APRENDE CON LOS PROFESIONALES DEL INGLÉS
Diciembre 2009 - Issue 65 - € 4.10
after & afterwards Después de & Después
yakutsk La ciudad más fría del mundo
r e t n e s e r P o i d a R n a h g u a V : r o n i a r T m i J
DESCARGA TU AUDIO AUDIO EN: www.vaughanreview.com
www.vausys.com
index Diciembre 2009
THE VAUGHAN REVIEW is published monthly and is a Vaughan Systems publication. All rights reserved. Publisher:
RichardVaughan
03
Editorial
05
Easy Reading
06
Grammar Matters
11
Cloverdale’ss Characters Cloverdale’
12
People & Places
14
Business Letter 58
16
Marketing
List 21
17
Pence & R
Sección Infantil
Enebral Luengo Jose Carlos Morales
[email protected]
21
Expressions with
Cover Photograph:
22
Humanities
Newsroom/ Redacción: Edificio Master 1 Avda. General Perón, 38 - 2ª Planta in Madrid.
24
Phrasal Verbs
Telephone/Teléfono: 91 748 59 50
26
Something to Chew Over
E-mail/Correo electrónico:
[email protected]
30
Mastering the Interrogative 54
31
Elision Fields
32
Sudoku
34
Translation List
Nivel principiante y nivel avanzado: LISTA 19
35
Creepy Corner
El terr ible “all THE day”
Editor in chief:
Richard Brown Co-Editors in chief:
David Waddell Carmen Vallejo Art Editor:
Yakutsk Yakutia After & afterwards Soon after / The day after Before & beforehand The aforementioned
Annie Casasús English Edition:
Greg Stanford Design Team
Ivan Morgan Juan Ignacio Fernández Peón Peón Illustrator
Pablo Gonzalo Contributing Editors:
Cloverdale / Conor McAlinden
Nancy Johnson
Entrevista a Jim Trainor Trainor
Audio Editors:
Alberto Alonso Daniel Escudero Distribution Manager:
Rubén Palomero
Subscriptions team:
Juan Ignacio Fernández Peón Peón
Printed by/Imprime: Grupo Aries Depósito legal: M-46.801-2002 ISSN: 1887-6137 Lugar y fecha de impresión: Madrid, el 1 de Diciembre de 2009
Boat
Learning Nature’s Languages To stand stan d up for - To To stand stan d for
Íntaza
Sweets & Candy
Edita
Vaughan
S Y S T E M S
Copyright © de la Edición: Vaughan Systems, S.L., Madrid – 2007. Todos los derechos reservados. All rights reserved.
CLAVE DE ACCESO AUDIO: 1212vaughan1212 www.vaughanreview.com
DESCARGA TU AUDIO AUDIO EN: E N: www.vaughanreview.com
2
editorial Yakutsk Nothing in Yakutsk is unaffected by the cold. The ice in the air numbs your senses and the mist and the closeness of sounds is disturbingly disorientating.
In a far-flung corner (remoto corner (remoto rincón) of Russia, buried deep in Eastern Siberia, lies a forgotten city by the name of Yakutsk, home to just over 200,000 souls. There’s nothing special about Yakutsk, like so many other ex-soviet cities, it’s just another bland, anonymous urban sprawl (expansión urbana descontrolada), descontrolada), a mucky and insignificant scab (costra) to mar (para estropear) and irritate the otherwise pristine, snowcovered landscape. And yet, the very existence of Yakutsk is to be held as a tribute to the tenacity, resilience and sheer stubbornness (obstinación) of the people who inhabit it. For Yakutsk can safely lay unenviable claim to being the coldest city on Ear th, the average temperature in the month of January being unlikely to get much above -40 degrees. Yakutsk is a strange, eerie (fantasmagórico) place, shrouded in (envuelto en) icy, fuel-injected mist, where people shuffle (anda arrastrando los pies) silently along the street, their movemen movements ts restricted by the many layers of clothing they wear, their voices muffled (apagados) by the fur that covers all but a tiny part of their face, their footsteps footsteps muted then swiftly effaced by the snow. The cause of the pollution is twofold (tiene dos aspectos): aspectos): firstly, firstly, the gargantuan efforts required to heat a city of such a size against temperatures which can happily drop below -55º or even lower; secondly, most people, for obvious reasons, drive to work, just like they do in every major city the world over, you might add. What is perhaps less obvious to those of us accustomed to living in more temperate climes, is the fact that when people park their car in the morning, they leave the engine running all day in order to prevent it from freezing over! Nothing in Yakutsk is unaffected by the cold. The ice in the air numbs your senses and the mist and the closeness of sounds is disturbingly disorientating. The cold is such that all our normal human references of warmth and coldness are rendered (resultan) irrevelant. This, after all, is a place where locals refer to temperatures of -30º as being “cold “cold but not too cold”.
It is hardly surprising (no es sorprendente) that the region of Yakutia was long (durante mucho tiempo) used as the biggest open air prison where thousands upon thousands of convicts of all descriptions were condemned to hard labour and almost certain death, the freezing temperatures temperatures being far more more effective than iron bars in ensuring that no one ever escaped. And yet, far-fetched as it may seem (por muy improbable que parezca), parezca), people in Yakutsk lead surprisingly normal lives. Despite the hostile climate, there’s an open-ai open-airr marke markett all year round (the fishmongers (pescaderos) have no need of freezers, mind (por cierto)); cierto)); builders builders work on construction sites (unless the temperatures drop below -50º at which point metal can start to snap (romperse) (romperse));); children go to schoo schooll ever y day (excep (exceptt for when the thermometers go below -55º at which point they are wisely advised to stay at home). Provisioning (abastecer) the (abastecer) the city is certainly fraught with (erizado de) logistical problems but they seem to take it in their stride (se lo toman con calma). calma). Once the big freeze sets in (cuando llega la gran helada), helada), supplies reach the city by means of lorries that cross the thick, solid, frozen crust (corteza) (corteza) that that caps (cubre) (cubre) the the river Lena. It is indeed surprising to what extent the human race is capable of adapting to even the most inhospitable of environments, a virtue personified in the people of Yakutsk. Of course, to most of us, the idea of spending your life in Siberia doesn’t even bear thinking about, but if, for whatever reason, we found ourselves having to live there, I’m sure we would cope. To many people, the idea of having to speak English every day in order to survive is a similarly unattractive proposition. And yet if circumstances forced such a situation on you, you would learn and learn fast. More to the point, learning English is far more forgiving than the merciless colds of Siberia. With frostbite, you only have one chance whereas with English you can make as many mistakes as you like in order to learn your lesson. In short, shor t, if people can live in Yakutsk, you can learn English!
Richard Brown
3
easy read
a e s u l t l r e t i a S i d i t o r e l e l d i f í c i a l... p i c n i s p r u l o e c í t r a ¡ e s t e a t i ! p a r
Yakutia According to (según) Russian legend, one idle Sunday afternoon (un domingo por la tarde sin trabajo), the God of Creation came up with (se le ocurrió) the idea of creating planets. Until then (hasta entonces) he had been content creating stars: one after another, and all pretty much the same, a bit like Van Gogh during his sunflower phase (please do not write in!).That same Sunday afternoon, he was admiring his work when suddenly, it all seemed very wrong to him. There was something missing (faltaba algo); it was all too static – a countless load of bright, shiny objects happily blazing away (resplandeciendo) in the heavens. But nothing else (pero nada más). Anachronistically, we might compare him to the not-yet-created adolescent looking at the drawings he had produced as a four-year old. Big deal (¿Y qué?).The whole thing needed some action, some sort of movement, something! And that’s when he came up with the idea of planets – fun, spherical objects that would keep him amused by flying around all those recently created stars. The prototype planet was a simple affair (una cosa sencilla) – little more than (poco más que) a round(-ish) chunk (trozo) of rock. Gradually, as he got the hang of it (cogía el truco), he started to be more creative, producing green ones, red ones, blue ones, grey ones, orange ones with accessories, pink ones with red spots (manchas rojas) etc. After a while, the whole universe had become a hive of planetary activity (bullía de actividad planetaria), there wasn’t a star in sight that didn’t have its quota of planets orbiting it. This situation was fine for a while, but soon the God of Creation, being of the creative sort, got bored. It was all so predictable. He needed to come up with something that was capable of surprising him. Something able (algo capaz) to act independently of his own (su propio) perfect, but rather predictable (pero bastante predecible), divine will (voluntad). Something that could interact with its kind to keep him amused during the afternoons once (una vez que) his universal housekeeping responsibilities were taken care of. And that’s when he came up with the idea of Man – a silly little creature, capable of great things, yes, but invariably driven (motivadas) by vanity, greed (codicia) and pride (orgullo). Now, the God of Creation was no fool (no tenía un pelo de tonto). He knew he was playing with fire. And for this reason he decided to carry out his little experiment in one of the remotest galaxies in his universe. Just in case (por si acaso). He identified a small, insignificant planet that looked perfect. He created a bit of water for his newly-made characters (personajes recién hechos) to drink, made some flat rocky bits for them to live on and sat back (se puso cómodo) to watch the show (espectáculo). But, once again, he soon got bored. It’s all very well (es muy fácil) having a group of action figures to play with, especially ones driven
by vanity, greed and pride, but if there’s nothing for them to squabble over (por pelearse), they don’t really do very much. And that’s when he came up with the idea of the elements and riches: something for Man to fight over. Perfect!
And so, one day, with his chariot (carro) loaded (cargado) with Plutonium, Iron, diamonds, Gold and Smiles (this last element, the most precious of all, never really took off (nunca tuvo éxito)), he started to distribute the resources in such a way that Man would have to start seriously interacting if he wanted to have all of them. Thus, he went to South and North America where he left huge quantities of gold. And then to South Africa where he left abundant quantities of diamonds. And then to the Middle East which he filled with petrol. And so on and so on. Finally, he got to Russia which he started to fill with petrol. As he moved into Siberia his chariot got stuck in the snow, forcing him to continue his journey by foot. And so, in his massive arms, he picked up all the riches he still had left (que todavía le quedaba) (he still had lots of everything) and star ted to walk through the snow. It was hard work and the God of Creation soon started to feel the cold. He finally reached the land of Yakutia where the ice froze his fingers together, making him drop all the riches and elements he had been carrying. It was too cold to worry about a bit (a lot) of petrol, Plutonium, diamonds and gold and so the God of Creation flew back into the heavens to enjoy the fruits of his labours. And this is the reason why Man is never at peace with himself nor with his fellow men. It is also the reason why Yakutia, despite being (a pesar de ser) one of the coldest regions on Earth, is also the region with more natural resources than any other. Richard Brown
Aprendizaje Clave: To come up with an idea (ocurrírsele a uno una idea)
5
After & Afterwards En esta sección vamos a centrarnos en cuando se puede utilizar la palabra “after” como traducción de “después” y cuando no. En realidad “after” suele significar “después de” por lo que normalmente requiere de alguna información adicional después de la palabra. Hablé con Robert durante un buen rato después de la reunión.
I spoke to Robert for a long time after the meeting.
Lo haré después del partido si no te importa.
I’ll do it after the match if that’s alright.
¿A dónde vamos después de la película?
Where shall we go after the film?
Lo siento pero tengo que irme directamente a casa después del concierto.
I’m sorry but I have to go straight home after the concert.
¿Qué hicisteis después de la fiesta?
What did you do after the party?
Cuando decimos “después” a secas en inglés normalmente hemos de decir “afterwards”. Hemos dejado las frases prácticamente igual para que veas la diferencia. Hablé con Robert durante un buen rato después.
I spoke to Robert for a long time afterwards.
Lo haré después si no te importa.
I’ll do it afterwards if that’s alright.
¿A dónde vamos después?
Where shall we go afterwards?
Lo siento pero tengo que irme directamente a casa después.
I’m sorry but I have to go straight home afterwards.
¿Qué hicisteis después?
What did you do afterwards?
6
grammar matters Soon after / The day after Sin embargo, existen algunas ocasiones en las que sí podemos utilizar “after” como “después”. Normalmente se trata de algunas expresiones hechas como “soon after” o “not long after”. Ambas significan “poco después”.
Lo volví a ver no mucho después.
I saw him again not long after.
Se fugaron juntos poco después.
They ran away together s oon after.
Él la palmó no mucho tiempo después.
He popped his clogs not long after.
Se separaron poco después.
They separated soon after.
La empresa quebró no mucho tiempo después.
The company went bankrupt not long after.
También, como ahora veremos, se emplea “after” sin ninguna palabra detrás, en los siguientes contextos: “the day after”, “the week after”, “the weekend after” etc. Tropecé con ella el día después.
I ran into her t he day after.
No, no lo compramos ese fin de semana; lo compramos el fin de semana después.
No, we didn’t buy it that weekend; we bought it the weekend after.
No puedo ir la semana que viene. Quedemos la semana siguiente.
I can’t make it next week. Let’s make it the week after.
¿Él lo hizo el mismo día o el día después?
Did he do it the same day or the day after?
Creo que (él) lo hizo el día después.
I think he did it the day after.
También se puede decir “soon afterwards” y “not long afterwards”.
7
Before & Beforehand También son muchos los casos en los que “antes” a secas se traduce no como “before” sino como “beforehand”, sobre todo cuando contiene la connotación de “de antemano”. ¿Es posible reservar la sala de conferencias antes (de antemano)?
Is it possible to reserve the conference room beforehand?
Deberías haber pensado en eso antes.
You should have thought of that beforehand.
Tienes que reservar con mucha antelación.
You need to book well beforehand.
Si llegas antes, puedes ayudar a montar las cosas.
If you get there beforehand, you can help set things up.
Hagas lo que hagas, no se lo menciones (a ella) antes.
Whatever you do, don’t mention it to her beforehand.
En cambio, al expresarse en el pretérito perfecto es muy habitual traducir la palabra “antes” cuando viene a secas como “before”. Lo he hecho bastantes veces antes.
I’ve done it quite a few times before.
Él nunca ha hecho eso antes.
He’s never done that before.
Creo que lo he conocido antes pero no me acuerdo dónde.
I think I have met him before but I can’t remember where.
¿Has visto esa película antes?
Have you seen that film before?
Seguro que he hablado con ella antes.
I’ve definitely spoken to her before.
8
grammar matters The aforementioned Es hora de ver una expresión un poco formal muy empleada en la correspondencia. Curiosamente para referirnos a algo que ya hemos mencionado no decimos “the beforementioned” sino “the aforementioned”. Tenemos que afrontar el problema anteriormente mencionado lo antes posible.
We must deal with the aforementioned problem as soon as possible.
La bomba estalló al final de la reunión anteriormente mencionada.
The bomb went off at the end of the aforementioned meeting.
La idea anteriormente mencionada no va a ser factible por varias razones.
The aforementioned idea is not going to be feasible for a number of reasons.
En referencia a las consideraciones anteriormente mencionadas, creo que hemos pasado por encima de varios temas.
In reference to the aforementioned considerations, I think there are several issues we’ve overlooked.
Los argumentos anteriormente mencionados me resultaron muy débiles.
I found the aforementioned arguments to be very weak.
“The aforementioned person” significa “el susodicho” o “la susodicha”. También significa lo mismo “the aforementioned” a secas. Se trata de una fórmula bastante formal que se emplea a menudo en contextos jurídicos. Si se está refiriendo al susodicho, se ha equivocado totalmente.
If you’re referring to the aforementioned person, you’re quite wrong.
El susodicho lleva ya bastante tiempo causando problemas para la empresa.
The aforementioned person has been causing trouble for the company for quite some time now.
Puedo demostrar que la susodicha se encontraba muy lejos de la escena del crimen aquel martes por la tarde.
I can prove that the aforementioned person was nowhere near the scene of the crime that Tuesday evening.
El susodicho antes era nuestro párroco.
The aforementioned person used to be our local vicar.
Nunca he conocido al susodicho.
I’ve never met the aforementioned person.
“Afore” es una antigua palabra sajona sinónima de “before” pero que ya no se emplea.
9
cloverdale’s CHARACTERS
Nancy Johnson Nancy Johnson can’t find the kind of curtains she wants for George Clooney’s bedroom. She’s been working on the decoration of his house for over five months now, and despite the problem with the curtains, she’s never felt better in her life. She works non-stop from Wednesday through Sunday in Aspen, studying the house, drawing designs, calling her client, Mr. Clooney, and dealing with all kinds of suppliers of materials and furniture. Lately she’s been seeing George Clooney more often. He’s not involved in the filming of a movie at the moment and he has a bit more time to fly out to Colorado to super vise the progress on the house. This week, she hasn’t gone back as she usually does to Nebraska because George is there to help her choose the right colors for his bedroom. Phillip sounded a bit irritated on the phone when she told him she would be staying in Aspen, but as always, he thought about all the money they were earning on the project and decided it was worth it. Nancy didn’t really care about the money. She was having the time of her life. Last night, George invited her out to dinner in Aspen and they talked for at least two hours about their lives. At the end of the dinner,
he told her he wasn’t convinced about the color of the curtains she had installed in his bedroom and they went back to look at them. When Nancy returned to her apartment at 2:00 in the morning, there was a message from Phillip. He sounded somewhat sad on the phone. He said it was 1:00 o’clock in the morning and that he was wondering where she was. She thought about Phillip for a few
1. What problem does Nancy have with the curtains? 2. What room are the curtains for? 3. How long has she been decorating George Clooney’s house? 4. Is the problem with the curtains making her depressed? 5. How is she feeling these days? 6. What are the main activities she does concerning the house? 7. Who has she been seeing more often lately? 8. Why has Clooney had more time to fly to Colorado? 9. Why hasn’t Nancy gone back to Nebraska this week? 10. How did Phillip sound on the phone when
Nancy told him she needed to stay in Colorado? Why didn’t Phillip insist that she come back? Did he decide it was worth it or not? What were Nancy’s feelings concerning the money she would earn on the project? Why didn’t she care about the money? Where did Clooney invite her last night? How long did they stay in the restaurant? What did they talk about? What did Clooney tell her at the end of the dinner? What did they do after dinner? What time did Nancy get back to her apartment? What was waiting for her when she got back?
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
www.vaughantienda.com
seconds and then wondered how the kids were getting along at school. She decided it would be better to call him the next morning than to wake him up now. Then she remembered that she had an appointment in the morning at 9 o’clock with a carpet supplier. She thought she had better go to bed and get some sleep. However, she knew she wouldn’t be able to go to sleep. She was feeling too excited.
22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Who was the message from? How did he sound on the phone? What time had he left the message? What did he say he was wondering? What did Nancy think about after listening to the message? 27. What decision did she make about returning Phillip’s call? 28. Why did she decide to call him in the morning? 29. What did she remember about tomorrow morning? 30. What did she think she had better do? 31. What did she know she wouldn’t be able to do? 32. Why did she know she wouldn’t be able to go to sleep?
11
This month we talk to Jim Trainor, Vaughan Radio’s daytime anchorman. The popular and groundbreaking English-language learning radio station has now been broadcasting for over six years and constitutes a veritable cultural revolution.
Q. Hello Jim, we know that you have been with our company for many years, but when did you first settle in Madrid? A. My lifelong (de toda la vida) love affair with Spain began in July 1969, when I first arrived at Madrid’s Barajas Airport en route for Vigo, which I reached in a rented Seat 600 in what was a scorching (muy pero muy caluroso) summer. But it was to be a further eight years and several short visits before I finally settled here. That was in July 1977, “siete de julio, San Fermín”, when in the company of wife and young son I arrived once again at Barajas Airport at the end of a five-year spell in Guatemala. “To settle” significa “afincarse”. Q. How did you come to be involved with Vaughan Systems? Did you know Richard? A. I first met Richard and Fernanda in 1994 at a St. Louis University theatre evening.They had come along to see two plays directed by Greg Stanford: Eugene Ionesco’s The Lesson, in which I was playing the part of the Professor (a man, by the way, with a teaching style NOT to be recommended) and Edward Albee’s The American Dream. That first meeting led to my involvement in the Vaughan Residential Courses, at that time held in Horche in La Alcarria. That in turn led to recording Vaughan materials, including, along with Richard, an early version of Cloverdale’s Characters. Memorable and good fun. Fíjate que Jim dice “I first met Richard and Fernanda”. Este uso de la palabra “first” indica “por primera vez”. Se coloca justo delante de los verbos no auxiliares y justo detrás de los verbos auxiliares (incluyendo el verbo “to be”).
12
2003 was to be another memorable year. That year saw my return to Madrid following a two year spell back in the UK. January to March of that year were months of reconnecting for me, reconnecting to the world of Madrid. One of the phone calls I made was to Richard, and little did I know where that was to lead. What first came of the phone call was a lunch. What came up at the lunch was talk of a possible radio programme. What came not many days after the lunch was a query (pregunta) from Richard – would I like to get involved in a weekday language radio programme starting in May? La expresión “little did I know” (con inversión incluida) es bastante común y significa “no me imaginaba”. So it was that, in the first week of May 2003, Richard, Fernanda and I began broadcasting The Lighthouse. It was a three-hour programme, from 6 pm to 9 pm, broadcast from a Madrid FM radio station. That was the seeds of the then latest, but by no means the last, of Richard’s language teaching revolutions. This month we celebrate our sixth birthday as Vaughan Radio. Q. You have worked on the radio for years. What is it you most like about this profession? A. In one sense it’s just another job, but it is a job that can bring a lot of satisfaction. The two programmes I present give me the chance to work with many and varied wonderful people, and the chance to research a myriad of different topics and delve into (investigar) a host (una plethora) of language usages and word etymologies. To a Gemini that is irresistible. Add to that the fact
people & places that the microphone seems to love my voice, so what better way of using this particular talent. My introduction to radio was in the 80s on Radio 80 Serie Oro (Golden Line) on a news and music programme in English with Douglas Boyd. Douglas and I shared the studio with the late Antonio Herrero who was on Madrid local news at the time. Who wouldn’t have enjoyed that? Douglas was the most efficient print journalist I have met, and Antonio Herrero transformed when he had a microphone in front of him. Q. Thousands of listeners tune in every day. Have you ever asked yourself what the secret of Vaughan Radio’s success is? A. The radio has the Vaughan seal (sello) of excellence about it that listeners have learnt to respect, expect and love. How can it not be a success? It is made in Spain for Spanish learners of the English language; that’s valued – that Made-in-Spain-specially-for-you factor. Also, every weekday, some fourteen hours of new programmes are created by a team that obviously love what they are doing, love their own language, and are sympathetic to the specific problems that the learning of English gives to Spanish learners; that’s also valued. We know from listeners’ comments that they tune in to Vaughan Radio not only for English; they tune in for the content, they love the humour, they love the personalities, they regard it as a friend, they take it with them everywhere, loo (el servicio) included! If the signal allows. Q. The Lighthouse and Time to Put Your Feet Up are the two programmes that you present. What can you tell readers of Vaughan Review about them? A. The Lighthouse is a late-morning magazine style programme aimed at listeners with an intermediate level of English. Sometimes the level wanders higher, but we have the benefit of Fernanda there to get us back down to earth with a “kiss, kiss” (keep it simple, stupid)! The Lighthouse aims to be informative, relaxed, stimulating. The guests are an integral part: Maribel simply loves translating; Madeleine will slip in an Irish poem; Ron brings a taste of America. The connections to VaughanTown (Fridays at noon) or the Residential Courses (Thursdays at noon) are two regular highlights. They bring weekly testimony to the transforming power of these courses. There are moments of very moving eloquence; sometimes it will be a Spanish student, other times one of the Anglos who finds just the right words and expression to capture just how much the week has meant for them in terms of English and life. Those are moments that never fail to move me. El verbo “to move” además de “mover” también significa “conmover”. Time to Put Your Feet up is aimed at upper intermediate plus students. Each day brings its special guest – Manuel, Soledad, Juan, Happy Javi, Rafa and Marta – and each guest brings a particular flavour to the programme. Whenever we can we read original documents in English related to events of the day: a letter, a poem, a selection from a short story or play. Every week seems to bring a highlight which is also a
delight – well, to me at least. To mark the 150th anniversary of the publication of The Origin of Species this past November, we read an amazing exchange of letters between Charles Darwin and Thomas Huxley written the week of publication of The Origin. We also learnt that the postal service was amazingly efficient in the England of 1859! Q. You speak good Spanish? Where did you learn it? A. The first time I heard the Spanish language spoken was in Cambridge 1966 and I thought to myself,“Now there’s a language I’ll never understand.” 1966 was my first real acquaintance with native speakers of foreign languages: French sounded accessible - most of us had schoolboy French back then - and even German, though unknown to me, sounded potentially understandable; Italian sounded so delectable that it didn’t matter whether you understood it or not, but Spanish, oh dear, with its collection of ferocious consonants –the erres, the zetas, and the jotas – no, we would never be on speaking terms. But first a Spanish wife and then five years in Guatemala gave me both the love and the need of the language. The few formal classes I had were in Antigua, Guatemala. Now Antigua is so beautiful that anything you learn there, you are bound to fall in love with! “My first acquaintance with something” es mi primer experiencia con algo”. It was a Cachiquel-speaking Indian in the highlands of Guatemala who lamented with me, “Ah, Jaime,” he said, “estamos los dos condenados a hablar español. Algo tenemos en común.” Q. What recommendations would you give to a Spanish person who wants to learn English? A. Love the language or need the language, but preferably both. Loving it helps to bring a smile to the face, and, as we all know, the learning process is a whole different experience if we are enjoying it. Besides, when we love someone or something, we’re more likely to be forgiving of his, her or its foibles (debilidades) and quirks (idiosincrácias). And, my oh my, does English have foibles and quirks!
FACT FILE Name Age Nationality Position Fact
Jim Trainor Three score years and more British Vaughan Radio presenter Jim presented the first ever programme for Vaughan Radio together with Fernanda Sangareau and Richard Vaughan
13
business letter 58 Queridos Empleados,
Dear Staff,
La fiesta de Navidad de este año tendrá lugar el día 17 de diciembre y se celebrará en la Sala Wellington del Regency Hotel.
This year’s Christmas party will take place on the 17th December and will be held in the Wellington Room of the Regency Hotel.
Habrá una cena de gala seguida de los discursos del presidente y la directora general. Después habrá una pequeña ceremonia de entrega de premios para celebrar los logros destacados y para premiar a los mejores empleados de la empresa. Después de los premios habrá una discoteca con barra libre.
There will be a formal dinner followed by speeches from the chairman and the managing director.There will then be a small award ceremony to celebrate the year’s outstanding achievements and to award prizes to the company’s best employees. After the awards there will be a disco with a free bar.
Todos los empleados pueden invitar a una persona para acompañarles, aunque hay que informar a Recursos Humanos sobre el nombre de su invitado antes del 10 de diciembre.Todos los invitados recibirán una etiqueta con su nombre al llegar a la fiesta.
d u c i r a r t t a I n t e n y l u e g o r t a l a l a c a c o n a l a r p á c o m e s t r a n u
All members of staff are welcome to invite one other person to accompany them, although you need to inform Human Resources of the name of your guest before the 10th December. All guests will be issued with a name tag on arriving at the party.
En vista de que habrá muchos clientes importantes de la empresa en la fiesta de este año, nos gustaría recordar a todos los empleados que se espera un comportamiento ejemplar en todo momento. En el evento del año pasado hubo bastante “exuberancia irracional” lo cual sorprendió bastante a la dirección, ¿hace falta mencionar el famoso incidente del pavo?
In view of the fact that there will be many important company clients at this year’s party we would like to remind all staff that exemplary behaviour is to be expected at all times. At last year’s event there was quite a lot of “irrational exuberance” which caused more than one raised eyebrow from the management, need I mention the famous turkey incident?
Estamos deseando veros a todos allí.
We look forward to seeing you all there.
Year’s Christmas party
There will be a
Esperamos que no hayas puesto nada como “It will have” o “It will be” . “Habrá” es el futuro de “hay” del verbo “haber” . Se sabe bien que el sujeto con “hay” es “there”, ej: “there is” o “there are”. En el futuro el sujeto es igual: “habrá” = “THERE will be” . También aparece más veces en la carta.
Chairman and the managing director.
Esto es inglés británico. En inglés americano se dice “President” y “CEO”, que significa “Chief Executive Officer” .
Are welcome To remind Quite a lot of One raised eyebrow
14
Se puede emplear el genitivo sajón con expresiones de tiempo, como “week”, “month”, “day” , etc. Es muy útil cuando tenemos una frase con muchos sustantivos. Suena poco natural decir “The Christmas party of this year” . Hay más ejemplos de esta estructura en la carta.
Se puede decir “All members of staff can...” , pero sería una traducción muy plana. Se dice “To be welcome to do something” en contextos más formales cuando se da permiso para hacer algo, y el permiso se da con mucho gusto. No es “to remember”. Cuando quieres recordar a alguien que haga algo nunca se puede decir “to remember somebody to do something” , siempre se utiliza “to remind”. Para traducir “bastante” en inglés, utilizamos “quite + adjetivos” , “quite a bit of + incontables” , “quite a few + contables” o “quite a lot of + contables e incontables” . Una expresión bonita en inglés. Cuando nos sorprendemos decimos “to raise an eyebrow”, literalmente significa “arquear una ceja” .
marketing e n i g u e a C o n s T i e n d n a h i c o V a u g p e c í f s e l r i a e s. m a t e i o n a l s e f p r o p a r a a. c o m n d a n t ie h g u v a
List 21 Ponte a prueba. Tapa la columna derecha con un papel y traduce al inglés las frases en español. Irás ganando en vocabulario y fluidez, a medida que aumentes el número de repeticiones.
Muchos factores influyen en la conducta del cliente.
Many factors influence customer behavior.
¿Cómo podemos influir en su compor tamiento?
How can we influence their behavior?
¿Cómo podemos conseguir que compren nuestros productos?
How can we get them to buy our products?
¿Cuál es el ciclo vital de este producto?
What’s the life cycle of this product?
Las creencias y actitudes cambian con el tiempo.
Beliefs and attitudes change over time.
Los líderes de opinión tienen una gran influencia.
Opinion leaders have great influence.
Los matrimonios toman decisiones en conjunto.
Married couples make joint decisions.
Vamos a preparar un tríptico.
We’re going to prepare a three-page leaflet.
La gente no entenderá el mensaje.
The people won’t understand the message.
El tipo de letra es demasiado pequeño.
The print-type is too small.
Vamos a llenar la ciudad de vallas publicitarias.
We’re going to fill the city with billboards.
No creo en la publicidad mediante vallas.
I don’t believe in billboard advertising.
¿Cuáles son las tarifas publicitarias?
What are the advertising rates?
Las palabras representan una fuerza poderosa.
Words are a powerful force.
¿Cómo puedo conseguir que este anuncio resalte?
How can I make this ad come alive?
Tu anuncio tiene que ser más específico.
Your ad has to be more specific.
Tu anuncio no debe sonar como un anuncio.
Your ad shouldn’t sound like an ad.
Tenemos que llegar a cuanta más gente mejor.
We have to reach as many people as possible.
Nadie se va a fijar en tus vallas publicitarias.
Nobody is going to notice your billboards.
Tenemos que hacernos notar.
We have to get ourselves noticed.
16
Art Editor: Annie Casasús
Illustrator : Pablo Gonzalo
A FAiry Merry Christmas to you all! Lee cómo Pence aprende que a veces las apariencias engañan. It was the beginning of December and Pence and R were putting up the Christmas tree together at R’s house. “Wouldn’t it be fun to be the Christmas tree fairy, right at the top of the Christmas tree where everyone can see you and you can see everyone?” said Pence. “Nobody looks at the other decorations on the tree but everybody looks at the fairy on top” . “Well, I don’t think it would be much fun,” said R. “But if you like, you can be my Christmas fairy this year. The only condition is that, if you decide to do it, you have to stay up there for the whole of the Christmas period.” Pence couldn’t believe his luck and jumped at the chance. “Are you sure?” he asked. “Of course,” said R, “but remember the condition”.
Era principios de diciembre y Pence y R estaban decorando el árbol de Navidad en casa de R. “¡Qué divertido sería ser el hada del árbol de Navidad, ahí en la parte de arriba del árbol de Navidad donde todo el mundo te ve y desde donde ves a todo el mundo!” dijo Pence. “Nadie presta atención a las demás decoraciones del árbol pero todo el mundo se fija en el hada que está en la parte alta del mismo”. “Bueno, yo no creo que sería muy divertido,” dijo R. “Pero si quieres, puedes ser mi hada de Navidad este año. La única condición es que, si decides hacerlo, tendrás que quedarte ahí durante todo el periodo navideño.” Pence no se lo podía creer y no dejó escapar la oportunidad. “¿Estás seguro?” preguntó. “Por supuesto que sí,” dijo R, “pero no olvides la condición”.
And so, Pence climbed up to the top of the tree and made himself as comfortable as he could. At first, it was great being the Christmas fairy. Everybody who came to R’s house noticed Pence and waved to him. Pence had never felt so popular in all his life. But he soon got fed up with smiling at everybody. He wanted to be himself but he couldn’t – he was the Christmas fairy and Christmas fairies have to smile all the time.
Así que Pence escaló hasta la cima del árbol y se acomodó todo lo que pudo. Al principio le resultaba increíble ser el hada de Navidad. Todo el mundo que venía a casa de R se fijaba en Pence y le saludaba con la mano. Nunca en toda su vida Pence se había sentido tan popular. Pero rápidamente se hartó de sonreír a todo el mundo. Quería ser él mismo pero no podía: era el hada de Navidad y las hadas de Navidad tienen que sonreír en todo momento.
Then, he began to feel physically tired. It was hard work hanging on to the top branch of the tree all day long. And being the centre of attention wasn’t all it had cracked up to be. And what was worse, once he’d eaten up all the chocolate Father Christmases, there was nothing for him to eat! He was desperate to get down off the tree but R kept reminding him of the agreement they had made.
Luego, empezó a sentirse físicamente cansado. Era muy duro estar colgado de la última rama del árbol durante todo el día. Y ser el centro de atención tampoco era todo lo que él se había imaginado. Y peor aún, una vez que había comido todos los Papa Noeles de chocolate, ¡no tenía nada que comer! Estaba desesperado por bajar del árbol pero R no dejaba de recordarle lo que habían pactado.
But fortunately for Pence, someone was there to help him. On Christmas Eve, when Santa arrived at R’s house he felt so sorry for the patheticlooking Christmas fairy, that he took Pence down off the tree, gave him a clip round the ear and put a real Christmas fairy back at the top of the Christmas tree. Things we don’t have often appear better from afar than they really are.
Pero afortunadamente para Pence, alguien llegó a rescatarlo. En Noche Buena, cuando Santa Claus llegó a casa de R, el patético aspecto del hada de Navidad le dio tanta pena que descolgó a Pence del árbol, le dio un cocotazo, y colocó un hada de Navidad de verdad en la cima del árbol de Navidad. Las cosas que no tenemos a veces resultan ser más bonitas desde de la distancia de lo que en realidad son.
Mix and match
Why
won t
Ha llegado el momento de jugar con las preguntas negativas tipo: “¿Por qué no...?”. Una vez más nos centraremos en el futuro, ¿recuerdas que ya lo vimos el mes pasado? Pero esta vez con el verbo “to call” y “to read” en primera, segunda y tercera persona del plural: Por ejemplo: por que no llamaran a sus padres?
?
Why
wont
they
call
their parents?
CÓMO JUGAR: Recorta los cuadrados con la ayuda de un adulto e intenta formar 6 frases siguiendo la estructura gramatical que te indicamos en el ejemplo (si quieres, puedes hacer una fotocopia en color de la página). Algo que te puede ayudar a hacerlo correctamente es ir uniendo las fichas por sus colores. Es decir, el rojo al final de una palabra siempre tiene que coincidir con el rojo al principio de otra. ¿Por qué no llamarán (ellos) a sus primos?
¿Por qué no leerán (ellos) el periódico?
¿Por qué no leeremos (nosotros) la revista?
¿Por qué no llamaremos (nosotros) a nuestros abuelos?
¿Por qué no llamaréis (vosotros) a tus sobrinos?
¿Por qué no leeréis (vosotros) vuestros libros?
our grandparents? won t call we
won t
why
why
They
the magazine?
we
why
Call
why
won t
the paper? they
read
won t
Call why
you
won t
their cousins?
your books?
read
won t
you
why
Your nephews?
read
LO QUE NECESITAS: Scissors
ask mummy and daddy for help!!!
Word search
(Christmas)
Encuentra las palabras que te indicamos a continuación en la siguiente sopa de letras: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Christmas Eve (Nochebuena) New Year’s Eve (Nochevieja) Jerusalem (Jerusalén) Nativity Scene (Belén (decoración)) Bethlehem (Belén (ciudad)) Mistletoe (Muérdago) Cracker (Cohete chino) Fireworks (Fuegos artificiales) Bauble (Bola para el árbol)
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
e c n e p
Holly (Acebo) Tinsel (Espumillón) Hamper (Cesta) Turkey (Pavo) Marzipan (Mazapán) Chestnuts (Castañas) Angel (Ángel) Myrrh (Mirra) Wreath (Corona)
c H e o g l r l c y a a h n a a m y p s e r r u o a n r wm
r i s r mo o c t o r u m a w u c h e k r t e k r r h i t e a b t b a u e t z o l m m a r
t m a n i t y s r b t t h l s e e e o t l mow s e r h s e i n s b l e om r n e g z i P
s l a b e t h l e h e m e u a
e e e s j e r u s a l e m a n
v g t r n t r d i y e k r u t
Anagrams Unscramble the five words below.
1. Father Christmas traditionally enters a house through its YCIMHEN. 2. People send MSRHCITAS DRCAS to friends and family at Christmas. 3. DOGL is one of the gifts that the three Wise Men gave to Jesus. 4. A RPHSEHED looks after sheep. 5. Children place their shoes on the floor next to the Christmas tree and EAPRIFELC.
. 3 . ) o r O ( d l o G
. ) r a g o h e d a e n e m i h C ( e c a l p e r i F . 5
. ) r o t s a P ( d r e h p e h S . 4
. 2 . ) d a d i v a N e d s a t e j r a T ( s d r a c s a m t s i r h C
. 1 . ) a e n e m i h C ( y e n m i h C : S A T S E U P S E R
e h n a a u t n i t v e i f t i y r s e c w e o n r e k o s
n b e l w u y c e o a r r c s h e e v s e t a n i u c t e s
expressions with Don’t rock the boat!
¡No hagas olas!
T A O B
We’re all in the same boat.
Estamos todos en la misma situación. You’ve missed the boat!
¡Has perdido el tren! Don’t burn your boats.
No quemes las naves. They’ve really pushed the boat out this time.
Han realmente tirado la casa por la ventana esta vez. Whatever floats your boat!
¡Haz lo que te haga feliz! It didn’t float my boat.
No me gustó mucho. I’m not just off the boat; you know?
No soy tan ingenuo, ¿sabes? Let’s push the boat out and go on holiday.
Tiremos la casa por la ventana y vayamos de vacaciones. When my boat / ship comes in…
Cuando me toque la lotería…
21
LEARNING NATURE’S LANGUAGES By Ewan Munro Lecturer in Maths and Physics
It is hard to conceive of a more important step in the evolution of man than the development of language. If we look at the enormous range of species that currently inhabit our planet, homo sapiens is unique in being capable of communicating intricately precise and detailed ideas to other members of the community, and it is not hard to see what it has done for us. We are top of the food chain (cadena alimenticia), despite being (a pesar de ser) relatively small and weak when compared to many other animals. We can inhabit almost any part of the Earth, despite being physically poorly equipped to deal with extreme weather conditions. And despite the fact we are mortal, people remember us and our ideas for centuries and centuries after we die – we pass our knowledge on to future generations. We owe all of this (debemos todo esto) to our remar kable ability to share information with each other. If we could talk to aquatic creatures like squid (calamares), we'd learn a lot about a whole terrain of the Earth's surface that remains a relative mystery to us – the oceans - and we'd have them carry out tasks (llevar a cabo tareas) for us deep down in yet another place where we are not conditioned to survive.
22
Obviously, there is a link (conexión) between our power to communicate and our ability to develop technologies, adapt to different situations, and above all, survive as a species.
Natural Languages One of the most important quests (búsqueda) ever (jamás) undertaken (emprendida) by man is to try to understand how nature itself works. Moving forward with an unstoppable momentum provided by the revolution of the 17th century, science is our most important tool (herramienta) in learning to speak a new set (conjunto) of languages that will one day allow us (permitirnos) to do more than just adapt; we will be able to control. The languages I mean are, of course, the laws (las leyes) of nature. They are like the grammar of a human language, and all physical objects obey them (les obedecen) - just like the words in this sentence obey cer tain rules about order and grouping. Unlike what we can do (a diferencia de lo que podemos hacer) with the grammar of a human language, however, we cannot simply change or disregard the laws of nature as we please. They are constant and unchanging, and the task of science is to write the definitive grammar book and accompanying dictionary.
The trouble is, nature is multilingual. Different types of physical objects obey different physical, chemical, and biological laws. This is the reason why we have the separation between the natural sciences; a physicist does not need to be fluent in the laws of biology, just as a biologist does not need to be fluent in the laws of physics, and as a result they developed as two different disciplines. But by speaking to a physical object in the language it understands, we can do wonderful things with it.
Talking to Nature It has been known since the 1830s that all living organisms are built from different kinds of cells (células), and since the 1950s we have known that everything about these cells is encoded (codificado) in their DNA; the instructions in the genetic code determine exactly what the cell does. If we could learn this genetic language, we could play around with the DNA of a cell to try to make it do things of use to us. It sounds far-fetched (rocambolesco), but it has already been done. A modified form of the cells of the e coli bacteria, when fed sugar, produce 100% clean diesel oil! True, it's not the most useful product we could hope for, but by unlocking the power of the cell, it is hoped that genetic engineering like this will enable us to
humanities A PASSION FOR LEARNING produce chemicals and medicines more efficiently, cure many illnesses, and grow whole body parts to replace damaged ones, just to mention a few possible applications. Many of the components of cells are of great interest to us, too. The level of molecular complexity inside the average cell is astounding (increíble), with some parts acting as tiny motors, and others as tiny assemblers that flawlessly
guys speak a language called quantum mechanics, which physicists have been learning for about 80 years or so. Progress has been good; we can now explain macroscopic physical properties like shape, colour, and texture based on the quantum interactions of microscopic objects like electrons. That's pretty impressive, but we are probably still only intermediate-level speakers of this complex language.
computers trailing behind like a Formula One car would a snail, so it is very much in our interest to develop our knowledge of quantum theory.
Translating Nature Modern human civilisation now involves global issues such as climate change and economic interdependence on a scale like never before, and the resolution of the problems they present us with would be impossible if people from different countries could not communicate effectively with each other. Language is an indispensable tool to modern man, but as we have seen this does not just apply to the ability to talk to other human beings. Being able to effectively 'communicate' with fundamental constituents of nature is also an absolute necessity, if we are to have any chance of developing the technology we require to deal with the challenges we face (retos que nos enfrentan). It is the job of scientists to observe all the different ways nature expresses itself – all the different languages it speaks - and then translate them into terms we can understand.
(perfectamente) construct essential proteins. If we could learn how these microscopic 'devices' work – how they talk to each other and to other atoms and molecules – we could make many of our everyday electronic gadgets (chismes / aparatos) much smaller and more efficient. We might also be able to develop 'smart drugs' (medicamentos inteligentes), which would target damaged cells or tissue without causing harm to surrounding healthy ones. Deeper down are atoms and sub-atomic particles like electrons and protons. These
To really be able to perform fancy tricks, we need to reach the advanced or superior class, so we can talk to electrons about more complex issues. You see, nature lets these objects behave in ways that bigger things like footballs, humans, or even cells cannot. If we learn exactly how nature allows this to happen, we can join the action and use these particles to do weird and wonderful things for us. One highly active line of research is to use quantum behaviour to perform faster computations – to build a quantum computer. Such a machine would leave existing
Translating the laws of nature into English, Spanish, or any other standard tongue is, however, pretty lousy and inefficient. Instead we use a much more powerful alternative – mathematics. This beautiful and elegant language will be the subject of next month's Humanities article.
For more information on the Humanities program please visit www.vaughanmaster.com
23
n a r y ; io s i v a s He w a p f o r u d o o t he s mo s t l a s t h g i ’ s r wo me n a r s a g o. e y d e r nd t h ree h u
H ow s t and u c a n y o u p f or s o me
t hi i f y ou d o n’ t r e a n g l y l b el i e ve i n i t ?
¿ C óm o p u ed es d e f e n n o c r ee l o s e n e ll o d er a g d e v er d s i ad ?
lo s de f en dió ca si ; io r a n io si Era un v la s mu jere s ha ce de dere c ho s e s cien to s año s. tr
u s s ! w a e b Do n ’ t se l f. r u o y r o p f S t a nd u ue ! blan den g s a e s o ¡N te. De f ién de
To Stand up for Defender(se) / Hacer frente a
La p r ó x i ma v e z t en d d e f rá e nd e r a t u h e s q u e r m p e qu eñ o an o .
a nd u p t s o t e Yo u h a v e mee t in g if i n t h g me. f o r me n i k c a t t r t a t he y s t a l ar s pa d re e u q s Me tiene n si em pie zan nió en la reu ta car me. aa
24
T he n e y o u ’ l l ha xt t i me ve t o s t an f o r y o u r l i tt l e b d u p ro t he r.
W e ha v e t o s t a nd u p f o r o ur r g i t he r g i ht s o f ht s a n d a ll w or k er s . T e ne mo s q ue e nd e d e re ch o d e f s y l o s d r n ue st r o s e re ch os t od o s l o d e s t ra b a j ad o r es .
phrasal verbs I ’ l l v ot e f o p a r t y i f y ou r y o u r c a n e x p me e x a l ai n t o c t y l w ha t i t s ta nd i t i s t ha t s f o r.
nd f o r a t s t ’ n I wo u a g e g n a l f o i nd t h a t k o u se. i n m y h
T u p ar ti do t en d rá m i v o p u ed e s to s i m e e x p li c a r e e nt e e s l o q u x ac t a m q ué e r e p re se n ta .
de e se t ipo to i m d a sa. No en mi ca je a u g n le
I wo n ’ t ! r t h a t o f d n a t s ¡E s
dm ito ! o no lo a
To Stand for W ha t d o “ WT F” s es t and
Significar / Representar / Admitir
f o r ?
¿ Qu é s g i n f i i ca “ W TF ” ?
to re ad t l u c i f f i d d a y s ; I I f ind i t e s e h t s s a g e s se te x t me e a w h a t a l l t he id h a ve no io n s s t a nd f o r. t a b b re v i a día; n de ho y e an S M S s lo i i c ta leer e s ign f s u e q u c lo e e M ni idea d ra s. no ten go s e s ta s abre via tu to da
I s i t t r u e
t ha t O K s t and s f or “ Z e ro
K i l l ed ” ?
¿ Es c i er to q “ Ce ro p u e O K s g i n f i i ca er so na s m at a d a s” ?
25
something TO CHEW OVER ¡Algo para pensar! Abajo encontrarás una serie de frases. Sólo una es correcta en cada caso, bien sea por razones gramaticales o por el contexto. Piensa la respuesta muy bien antes de contestar y piensa el porqué de la respuesta correcta y de las incorrectas. Como siempre, las respuestas vienen en la página 28 con sus correspondientes explicaciones.
1
2.a. Why we don’t have brunch?
1.b. Would you like one toast?
2.b. Why don’t we have blunch?
1.c. Would you like a peace of toast?
2.c. Why don’t we have brunch?
1.d. Would you like a slice of toast?
2.d. Why we don’t have blunch?
1
1
3.a. Can you pass the butter to me?
4.a. Sorry! The toast’s a bit burnt on the edges.
3.b. Can you pass me the butter?
4.b. Sorry! The toast’s a bit burnt in the edges.
3.c. Can you pass to me the butter?
4.c. Sorry! The toast’s a bit burnt in the borders.
3.d. Can you to pass the butter to me?
4.d. Sorry! The toast’s a bit burnt on the border.
1
1
5.a. Quick! We’re going to be late!
6.a. I’ve still got to brush me the teeth.
5.b. Quickly! We’re going to arrive late!
6.b. I’ve got still to wash me the teeth.
5.c. Quick! We’re going to get there lately!
6.c. I still have got to wash my teeth.
5.d. Quickly! We’re going to get late!
6.d. I’ve still got to brush my teeth.
1
26
1
1.a. Would you like a toast?
1
7.a. Have you seen my scarf anywhere about?
8.a. Did you padlock the house?
7.b. Have you seen my scarf in any place?
8.b. Did you locker the front door?
7.c. Have you seen my scarf at any place?
8.c. Did you lock the front door?
7.d. Have you seen my scarf by anywhere?
8.d. Did you padlock the main door?
answers SOMETHING TO CHEW OVER Aquí tienes las respuestas al reto que te propusimos en la página 26. La idea no es sólo acertar, sino también sacar provecho de las respuestas erróneas que, en muchos casos, son errores típicos.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen los españoles integrarseporen lola que cocina con “toast” quieren En ingléscuando no es contable solemos “move” angloparlantes. “Remover” no se traduce ni (cambiar de a “some toast” o “a slice of toast” . Se puede 1.sitio) D ni referirnos “remove” “remove (quitar). A veces se dice “a piece of toast” peace of toast” también decir peroennolas“arecetas the sauce” “from the heat” pero casi siempre se añade . En cuanto (“¡una paz de tostada!” ). a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen Preguntascuando en negativo. ¡Ya lo sabes! “Dont” de los españoles quieren integrarse en lasiempre cocinahacon preceder“Remover” al sujeto ennoestos casos. Por lado(cambiar es “brunch” de “move” angloparlantes. se traduce ni otro 2.sitio) C ni como un desayuno muy fuerte que se toma a media “remove” (quitar). A veces se dice en las recetas “remove mañana parasiempre prescindir tanto “from del desayuno del the sauce” the heat” . como pero casi se añade En cuanto almuerzo. Se emplea término en el castellano. a “moven” me lo inventé parayalacomo ocasión.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen los españoles cuando quieren integrarse en la cocina con angloparlantes. “Remover” no seaquí traduce ni “move” la(cambiar de La estructura es exactamente misma que 3.sitio) B ni ¡Facilísimo! “remove” “remove A veces se“pass dicesomeone en las recetas en español(quitar). en el imperativo: . something” the sauce” pero casi siempre se añade “from the heat” . En cuanto a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen los españoles cuando quieren integrarse en la cocina con “El borde” edge” y (cambiar de algo no siempre es “ the nunca “the angloparlantes. “Remover” se traduce ni “move” de 4.sitio) A ni border” “frontera” que signfica . Empleamos la preposición “remove” (quitar). A veces se dice en las recetas “remove “on” “at” con “edge” “in” . y a veces palabra the sauce” “from the pero heat” .nunca pero casi siempre se laañade En cuanto a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión.
“¡Rápido!” A la hora decirle alguien más no hay Aquí estamos antedeuno de losa errores comunes que diferencia cometen entre “Quick!” Normalmente se tarde” los españoles cuandoy “Quickly!” quieren integrarse en “llegar la cocina con dice . Sólo empleamos el verbo “to be late” “arrive” angloparlantes. “Remover” no se traduce ni “move” (cambiar desi 5.sitio) A ni mencionamos el destino (al se igual queenocurre con “get” , un “remove” (quitar). “remove A veces dice las recetas verbo que empleamos más a menudo que ) . Por “arrive” the sauce” pero casi siempre se añade “from the heat” . En cuanto otromelado, significa “lately” “últimamente” por lo que no a “moven” lo inventé para la ocasión. viene a caso aquí.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen En ingléscuando no podemos decir integrarse . Fíjate con que “to wash your los españoles quieren en teeth” la cocina empleamos el adjetivo posesivo como suele ocurrir al angloparlantes. “Remover” no se traduce ni “move” (cambiar de 6.sitio) D ni referirnos a las diferentes partes del cuerpo humano. El “remove” (quitar). A veces se dice en las recetas “remove adverbio se coloca inmediatamente después del “still” the sauce” pero casi “from the heat” siempre se añade . En cuanto verbo auxiliar ( en este caso). “have” a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión.
Aquí estamos ante uno de los errores más comunes que cometen los españoles cuando quieren integrarse en la cocina con sitio” La forma“Remover” más habitual decir “ennialgún dentro de “move” angloparlantes. no de se traduce (cambiar de 7.sitio) A ni un “anywhere about” contexto en el interrogativo es . Las “remove” (quitar). A veces se dice en las recetas “remove demás no tienen sentido en the inglés. the sauce” “from heat” . En cuanto peroopciones casi siempre se añade a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión.
Aquí estamos ante“touno de los errores comunes que cometen padlock” “cerrar con candado” El verbo significamás , algo los españoles cuando quieren integrarse en la con que nadie (o casi nadie) hace. “Locker” no es uncocina verbo sino angloparlantes. “Remover” se traduce ni “move” de “taquilla” sustantivo quenosignifica . Por (cambiar otro lado, 8.sitio) C ni un “remove” “remove (quitar). A veces se dice en las recetas podemos decir tanto “to lock the house” como “to lock the the sauce” “from the para heat” referirnos casi siempre sesólo añade . En cuanto frontpero door” door” . “Main se emplearía a a “moven” me lo inventé para la ocasión. la puerta principal de un edificio que no fuera un hogar.
28
mastering THE INTERROGATIVE 54 Often, when we make a suggestion, we use the structure: “How about + -ing...?” Read the left-hand column and make a suggestion with “How about...?” according to what it says you want to do. You want to go to the supermarket.
?
How about going to the supermarket?
You want to ask the boss for his opinion.
?
How about asking the boss for his opinion?
You want to send a thank you letter.
?
How about sending a thank you letter?
You want to arrange a meeting.
?
How about arranging a meeting?
You want to meet in Pontevedra.
?
How about meeting in Pontevedra?
You want to try to raise more money.
?
How about trying to raise more money?
You want to bring in some new blood.
?
How about bringing in some new blood?
You want to organize a press conference.
?
How about organizing a press conference?
You want to throw a party.
?
How about throwing a party?
You want to take a taxi instead of the train.
?
How about taking a taxi instead of the train?
You want to make a surprise visit.
?
How about making a surprise visit?
You want to build a bridge.
?
How about building a bridge?
You want to set up a committee.
?
How about setting up a committee?
You want to get in contact with head office.
?
How about getting in contact with head office?
You want to cut the advertising budget.
?
How about cutting the advertising budget?
You want to commission a report.
?
How about commissioning a report?
30
elision fields ‘ÍNTAZA’ Yet another look at the way we slide one word into another creating “new words” which sound unintelligible to a Spaniard. For example, when we say “itsa” we are actually using three words you know perfectly well - it + is + a. It is essential to learn these “new words” as it will help your understanding of the spoken language enormously. Recognizing these contractions or, in some cases, elisions, represents the key to reaching a better understanding of English as spoken by native speakers. It is the key to “English Paradise”. Don’t forget that the “Elision Fields” are right before the “Elysian Fields”.
L a p á g i t e a y na q u e ud a c o n l a c om p re n s i ó n
In last month’s Elision Fields we looked at the way we pronounce “out of the” (aúdoza). Now we’re going to look at the opposite expression “into the” (íntaza).
Get ÍNTAZA car, will you! Get into the car, will you!
Put the glasses ÍNTAZA box carefully. Put the glasses into the box carefully.
They didn’t let him ÍNTAZA restaurant. They didn’t let him into the restaurant.
He scored 5 minutes ÍNTAZA match. He scored 5 minutes into the match.
Who pushed you ÍNTAZA pool? Who pushed you into the pool?
The party lasted well ÍNTAZA the night. The party lasted well into the night.
He eventually got ÍNTAZA office at 11 am. He eventually got into the office at 11 am.
I can’t get ÍNTAZA building! I can’t get into the building!
Entra en el coche ¿quieres?
Pon los vasos en la caja con cuidado.
No le dejaron entrar en el restaurante.
Marcó a los 5 minutos de empezar el partido.
¿Quién te tiró a la piscina?
La fiesta duró hasta las tantas.
Finalmente llegó a la oficina a las 11 a.m.
¡No puedo entrar en el edificio!
31
translation list u e t u C o n s i g
t i o n T r a n s l a t B o o k l e
Ponte a prueba. Tapa la columna derecha con un papel y traduce al inglés las frases en español. Comprobarás que tu nivel mejora a medida que avanzas en la lista. Incluimos dos listas para diferentes niveles.
Nivel Principiante (LISTA 19) 1. Cancélalo.
1. Cancel it.
2. Cámbialo por otro.
2. Change it for another (one).
3. No lo limpies con eso.
3. Don’t clean it with that.
4. No los cubras.
4. Don’t cover them.
5. No llores tanto.
5. Don’t cry so much.
6. Disfruta con ello.
6. Enjoy it.
7. Explica todo.
7. Explain everything.
8. No les mates.
8. Don’t kill them.
9. No me mientas.
9. Don’t lie to me.
10. Muévelo al otro lado del cuarto.
10. Move it to the other side of the room.
Nivel Avanzado (LISTA 19) 1. El ciego me llevó al quiosco.
1. The blind man took me to the news-stand.
2. Le pregunté si quería que le comprara una revista.
2. I asked him if he wanted me to buy him a magazine.
3. Él me recordó que era ciego.
3. He reminded me that he was blind.
4. Deja de molestarme.
4. Stop bothering me.
5. No entendía ni una palabra.
5. I didn’t understand a single word.
6. Hablaba como si tuviera canicas en la boca.
6. He talked as if he had marbles in his mouth.
7. Le pedí que hablara más despacio.
7. I asked him to speak more slowly.
8. No me hizo caso.
8. He ignored me.
9. Me fui de la reunión.
9. I left the meeting.
10. Eres un caso perdido.
10. You’re a lost case.
34
creepy corner d e l o s a n i g á L a p m á s e r r o r e s y m á s s e n u c o m e s h o r r i b l
Para referirnos a “todo el día” en inglés decimos literalmente “todo día”. Lo mismo sucede con las expresiones “toda la semana”, “todo el mes”, “todo el año”, etc. En todos estos casos omitimos el artículo “the” y por tanto decimos: “all week”, “all month”, “all year”, pero nunca “all the week”, “all the month”, “all the year”. ¡No lo olvides!
El bebé estuvo llorando toda la mañana.
The baby was crying all morning.
Cuando estuvimos en Estambul mi marido estuvo toda la semana haciendo fotos.
When we were in Istanbul my husband was taking photos all week .
Ella se pasó todo el día hablando por teléfono con sus amigas.
She was on the phone all day talking to her friends.
Estuvimos todo el mes buscando un sitio para alquilar.
We were looking for a place to rent all month.
Se quedaron todo el fin de semana con sus vecinos porque les estaban pintando la casa.
They stayed with their neighbours all weekend because they were having their house painted.
Cuando viví en Inglaterra recuerdo que llovió todo el año.
When I lived in England I remember it rained all year.
Cuando fue a Galicia comió marisco todo el mes.
When he went to Galicia he ate shellfish all month.
Tuvo que trabajar todo el fin de semana para terminar el informe a tiempo.
She had to work all weekend to finish the report on time.
La última vez que tuvo gripe se pasó toda la semana en la cama.
When she last had the flu she spent all week in bed.
Ayer estuve todo el día mirando por la ventana.
Yesterday I was looking out of the window all day.
35
