Vitamins chemistry Project Report (St josephs HSS trivandrum,year 2009-2010)

CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT

vitamins

[VITAMINS] VITAMINS]

Introduction Have you ever wondered how we stay healthy?..the proper answer lies in our balanced diet.our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients including vitamins ,proteins ,carbohydrates… The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet usually gives you all the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy (calories) directly, but they do help regulate energy-producing processes. With the exception of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come from food because they are not manufactured or formed by the body. So lets find out the uses and the importance of vitamins in our daily life

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Aim ➢ ➢

➢ ➢ ➢

To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life. To find out how much vitamins are needed for human in one day. To find out the sources of vitamins. To find out the structure of vitamins. To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.

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[VITAMINS] VITAMINS] ➢

Vitamins Vitamins and classification Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and known as Essential nutrients for human beings. The name vitamin is obtained from "vital amines" as it was originally thought that these substances were all amines. Human body uses these substances to stay healthy and support its many functions.

Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organism. There are two types of vitamins: water-soluble and fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking. These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a continuous supply of them in diets. Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss. To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away from strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare soups. An excess of water soluble vitamins should not result in any side effects as they will disperse in the body fluids and voided vo ided in the urine. Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-complex group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), 4


Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin C. These vitamins are widely distributed in foods. Fat-soluble vitamins

The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are soluble in fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The human body has to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these vitamins are absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need them, your body takes them out of storage to be used. Eating fats or oils that are not digested can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are stored in the body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of vitamin A may result in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea, headache, diarrhea in adults.

Characteristics of the vitamins are: 1. Most of the vitamins vitamins have have been artificiall artificially y synthesized. synthesized. 2. Some of vitami vitamins ns are soluble soluble in water and and others are fatfatsoluble. 3. Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some member bers of vitamin B compl ple ex are synthe nthes sized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract. 4. Vitamins Vitamins are partly partly destroyed destroyed and are partly excreted. excreted. 5. Vita Vitami mins ns can can be st stor ored ed in the the body body to some some exte extent nt,, for for example the fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous tissue. 6. Vitami Vitamins ns can perform perform their their work in very very small small quantitie quantities. s. Hence, the total daily requirement is usually very small.

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Action in human body Nutrient

Action

Daily need

VITAMIN A

Vitamin A helps cell reproduction. It also stimulates immunity and is needed for formation of some hormones. Vitamin A helps vision and promotes bone growth, tooth development, and helps maintain healthy skin, hair, and mucous membranes. It has been shown to be an effective preventive against measles.

10,000 IU/day (plantderived) for adult males. 8,000 for adult females 12,000 if lactating. 4,000 for children ages 1-3 5,000 for children ages 4-6 7,000 for children ages 7-10

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and retinol are all versions of Vitamin A.

VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)

VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)

VITAMIN B6 (PRYIDOXINE)

Vitamin B1/thiamine is important in the production of energy. It helps the body cells convert carbohydrates into energy. It is also essential for the functioning of the heart, muscles, and nervous system. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is important for body growth, reproduction and red cell production. It also helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates B6 plays a role in the creation of antibodies in the immune system. It helps maintain normal nerve function and acts in the formation of red blood cells. It is also required for the chemical

1.2 mg for adult males and 1.1 mg for women 1.5 mg if lactating. Children need .6 to .9 mg of B1/thiamine per day.

1.3 mg for adult males and 1.1 mg for women 1.5 mg if pregnant/lactating. Children need .6 to .9 mg of B2/riboflavin per day. 1.3 to 1.7 mg for adults - 2 mg for women who are pregnant or lactating. Children need between . 6 to 1.3 mg.

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[VITAMINS] VITAMINS] reactions of proteins. The higher the protein intake, the more need there is for vitamin B6

VITAMIN B12

Like the other B vitamins, vitamin B12 is important for metabolism. It helps in the formation of red blood cells and in the maintenance of the central nervous system.

VITAMIN C

Vitamin C is one of the most important of all vitamins. It plays a significant role as an antioxidant, thereby protecting body tissue from the damage of oxidation.

VITAMIN D

Vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin" since it is manufactured by the body after being exposed to sun .Vitamin D is vital to the human body as it promotes absorption of calcium and magnesium, which are essential for the normal development of healthy teeth and bones. It also helps maintain adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.

VITAMIN E

Like vitamin C, vitamin E plays a significant role as an antioxidant, thereby protecting body tissue from the damage of oxidation. It is important in the formation of red blood cells and the use of vitamin K. Many women also use it to help minimize the appearance of wrinkles.

VITAMIN K

Vitamin K is fat soluble and plays a critical role in blood clotting. It regulates blood calcium levels and activates at least 3 proteins involved in bone health.

2.4 mcg for adults and 2.6 - 2.8 mcg for women who are pregnant or lactating. Children need .9 - 2.4 mcg per day.

60 mg for adults - 70 mg for women who are pregnant and 95 for those lactating. Children need between 45 and 50 mg

5 mg for most adults. Between 50 - 70 yrs 10 mg, and after 70 15 mg. Children need about 5 mg/day.

30 IU for most adults. Children need between 6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is equal to approximately . 75 mg)

70-80 micrograms/day for adult males, 60-65 micrograms per day for adult females. Children need about half the amount, depending

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[VITAMINS] VITAMINS] on age.

Natural sources Nutrient

Fruit source

Vegetable source

Nut source

Vitamin A

Most fruits contain vitamin A, but the following fruits have a significant amount: Tomatoes Cantaloupes Watermelon Peaches Kiwi Oranges Blackberries

Sweet potato Kale Carrots Spinach Avocado Broccoli Peas Asparagus Squash - summer Green Pepper

Pistachios Chestnuts Pumpkin Seeds Pecans Pine Nuts/Pignolias Sunflower Seeds Almonds Filberts/Hazelnuts

Vitamin B1

Watermelon

Peas Avocado

No nuts contain a significant amount of vitamin B1.

Vitamin B2

Kiwi

Avocado


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Vitamin B6

Bananas Watermelon

Avocado Peas Potatoes Carrots


Vitamin B12

None

None


Vitamin C

Kiwi Strawberry Orange Blackberries Cantaloupe Watermelon Tomatoes Lime Peach Bananas Apples Lemon Grapes

Artichoke Asparagus Avocado Broccoli Carrots Cauliflower Corn Cucumber Green Pepper Kale Lima Beans Mushrooms Onions Peas Potatoes Spinach Squash - summer Squash - winter Sweet potato


Vitamin D

None

Mushrooms


Vitamin E

Blackberries Bananas Apples Kiwi

None

Almonds Sunflower Seeds Pine Nuts/Pignolias Peanuts Brazil Nuts

Vitamin K

None

Vitamin K is found in significant quantities in dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach, spinach, broccoli, broccoli, and kale. kale.

Pine Nuts/Pignolias Cashews Chestnuts Filberts/Hazelnuts

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Structure Vitamin A Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally, the liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.

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Retinol (Vitamin A)

Vitamin (B1) Thiamin Thiamin or Thiamine (vitamin B 1) is widely available in the diet. Thiamin is involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.

Thiamin (vitamin B 1)

Vitamin (B2) Riboflavin Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine Vitamin B6 includes a group of closely related compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B 6 is important in the biosynthesis of heamoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 11


Vitamin B12 Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity. These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red blood cells

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Vitamin C Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from burns. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, supports immune function, and facilitates the absorption of iron.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

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Vitamin D Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation) and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)

Vitamin E Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes.

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vitamin K Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

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Deficiency disease Vitamin A Deficiency Disease: Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation of the nasal and respiratory passage epithelium 14


Deficiency Symptoms: Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair, Retarded Growth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations, Sinus Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. People who limit limit their their consumption consumption of liver, liver, dairy foods, foods, and beta-carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency. 2. Extremely Extremely low low birth birth weight weight babies babies

Vitamin B1 Deficiency Disease: Beriberi Deficiency Symptoms:Symptoms include fatigue, depression, decreased mental functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart enlargement, and eventually beriberi. Alcoholics are at increased risk of a deficiency. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. Most common commonly ly found found in alcoholi alcoholics cs 2. People with with Malabsorpt Malabsorption ion conditio conditions ns 3. Those eating a very very poor diet 4. Also common common in children with with congenital congenital heart disease disease 5. People with with chronic chronic fatigue fatigue syndrome syndrome 6. Individuals Individuals undergoing undergoing regular regular kidney dialysi dialysis s

Vitamin B2 Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and fissures to the corners of the mouth, chapped lips. Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue; depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be a result of this vitamin deficiency. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. Al Alco cohol holic ics s 2. People with with cataracts cataracts or sickle sickle cell anemia anemia 15


3. People with with chronic chronic fatigue fatigue syndrome syndrome

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Disease: Anemia Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness, Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and Kidney Stones. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. Al Alco cohol holic ics s 2. Patients Patients with with kidney failure failure 3. Women using oral oral contrac contraceptive eptives s 4. People with with chronic chronic fatigue fatigue syndrome syndrome

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Disease: Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anaemia Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhea, abnormal gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet, confusion, memory loss, and depression. Harmful anemia may be a result of this deficiency. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. Al Alco cohol holic ics s 2. Vegetarians Vegetarians who who also avoid avoid dairy dairy and eggs 3. People with with malabsorp malabsorption tion conditio conditions ns 4. Older people people with urinary urinary incontinence incontinence and hearing hearing loss 5. People with with tinnitus tinnitus and and related related disorders disorders 6. People with psychiatric psychiatric disorders disorders

Vitamin C Deficiency Disease: Scurvy

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Deficiency Symptoms: Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent Freque nt infections, Prolonged colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression, bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired, paleness Deficiency Occurs in: 1. Smok Smoker ers s 2. Women with with Preeclampsia, Preeclampsia, who have lower lower blood levels levels 3. People with kidney failure failure

Vitamin D Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis, Arthritis, and Cancer. Deficiency Occurs in: 1. More common common in strict strict vegetari vegetarians ans 2. Dark-s Dark-skin kinned ned people people 3. Al Alco cohol holic ics s 4. People with liver liver or or kidney kidney disease disease 5. People with hyperparathy hyperparathyroidi roidism sm 6. Also common common in men with with advanced advanced prostate prostate cancer

Vitamin E Deficiency Disease: Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be increased risk of Heart Disease, 17


Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal deficiencies.

Deficiency Occurs in: 1. People with with a genetic defect in a vitamin vitamin E transfer transfer protein protein called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) 2. Women Women with Preecla Preeclamps mpsia ia 3. Very old old people people with with type 2 diabetes diabetes

Vitamin K Deficiency Disease: Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation, Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds. Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This deficiency is rare in adults and normally n ormally limited to those with liver or food absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies. Deficiency Occurs in: 1.

People with certain Mal absorption diseases

2. Hospitaliz Hospitalized ed patients who who had poor food intake intake and were receiving antibiotics 3.

Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.

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Pictures of deficiency diseases

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Night blindness(vitamin A) B1)

Beriberi(vitamin

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Anemia (vitamin B 6) Anemia (vitamin B 12)

Pernicious

Scurvy(vitamin C) Rickets(Vitamin D)

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How to overcome these deficiency Food The best method available to overcome these deficiency is by proper diet which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and some amount of meat.

Medicine To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex. Vitamin B complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The eight water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9), and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

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Additional information Vitamin Facts 1. A lot of the vit vitamin amins s in frui ruits and and vege vegeta tabl bles es are lost lost between the farm and your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the more nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the amount of vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid. a cid. 2. About About 25% of US househo households lds do not have balanced balanced meals meals to meet the requirements that the body needs in digesting enoug enough h nutri nutrien ents ts to sus susta tain in the the body' body's s healt health h and and fuel fuel factors. 3. Research Research has shown that almost almost all varieties varieties of disease disease can be produced by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients. Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals and sugar. 4. The human human body body uses food food to manufac manufactur ture e all its building building blocks as well as to provide fuel. To do this, it performs seve severa rall thous housan and d di diffferen erentt chem chemiical cal reac reacttions ions.. Each ach reac reacti tion on is contr control olle led d by "enz "enzym ymes es"" and and "coe "coenz nzym ymes es". ". Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body cannot make by itself and which must be obtained from outside the body.

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Conclusion Vitamins are in every aspect essential to our life. life. First of all vitamin is that that component of a balanced diet which the human body generally cannot manufacture on its own. So you must consume vitamin directly in the form of food or through supplements as tonic or pills. The whole process of assimilation of vitamins depends on ingestion of food. Once you have it as a part of your meal, say for tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other stuffs, it is more helpful . To maintain a healthy life we must use regular proper balanced diet.the diet must contain vegetables, fruits, meat … The body's metabolism is also dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats, minerals and other basic components of a complete diet. Always remember that vitamins are not food but should be a part of your food.

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Vitamins chemistry Project Report (St josephs HSS trivandrum,year 2009-2010)

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