( a co'ound &it% nitro(en iron5nitride Fe  NB  NB Te'eratures Te'eratures around !0- &ill cause a fine 'reci'itation of t%is co'ound to occur It &ill tend to  'in an* dislocations in t%e structure t%at %a;e been created b* cold &or$ or or  'lastic deforation +train a(ein( increases tensile stren(t% but si(nificantl* reduces ductilit* and tou(%ness Modern steels tend to %a;e lo& nitro(en content but t%is is not necessaril* true for &elds +ufficient Nitro(en a''ro8iatel* a''ro8iatel* 1 to  '' can be easil* 'ic$ed 'ic$ed u' fro t%e atos'%ere durin( &eldin( Weld root runs are 'articularl* at ris$ because of %i(% contraction stresses causin( 'lastic deforation T%is is &%* i'act test s'eciens ta$en fro t%e root or first 'ass of a &eld can (i;e 'oor results Additions of Aluiniu can tie u' t%e Nitro(en as Aluiniu Nitride but &eld5 coolin( rates are too fast for t%is co'ound to for successfull* +tress relief at around 4!0 de(rees - &ill resol;e t%e 'roble

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0OW TO "VO.) PW0T

T%e abo;e 'icture is of a ne& 'ressure ;essel t%at failed durin( its %*draulic test T%e ;essel %ad been been stress relie;ed but soe 'arts of it did not reac% t%e re>uired te'erature and conse>uentl* did not e8'erience ade>uate te'erin( T%is cou'led &it% a sall %*dro(en crac$ &as sufficient to cause catastro'%ic failure under test conditions conditions It is t%erefore i'ortant &%en considerin( PWCT or its a;oidance to ensure t%at all 'ossible failure odes and t%eir conse>uences are carefull* considered before an* action is ta$en

T%e 'ost &eld %eat treatent of &elded steel fabrications is norall* carried out to reduce t%e ris$ of brittle fracture b*: 5 •

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9educin( residual +tresses T%ese stresses are created &%en a &eld cools and its contraction is restricted b* t%e bul$ of t%e aterial surroundin( it We Weld ld distortion occurs &%en t%ese stresses e8ceed t%e *ield 'oint Finite eleent odellin( of residual stresses is no& 'ossible so t%at t%e co'lete &eldin( se>uence of a ?oint or re'air can be odelled to 'redict and iniise t%ese stresses

Te'erin( Te'erin( t%e &eld and CAZ icrostructure T%e icrostructure  'articularl* in t%e CAZ can be %ardened b* ra'id coolin( coolin( of t%e &eld T%is is a a?or 'roble 'roble for lo& and ediu allo* steels

containin( c%roe and an* ot%er constituent t%at slo& t%e austenite/ferrite transforation do&n as t%is &ill result in %ardenin( of t%e icro structure e;en at slo& coolin( rates

T%e ris$ of brittle fracture can be assessed b* fracture ec%anics Assuin( &orst5case scenarios for all t%e rele;ant ;ariables It is t%en  'ossible to 'redict if PWCT is re>uired to a$e t%e t%e fabrication safe Co&e;er t%e anal*sis re>uires accurate easureent of CAZ tou(%ness &%ic% is not eas* because of t%e CAZDs sall siuired to a;oid %*dro(en crac$in( and a  'ost &eld %*dro(en release a* also be beneficial in t%is res'ect %oldin( t%e fabrication at a te'erature of around !0- for at least  %ours iediatel* after &eldin(B  Nic$el based consuables can often reduce or reo;e t%e need for  're%eat but t%eir effect on t%e 'arent etal CAZ &ill be no different different fro t%at created b* an* ot%er consuable e8ce't t%at t%e CAZ a* be sli(%tl* narro&er Co&e;er nic$el based &elds li$e ost ost austenitic steels can a$e ultrasonic ins'ection ;er* difficult Furt%er reduction in t%e ris$ of brittle fracture can be ac%ie;ed b* refinin( t%e CAZ icrostructure usin( s'ecial te'er bead &eldin( tec%ni>ues

2urther normation On* $

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Temper /ead %elding Techni3ue

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2racture echanics (ink temporaril+ 4isabled)

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1esidual Stresses

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Alloying Elements "anganese Increases stren(t% and %ardness fors a carbide increases %ardenabilit* lo&ers t%e transforation te'erature ran(e W%en in sufficient sufficient >uantit* 'roduces an austenitic steel al&a*s 'resent in a steel to soe e8tent because it is used as a deo8idiser Silicon +tren(t%ens ferrite and raises t%e transforation te'erature te'eratures %as a stron( (ra'%itisin( tendenc* tendenc* Al&a*s 'resent to soe e8tent because it is used &it% an(anese as a deo8idiser #9romium Increases stren(t% and %ardness %ardness fors %ard and stable carbides It raises t%e transforation te'erature si(nificantl* &%en its content e8ceeds 1 Increases %ardenabilit* aounts in e8cess of 1 1 render steel stainless Good cree' stren(t% at %i(% te'erature Nic>el +tren(t%ens steel lo&ers its transforation te'erature ran(e increases %ardenabilit* and i'ro;es resistance to fati(ue +tron( (ra'%ite forin( tendenc* stabiliuantit* -reates fine (rains and (i;es (ood tou(%ness Nic>el And #9romium 2sed to(et%er for austenitic stainless steels eac% eleent counteracts disad;anta(es of t%e ot%er %ungsten Fors %ard and stable carbides raises t%e transforation te'erature ran(e and te'erin( te'eratures Cardened tun(sten steels resist te'erin( u' to 4000"olybdenum +tron( carbide forin( eleent and also i'ro;es %i(% te'erature cree' resistance reduces te'er5brittleness in Ni5-r steels I'ro;es corrosion resistance and te'er brittleness $anadium +tron( carbide forin( eleent %as a sca;en(in( action and 'roduces clean inclusion free steels -an cause re5%eat crac$in( &%en added to c%roe oll* steels %itanium +tron( carbide forin( eleent Not used on its o&n but added as a carbide

stabiliser to soe austenitic stainless steels P9os&9orus Increases stren(t% and %ardnabilit* %ardnabilit* reduces ductilit* and tou(%ness Increases ac%ineabilit* and corrosion resistance Sul&9ur 9educes tou(%ness and stren(t% and also &eldabilt* +ul'%ur inclusions &%ic% are norall* 'resent are ta$en into solution near t%e fusion te'erature of t%e &eld &eld ,n coolin( sul'%ides sul'%ides and reainin( sul'%ur sul'%ur  'reci'itate out and tend to se(re(ate to t%e (rain boundaries as li>uid fils t%us &ea$enin( t%e considerabl* +uc% steel is referred to as burned Man(anese  brea$s u' t%ese fils into (lobules of a(anese sul'%ide a(anese to sul'%ur sul'%ur ratio  0:1 %i(%er carbon and/or %i(% %eat in'ut in'ut durin( &eldin(  30:1 to reduce e8tent of burnin(

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Austenitic stainless steels Austenitic stainless steels %a;e %i(% ductilit* lo& *ield stress and relati;el* %i(% ultiate tensile stren(t% &%en co'are to a t*'ical carbon steel A carbon steel on coolin( transfors fro Austenite to a i8ture of ferrite and ceentite Wit% austenitic stainless steel t%e %i(% c%roe and nic$el content su''ress t%is transforation $ee'in( t%e aterial full* austenite on coolin( T%e Nic$el aintains t%e austenite '%ase on coolin( and t%e -%roe slo&s t%e transforation do&n so t%at a full* austenitic structure can be ac%ie;ed &it% onl*  Nic$elB Ceat treatent and t%e t%eral c*cle caused b* &eldin( %a;e little influence on ec%anical ec%anical 'ro'erties Co&e;er stren(t% and %ardness can  be increased b* cold &or$in( &%ic% &ill also reduce ductilit* ductilit* A full solution anneal %eatin( to around 10!- follo&ed b* >uenc%in( or ra'id coolin(B &ill restore t%e aterial to its ori(inal condition reo;in( allo* se(re(ation sensitisation si(a '%ase and restorin( ductilit* after cold &or$in( 2nfortunatel* t%e ra'id coolin( &ill re5introduce residual stresses &%ic% could be as %i(% %i(% as t%e *ield 'oint 'oint .istortion can also

occur if t%e ob?ect is not 'ro'erl* su''orted durin( t%e annealin( 'rocess Austenitic steels are not susce'tible to %*dro(en crac$in( t%erefore 're5 %eatin( is seldo re>uired e8ce't to reduce t%e ris$ of s%rin$a(e stresses in t%ic$ sections Post &eld %eat treatent is seldo re>uired as t%is aterial as a %i(% resistance to brittle fracture occasionall* stress relief is carried out to reduce t%e ris$ of stress corrosion crac$in( %o&e;er t%is is li$el* to cause sensitisation unless a stabilised (rade is used liited stress relief can be ac%ie;ed &it% a lo& te'erature of around !0- B Austenitic steels %a;e a F-- atoic structure &%ic% 'ro;ides ore  'lanes for t%e flo& of dislocations cobined &it% t%e lo& le;el of interstitial eleents eleents t%at loc$ t%e dislocation c%ainB (i;es t%is aterial its (ood ductilit* T%is also e8'lains &%* t%is aterial %as no clearl* defined *ield 'oint &%ic% is &%* its *ield stress is al&a*s e8'ressed as a 'roof stress Austenitic steels %a;e e8cellent tou(%ness do&n to true absolute 573-B &it% no stee' ductile to brittle transition T%is aterial %as (ood corrosion resistance but >uite se;ere corrosion can occur in certain en;ironents T%e ri(%t c%oice of &eldin( consuable and &eldin( tec%ni>ue can be crucial as t%e &eld etal can corrode ore t%an t%e 'arent aterial Probabl* t%e bi((est cause of failure in 'ressure 'lant ade of stainless steel is stress corrosion crac$in( +--B T%is t*'e of corrosion fors fors dee' crac$s in t%e aterial and is caused b* t%e 'resence of c%lorides in t%e 'rocess fluid or %eatin( &ater/stea Good &ater treatent is essential B at a te'erature abo;e !0- &%en t%e aterial is sub?ected to a tensile stress t%is stress includes residual stress &%ic% could be u' to *ield 'oint in a(nitudeB +i(nificant increases in Nic$el and also Mol*bdenu &ill reduce t%e ris$ +tainless steel %as a ;er* t%in and stable o8ide fil ric% in c%roe T%is fil refors ra'idl* b* reaction &it% t%e atos'%ere if daa(ed If stainless steel is not ade>uatel* 'rotected fro t%e atos'%ere durin( &eldin( or is sub?ect to ;er* %ea;* (rindin( o'erations a ;er* t%ic$ o8ide la*er &ill for T%is t%ic$ o8ide la*er distin(uis%ed b* its blue tint &ill %a;e a c%roe de'leted la*er under it &%ic% &ill i'air corrosion resistance #ot% t%e o8ide o8ide fil and de'leted la*er ust ust be reo;ed eit%er ec%anicall* (rindin( &it% a fine (rit is recoended &ire  brus%in( and s%ot blastin( &ill %a;e less effectB or c%eicall* acid  'ic$le &it% a i8ture of nitric and %*drofluoric acidB ,nce cleaned t%e surface can be c%eicall* 'assi;ated to en%ance corrosion resistance 'assi;ation reduces t%e anodic reaction in;ol;ed in t%e corrosion  'rocessB -arbon steel tools also su''orts or e;en s'ar$s fro (rindin( carbon steel can ebed fra(ents into t%e surface of t%e stainless steel T%ese fra(ents can t%en rust if oistened T%erefore it is recoended t%at

stainless steel fabrication be carried out in a se'arate desi(nated area and s'ecial stainless steel tools used &%ere 'ossible If an* 'art of stainless5steel is %eated in t%e ran(e !00 de(rees to 00 de(rees for an* reasonable tie t%ere is a ris$ t%at t%e c%roe &ill for c%roe carbides a co'ound fored &it% carbonB &it% an* carbon  'resent in t%e steel T%is reduces t%e c%roe a;ailable to 'ro;ide t%e  'assi;e fil and leads to 'referential corrosion &%ic% can be se;ere T%is is often referred to as sensitisation T%erefore it is ad;isable &%en &eldin( stainless steel to use lo& %eat in'ut and restrict t%e a8iu inter'ass te'erature to around 17! alt%ou(% sensitisation of odern lo& carbon (rades is unli$el* unli$el* unless %eated for 'rolon(ed 'rolon(ed 'eriods +all >uantities of eit%er titaniu 31B or niobiu 37B added to stabilise t%e aterial &ill in%ibit t%e foration of c%roe carbides

To resist o8idation and cree' c ree' %i(% carbon (rades suc% as 30C or 314C are often used T%eir i'ro;ed cree' resistance relates to t%e 'resence of carbides and t%e sli(%tl* coarser (rain si
ferrite t%erefore not a true austenitic in t%e strict sense of t%e &ord Filler etal often contains furt%er additions of delta ferrite to ensure crac$ free &elds T%e delta ferrite can transfor to a ;er* brittle '%ase called si(a if %eated abo;e !!0- for ;er* 'rolon(ed 'eriods -ould ta$e se;eral t%ousand %ours de'endin( on c%roe le;el A du'le8 stainless steel can for si(a '%ase after onl* a fe& inutes at t%is te'eratureB T%e ;er* %i(% coefficient of e8'ansion associated &it% t%is aterial eans t%at &eldin( distortion can be >uite sa;a(e I %a;e seen t%ic$ rin( flan(es on 'ressure ;essel t&ist after &eldin( to suc% an e8tent t%at a fluid seal is i'ossible T%eral stress is anot%er a?or 'roble 'roble associated &it% stainless steel 'reature failure can occur on 'ressure 'lant %eated b* a  ?ac$et or coils attac%ed to a cold ;eesel T%is aterial %as 'oor t%eral conducti;it* t%erefore lo&er &eldin( current c urrent is re>uired t*'icall* ! less t%an carbon steelB and narro&er ?oint 're'arations can be tolerated All coon &eldin( 'rocesses can be used successfull* success full* %o&e;er %o&e;er %i(% de'osition rates associated associate d &it% +AW could cause solidification crac$in( and 'ossibl* sensitisation unless ade>uate 'recautions are ta$en To ensure (ood corrosion resistance of t%e &eld root it ust be 'rotected fro t%e atos'%ere b* an inert (as s%ield durin( &eldin( and subse>uent coolin( T%e (as s%ield s%ould s%ould be contained around around t%e root of t%e &eld  b* a suitable da &%ic% ust 'erit a continuous continuous (as flo& t%rou(% t%e area We Weldin( ldin( s%ould not coence until sufficient sufficient tie %as ela'sed to allo& t%e ;olue of 'ur(in( (as flo&in( t%rou(% t%e da to e>ual at least t%e 4 ties t%e ;olue contained in t%e da "N1011 Part 3 9ecoends 10B ,nce 'ur(in( 'ur(in( is co'lete t%e 'ur(e flo& rate s%ould be reduced so t%at it onl* e8erts a sall 'ositi;e 'ressure sufficient to e8clude e8clude air If (ood corrosion resistance of t%e root is re>uired t%e o8*(en le;el in t%e da s%ould not e8ceed 011000 ''B for e8tree corrosion resistance t%is s%ould be reduced reduced to 001! 1!0 ''B #ac$in( (asses are t*'icall* ar(on or %eliu Nitro(en Is often used as an econoic alternati;e &%ere corrosion resistance is not critical Nitro(rn [ 10 Celiu is better better A &ide ;ariet* of 'ro'rietar* 'astes and bac$in( aterials are a;ailable t%an can be use to 'rotect 'rotect t%e root instead of a (as s%ield In soe a''lications &%ere corrosion and o8ide co$in( of t%e &eld root is not i'ortant suc% as lar(e stainless steel ductin( no (as bac$in( is used A 'df (uide to &eld 'ur(in( Cuntin(don Fusion Tec%ni>ues Liited

#arbon contentF 30 L (rade Lo& -arbon t*'icall* 003 Ma8 30 (rade Mediu -arbon t*'icall* 00 Ma8 30C (rade Ci(% -arbon t*'icall* 2' to 01

T%e %i(%er t%e carbon content t%e (reater t%e *ield *ield stren(t% Cence t%e

sten(t% ad;anta(e in usin( stabilised (radesB %y&ical Alloy #ontent

30 314 314 Ti 30 31 37 30 306

150-r 51NiB 1451-r 1051Ni [ 53MoB 314 &it% Titaniu AddedB AddedB +ae as 314TiB 17516-r 651Ni [ TitaniuB 17516-r 6513Ni [ NiobiuB 165-r 6511NiB 5-r 151!NiB

30 [ Mol*bdenu 30 [ Mol* [ Titaniu 5 30 [ Titaniu 30 [ Niobiu 30 [ "8tra -r 30 [ "8tra -r [  Ni

All t%e abo;e stainless steel (rades are basic ;ariations of a 30 All are readil* &eldable and all %a;e atc%in( consuables e8ce't for a 30 &%ic% is &elded &it% a 30 or 314 31 is &elded &it% a 37 Titaniu is not easil* transferred across t%e arcB and a 314Ti is norall* &elded &it% a 31 Mol*bdenu %as t%e sae effect on t%e icrostructure as c%roe e8ce't t%at it (i;es better resistance to 'ittin( corrosion T%erefore a 314 needs less c%roe t%an a 30

310 310

60L 60L

5 54 4-r -r165 165N NiB iB True rue Auste usteni niti tic c T%is %is ate ateri rial al does does not not transfor to ferrite on coolin( and t%erefore does not contain delta ferrite It &ill not suffer si(a '%ase ebrittleent but can be tric$* to &eld 00-r r! !Ni Ni ! !Mo MoBB +u'e +u'err Auste usteni niti ticc ,r ,r Nic Nic$e $ell allo allo* * +u'e +u'erio riorr corrosion resistance 'ro;idin( t%e* are &elded carefull* &it% lo& %eat in'ut less t%an 1 $)/ recoendedB and fast tra;el s'eeds &it% no &ea;in( "ac% run of of &eld s%ould not be started until t%e etal te'erature falls belo& 100- 100- It is unli$el* t%at a unifor distribution of allo* &ill be ac%ie;ed t%rou(%out t%e &eld se(re(ationB t%erefore t%is aterial s%ould eit%er be &elded &it% an o;er5allo*ed consuable suc% as a 4! or solution annealed after &eldin( if a8iu corrosion resistance is re>uired

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#arbon Steel %o Austenitic Steel W%en a &eld is ade usin( a filler &ire or consuable t%ere is a i8ture in t%e &eld consistin( of a''ro8iatel* 0 'arent etal and 0 filler etal allo*  'ercenta(e de'ends on &eldin( 'rocess t*'e of ?oint and &eldin( 'araetersB An* reduction in allo* content of 30 / 314 t*'e austenitics is li$el* to cause t%e foration of atensite atensite on coolin( T%is could lead to crac$in(  'robles and 'oor ductilit* ductilit* To a;oid t%is 'roble an o;erallo*ed filler etal is used suc% as a 306 &%ic% s%ould still for austenite on coolin(  'ro;idin( dilution is not e8cessi;e T%e +%aeffler dia(ra can be used to deterine t%e t*'e of icrostructure t%at can be e8'ected &%en a filler etal and 'arent etal of differin( co'ositions are i8ed to(et%er in a &eld %9e S9aeffler Diagram

T%e Nic$el and ot%er eleents t%at for Austenite are 'lotted a(ainst -%roe and ot%er eleents t%at for ferrite usin( t%e follo&in( forula:5  Nic$el ">ui;alent R Ni [ 30- [ 0!Mn

-%roe ">ui;alent R -r [ Mo [ 1!+i [ 0!Nb "8a'le a t*'ical t *'ical 30L R 1-r 101Ni 1Mn 0+i 00 Ni ">ui; R 101 [ 30 8 00 [ 0! 8 1 1 R 113 -r ">ui; R 1 [ 0 [ 1! 8 0 [ 0 R 1 A t*'ical 306L &eldin( &eldin( consuable Ni ">ui; R 13! -r ">ui; R 6 T%e ain disad;anta(e &it% t%is dia(ra is t%at it does not re'resent  Nitro(en &%ic% is a ;er* stron( Austenite forer !errite Number T%e ferrite nuber uses a(netic attraction as a eans of easurin( t%e  'ro'ortion of delta ferrite 'resent T%e ferrite nuber is 'lotted on a odified +%aeffler dia(ra t%e .elon( .ia(ra T%e -%roe and Nic$el e>ui;alent is t%e sae as t%at used for t%e +%aeffler dia(ra e8ce't t%at t%e Nic$el e>ui;alent includes t%e addition of 30 ties t%e Nitro(en content

+,am&les

T%e +%aeffler dia(ra abo;e illustrates a carbon steel #:S  &elded &it% 0B< filler Point A re'resents t%e antici'ated co'osition of t%e &eld etal if it consists of a i8ture of filler etal and ! 'arent etal T%is diluted &eld accordin( accordin( to t%e dia(ra &ill contain artensite T%is  'roble can be o;ercoe if a %i(%er allo*ed filler is used suc% as a 306L &%ic% %as a %i(%er nic$el and c%roe e>ui;alent t%at &ill tend to 'ull  'oint A into t%e austenite re(ion If t%e &elds olten 'ool s'ans t&o different etals t%e 'rocess becoes ore co'licated First 'lot bot% 'arent etals on t%e s%aeffler dia(ra and connect t%e &it% a line If bot% 'arent etals are diluted b* t%e sae aount 'lot a false 'oint 6 on t%e dia(ra id&a* bet&een t%e Point # re'resents t%e icrostructure of t%e &eld if no filler etal &as a''liedB

 Ne8t 'lot t%e consuable on t%e dia(ra &%ic% &%ic% for t%is e8a'le is a 01< .ra& a line fro t%is 'oint to false 'oint 6 and ar$ a 'oint A alon( its len(t% e>ui;alent e>ui;alent to t%e total &eld dilution dilution T%is 'oint &ill (i;e t%e a''ro8iate icrostructure of t%e &eld etal T%e dia(ra belo& illustrates ! total &eld dilution at 'oint A? &%ic% 'redicts a (ood icrostructure of Austenite &it% a little ferrite

T%e 'resence of artensite can be detected b* sub?ectin( a acro section to a %ardness sur;e* %i(% %ardness le;els indicate artensite Alternati;el* t%e &eld can be sub?ected to a bend test  a side bend is re>uired b* t%e A+M" code for corrosion resista nt o;erla*sB an*

artensite 'resent &ill tend to cause t%e test 'iece to brea$ rat%er t%an  bend Co&e;er t%e 'resence of artensite is unli$el* to cause %*dro(en crac$in( as an* %*dro(en e;ol;ed durin( t%e &eldin( 'rocess &ill be absorbed b* t%e austenitic filler etal

+aluating Dilution

#auses f ig9 Dilution •

Too uc% %eat a''lied to 'arent etal instead ig9 %rael S&eed  Too of on filler etal

•

'rocesses suc% as ig9 =elding #urrent Ci(% current &eldin( 'rocesses +uber(ed Arc Arc Weldin( can cause %i(% dilution

•

%9in "aterial: T%in s%eet TIG TIG &elded can (i;e rise to %i(% dilution le;els

•

Joint Pre&aration: Pre&aration: +>uare 're's (enerate (enerate ;er* %i(% dilution T%is T%is can be reduced b* carefull* butterin( t%e ?oint face &it% %i(% allo* filler etal

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Du&le, stainless steels T*'icall* T*'icall* t&ice t%e *ield *ield of austenitic stainless steels Miniu +'ecified 2T+ t*'icall* 40 to 7!0N/ 64 64 to 10$siB 10$siB "lon(ation t*'icall*  ! +u'erior corrosion resistance t%an a 314 314 Good 9esistance to stress corrosion crac$in( in a c%loride en;ironent .u'le8 aterials %a;e i'ro;ed o;er t%e last decade furt%er additions of  Nitro(en %a;e been ade i'ro;in( &eldabilit* &eldabilit* #ecause of t%e co'le8 nature of t%is aterial it is i'ortant t%at it is sourced fro (ood >ualit* steel ills and is 'ro'erl* solution annealed -astin(s and 'ossibl* t%ic$ sections a* not cool fast &%en annealed causin( si(a and ot%er deleterious '%ases to for T%e aterial &or$ %ardens if cold fored e;en t%e strain 'roduced fro &eldin( can &or$ %arden t%e aterial 'articularl* in ulti 'ass &eldin( T%erefore a full solution anneal is ad;anta(eous 'articularl* if lo& ser;ice te'eratures are foreseen T%e %i(% stren(t% of t%is aterial can a$e ?oint fit u' difficult 2sable te'erature ran(e restricted to 5!0 to 02sed in ,il E Natural Gas 'roduction c%eical 'lants etc

Standard Du&le, +3103 -r !Ni Mo 01!N P9"n R 3533 Su&er Du&le,F +tron(er and ore corrosion resistant t%an standard du'le8 +3740Zeron 100B !-r !-r 7!Ni 3!Mo 03N 03N P9"n R 0

"icro f Standard Du&le,

.ar$ Areas:5 Ferrite Li(%t Areas:5 Austenite

.u'le8 solidifies initiall* as ferrite t%en transfors on furt%er coolin( to a atri8 of ferrite and austenite In odern ra& aterial t%e balance s%ould  be !0/!0 for o'tiu corrosion resistance 'articularl* resistance to t o stress corrosion crac$in( Co&e;er t%e aterials aterials stren(t% is not si(nificantl* effected b* t%e ferrite / austenite '%ase balance

T%e ain 'roble &it% .u'le8 is t%at it ;er* easil* fors brittle interetalic '%ases suc% as +i(a -%i and Al'%a Al'%a Prie T%ese '%ases can for ra'idl* ra'idl* t*'icall* 100 100 seconds at 600- 600- Co&e;er s%orter e8'osure %as been $no&n to cause a dro' in tou(%ness t%is %as been attribute to t%e foration of si(a on a icrosco'ic scale

Prolon(ed %eatin( in t%e ran(e 3!0 to !!0- can cause 7!- te'er ebrittleent For t%is reason t%e a8iu recoended ser;ice te'erature for du'le8 is about 0- +i(a !!Fe !-rB can be a a?or 'roble &%en &eldin( t%in &alled sall bore 'i'e ade of su'er du'le8 alt%ou(% it can occur in t%ic$er sections It tends to be found found in t%e bul$ bul$ of t%e aterial rat%er t%an at t%e surface t%erefore it 'robabl* %as ore effect on tou(%ness t%an corrosion resistance +i(a can also occur in t%ic$ sections suc% as castin(s t%at %a;e not been 'ro'erl* solution annealed Not cooled fast enou(%B Co&e;er ost standards acce't t%at deleterious '%ases suc% as si(a c%i and la;es a* be tolerated if t%e stren(t% and corrosion resistance are satisfactor*  Nitro(en is a stron( austenite forer and lar(el* res'onsible for t%e  balance bet&een ferrite and austenite '%ases and t%e aterials su'erior corrosion resistance Nitro(en canDt be added to filler etal as it does not transfer across t%e arc It can also be lost fro olten 'arent etal durin( &eldin( Its loss can lead to %i(% ferrite and reduced corrosion corrosion resistance  Nitro(en can be added to t%e s%ieldin( (as and bac$in( bac$in( (as 2' to about 10 %o&e;er t%is a$es &eldin( difficult as it can cause 'orosit* and containation of t%e Tun(sten electrode unless t%e correct &eldin( tec%ni>ue is used Too Too uc% Nitro(en &ill for a la*er of Austenite on t%e &eld surface In * e8'erience ost ost du'le8 and su'er du'le8 are TIG &elded usin( 'ure ar(on #ac$in( / 'ur(e (as s%ould contain less t%an !'' ,8*(en for o'tiu corrosion resistance Fast coolin( fro olten &ill 'roote t%e foration of ferrite slo& coolin( &ill 'roote austenite .urin( &eldin( fast coolin( is ost li$el* t%erefore &eldin( consuables usuall* contain u' to  5  e8tra Nic$el to 'roote austenite foration in t%e &eld .u'le8 s%ould ne;er ne;er be &elded &it%out filler etal as t%is &ill 'roote e8cessi;e ferrite unless t%e &elded co'onent is solution annealed Acce'table '%ase balance is usuall* 30 ] 70 Ferrite .u'le8 &eldin( consuables are suitable for ?oinin( du'le8 to austenitic stainless steel or carbon steel t%e* can also be used for corrosion resistant o;erla*s Nic$el based &eldin( consuables consuables can be used but but t%e &eld stren(t% &ill not be as (ood as t%e 'arent etal 'articularl* on su'er du'le8 •

Lo& le;els of austenite: 5 Poor tou(%ness and (eneral corrosion resistance

•

Ci(% le;els of austenite: 5 +oe 9eduction in stren(t% and reduced

resistance to stress corrosion crac$in( Good i'act test results are a (ood indication t%at t%e aterial %as been successfull* &elded T%e 'arent etal usuall* e8ceeds 00) T%e ductile to brittle transition te'erature is about ]!0- T%e transition is not as stee' as t%at of carbon steel and de'ends on t%e &eldin( 'rocess used Flu8 'rotected 'rocesses suc% as MMA tend to %a;e a stee'er transition cur;e and lo&er tou(%ness tou(%ness Multi run &elds tend to 'roote austenite and t%us e8%ibit %i(%er tou(%ness Ti(%t controls and t%e use of arc onitors are recoended durin( &eldin( and autoatic or ec%anised &eldin( is 'referred 9e'air &eldin( can seriousl* affect corrosion resistance and tou(%ness t%erefore an* re'airs s%ould follo& s'eciall* de;elo'ed de;elo'ed 'rocedures +ee #+!1! Part  for details Production control test 'lates are recoended for all critical 'oduction &elds Weldin( 'rocedures s%ould be su''leented b* additional Weldin( a dditional tests de'endin( on t%e a''lication and t%e re>uireents of an* a''lication code:5 •

A ferrite count usin( a Ferro sco'e s co'e is 'robabl* t%e ost 'o'ular For best accurac* t%e ferrite count s%ould be 'erfored anuall* and include a c%ec$ for deleterious '%ases

•

Good i'act test results are also a (ood indication of a successful &eldin( 'rocedure and are andator* in #+!1! Part 

•

A corrosion test suc% as t%e G test is %i(%l* rec oended T%e test a* not odel t%e e8act ser;ice corrosion en;ironent but (i;es a (ood >ualati;e assessent of t%e &elds (eneral corrosion resistance t%is (i;es a (ood indication t%at t%e &eldin( et%od is satisfactor* G test te'erature for standard du'le8 is t*'icall* - for su'er du'le8 3!-

%y&ical Welding Procedure !or Meron -00 (Su&er Du&le,)

Pi'e 40 ,d 8  T%ic$ Ma8iu Inter'ass 10014 Filler Wire

Position 4G Te'erature Te'erature at t%e end of &eldin( V !0-

! a's  &eld runs 9oot and -a'B

Arc ener(* 1 to 1! J)/

Tra;el s'eed 07! to 1 /sec

Recommended %esting

1 Ferric -%lorid -%loridee Pittin( Pittin( Test Test To A+TM A+TM G : Met%od Met%od A  -%e -%eica icall anal* anal*sis sis of root root 3 Ferri errite te cou count

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