Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context

I.

Introduction……………………………………………………….....1

II.

Central Concept…………………………………………………….2

III.

Photovoltaic aspects and considerations………………………… considerations…………………………22

IV.

Building Integrated I ntegrated Photovoltaic…………………………… Photovoltaic………………………………….3 …….3

V.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Architecture…………….5

VI.

Market of Building Integrated Photovoltaic……………………..6 Photovoltaic……………………..6

VII.

Advantages of Building Integrated Photovoltaic………………..6 Photovoltaic………………..6 • •

VIII.

General Advantage………………………………………… Advantage………………………………………….6 .6 Technical Advantage………………………………………..9

Issues with Building integrated Photovoltaic………………….....8 • • •

General Disadvantages…………………………… Disadvantages……………………………………...8 ………...8 Economic Issues with Building Integrated PV……………9 Environmental Environmental and Energy issues………………………..10 issues………………………..10

IX.

Future of Building Integrated Photovoltaic……………………..13 Photovoltaic……………………..13

X.

Tropical regions………………… regions………………………………………………… …………………………………15 …15

XI.

Indian tropical tro pical context…………………………………………….17 context…………………………………………….17

XII.

Conclusion……………………………………… onclusion………………………………………………………….18 ………………….18

XIII.

Scope and Methodology…………………………………………19

XIV.

References…………………………………… eferences…………………………………………………………..20 ……………………..20

XV.

Acknowledgements………………… cknowledgements……………………………………………...…2 …………………………...…222

Viability Of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Tropical Indian Context

I. INTRODUCTION

The awareness on the significance of solar energy in building design and construction is gradually increasing. In new building designs or retrofitting the emphasis is placed on the effective use of passive and active solar energy systems to partially or entirely cover demands in natural lighting, space heating heat ing and cooling, air ventilating, domestic hot water and electricity.

The emerging concerns for environmental protection and global energy saving have introduced new architectural design rules for buildings, aiming at reduced energy buildings with effective integration of several solar energy systems in combination with satisfactory aesthetics.

Photovoltaic (PVs) that convert the absorbed solar energy into electricity constitute a new field for architects and engineers and require research on new forms of building façade, roof system installation, efficient operation and other practical aspects. Also integrating Photovoltaic to the building is considered a viable option as in cities with great densities cannot have solar fields (lack of land). Even if they can afford large solar fields, certainly large amount of electricity is lost during distribution.

With intent of thinking beyond oil and emerging awareness towards harnessing renewable sources of energy, Building Integrated Photovoltaic provides a great option. This is altogether a ltogether a new concept and idea. Hence, its viability viabil ity in different parts of the world is a serious ser ious concern.

20080619_Seminar

Sumanyu Vasist 0441731604, (USAP)

1


II. CENTRAL CONCEPT

Photovoltaic Devices convert sunlight directly into electricity[8]. When solar radiations (in approximately the same spectrum as visible light) strike a semiconductor material such as silicon, it provides enough energy to mobilize electrons. A simple photovoltaic cell consists of two layers, one doped with phosphorous to provide excess electron (n-layer), and one doped with boron to create an electron deficiency (p-layer) [9]. When the p and n layers are connected into a circuit, electrons mobilized by incident solar radiation move across the p-n potential, creating electricity.

Fig 1: A simple photovoltaic cell. cell.

III. PHOTOVOLTICS ASPECTS AND CONSEDERATIONS

The several types and forms of Photovoltaic constitute new and interesting material, which can be easily ea sily integrated to the buildings giving new shapes and a symbol of the ecological concept [4]. It is a new material in the t he architect’s hands ready to be shaped and to create an alternative building. It is also a material, which can be further developed with many advantages. The scientists are facing fa cing those new technology challenges effectively by giving encouraging results, since PVs are able to provide more and more ecological, aesthetic, socioeconomic and technical benefits[9].

20080619_Seminar


2


At global level, the electrical energy from the Photovoltaic stands for one crucial component of our energy future and aids to preservation of valuable natural resources. At local level, solar electricity can make a considerable contribution to immediate longterm sustainability, since it can be produced almost anywhere and on any scale[4]. IV. BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Using renewable energy sources (RES) in building sector is already an issue of major importance due to fuel overpricing, world population growth and residential energy consumption increment. Besides, the observance of protocol of Kyoto and European Commission’s directive 2001/77/EC impose further application of RES in urban environment. Within this framework fram ework and as a part of a wider initiative to reduce energy consumption in buildings, construction construct ion companies are beginning to integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems into the roof or the facades of new or renovated structures [5]. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, apart from generating electricity by utilizing solar radiation, are also installed as major construction material, substituting more expensive conventional materials.

When first developed for ground-based application, large centralized Photovoltaic systems were intended to compete with conventional electricity generation. Despite continuous efficiency improvement, the cost of generating electricity from such systems is usually considered cost prohibitive[10]. Building integration of photovoltaic began in 1980’s, as a method to reduce the economic and energy of these systems by incorporating PV molecules into the building design [11].

Photovoltaic can be used as construction materials, which allow innovative architectural designs since there is a variety of colors, sizes and shapes of them. The various module types such suc h as monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, thin-film type, etc, have several interesting aesthetic considerations. The color of monocrystalline silicon cells varies from uniform black to a dark gray

20080619_Seminar


3


with a uniform surface structure. In contrast, the structure of polycrystalline cells may shows a wide variety of colored crystals. Photovoltaic may offer flexible and plastic forms[4].

Building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) apart from the fact that they produce electricity, they also form part of the building. There is a wide variety of PV modules and systems currently disposed on the market, suitable for BIPV systems. Most of these can be grouped into two main categories: façade systems and roofing systems. Façade systems include curtain wall products, and glazing, while, roofing systems include tiles[4]. The fundamental first step in any BIPV application is to maximize energy efficiency within the building. Roof and wall systems can, for example, be designed to improve insulation and thus to reduce heating or cooling demand. Windows, skylights, and façades can be designed to increase increa se the natural light in interior spaces. PV awnings can be designed des igned to reduce unwanted glare and heat gain.

Photovoltaic systems have been installed on many types of buildings in a wide va variety riety of ways. A wide range of building types, from residential buildings, schools, offices and hotels to industrial buildings, can use Photovoltaic. Office blocks have good Photovoltaic potential because their electricity demand is significant all year round (including in the summer) and because this demand reaches its highest level between 9am and 5pm [18]. The match between supply by Photovoltaic and demand is therefore very good. Residential buildings on the other hand, even though they are occupied seven days a week, tend to use energy mainly at night. Nonetheless, individuals (and perhaps electricity suppliers) are likely to be interested in their Photovoltaic potential. Commercial and industrial buildings with large available roof areas may offer a field of significant interest for the installation of Photovoltaic systems[18].

The primary goal in a Building Integrated Photovoltaic system layout is to maximize the amount of power produced via optimum array orientation, but this goal is tempered in the case of building design by considerations of construction costs, optimum building floor area, daylight control, thermal performance, cooling load and

20080619_Seminar


4


aesthetics. Hence, the issues of BIPV systems design and construction constr uction are not exclusively technical and the balance between them will vary greatly according to the circumstances of each project (climate, budget, client priorities, aesthetics, etc.) (NREL,1995) [12].

V. BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS AND ARCHITECTURE

Building Integrated Photovoltaic needs to be viewed as an architectural element as well as an integral part of the building’s energy system. In particular, if Photovoltaic elements are used in glazing or shading devices, their impact on the cooling and heating demands must be evaluated. In order to achieve a successful and cost effective integration of the PV system, it has to be taken into consideration from the beginning of the design [3]. Experts on electrical integration, HVAC, and building engineers have to work together with the architect from the concept design stage, to consider trade-offs between different issues such as day lighting, heating, cooling, comfort and aesthetics.

The architecture, which seeks to integrate photovoltaic systems, is very sensitive to these developments as they set a series of rules regarding massing and orientation of the building, incorporation of technical requirements and the design of the external envelope [4].

The building envelope has undergone many transformations throughout architectural history but in essence, the highly technologically advanced curtain wall seeks to satisfy still the same fundamental needs as the hut or the Mongolian Yurta tent: to create the ideal habitat by offering shelter and comfort [6]. With the discovery of photovoltaic, a completely new chapter was initiated when suddenly the “architectural skin” was found to have the capacity to produce energy as well.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems can be designed to blend with traditional building materials and designs, or they may be used to create a high technology, future oriented appearance [13].

20080619_Seminar


5


VI. MARKET FOR BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Building Integrated Photovoltaic sector has grown with over 50% per year the recent years. The PV market in general increased by 36% in 2001, in total 390 MW of PV modules was produced in 2001. The Japanese market increased by 31 % to 171 MW, the European production increased by 42% to 86 MW, M W, while the production in the United States increased by 34% to 100 MW. PV modules from single and polycrystalline silicon make up 80% of the total production [10].

The global photovoltaic market could hit the $10-billion mark by 2010, according to a new report by Allied Business Intelligence, Oyster Bay, N.Y. ABI states that the industry has gotten the prices down far enough and the production quantities high enough so price is no longer a problem for manufacturers. Now, production capacity is the major issue. Worldwide production is expected to be 800 MW by 2005. Demand, however, may exceed 900 MW by 2005 and approach 5 GW per year by 2010[10]. la rgest markets for solar energy in India is potentially one of the largest the world. The estimated potential of power generation through solar photovoltaic system is about 20 MW / Sq.km in India. The Govt. of India is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 through renewable energy systems especially by solar PV systems. This offers tremendous growth potential for Indian solar PV industry. The Govt. of India has a target of achieving 150 MW installed capacity by year 2007. It presents tremendous business opportunities in manufacturing of solar modules and other components [14].

VII. ADVAVTAGES OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Building Integrated PV systems provide a reliable solution for electricity supply both in new and existing or planned buildings at places with or without electrical grid and possess main benefits over centralized grid connected PV plants or nonintegrated systems:

20080619_Seminar


6


Photovoltaic systems integrated into buildings can avoid the cost of land acquisition, fencing, access road and major support structures for the modules [8].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems can provide the function of protecting the building envelope from the weather, avoiding the use of other more expensive conventional cladding or roofing materials[5]. The avoided cost of these materials is subtracted from the installation cost of BIPV improving their economics. However, in order to be effective, BIPV products should match the dimensions, structural properties, qualities, and life expectancy of the materials they displace.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic can enhance the aesthetic and architectural quality of building[5].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic produce electricity at the point of use avoiding transmission and distribution of electricity and the costs and losses associated with this. Regarding especially grid connected systems; the building owner is also capable of obtaining significant revenues by selling the surplus electricity generated to the utility grid so that the high initial cost of BIPV will surely be considered as a financially beneficial and viable investment (Bakos et al., 2003).

Photovoltaic on buildings uses existing infrastructure. No further ground area is needed to tap the sun as a source of energy [2]. This is particularly significant in the densely populated areas with regard to solar energy supply in the future.

Synergies with other parts of the building envelope reduce additional investment costs (winter garden, balcony roofs, etc.) [2] Photovoltaic modules are components in the building envelope.

Photovoltaic modules are an architectural expression of innovation and high technology [2]. In particular, they enhance the public image of a company when used as a s a component in prestigious facades of the company buildings.

20080619_Seminar


7


The architectural quality of a PV facade gives an alternative to other well-established cladding materials [2](PV instead of marble?)

VII.I

TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OF BUILDING

INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

In regions with a weak grid, PV allows to extend operating times for UPS systems[2] , especially when the grid load peaks around ar ound noon. In regions with a daily peak load, cities with a large fraction of air conditioning equipment, tourist centers etc. the grid load shows a peak around noon [2]. Here PV power production shows a good load matching. In remote locations, a PV hybrid system often is the cheapest power supply [2]. Good examples are mountain huts, tourism facilities along hiking trails. VIII. ISSUES RELATED TO BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

VIII.I

GENERAL DISADVANTAGES

Building Integrated Photovoltaic system design requires a thorough study about the reliability issues that can arise during system's operation resulting in its low yield [10].

Moreover, BIPV systems face a number of barriers to the mainstream energy and building markets: High capital and associated financing, administration, architecture, communication, marketing and environment. Some barriers can be overcome by assessing the energy and non-energy benefits of a BIPV power system, thus making it a costeffective option even with current costs and energy prices (Eiffert, 2003)[18].

20080619_Seminar


8


Furthermore, it requires extensive construction in order to avoid probable system's faulty installation. BIPV system (Laukamp et al. 2000).

Poor performance: Inverter failures. real power of a module below its nameplate power. Partial shading of the generator by trees, other buildings and protruding building parts. Defects in the direct current installation causing interrupted strings.

Planning and design problems: Unsuitable string fuses and over voltage protection devices. Unsuitable isolation switches between betw een PV array and inverter.

Operational problems: Faulty PV modules (broken glass, open circuits, discoloration). Corrosion and defects in the solar generator mounting. Strong soiling of the PV modules.

Installation issues: Solar generator cabling not mechanically fastened. Lack of heat dissipation of string diodes. …….[5] VII.II

ECONOMIC ISSUES WITH BUILDING

INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTIAC.

The value of BIPV systems can directly affect the decision making process. This can be identified and evaluated based on direct economic impact, indirect economic impact and qualitative value (IEA, 2002):

Direct and Indirect economic impact: A BIPV system is generally procured through a construction budget. Electricity generated by the system creates for the building owner savings associated with construction material costs and electricity costs.

Qualitative value: Some benefits of BIPV systems are subjective and difficult to quantify. For the building owner, a considerable value of a BIPV system may be associated with a positive image, public perception or impact on the build environment when the technology is installed. ………[5]

20080619_Seminar


9


Depending on the system lifetime, the interest rate and other constraints, the costs quoted today vary between 4-8 NOK/kWh, if no subsidies for market introduction are available [18]. They should be viewed in terms of life-cycle cost, and not just initial, first-cost because the overall cost may be reduced by the avoided costs of the building materials and labor they replace.

However, if the BIPV is regarded as building elements, their cost compete with that of the more expensive conventional façade elements, such as natural stone and colored glass[10].

T

“ he he interesting thing to note is that many of these premium exterior exterior cladding systems cost nearly as much or even more than a solar electric skin, and none of them ever undergoes a return-on investment analysis prior to being specified – whereas, in the past, solar electricity has been subjected to unrealistic short-term payback demands. The irony is that when a solar electric building skin is incorporated, a cash flow stream is provided for decades to come, whereas a granite façade will deliver only prestige.”

-

Steven Strong, Architect, Harvard, Massachusetts, in (Strong, 2002).

Although the costs of PV energy generation have become significantly lower in recent years, PV is still considered an (economically) expensive method of electricity production [13].

VIII.III ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY ISSUES ISSUES WITH BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTIAC.

The PV life cycle emits 39 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent gigawatt-hour of electricity produced (T/GWh). This emission rate is substantially lower than conventional coal (974 T/GWh) and gas turbine (464 T/GWh) technologies, and higher than fission (15 T/GWh), fusion (9 T/GWh), and wind (14 T/GWh) [7]

20080619_Seminar


10


Fig 2: Normalized Energy Requirement Comparison[7]

Studies in the 1970’s argued that the energy required to produce a photovoltaic (PV) system was greater than the energy generated by the system over its lifetime [15]. More recent studies have revealed that current Photovoltaic systems generates electricity with minimal associated emissions by relying on solar radiations as their source of electricity.

Watt (2001) states that the avoided Carbon dioxide-emissions for grid-connected PV systems vary by country, but the world average figure is 0.6 kg Carbon dioxide per kWh output. Lifetime Carbon dioxide-emissions with current PV technologies are 85-95% less than those from coal fired power stations. The key results from the EPIA/Greenpeace study (Cameron et al. 2002) show that, even from a relatively low baseline, solar electricity has the potential to make a major contribution to both the future global electricity supply and the mitigation of climate change. It is estimated that the cumulative carbon savings by 2020 will be more than 700 million tonnes of Carbon dioxide[3].

Photovoltaic systems generate electricity using the photovoltaic effect, which in itself has no associated emission. However, greenhouse gas emission rates calculated incorporating all the components of the

20080619_Seminar


11


system lifecycle such as manufacturing, transportation, and maintenance[7].

Fig 3: Life-cycle Life-cycle Emission for Photovoltaic Electrical Energy Generation[7]

Fig 4: Energy Payback Ratio Comparison[7]

20080619_Seminar


12


It will be interesting to know the Energy Payback ratio, which is the ratio of the energy input to output. Energy Payback Ratio (ERP) for the photovoltaic electrical generation largely controlled by the molecule conversion efficiency. Hence, this will be going to improve as the Photovoltaic Technology improves. IX. FUTURE OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Worldwide PV applications have grown over 20% per year[8]. Growth in photovoltaic power in the near future is highly dependent on improvements in installed cost, availability of government subsidy, and the future cost of competitive sources of electricity[9].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems are widely recognized as significant. Many utility companies and several developed countries have already adopted this technology to augment their infrastructure and electricity services network. The solar industry has demonstrated the viability of BIPV systems technology by installing thousands of successful systems around the world. However, countries and international organizations to introduce and commercialize BIPV systems in the build environment must take ta ke further steps:

Financing: Lowering overhead and labor costs; developing techniques to model costs and benefits, i.e., life cycling costing, lowering costs by bulk purchase.

Administration: Implementing a long-term stable policy and a uniform legal framework; making simple subsidy arrangement; following strategies to interest customers; allowing grid access to private producers

Architecture: Developing PV products in wider colors and sizes that meet requirements of building elements; applying internationally agreed and certified standards.

Communication: Applying valid design tools; giving more detailed information about PV products, distinguishing target groups according to their needs.

20080619_Seminar


13


Marketing: Promoting and distributing wanted PV products with guarantees and service that satisfy demands; developing marketing strategy;

Environment: Producing PV products by not hazardous recyclable materials; reducing high-embodied energy in PV. ……….[1]

20080619_Seminar


14


X. TROPICAL REGIONS

Fig 5: Tropical regions [16]

The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth where the sun passes through the zenith twice during the solar year (once as the sun appears to go north and once as it appears to go south). At the limits, called the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, this occurs once at the relevant solstice [16].

This area is centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, at approximately 23°26' (23.4°) N latitude, and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23°26' (23.4°) S latitude. This region is also referred to as the tropical zone and the Torrid Zone [16].

Sunlight in the tropical regions has a typical nature, the sunrays fall quite normal to the surface. The sun angle is very less hence restricting the exposure of sun to vertical elements, which in turn restrict the exposure of the sunlight to the vertical parts of the buildings such as facades.

20080619_Seminar


15


Fig 6: Sunlight in tropical regions[17]

Tropical regions have longer exposure to light as the daylight remains for longer period of the day which is really an added advantage which is only there is the tropical regions.

Fig 7: Day lengths[17]

20080619_Seminar


16


XI. INDIAN TROPICAL CONTEXT

Being a tropical and sub-tropical region, most part of the country experiences a clear sunny weather, over 250 to 300 days a year[12]. This is comparable to the annual global radiation, which varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq.m, which provides an equivalent energy potential of about 6,000 million GWh per year.

Indian tropical context is more or less same to the tropical context of the world. It also posses same features like of low sun angle, longer day lengths and high radiations.

Fig 8: Climatic Data of Tropical India [12]

20080619_Seminar


17


XII. CONCLUSION

With the growing awareness on the significance of solar energy in building design and construction, Building Integrated Photovoltaic is one of the obvious options. However, since it is not tried or tested widely world over its viability is a big question.

As framed in the previous topics, we have a good idea on Building Integrated Photovoltaic. We know what it is and how architecture and Building Integrated Photovoltaic are closely related.

We are aware of the wide advantages (be it functional, aesthetic, energy, environmental, technical or social) it have and the issues (economic, energy or environmental) related to it. Nevertheless, we cannot ignore its emerging market and the emerging idea of thinking beyond oil.

We are aware that the efficient Building Integrated Photovoltaic system depends on: Efficiency of Cell, Area exposed for the application of Building integrated Photovoltaic (which is very less in tropical regions of the world, Sunlight Exposure. Also, the duration of exposure to sunlight (which is high in tropical regions) and many more.

Efficiency is totally a technological aspect and increasing every day. The area is more or less is constant at a building level, as it is limited (roof area, building facade, ground area ar ea dedicated to Photovoltaic). A big variable is the exposure to sunlight. Since, in tropical regions sunlight comes quite normal to the earth surface the area exposed to the sunlight becomes really less. Only roof becomes the component for the direct sunlight exposure whereas, facades etc (vertical components) are not exposed to sunlight. Hence, the area exposed to the sunlight becomes less in the Tropical regions of the world and combined with climatic and environmental conditions in India. The Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context becomes a big question.

20080619_Seminar


18


XIII. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

w ill determine the The background gives the basis and will scope and methodology, which can be acquired for further research in this topic. The further research will strictly be limited to Indian Tropical context, hence all the factors, variables etc (be it environmental, technical or energy related) will be of the tropical Indian context. a dopted for determining the The methodology that can be adopted viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Tropical Indian Context will be to compare the input energy to the output energy and how fast it can be achieved. For this, comparison of input and output must be determined, the input energy details are constant and known but the output energy depends upon variables.

The variable or factors which surely be considered will be the efficiency of the cells, the area exposed to sunlight in a building, the duration of the exposure, the limiting factors like lifetime of the PV cells and the undependable availability of sunlight etc. cl imatic data of the tropical The tool for all this would be the climatic regions of India, sun path diagrams etc for knowing the exact dependency of the factors and variables on the output from the Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian tropical context.

Ultimately, the aim would be to come out with an interdependent set of variables such as efficiency, area of light exposure, time of light exposure, lifetime etc. that would enable to give a clear picture on the viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context

20080619_Seminar


19


XIV.

REFERENCES

[1] Hayter, S.P. Torcellini and M.Deru (2002). (200 2). Photovoltaic for Building, New Applications and Lessens Learned, NREL. [2] Karsten Voss, Hermann Laukamp and Martin Ufheil (2001). Photovoltaic for Buildings – Market, Technology, Architecture, Energy Concepts, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE [3] Inger Andresen,(2002). Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Smart Energy-Efficient Buildings A State-of-the-Art. SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering. [4] M. Tripanagnostopoulou, (2006). Architectural aspects for building integrated photovoltaics. Department of Architecture, University of Patras, Greece [5] M.M. Karteris, K.P. Papageorgiou and A.M. Papadopoulos, (2006). Integrated photovoltaics as an element of building’s envelope. Laboratory L aboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece [6] Carolina Sohie.(2003). Integration Of Photovoltaic in Architecture, Arup Associates London [7] P.J. Meier and G.L. Kulcinski. (2002). Life cycle energy requirements and green house emission for Building integrated Photovoltaic. Fusion Technology Institute, University of Wisconsin [8] Jackson T, Oliver M,. (2000) Viability of Solar Photovoltaic. Energy Policy 28 [9] Green.M (2000). Photovoltaic: Technology Overview, Energy Policy 28 [10] Hanel. A.(2000) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Review of the State of the Art, Renewable Energy World [11] Maycock P. (2000) The world PV market 2000 shifting from subsidy to “Fully Economic” ?, Renewable Energy World [12] Koenigsberger, Ingersoli, Mayhew, Szokolay (2001) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building- Climatic Data. Orient Longman Limited [13] Steven Strong. (2005). Building Integrated Photovoltaics a White Paper on its principles and applications. Solar Design Associates.

20080619_Seminar


20


[14] CII. (2004) , Solar Photovoltaic- Potential & Prospects. Fact Sheet. .CII- Godrej Publications [15] Oliver M, Jackson T.(2001) Energy and Economic Evaluation Of Building Integrated Photovoltaic. Energy Policy 26 [16] www.wikipidia.com [17] Patrick l. Osborne.(2000). Tropical ecosystems and Ecological concepts. Cambridge University Press [18] Patrina Eiffert, Ph.D. Gregory J. Kiss. (2006). Building-Integrated Photovoltaics for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects and Engineers. U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Power Technologies, Photovoltaics Division.

20080619_Seminar


21

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my thanks to my guide Architect Neeraj Kapoor. His advice, expertise and encouragement always pushed me to think new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for this paper.

I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Architect Arunav Dasgupta for leading us and always being around even in tough times. His directions and guidance have a pivotal role in completion of this paper. Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Rahul and Sudhanshu who have given unconditional support to me. In addition, a special thanks to Daphnie Charles of RSP Architects who also guided me in this topic via emails and internet discussions. discussions.

Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for their supportive role.

Sumanyu Vasist (0441731604) University School of Architecture and Planning

Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context

Recommend Documents