V AN Q UI SH E D
ZAMA 1.
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.218.
2.
Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, pp.372--73.
28 .
Lazenby writes that 4 0 velites were attached per maniple in Hannibal's War,p.221.
29.
Polybius, 15.11.2-4.
30.
Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, p.372.
3.
Mosig and Belhassen, "Revision and Reconstruction in the Second Punic War: Zama of the W h o s e Victor y, " InternationalJournal Humanities, Vol. 5, No . 9 (2007), p.3.
4.
Ibid, p.3.
5.
Livy, 30.2 8.4. http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy30. html
6.
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.210.
7.
Ibid,p.203.
8.
Ibid,p.221.
9.
Livy, 29. 25. 1-3 .
10 .
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.203.
33 .
Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, p.371.
11.
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zama," p.2.
34.
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zama," p.4.
12 .
Polybius, 15.4.4-5 .
35 .
Polybius, 15.11.1.
13 .
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.215.
36.
Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus, p.177.
14.
Polybius, 15. 3.5 -7.
37 .
Fields, The Roman Army in the Punic Wars, p.84.
15.
Ibid, 15.5.11.
38 .
Ibid,p.81.
16 .
Ibid, 15.5.5-11.
39.
Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, p.370.
17 .
Ibid, 15.6.3.
40.
Polybius, 15.10.2-4.
18 .
Ibid, 1 5 . 7 .
41.
Ibid, 15.11.4-12.
19.
Ibid, 1 5 . 8 .
42 .
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zama," p.4.
20.
Ibid, 1 5 . 8 .
43 .
Polybius, 15.12.3-5.
21.
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zama," p.4.
44.
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zam a," p.4. See also Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, p.372.
22.
Polybius, 3.9.7-10.
45 .
Polybius, 15.12.5-7.
46 .
Delbriick, Warfare in Antiquity, p.373.
47 .
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.223 believes th e correct translation to say: "...since the antagonists di d not use spears but swords."
48 .
Polybius, 15.12.8 -9; 15.13.1- 5.
49 .
Ibid,, 15.13.5-9.
50 .
Mosig and Belhassen, "Zama," p.5.
51.
Polybius, 15.13.7-8
52.
Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus, p.181.
23.
24.
B. H. Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon (London, Greenhill Books, 1992), p.175. Polybius, 1 8 . 3 0 . 6 - 1 1 .
31.
32.
For a more detailed look at th e use of elephants in ancient warfare, se e Konstantin Nossov, War Elephants (Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2008). Fo r an account of the elephants crossing th e alps, see Sir Gavin de Beer,v^ft.$ and Elephants: Hannibal's March (New York, E. P. Dutto n 8c Company, 1956), or John Prevas, Hannibal Grosses the Alps: The Enigma Re-Examined (New York, Sarpedon, 1998). F. E. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (Berkeley, Univer sity of California Press, 1957), .55-56. PP
25.
John Warry, Warfare in the Classical World (New York, S t Martin's Press, 1980), p . l l l .
26 .
J . E. Lendon, Soldiers and and Ghosts (New Haven, Yal e Un iv er si ty Pr ess, 2005), p.181. See Hans van Wees , Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities (London, Gerald Duckworth 8c Co., 2004) for an interpretation of ancient warfare based on individual combat rather than a uniform engagement.
53.
Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p.224.
54.
Polybius, 15.1 4.1- 9.
Polybius, 15.9.7.
55 .
Mosig an d Belhassen, "Zama," p.5.
27.
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