6) Style- Great literature is marked with the
IRON MAN 21st CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER Definitions of Literature:
peculiar way in which the writer se es life, forms his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly. 7) Suggestiveness- Great literature appeals to our emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, moves
Literature is the total of preserved writing
us deeply and evokes visions over and beyond
belongings to a given language or people.
the level of ordinary life experience.
Literature consist of those writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with t he personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interst ( Henry Van Dyke)
conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions. Divisions of Prose
Literature is a written record of man’s best
thoughts and feelings.
Prose- is a discourse that follows the usual flow of
1. Fiction- is a literary work which is a result of the
Literature is the written or printed productions
author’s imagination.
of the human mind collectively, which deals
a. Short story- is a narrative involving one or
with themes of permanent and universal
more characters, one plot, and one single
interest, characterized by creativeness and
impression. (Dead stars by Paz Marquez
grace of expression, as poetry, as fictions, essay,
Benitez) b. Novel- is a true-to-life story divided into
etc.
chapters where many characters are Types of Literature: A. Oral Literature – is generally the literature of the ancient times. It is preserved and handed down from one generation to another by wo rd of mouth. Oral literature started unwritten, but eventually captured for writing. B. Written literature- is one that gets its form from
involved and spans long period of time. (Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe) c.
(Call me Flory by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero) d. Legend- is a narrative narrative about the origin of man, place, event and happenings. e. Fable- is a narrative where the characters are animals and inanimate objects that
the use of the pe n by literary genius. Compared
speak and act like people. Usually ends with
to oral form, it is likely to be permanent in form because once written, it remain as is. Reasons why people write:
Play- is a scripted story executed on stage.
values that can mold their attitudes. 2. Non-Fiction a. Essay- is an attempt to express the viewpoint and opinion of the writer on a
For self expression
To spread knowledge and information
To pass on ideas and values
To impart truth, accuracy and evaluation.
particular problem or event Formal essay
Informal essay
b. Oration- is a formal treatment of the subject and intended to be spoken before a
Characteristics of a great literature (Literary standards): 1) Permanence- Great literature stands through
crowd. c.
Biography- Is a literary work that gives the
ages and still opens new world of meaning and
life account of a person written by another
experience.
person.
2) Universality- Great literature appeals to anyone,
d. Autobiography- is a literary work where the author writes his own life account
anywhere, anytime forever relevant. 3) Artistry- Great literature appeals to our
e. News- is a report of expected and unexpected events in society and
aesthetic sense or sense of beauty.
government and incidents in the field of
4) Intellectual value- Great literature stimulates
science, business,etc.
our thought. It makes us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature. 5) Spiritual value- great literature inspires and brings out moral values making us better persons.
f.
Letters
g. Diaries and Journals. Poetry- is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings taking it’s o rigin from emotion”(William
Wordsworth)
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Is a type of literature that combines the
Imagery- refers to the sensation that languages creates
sound and meaning of language to
in this mind. Images are words and phrases that appeal
create and express ideas and feelings. fee lings.
to the senses.
Uses imagery and figurative language closely related terms is very rich, suggestive and powerful.
suggestive, powerful and therefore exciting.
It is a rhythmical creation of beauty
-also means the use of word or phrase which refers to
(Edgar Allan Poe)
something familiar in our experience to stand for the
Three types of poetry: 1. Narrative Poetry- tells stories and has two forms: a.
Figurative Language- makes language more colorful,
idea, feeling or attitude we wish to communicate. The figures of speech: 1. Simile- Is an explicit or direct comparison
Epics- are long poems that exemplify the
between two things of different classes)
adventures of epic heroes and divine forces.
(Ex. She turns cold as a freezer)
They are oldest surviving form of poetry.
2. Metaphor- is bolder than simile and the
b. Ballads- are narrative poems intended to be
comparison is limited or indirect between two
sung. They are shorter than the e pics and
objects of different classes.
they usually tell stories about a particular
(ex. The Lord is my shepherd)
person.
3. Personification- gives human qualities or
-Ballads use repetitive and use simple language as well as supernatural touches. 2.
attributes to non-human or inanimate object. 4. Synecdoche- names a part of an obje ct to stand for the whole, or whole for a part.
Dramatic poetry- tells stories but one or more characters act out the poem. There are plays that are written as dramatic poetry.
(ex. He is my right arm (trusted (tr usted ass) 5. Metonymy- involves the use of a term connected with an object to represent that
- William Shakespeare, An English Playwright, is
object.
the most famous dramatic poet.
Ex. I give you the floor to speak 6. Hyperbole- involves a deliberate exaggeration
- In the dramatic monologue, the stor y is
used for the effect.
dramatically told by only one character, Robert
(ex. A million thanks to you)
Browning, an English poet of the 18--, wr ote
7. Oxymoron- is putting side by side of two
many poems of this style. 3.
Lyric Poetry- the most common of the three, is a short poem that expresses the poet’s
normally contradictory words. (ex. Cruel kindness, bitter-sweet) 8. Parodox- Is saying something which seems untrue, but on close examination, proves to be
thoughts and feeling.
true or partly true.
- The word lyric comes from the Greek word
(Ex. What you keep, you lose; what you lose,
rhein which
you keep)
means lyre, a harp-like musical
instrument used by poets in ancient Greecy.
9.
Allusion- is a casual reference either by directly or by borrowing familiar phrases from the bible,
Forms of Lyrics Poetry: a.
Haiku- one of the shortest lyric poems, is a Japanese verse of 17 syllables arranged in thre e lines, the first line has 5, the second 7, and the third 5.
b. Ode- is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises and noble feelings. (Ex. Ode to Evening by William Collins (1721-1759) Elegy- is a poem of meditation on life and
history or literature. 10. Irony- involves a contrast, a discrepancy between expected and what actually act ually happens. (ex. You’re so kind to an swer back to your
parents) 11. Onomatopoeia- is the formation or use of words having a sound that imitates what they denote. (ex. Don’t bang the door)
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14. Alliteration- is the repetition of the initial
-Our ancient literature shows our customs and
consonant sound in the sentence. It is also
traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories,
known as “tongue twister”
old plays and short stories.
15. Assonance- Is the repetition of the t he middle vowel sounds. (Ex. Race and make, foolish and crooning) 16. Consonance- is sometimes called “slant” rhyme. Both consonants occur at the end of the word
-Our forefathers also had their own alphabet which was different from the alphabet brought by Spaniards, but similar to that o f Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Pre-Spanish literature is chacaterized by:
as in odds and ends; (Ex. Dreary and weary)
A. Legends- are a form of prose and the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing,
Purpose of Art- To express man’s feelings about his surroundings, through the means and mater available to him, depending on his style, capability and concept of beauty.
location or name.
Ang alamat ng Mount Makiling
Ang alamat ng Pinya
Why women wash the dishes
Ang alamat ng Olongapo
B. Folk tales- are made up of stories stor ies about life, adventure, love and humor where one can derive lessons about life. C. Epics- are long narrative poems where a series of heroic achievements or events, usually by a hero, are dealt with.
Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) of t he Ilocanos is the adventure of prodigious
Importance of literature:
epic hero, Lam-ang who exhibits extraordinary powers at an early age. At nine months, he is able to go to war to look for his father’s killers.
The Agyu or Olahing of the Manobos is a three-part epic that starts with the pahmara (invocation) then the Kepu’unpuun ( a narration of the past)
and the sengedurog (an episode complete in itself).
Sandayo- of the Subanon tells the story of the hero with the same name, who is born through extraordinary circumstances, as he fell out of the hair of his mother while she was combing it on the ninth stroke.
D. Myths- are narratives that describe and portray in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture.
Si malakas at si maganda.
E. Folk songs- are one of the oldest fo rms of Philippines literature that emerged in the Prespanish period.
Kundiman
Kumintang
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Other forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry:
Riddles(Bugtong) or Palaisipan- These are made
Ang Barlaan at Josephat- First Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translate from
Epigrams (Salawikain)- They served as laws on rules on good behavior by our ancestors.
Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
The Passion- Book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ, and it is read only during lent.
up of one or more me asure lines with rhyme
which consists of 4 to 12 syllables.
Bulacan, 1814
Chant (bulong)- this is used in witchcraft or
enchantment.
Sayings (Kasabihan)- There are used in teasing actuations
The de Guia version by Luis de Guia in 1750
Urbana at Felisa: -Written by Modesto de Castro- Father of
Sawikain (sayings)- these sayings do not have hidden meaning.
The de la Merced version by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan, 1856
same number of syllables. or giving remarks or comments on a person’s
The de belen version by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bataan, 1704
Maxims- These are verses with rhyming couplets of 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line has the
Pilapil version by Mariano Pilapil of
Classis Prose in Tagalog.
Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)Collection of songs praising Virgin Mary. It was
SPANISH PERIOD
written in 1865 by a Filipino priest, Fr. Mariano
Spanish colonized the Philippines for
Sevilla, became popular during Flores de Mayo.
more than 3 centuries.
They embraced the Catholic religion.
Spanish influences on Philippine Literature:
ALIBATA was the first Filipino alphabet which was replaced by the Roman alphabet
Lessons on Christian Doctrine
Spanish language which became the
Folk Songs:
Leron-Leron Sinta
Dandansoy
Atin Cu Pung singsing
Pamulinawen
Sarong Banggi
Recreational Plays:
medium of instruction and literary.
Legends and traditions from Europe were assimilated in our songs, corridos
Tibag- means to excavate.
Lagaylay- is a special occasion to get toget her during the month of may for the Pilarenos of
and moro-moros
Sorsogon.
Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other
enact the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
dialects.
-Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8
Grammar books were printed in
verses in each stanza.
Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and
-It takes 3 nights to stage the full length version.
Visayan.
a) Cantada- chanted like the passion
Our magazines and periodicals gained a
b) Hablada- has a more dignified theme
religious tone.
where the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner.
The first books:
Panunuluyan- is a reenactment of Virgin Mary
The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana)- First
and Saint Joseph in search of an inn to deliver
book printed in the Philippines in 1953 9j
the baby Jesus.
Xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de
Cenaculo- is a dramatic performance to re-
Salubong- Is an easter play that dramatizes the
Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and
meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ and His
Spanish.
Mother.
Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Second book
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Sainete- is a short exaggerated musical comedy
Poet of the Laborers (Makata ng Manggagawa)
performed by characters from lower class.
Moro-moro- is performed during town fiestas to
the intense love of the poor worker s or
entertain the people and to remind t hem of
laborers.
their Christian religion.
Karagatan- is a poetic contest where a ritual is
Amado V. Hernandez- He pictures in his poems
Ilocano Literature:
performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring in the middle of t he sea
Pedro Bukaneg- Father of Ilocano Literature.
and offered her hand in marriage to anyone
His name was derived from the word Bukanegan which means Balagtasan.
who can find it.
Balagtasan- is a poetic joust or a contest of skills
poet and novelist.
in debate on a topic or issue.
Held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas”
writer, dramatist and essayist.
Dung-aw- in a chant in free ve rse by a bereaved person beside the corpse of the dead.
Kapampangan Literature:
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD(1910-1945)
imitated English and American models.
The Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
Juan Crisostomo Soto- Father of Kapampangan Literature.
During the Period of Apprenticeship, (1910-1930)- the Filipino writers
Leon Pichay- Known as the best Bukanegero. He is also known as poet, novelist, short story
Baltazar.
Claro Caluya- Prince of Ilocano poets; Known as
The word Crisotas ( meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name.
Aurelio Tolention- Translated Kahapon, Ngayon
was highly influenced by Western
at bukas into Kapampangan Napon, Ngeni at
literary trends like Romanticism and
Bukas
Realism. Visayan Literature: Short stories:
Eriberto Gumban- Fataher of Visayan Literature
Dead stars was the first short story written in
-He wrote a Zarzuela, Moro-moro and play in
English by Paz Marquez Benitez
Visayan language.
The Small Key was written by Paz Latorena
Footnote to Youth was written by Jose Garcia
Magdalen Jalandoni- wrote the novel Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak.
Villa JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) Novels: -Victoria Abelardo describe the Filipino writings during
The Child of sorrow was the first novel in
the Japanese occupation as pessimistic and bitter.
English by Zoilo Galang -The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under strict Tagalog Short Stories:
Mga Kwentong Ginto (Golden Stories) was
Ishiwara.
published in 1936
-The only contact with the outside world was done with
Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kwentista was
utmost secrecy through the underground radio program
published in 1939
called “The Voice of Freedom”
Tagalog Poetry
surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named
Playwrights:
Tagalog poets during the American Period were
Jose Ma Hernandez- wrote PANDAY PIRA
able to compose beautiful poems.
Francisco Soc Rodrigo- wrote sa PULA sa PUTI
Clodualdo del Mundo- wrote BULAGA (hide and
Poetry of the heart (Makata ng Puso)
seek game)
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Nick Joaquin
NVM Gonzales
Bienvenido Santos
Gregorio Brillantes
Gilda Cordero Fernando
National Artist Awards:
Jose Garcia Villa
Nick Joaquin
Carlos P. Romulo
I see the Ph. Rise
I saw the fall of t he Ph.
Mother America
My brother americans
Japanese Musical missions:
Headed Kosak Yamada
Held on May 7, 1943
New Ph. Symphony
Francisco Santiago as Conductor
