BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER
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BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER MAIN PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering Submitted by
AMIT JAISWAL
(5808614)
Under the esteemed guidance of
DR. ........................., .........................,B.Tech, M.Tech.,Ph.D Head of Department
Of Mechanical Engineering
..................... ................................. .............. ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Affiliated to ...................................... University)
2014-2015
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TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1
CANDIDATE’S DECLARTION
4
2
CERTIFICATE
5
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
6
4
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSIBILITIES
7
5
PERSONAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ACTIVITY
8
6
ABSTRACT
9
7
INTRODUCTION
10
8
LITERATURE SURVEY
11
9
MAIN COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
21
10
ASSEMBLY
32
11
WORKING
33
12
ADVANTAGES
34
13
CONCLUSION
34
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARTION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented by Amit Jaiswal, Ajay Singh Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar, Raman Kumar, Vijay Kumar in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech. in B.Tech. in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING submitted at
KALPI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY under KURUKSHETRA
UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA KURUKSHETRA is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the supervision of Er. Harish Kumar Sharma (HOD) and Er. Vikas Kunnar.
Project Member: Amit Jaiswal [5808614] Ajay Singh Chauhan [5808615] Rajeev Kumar [5808608] Raman Kumar [5808606] Vijay Kumar [5808613]
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CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the dissertation entitled “ BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER ”
by
RAJEEV KUSHWAHA, AMIT JAISWAL, SANDEEP ANAND SHARMA, MANISH KUMAR TRIVEDI, PERVEZ KHAN,& DIVYANSH
submitted to the Department of
mechanical engineering, Kalpi Institute Of Technology, Ambala in the partial fulfillment of requirement requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in in mechanical engineering is a record of bonafide work done by him under my my supervision and guidance during the session 2014-15. This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Head of department & project Guide Mr......................... Department of mechanical engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thank our project guide Mr. ...................... Assistant Professor, Mechanical engineering Department, Kurukshetra University who has given valuable support during the course of our project by clarifying our doubts and guiding us with her novel ideas.
We would like to thank Prof. .........................., Head of department, mechanical engineering, Kurukshetra University.
We extend our sincere thanks to our Dean .................................... Department of mechanical engineering for giving us this wonderful opportunity to work in desired area of interest.
We extend our sincere thanks to all teaching staff of mechanical engineering department, those who helped us in completing this project successfully.
Lastly we also thank the people who directly or indirectly gave us encouragement and support throughout the project.
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Role and Responsibilities My roles and responsibilities includes:
Prepare a requirement document to reach expectations of project and to come up with functionalities which are needed to be implemented.
Documentation of expected output for various aspects with accepted margin error was also documented.
To design overall system based on workflow requirements.
Discussion with the project guide and Head of Department on ways to improve the design and to optimize performance.
Choosing suitable components and methods based on the configurations availability and requirements.
Testing and remedies.
Recommendations
As a trainee mechanical engineer, I wanted to work on a project work that would showcase my engineering knowledge. I got the opportunity to work on BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER. This project was very important as it evaluated my skills and talents in my company.
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PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY
As a mechanical engineer, before undertaking any task I checked the feasibility of the project. In this project, my role is as team members. This report provides an insight into the design and fabrication of a BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER. I wanted to know more details of the project before commencing; hence, I researched the topic thoroughly by referring to journals and articles online. Additionally, I obtained more information by taking references about the topic.
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ABSTRACT
Water is the most basic necessity for life yet nearly one billion people in the world lack access to it. In many developing countries, people walk many miles to reach a source of water that is not necessarily potable. Not only is distance and potability an issue, but the average water collecting container in Africa, the jerry can, weighs over 40 pounds when full. This project proposes to take on challenges associated with the accesibility and cleanliness of water in developing countries by designing and building a filtration system and sidecar that are portable, durable, and cost-effective. A centrifugal pump will be used to pull unsafe water out of one holding tank, pass through a filtration system, and onward into a clean tank while the rider pedals the bicycle. Both the holding tanks and the filtration system will be incorporated into the design of the sidecar as to provide an entire system that is portable and can be easily retrofitted to most standard bicycles. Given that our design must target a demographic that includes some of the poorest regions in the world, reliability is one of the primary factors incorporated into the design. The functionality of the pump and filter system needs to require as little maintenance as possible. The design must also be user-friendly as the assumption will be made that users will have no experience with any vehicle of this type. Once the design is optimized, materials within the build will be considered to find the most cost-effective method of manufacturing.
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INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement
Developing countries around the world face debilitating challenges accessing safe and clean drinking water. Alarming statistics led us to the idea that that we could use a simple mechanism of transportation that is common in these areas, such as the bicycle, to help aid their water and sanitation struggles. Our goal is to design a bicycle attachment to purify and transport water from contaminated sources that is active while the rider is pedaling. This attachment, though not a permanent solution, would be a contribution to the improvement of their quality of life.
Motivation
The objective of providing pure drinking water throughout the world is one that has been an ongoing process for the past decades. Although we fully support the work done by charities such as The Water Project and Water.org, we believe that it will be a very long time until water can be provided as a clean source located locally throughout all developing countries. Therefore, our motivation was stemmed from the idea of quickly aiding those less fortunate areas, as well as providing a backup should those regions run into contamination contamination problems within their local wells. In addition our solution will exponentially reduce the time taken to retrieve the water, and allow time for more beneficial tasks to be accomplished in their native area. With our model we will be able to provide a working solution that mends the problem until a permanent clean water well can be produced within that community.
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LITERATURE SURVEY Water Crisis
Water is the prerequisite for all human and economic development. Safe, clean drinking water is scarce. Nearly one billion people in the developing world don’t
have access to it [25]. Water scarcity is either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water, but the problem goes beyond just water. In the developing world the availability of clean water is often consuming and expensive. In some areas of Sub-Saharan Africa women and girls specially, are given the task of walking miles at a time to a water source such as ponds or streams to collect water for their families. More often than not the water being collected is unsafe and full of diseases. Having access to clean water has the capability of improving four of the major problems in the developing world; these are education, hunger, health and poverty. When children are freed from gathering water they can return to class. Especially young girls, who are commonly responsible for the task, are able to stay in school through their teenage years [18]. The United Nations estimates that SubSaharan Africa alone loses 40 billion hours per year collecting water; the same as an entire year's labor in all of France! A study conducted in 2010 by UNICEF as a progress report on their Millennium Development Goals (Figure 1) shows that more than a quarter of the population in Africa takes longer than 30 minutes to make one water collection round trip. Water leads to food security, with continued access to it less crop loss occurs and hunger is reduced. As of today many non profit organizations organizations have surfaced, all with one goal in common: help fix the water crisis worldwide. One of these organization is The Water Project which began their work in 2006. They mostly focus their work in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water.org was founded in 1990. With the experience they have gathered over the years, the organization is able to help in a more worldwide scale currently having active
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projects in the Asian countries of Bangladesh and India as well as the Caribbean country of Haiti. Charity Water is another large non-profit organization founded in 2004 by Scott Harrison. Over the years this organization has become one of the most important in the battle for safe water, having brought their projects to 20 countries around the globe in Africa, Asia, Central and South America.
Figure 1: Time to Collect Drinking Water in Sub -Saharan Africa [16]
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Current Products
Currently two products consisting of bicycle powered filtration system exist. These are the Japanese-based Cycloclean and the winner of the 2008 Innovate or Die competition The Aquaduct.
Cycloclean
The only company that fabricates a bicycle bi cycle powered water filtration system sold on the market is Nippon Basic Co, Ltd. Nippon was developed after two major Japanese earthquakes the Hanshin Earthquake in 1995 (magnitude of 7.2) and the Chuetsu Earthquake in 2004 (magnitude of 6.8) [15]. The product is essentially made for emergency use, it consists on having a purifying case attached on a rear seat of the bicycle and because of its design the user can ride it to any destination where it may be difficult for other types of transportation to access. The bike is capable of purifying almost any type of water source i.e. ponds, rivers, lakes, bathtub and pools [15]. The device is powerful enough to siphon water from a depth of five meters [28]. The purifying system consists of three filters, a pressure pump, two water hoses and one manual fitting as illustrated in Figure 2. Table 1 is an overview of the Cycloclean provided by Nippon. It should be emphasize that the system is capable of producing 5 liters of clean water every minute. However, the bike does have its disadvantages starting with its market price of $6,600 that makes it impossible for people from developing countries to purchase it. Furthermore, the bike only works in a stationary position and does not contain a form of storage.
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Figure 2: Schematic of Cycloclean [10]
The Aquaduct
The Aquaduct is another example of a pedal-powered vehicle that filters water but unlike the Cycloclean it is capable of storing water. The prototype was designed and constructed for the Innovate or Die contest in 2008 by a group of five Bay Area designers from IDEO which is a global design firm that takes a humancentered, design-based approach to helping organizations in the public and private sectors innovate and grow [1]. The device is designed to enable the user to filter and transport water simultaneously. As the user pedals, a pump attached to the pedal cranks water from the holding tank, through a carbon filter, to a clean tank. A clutch is used to engage and disengage the drive belt from the pedal crank, which allows the user to filter water while traveling or while stationary. The device is capable of storing up to 5 gallons of water every trip, which is amount of water a family of four needs every day. The problem with the prototype is the fact that mass production of the current design would be too expensive to manufacture for many parts of the world. The filtration technology used, although not specified, is not in the low cost range and the inventors are currently working on developing a more appropriate locally sourced filtration technology. Figure 3 shows the design 14 | P a g e
and points where each of the parts are located.
Figure 3: The Aquaduct [05]
Water Filters
Water filtration systems have changed the way we have been able to consume our water on a daily basis. A water filter generally removes any impurities by flowing the water through a series of screens where the unwanted particles will be absorbed or caught onto a screen mesh. The types of filters have progressively advanced since the 19th century. There have been various processes used depending on the type of contaminants being removed. Several methods out there do not require the use of such advanced materials as well. For instance, a water filter can be made from a sequence of layers of natural resources: rock, gravel, or sand. Figure 4 shows a pillow-stuffing filter where cloth, gravel or sand, and rocks are used to filter water. This is an early technique that utilizes natural resources to filter large contents out of the water. However, the process requires boiling water in order to remove any harmful bacteria that can cause a person to be ill. Nowadays, there are modern filtrations systems able to
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reduce the amount of unsafe material that can flow through any water system.
Figure 4 : Pillow Stuffing Filter [9]
One modern filtration system is three-step water purification consisted of three stages: Sediment filter, Kinetic Degradation Fluxion (KDF) Filter, and an activated carbon filter. The first layer is the sediment filter, as seen in Figure 5 that can remove any large matter from the water. These filters are generally made of pleated cellulose: a collection of natural fibers that are densely compacted. The KDF filter is the stage where the excess chlorine is removed and converted to chloride. The last step in this procedure flows through an activated carbon filter. The charged carbon particles attract other charged contaminants such as heavy metals, lead and copper.
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Figure 5: Pleated Cellulose Filter (Sediment Filter) [01]
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Figure 6: Reverse Osmosis Filtration System [17]
There are other unique and complex water filtrations systems, such as the reverse osmosis process, that can eliminate almost any contaminants, including radioactive particles. As shown in Figure 4, reverse osmosis is a high pressure-driven filtering system that uses a quantity of filters and membranes to eradicate most contaminates. Figure 7 lists the numerous n umerous contaminants and the percent of removal from the R.O membranes. However, removing some these essential minerals does not mean the water is safe to drink. Also, this approach can be generally expensive since there are a variety of filters required to flow the water through. 18 | P a g e
Figure 7: Typical Rejections using Reverse Osmosis [17]
One specific water filtration product that is out on the market now is a combination of many filtering systems. Sawyer is a company that makes water filtration devices that are made up of a hollow fiber membrane that filters hurtful bacteria such as “bacteria, protozoa, or cysts like E. coli, Giardia, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi (which cause Cholera and Typhoid) to pass through.” According to
Sawyer.com, their pro duct is considered “small, portable, easy-to-use, reliable, inexpensive, and can last a decade without needing to be replaced.”
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Figure 8: 3-Way Inline Water Filter [21]
This product includes the whole package where the filtration is inexpensive and removes any harmful bacteria than can be found in ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, etc. The Sawyer Inline Water Filter can be purchased at a retail price of $59.95 compared to an R.O system that the price ranges from $150 and greater.
Pump
A water pump is an essential device used to move the fluid by a mechanical system. There are various types of pumps utilized on a wide range of applications such as pumping waters from wells, water-cooling in a car, aquarium filtration systems, etc. A reciprocating or rotary type of mechanism is usually found in a water pump. One special type of pump out in the industry now is the centrifugal 20 | P a g e
pump. The mechanism draws in the fluid content by applying alternating compression and relation motion (rotary). The specialty of this pump is the applied rolling force, or restitution, on the tube creates a compression that seals and acts as suction; therefore, discharge the fluid forward. The advantages of the centrifugal pump are the strong vacuum created to propel the fluid and the no-slip effect. This pump is typically operated in the medical industry to pump intravenous fluids, blood during a by-pass surgery and other viscous fluids. This ideal pump is considered to provide life-long tube efficiency and a free flow fluid rate [14].
MAIN COMPONENTS 1. Centrifugal pump 2. Sprocket 3. Bicycle 4. Power transmitting unit (Chain drive from rear wheel hub to pump shaft) 5. Inlet and outlet tubes of the centrifugal pump 6. Bucket of water 7. Filter
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP Definition Of Pump Pumps convert mechanical energy into fluid energy which can be explained as a pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Or A pump is a device used to raise, compress, or transfer fluids from one place to another. When a fluid, be it hot or cold, has to be "moved" in a system, pumps are used. In other words, in a more technically appropriate 21 | P a g e
manner, the pump is a machine which has the function of increasing the total (mechanical) energy of a liquid; this means that the pump transfers energy to the fluid that it receives f room the driving motor.
Classification of Pump Pumps can be classified into two major groups according to the method by which mechanical energy is transferred to the fluid. 1. Roto dynamic typed pumps 2. Positive displacement pumps,
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Experimental Setup of Pedal Operated Centrifugal Pump for Low-lift Applications for.....
Centrifugal Pump A centrifugal pump is a rot dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads. Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial-flow type. However, the term "centrifugal
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pump" can be used to describe all impeller type rot dynamic pumps including the radial, axial and mixed-flow variations.
A centrifugal pump is of a very simple design. The two main parts of the pump are the impeller and the diffuser. Impeller, which is the only moving part, is attached to a shaft and driven by a motor. Impellers are generally made of bronze, polycarbonate, cast iron, stainless steel as well as other materials. The diffuser (also called as volute) houses the impeller and captures and directs the water off the impeller. Experimental Setup of Pedal Operated Centrifugal Pump for Low-lift Applications for.....
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SPROCKET
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Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc.
CRANK ARM
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PEDAL
The bicycle pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the bicycle. It provides provides the connection between the cyclist's cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel the bicycle's wheels. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect respect to the spindle.
CHAIN DRIVE Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.
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RIM
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BELT DRIVE A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continuously carry a load between two points. Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission transmission system are large and this this has led to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.
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Pulleys: A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting shell is referred to as a "block."
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WATER FILTER
A water filter removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, a chemical process or a biological process.
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ASSEMBLY
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WORKING The wheel of the bicycle is rotated with the help of chain driver and driven rim of the bicycle. The belt drive of the centrifugal pump is connected to the rim of the bicycle, it also rotates when the rim of the bicycle is rotated with the help of the rotation system. The shaft of the centrifugal pump rpm is depends upon human effort. With the rotation of the great speed the vacuum is created in the centrifugal pump and this vacuum in this centrifugal pump suck the water from the water tank and it passes through the filter clean water discharge through outlet with some amount of pressure. 33 | P a g e
ADVANTAGES • Operated by pedal power and therefore can be used in areas where electricity is
irregular or insufficient. • Simplistic in design, operations and handling.
CONCLUSION After completing the project, conclude that our project is simple in construction and compact in size for use. Manufacturing of machine is easy and cost of the machine is less.
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