DECLARATION
I declare that this report is my own work, the figures, tables and statistics contained in it were generated by me except for those origin has been acknowledged accordingly. I therefore further declare that the views and opinions contained in this report have not been submitted for any Diploma/degree or examination in any other university and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. Student Name
Chola lvis !igned""""""""""""""" Date # $%th December $&'(
i
DEDICATION
)his report is cordially dedicated to my !ister in *aw +rs. ames and her Children, -oston, +wila, atasha and Chilufya for their profound understanding and tolerance during the time I was busy, they remained a source of inspiration for continuous support and encouragement.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
)his report cannot be a success without acknowledging most key people and institutions that have made this report a success. I humbly acknowledge with thanks the lmighty 0od for 1is grace, love and strength to do this research. I thank the management not forgetting my 2esearch !upervisor and *ecturer +r. +alambo I also owe a depth of gratitude to my research supervisor who dedicated their precious time to guide me in this research and all *ecturers at 3wame krumah 4niversity, their supervisory role in this research showed their absolute commitment to this study. Iam indebted to my 5arents, +r and +rs. Chola for their parental and financial support. I cannot forget to thank the +anging Director and +anagement members of *ukanga and 6ater !ewerage Company for their outstanding welcome they gaveduring field work and all my respondents from 3amushanga .
iii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
C-+) Competence -ased +odular )raining C-7 Community -ased 7rganisation CC7 Commercial and Customer 7rientation C5 Cooperating 5artners C4 Commercial 4tility C!7 Central !tatistics 7ffice DID Danish Development ssistance D8ID Development 8inancing International 8und D1ID Department of 1ousing and Infrastructural Development DII! Danish Institute for International !tudies DI!! Department of Infrastructure and !ocial !ervices D33 Danish 3roner D)8 Devolution )rust 8und D6 Department of 6ater ffairs D68 Department of 6ater ffairs and 8orestry 8D5 8ifth ational Development 5lan 029 0overnment of the 2epublic of 9ambia 0)9 0erman )echnical Cooperation I62+ Integrated 6ater 2esources +anagement IC apan International Cooperation gency 3f6 3reditanstalt fur 6iederaufbau* *ocal uthority *CC *usaka City Council *6!C *usaka 6ater and !ewerage Company +6D +inistry of nergy and 6ater Development +85 +inistry of 8inance and ational 5lanning +*01 +inistry of *ocal 0overnment and 1ousing 26 on 2evenue 6ater 26!!5 ational 2ural 6ater !upply and !anitation 5rogramme )4 ephelometric )urbidity 4nits 46!!5 ational 4rban 6ater !upply and !anitation5rogramme iv
6!C7 ational 6ater and !anitation Council 65 ational 6ater 5olicy 7 and + 7perations and +aintenance 55 5overty radication ction 5lan 527!5C) 5rogramme of !upport for 5overty limination and Community )ransformation 5!5 5rivate !ector 5articipation 5!25 5ublic !ervice 2eform 5rogramme 5542!! 5romoting 5eri:4rban !anitation !ervices 26!! 2ural 6ater !upply and !anitation !I !tatutory Instrument 4 4nited ations 4!C7 4nited ations ducational, !cientific and Cultural 7rganisation 46!! 4rban 6ater !upply and !anitation ;I5 ;entilated Improved 5it latrine 6!1 6ater !anitation and 1ygiene 6DC 6ard Development Committee 68D 6ater 8ramework Directive 617 6orld 1ealth 7rganisation 62+ 6ater 2esources +anagement 6!5 6ater !upply 5rogramme WSS Water Supply and Sanitation ZMK Zambian Kwacha ZS Zambia Standards ZWS Zambia Water Standards
v
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Economic: refers to the increase in commerce, employment and development level of income. ou!e"o#d: household is defined as a number of people who live in the same dwelling and eat
from the same pot. Im$act: the positive or negative effects that comes as a result of da m in the area. Socia# # 2efers to the wellbeing of people.
vi
ABSTRACT
*ike in many counties, the provision of quality water supply and sanitation has been a ma>( 6ater !ector 2eforms in 9ambia. )he study covered 3amushanga )ownship in 3abwe, 9ambia representing middle income and low income respectively. 5urposive selection of household respondents, service providers and other institutions with a stake in water supply and sanitation was used. 5erformance of water supply and sanitation was assessed by questionnaire based interviews and observation. )he aim was the assessment of people?s perceptions of the quality of water supply and sanitation services from $&&= to $&'(. 2esults obtained indicate that although there has been an increase in numbers of people in middle income communities accessing clean water and supply hours at points of connection between $&&= and $&'(, households in low income communities had less access to such services because of little investments in water supply and sanitation resources in low income communities. In terms of actual access, @A percent of the population interviewed through the household survey had access to clean water in $&'(. In addition, more people in the middle and high income communities had water access of $( hours on a daily basis than those with fewer access hours. !anitation coverage had also improved. 6hilst toilets access was bad in low and middle income houses. 1owever, the same was not true with regards to households in low income areas. !ervice providers failed to supply water in low income communities at standpipes for a minimum of % hours on a daily basis. )his was because of complications with manpower and poor work culture by personnel manning the standpipes. dditionally, low income communities were billed less B
vii
on a social tariff rate for affordability hence service providers did not concentrate their efforts to supplying sufficient water to these areas. +ore supply hours were in high and middle income areas where it was believed that service providers did not operate at a loss. )his was one way of ensuring service providers? sustainability. !anitation coverage was also still low inlow income communities. 1owever there was a > percent reduction of people relyingon ordinary pit latrines for sanitation use by $&'. Consumer satisfaction was assessed by reviewing service hours of water supply, service related complaint, adequacy of service provision, consumer satisfaction of the service and turbidity of water supply. )he assessment revealed that service hours were generally commendable for high and medium income communities. In fact, the service provision was found to be in accord with what was recommended by 6!C7 over acceptable number of hours of water supply for each community. 1owever, service hours were fewer for low income communities than the general recommendations proposed by 6!C7. 6ater supply and sanitation service related complaints were
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS %a&e DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ii
DEDICATION
Iii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Iv V
DEFINITIONOF KEY TERMS
Vi
ABSTRACT
Vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vii
LIST OF TABLES
Viii Ix
LIST OF FIG'RES CA%TER ONE: INTROD'CTION
'
'.' 0eneral Introduction
$
'.$ -ackground to the study
$
'. !tatement of the problem
'.( 7b
'. A !pecific 7b
(
'.@ !ignificance of the study
A
'.= !cope of the study
%
'.> Definitions of terms
ix
7
'.'& *imitation of the study '.'' 5review of the 7rganiFation of the 2eport CA%TER (: LITERAT'RE REVIEW
$.'
Introduction
$.$
6ater !upply and !anitation !ector 2eforms
8
$. 5erformance of 6ater !upply and !anitation !ector
14
CA%TER ): DESCRI%TION OF TE ST'DY AREA 21
.' Introduction 22
.$ 5hysical features
22
. !ocial and economical 8eatures
24 25
.( 5hysical 8eatures
26
.A 5opulation of 3amushanga rea 26
.% Climate .@ !ocial and conomic features CA%TER *: RESEARC METODOLOGY 28
(.' Introduction
28
(.$ 2esearch Design
28
(. )ypes of Data 28
(..' 5rimary Data
28
(..$ !econdary Data
29 29
(.( Data Collection instruments
x
29
(.(.' Euestionnaire schedule
29
(.(.$ Interview guide (.(. 8ocus group discussion
29
(.A !ampling 29
(.A.' !ampling unit (.A.$ )arget population and sample siFe
30
(.A. !ample selection and structure (.% Data analysis CA%TER +: %RESENTATION OF FINDINGS
31 32
A.' Introduction
33
A.$ )he performance of water supply and sanitation coverage in 3amuchanga )ownship A. Consumer levels satisfaction of water supply and sanitation service provision in 3amushanga )ownship. A.( nhancements and challenges to water supply and sanitation service provision
40
CA%TER ,: DISC'SSIONS OF RES'LTS 43
%.' Introduction %.$ )he performance of water supply and sanitation coverage in 3amuchanga )ownship %. Consumer levels satisfaction of water supply and
45
!anitation service provision in 3amushanga )ownship. 47
%.( nhancements and challenges to water supply and sanitation service provision
xi
CA%TER -: CONCL'SION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48
@.' Introduction
49
@.$ Conclusion 51
@. 2ecommendations
53
Re.e/ence! 54
A$$endice! A$$endi0 1
55
A$$endi0 (
56
xii
LIST OF TABLES
)able A.' !ervice hours of water supply
38
)able A.$ # !atisfactoriness/adequacy of toilet facilities
39
xiii
LIST OF FIG'RES 21
8igure .' *ocation of the study area. 8igure . $ +ap of 9ambia showing 3abwe district 8igure A. # dequacy of !ervice 1ours of 6ater !upply
22 38
8igure A.( # Consumer complaints of water supply and sanitation related problems from $&&= to $&'( in 3amushanga )ownship of 3abwe , 9ambia
xiv
44
LIST OF %LATES
5late A.' )ap water stand in 3amushanga )ownship 8igure A.$ # 6ater and !anitation in 3amushanga )ownship 5late A. 7pen pit lines as the mode of )oilet in 3amushanga Compound. 5late A.( 8lash )oilet used by middle Income 1ouseholds 5late A.A !ervice 1ours
xv
32 33 35 36
