WCDMA Design Handbook

Cambridge University Press 0521828155 - WCDMA Design Handbook Andrew Richardson Frontmatter More information

WC DM A Desi Design gn Handb Handboo ook k

Developed out of a successful professional engineering course, this practical handbook provides a comprehensive explanation of the Wideband CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) air interface of third-generation UMTS cellular systems. The book addresses all aspects of the design of the WCDMA radio interface from the lower layers to the upper layers of the protocol architecture. The book considers each of the layers in turn, to build a complete understanding of the design and operation of the WCDMA radio interface including the physical layer, RF and baseband processing, MAC, RLC , PDC P/BMP, P/BM P, Non-Acce Non-Access ss Stratum Stratum and and RRC. RR C. An ideal cours coursee book and and reference for professional engineers, undergraduate and graduate students. Andrew Richardson has many years of experience in digital communication systems,

having worked for Philips, Nokia and Simoco on both second- and third-generation mobile phone systems. Since 1999 he has run his own consultancy, Imagicom Ltd, offering design and training services in telecommunication systems technology.

© Cambridge University Press

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WCDMA Design Handbook Andrew Richardson Imagicom Ltd


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p u b l i s he d b y

the press syndicate of the

u n i v e r s it y o f

c a m b r i dg e

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom c a m b r i dg e u n i v e r s it y p r e s s

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Andrew Richardson 2005 

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Times 10.5/14 pt and HelveticaNue

System LATEX 2ε

[tb]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Richardson, Andrew, 1961– WCDMA Design Handbook / Andrew Richardson. p.

cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 82815 5 1. Code division multiple access – Handbooks, manuals, etc. Handbooks, manuals, etc. TK5103.452.R53 621.3845 – dc22

2. Wireless communication systems –

3. Mobile communication systems – Handbooks, manuals, etc.

I. Title.

2004 2003058670

ISBN 0 521 82815 5 hardback


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To my wife and family, Alex, Beth, Emma and Evie, and also to my parents Peter and Marea.


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Contents

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations

1

Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

2

3

Concepts and terminology Major concepts behind UMTS Release 99 (R99) network architecture R4 and R5 network architecture Services provided by UMTS and their evolution from GSM/GPRS services Summary

page xiii xv xvi

1 1 4 8 16 19 23

WCDMA in a nutshell

24

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

24 29 33 42 47 51 59

Protocol architecture SAPs Principles of the physical layer Principles of the upper layers Radio and data connections Security issues Summary of the operation of the radio interface

Spreading codes and modulation

64

3.1 3.2

64 66

Introduction Introducing WCDMA spreading functions

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viii

Contents

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

4

5

6

Channelisation codes Scrambling codes Modulation Downlink spreading and modulation Uplink spreading and modulation

71 87 97 102 108

Physical layer

115

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

115 115 115 122 128 134 136 136

Introduction Physical channel mapping Uplink channels Downlink channels Spreading and scrambling codes Cell timing PRACH timing and CPCH timing Summary

RF aspects

137

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

137 140 143 146 154 165 169 174 176

Frequency issues UE transmitter specifications Node B transmitter specifications Received signals Node B receiver characteristics Node B receiver performance UE receiver characteristics UE receiver performance tests UMTS transceiver architecture study

Chip rate processing functions

184

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

184 184 187 189 204

Introduction Analogue to digital converter (ADC) Receive filtering Rake receiver overview Channel estimation


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ix

Contents

6.6 6.7

7

Searcher Initial system acquisition

206 208

Symbol rate processing functions

217

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

8

Layer 2 – medium access control (MAC) 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

9

MAC introduction MAC architecture MAC functions and services MAC PDUs and primitives MAC operation Random access procedure Control of CPCH TFC selection in uplink in UE

Layer 2 – R LC 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

10

WCDMA symbol rate transmission path Convolutional error correction codes Turbo codes as used in WCDMA The performance of the WCDMA turbo code via examples

Introduction TM UM AM Summary

217 229 235 247

248 248 251 257 261 264 264 277 282

300 300 300 306 314 335

PDCP and BMC protocols

337

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

337 344 347 348

PDCP architecture and operation Broadcast/multicast control CBS PDU summary Summary


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Contents

11

Layer 3 – R RC

349

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

349 352 358 362 374 377 379 391 394

12

13

Measurements

395

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8

395 400 404 406 414 425 433 436

Introduction Measurement control Measurement variables Cell signal measurement procedures Reporting the measurement results Measurements for interoperation with GSM Location services measurements Summary

NAS 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9

14

Introduction System information broadcasting Paging and DRX RRC connection establishment Direct transfer procedure RB setup Handover Miscellaneous RRC procedures Summary

437 Introduction NAS architecture MS classes and network modes MM protocol entity Call control protocol GMM protocol states GMM procedures SM protocol and PDP contexts SMS protocol

437 437 441 442 456 467 476 483 498

Idle mode functions

508

14.1 14.2

509 514

USIM architecture and operation Idle mode overview


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Contents

14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7

Idle mode substate machine NAS idle mode functions and interrelationship AS idle mode functions and interrelationship Example of idle mode procedures Summary

Appendix References Index


515 519 527 537 541 542 551 553

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Preface

The WCDMA Design Handbook addresses the subject of wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) as defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and provides a detailed review of the architecture and the operation of the system. In particular, the focus of the book is the radio interface, from the physical layer through to the upper layers of the non-access stratum. This text either offers a complete ‘end-to-end’ explanation of the system operation, or alternatively allows the reader to focus on any aspects of the system which are of specific interest and relevance. For this reason, the material is presented in a modular fashion, with the overlap and interlinking of the chapters kept to a minimum to allow the chapters to be as selfstanding as possible in order to facilitate a ‘pick and mix’ approach to the book where required. The structure of the book is intended to provide a solid introduction to the basic principles for the operation of the complete system and then to focus on the specific details in each of the relevant chapters. The major principles for the operation of the WCDMA system are considered throughout the different chapters, including the use of codes and multiplexing in the physical layer, the procedures for transport format combination control in layer 2 and the radio interface control procedures either within the radio resource control (RRC) protocol in the access stratum, or within the mobility management and service management protocols in the non-access stratum. One of the key methods of examining the system is the use of examples to demonstrate the operation of specific procedures or processes. At the lower layers, the book focuses on the FDD mode of the WCDMA system. The use of the TDD mode is considered to a greater degree as the higher layer protocols are considered. The emphasis is on the first release of the WCDMA specifications (Release 99). Written for a professional audience, the book is relevant to practising engineers and managers, and graduate and undergraduate students. Like most texts at this level, it is beneficial for the reader to have had some previous exposure to cellular radio systems such as GSM. It is assumed that the reader is comfortable with the technical nature of the information in this technical book. xiii


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xiv

Preface

The book can be considered as being in four parts. Part 1 comprises Chapters 1–3 and is a general introduction; Part 2, Chapters 4–7, covers mainly the physical layer; Part 3, Chapters 8–12, covers layers 2 and 3 in the access stratum; and Part 4, Chapters 13 and 14, covers the non-access stratum protocols. The reading of these four parts will depend upon the specific interests of the reader. For RF, DSP, ASIC and hardware engineers Parts 1 and 2 are recommended. For protocol designers/software designers and protocol test engineers who are focussing on the operation of the access stratum of the WC DMA system, Parts 1 and 3 are the most appropriate. Both protocol designers/ software designers and protocol test engineers concentrating on the operation of the non-access stratum of the WCDMA system should read Parts 1 and 4. Finally, for an interested reader, or for a graduate or undergraduate course, the chapters can be taken in order. The book closely follows the 3GPP specifications; for completeness the relevant specifications are outlined in the Appendix. The WCDMA Design Handbook is based on the experience and knowledge gained over a 20-year period by the author. The detail has been honed during the process of presenting the material in the form of a number of training courses on W CDMA , from layer 1 through to the non-access stratum. It is the first in what is planned to be a series of books by the author following the development of the UMTS and wireless cellular market place, with an emphasis on a detailed understanding of the design and operation of the technology. Dr Richardson is a director of the established training and consultancy company Imagicom Ltd (www.imagicom.co.uk), which specialises in delivering regular advanced level technical training courses, the material for which is constantly updated and presented both via a range of scheduled public courses usually held in Cambridge UK and to major players in the telecommunications industry on an in-house basis.


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Acknowledgements

I would like to give special thanks to my wife Alex for her enduring support over the many hours that it has taken to bring this volume from conception into existence; without her this book could not exist. I love her deeply.

xv


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Abbreviations

2G 3G 3G-MSC/V LR 3GPP 3G-SGSN AC ACK ACLR ACS ADC ADF AGC AI AICH AID AK AM AMD AMF AMR AP APN ARQ AS ASC ASIC ATM ATT ATT AUTN AV

second generation third generation third generation mobile switching centre/visitor location register 3rd Generation Partnership Project third generation serving GPRS support node access class acknowledgement adjacent channel leakage ratio adjacent channel selectivity analogue to digital converter application dedicated files automatic gain control acquisition indicator acquisition indication channel application identifier anonymity key acknowledged mode acknowledged mode data authentication and key management field adaptive multirate access preamble access point name automatic repeat request access stratum access service class application specific integrated circuit asynchronous transfer mode AICH transmission timing attach flag authentication token authentication vector

xvi


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xvii

Abbreviations

AWGN BBF BC B CC H BCD BCFE BCH BER BGCF BLER BMC BO BPF BPSK BS BSC BSS BTS C/I C/T CA CA I CAMEL CBC CBS CC CCC CCCH CCDF CCTrCH CD CD/ CA- ICH CDMA CFN CID CK CK SN CLI CLIR CM CN


additive white Gaussian noise baseband filter broadcast control broadcast control channel binary coded decimal broadcast channel functional entity broadcast channel bit error rate breakout gateway control function block error rate broadcast and multicast control protocol buffer occupancy band pass filter binary phase shift keyed base station base station controller base station system base transceiver station carrier to interference ratio control/traffic channel assignment channel assignment indicator customised application for mobile network enhanced logic cell broadcast centre cell broadcast service call control CPCH control channel common control channel complementary cumulative distribution function coded composite transport channel collision detection collision detection/channel assignment indicator channel code division multiple access connection frame number context identifier cipher key cipher key sequence number calling line identification calling line identification restriction connection management core network

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xviii

Abbreviations

CP C PB CC H CPCH CPICH CRC CRNC c-RNTI CS C SC F CSICH CTCH CTFC CTS CW D/C DAC DC D CC H DCF DCFE DCH DCS1800 D C- SA P DECT DF DPCCH D PC H DPDCH DRAC DRNC D RN S DRX DSCH DSP DT CH DT X EDGE EF EGC EIR e-MLPP


control protocol compact packet B CC H common packet channel common pilot channel cyclic redundancy check controlling radio network controller cell radio network temporary identifier circuit switched call session control function CPCH status indication channel common traffic channel calculated transport format combination cordless telephony system continuous wave data/control digital to analogue converter dedicated control dedicated control channel digital channel filter dedicated control functional entity dedicated transport channel digital cellular network at 1800MHz dedicated control S AP digital enhanced cordless telecommunications dedicated files dedicated physical control channel dedicated physical channel dedicated physical data channel dynamic resource allocation control drift radio network controller drift radio network subsystem discontinuous reception downlink shared transport channel digital signal processor dedicated traffic channel discontinuous transmission enhanced data rates for GSM evolution elementary file efficient Golay correlator equipment identity register enhanced multilevel precedence and preemption

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xix

Abbreviations

EMS EOT EPC ETSI EVM FACH FBI FCT FDD FDMA FER FFT FHT FIR G3 GC GERAN G GS N GMM GMMAS-SAP GMSC G PR S GSM G SM S GTP HC H CS HE/AuC HFN HLR HPLMN HPSK HSDPA HSS H TT P I-CSCF IE IK IMEI IMS IMSI


extended message service end of transmission estimated PDU counter European Telecommunications Standards Institute error vector magnitude forward access channel feedback mode indicator frame count transmitted frequency division duplex frequency division multiple access frame error rate fast Fourier transform fast Hadamard transform finite impulse response Group 3 general control GSM/EDGE radio access network gateway GP RS support node GPRS mobility management GPRS mobility management SAP gateway mobile switching centre general packet radio service global system for mobile communications GP RS short message service GPRS tunnelling protocol header compression hierarchical cell structures home environment/authentication centre hyper frame number home location register home PLMN hybrid PSK high speed downlink packet access home subscriber server hypertext transfer protocol interrogating call session control function information element integrity key international mobile equipment identity internet protocol multimedia subsystem international mobile subscriber identity

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xx

Abbreviations

IMT2000 IP IPDL ISDN ITU KSI LA LAC LAI LAPP LAU LI LLC LLR LNA LO LR LSB M AC MAC MAC-b MAC-c/sh MAC-d MAC-hs MAP MASF MCC ME MF MGCF MGW MIB MLSE MM MN MNC MO MRC MRF MRFC MRFP


International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 internet protocol idle period on the downlink integrated services digital network International Telecommunication Union key set identifier location area location area code location area identifier log a-posteriori probability location area update length indicator logical link control log likelihood ratio low noise amplifier local oscillator location registration least significant bit message authentication code medium access control MAC – broadcast MAC – common or shared MAC – dedicated MAC – high speed maximum a-posteriori probability minimum available spreading factor mobile country code mobile equipment master file media gateway control function media gateway master information block maximum likelihood sequence estimation mobility management mobile network mobile network code mobile originated maximum ratio combining media resource function media resource function controller media resource function processor

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xxi

Abbreviations

MRW MS MSB MSC MSE MSIN MT MUX NAC K NAS NSAPI NW OCQPSK OSI OTDOA OVSF PCCC PCCH PCCPCH PCDE PCF PCH PCPCH P-CPICH P Cs P-CSCF PD PDC PDCP PDN PDP PDSCH PDU PI P ICH PID P IN P LM N PMM PN PNFE


move receive window mobile station most significant bit mobile switching centre mean square error mobile subscriber identifier number mobile terminated multiplex negative acknowledgement non-access stratum network service access point identifier network orthogonal complex QPSK open systems interconnection observed time difference of arrival orthogonal variable spreading factor parallel concatenated convolutional code paging control channel primary common control physical channel peak code domain error policy control function paging channel physical common packet channel primary common pilot channel personal communication system proxy call session control function protocol discriminator personal digital cellular packet data convergence protocol packet data network packet data protocol physical downlink shared channel protocol data unit paging indicator paging indication channel packet identifier personal identification number public land mobile network PS mobility management pseudo-noise paging and notification functional entity

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xxii

Abbreviations

PRA PRACH PS PS C P-SCH PSK PSTN PTM P-TMSI PTP QoS Q PS K R4 R5 R6 R99 RA RAB R AB M RAC RACH RAI RAT RAU RB RES RL RLC RLS RLS RM RNC RNS RNTI RO HC RPLMN RRC RRC RR-SAP RS CP


PCPCH resource availability physical random access channel packet switched primary synchronisation code primary synchronisation channel phase shift keying public switched telephone network point to multipoint packet temporary mobile subscriber identity point to point quality of service quadrature phase shift keying Release 4 Release 5 Release 6 Release 99 routing area radio access bearer radio access bearer manager radio access capability random access channel routing area identifier radio access technology routing area update radio bearer response radio link radio link control radio link set recursive least squares rate match radio network controller radio network subsystem radio network temporary identifier robust header compression registered PLMN radio resource control root raised cosine radio resource SAP receive signal code power

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xxiii

Abbreviations

RTT S/P SAP SCCPCH SCH S-CPICH SCR S-CSCF S DP SDU SF SFN SGSN SHCCH SI SI SIB SIBn SID SIP SIR SISO S LF SM SMC-CS SMC-GP S M-R L SMS SMSMM SM-TL SNR SOVA SQN SRB SRNS s-RNTI SS S-SCH SSDT S TT D


round trip time serial to parallel service access point secondary common control physical channel synchronisation channel secondary common pilot channel source controlled rate serving call session control function session description protocol service data unit spreading factor system frame number serving GPRS support node shared channel control channel status indicator stream identifier system information block system information broadcast type n (n = 1, . . . ,18) silence descriptor session initiation protocol signal to interference ratio soft in soft out subscription location function session management short message control – circuit switched short message control – GPRS protocol short message relay layer short message service SMS mobility management short message transfer layer signal to noise ratio soft output Viterbi algorithm sequence number signalling radio bearer serving radio network subsystem serving radio network temporary identifier supplementary service secondary synchronisation channel site selection diversity transmission space time transmit diversity

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xxiv

Abbreviations

SUFI TACS TAF T CP TCTF TCTV TDD TDMA TE TF T FC TFCI TFCS TFS TFT TG8/1 TGMP TI TIA TM TMD TMSI ToS TPC TTI T VM Tx UARFCN UDP UE UICC UM UMTS URA URL u-RNTI US US AT USCH USIM UTRAN


super fields total access communications system terminal adaptation function transmission control protocol target channel type field traffic channel transport volume time division duplex time division multiple access terminal equipment transport format transport format combination transport format combination indicator transport format combination set transport format selection traffic flow template Task Group 8/1 transmission gap sequence measurement purpose transaction identifier Telecommunications Industry Association transparent mode transport mode data temporary mobile subscriber identity type of service transmit power control transmission time interval traffic volume measurement transmit UTRA absolute radio frequency channel number user datagram protocol user equipment universal integrated circuit card unacknowledged mode Universal Mobile Telecommunications System C304 UTRAN registration area uniform resource locator UTRAN radio network temporary identifier update status US IM application toolkit uplink shared channel universal subscriber identity module UMTS terrestrial radio access network

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xxv

Abbreviations

VAD VCAM VGCS VLR WCDMA XMAC XRES


voice activity detection versatile channel assignment mode voice group call service visitor location register wideband code division multiple access expected message suthentication code expected response

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WCDMA Design Handbook

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