Worlds In Collision Immanuel Velikovsky
New, unchanged edition (2009). Published by Paadigma !td. "iginal edition (#9$0) by %oubleday & 'omany, Inc., aden 'ity, New *ok. I+N 9-/#/9011/##/ 'oected & e3omatted 3o 4indle by Paa!a555au, 6ach 20#2. 777777777777777777777777777777
8"!%+ IN '"!!I+I"N '"!!I+I"N (%oubleday & 'omany, Inc., aden 'ity, New *ok) :his book by Immanuel Immanuel Velikovsky ceated a 3uo 3uo all ove the wold when when it was ublished in ;il o3 #9$0, a 3uo that has not yet subsided. ; camaign was caied on to ceate the imession that the ess o3 this county had e
N. *. =?;!% :I@N?, Aohn A. "BNeill> %. Immanuel Velikovsky has assembled into a monumental wok evidence 3om all the ealy civili5ations that in the 3ist and second millennium . '. temendous teestial cataclysms took lace. In a magni3icent iece o3 scholaly histoical eseach, thee un3olds a most eCciting ictue o3 teestial events that aises wold histoy to a level o3 suelative inteest. "bscue allusions to events in classical and saced liteatue become cystal clea as he 3its togethe the Philosohy, science, eligion / thee is scacely an aea o3 knowledge o conviction invulneable to %. VelikovskyBs Veli kovskyBs detailed and documented denial that the ?athBs histoy has been one o3 eace3ul evolution ... inging to this esective all the aaatus o3 leaning, %. Velikovsky has undetaken the awesome task o3 making an EinFuiy into the achitectonics o3 the wold and its histoyE and o3 alying the techniFues o3 scholashi and sychoanalysis to the entie human ace. ?;%?B+ %I?+:, Gulton "usle> ; single schola has sought a synthesis o3 knowledge and eason in the 3ield o3 science, legend and eligion. :he esult is a theoy o3 eathBs histoy as a lanet, 3ascinating as a tale by Aules Vene, yet documented with a scholashi wothy o3 %awin. %awin. '"!!I?B+, ?dito> E 8olds in 'ollision E omises to be one o3 the most contovesial books o3 the yea, ehas o3 the decade ... :emendous volume o3 eseach amassed by the autho ove a eiod o3 ten yeas. ;lthough the theoies %. Velikovsky eCesses ae cetain to ovoke debate, ominent scienti3ic and eligious leades have 3ound them most eCtaodinay. N?8+8??4> Velikovsky, a boad/gauge savant with an incedible 3ield o3 cometence in the sciences ... con3ims the ible ... =is 3inal conclusions ae even wold/shaking ... I3 VelikovskyBs monumental monumental wok stands, it will uset evailing evailing views in evolution, hysical
science and histoy. N?8+8??4, EPo3essos as +uessosE> ;lthough some o3 the citics who eviewed VelikovskyBs book consideed it a ma Nothing in ecent yeas has so eCcited the ublic imagination, o stied u so heated a contovesy, as the 3ascinating new theoy advanced by %. Immanuel Velikovsky, hysician, scientist, histoian, hilosohe. Its in3eences ast and 3utue, ae so geat and 3a eaching as to make the hydogen bomb and #9$0 toubles seem like childBs lay. ;++"'I;:?% P?++, P?++, obet 8. lakeslee, +cience ?dito> ?dito> :he book usets usets all cosmological assumtions that the sola system lanets have evolved in thei esent obits 3o billions o3 yeas. @NI:?% P?++, Paul G, ?llis, +cience ?dito> E8olds in 'ollision E caused a commotion among astonomes but Velikovsky said> E!et them disove the histoical ecods on which my book is based.E N?8 ?P@!I', =aold !. Ickes> %. Velikovsky has con3eed a geat boon uon all o3 us. =e has given us something to think aboutH something even to ay about ... Pehas we shall have sense enough to ut ou heads between ou hands and do some eal thinking about univesal and lasting eace. ""4/"G/:=?/6"N:= ""4/"G/:=?/6"N:= '!@ N?8+, Aohn A. "BNeill> I3 you want an intellectual ?dito> :his emakable ten/yea study may ock the civili5ed civi li5ed wold, challenging both both ou eligious concets and the the theoy o3 evolution. :=I+ 8??4 6;;DIN?, 6;;DIN?, odon ;. ;twate> ;twate> ?ven be3oe the bookBs bookBs ublication it has been the sub It sots u an unusual aoach
to some o3 the woldBs geat oblems. ;n astounding astounding 3eat o3 eseach ... an ama5ing list o3 souces. In assembling those oo3s %. Velikovsky has lunged headlong into a do5en di33eent sciences and has dug deely into the oots o3 many. %. Velikovsky, eali5ing the imact o3 his thesis, has gone to vey geat lengths to eveal his method so that it may be seached in detail ... ;lthough the oening imact o3 this theoy / due to its sensational natue / is cetain to aouse violent hostility, even this 3eeling will be set aside as it is seached and obed 3o eos and tuths. +;:@%;* ?V?NIN P"+:, ?ditoial> "ne o3 the most astonishing eisodes was the e33ot o3 ;meican scientists to suess a book, 8olds in 'ollision ... ... %octo VelikovskyBs o33ense seems to be that he wites bette than most scientists and in his book eCounds a theoy o3 astonomical activity which di33es widely 3om othodoC theoies ... +o the othodoC scientists, 3ogetting about alileo, and the long, woe3ul stuggle o3 scientists to be 3ee o3 dogma, acted like the authoitaians with whom they ae continually in con3lict ... Not even a silly season ought to eCcuse scientists 3o book buning. ;3te all, they ae always the chie3 victims o3 this kind o3 intoleance. intoleance. P;:=GIN%?> :o/3light scientists think E8olds in 'ollision E will 3oce econsideation o3 the basic ostulates o3 many ma 6?'@*> :he cental thesis o3 this book book is stuendous. %. Velikovsky, Velikovsky, who seems to be a veitable encycloedia o3 leaning, daws uon all the sciences and ats to buttess his thesis. N. *. +@N%;* 6I" 6;;DIN?, =. 8illiam +mith> E8olds in 'ollision E esents aguments to ove that 3amous colossal miacles o3 ancient times, as elated in 3olkloe and eligious liteatue, actually haened. ;s Velikovsky sees it, ou aaently well/ odeed univese is like a 3iewoks 3actoy which an eatic sak may eClode any minute. :he omulgation o3 this thesis is eCected to eCcite heated ob E8olds in 'ollision E is aising such a tei3ic 3uo in scienti3ic cicles that we donBt see how a newsae which claims to be on its toes can ignoe the book o dodge 3om 3ank discussion o3 it. %. Velikovsky, a widely/tavelled schola and scienti3ic investigato, o33es a 3lock o3 theoies which make othodoC scientists 3oam at the mouth. =eJ challenges them to ove him mistaken. I3 we might esume to o33e the seicnti3ic bothehood a ti, it would be to get busy tying to disove Velikovsky with 3acts and 3igues, and lay o33 tying to omote omote boycotts aimed at his book. book. N. *. A"@N;! & ;6?I';N, eoge ?. +okolsky> 'etain scientists theatened with a boycott. "3 couse, what what the leaned and libeal o3essos o3essos wanted was the total total suession o3 a book which ooses thei dogma. +cientists tend to become dogmatic like theologians, whom they denounce as dogmatic. N. *. +@N%;* '"6P;++, :ed. ". :hackey> :hee is eCcellent gound 3o suggesting that %. VelikovskyBs 3indings thus 3a may well ank him in contemoay and 3utue histoy with alileo, Newton, Planck, Planck, 4ele, %awin, ?instein, and the othe geat intellects who have in tun bade us evise ou theoies o3 what the wold is like and what laws goven it and its elation to the univese.
"+:"N !"?, 6aion !. +takey> Pobably the most stimulating hoo stoy that has eve been witten. :hee is something o3 oety, o3 divine Velikovsky oosed oosed a bold and statling thesis thesis ... and esults in a book that is absobing absobing eading ... It seems cetain that thee must at one time have been a sudden shi3ting o3 the ?athBs aCis. "+:"N P"+:, !este ;llen> "nly a geneation o3 time and e/eCamination o3 the evidence esented by Velikovsky will show whethe he is meely a billiant imovise o a o3ound discovee o3 a new incile. :he challenge that Velikovsky esents to modem science may accomlish something moe 3o the toubled and 3ightened eole o3 the wold than utting thei scienti3ic house in ode, howeve. It may give a death blow to the gowing sketicism o3 many eole whose 3aith in the %ivine 'eato had been shaken in the name o3 scienti3ic enlightenment by the debunkes o3 the holy books. N. *. :I6?+ ""4 ?VI?8, %avid %emsey> ;mong geneal non/3iction, E8olds 8olds in 'ollision E was being outsold by only one book / the ible. :he eicente o3 a liteay eathFuake. P=I!;%?!P=I; INK@I?> INK@I?> Aohn 6. 6c'ullough> Gew books have so stied the wold o3 thought3ul menH the aguments o and con inevitably must evebeate though leaned societies 3o months to come. It is this / its ole as a otent 3ement in a wold o3 not too settled thought / which imbues E8olds in 'ollision E with its eal signi3icance. PI::+@= PI::+@= P?++, Gloence Gishe Pey> It is moe 3ascinating eading than anything to be 3ound on any 3iction 3iction table. It is absolutely oiginal and convincing. convincing. '=I';" =?;!%/;6?I';N> ; 3abulous stoy ... :his book is evolutionay and may ove almost as wold/shaking as i3 Venus had changed he settings again. It is witten so that any one can undestand. '=I';" +@N/:I6?+, ?mmett %edmonH E 8olds in 'ollision E is clealy witten and well/ enough buttessed with data to statle any eade into i nto a e/eCamination o3 his ideas about the wold. ;nd I eCect it may ovoke one o3 the biggest aguments since ?instein said the shotest distance between two oints was a cuved line. li ne. :=? '?++?:, '?++?:, 'hicago, III., ?win ?win A. uis> +eldom has one theoy theoy eCtended into so many many 3ields o3 human thought and dawn on so many 3o its evidence ... E8olds in 'ollision E esents such an aay o3 evidence that it cannot be ignoed, while the high degee o3 scholashi evident thoughout the book does not emit deisive dismissal. 8itten in non/ technical language, layman and scientist will 3ind it 3ascinating. ;!:I6"? ?V?NIN +@N> Velikovsky has built a owe3ul case 3o the contention that those accounts e3lect occuences which did actually take lace ... ;nd science does not yet have any way o3 its own to eClain these E6iacles.E '!?V?!;N% P?++, :om oadman> oadman> ItBs a book that will be discussed, studied, challenged and de3ended 3o many yeas.
%;!!;+ :I6?+/=?;!%, 4enneth =oan> +tatling, astounding, ama5ing and entiely evolutionay stoy o3 the univese. +;N ;N:"NI" ?LP?++, =eny =. !awence> ; book o3 absobing inteest and one bound to eCcite discussion and 3uthe elucidation 3o yeas to come. P":!;N% A"@N;!, !ay =owes> It can be undestood and agued about by laymen, and it blacks the eye o3 %ogmatic +cience. P":!;N% "?"NI;N> ; high ecentage o3 those whose 3ields ae invaded and thei 3acts Fuestioned may be eCected to ise to the challenge. :he minds that will be stimulated by this book ae ae the woldBs best. 8ho knows knows what may come come o3 thatM P":!;N% (6e.) :?!?;6, 4. 8. ey> I3 the theoy set 3oth by Velikovsky stands the acid test to which it undoubtedly will be sub +uely Immanuel Velikovsky has witten so contovesial a book that it will be the the sub E 8olds in 'ollision E is easily the most discussed book o3 the yea, deals with the tuth o 3alsity o3 these ancient biblical stoies. ead this book with an oen mind and a new vista o3 ideas will be oened. oened. 6I;6I =?;!%, eatice 8ashbun> :his book has liteally shaken the thinking wold to its 3oundations. Not since %awinBs E"igin o3 the +eciesE has thee been advanced an idea so oiginal, contovesial, and stuendous in its imlications. 6"N:"6?*, ;labama, ;%V?:I+?, ;%V?:I+?, 8. A, 6ahoney, A.> *ou ae likely to hea it debated 3uiously ... 8hethe youBe an eCet on the sub Velikovsky has huled his inteetation o3 biblical events and wold histoy into a wold that that is in chaos. It could be a book that will a33ect the thinking o3 the ages. E8olds in 'ollision E could easily become one o3 the most imotant books o3 the 20th centuy. ;!?I= N?8+ "+?V?, ;llen ;leCande> "nce in a geat while you may be 3otunate enough to come acoss a tuly ama5ing book. :his is 3a moe than that / it may well become a bible. =is descitions descitions will make you sine tingle as it neve has be3oe. ;ctually, this book is as easy to ead as a westen and much moe eCciting. :?NN?++??;N, Nashville, Nashville, :enn., 'hales !. Gontenay> :he :he tem EevolutionayE is all too 3eFuently alied to books in these days when a coule o3 months seems to be the
maCimum acceted eiod between new theoies o3 vaious kinds. :he tem, howeve, could 3it %. VelikovskyBs book. ?4?!?* ;D?::?, ;D?::?, 'ali3onia> :he book has aoused seculation and contovesies thoughout the county ... I3 %. Velikovsky is ight, thee will be many ed 3aces among the eviewes o3 the land. ";4!;N% P"+: ?NK@I?> It is di33icult to laugh away the aallels o3 legend and tadition ... you encounte some vast anoamas that ae most stimulating to thought. P"VI%?N'? A"@N;!, 4enneth . obets> ;n incedibly simle solution o3 scoes o3 ba33ling oblems o3 antiFuity antiFuity ... ut ight o wong, wong, ational o idiculous, this is 3ascinating 3ae. "'4* 6"@N:;IN N?8+, %enve, 'ol., !ee 'asey> "ne o3 the most ama5ing and esuasive books I have eve ead> E8olds in 'ollision ,E ,E by Velikovsky. =e swees away the eCegetes. :he stoies we leaned in +unday +chool, he tells us, wee not mee legends but staight 3acts. :o be sue, he did not convince his 3ellow/scholas. Neithe, 3o that matte, did Pythagoas, :hales, alileo o 'oenicus. Now, as in the time o3 these wothies, scholas meely smiled and said, E:he case had not been oved.E ut I do submit he convinced me. "'4* 6"@N:;IN N?8+, ;. anscombe> :his is, without any doubt, the most sensational book o3 the 20th centuy. I3 the 3acts in it stand u unde cold analysis by othe scientists, and this eviewe believes 90 e cent o3 them will, almost evey othe scienti3ic and histoical teCtbook in the wold is outdated ... No book since %awin omises to have such an imact on evey hase o3 science, histoy, hilosohy and eligion ... %, VelikovskyBs claims ... ae told in language language simle enough 3o vitually any eade, eade, and will ove 3ascinating 3o layman and scientist alike ... In shot, this is eCtaodinay. %onBt miss it. !"+ ;N?!?+ :I6?+, 6aCimilian enes> 'ontovesy will become moe and moe violent as the book gets known, :hee is lenty o3 eCcitcment, 3ollowing VelikovskyBs tail o3 3ie, smoke, bimstone, huicane and eathFuake. G?%?I'4, "klahoma, "klahoma, !?;%?> ; volume o3 endless 3ascination. '"N?++ 8??4!*, Aacob +. 6inkin> 6any theads the autho has woven into the temendous taesty that is E8olds in 'ollision .E .E :he stoy goes on, inteesting, instuctive and eCciting to the end. In many ways the book is beathtaking, moving along like a celestial cel estial dama with comets and lanets 3o its damatis esonae . :=? N;:I"N;! A?8I+= A?8I+= P"+:, 8ad 6ooe> 6ooe> +cientists ae no moe ecetive ecetive to new ideas than any othe gou subscibing to cystalli5ed dogma. It is thee3oe not at all suising that Immanuel Velikovsky has been denounced as a heetic. E8olds in 'ollision E Fuestioned the in3allibility o3 some aaently natual laws. l aws. ; temendous amount o3 teitoy is taken inH nevetheless, documentation is o33eed 3o each aticula. @nless eadeBs e
"4!;="6; 'I:* "4!;="6;N, ;lice =ughes> %inne tables in ou wa/ ; stange and wonde3ul book. ?V?NIN %I+P;:'=, ?dinbugh, ?dinbugh, +cotland> No book in ecent times has been the sub Gascinating alike in its stuendous ictues o3 a wold in the gi o3 cosmic 3oces, in its aallels dawn 3om the annals o3 the ancients in many lands, and its vast imlications. :=? :I6?+, !ondon> !ondon> %. Velikovsky is a man o3 much leaning and he has masteed the commentaies uon the teCt and all books on cosmology as well. ... :he bookBsJ eutation has been ... enhanced by dak stoies o3 scientists allegedly alying essue by boycotting the teCt book deatment o3 the authoBs 3ist ublishing house in a 3en5ied e33ot to event the destuction o3 thei own eutation and o3 othodoC hysics. !;+"8 %;I!* ?'"%, lasgow, +cotland> igantic, sensational, staggeing. 6?:="%I+: ?'"%?, ?'"%?, !ondon, ?ngland> ; thille that is suely su ely without a ee. A?8I+= '="NI'!?, '="NI'!?, !ondon, %, +ilvestone> +ilvestone> Go one schola to have witten witten this book, necessitating as it does an encycloedic knowledge o3 science, histoy, and 3olkloe, is a emakable achievement. It meits close study on the at o3 scientistsH and it will ewad the odinay eade with 3ascinating hous o3 mental en :he stength o3 his evidence is geat. It is a tuly wonde3ul book. ;?%??N P?++, P?++, ;bedeen, +cotland> +cotland> Pobably no book book in ou geneation has has caused so much contovesy ... In the scienti3ic wold it caused a veitable eClosion o3 bad teme. '"66?'I;! ;PP?;!, 6emhis> E8olds in 'ollision E has oened new debate in science. ?33ots have been made to dismiss this wok by calling it EubbishE and EnonsenseE but this will not answe the evidence he has has comiled. It is a 3oegone 3oegone conclusion that the book will call 3o enewed investigation 3om othes o3 the 3acts so long acceted. I3 it does no moe, the autho has endeed a noble sevice to his o3ession and to his 3ellow men. :""N:" +;:@%;* +;:@%;* NI=:, ?ditoial> :he ;meican scienti3ic wold has gone though though a cataclysm almost as violent as those e3eed to by %. Velikovsky. '=I+:I;N '?N:@*, 8. ?. aison> :he book is eCciting eading. :he two 8ellses (=.. and "son) might have collaboated to conceive it. '=I+:I;N +'I?N'? 6"NI:", oston> oston> :his vei3ication o3 the ible seems to us o3 eal imotance. It shows what ae sometimes called EmiaclesE to be not violations o3 law but
highe demonstations o3 siitual law than the mateialist deems ossible. '=I+:I;N =?;!%> :he volume is both daing and oiginal / and ehas eckless. ut also it is 3ascinating. :=? !IVIN '=@'=, '=@'=, 6ilwaukee, ?ditoial> I3 you ae ae woied about ussia o the the hydogen bomb, ead E 8olds in 'ollision .E .E :he cataclysms theein descibed make even the hoos 3oeshadowed in the daily aes 3ade. :his wok is heavily documented and anges ove an ama5ing vaiety o3 3ields o3 leaning. P?+*:?I;N, P?+*:?I;N, Philadelhia> :he geatest stom cente in the liteay and scienti3ic wolds. '=I+:I;N ?I+:?, ?I+:?, oston> %. Velikovsky has done us a vey geat sevice> he has Incedible genius. 'ontovesial and ama5ing bookH all will admit that his ideas ae thought thought ovoking. ;@@+:; '="NI'!?, '="NI'!?, a.> ;stonishing in many lines. It may may be the beginning o3 undestanding o3 new and eCtemely imotant concets. I'=6"N% :I6?+/%I+P;:'=> :I6?+/%I+P;:'=> :he signi3icance o3 this thilling account may go 3a beyond the 3ascinating inteetation o3 wold haenings in connection with manBs eCistence on this eath. :he autho has given to astonomes and cosmologists something to onde ove. ?'4!?* P"+:/=?;!%, P"+:/=?;!%, 8. Va.> "ne o3 the most signi3icant and 3ascinating books witten since the invention o3 inting. ;nyone who has ead it can neve 3eel Fuite the same, P;+;%?N; +:;/N?8+, ussell 6c'athyH Immanuel Velikovsky is a ebel against almost all human leaning. :hee is lenty o3 oom in the wold o3 thought 3o ebellion against some o3 ou hoay hyotheses. :@:=, !ondon, !ondon, 8. A. own> 6ake 6ake a note o3 the name. It It will make news 3o a long while to come. Possibly it will go inging down the coidos o3 :ime. " ossibly not, 3o the established othodoCies ae moe than othodoCies. :hey ae inteestsH and the inteests have at thei command immense owes o3 suession. :he man is a heetic, o3 couse / and I see the ell, the ook and the 'andle advancing. VelikovskyBs heesies ae enomous. :hey each to the stas ... ;nd ;nd what a case he makes ;leady the the othodoCies have maked maked him down. ;leady the machines o3 eession ae at wok. 777777777777777777777777777777
O ;uthoBs Pe3ace (#9$) O ;uthoBs Pe3ace (#9$0)
O In an Immense @nivese O :he 'elestial =amony O :he "igin o3 the Planetay +ystem O :he "igin o3 the 'omets
O :he Planet ?ath O Ice ;ges O :he 6ammoths O :he Ice ;ge and the ;ntiFuity o3 6an O :he 8old ;ges O :he +un ;ges
O :he 6ost Incedible +toy O "n the "the +ide o3 the "cean
O Gi3ty/:wo *eas ?alie O :he ed 8old O :he =ail o3 +tones O Nahtha O :he %akness O ?athFuake O E#1E
O :he =uicane O :he :ide O :he attle in the +ky O :he 'omet o3 :yhon O :he +ak
O :he 'ollased +ky
O oiling ?ath and +ea O 6ount +inai O :heohany O ?meo *ahou
O ?ast and 8est O :he evesed Polaity o3 the ?ath O :he Kuates o3 the 8old %islaced O 'hanges in the :imes and the +easons
O :he +hadow o3 %eath O ;mbosia O ives o3 6ilk and =oney O Aeicho
O +tones +usended in the ;i O Phathon O ;tlantis O :he Gloods o3 %eucalion and "gyges
O :he Gi3ty/:wo *ea Peiod O Aubilee O :he ith o3 Venus O :he la5ing +ta O :he Gou/Planet +ystem O "ne o3 the Planets is a 'omet O :he 'omet Venus
O Pallas ;thene O Deus and ;thene O 8oshi o3 the 6oning +ta O :he +aced 'ow O aal Devuv (eel5ebub) O Venus in the Golkloe o3 the Indians
O :he +ynodical *ea o3 Venus O Venus 6oves Iegulaly O Venus ecomes the 6oning +ta
O ;mos O :he *ea /-O Isaiah O :he ;give :yants O ;gain Isaiah O 6aimonides and +ino5a, the ?Cegetes
O :he *ea /O Ignis e 'oelo O 6ach 21d O :he 8oshi o3 6as O 6as 6oves the ?ath 3om Its Pivot
O 8hat 'aused Venus and 6as to +hi3t :hei "bitsM O 8hen 8as the Iliad 'eatedM O =uit5iloochtli O :ao O *uddha O :he undahis O !uci3e 'ut %own
O +wod/od O Genis/8ol3 O +wod/:ime, 8ol3/:ime O +ynodos O :he +tome o3 the 8alls
O :he +teeds o3 6as O :he :eible "nes
O +amles 3om the Planets O :he ;changels O Planet 8oshi in Audea in the +eventh 'entuy
O ; 'ollective ;mnesia O Golkloe O "3 EPeeCisting IdeasE in the +ouls o3 Peoles O :he Pageants o3 the +ky O :he +ub
O Poles @ooted O :emles and "belisks O :he +hadow 'lock O :he 8ate 'lock O ; =emishee :avels +outhwad
O :he *ea o3 10 %ays O %isaanged 6onths O *eas o3 :en 6onths O :he e3oming o3 the 'alenda
O :he 6oon and Its 'ates O :he Planet 6as O :he ;tmoshee o3 6as O :he :hemal alance o3 6as O :he ases o3 Venus O :he :hemal alance o3 Venus O :he ?nd
O Gacing 6any Poblems O ;cknowledgements 777777777777777777777777777777
(to the aeback edition o3 8olds in 'ollision ) GI+: P@!I+=?% IN #9$0, this book was le3t unchanged in all subseFuent intingsH # no have any teCtual changes been made in this aebound edition. :his was so by designH I wished to kee the teCt teCt in its oiginal 3om in ode ode that, unadulteed, it should 3ace all subseFuent discoveies in the 3ields it coves o touches uon. +hould thee have been any changes, the eade o3 a new edition would be unable to EIs it likely that any astonishing new develoments ae lying in wait 3o usM Is it ossible that the cosmology o3 $00 yeas hence will eCtend as 3a beyond ou esent belie3s as ou cosmology goes beyond beyond that o3 NewtonME NewtonME ;nd he continued> EI doubt whethe this will be so. I am eaed to believe that thee will be many advances in the detailed undestanding o3 mattes that still ba33le us ... ut by and lage I think that ou esent ictue will tun out to bea an aoCimately esemblance to the cosmologies o3 the 3utue,E and he e3eed to the limitations l imitations o3 otical means in enetating the deths o3 sace. :he yeas that have assed since since the ublication o3 8olds in 'ollision have have seen the 3ist geat achievements in adio astonomy, the discoveies o3 the Intenational eohysical *ea, and the dawn o3 o3 the sace age. :he ictue has changed changed comletely. +igns o3 ecent ecent violence, disution, and 3agmentation 3agmentation have been obseved obseved on eath and elsewhee elsewhee in the sola system> a submaine gigantic canyon that uns almost twice aound the globe / a sign o3 a global twistH a laye o3 ash o3 eCtateestial oigin undelying all oceansH aleomagnetic evidence that the magnetic oles wee suddenly and eeatedly evesed and, it is claimed, the teestial aCis with themH gases escaing 3om some cates on the moon, thought to be cold to its centeH an eCceedingly high su3ace heat o3 Venus. Guthemoe, with the discovey o3 adio signals coming 3om Auite, o3 the eCistence o3 a magnetoshee suounding the eath, o3 the sola lasma, o3 the net chage on the sun and o3 the magnetic 3ield emeating the intelanetay sace, decisive evidence has come u that the sola system, and the univese in geneal, ae not electomagnetically steile / a basic change in the undestanding o3 the univese, its natue and the 3oces active in it. :he wods 3ound in the Pe3ace to the #9$0 #9$0 edition, designating the wok wok as heesy in the ealms whee the names o3 Newton and %awin eign sueme, should no longe evoke the same sontaneous e when these wods wee witten in #90, ten yeas a3te the ublication o3 my book and the geat oosition it ovoked, some o3 the most comelling data wee adioed by the sace vehicle, Pionee V. I would like to elate hee a 3ew details about the contol and and ediction o3 o3 two cucial tests, decisive 3o this book. ?aly in my wok I came to the undestanding that Venus is a newcome to the lanetay 3amily, that it had a stomy i3 only shot histoy, and that it must still be vey hot and Egiving o33 heatEH 3uthe, that it must be suounded by a vey eCtensive enveloe o3 hydocabon (etoleum) (etoleum) gases and dust. +uch claims wee in total disageement with what was known in #9 #9 when I comleted comleted the manuscit o3 the wok wok o in #9$0 #9$0 when it was ublished. :o stess the cucial natue o3 these claims, thee wee ut unde the headings
E:he ases o3 VenusE and E:he :hemal alance o3 VenusE immediately eceding the section E:he ?ndE. +hould I be ight in these claims, the entie chain o3 deductions / o3 which the identi3ication o3 the the eCtateestial agent o3 the aoCysms aoCysms descibed is but the 3inal ing / is stengthened. ;nd since these cucial claims wee in such 3lagant discod with acceted values, in case o3 con3imation con3imation they ought not to to be denoted as lucky guesses. ;s late as #9$9, VenusB gound gound temeatue was calculated to be only #-Q', thee degees degees above the mean annual temeatue o3 the ?ath. ut by #9#, 3om the natue o3 the adio signals emitted by Venus, it was 3ound that VenusB gound temeatue is about 1#$Q', o 00QG. %. G. %. %ake o3 the National adio ;stonomy "bsevatoy, esonsible 3o this eading, wote> E8e should have eCected a temeatue only slightly sli ghtly geate than the eath,E and the 3ind was Ea suise ... in a 3ield in which the 3ewest suises wee eCected.E :hee was admittedly no no satis3actoy eClanation o3 such high temeatue o3 Venus in the the 3ame o3 eCected notions. eenhouse e33ect could not eClain so high a temeatue, not could adioactivity decaying 3o billions o3 yeas. :he 6aine II, the sace vehicle that assed Venus in %ecembe #92, was instumented to detect whethe the heat is eal and as high as 00QG. It 3ound it eal and a 3ull 00QG. It 3ound also, that the night side o3 Venus is, i3 anything, hotte than the day side and that light does not enetate the cloud cove. It must be gloomy and bleak unde this cove, it is stated in the 6aine eot by the Aet Poulsion !aboatoyH vey little geenhouse e33ect could eali5e itsel3 unde such conditions. :he othe cucial test concened the gaseous enveloe o3 the lanet. In #9, 3ou yeas be3oe the ublication o3 this book, I diected a eFuest eFuest and inFuiy to Po3esso Po3esso . 8ildt o3 *ale and the late Po3esso 8. +. ;dams o3 6ount 8ilson and and Paloma obsevatoies, obsevatoies, 3oemost authoity on the sub E:he absotion sectum o3 VenusB atmoshee cannot be inteeted as esulting 3om gaseous hydocabons.E ;dams answeed (+etembe 9, #9)> E:hee is no evidence o3 the esence o3 hydocabon gas in the atmoshee o3 Venus.E I must have been comletely 3im in my belie3 o3 not having made a wong deduction / 3om the 3ist emise o3 global catastohe to the last one, o3 identi3ying the agent / to have chosen to int, in disegad o3 the eCet oinions> E"n the basis o3 this eseach, I assume that Venus must be ich in etoleum gases.E "n Gebuay 2, #91, making known the esults o3 the 6aine obe, %. =one Newell o3 N;+; announced that, in the
coect ognosisE, witten by me, was inted in the +etembe #91 issue o3 the ;meican ehavioual +cientist H it contained a suvey o3 vaious tests, con3imations, and suoting evidence. In that issue, sonsoed by a gou o3 eminent men in scholashi and ublic a33ais, is also told the stoy o3 ecetion / o e it was actually suessed while in the hands o3 its 3ist ublishe, who had to give it u, though a No. # national bestselle, bestselle, unde the eCeted boycott boycott o3 all this ublisheBs teCtbooks by cetain gous ogani5ed 3o that uose in some o3 the academic councils o3 the county. +ome attemts wee made to minimi5e the value o3 the cucial tests claimed and con3imations obtained (a ominent astonome wote in the %ecembe, #91, issue o3 =aeBs > E;s to the Bhigh temeatueB o3 Venus, BhotB is only a elative temH 3o eCamle, liFuid ai is hot, elative to liFuid helium,E wheeas I claimed an incandescent state o3 Venus .9#J and a gaseous state o3 all hydocabons). Po3esso =. =. =ess, 'haiman o3 the +ace oad o3 the National ;cademy o3 +ciences, volunteeed to wite me a lette 3o ublication>E+ome o3 o3 these edictions wee said to be imossible when you made themH all o3 them wee edicted long be3oe oo3 that they wee coect came to hand. 'onvesely, I do not know o3 any seci3ic ediction you made that has since oven to be 3alse.E I3 my emises ae wong and only by shee chance did I obtain such a scoe, then the theoists o3 obabilities ought to 3ind the odds involvedH i3, as some 3iendlie sketics assume, the scoe is due to an unusual gi3t o3 intuition, then I should be accused o3 socey, not only o3 heesy. =oweve, i3 the stoy is a econstuction o3 the events that took lace and o3 logical imlications o3 them, then the scoe is but a Enatual 3allout 3om a single cental ideaE (. Auegens). Nevetheless, moe e33ots wee made to disFuali3y this wok. ut hadly any astonomical agument o3 #9$0 could be bought o3itably against my book in #9 without denying all the imotant discoveies o3 the intevening yeas. :hee3oe, attemts wee made to evade all these issues and to switch the debate, actually the camaign o3 deeciation, to Fuestioning my oe use o3 souces. 8hen a E8hile it could have been assumed that anyone challenging the basic emises o3 Newton and %awin might by laying himsel3 oen to a cetain amount o3 agument, the esonal vitueation, delibeate miseesentation o3 3acts, o33hand misFuotations, e33ots at suession o3 the books containing the theoies, and the denial o3 the ight to ebut oonents in o3essoial Eut the sueme aadoC o3 the scienti3ic evolution
is in the 3act that things which we 3ind easy to instil into the boys at school R things which would stike us as the odinay odinay natual way o3 looking looking at the univese R de3eated the geatest intellects 3o centuies.E :he ;utho (#9$) (#9$) 777777777777777777777777777777 # y the summe o3 #9 #$ had/cove intings in the @nited +tates , and # in eat itain 2 8aen 8eave> E:he Ime3ections o3 +cienceE, Poc. "3 the ;me. Philos. +oc ., ., "ct. #-, #90. 777777777777777777777777777777
8"9!%+ IN '"!!I+I"N is is a book o3 was in the celestial shee that took lace in histoical times. In these was the lanet eath aticiated too. :his book descibes two acts o3 a geat dama> one that occued thity/3ou to thity/3ive centuies ago, in the middle o3 the second millennium be3oe the esent eaH the othe in i n the eighth and the beginning o3 the seventh centuy be3oe the esent ea, twenty/siC centuies ago. ;ccodingly, this volume consists o3 two ats, eceded by a ologue. =amony o stability in the celestial and teestial shees is the oint o3 deatue o3 the esent/day concet o3 the wold as eCessed in the celestial mechanics o3 Newton and the theoy o3 evolution o3 %awin. I3 these two men o3 science ae sacosanct, this book is a heesy. =oweve, moden hysics, o3 atoms and o3 the Fuantum theoy, descibes damatic changes in the micocosm / the atom / the ototye o3 the sola systemH a theoy, then, that envisages not dissimila events in the macocosm / the sola system / bings the moden concets o3 hysics to the celestial shee. :his book is witten witten 3o the instucted and uninstucted uninstucted alike. No 3omula and no no hieoglyhic will stand in the way o3 those who set out to ead it. I3, occasionally, histoical evidence does not sFuae with 3omulated laws, it should be emembeed that a law is but a deduction 3om eCeience and eCeiment, and thee3oe laws must con3om with histoical 3acts, not 3acts with laws. :he eade is not asked to accet a theoy without Fuestion. athe, he is invited to conside 3o himsel3 whethe he is eading a book o3 3iction o non/3iction, whethe what he is eading is invention o histoical 3act. "n one oint alone, not necessaily decisive 3o the theoy o3 cosmic catastohism, I boow cedence> I use a synchonical scale o3 ?gytian and =ebew histoies which is not othodoC. It was in the sing o3 #90 that I came uon the idea that in the days o3 the ?Codus, as evident 3om many assages o3 the +citues, thee occued a geat hysical catastohe, and that such an event could seve in detemining the time o3 the ?Codus in ?gytian histoy o in establishing a synchonical scale 3o the histoies o3 the eoles concened. :hus I stated ;ges in 'haos , a econstuction o3 the histoy o3 the ancient wold 3om the middle o3 the second millennium be3oe the esent ea to the advent o3 ;leCande the eat. ;leady in the 3all o3 that same yea, #90, I 3elt that I had acFuied an undestanding o3 the eal natue and eCtent o3 that catastohe, and 3o nine yeas I woked on both o
I3 cosmic uheavals occued in the histoical ast, why does not the human ace emembe them, and why was it necessay to cay on eseach to 3ind out about themM I discuss this oblem in the +ection E:he 'ollective ;mnesia.E :he task I had to accomlish was not unlike that 3aced by a sychoanalyst who, out o3 disassociated memoies and deams, econstucts a 3ogotten taumatic eCeience in the ealy li3e o3 an individual. In an analytical eCeiment on mankind, histoical inscitions and legenday moti3s o3ten lay the same ole as ecollections (in3antile memoies) and deams in the analysis o3 a esonality. 'an we, out o3 this olymohous mateial, establish actual 3actsM 8e shall check one eole against anothe, one inscition against anothe, eics against chats, geology against legends, until we ae able to eCtact the histoical 3acts. In a 3ew cases it is imossible to say with cetainty whethe a ecod o a tadition e3es to one o anothe catastohe that took lace though the agesH it is also obable that in some taditions vaious elements 3om di33eent ages ae 3used togethe. In the 3inal analysis, howeve, it is not so essential to segegate de3initively the ecods o3 single wold catastohes. 6oe imotant, it seems, is to establish (#) that thee wee hysical uheavals o3 a global chaacte in histoical timesH (2) that these catastohes wee caused by eCtateestial agentsH and (1) that these agents can be identi3ied. identi3ied. :hee ae many imlications imlications that 3ollow 3om these conclusions. conclusions. I e3e to them in the the ?ilogue, so that I can omit e3eence to them hee. ; 3ew eades went ove this this book in manuscit manuscit and made valuable suggestions and emaks. In chonological ode o3 thei eading they ae> %. =oace 6. 4allen, 3omely %ean o3 the aduate Gaculty o3 the New +chool 3o +ocial eseach, New *okH Aohn A. "BNeill, +cience ?dito o3 the New *ok =eald :ibune H Aames Putnam, ;ssociate ?dito o3 the 6acmillan 'omanyH 'li3ton Gadiman, liteay citic and commentatoH odon ;. ;twate, 'haiman and 'uato o3 the =ayden Planetaium o3 the ;meican 6useum o3 Natual =istoy, =istoy, New *ok. :he last two ead ead the wok at thei own own eFuest a3te 6. "BNeill had discussed it in an aticle in the =eald :ibune o3 o3 ;ugust ##, #9. I am indebted to all o3 them but I alone am esonsible 3o content and 3om. 6iss 6aion 4uhn cleaed the manuscit o3 gammatical weeds and heled in eading the oo3s. 6any an autho has dedicated his book to his wi3e o mentioned he in the e3ace. I have always 3elt this was somewhat ostentatious, but now that this wok is being ublished, I 3eel I shall be most ungate3ul i3 I 3ail to mention that my wi3e ?lisheva sent almost as much time on it at ou desk as I did. I dedicate this book to he. :he yeas when ;ges in 'haos and and 8olds in 'ollision wee wee witten wee yeas o3 a wold catastohe ceated by man / o3 wa that was 3ought on land, on sea, and in the ai. %uing that time man leaned how to take aat a 3ew o3 the bicks o3 which the univese is built / the atoms o3 uanium. I3 one day he should solve the oblem o3 the 3ission and 3usion o3 the atoms o3 which the cust o3 the eath o its wate and ai ae comosed, he may echance, by initiating a chain eaction, take this lanet out o3 the stuggle 3o suvival among the membes o3 the celestial shee. :he ;utho, New *ok, *ok, +etembe #99. #99. 777777777777777777777777777777
Kuota as oens tanti nobis committituM / +eneca
IN ;N I66?N+? univese a little globe evolves aound a staH it is the thid in the ow / 6ecuy, Venus, ?ath / o3 the lanetay 3amily. It is o3 a solid coe coveed ove most o3 its su3ace with liFuid, and it has a gaseous enveloe. !iving ceatues 3ill the liFuidH othe living ceatues 3ly in the gasH and still othes cee and walk uon the gound on the bottom o3 the gaseous gaseous ocean. 6an, a being o3 eect statue, statue, thinks himsel3 the ince o3 ceation. =e 3elt like this long be3oe he, by his own e33ots, came to know how to 3ly on wings o3 metal aound the globe. =e 3elt godlike long be3oe be3oe he could talk to his 3ellow/man 3ellow/man on the othe side o3 the globe. :oday he can see the micocosm in a do and the elements in the stas. =e knows the laws govening the living cell with its chomosomes, and the laws govening the macocosm o3 the sun, moon, lanets, and stas. =e assumes that gavitation kees the lanetay system togethe, man and beast on thei lanet, the sea within its bodes. Go millions millions and millions o3 yeas, he maintains, the the lanets have olled along on the same aths, and thei moons aound them, and man in these eons has aisen 3om a one/cell in3usoium all the long way u the ladde to his status o3 =omo saiens. Is manBs knowledge now nealy comleteM ;e only a 3ew moe stes necessay to conFue the univese> to eCtact the enegy o3 the atom / since these ages wee witten this has aleady been done / to cue cance, to contol genetics, to communicate with othe lanets and lean i3 they have living ceatues, tooM =ee begins =omo ignoamus. =e does not know what li3e is o how it came to be and whethe it oiginated 3om 3om inoganic matte. =e does does not know whethe whethe othe lanets o3 this this sun o o3 othe suns have li3e on them, and i3 they have, whethe the 3oms o3 li3e thee ae like those aound us, ouselves included. =e does not know how this sola system came into being, although he has built built u a 3ew hyotheses about it. =e knows only that the sola system was constucted billions o3 yeas ago. =e does not know what this mysteious 3oce o3 gavitation is that holds him and his 3ellow man on the othe side o3 the lanet with thei 3eet on the gound, although he egads the henomenon itsel3 as Ethe law o3 laws.E =e does not know what the eath looks like 3ive miles unde his 3eet. =e does not know how mountains came into eCistence o what caused the emegence o3 the continents, although he builds hyotheses about these, no does he know 3om whee oil came / again hyotheses. =e does not know why, only a shot time ago, a go, a thick glacial sheet essed uon most o3 ?uoe and Noth ;meica, as he believes it didH no how alms could gow above the ola cicle, no how it came about that the same 3auna 3ill the inne lakes o3 the "ld and the New 8old. =e does not know whee the salt in the sea came 3om. ;lthough man knows knows that he has lived on this lanet 3o millions o3 yeas, he 3inds a ecoded histoy o3 only a 3ew thousand yeas. ;nd even these 3ew thousand yeas ae not su33iciently well known. 8hy did the on5e ;ge ecede the Ion ;ge even though though ion is moe widely distibuted distibuted ove the wold and its manu3actue is simle than that o3 the alloy o3 coe and tinM y what mechanical means wee wee stuctues o3 immense blocks built built on the high mountains o3 the ;ndesM 8hat caused the legend o3 the Glood Glood to oiginate in all the counties counties o3 the woldM Is thee thee any adeFuate meaning to the tem EantediluvianEM Gom what eCeiences gew the
eschatological ictues o3 the end o3 the woldM In this wok, o3 which the esent book is the 3ist at, some o3 these Fuestions will be answeed, but only at the cost o3 giving u cetain notions now egaded as saced laws in science / the millions o3 yeas o3 the esent constitution o3 the sola system and the hamonious evolution o3 the eath / with all thei imlications as egads the theoy o3 evolution.
:he sun ises in the east and sets in the the west. :he day consists o3 twenty/3ou twenty/3ou hous. :he :he yea consists o3 1$ days, days, $ hous, and 9 minutes. :he moon cicles cicles aound the eath, changing its hases / cescent, 3ull, decescent. :he teestial aCis oints in the diection o3 the ola sta. ;3te winte comes sing, then summe and 3all. :hese ae common 3acts. ;e they invaiable lawsM 6ust it be so 3oeveM 3oeveM 8as it so alwaysM :he sun has nine lanets. 6ecuy 6ecuy has no satellitesH Venus has no satellitesH the eath has a moonH 6as has two small tabants, mee ieces o3 ock, and one o3 them comletes its month be3oe 6as ends its dayH Auite has eleven moons and eleven di33eent kinds o3 months to countH +atun has nine moons, @anus has 3ive moons, # Netune one, Pluto none. 2 8as it always soM 8ill it be so 3oeveM :he sun otates in an eastely diection. diection. ;ll lanets evolve in thei obits in the the same diection (counteclockwise i3 seen 3om the noth) aound the sun. 6ost o3 thei moons evolve counteclockwise (in diect motion), but thee ae a 3ew that evolve in the oosite diection (in etogade motion). No obit is an eCact cicleH thee is no egulaity in the eccentical shaes o3 the lanetay obitsH each ellitical cuve veges in a di33eent diection. It is not known 3o cetain, but it i t is assumed that 6ecuy emanently shows the same 3ace to the sun, as ou moon does with esect to the eath. In3omation obtained by di33eent methods o3 obsevation o3 Venus is contadictoyH it is not known whethe Venus otates so slowly that its day eFuals its yea, o so aidly that the night side is neve su33iciently cooled. 6as otates in 2 hous, 1- minutes, 22. seconds (mean eiod), a eiod comaable to the teestial day. Auite, which in volume is thiteen hunded times lage than the eath, comletes a otation in the shot sace o3 9 hous and $0 minutes. 8hat causes this vaiabilityM It is not a law that that a lanet must otate o have have days and nightsH still less that its day and night must etun evey twenty/3ou hous. I3 Pluto otates 3om east to west, 1 it has the sun ising in the west. @anus has the sun ising and setting neithe in the east no in the west. +o it is not a law that a lanet o3 the sola system must otate 3om west to east and that the sun must ise in the east. :he eFuato o3 the eath is inclined inclined to the lane o3 its eclitic at an angle o3 o3 21SQH this causes the change o3 seasons duing the annual evolution aound the sun. :he aCes o3 othe lanets oint in the diections o3 seemingly delibeate choice. It is not a geneal law 3o all lanets that winte must 3ollow 3all and summe the sing. :he aCis o3 @anus is laced almost almost in the lane o3 its obitH obitH 3o about twenty yeas yeas one o3 its ola egions is the hottest lace on the lanet. :hen night gadually descends and twenty yeas late the othe ole entes the toics 3o an eFual length o3 time. :he moon has no atmoshee. It is not known whethe 6ecuy 6ecuy has any atmoshee. atmoshee. Venus is coveed with dense clouds, but not o3 wate vao. 6as has a tansaent atmoshee, but almost without oCygen oCygen o wate vao, vao, and its comosition is unknown. unknown. Auite and +atun have gaseous enveloesH it is not known whethe they have solid coes. It is not a geneal law that a lanet must have atmoshee o wate. 6as is 0.#$ o3 the volume o3 the eathH the neCt lanet, Auite, is about ,-$0 times as
lage as 6as. :hee is no egulaity o3, o elation between, the si5e o3 the lanets and thei osition in the system. "n 6as ae seen EcanalsE and ola casH on the moon, catesH the eath has e3lecting oceansH Venus has billiant cloudsH Auite has belts and a ed sotH +atun has ings. :he celestial hamony is comosed comosed o3 bodies di33eent di33eent in si5e, di33eent in 3om, di33eent di33eent in the velocity o3 otation, with di33eently diected aCes o3 otation, with di33eent diections o3 otation, with di33eently comosed atmoshees o without atmoshees, with a vaying numbe o3 moons o without moons, and with satellites evolving in eithe diection. It aeas then to be by chance that the eath has a moon, that we have day and night and that thei combined length is eFual to twenty/3ou hous, that we have a seFuence o3 seasons, that we have oceans and wate, atmoshee and oCygen, and obably also that ou lanet is laced between Venus at ou le3t and 6as at ou ight. 777777777777777777777777777777 # :he 3i3th satellite o3 @anus was discoveed in #9. 2 %ue to the geat distance o3 Netune and Pluto 3om the eath, smalle satellites aound these lanets may have emained undiscoveed. undiscoveed. Note> 8hile this book was on the ess anothe satellite o3 Netune was discoveed discoveed by . P. 4uie. 1 . amow> iogahy o3 the ?ath (#9#), . 2. :he eFuato o3 @anus is inclined at an angle o3 2Q to the lane o3 its obit. 777777777777777777777777777777
;ll theoies o3 the oigin o3 the lanetay lanetay system and the motive motive 3oces that sustain the motion o3 its membes go back to the gavitational theoy and the celestial mechanics o3 Newton. :he sun attacts the lanets, and i3 it wee not 3o a second 3oce, they would 3all into the sunH but each lanet is imelled by a motive 3oce to oceed in a diection away 3om the sun, and as a esult, an obit is 3omed. +imilaly, a satellite o a moon is sub =undeds o3 millions o3 yeas ago the sun was nebulous and vey lage and had a 3om aoaching that o3 a disc. :his disc was as wide as the whole obit o3 the 3athest o3 the lanets. It otated aound its cente. "wing to the ocess o3 comession caused by gavitation, a globula sun shaed itsel3 in the cente o3 the disc. ecause o3 the otating motion o3 the whole nebula, a centi3ugal 3oce was in actionH ats o3 matte moe on the eihey esisted the etacting action diected towad the cente and boke u into ings which balled into globes globes / these wee the lanets in the ocess ocess o3 shaing. In othe othe wods, as a esult o3 the shinkage o3 the otating sun, matte boke away and otions o3 this sola mateial develoed into lanets. :he lane in which the lanets evolve is the eFuatoial lane o3 the sun. :his theoy is now egaded egaded as unsatis3actoy. :hee :hee ob
eClain why the lanets have lage angula velocity o3 daily otation and yealy evolution than the sun could have imated to them. :hid, what made made some o3 the satellites evolve etogadely, o in a diection oosite to that o3 most o3 the membes o3 the sola systemM EIt aeas to be clealy established that, whateve stuctue we assign to a imitive sun, a lanetay system cannot come into being meely as the esult o3 the sunBs otation. I3 a sun, otating alone in sace, is not able o3 itsel3 to oduce its 3amily o3 lanets and satellites, it becomes necessay to invoke invoke the esence and assistance o3 some some second body. :his bings bings us at once to the tidal theoy.E 1 :he tidal theoy, which, which, in its ealie stage, was called the lanetesimal theoy, theoy, assumes that a sta assed close to the sun. ;n immense tide o3 matte aose 3om the sun in the diection o3 the assing sta and was ton 3om the body o3 the sun but emained in its domain, being the mateial out o3 which the lanets wee built. In the lanetesimal theoy the mass that was ton out boke into small ats which solidi3ied in saceH some wee diven out o3 the sola system, and some 3ell back into the sun, but the est moved aound it because o3 its gavitational ull. +weeing in elongated obits aound the sun, they conglomeated, ounded out thei obits as a esult o3 mutual collisions, and gew to 3om lanets and satellites aound the lanets. :he tidal theoy $ does not allow the matte ton 3om the sun to disese 3ist and eunite lateH the tide boke into a 3ew otions that athe Fuickly changed 3om gaseous to 3luid, 3l uid, and then to the solid state. In suot o3 this theoy it was indicated that such a tide, when boken into a numbe numbe o3 Edos,E Edos,E would obably build build the lagest EdosE out o3 its middle otion, and small EdosE 3om its beginning (nea the sun) and its end (most emote 3om the sun). ;ctually, 6ecuy, neaest to the sun, is a small lanet. Venus is lageH eath is a little lage than VenusH Auite is thee hunded and twenty times as lage as the eath (in mass)H +atun is somewhat smalle than AuiteH @anus and Netune, though lage lanets, ae not as lage as Auite and +atun. Pluto is Fuite as small as 6ecuy. :he 3ist di33iculty o3 the tidal hyothesis hyothesis lies in the vey oint adduced in in its suot, the mass o3 the lanets. etween the eath and Auite thee evolves a small lanet, 6as, a tenth at o3 the eath in mass, whee, accoding to the scheme, a lanet ten to 3i3ty times as lage as the eath should be eCected. ;gain, Netune is lage and not smalle than @anus. ;nothe di33iculty is the allegedly ae chance o3 an encounte between two two stas. "ne o3 the authos o3 the tidal theoy gave this estimate o3 its obability> E;t a ough estimate we may suose that a given staBs chance o3 3oming a lanetay system is one in $,000,000,000,000,000,000 $,000,000,000,000,000,000 yeas.E ut since the li3e san o3 a sta is is much shote than this 3igue, Eonly about one sta in #00,000 can have 3omed a lanetay system in the whole o3 its li3e.E In the galactic system o3 one hunded million stas, lanetay systems E3om at the ate o3 about one e 3ive billion yeas ... ou own system, with an age o3 the ode ode o3 two billion yeas, is obably obably the youngest system in the whole galactic system o3 stas.E :he nebula and tidal theoies theoies alike egad the lanets as deivatives deivatives o3 the sun, and the satellites as deivatives o3 the lanets. :he oblem o3 the oigin o3 the moon moon can be egaded as distubing distubing to the tidal theoy. eing smalle than the eath, the moon comleted ealie the ocess o3 cooling and shinking, and the luna volcanoes had aleady ceased to be active. It is calculated that the moon ossesses a lighte seci3ic weight than the eath. It is assumed that the moon was oduced 3om the sue3icial layes o3 the eathBs body, which ae ich in light silicon, wheeas the coe o3 the eath, eath, the main otion o3 o3 its body, is made o3 heavy heavy metals, aticulaly ion. ut this assumtion ostulates the oigin o3 the moon as not simultaneous with the oigin o3 the eathH the eath, being 3omed out o3 a mass e
3om the sun, had to undego a ocess o3 leveling, which laced the heavy metals in the coe and silicon at the eihey, be3oe the moon ated 3om the eath by a new tidal distotion. :his would mean two consecutive tidal distotions in a system whee the chance o3 even one is held hel d eCtemely ae. I3 the assing o3 one sta nea anothe haens among one hunded million stas once in 3ive billion yeas, two occuences like this 3o one and the same sta seem Fuite incedible. :hee3oe, as no bette eClanation is available, the satellites ae suosed to have been ton 3om the lanets by the sunBs attaction on thei 3ist eihelion assage, when, sweeing along on stetched obits, the lanets came close to the sun. :he cicling o3 the satellites aound the the lanets also con3onts eCisting cosmological theoies with di33iculties. !alace built his theoy o3 the oigin o3 the sola system on the assumtion that all lanets and satellites evolve in the same diection. =e wote that the aCial otation o3 the sun and the obital evolutions and aCial otations o3 the siC lanets, the moon, the satellites, and the ings o3 +atun esent 3oty/thee movements, all in the same diection. E"ne 3inds by the analysis o3 the obabilities that thee ae moe than 3ou thousand billion chances to one that this this aangement is not the esult o3 chanceH this obability is consideably highe than that o3 the eality o3 histoical events with egad to which no one would ventue a doubt.E doubt.E - =e deduced that a common and imal cause diected the movements o3 the lanets and satellites. +ince the time o3 !alace, new membes o3 the sola system have been discoveed. Now we know that though the ma a otating nebula could not oduce satellites evolving in two diections. In the tidal theoy the diection o3 the lanetsB movements deended on the sta that assed> it assed in the lane in which the lanets now evolve and in a diection which detemined thei cicling 3om west to east. ut why should the satellites o3 @anus evolve eendiculaly to that lane and some moons o3 Auite and +atun in i n evese diectionsM :his the tidal theoy 3ails to eClain. eClain. ;ccoding to all eCisting theoies, theoies, the angula velocity o3 the evolution o3 a satellite must must be slowe than the velocity o3 otation o3 its aent. ut the inne satellite o3 6as evolves moe aidly than 6as otates. +ome o3 the di33iculties that con3ont the nebula and tidal theoies also con3ont anothe theoy that has been oosed in ecent yeas. ;ccoding to it, the sun is suosed suosed to have been a membe o3 a double sta system. ; assing sta cushed the comanion o3 the sun, and out o3 its debis lanets wee 3omed. In 3uthe develoment o3 this hyothesis, it is maintained that the lage lanets wee built out o3 the debis, and the smalle ones, the so/called EteestialE lanets, wee 3omed 3om the lage ones by a ocess o3 cleavage. :he bith o3 smalle, smalle, solid lanets out o3 the lage, gaseous ones ones is con
di33iculty.E 9 777777777777777777777777777777 # Isaac Newton> Pinciia (6athematical Pinciles) (#), k. III. 2 P. +. !alace> ?Cosition du systTme du monde (#-9). 1 +i Aames =. Aeans> ;stonomy and 'osmogony (#929), . 09. :he lanetesimal hyothesis was develoed by :. '. 'hambelin and G. . 6oulton. $ :he tidal theoy was develoed by A. =. Aeans and =. Ae33eys. Aeans> ;stonomy and 'osmogony , . 09. - !alace> :hUoie analytiFue des obabilitUs (1d ed., #20), . lCiH c3. =. Gaye> +u IB"igine du monde (#), . #1#/#12. y !yttleton and, indeendently, by ussell. 9 Aeans> ;stonomy and 'osmogony , . 19$. 777777777777777777777777777777
:he nebula and tidal theoies theoies endeavo to eClain the the oigin o3 the sola system but do do not include the comets in thei schemes. 'omets ae moe numeous than lanets. 6oe than siCty comets ae known to belong de3initely to the sola system. :hese ae the comets o3 shot eiods (less than eighty yeas)H they evolve in stetched ellises and all but one do not go beyond the line maked by the obit o3 Netune. It is estimated that, besides the comets o3 shot eiods, seveal hunded thousand comets visit the sola systemH howeve, it is not known 3o cetain that they etun eiodically. :hey ae seen esently at an aoCimate ate o3 3ive hunded in a centuy, and ae said to have an aveage eiod o3 tens o3 thousands o3 yeas. ; 3ew theoies o3 the oigin oigin o3 comets have been oosed, oosed, but aside 3om one one attemt to see in them lanetesimals that did not eceive a side ull su33iciently stong to bing them into cicula obits, # no scheme has been develoed that eClains the oigin o3 the sola system in its entiety, with its lanets and cometsH yet no cosmic theoy can esist which limits itsel3 to the oblem o3 eithe lanets o comets eCclusively. "ne theoy sees in the comets eant cosmic bodies aiving 3om intestella sace. ;3te aoaching the sun, they tun away on an oen (aabolic) cuve. ut i3 they haen to ass close to one o3 the lage lanets, they may be comelled to change thei oen cuves to ellises and become comets o3 shot eiod. 2 :his is the theoy o3 catue> catue> comets o3 long eiods eiods o o3 no eiod ae dislodged 3om thei aths to become shot/eiod comets. 8hat the oigin o3 the long/eiod comets is emains an unansweed Fuestion. :he shot/eiod comets aaently have some some elation to the lage lanets. ;bout ;bout 3i3ty comets move between the sun and the obit o3 AuiteH thei eiods ae unde nine yeas. Gou comets each the obit o3 +atunH two comets evolve inside the cicle descibed by @anusH and nine comets, with an aveage eiod o3 seventy/one yeas, move within the obit o3 Netune. :hese comise the system o3 the shot/eiod comets as it is known at esent. :o the last gou belongs the =alley comet, which, among the comets o3 shot eiods, has the longest eiod o3 evolution / about seventy/siC yeas. :hen :hen thee is a geat ga, a3te which thee ae comets that eFuie thousands o3 yeas be3oe they etun to the sun, i3 they etun at all. :he distibution o3 the shot/eiod comets comets suggested the idea that they wee wee EcatuedE by the lage lanets. :his theoy has 3o its suot the diect obsevation that comets ae distubed on thei ath by the lanets. ;nothe theoy o3 the the comets suoses thei oigin to to have been in the sun, but in a manne manne unlike that conceived o3 in the tidal theoy o3 the oigin o3 lanets. 6ighty whils on the
su3ace o3 the sun swee ignited gases into geat otubeancesH these ae obseved daily. 6atte is diven o33 3om the sun and etuns to the sun. It is calculated that i3 the velocity o3 the e :he :wo +ola Gamilies (#92). 2 :hat lanets ae able to change the ath o3 a comet is not only known 3om obsevation but has even been calculated in advance. In #-$ 'laiaut 'laiaut edicted the etadation o3 =alleyBs comet, on its 3ist etun 3oetold by =alley, 3o a eiod o3 # days, because it had to ass nea Auite and +atun. It was etaded 3o almost the comuted length o3 time. +imilaly, the obits o3 othe comets wee occasionally distoted. !eCel:s comet was distubed by Auite in #-- and in #--0 by the eath, %B;estBs comet was distubed in #0, 8ol3Bs comet in #-$ and #922. y an encounte with Auite in #, ookBs comet changed its eiod 3om 29 yeas to yeasH the eiod o3 o3 Auite was not alteed alteed by moe than two o o thee minutes, and obably obably less. 1 =. N. ussell> :he +ola +ystem and Its "igin (#91$), . 0. =aold Ae33eys> E:he "igin o3 the +ola +ystemE in Intenal 'onstitution o3 the ?ath , . utenbeg, ed. (#919). 777777777777777777777777777777
:=? P!;N?: ?;:= ?;:= has a stony shell / the lithosheeH lithosheeH it consists o3 igneous ock, ock, like ganite and basalt, with sedimentay ock on to. :he igneous ock is the oiginal cust o3 the eathH sedimentay ock is deosited by wate. :he inne comosition comosition o3 the eath is not known. known. :he oagation oagation o3 seismic waves gives suot to the assumtion that the shell o3 the eath is ove 2,000 miles thickH on the basis o3 the gavitational e33ect o3 mountain masses (the theoy o3 isostasy), the shell is estimated to be only siCty miles thick. :he esence o3 ion in the the shell o the migation o3 heavy heavy metals 3om the coe to the shell has not been su33iciently eClained. Go these metals to have le3t the coe, they must have been e
that time also visited by cataclysms. =e could not 3ind the cause o3 these cataclysms. =e saw in thei taces Ethe oblem in geology it is o3 most imotance to solve,E but he eali5ed that Ein ode to esolve it satis3actoily, it would be necessay to discove the cause o3 these events / an undetaking which esents a di33iculty o3 Fuite a di33eent di33eent kind.E =e knew only only o3 Emany 3uitless attemtsE aleady made and he did not 3ind himsel3 able to o33e a solution. E:hese ideas have haunted, I may almost say have tomented me duing my eseaches among 3ossil bones.E 2 'uvieBs theoy o3 stabili5ed 3oms o3 li3e li 3e and o3 annihilating catastohes was sulanted by a theoy o3 evolution in geology (!yell) and biology (%awin). :he mountains ae what is le3t o3 lateaus eoded by wind and wate in a vey slow ocess. +edimentay ock is detitus o3 igneous ock eoded by ain, then caied to sea, and thee slowly deosited. +keletons o3 bids and o3 land animals animals in these ocks ae esumed esumed to have belonged to animals animals that waded close to the shoe shoe o3 the sea in shallow wate, died died while wading, and wee wee coveed by sediment be3oe 3ish destoyed destoyed the cadaves o the the wate seaated the bones bones o3 thei skeletons. No widesead catastohes disuted the slow and steady ocess. :he theoy o3 evolution, which can be taced to ;istotle, and which was the teaching o3 !amack in the days o3 'uvie and o3 %awin a3te him, has been geneally acceted as tuth by natual sciences 3o almost a hunded yeas. +edimentay ock coves high mountains and the highest o3 all, the =imalayas. +hells and skeletons o3 sea animals ae 3ound thee. :his means that at some ealy time 3ish swam ove these mountains. 8hat caused the mountains to iseM ; 3oce ushing 3om within within o ulling 3om without without o twisting on the the sides must have elevated the mountains and li3ted continents 3om the bottom o3 the sea and submeged othe land masses. I3 we do not know what these 3oces ae, we cannot answe the oblem o3 the oigin o3 the mountains and o3 continents, wheeve on the globe we ae 3aced with it. =ee is how the Fuestion is ut concening the easten coast o3 Noth ;meica. ENot long ago in a geological sense, the 3lat lain 3om New Aesey to Gloida was unde the sea. ;t that time the ocean su3 boke diectly on the "ld ;alachian 6ountains. Peviously the southeasten at o3 the mountain stuctue had sunk below the sea and become coveed with a laye laye o3 sand and mud, thickening thickening seawad. :he wedge/like wedge/like mass o3 maine sediments was then uli3ted and cut into by ives, giving the ;tlantic coastal lain o3 the @nited +tates. 8hy was it uli3tedM :o the westwad ae the ;alachians. :he geologist tells us o3 the stess3ul times when a belt o3 ocks eCtending 3om ;labama to New3oundland was many o3 them mountainsJ ae comosed o3 tangentially comessed and ove/thust ocks that indicate scoes o3 miles o3 cicum3eential shotening in the ?athBs cust. adial shinkage is woe3ully inadeFuate to cause the obseved amount o3 hoi5ontal comession. :heein lies the eal eleCity o3 the oblem o3 mountain/making eologists have not yet 3ound a satis3actoy escae 3om this dilemma.E ?ven authos o3 teCtbooks con3ess thei ignoance. E8hy have sea 3loos o3 emote eiods become the lo3ty highlands highlands o3 todayM 8hat geneates geneates the enomous 3oces that that bend, beak, and mash the ocks in mountain 5onesM :hese Fuestions still await satis3actoy answes.E $
:he ocess o3 aising the the mountains is suosed to have have been vey slow and gadual. gadual. "n the othe hand, it is clea that igneous ock, aleady had, had to become 3luid in ode to enetate sedimentay ock o cove it. It is not known what initiated this ocess, but it is asseted that it must have haened long be3oe man aeaed on the eath. +o when skulls o3 ealy man ae 3ound in late deosits, o skulls o3 moden man ae 3ound togethe with bones o3 eCtinct animals animals in ealy deosits, di33icult oblems oblems ae esented. "ccasionally, also, duing mining oeations, a human skull is 3ound in the middle o3 a mountain, unde a thick cove o3 basalt o ganite, like the 'alaveas skull o3 'ali3onia. =uman emains and human ati3acts o3 bone, olished stone, o ottey ae 3ound unde geat deosits o3 till and gavel, sometimes unde as much as a hunded 3eet. :he oigin o3 clay, sand, and gavel on igneous and sedimentay sedimentay ock, o33es a oblem. oblem. :he theoy o3 Ice ;ges was ut 3oth (#0) to eClain this and othe enigmatic henomena. ;s 3a noth as +it5begen, in the ola cicle, at some time in the ast, coal ee3s wee 3omed, which do not occu eCcet in toical egionsH alms also al so gew on +it5begen. :he continent o3 ;ntactica, which today has not a single tee on it, must have been coveed at one time by 3oests, since it has coal deosits. ;s we see, the lanet eath is 3ull o3 secets. 8e have not not come close to solving the oblem oblem o3 the oigin o3 the sola system by investigating the lanet unde ou 3eetH on the contay, we have 3ound many othe unsolved oblems oblems concening the lithoshee, hydoshee, hydoshee, and atmoshee o3 the eath. +hall we be moe 3otunate i3 we ty to undestand the ocess that caused the changes on the globe in the most ecent geological eoch, the time o3 the last glacial eiod, a eiod close to the time which is egaded as histoicalM 777777777777777777777777777777 # . 'uvie> ?ssay on the :heoy o3 the ?ath ($th ed., #2-) (?nglish tansl. "3 %iscous su les Uvolutions de la su3ace du globe, et su les changements FuBelles ont oduits dans le Tgne animal ). 2 Ibid ., ., . 20/22. 1 . ;. %aly> "u 6obile ?ath (#92), . 90. G. 4. 6athe> eview o3 iogahy o3 the ?ath by . amov, +cience , Aan. #, #92. $ '. . !ongwell, ;. 4no3, and . G. Glint> ; :eCtbook o3 eology (#919), . 0$. 777777777777777777777777777777
Not many thousands o3 yeas ago, we ae taught, geat aeas o3 ?uoe and o3 Noth ;meica wee coveed with glacies. glacies. Peetual ice lay not only on the sloes sloes o3 high mountains, but loaded itsel3 in heavy masses uon continents even in modeate latitudes. 8hee today the =udson, =udson, the ?lbe, and the ue ue %niee 3low, thee wee wee then 3o5en desets. :hey wee like the immense glacie o3 eenland that coves that island. :hee ae signs that a eteat o3 the glacies was inteuted by a new massing o3 ice, and that thei bodes di33eed at vaious vaious times. eologists ae able to 3ind the the boundaies o3 the glacies. Ice moves vey slowly, ushing stones be3oe it, i t, and accumulations o3 stones o moaines emain when the glacie eteats melting away. :aces have been 3ound o3 o3 3ive o siC consecutive dislacements o3 the the ice sheet duing the Ice ;ge, o o3 3ive o siC glacial eiods. +ome 3oce eeatedly ushed the ice sheet towad modeate latitudes. Neithe the cause o3 the ice ages no the cause o3 the eteat o3 the icy deset is knownH the time o3 these eteats is also a matte o3 seculation. 6any ideas wee o33eed and guesses made to eClain how the glacial eochs oiginated and why they teminated. teminated. +ome suosed that the sun at di33eent times emits moe moe o less heat, which causes eiods o3 heat and cold on the eathH but no evidence that the sun is such a Evaiable staE was adduced to suot this hyothesis. "thes con
sola system tavels though the coole aeas, ice descends uon latitudes close to the toics. ut no hysical agents wee 3ound esonsible 3o such hyothetical cold and wam aeas in sace. ; 3ew wondeed whethe whethe the ecession o3 the eFuinoCes eFuinoCes o the slow change in the diection o3 the teestial aCis might cause eiodic vaiations in the climate. ut it was shown that the di33eence in insolation could not have been geat enough to have been esonsible 3o the glacial ages. +till othes thought to 3ind the answe in the eiodic vaiations in the eccenticity o3 the eclitic (teestial obit), with glaciation at the maCimal eccenticity. +ome o3 them suosed that winte in ahelion, the emotest at o3 the eclitic, would cause glaciationH and some thought that summe in ahelion would oduce that e33ect. +ome scholas thought about the changes in the osition o3 the teestial aCis. I3 the lanet eath is igid, as it is egaded to be (!. 4elvin), the aCis could not have shi3ted in geological times by moe than thee degees (eoge %awin)H i3 it wee elastic, it could have shi3ted u to ten o 3i3teen degees in a vey slow ocess. :he cause o3 the ice ages was seen by a 3ew scholas in the decease o3 the oiginal oiginal heat o3 the lanetH the wam eiods between the ice ages wee attibuted to the heat set 3ee by a hyothetical decomosition o3 oganisms in the stata close to the su3ace o3 the gound. :he incease and decease in the the action o3 wam sings sings wee also consideed. "thes suosed that dust o3 volcanic oigin 3illed 3ill ed the teestial atmoshee and hindeed insolation, o, contaiwise, that an inceased content o3 cabon dioCide in the atmoshee obstucted the e3lection o3 heat ays 3om the su3ace o3 the lanet. ; decease in the amount o3 cabon dioCide in the atmoshee would cause a 3all o3 temeatue (;henius), but calculations wee made to show show that this could not be be the eal cause o3 the glacial ages (ngstWm). 'hanges in the diection o3 wam cuents in the ;tlantic "cean wee bought into the discussion, and the Isthmus o3 Panama was theoetically emoved to allow the ul3 +team to ass into the Paci3ic at the time o3 the glacial eiods. ut it was oved that the two oceans wee aleady divided in the Ice ;geH besides, a at o3 the ul3 +team would have emained in the ;tlantic anyway. :he eiodic eteats o3 ice between the glacial eiods would have eFuied eiodic eiodic emoval and elacement o3 the Isthmus o3 Panama. Panama. "the theoies o3 eFually hyothetical natue wee oosedH but the henomena held esonsible 3o the changes have not been oved to have eCisted, o to have been able to oduce the e33ect. ;ll the above/mentioned theoies theoies and hyotheses 3ail i3 they cannot cannot meet a most imotant imotant condition> In ode 3o ice masses to have been 3omed, inceased eciitation must have taken lace. :his eFuies an inceased amount o3 wate vao in the atmoshee, which is the esult o3 inceased evaoation 3om the su3ace o3 oceansH but this could be caused by heat only. ; numbe o3 scientists ointed out this 3act, and even calculated that in ode to oduce a sheet o3 ice as lage as that o3 the Ice ;ge, the su3ace su 3ace o3 all the oceans must have evaoated to a deth o3 many 3eet. +uch an evaoation o3 oceans 3ollowed by a Fuick ocess o3 3ee5ing, even in modeate latitudes, would have oduced the ice ages. :he oblem is> 8hat could have caused the evaoation and immediately subseFuent 3ee5ingM ;s the cause o3 such Fuick altenation o3 heating heating and 3ee5ing o3 lage ats ats o3 the globe is not aaent, it is conceded that Eat esent the cause o3 eCcessive ice/making on the lands emains a ba33ling mystey, a ma
nothen hemishee, did the ice move in India 3om the eFuato towad the =imalaya mountains and the highe latitudesM 8hy did the glacies o3 the Ice ;ge cove the geate at o3 Noth ;meica and ?uoe, while the noth o3 ;sia emained 3eeM In ;meica the lateau o3 ice stetched u to latitude 0Q and even assed acoss this lineH in ?uoe it eached latitude $0QH while notheasten +ibeia, above the ola cicle, even above latitude -$Q, was not coveed with this eennial ice. ;ll hyotheses egading inceased and diminished insolation due to sola alteations o the changing temeatue o3 the cosmic sace, and othe simila hyotheses, cannot avoid being con3onted with this oblem. lacies ae 3omed in the egions o3 etenal snowH 3o this eason they emain on the sloes o3 the high mountains. :he noth o3 +ibeia is the coldest lace in the wold. 8hy did not the Ice ;ge touch this egion, wheeas it visited the basin o3 the 6ississii and all ;3ica south o3 the eFuatoM No satis3actoy solution to this Fuestion has been oosed.
777777777777777777777777777777 # . ;. %aly> :he 'hanging 8old o3 the Ice ;ge (#91), . #. 777777777777777777777777777777
Notheast +ibeia, which was not coveed by ice in the Ice ;ge, conceals anothe enigma. :he climate thee has aaently aaently changed dastically since the end o3 o3 the Ice ;ge, and the yealy temeatue has doed doed many degees degees below its evious level. ;nimals once lived in this egion that do not live thee now, and lants gew thee that ae unable to gow thee now. :he change must have occued Fuite suddenly. :he cause o3 this 4limastu5 has not been eClained. In this this catastohic change o3 climate and unde mysteious cicumstances, all the mammoths o3 +ibeia eished. :he mammoth mammoth belonged to the 3amily 3amily o3 elehants. Its tusks wee sometimes sometimes as much as ten 3eet long. Its teeth wee highly develoed and thei EdensityE was geate than in any othe stage in the evolution o3 the elehantsH aaently they did not succumb in the stuggle 3o suvival as an un3it oduct o3 evolution. :he eCtinction o3 the mammoth is thought to have coincided with the end o3 the last glacial eiod. :usks o3 mammoths mammoths have been 3ound in lage numbes numbes in notheast +ibeiaH +ibeiaH this well/ eseved ivoy has been an ob Eeeated iutions and eteats o3 the sea have neithe all been slow no gadualH on the contay, most o3 the catastohes which have occasioned them have been suddenH and this is esecially easy to be oved with egad to the last o3 these catastohes, that which, by a two3old motion, has inundated, and a3tewads laid dy, ou esent continents, o at least lea st a at o3 the land which 3oms them at the esent day. In the nothen egions it has le3t the cacasses o3 lage Fuadueds which became enveloed in the ice, and have thus been eseved even to ou own times, with thei skin, thei hai, and thei 3lesh. I3 they had not been 3o5en as soon as killed, they would have been decomosed by ute3action. ;nd, on the othe hand, this etenal 3ost could not eviously have occuied the laces in which they have been sei5ed by it, 3o they could not not have lived in such a temeatue. It was, was, thee3oe, at one and the same moment that these animals wee destoyed and the county which they inhabited
became coveed with ice. :his :his event has been sudden, instantaneous, instantaneous, without any gadation, and what is so clealy demonstated with esect to this last catastohe, is not less so with e3eence to those which have eceded it.E 2 :he theoy o3 eeated eeated catastohes annihilating li3e on this this lanet and eeated ceations ceations o estoations o3 li3e, o33eed by %eluc 1 and eCanded by 'uvie, did not convince the scienti3ic wold. !ike !amack be3oe 'uvie, %awin a3te him thought that an eCceedingly slow evolutional ocess govens genetics, and that thee wee no catastohes inteuting this ocess o3 in3initesimal changes. ;ccoding to the theoy o3 evolution, these minute changes came as a esult o3 adatation to living conditions in the stuggle o3 the secies 3o suvival. !ike the theoies o3 !amack and %awin, which ostulate slow changes in animals, with tens o3 thousands o3 yeas eFuied 3o a minute ste in evolution, the geological theoies o3 the nineteenth centuy, and o3 the twentieth as well, egad the geological ocesses as eCceedingly slow and deendent on eosion by ain, wind, and tides. %awin admitted that he was unable to 3ind an eClanation 3o the eCtemination o3 the
mammoth, an animal bette develoed than the elehant which suvived. ut in con3omity with the theoy o3 evolution, his 3ollowes suosed that a gadual sinking o3 the land 3oced the mammoths to the hills, whee they 3ound themselves isolated by mashes. =oweve, i3 geological ocesses ae slow, the mammoths would not have been taed on the isolated hills. esides, this theoy cannot be tue because the animals did not die o3 stavation. In thei stomachs and between thei teeth undigested gass and leaves wee 3ound. :his, too, oves that they died 3om a sudden cause. Guthe investigations showed that the leaves and twigs 3ound in thei stomachs do not now gow in the egions whee the animals died, but 3a to the south, a thousand o moe miles away. It is aaent that the climate has changed adically since the death o3 the mammothsH and as the bodies o3 the animals wee 3ound not decomosed but well eseved in blocks o3 ice, the change in temeatue must have 3ollowed thei death vey closely o even caused it. :hee emains to be added added that a3te stoms stoms in the ;ctic, tusks o3 mammoths mammoths ae washed u on the shoes o3 actic islandsH this oves that a at o3 the land whee the mammoths lived and wee downed is coveed by the ;ctic "cean. 777777777777777777777777777777 # "bsevation o3 %. G. =et5 in . %igby> :he 6ammoth (#92), . 9. 2 'uvie> ?ssay on the :heoy o3 the ?ath , . #/#$. 1 A. ;. %eluc (#-2-X##-)> !ettes on the Physical =istoy o3 the ?ath (#1#). +ee . G. 4un5> Ivoy and the ?lehant in ;t, in ;chaeology, and in +cience (#9#), . 21. 777777777777777777777777777777
:he mammoth mammoth lived in the age o3 man. 6an ictued ictued it on the walls o3 cavesH emains o3 o3 men have eeatedly been 3ound in 'ental ?uoe togethe with emains o3 mammothsH occasionally the settlements o3 the neolithic man o3 ?uoe ae 3ound stewn with the bones o3 mammoths. # 6an moved southwad when ?uoe was coveed with ice and etuned when the ice eteated. =istoical =istoical man witnessed geat vaiation in climate. :he :he mammoth o3 +ibeia, the meat o3 which is still 3esh, is suosed to have been destoyed at the end o3 the last glacial eiod, simultaneously with the mammoths o3 ?uoe and ;laska. I3 this is so, the +ibeian mammoth was also the contemoay o3 a athe moden man. ;t a time when in ?uoe, close to to the ice sheet, man was still in the late stages o3 neolithic cultue, in the Nea and 6iddle ?ast / the egion o3 the geat cultues o3 antiFuity / he may aleady have ogessed well into the metal age. :hee eCists no chonological table o3 neolithic
cultue because the at o3 witing was invented aoCimately at the advent o3 the coe / the ealy / eiod o3 the on5e ;ge. It is esumed that the neolithic man o3 ?uoe le3t ictues but no inscitions, and conseFuently thee ae no means o3 detemining the end o3 the Ice ;ge in tems o3 chonology. eologists have tied to 3ind the time o3 the end o3 the last glacial eiod by measuing the detitus caied by ives 3om the glacies and the deosits o3 detitus in lakes. :he Fuantity caied by the hone 3om the glacies o3 the ;ls and the amount on the bottom o3 the !ake o3 eneva, though which the hone 3lows, wee calculated, and 3om the 3igues obtained the time and velocity o3 the eteat o3 the glacial sheet o3 the last glacial eiod wee estimated. ;ccoding to the +wiss schola Gancois Goel, Goel, twelve thousand yeas have assed since the time the ice sheet o3 the last glacial eiod began to melt, an uneCectedly low 3igue, as it was thought that the ice age ended thity to 3i3ty thousand yeas ago. +uch calculations su33e 3om being only indiect evaluationsH and since the velocity at which the glacial mud had been been deosited in the lakes was not not constant and the amount amount vaied, the mud must have assembled assembled on the bottom o3 a lake at a 3aste ate in the beginning when the glacies wee lageH and i3 the Ice ;ge teminated teminated suddenly, the deosition o3 detitus would have been much heavie at 3ist, and thee would be little analogy to the accumulation o3 detitus 3om the seasonal melting o3 snow in the ;ls. :hee3oe, the time that has elased since the end o3 the last glacial glacial eiod must have been even shote than eckoned. eologists egad the eat !akes o3 ;meica as having been 3omed at the end o3 the Ice ;ge when the continental continental glacie eteated and the deessions deessions 3eed 3om the glacie became lakes. In the last two two hunded yeas Niagaa Galls has eteated 3om !ake "ntaio towad !ake ?ie at the ate o3 3ive 3eet annually, washing down the ocks o3 the bed o3 the 3alls. 2 I3 this ocess has been going m at the same ate since the end o3 the last glacial eiod, about seven thousand yeas wee needed to move Niagaa Galls 3om the mouth o3 the goge at Kueenston to its esent osition. :he assumtion that the Fuantity o3 wate moving though the goge has been uni3om since the end o3 the Ice ;ge is the basis o3 this calculation, and thee3oe, it was concluded, seven thousand yeas may constitute Ethe maCimum length o3 time since the bith o3 the 3alls.E 1 In the beginning, when immense masses o3 wate wee eleased by the eteat o3 the continental glacie, the ate o3 movement o3 Niagaa Galls must have been much moe aidH the time estimate Emay need signi3icant eduction,E and is sometimes loweed to 3ive thousand yeas. :he eosion and sedimentation on the shoes and the bottom o3 !ake 6ichigan also suggest a lase o3 time counted in thousands, but not in tens o3 thousands, o3 yeas. ;lso the esult o3 aleontological eseach in ;meica caies evidence which constitutes Ea guaantee that be3oe the last eiod o3 o3 glaciation, moden man, man, in the 3om o3 that highly highly develoed ace, the ;meican Indian, was living on the easten seaboad o3 Noth ;meicaE (;. 4eith). $ It is assumed that with the advent o3 the last glacial eiod the Indians eteated southwad, etuning to the noth when the ice uncoveed the gound and when the eat !akes emeged, the basin o3 the +t. !awence was 3omed, and Niagaa Galls began its eteat towad !ake ?ie. I3 the end o3 the last glacial eiod occued only a 3ew thousand yeas ago, in histoical times o at a time when the at o3 witing may have been aleady emloyed in the centes o3 ancient civili5ation, the ecods witten in ocks by natue and the ecods witten by man must give a coodinated ictue. !et us, thee3oe, investigate the taditions and the liteay ecods o3 ancient man, and comae them with the ecods o3 natue. 777777777777777777777777777777 # In Pedmost in 6oavia a settlement has been eCcavated in which emnants o3 a human cultue and emains o3 men wee 3ound togethe with skeletons o3 eight hunded to one thousand mammoths. mammoths. +houlde blades o3 mammoths wee used in the constuction o3 human gaves.
2 :he ecession has been $ 3eet e yea since #-H at esent it is 2.1 3eet on the sides o3 the hoseshoe cataact, but substantially moe in the cente. 1 . G. 8ight> E:he %ate o3 the lacial Peiod,E :he Ice ;ge in Noth ;meica and Its eaing uon the ;ntiFuity o3 6an ($th ed., #9##). Ibid ., ., . $19. '3. also 8. @ham in ;meican eologist , LLVIII, 21, and LLLVI, 2+. =e dates the uise o3 the +t. !awence basin ,000 to -,000 yeas agoH the +t. !awence must have been 3eed 3om ice be3oe Niagaa Galls could come into 3ull action. Not dissimila 3igues wee obtained 3om the eteat o3 the Galls o3 +t. ;nthony on the 6ississii at 6inneaolis. $ 4eith thinks that the develoment develoment o3 the human skull went though a ocess o3 advance and etogession duing eCceedingly long ages. 777777777777777777777777777777
; concetion o3 ages that wee wee bought to thei end end by violent changes in natue is common common all ove the wold. :he numbe o3 ages di33es 3om eole to eole and 3om tadition to tadition. :he di33eence deends on the numbe o3 catastohes that the aticula eole etained in its memoy, o on the way it eckoned the end o3 an age. In the annals o3 ancient ?tuia, accoding to Vao, wee ecods o3 seven elased ages. 'ensoinus, an autho o3 the thid 'histian centuy and comile o3 Vao, wote that Emen thought that di33eent odigies aeaed by means o3 which the gods noti3ied motals at the end o3 each age. :he ?tuscans wee vesed in the science o3 the stas, and a3te having obseved the odigies with attention, they ecoded these obsevations in thei books.E # :he eeks had simila taditions. taditions. E:hee is a eiod,E wote wote 'ensoinus, Ecalled Bthe sueme yeaB by ;istotle, at the end o3 which the sun, moon, and all the lanets etun to thei oiginal osition. :his Bsueme yeaB has a geat winte, called by the eeks kataklysmos, which means deluge, and a geat summe, called by the eeks ekyosis, o combustion o3 the wold. :he wold, actually, seems to be inundated and buned altenately in each o3 these eochs.E ;naCimenes and ;naCimande ;naCimande in the siCth e/'histian e/'histian centuy, and %iogenes o3 ;ollonia ;ollonia in the 3i3th centuy, assumed the destuction o3 the wold with subseFuent eceation. =eaclitus (/$0 to /-$) taught that the wold is destoyed in con3lagation a3te evey eiod o3 #0,00 yeas. ;istachus o3 +amos in the thid centuy be3oe the esent ea taught that in a eiod o3 2, yeas the eath undegoes two destuctions / o3 combustion and deluge. :he +toics geneally believed in eiodic con3lagations by which the wold was consumed, to be shaed anew. E:his is due to the 3oces o3 eve/active 3ie which eCists in things and in the couse o3 long cycles o3 time esolves eveything into itsel3 and out o3 it is constucted a ebon woldE / so Philo esented the notion o3 the +toics that ou wold is e3ashioned in eiodic con3lagations. 2 In one such catastohe the wold will meet its ultimate destuctionH colliding with anothe wold, it will 3all aat into atoms atoms out o3 which, in a long long ocess, a new eath will be ceated somewhee in the univese. E%emocitus and ?icuus,E eClained Philo, Eostulate many wolds, the oigin o3 which they ascibe to the mutual imacts and intelacing o3 atoms, and thei destuction to the counte/blows and collisions by the bodies so 3omed.E ;s this eath goes to its ultimate destuction, destuction, it asses though ecuing cosmic cosmic catastohes and is e/3omed with all that lives on it. =esiod, one o3 the ealiest eek authos, wote about 3ou ages and 3ou geneations o3 men that wee destoyed by the wath o3 the lanetay gods. :he thid age was the age o3 bon5eH when it was was destoyed by Deus, a new geneation e/eoled the eath, and using bon5e 3o ams and and tools, they began to use ion, too. :he heoes heoes o3 the :o
anothe geneation, the 3i3th, o3 men who ae uon the bounteous eathE / the geneation o3 ion. 1 In anothe wok o3 his, =esiod descibed the end o3 one o3 the ages. E:he li3e/giving l i3e/giving eath cashed aound in buning ... all the land seethed, and the "ceanBs steams ... it seemed even as i3 ?ath and wide =eaven above came togetheH 3o such a mighty cash would have aisen i3 ?ath wee wee being huled to uin, and =eaven 3om on high wee wee huling he down.E ;nalogous taditions o3 3ou 3ou eCied ages esist on the the shoes o3 the engal +ea and in the $ highland o3 :ibet / the esent age is the 3i3th. :he saced =indu book book hagavata Puana tells tells o3 3ou ages and o3 alayas o cataclysms in which, in vaious eochs, mankind mankind was nealy destoyedH destoyedH the 3i3th age is that o3 the esent. :he wold ages ae called 4alas 4alas o *ugas. ?ach wold age age met its destuction in catastohes o3 con3lagation, 3lood, and huicane. ?5ou Vedam and haga Vedam, saced =indu books, keeing to the scheme o3 3ou eCied ages, di33e only in the numbe o3 yeas ascibed to each. In the chate, E8old 'ycles,E in Visuddhi/6agga , it is said that Ethee ae thee destuctions> the destuction by wate, the destuction by 3ie, the destuction by wind,E but that thee thee ae seven ages, each o3 which is seaated 3om 3om the evious one by a wold catastohe. e3eence to ages and catastohes is 3ound in ;vesta ( (Dend/;vesta ), ), the saced scitues o3 6a5daism, the ancient eligion o3 the Pesians. ahman *ast , one o3 the books o3 ;vesta, counts seven wold ages o millennia. 9 Daathusta (Dooaste), the ohet o3 6a5daism, seaks o3 Ethe signs, wondes, and eleCity which ae mani3ested in the wold at the end o3 each millennium.E #0 :he 'hinese call the eished ages kis kis and numbe ten kis 3om the beginning o3 the wold wold until 'on3ucius. ## In the ancient 'hinese encycloedia, +ing/li/ta/tsiuen/chou , the geneal convulsions o3 natue ae discussed. ecause o3 the eiodicity o3 these convulsions, the san o3 time between two catastohes is egaded as a Egeat yea.E ;s duing a yea, so duing a wold age, the cosmic mechanism winds itsel3 u and Ein a geneal convulsion o3 natue, the sea is caied out o3 its bed, mountains sing out o3 the gound, ives change thei couse, human beings and eveything ae uined, and the ancient taces e33aced.E #2 ;n old tadition, and a vey esistent one, o3 wold wold ages that went down down in cosmic catastohes was 3ound in the ;meicas among the Incas, #1 the ;5tecs, and the 6ayas. # ; ma E:he ancients knew that be3oe the esent sky and eath wee 3omed, man was aleady ceated and li3e had mani3ested itsel3 3ou times.E # ; tadition o3 successive ceations and catastohes catastohes is 3ound in the Paci3ic / on on =awaii #and on the islands o3 Polynesia> thee wee nine ages and in each age a di33eent sky was above the eath. # Icelandes, too, believed that nine wolds went down in a succession o3 ages, a tadition that is contained in the ?dda . #9 :he abbinical concetion o3 ages cystalli5ed in the ost/?Cilic ost/?Cilic eiod. ;leady be3oe the the bith o3 ou eath, wolds wolds had been shaed shaed and bought into eCistence, only to be destoyed destoyed in time. E=e made seveal wolds be3oe ous, but =e destoyed them all.E :his eath, too, was not ceated at the beginning beginning to satis3y the %ivine Plan. It undewent undewent eshaing, siC
consecutive e/moldings. New conditions wee ceated a3te each o3 the catastohes. "n the 3outh eath lived the geneation o3 the :owe o3 abelH we belong to the seventh age. ?ach o3 the ages o EeathsE has a name. +even heavens wee ceated and seven eaths wee ceated> the most emoved, the seventh, ?et5H the siCth, ;damahH the 3i3th, ;kaH the 3outh, =aabahH the thid, *abbashahH the second, :evelH and Eou own land called =eled, and like the othes, it is seaated 3om the 3oegoing by abyss, chaos, and wate.E 20 eat catastohes changed the 3ace o3 the eath. E+ome eished by deluge, othes wee consumed by con3lagation,E wote the Aewish hilosohe Philo. 2# ;ccoding to the abbinical abbinical authoity ashi, ancient tadition tadition knows o3 eiodic eiodic collases o3 the 3imament, one o3 which occued in the days o3 the %eluge, and which eeated themselves at intevals o3 #,$ yeas. 22 :he duation o3 the wold wold ages vaies in ;menian 21 and ;abian taditions. 777777777777777777777777777777 # 'ensoinus> !ibe de die natali Cviii. 2 Philo> "n :he ?tenity o3 the 8old (tansl. G. =. 'olson, #9#), +ec. . 1 =esiod> 8oks and %ays (tansl. =. . ?velyn/8hite, #9#), #. #9. =esiod> :heogony (tansl. ?velyn/8hite, #9#), ##. 9133. $ ?. 6oo> :he =indu Pantheon (##0), . #02H ;. von =umboldt> Vues des 'odillTes (##), ?nglish tansl.> 9eseaches 'oncening the Institutions and 6onuments o3 the ;ncient Inhabitants o3 ;meica (##), Vol. II, . #$33. +ee '. G. Volney> New 9eseaches on ;ncient =istoy (#$), . #$-. - =. '. 8aen> uddhism in :anslations (#9), . 12033. G. 'umont> E!a Gin du monde selon les mages occidentauC,E 9evue de lBhistoie des eligions (#91#), . $0H =. +. Nybeg> %ie 9eligionen des alten Ian (#91), . 233. 9 Eahman *ast E (tansl. ?. 8. 8est) in Pahlavi :eCts (:he +aced ooks o3 the ?ast , ed. G. 6. 6ulle, V #0J), 9eligionswissenscha3t , IV (#90#). #9#. +ee 8. ousset> E%ie =immelseise de +eele,E ;chiv 3Y 9eligionswissenscha3t #0 E%inkad,E k. VIII, 'ha. LIV (tansl. 8est), in Pahlavi :eCts (:he +aced ooks o3 the ?ast , LLLVII #92J), 11. ;ccount o3 'hina (2nd ed., #1), I, 0. ## =. 6uay, A. 'aw3ud, and othes> ;n =istoical and %escitive ;ccount #2 . +chlegel> @anogahie chinoise (#-$), . -0, with e3eence to 8ou/3oung. #1 =. . ;leCande> !atin ;meican 6ythology (#920), . 20. # =umboldt> 9eseaches , II, #$. #$ '. ?. asseu de ouboug> +Bil eCiste des +ouces de lBhistoie imitive du 6eCiFue dans les monuments Ugytiens, etc . (#), . #9. # asseu> =istoie des nations civilisUes du 6eCiFue (#$-/#$9), I, $1. #- . . %iCon> "ceanic 6ythology (#9#), . #$. # . 8. 8illiamson> 9eligious and 'osmic elie3s o3 'ental Polynesia (#911), I, 9. #9 :he Poetic ?dda> VWlusa (tansl. 3om the Icelandic by =. ;. ellows, #921), #921), 2nd stan5a. 20 !ouis in5beg> !egends o3 the Aews (#92$), (#92$), I. , 9 / #0, -2H V, #, #0. 2# Philo> 6oses , II, C, $1. 22 'ommentay to enesis##>#. 21 +ee . ?isle> 8eltmantel und =immels5elt (#9#0), (#9#0), II, $#. 777777777777777777777777777777
;n o3t/eeated occuence occuence in the taditions o3 the wold wold ages is the advent o3 a new sun in the sky at the beginning o3 evey age. :he wod EsunE is substituted 3o the wod EageE in the cosmogonical taditions o3 many eoles all ove the wold. :he 6ayas counted thei ages by the names o3 thei consecutive suns. :hese wee called 8ate +un, ?athFuake +un, +un, =uicane +un, Gie +un. E:hese suns mak the eochs to which ae attibuted the vaious vaious catastohes the wold has su33eed.E # ICtlilCochitl (cica #$/#), the native Indian schola, in his annals o3 the kings o3 :e5cuco, descibed the wold wold ages by the names o3 Esuns.E Esuns.E 2 :he 8ate +un (o +un o3 o3
8ates) was the 3ist age, teminated by a deluge in which almost all ceatues ceatues eishedH the ?athFuake +un o age eished in a tei3ic eathFuake when the eath boke in many laces and mountains 3ell. :he wold age o3 the =uicane +un came to its destuction in a cosmic huicane. :he Gie +un was the wold age that went down in a ain o3 3ie. 1 E:he nations o3 'ulhua o 6eCico,E =umboldt Fuoted Zmaa, the +anish wite o3 the siCteenth centuy, Ebelieve accoding to thei hieoglyhic aintings, that, evious to the sun which now enlightens them, 3ou had aleady been successively eCtinguished. :hese 3ou suns ae as many ages, in which ou secies has been annihilated by inundations, by eathFuakes, by a geneal con3lagation, and by the e33ect o3 destoying temests.E ?vey one o3 the 3ou elements aticiated in each o3 the catastohesH deluge, huicane, eathFuake, and 3ie gave thei names to the catastohes because o3 the edominance o3 one o3 them in the uheavals. +ymbols o3 the successive suns ae ainted on the e/ 'olumbian liteay documents o3 6eCico. $ E'inco soles Fue son edades,E o E3ive suns that ae eochs,E wote Zmaa in his descition o3 the conFuest o3 6eCico. ;n analogy to this sentence o3 Zmaa Zmaa may be 3ound in !ucius ;melius, a oman autho, who, in his book !ibe memoialis , wote> E+oles 3uee FuinFueE (:hee wee 3ive suns)> It is the same belie3 that Zmaa 3ound in the New 8old. :he 6eCican ;nnals o3 'uauhtitlan 'uauhtitlan , witten in Nahua/Indian (cica #$-0) and based on ancient souces, contains the tadition o3 seven sun eochs. 'hicon/:onatiuh o Ethe +even +unsE is the designation 3o the wold cycles o acts in the cosmic dama. :he uddhist saced book book o3 Visuddhi/6agga contains contains a chate on E8old 'ycles.E 9 E:hee ae thee destuctions> the destuction by wate, the destuction by 3ie, the destuction by wind.E ;3te the catastohe catastohe o3 the deluge, Ewhen now now a long eiod has elased elased 3om the cessation o3 the ains, a second sun aeaed.E In the inteim the wold was enveloed in gloom. E8hen this second sun aeas, thee is no distinction o3 day and night,E but Ean incessant heat beats uon the wold.E 8hen the 3i3th sun aeaed, the ocean gadually died uH when the siCth sun aeaed, Ethe whole wold became 3illed 3i lled with smoke.E E;3te the lase o3 anothe long eiod, a seventh sun aeas, and the whole wold beaks into 3lames.E :his uddhist book e3es also to a moe ancient E%iscouse on the +even +uns .E .E #0 :he ahmans called the eochs eochs between two destuctions destuctions Ethe geat days.E ## :he +ibylline books ecite the ages in which the wold undewent undewent destuction and egeneation. E:he +ibyl told as 3ollows> B:he nine suns ae nine ages ... Now is the seventh sun.BE :he +ibyl ohesied two ages yet to come / that o3 the eighth and o3 the ninth sun. #2
:he aboigines o3 itish Noth Noth oneo, even today, today, declae that the sky was oiginally low, low, and that siC suns eished, and at esent the wold is illuminated by the seventh sun. #1 +even sola ages ae e3eed to in 6ayan manuscits, in uddhist saced books, in the books o3 the +ibyl. +ibyl. In all Fuoted souces the EsunsE ae eClained eClained (by the souces themselves) as signi3ying consecutive eochs, each o3 which went down in a geat, geneal destuction. %id the eason 3o the substitution o3 the wod EsunE 3o EeochE by the eoles o3 both hemishees lie in the changed aeaance o3 the luminay and in its changed ath acoss the sky in each wold ageM 777777777777777777777777777777 # asseu> +ouces de IBhistoie imitive du 6eCiFue , . 2$. 2 Genando de ;lva ICtlilCochitl> "bas =istZicas (#9# / #92), Vol. II, =istoia 'hichimeca. 1 ;leCande> !atin ;meican 6ythology , . 9#. =umboldt> 9eseaches , II, #. $ 'odeC Vaticanus ; , lates vii/C. G. !. de Zmaa> 'onFuista de 6eCico (#-0 ed.), II, 2#. - !ibe memoialis iC.
asseu> =istoie des nations civilisUes du 6eCiFue , I, 20. 9 8aen> uddhism in :anslations , . 122. #0 Ibid . ## In the :almud the EodBs dayE is eFual to a millennium, so also in II Pete 1>. #2 A. +chlei3e> E%ie ?5ahlung de +ibylle. ?in ;okyh nach den kashunischen, aabischen und athioischen athioischen =andschi3ten 5u !ondon, "C3od, Pais und om,E %enkschi "ceanic 6ythology , . #-. 777777777777777777777777777777
No book, o collection o3 books, in the histoy o3 mankind has had a moe attentive eading, a wide ciculation, ciculation, o moe diligent investigation investigation than the "ld :estament. / . =. P3ei33e, Intoduction to the "ld :estament
:=? 6"+: IN'?%I!? IN'?%I!? stoy o3 miacles miacles is told about Aoshua ben Nun who, who, when usuing the 'anaanite kings at eth/hoon, imloed the sun and the moon to stand still. E;nd he said in the sight o3 Isael, +un, stand thou still uon ibeonH and thou, 6oon, in the valley o3 ;#2/#1). :his stoy is beyond the the belie3 o3 even the most imaginative imaginative o the most ious eson. eson. 8aves o3 stomy sea may have downed one host and been meci3ul to anothe. :he eath could cack asunde and swallow u human beings. :he Aodan could be blocked by a slice o3 its bank 3alling into the bed bed o3 the ive. AeichoBs walls / not not by the blast o3 tumets, tumets, but by an incidental eathFuake / could have been beached. ut that the sun and the moon should halt in thei movement acoss the 3imament / this could be only the oduct o3 3ancy, a oetic image, a metahoH # a hideous imlausibility when imosed as a sub
only though the telescoe, come 3lying in 3om immeasuable saces o3 the univese at vey geat seed, and disaea / ossibly 3oeve. +ome comets ae visible only 3o hous, some 3o days o weeks o even months. 'oncening the wonde o3 the sun standing still> E:he +citue did not intend to teach men hilosohy, o accommodate itsel3 to the tue and Pythagoic system o3 the wold.E ;nd again> E:he ohets and holy enmen themselves ... being seldom o neve hilosohes, hilosohes, wee not caable o3 eesenting these things things othewise than they, with the vulga, undestood them.E 6ight it haen that ou eath, the eath unde ou 3eet, would oll towad eilous collision collisi on with a huge mass o3 meteoites, meteoites, a tail o3 stones 3lying at enomous enomous seed aound and acoss ou sola systemM :his obability was analy5ed analy5ed with 3evo duing the the last centuy. Gom the time o3 ;istotle, who asseted that a meteoite, meteoite, which 3ell at ;egosotami when when a comet was glowing in the sky, had been li3ted 3om the gound by the wind and caied in the ai and doed ove that lace, until the yea #01 when, on ;il 2, a showe o3 meteoites 3ell at #B;igle in Gance and was investigated by iot 3o the Gench ;cademy o3 +ciences, the scholaly wold / and in the the meantime thee lived 'oenicus, 'oenicus, alileo alilei, 4ele, Newton, and =uygens / did not believe that such a thing as a stone 3alling 3om the sky was ossible at all. ;nd this desite many occasions when stones 3ell be3oe the eyes o3 a cowd, as did the aeolite in the esence o3 ?meo 6aCimilian and his cout in ?nsisheim, ;lsace, on Novembe -, #92. 1 "nly shotly be3oe #01, the ;cademy o3 +ciences o3 Pais e3used to believe that, on anothe occasion, stones had 3allen 3om the sky. :he 3all o3 meteoites on Auly 2, #-90 in southwest Gance was onounced Eun hUnomTne hysiFuement imossible.E +ince the yea #01, howeve, howeve, scholas have believed that stones 3all 3om 3om the sky. I3 a stone can collide with the eath, and occasionally a showe o3 stones, too, cannot a 3ull/si5ed comet 3ly into the 3ace o3 the eathM It was calculated that such a ossibility eCists but that it is vey unlikely to occu. $ I3 the head o3 a comet should ass vey close to ou ath, so as to e33ect a distotion in the caee o3 the eath, anothe henomenon besides the distubed movement o3 the lanet would obably obably occu> a ain o3 meteoites would would stike the eath and would would incease to a toent. +tones scoched by 3lying though the atmoshee would be huled on home and head. In the ook o3 Aoshua, two veses be3oe the assage about the sun that was susended on high 3o a numbe o3 hous without moving to the "ccident, we 3ind this assage> E;s they the 'anaanite kingsJ 3led 3om be3oe Isael, and wee in the going down to eth/ hoon ... the !od cast down geat stones 3om heaven uon them unto ;5ekah, and they died> they wee moe which died with hail stones stones o3 baad J than they whom the childen o3 Isael slew with the swod.E :he autho o3 the ook ook o3 Aoshua was suely ignoant ignoant o3 any connection between the two henomena. =e could not be eCected to have had any knowledge about the natue o3 aeolites, about the 3oces o3 attaction between celestial bodies, and the like. ;s these henomena wee ecoded to have occued togethe, it is imobable that the ecods wee invented. :he meteoites 3ell on the eath in a toent. :hey must have 3allen in vey geat numbes 3o they stuck down moe waios than the swods o3 the advesaies. :o have killed esons by the hundeds o thousands in the 3ield, a cataact o3 stones must have 3allen. +uch a toent o3 geat stones would mean that a tain o3 meteoites o a comet had stuck ou lanet. :he Fuotation in the ible ible 3om the ook o3 Aashe Aashe is laconic and may give the imession imession that the henomenon o3 the motionless sun and moon was local, seen only in Palestine between the valley o3 ;
in a thanksgiving aye ascibed to Aoshua> +un and moon stood still in heaven, and :hou didst stand in :hy wath against ou oessos ... ;ll the inces o3 the eath stood u, the kings o3 the nations had gatheed themselves togethe ... :hou didst destoy destoy them in :hy 3uy, and :hou didst uin them in :hy age. Nations aged 3om 3ea o3 :hee, kingdoms totteed because o3 :hy wath ... :hou didst ou out :hy 3uy uon them them ... :hou didst tei3y them in :hy wath ... :he eath Fuaked and tembled 3om the noise noise o3 :hy thundes. :hou didst usue them in :hy stom, :hou didst consume consume them in the whilwind ... ... :hei cacasses wee like ubbish. :he wide adius ove which which the heavenly wath swet is emhasi5ed in the aye> E;ll the kingdoms totteed...E ; toent o3 lage stones coming coming 3om the sky, an eathFuake, eathFuake, a whilwind, a distubance distubance in the movement o3 the eath / these 3ou henomena belong togethe. It aeas that a lage comet must have assed vey nea to ou lanet and disuted its movementH a at o3 the stones disesed in the neck and tail o3 the comet smote the su3ace o3 ou eath a shatteing blow. ;e we entitled, on the basis basis o3 the ook o3 Aoshua, Aoshua, to assume that at some date in the the middle o3 the second millennium be3oe the esent ea the eath was inteuted in its egula otation by a cometM +uch a statement has so many imlications that it should not be made thoughtlessly. :o :o this I say that though the the imlications ae geat and many, many, the esent eseach in its entiety is an intelinked seFuence o3 documents and othe evidence, all o3 which in common cay the weight o3 this and othe statements in this book. :he oblem be3oe be3oe us is one o3 mechanics. Points Points on the oute layes o3 the otating otating globe (esecially nea the eFuato) move at a highe linea velocity than oints on the inne layes, but at the same angula velocity. 'onseFuently, 'onseFuently, i3 the eath wee suddenly stoed stoed (o slowed down) in its otation, the inne layes might come to est (o thei otational velocity might be slowed) while the oute layes would still tend to go on otating. :his would cause 3iction between the vaious liFuid o semi3luid layes, ceating heatH on the outemost eihey the solid layes would be ton aat, causing mountains and even continents to 3all o ise. ;s I shall show late, mountains mountains 3ell and othes ose 3om level goundH goundH the eath with its oceans and continents became heatedH the sea boiled in many laces, and ock liFue3iedH volcanoes ignited and 3oests buned. 8ould not a sudden sudden sto by the eath, otating at a little ove one thousand miles an hou at its eFuato, mean a comlete destuction o3 the woldM +ince the wold wold suvived, thee must have been a mechanism mechanism to cushion the slowing slowing down o3 teestial otation, i3 it eally occued, o anothe escae 3o the enegy o3 motion besides tans3omation into into heat, o both. " " i3 otation esisted undistubed, undistubed, the teestial aCis may have tilted in the esence o3 a stong magnetic 3ield, so that the sun aeaed to lose 3o hous its diunal movement. :hese oblems ae ket ket in sight and ae 3aced in the ?ilogue o3 this volume. 777777777777777777777777777777 # E'etainly one could not conceive a moe e33ective 3light o3 3ancy, o one moe 3itted 3o the heights o3 one heoic and lyical comosition.E . +chiaaelli> ;stonomy in the "ld :estament (#90$), . 0. 2 8. 8histon wote in his New :heoy o3 the ?ath (th ed., #-$$), . #9/2#, concening the wonde o3 the sun standing still> E:he +citue did not intend to teach men hilosohy, hilosohy, o accomodate itsel3 to the tue Pythagoic
system o3 the wold.E ;nd again> E:he ohets and holy enmen themselves ... being seldom o neve hilosohes, hilosohes, wee not caable o3 eesenting these things othewise than they, with the vulga, undestood them.E 1 '. P. "livie> 6eteos (#92$), . . P. etholon> Pubblica5ioni della secola astonomica Vaticana (#9#1). $ %. G. ;ago comuted on some occasion that thee is one chance in 20 million that a comet will hit the eath. Nevetheless, a hole one mile in diamete in ;i5ona is a sign o3 an actual headlong collision o3 the eath with a small comet o asteoid. "n Aune 10, #90, a calculated 3oty/thousand 3oty/thousand ton mass o3 ion 3ell in +ibeia at 0Q $B noth latitude and #0#Q $-B east longitude. In #9 the small iacobini / Dinne comet assed within #1#,000 miles o3 the oint whee the eath was eight days late. 8hile investigating whethe whethe an encounte between between the eath and a comet comet had been the sub E8histon 3ancied that the eath was ceated 3om the atmoshee o3 one comet, and that it was deluged by the tail o3 anothe. :he heat heat which emained 3om its 3ist oigin, in his oinion, oinion, eCcited the whole antediluvian antediluvian oulation, oulation, men and animals, to sin, sin, 3o which they wee all downed downed in the deluge, eCceting the 3ish, whose assions wee aaently less violent.E Ignatius %onnelly, autho, e3ome, and membe o3 the @nited +tates =ouse o3 eesentatives, tied in his book 9agnaok (#1) to eClain the esence o3 till and gavel on the ock substatum in ;meica and ?uoe by hyothesi5ing hyothesi5ing an encounte with a comet, comet, which ained till on the teestial teestial hemishee 3acing it at at that moment. =e laced the event in an inde3inite eiod, but at a time when man aleady oulated the eath. %onnelly did not show any awaeness that 8histon was his edecesso. =is assumtion that thee is till only in one hal3 o3 the eath is abitay and wong. Aoshua #0>##. - in5beg> !egends , IV, ##/#2. :his eClanation was suggested to me by 6. ;bamovich o3 :el ;viv. 777777777777777777777777777777
:he ook o3 Aoshua, Aoshua, comiled 3om the moe moe ancient ook o3 Aashe, Aashe, elates the ode o3 events. EAoshua ... went u 3om ilgal all night.E In the ealy moning he 3ell uon his enemies unawaes at ibeon, and Echased them along the way that goes u to eth/hoon.E ;s they 3led, geat stones wee cast 3om 3om the sky. :hat same same day (Ein the day when the the !od deliveed u the ;moitesE) the sun stood still ove ibeon and the moon ove the valley o3 ;
(Eabout a whole dayE). :he 6idashim, the books o3 ancient taditions not embodied in the +citues, elate that the sun and the moon stood still 3o thity/siC itim, o eighteen hous, and thus 3om sunise to sunset the day lasted about thity hous. In the 6eCican annals it is stated that the wold was deived o3 light and the sun did not aea 3o a 3ou3old night. In a olonged day o night time could not be measued by the usual means at the disosal o3 the ancients. $ +ahagun, the +anish savant who came to ;meica a geneation a3te 'olumbus and gatheed the taditions o3 the aboigines, wote that at the time o3 one cosmic catastohe the sun ose only a little way ove the hoi5on and emained thee without movingH the moon also stood still. I am dealing with the 8esten =emishee 3ist, because the biblical stoies wee not known to its aboigines when it was discoveed. ;lso, the tadition eseved by +ahagun beas no tace o3 having been intoduced by the missionaies> in his vesion thee is nothing to suggest Aoshua ben Nun and his wa against the 'anaanite kingsH and the osition o3 the sun, only a vey little above the easten hoi5on, di33es 3om the biblical teCt, though it does not contadict it. 8e could 3ollow a ath aound aound the eath and inFuie into into the vaious taditions concening concening the olonged night and olonged day, with sun and moon absent o taying at di33eent oints along the 5odiac, while the eath undewent a bombadment bombadment o3 stones in a wold abla5e. ut we must ostone this EAosuaE (#90#), . 0, in E =andcommenta 5um ;lten :estament ,E ed. 4. 6ati. . ?isle> EAoshua !anguages and !iteatue , L!= (#92), 1> EIt would have had no and the +un,E ;meican Aounal o3 +emitic !anguages sense ealy in the moning o3 a battle, with a whole day ahead, to have ayed 3o the lengthening o3 the sunlight even into the night time.E 2 :he 6ayan tongue is still soken by about 100,000 eole, but o3 the 6ayan hieoglyhics only the chaactes emloyed in the calenda ae known 3o cetain. 1 4nown also as 'odeC 'himalooca . E:his manuscit contains a seies o3 annals o3 vey ancient date, many o3 which go back to moe than a thousand yeas be3oe the 'histian eaE (asseu). +e3e =a/*asha , ed. !. oldschmidt (#921)H Pikei 9abbi ?liese (=ebew souces di33e as to how long the sun stood stillH the abylonian :almud abylonian :almud , :actate ;boda Daa 2$aH :agum =abakkuk 1>##. $ 8ith the eCcetion o3 the wate clock. enadino de +ahagun (#99P X #$90)> =istoia geneal de las cosas de Nueva ?sa[a , new ed. #91 ($ vols.) and #9 (1 vols.). Gench tansl. %. Aoudanet and . +imeon (#0), . #. 777777777777777777777777777777
:=? P?/'"!@6I;N P?/'"!@6I;N witten taditions o3 o3 'ental ;meica tell us that 3i3ty/two yeas yeas be3oe the catastohe catastohe that closely esembles that o3 the time time o3 Aoshua, anothe # catastohe o3 wold dimensions had occued. It is thee3oe only natual to go back to the old Isaelite taditions, as naated in the +citues, to detemine whethe they contain evidence o3 a coesonding catastohe. :he time o3 the 8andeing 8andeing in the %eset is given by the +citues +citues as 3oty yeas. :hen, 3o a numbe o3 yeas be3oe the day o3 the distubed movement o3 the eath, the otacted conFuest o3 Palestine went on. 2 It seems easonable, thee3oe, to ask whethe a date 3i3ty/ two yeas be3oe this event would coincide with the time o3 the ?Codus. In the wok ;ges in 'haos , I descibe at some length the catastohe that visited ?gyt and ;abia. In that wok it is eClained that the ?Codus ?Codus took lace amid a geat geat natual uheaval that teminated the eiod o3 ?gytian histoy known as the 6iddle 4ingdom. :hee I endeavo to show that contemoay contemoay ?gytian documents documents descibe the same disaste accomanied by Ethe lagues o3 ?gyt,E and that the taditions o3 the ;abian Peninsula elate simila occuences in this land and on the shoes o3 the ed +ea. In that wok I e3e also to ekeBs idea that 6t. +inai was a smoking smoking volcano. =oweve, I eveal that Ethe scoe o3 the catastohe must have eCceeded by 3a the measue o3 the distubance which could be caused by one active volcano,E and I omise omise to answe the Fuestion> E"3 what natue and dimension dimension was this catastohe, o this seies o3 catastohes, accomanied by laguesME and to ublish an investigation into the natue o3 geat catastohes o3 the ast. oth woks / the econstuction o3 histoy and the econstuction o3 natual histoy / wee conceived within the shot inteval o3 hal3 a yeaH the desie to establish a coect histoical chonology be3oe 3itting the acts o3 natue into the eiods o3 human histoy imelled me to comlete ;ges in 'haos 3ist. 3ist. 1 I shall emloy some o3 the histoical mateial 3om the 3ist chates o3 ;ges in 'haos . :hee I use it 3o the uose o3 synchoni5ing events in the histoies o3 the counties aound the easten 6editeaneanH hee I shall use it to show that the same events took lace all aound the wold, and to eClain the natue o3 these events. 777777777777777777777777777777 # :hese souces will be cited on subseFuent ages. 2 ;ccoding to abbinical souces, the wa o3 conFuest in Palestine lasted 3outeen yeas. 1 In ode o3 ublication it will 3ollow the esent volume. 777777777777777777777777777777
In the middle o3 the second millennium be3oe the esent ea, as I intend to show, the eath undewent one o3 the geatest catastohes in its histoy. ; celestial body that only shotly be3oe had become become a membe o3 the sola system system / a new comet / came came vey close to the eath. :he account o3 this catastohe can be econstucted 3om evidence sulied by a lage numbe o3 documents. :he comet was on its way way 3om its eihelion and touched the eath 3ist with its gaseous tail. !ate in this book I shall show that it was about this comet that +evius wote> ENon igneo sed sanguineo uboe 3uisseE (It was not o3 a 3laming but o3 a bloody edness). "ne o3 the 3ist visible signs o3 this encounte was the eddening o3 the eathBs su3ace by a 3ine dust o3 usty igment. In sea, lake, and ive this igment gave a bloody coloing to the wate. ecause o3 these aticles o3 3euginous 3euginous o othe soluble igment, igment, the wold tuned
ed. :he 6anuscit KuichU o3 o3 the 6ayas tells that in the 8esten =emishee, in the days o3 a geat cataclysm, when the eath Fuaked and the sunBs motion was inteuted, the wate in the ives tuned to blood. # Iuwe, the ?gytian eyewitness o3 the catastohe, wote his lament on ayus> 2 E:he ive is blood,E and this coesonds with the ook o3 ?Codus (->20)> E;ll the wates that wee in the ive wee tuned to blood.E :he autho autho o3 the ayus also wote> wote> BPlague is thoughout the land. lood is eveywhee,E and this, too, coesonds with the ook o3 ?Codus (->2#)> E:hee was blood thoughout all the land o3 ?gyt.E :he esence o3 the hematoid hematoid igment in the ives ives caused the death o3 3ish 3ollowed by decomosition and smell. E;nd the ive stankE (?Codus ->2#). E;nd all the ?gytians digged ound about the ive 3o wate to dinkH 3o they could not dink o3 the wate o3 the iveE (?Codus ->2). :he ayus elates> E6en shink 3om tastingH human beings thist a3te wate,E and E:hat is ou wate :hat is ou hainess hainess 8hat shall we do in esect theeo3M theeo3M ;ll is uin.E :he skin o3 men and o3 animals was iitated by the dust, dust, which caused boils, sickness, and 1 the death o3 cattle / Ea vey gievous muain.E 8ild animals, 3ightened by the the otents in the sky, came close to the villages and cities. :he summit o3 mountainous mountainous :hace eceived the name E=aemus,E E=aemus,E and ;ollodous elated elated the tadition o3 the :hacians that the summit was so named because o3 the Esteam o3 blood which gushed out on the mountainE when when the heavenly battle was 3ought between between $ Deus and :yhon, and :yhon was stuck by a thundebolt. It is said that a city in ?gyt eceived the same name 3o the same eason. :he mythology which which esoni3ied the 3oces 3oces o3 the cosmic dama descibed descibed the wold as coloed ed. In one ?gytian myth the bloody hue o3 the wold is ascibed to the blood o3 "siis, the motally wounded lanet godH in anothe myth it is the blood o3 +eth o ;oiH ; oiH in the abylonian myth the wold was coloed ed by the blood o3 the slain :iamat, the heavenly monste. :he Ginnish eos o3 4alevala descibes descibes how, in the days o3 the cosmic uheaval, the wold was sinkled with ed milk. :he ;ltai :atas tell o3 a catastohe catastohe when Eblood tuns tuns the 9 whole wold ed,E ed,E and a wold con3lagation con3lagation 3ollows. :he "hic hymns e3e e3e to the time when the heavenly vault, Emighty Emighty "lymus, tembled 3ea3ully ... and and the eath aound shieked 3ea3ully, and the sea was stied heaedJ, toubled with its ule waves.E #0 ;n old sub 8hy is the ed +ea so namedM namedM I3 a sea is called lack o 8hite, that may be due to the dak coloing o3 the wate o to the bightness o3 the ice and snow. :he ed +ea has a dee blue colo. ;s no bette eason was 3ound, a 3ew coal 3omations 3omations o ## some ed bids on its shoes wee oosed as eClanations o3 its name. !ike all the wate in ?gyt, the wate on the su3ace o3 the +ea o3 the Passage was o3 a ed tint. It aeas that ahael was not mistaken when, in ainting the scene o3 the assage, he coloed the wate ed. It was, o3 couse, not this mountain o that ive o that sea eCclusively that was eddened, thus eaning the name ed o loody, as distinguished 3om othe mountains and seas. ut cowds o3 men, wheeve they wee, who witnessed the cosmic uheaval and escaed with thei lives, ascibed the name =aemus o ed to aticula laces. :he henomenon henomenon o3 EbloodE aining 3om the sky has also been been obseved in limited aeas and on a small scale in moe ecent times. "ne o3 these occasions, accoding to Pliny, was duing the consulshi o3 6anius ;cilius and aius Pocius. #2 abylonians, too, ecoded ed dust and ain 3alling 3om the skyH #1 instances o3 Ebloody ainE have been ecoded in dives counties. # :he ed dust, soluble in wate, wate, 3alling 3om the sky in wate wate dos, does
not oiginate in clouds, but must come 3om volcanic eutions o 3om cosmic saces. :he 3all o3 meteoite dust is a henomenon geneally known to take lace mainly a3te the assage o3 meteoitesH this dust is 3ound on the snow o3 mountains and in ola egions. #$ 777777777777777777777777777777 # asseu> =istoie des nations civilisUes du 6eCiFue , I, #10. +age 3om a hieatic ayus in !eiden (#909). Its autho was an 2 ;. =. adine> ;dmonitions o3 an ?gytian +age 3om ?gytian named Iuwe. =eea3te the teCt will be cited as E Payus Iuwe .E .E In ;ges in 'haos I shall develo evidence to show that this ayus descibes events contemoaneous contemoaneous with the end o3 the 6iddle 4ingdom in ?gyt and the ?Codus. It must have been comosed shotly 3ollowing the catastohe. 1 ?Codus 9>1H c3. Payus Iuwe $>$. in5beg> !egends , V, 10. $ ;ollodous> :he !ibay (tansl. A. . Ga5e, #92#), VI. Ga5eBs comment to ;ollodousB ;ollodousB !ibay , I, $0. - :he +even :ablets o3 'eation , ed. !. 8. 4ing (#902). 4alevala , une 9. 9 @. =olmbeg> Ginno/@gic, +ibeian 6ythology (#92-), . 1-0. #0 E:o 6inevaE in "hic hymns (tansl. ;. uckley), ed. with the "dyssey o3 =ome (##). ## =. +. Palme> +inai (#92). Pobably Pobably at that time the mountainous land o3 +ei, uon which the Isaelites wandeed, eceived eceived the name ?dom ?dom (ed), and ?ythea (EeythaiosE (EeythaiosE / EedE in eek) its nameH nameH ?ythean +ea was in antiFuity the name name o3 the ;abian ul3 ul3 o3 the Indian "cean, "cean, alied also to the ed +ea. #2 Pliny> Natual =istoy , ii, $-. ;nothe instance, accoding to Plutach, occued in the eign o3 omulus. #1 G. L. 4ugle> Eabylonische Deitodnung E (Vol. II o3 his +tenkunde und +tendienst in abel ) (#909 / #9#0), . ##. # %. G. ;ago> ;stonomie oulaie (#$ / #$-), IV, 209 3.H ;bel/Umusat> 'atalogue des bolides et des (##9), . . aUolithes obsevUs \ la 'hine et dans les ays voisins (##9), #$ It is estimated that aoCimately one ton o3 meteoite dust 3alls daily on the globe. 777777777777777777777777777777
Gollowing the ed dust, a Esmall dust,E like Eashes o3 the 3unace,E 3ell Ein all the land o3 ?gytE (?Codus 9>), and then a showe o3 meteoites 3lew towad the eath. ea th. "u lanet enteed deee into the tail o3 the comet. :he dust was a 3oeunne o3 the gavel. :hee 3ell Ea vey gievous hail, such as has not been in ?gyt since its 3oundationsE (?Codus 9>#). +tones o3 Ebaad,E hee tanslated Ehail,E is, as in most laces whee mentioned in the +citues, the tem 3o meteoites. 8e ae also in3omed by 6idashic and :almudic souces that the stones which 3ell on ?gyt wee hotH # this 3its only meteoites, not a hail o3 ice. 2 In the +citues it is said that these stones 3ell Emingled with 3ieE (?Codus 9>2), the meaning o3 which I shall discuss in the 3ollowing section, and that thei 3all was accomanied by Eloud noisesE (kolot), endeed as Ethundeings,E a tanslation which is only 3iguative, and not liteally coect, because the wod 3o EthundeE is aam, which is not used hee. :he 3all o3 meteoites is accomanied by cashes o eClosion/like noises, and in this case they wee so Emighty,E that, accoding to the +citual naative, the eole in the alace wee tei3ied as much by the din o3 the 3alling stones as by the destuction they caused (?Codus 9>2). :he ed dust had 3ightened 3ightened the eole, and a waning to kee men men and cattle unde shelte had been issued> Eathe thy cattle and all that thou hast in the 3ieldH 3o uon evey man and beast which shall be 3ound in the 3ield, and shall not be bought home, the hailstones shall come down uon them, and they shall dieE (?Codus 9>#9). E;nd he that egaded not the wod o3 the !od le3t his sevants and his cattle in the 3ieldE (?Codus 9>2#). +imilaly, the ?gytian eyewitness> E'attle ae le3t to stay, and thee is none to gathe them togethe. ?ach man 3etches 3o himsel3 those that ae banded with his name.E 1 Galling stones and 3ie made the 3ightened cattle 3lee. Iuwe also wote> E:ees ae destoyed,E ENo 3uits, no hebs ae 3ound,E Eain has
eished on evey side,E E:hat has eished which yesteday was seen. :he land is le3t to its weainess like the cutting o3 3laC.E In one day 3ields wee tuned to wasteland. In the ook o3 ?Codus (9>2$) it is witten> E;nd the hail stones o3 baadJ smote evey heb o3 the 3ield, and bake evey tee o3 the 3ield.E :he descition o3 such a catastohe catastohe is 3ound in the Visuddhi/6agga , a uddhist teCt on the wold cycles. E8hen a wold cycle is destoyed by wind ... thee aises in the beginning a cycle/destoying geat cloud ... :hee aises a wind to destoy the wold cycle, and 3ist it aises a 3ine dust, and then coase dust, and then 3ine sand, and then coase sand, and then git, stones, u to bouldes as lage ... as mighty tees on the hill tos.E :he wind Etuns the gound uside down,E lage aeas Ecack and ae thown uwads,E Eall the mansions on eathE ae destoyed in a catastohe when Ewolds clash with wolds.E $ :he 6eCican ;nnals o3 'uauhtitlan 'uauhtitlan descibe descibe how a cosmic catastohe was accomanied by a hail o3 stonesH in the oal tadition o3 the Indians, too, the moti3 is eeated time and again> In some ancient eoch the sky Eained, not wate, but 3ie and ed/hot stones,E which is not di33eent 3om 3om the =ebew tadition. tadition. 777777777777777777777777777777 # :he abylonian :almud abylonian :almud , :actate eakhot $bH othe souces in in5beg> !egends , VI, #-. 2 In the ook o3 Aoshua it is said that Egeat stonesE 3ell 3om the sky, and then they ae e3eed to as Estones o3 baad.E E:he ancient ancient ?gytian wod 3o Bhail,B Bhail,B a, is also alied to a diving showe showe o3 sand and stonesH stonesH in the contest between =ous and +et, Isis is descibed as sending uon the latte Ea n saE, Ea hail o3 sandE. ;. 6acaliste> E=ail,E in =astings> %ictionay o3 the ible (#90#/#90). 1 Payus Iuwe 9>2/1 Ibid ., ., >#H >#H >1H $>#2. $ E8old 'ycles,E Visuddhi/6agga , in 8aen> uddhism in :anslations , . 12. ;leCande> !atin ;meican 6ythology , . -2. 777777777777777777777777777777
'ude etoleum is comosed o3 two elements, cabon and hydogen. :he main theoies o3 the oigin o3 etoleum ae> #. :he inoganic theoy> =ydogen and cabon wee bought togethe in the ock 3omations o3 the eath unde geat heat and essue. 2. :he oganic theoy> oth the hydogen and cabon which comose etoleum come 3om the emains o3 lant and animal li3e, li 3e, in the main 3om micoscoic maine and swam li3e. :he oganic theoy imlies imlies that the ocess stated a3te li3e was was aleady abundant, at least at the bottom o3 the ocean. # :he tails o3 comets ae comosed comosed mainly o3 cabon cabon and hydogen gases. gases. !acking oCygen, they do not bun in 3light, but the in3lammable gases, assing though an atmoshee containing oCygen, will be set on 3ie. I3 cabon and hydogen gases, o vao o3 a comosition o3 these two elements, ente the atmoshee in huge masses, a at o3 them will bun, binding all the oCygen oCygen available at the momentH the est will escae combustion, but in swi3t tansition will become become liFuid. Galling on the gound, the the substance, i3 liFuid, would sink into the oes oes o3 the sand and into into cle3ts between the ocksH 3alling 3alling on wate, it would emain 3loating i3 the the 3ie in the ai is eCtinguished be3oe new new sulies o3 oCygen aive 3om othe egions. :he descent o3 a sticky 3luid which which came eathwad and bla5ed with heavy smoke smoke is ecalled in the oal and witten taditions o3 the inhabitants o3 both hemishees. Pool/Vuh , the saced book o3 the 6ayas, naates> 2 EIt was uin and destuction ... the sea was iled u ... it was a geat inundation inundation ... eole wee downed downed in a sticky substance substance aining 3om the sky ... :he 3ace o3 the eath gew dak and the gloomy ain endued days and nights ... ;nd then thee was a geat din o3 3ie above thei heads.E :he entie
oulation o3 the land was annihilated. :he 6anuscit KuichU eetuated eetuated the ictue o3 the oulation o3 6eCico eishing in a 1 downou o3 bitumen> E:hee descended 3om the sky a ain o3 bitumen and o3 a sticky substance ... :he eath was obscued and it i t ained day and night. ;nd men an hithe and thithe and wee as i3 sei5ed by madnessH they tied to climb to the oo3s, and the houses cashed downH they tied to climb the tees, and the tees cast them 3a awayH and when they tied to escae in caves and cavens, these wee suddenly closed.E ; simila account is eseved in the ;nnals o3 'uauhtitlan 'uauhtitlan . :he age which ended in the ain o3 3ie was called call ed Kuiauh/tonatiuh, which means Ethe sun o3 3ie/ain.E $ ;nd 3a away, in the othe othe hemishee, in +ibeia, the Voguls caied down though though the centuies and millennia this memoy> Eod sent a sea o3 3ie uon the eath ... :he cause o3 the 3ie they call Bthe 3ie/wate.BE =al3 a meidian to the south, in the ?ast Indies, the aboiginal tibes elate that in the emote ast E+engle/%asE o Ewate o3 3ieE ained 3om the skyH with vey 3ew eCcetions, all men died. :he eighth lague as descibed descibed in the ook o3 ?Codus ?Codus was Ebaad meteoitesJ meteoitesJ and 3ie mingled with the baad, vey gievous, such as thee was none like it in all the land o3 ?gyt since it became a nationE (?Codus 9>2). :hee wee Ethunde coect> loud noisesJ and baad, and the 3ie an an along uon the goundE goundE (?Codus 9>21). 9>21). :he Payus Iuwe descibes descibes this consuming 3ie> Eates, columns, and walls ae consumed by 3ie. :he sky is in con3usion.E :he ayus says that this this 3ie almost EeCteminated mankind.E :he 6idashim, in a numbe o3 teCts, state that nahtha, togethe with hot stones, oued down uon ?gyt. E:he ?gytians e3used to let the Isaelites go, and =e oued out nahtha ove them, buning blains blistesJ.E It was Ea steam o3 hot nahtha.E 9 Nahtha is etoleum in ;amaic and =ebew. :he oulation o3 ?gyt was Eusued with with stange ains and hails and showes showes ineCoable, and uttely consumed with 3ie> 3o what was most mavelous o3 all, in the wate which Fuencheth all things the 3ie wought yet moe mightily,E #0 which is the natue o3 buning buning etoleumH in the egiste o3 the lagues in Psalms #0$ it is e3eed to as E3laming 3ie,E and in %aniel (->#0) as Eive o3 3ieE o E3iey steam.E In the Passove =aggadah it it is said that Emighty men o3 Pul and !ud !ydia in ;sia 6inoJ wee destoyed with consuming consuming con3lagation on on the Passove.E In the valley o3 the ?uhates the abylonians o3ten e3eed to Ethe ain o3 3ie,E vivid in thei memoy. ## ;ll the counties whose taditions o3 3ie/ain I have cited actually have deosits deosits o3 oil> 6eCico, the ?ast Indies, +ibeia, IaF, and ?gyt. Go a san o3 time a3te the combustive 3luid oued down, it may well have 3loated uon the su3ace o3 the seas, soaked the su3ace o3 the gound, and caught 3ie again and again. EGo seven wintes and summes the 3ie has aged ... it has bunt u the eath,E naate the Voguls o3 +ibeia. #2 :he stoy o3 the wandeing wandeing in the deset contains contains a numbe o3 e3eences to 3ie 3ie singing out o3 the eath. :he Isaelites taveled thee daysB #). :he Isaelites continued on thei way. :hen came the evolt o3 4oah and his con3edeates. E;nd the eath oened he mouth, and swallowed them u ... ;nd all Isael that wee ound about them 3led at the cy o3 them ... ;nd thee came out a 3ie 3om the !od, and consumed the two hunded and 3i3ty men that o33eed incense.E #1 8hen they kindled the 3ie o3 o3 incense, the vaos which
ose out o3 the cle3t in the ock caught the 3lame and eCloded. @naccustomed to handling this oil, ich in volatile deivatives, the Isaelite iests 3ell victims to the 3ie. :he two elde sons o3 ;aon, Nadab Nadab and ;bihu, Edied be3oe be3oe the !od, when they o33eed stange stange 3ie be3oe the !od, !od, in the wildeness o3 +inai.E # :he 3ie was called stange because it had not been known be3oe and because it was o3 3oeign oigin. I3 oil 3ell on the deset o3 ;abia and on the land o3 ?gyt and buned thee, vestiges o3 con3lagation must be 3ound in some o3 the tombs built be3oe the end o3 the 6iddle 4ingdom, into which the oil o some o3 its deivatives might have seeed. 8e ead in the descition o3 o3 the tomb o3 ;nte3oke, ;nte3oke, Vi5ie o3 +esostis I, a haaoh haaoh o3 the 6iddle 4ingdom> E; oblem is set us by a con3lagation, clealy delibeate, which has aged in the tomb, as in many anothe ... :he combustible mateial must not only have been abundant, but o3 a light natueH 3o a 3iece 3ie which seedily sent itsel3 seems alone able to account 3o the 3act that tombs so bunt emain absolutely 3ee 3om blackening, eCcet in the lowest atsH no ae chaed emains 3ound as a ule. :he conditions ae u55ling.E #$
E;nd what does natual histoy tell usME asked Philo in his "n :he ?tenity o3 the 8old , # and answeed> E%estuctions o3 things on eath, destuctions destuctions not o3 all at once but o3 a vey lage numbe, ae attibuted by it to two incial causes, the temendous onslaughts o3 3ie and wate. :hese two visitations, we ae told, descend in tuns a3te vey long cycles o3 yeas. 8hen the agent is the con3lagation, con3lagation, a steam o3 heaven/sent heaven/sent 3ie ous out 3om above and seads ove many laces and oveuns geat egions o3 the inhabited eath.E :he ain o3 3ie/wate contibuted contibuted to the eathBs eathBs suly o3 etoleumH ock oil in the gound aeas to be, atly at least, Esta oilE bought down at the close o3 wold ages, notably the age that came to its end in the middle o3 the second millennium be3oe the esent ea. :he iests o3 Ian woshied woshied the 3ie that came out out o3 the gound. :he :he 3ollowes o3 Dooastianism o 6a5daism ae also called 3ie woshies. :he 3ie o3 the 'aucasus was held in geat esteem by all the inhabitants o3 the ad B:hee has been been much discussion discussion about about the oigin o3 this nahthaJ.E ut in the eCtant teCt o3 Plutach a sentence containing one o3 two ival views is missing. :he emaining teCt eads> E ... o whethe athe the liFuid substance that 3eeds the 3lame 3lows out 3 om the soil which is ich and oductive oductive o3 3ie.E Plutach> Plutach> !ives (tansl. . Pein, #9#9), :he !i3e o3 ;leCande , CCv. 2 Pool/Vuh, le live sacU > ed. asseu (##), 'ha. Ill, . 2$. 1 asseu> =istoie des nations civilisUes du 6eCiFue , I, $$.
asseu> +ouces de lBhistoie imitive du 6eCiFue , . 2. $ ?. +ele> esammelte ;bhandlungen 5u ameikanischen +ach/ und ;ltetumsgeschichte (#902/#921), II, -9. =olmbeg> Ginno/@gic, +ibeian 6ythology, . 1. - Ibid ., ., . 19. ;lso ;. Nottott> %ie osneische 6ission unte den 4ohls (#-). . 2$. +ee . ;ndee> %ie Glutsagen (#9#). Payus Iuwe 2>#0H ->#H ##>##H #2>. 6idash :anhuma , 6idash Psikta 6idash Psikta 9aboti , and 6idash 8a/*osha 6idash 8a/*osha . Go othe souces see in5beg> !egends , 9 6idash :anhuma II, 12/11, and V, 2. #0 :he 8isdom o3 +olomon (tansl. =olmes. #9#1) in :he ;ocyha and Pseudeigaha o3 the "ld :estament , ed. . =. 'hales. ## +ee ;. +chott> E%ie Vegleiche in den ;kkadischen ;kkadischen 4Wnigsinschi3ten,E 6itt. d. Vodeasiat. es., LLL (#92$), 9, #0. #2 =olmbeg> Ginno/@gic, +ibeian 6ythology , . 19. #1 Numbes #>12/1$. '3. Psalms #0>#-/#. # Numbes 1>H c3. Numbes 2>#. #$ N. de ais %avies> :he :omb o3 ;nte3oke, Vi5ie o3 +esostis I (#920), . $. # "n :he ?tenity o3 the 8old , Vol. IL o3 Philo (tansl. G. =. 'olson, #9#), +ect. #/#-. #- +ee ;. "lik> 9agnaWk (eman ed., #922). # :he 'ity o3 od , k. LVIII, 'ha. . (tansl. 6. %ods, ed. P. +cha33, #90-). 777777777777777777777777777777
:he eath enteed deee deee into the tail o3 the onushing comet and aoached aoached its body. :his aoach, i3 one is to believe the souces, was 3ollowed by a distubance in the otation o3 the eath. :ei3ic huicanes swet the eath because o3 the change o evesal o3 the angula velocity o3 otation and because o3 the sweeing gases, dust, and cindes o3 the comet. Numeous abbinical souces descibe the calamity o3 daknessH the mateial is collated as 3ollows> # ;n eCceedingly stong wind wind endued seven days. ;ll the time time the land was shouded in dakness. E"n the 3outh, 3i3th, and siCth days, the dakness was so dense that they the eole o3 ?gytJ could not sti 3om thei lace.E E:he dakness dakness was o3 such a natue that it could not be diselled by ati3icial means. :he light o3 the 3ie was eithe eCtinguished by the violence o3 stom, o else it was made made invisible and swallowed u in in the density o3 the dakness ... Nothing could be discened ... None was able to seak o to hea, no could anyone ventue to take 3ood, but they lay themselves down ... thei outwad senses in a tance. :hus they emained, ovewhelmed by the a33liction.E :he dakness was o3 such kind that Ethei eyes wee wee blinded by it and thei beath beath chokedEH 2 it was Enot o3 odinay eathy kind.E 1 :he abbinical tadition, contadicting contadicting the siit o3 the +citual naative, states that duing the lague o3 dakness the vast ma E:he land was in geat a33liction. ?vil 3ell on this eath ... :hee was a geat uheaval in the esidence ... Nobody could leave the alace thee was no eCit 3om the the alaceJ duing nine days, and duing duing these nine days o3 uheaval uheaval thee was such a temest that neithe men no gods the oyal oyal 3amilyJ could see the 3aces o3 those $ beside them.E :his ecod emloys emloys the same descition o3 the dakness dakness as ?Codus #0>22> #0>22> E;nd thee was a thick dakness in all the land o3 ?gyt thee days. :hey saw not one anothe, neithe ose any 3om his lace 3o thee days.E
