Trademarks & Service Marks Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks, trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners. An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to designate a mark of Schlumberger.
Product Information Country of Origin: USA Release Date: August 2014
1 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
User Guides For your convenience, the topics in this help system are available as .pdf files. Right-click any of the following links to save the a print-ready file to your computer: l
User Guides, Tutorials, Examples, Videos, and Samples
l
Getting Started and Creating Projects
l
Importing, Exporting, and Linking to Data
l
Data Tables and Fields
l
Variable Editor
l
Solutions Catalog, Variables, and the Data Dictionary
l
Entering and Changing Table Data
l
My and Shared Workspaces
l
OFM Settings
l
Workspace Managers
l
Categories
l
PVT
l
Entity Managers and Advanced Setup Features
l
Filtering
l
Base Map
l
GIS Map
l
Maps
l
Analytical Maps
l
Bubble Maps
l
Grid, Contour, and Surface Maps
l
Scatter Plots
l
Map XY Plots
l
Plots
l
Forecasts
l
Reports
l
Log Reports, Well Log Displays, and Cross Sections
2 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
l
Wellbore Diagrams
l
Creating Calculations
l
System Functions
l
References
3 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
User Guides For your convenience, the topics in this help system are available as .pdf files. Right-click any of the following links to save the a print-ready file to your computer: l
User Guides, Tutorials, Examples, Videos, and Samples
l
Getting Started and Creating Projects
l
Importing, Exporting, and Linking to Data
l
Data Tables and Fields
l
Variable Editor
l
Solutions Catalog, Variables, and the Data Dictionary
l
Entering and Changing Table Data
l
My and Shared Workspaces
l
OFM Settings
l
Workspace Managers
l
Categories
l
PVT
l
Entity Managers and Advanced Setup Features
l
Filtering
l
Base Map
l
GIS Map
l
Maps
l
Analytical Maps
l
Bubble Maps
l
Grid, Contour, and Surface Maps
l
Scatter Plots
l
Map XY Plots
l
Plots
l
Forecasts
l
Reports
l
Log Reports, Well Log Displays, and Cross Sections
4 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
l
Wellbore Diagrams
l
Creating Calculations
l
System Functions
l
References
5 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Videos Note: When you click any of the links below, the video should play in a new browser window.
Creating an After-Before-Compare Plot In this video, we create a scatter plot that uses well test production data from two dates, and compares performance between those dates. We will: Review existing calculated variables; report the monthly oil rate; find the monthly oil rate from three-months previous; find the change in oil rate; find the change in water rate; and then create a scatter plot and interpret it. n
Watch in English
n
Watch in Russian
n
Watch in Spanish
Finding the Best Three Months of Production In this video, we create a series of calculated variables to create a report showing the best three months of production. We will: Find the maximum, second-best, and third-best monthly oil production; find the corresponding dates; and display the information in a report. n
Watch in English
n
Watch in Russian
n
Watch in Spanish
Creating Customized Well Symbols In this video, we create two new well symbols and use them in a project. We will review how well symbols work, create new well symbols, and make the new associations. n
Watch in English
n
Watch in Russian
n
Watch in Spanish
6 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
OFM Quick Start Tutorials This online help has a suite of tutorials. The tutorials have step-by-step instructions for performing common tasks, but they do not cover all features in OFM. The tutorials cover these topics: n
Patterns
n
Plots:
n
n
n
Creating and Editing Plots
n
Audit Plot Tutorial
Reports: n
Date-Based Report
n
Summary Report
Display Logs: n
Single-Well Log Display
n
Multi-Well Log Display
n
Log Cross-Section
n
PVT
n
Forecasts:
n
n
Single Phase Analysis
n
Ratio Analysis
n
Pressure/Z-Factor (P/Z) Analysis
n
Flow After Flow Test
n
Well Deliverability Analysis (WDA)
Maps: n
Bubble Maps
n
Grid Maps
n
Contour Maps
n
Scatter Plots
n
Surface Maps
n
Map XY Plots
7 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Patterns You can configure waterflood patterns by assigning completions to a pattern and allocating production and injection volumes from those completions. Typical pattern configurations look like these:
You must use your judgment and knowledge of the reservoir to assign a realistic fraction of each completion's production or injection to the block of reservoir beneath the pattern. When you do this, you can compare performance, surveillance, and the optimization of operations at the pattern level, considering both injection and production. In this tutorial, you will: n
Open the waterflood sample project
n
Create patterns interactively: Each pattern has several completions. In this section, you select the completions for each pattern individually.
n
Edit patterns: After you create patterns, you can change the pattern allocation factors or dates. In this section, you edit the patterns that you created. There are two ways to change the pattern data. You can change one pattern at a time, or you can change the pattern data with all sets and all patterns visible.
n
Confirm the pattern allocation factors: No single well should have allocation factors summing to more than one. In this section, you create a report to confirm this.
n
Choose variables affected by pattern allocation factors: In this section, you choose which variables are affected by pattern allocation factors, and which are not. The factors should only affect volumes. Pressures, depths, porosities, choke sizes, hours on production, or any other non-volume variable should not be affected.
n
View pattern results one at a time: In this section, you use patterns and see the effect of the pattern allocation factors that you supplied. You can use patterns by filtering or by stepping though (on the Navigation pane). You can see the results most easily in plots or reports. You will create a report that shows the results of pattern allocation factors.
8 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Compare multiple patterns on a plot: In this section, you create a plot that compares multiple patterns, applying pattern allocation factors.
n
Create patterns from an ASCII file: If you have determined the allocation factors already and it is available in a document or spreadsheet, you can reformat the data and load it into OFM. The pattern data can be static or dynamic. For dynamic patterns, the allocation factors may change over time as injectors are created and terminated. You can remove wells from a pattern as new patterns are created. In this section, you add patterns to the project by loading a formatted data file. They will be the same patterns that you created interactively.
Opening the Waterflood Sample Project Open the Bfield sample workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Pilot Waterflood Sample\Pilot Waterflood BField.ofm.
Creating Patterns Interactively Each pattern has several completions. In this section, you select the completions for each pattern individually. Note: Before you start, you may want to print a large map of your area and manually draw the pattern outlines on that map. This helps organize your work when you configure the patterns interactively in OFM. 1. On the Format tab, in the Zoom group, click Zoom Area. 2. On the base map, drag a frame around the pattern waterflood area in the north (marked with blue symbols). With this waterflood, you could create patterns with a regular layout or in an inverted layout. You will set up regular patterns. Regular layout:
Inverted layout:
3. On the Property pane, under Well Name Properties, change the Well Name to Alias Name. 4. On the base map, press Ctrl and click wells 491, 492, 495, 498, and 502. 5. Release the Ctrl key. The Edit Patterns window opens.
9 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
The left pane lists patterns. OFM lists the pattern you created with a default name (P-0). The date (1900-01-01) is the default starting date for the pattern.
n
The right pane lists the five wells you selected.
n
The Current Pattern Set field at the bottom of the window displays the current pattern (inverted_five_spot). Because two pattern sets have already been configured for this project, the pattern you created is in the current pattern. You will change the pattern in the next section of the tutorial.
6. Click OK to close the Edit Patterns window. 7. On the base map, press Ctrl and select another five wells to create another pattern. 8. Release the Ctrl key. The Edit Patterns window opens. OFM lists the pattern you created with a default name (P-1) and the default starting date for the pattern. The wells you selected are listed on the right pane. 9. Click OK to close the Edit Patterns window.
Editing Patterns After you create patterns, you can change the pattern allocation factors or dates. In this section, you edit the patterns that you created. There are two ways to change the pattern data. You can change one pattern at a time, or you can change the pattern data with all sets and all patterns visible. 1. First, view how you can change the pattern data, one pattern at a time: a. On the Setup tab, in the Workspace Managers group, click Patterns. The Edit Patterns window opens. Notice that you can navigate to the pattern you want to edit, by expanding the pattern folder in the left pane. b. Click OK to close the Edit Patterns window. 2. Now you will change the pattern data with all sets and all patterns visible. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Data Grid. The Select OFM Table to Edit window opens. 3. Select the Pattern table and then click OK. The contents of the Pattern table display, showing all patterns configured in both pattern sets. 4. Scroll to the bottom of the table and find the records for the patterns you created. They are part of the inverted_five_spot pattern set, and the pattern name is P-0 and P-1. 5. Highlight all records that are not the patterns you created. Ensure the entire rows are highlighted. Press Delete. Only the P-0 and P-1 patterns remain. 6. Change the PatternSet names from inverted_five_spot to Tutorial. 7. Change the PatternNames. A common naming convention is to name the pattern after the center
10 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
well. Name the first pattern you created (with the default name P-0) P-495. 8. Note the other table columns: n
Date: This is the effective start date of the pattern allocation factors. This does not have to be the first date of production or injection. The default date (January 1900) means the allocation factors are in effect from the beginning of the waterflood, and usually can be left unchanged.
n
Factor: This is the allocation factor the specific well's rates and volumes to the specific pattern. For example, an allocation factor of 0.5 implies that 50% of its injection is supporting a different pattern.
n
Loss: This is the injectant loss factor. For example, a loss of 0.2 implies that 20% of water injected is being lost to non-pay zones or outside the pattern area.
The effective factor is the Factor value minus the Loss value. So, instead of setting a Loss, you can choose to set a lower Factor. 9. Since no single well should be allocated more than 100%, a simple way to set geometric allocation factors is to sort the table by well. Double-click the Well column heading to sort the table. 10. For each well, do the following: n
If the well only appears one time, leave the Factor value as 1.
n
If the well appears two times, change the Factor value for each to 0.5.
n
If the well appears three times, change the Factor value for each to 0.33
Make sure to click on a different record after making a change, to save the change. 11. When you finish, close the Pattern table.
Confirming the Pattern Allocation Factors No single well should have allocation factors summing to more than one. In this section, you create a report to confirm this. 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Report. The Edit Report window opens. 2. In the Select box, enter the following: @PatCurSet( ), @PatWell( ), @PatName( ), @PatDate( ), @PatFact( ), @PatLoss( ) 3. Click OK. A report opens. It lists the pattern set name, well, pattern name, date, factor, and loss. 4. On the report, click in the @PatWell() column. 5. On the Property pane, under Columns, change the Break when this column changes field to Yes. 6. On the report, click in the @PatFact() column.
11 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
7. On the Property pane, under Columns, change the Subtotal field to SUM. 8. On the report, check the sum values to make sure that none of them are larger than 1.00.
Choosing Variables Affected by Pattern Allocation Factors In this section, you choose which variables are affected by pattern allocation factors, and which are not. The factors should only affect volumes. Pressures, depths, porosities, choke sizes, hours on production, or any other non-volume variable should not be affected. 1. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Schema. The Edit Schema Tables window opens. In this project, only the PRD and WIN tables store volumes. 2. Make sure the OIL, GAS, and WATER variables in the PRD table are set for Multiply by Factor because these store volumes. a. On the left pane, expand the PRD table and then click the OIL variable. b. On the right, view the Math tab. c. In the Grouping Options section, make sure Multiply by Factor is selected. d. On the PRD table, select the GAS variable. e. On the Math tab, make sure Multiply by Factor is selected. f. On the PRD table, select the WATER variable. g. On the Math tab, make sure Multiply by Factor is selected. 3. Make sure the ACTIVE, DAYS, and PRESS variables in the PRD table are not set for Multiply by Factor: a. On the left pane, in the PRD table, click the ACTIVE variable. b. On the Math tab, in the Grouping Options section, make sure the Multiply by Factor check box is clear. c. On the PRD table, select the DAYS variable. d. On the Math tab, make sure the Multiply by Factor check box is clear. e. On the PRD table, select the PRESS variable. f. On the Math tab, make sure the check box is clear. 4. On the left pane, expand the WIN table and make sure that the variables that store volumes are set to Multiply by Factor. Make sure that all other variables are not set to Multiply by Factor. 5. Make sure that all numeric variables in the MASTER, PVT, and RESPROP tables are not set to Multiply by Factor. 6. Click OK to save your changes and close the Edit Schema Tables window.
12 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Viewing Pattern Results One at a Time In this section, you use patterns and see the effect of the pattern allocation factors that you supplied. You can use patterns by filtering or by stepping though (on the Navigation pane). You can see the results most easily in plots or reports. You will create a report that shows the results of pattern allocation factors. 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Report. The Edit Report window opens. 2. In the Select box, enter the following: Date, Win.Winj 3. Click OK. A report opens. An empty report opens with columns for the date and water injection. 4. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Date & Sort. The Edit Report Attributes window opens. 5. Select At Last Date and then click OK. 6. Use patterns for filtering: a. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter (
).
b. On the Filter pane, expand Category, then Patterns, then Tutorial. c. Under Tutorial, select the check box to the left of the first pattern (this was the P-0 pattern, which you may have renamed P-495). d. Click Group (
) to view the total pattern results.
The report populates with one row. 7. Compare the difference with and without pattern use: a. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter (
).
b. View the base map. c. On the Format tab, in the Zoom group, click Zoom Area and then drag across the map around the pattern waterflood area in the north. d. On the Filter pane, click Group (
).
e. View the report. The report populates with one row. The water injection value represents the unallocated total of all five wells, so it is a larger value than before. 8. Step by patterns: a. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter (
).
b. On the Navigation pane, on the field at the top, change the step to PATTERN: Tutorial. c. On the Navigation pane, select the first pattern listed. This automatically groups the values for the first pattern, with allocation factors applied.
13 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Comparing Multiple Patterns on a Plot In this section, you create a plot that compares multiple patterns, applying pattern allocation factors. 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. Below the main area of the window, click the Add Multiple Curves button. The Add Multiple Curves window opens. 3. On the Category field, select Tutorial. 4. On the Variable field, select Win.Winj. 5. Click OK to close Add Multiple Curves window. 6. On the Edit Plot window, click OK to create the plot.
Creating Patterns from an ASCII File If you have determined the allocation factors already and it is in a document or spreadsheet, you can reformat the data and load it into OFM. The pattern data can be static or dynamic. For dynamic patterns, the allocation factors may change over time as injectors are created and terminated. You can remove wells from a pattern as new patterns are created. In this section, you add patterns to the project by loading a formatted data file. They will be the same patterns that you created interactively. 1. Open Notepad or a similar text editor. 2. In a new text file, enter the following: *Label
Pattern
*WELL *Factor *Loss *Set
Tutorial
*Pattern *Date
"P-0"
19000101
"491WI:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"492WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
"495:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"498WI:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"502WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
*Pattern *Date
"P-1"
19000101
"492WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
"493WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
14 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
"496:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"502WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
"503WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
*Pattern *Date
"P-2"
19000101
"493WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
"494WI:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"497:B" 1.000000
0.000000
"503WI:B" 0.500000
0.000000
"507WI:B" 1.000000
0.000000
3. Notice the following lines: n
The fourth line (*Pattern "P-0") is the pattern name.
n
The third line (*Set Tutorial) is the Pattern Set name.
n
The fifth line (*Date 19000101) is the effective date.
n
The sixth line ("491WI:B" 1.000000
0.000000) is the wellname, factor, and loss. To remove a
well from a pattern at a specific date, change either the pattern allocation factor to zero, or set the loss factor to 1.0. 4. Save the file with a .pat file extension and then close the text editor. 5. In OFM, on the Setup tab, in the Import/Export group, click Import > Data Loader. The OFM Data Loader opens. 6. In the upper section, double-click the pattern (.pat) file you created. The Files to Load section lists the file. 7. Click Load. A warning message confirms your choice. 8. On the warning message, click OK. The new patterns are loaded into your project. On the Navigation pane, OFM lists them with the other patterns. OFM also lists them on the Edit Patterns window. (To see this window, on the Setup tab, in the Workspace Managers group, click Patterns.)
15 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: PVT For reservoir engineering, you must convert surface oil and gas production volumes to downhole or reservoir volumes. With those values, the reservoir engineer monitors the performance of the reservoir relative to the overall depletion strategy. Fluid properties change as reservoir conditions (especially pressure) change. The PVT module has many industry-accepted correlations that you can use to calculate an estimated value for a fluid property (such as viscosity). In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a PVT entity for each fluid: In this tutorial, you configure your project to produce from two separate fluid compartments, named Region_A and Region_B. So, you must define the fluid for each of these compartments. You can create two PVT entities. 2. Map completions to their PVT entity: In this section of the tutorial, you mark which completion produces from Region_A, and which completion produces from Region_B. This is generally timeindependent information, and so it can be included in a static table. Any static table in the project is OK. You will use the master table to create a column in which this information will reside. 3. Use PVT system functions: To use the fluid correlation calculations in your work, you can use of a group of system functions in that relate directly to the PVT functionality. It is OK to call these functions directly in your eventual calculation, but to make the feature more visible you can create a calculated variable specifically to return the Formation Volume Factor. 4. Calculate reservoir oil volume: In this section of the tutorial, you make the final calculation.
Creating a PVT Entity for Each Fluid In this tutorial, you configure your project to produce from two separate fluid compartments, named Region_A and 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Setup tab, in the Workspace Managers group, click PVT. The PVT Entity Name window opens. One entity is listed, named Default. You cannot rename or delete this entity. 3. Click Add. The Add New PVT Table Entity window opens. 4. Enter Region_A as the name you want to assign the new entity and then click OK. The Edit PVT Information window opens for Region_A. 5. On the Oil Correlations tab, for the Formation Volume Factor, Bo correlation, select Standing. 6. On the PVT Data tab, confirm that the remaining data required for the correlation are available. In this case, note that there are already entries for the reservoir initial pressure, oil and gas gravity, and temperature. The reservoir pressure value is used to determine the solution gas oil ratio, which
16 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
is controlled by a separate correlation choice on the Oil Correlations tab. Therefore, for this tutorial, you need do nothing on this tab. 7. Click OK. 8. On the PVT Entity Name window, create a second fluid compartment: Click Add. 9. Enter Region_B as the name and then click OK. 10. On the Oil Correlations tab, for the Formation Volume Factor, Bo correlation, select Vasquez and Beggs. 11. Click OK. 12. Click Close. 13. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Mapping Completions to their PVT Entity In this section of the tutorial, you mark which completion produces from Region_A, and which completion produces from Region_B. This is generally time-independent information, and so it can be included in a static table. Any static table in the project is OK. You will use the master table to create a column in which this information will reside. 1. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Schema. The Edit Schema Tables window opens. 2. On the left side of the window, select the HEADERID table. 3. On the right side of the window, select the Fields tab. 4. In the Add New Field section, enter PVT_Region. 5. Select Text from the drop-down list. 6. Click Add. The new field name appears in the list of Available Fields. 7. Click OK. Now you can enter the data. 8. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter
to remove any previously applied filters.
9. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Data Grid. The Select OFM Table to Edit window opens. 10. Select HEADERID. 11. Select Edit All Records. 12. Click OK. 13. In the PVT_Region column (on the far right), enter the following information:
17 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
On the row for BLUE_1:Ge_6, enter Region_A.
n
On the row for BLUE_1:He_0, enter Region_B.
n
On the row for BLUE_1:Li_1C, enter Region_A.
14. Close the HEADERID:All Records tab to save your changes. 15. Now you must signal that the new field in the HEADERID table dictates which set of PVT correlation data to use. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Association. The Associations window opens. 16. In the PVT field, select HEADERID.PVT_Region. 17. Click OK. You have fully mapped the two PVT regions to the project. 18. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Using PVT System Functions To use the fluid correlation calculations in your work, you can use of a group of system functions in that relate directly to the PVT functionality. It is OK to call these functions directly in your eventual calculation, but to make the feature more visible you can create a calculated variable specifically to return the Formation Volume Factor. 1. On the Setup tab, in the Variable Managers group, click Calculated Variable Editor. The Calculated Variables window opens. 2. Click Add Calculated Variable. The Edit Calculated Variable window opens. 3. Enter the following expression in the text field: @PvtBo(3000) Note: @PvtBo is one of many PVT system functions. You can view the full list by clicking on the system functions button and scrolling to the section beginning Pvt. Most of the @Pvt system functions require pressure data. In this example, you provided the simplest form of input data, a single number (3000 psi). In practice, a more useful form of the expression would call a dynamic variable for pressure, such as @PvtBo (Monthlyprod.pressure). This will result in a continuous estimate of Formation Volume Factor. 4. Click OK. The new calculated variable displays as the last item on the list. By default, OFM names it NewItem. 5. In the Name column, delete the name NewItem and rename the variable FVF. 6. At the top of the Variable Editor window, click Report. OFM adds the report columns in the window. 7. In the Report Width Decimals column, for the FVF row, select 3. 8. Click OK. 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
18 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Calculating Reservoir Oil Volume In this section of the tutorial, you make the final calculation. 1. On the Setup tab, in the Variable Managers group, click Calculated Variable Editor. 2. Click Add Calculated Variable. 3. Enter the following expression in the text field: Monthlyprod.oil * FVF 4. Click OK. The new calculated variable displays as the last item on the list. By default, OFM names it NewItem. 5. In the Name column, delete the name NewItem and rename the variable Reservoir_Oil_Vol. 6. Assign suitable attributes (such as units). Note: To test the new calculated variable, you can create a report with the following definition: Date, Monthlyprod.Oil, FVF, reservoir_Oil_Vol. Note the new functionality for the first three completions in the project. See how the FVF value changes when selecting completions from the two different PVT regions. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
19 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Creating and Editing Plots You can create plots to display information graphically. OFM produces plots from stored data or from calculated results in the project. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a plot that displays data for a single completion: The simplest form of a line plot is a timedependent display of monthly oil and gas production for a selected completion. In this section of the tutorial, you create one. 2. Extend a plot to multiple Y-axes: You can extend the visualization capabilities of the plot. 3. Extend a plot to multiple graphs: You can create up to six graphs in any single OFM plot. In this section of the tutorial, you add graphs to a plot. You will prepare the following graphs: Oil versus Time, Oil versus Cum Oil, Water Cut versus Time, and Water Cut versus Cum Water. All the graphs do not have to use the same X-axis variable. 4. Create a plot displaying data for a single variable for multiple completions: One way to compare the performance of several entities is to display their data on the same plot. In this section, you display data for a single variable for multiple completions. 5. Edit plot headers: Headers are titles or labels that display on the plot. Headers display information about the entity you select. In this section, you place a simple text title at the top of the plot. Below the text title, you place a title that displays the name of the completion. The title changes as the selected entity (in this case, the selected completion) changes. 6. Use categories to display different levels of information: You can configure plots to display data at more than one level. In this section, you use categories in the plots to compare the performance of an individual completion with the performance of the reservoir from which it produces. 7. Export a plot template: After you have prepared a plot, you can save the features of the plot (but not the data) to an external file as a template. With the template, you can share the features with a colleague while keeping the data confidential. Your colleague can import the template (a .grf file) into their project, and their plot will have the same structure as the original, plotting the same variable names but applied to the set of wells in their project. 8. Import a plot template
Creating a Plot that Displays Data for a Single Completion The simplest form of a line plot is a time-dependent display of monthly oil and gas production for a selected completion. In this section of the tutorial, you create one. 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion.
20 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 4. Notice the X-Axis Variable is set to Date by default. 5. In the table, click the first cell in the Variables column and then select Monthlyprod.Oil. 6. Click Add Curve. OFM adds a new row. 7. Click the new cell in the Variables column and then select Monthlyprod.Gas. 8. Click OK. The plot (with default features) opens. 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Extending a Plot to Multiple Y-Axes You can extend the visualization capabilities of the plot. 1. The curves that display on the primary vertical axis (Y-Axis 1) have been defined. To add another Yaxis,on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Variables. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. On the right, in the Y Axis group, set the Number of Axes to 2. 3. Set the Current Axes to Y-AXIS 2. Note the Variables list area is empty, because it is for Y-axis 2. 4. In the first row, click the cell in the Variables column and then select Water.Cut. 5. Click OK. By default, the second Y-axis is on the right side of the graph. You can adjust the attributes of this axis (for example, linear scale, maximum and minimum values, and so on) by selecting the axis and then making changes on the Property pane, under Axis. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work. Note: You can create up to six Y-axes for each graph (and up to six graphs) in a single OFM plot. By default, OFM places the even-numbered Y-axes on the right side of the graph, and the odd-numbered Y-axes on the left side.
Extending a Plot to Multiple Graphs You can create up to six graphs in any single OFM plot. In this section of the tutorial, you add graphs to a plot. You will prepare the following graphs: Oil versus Time, Oil versus Cum Oil, Water Cut versus Time, and Water Cut versus Cum Water. All the graphs do not have to use the same X-axis variable. 1. Create a new plot: On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. On the right, in the Graph group, set the Number of Graphs to 4.
21 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. Because you selected a number greater than or equal to 4, a message asks if you want to overlap the graphs. Select Yes or No. Depending on your choice, the four graphs display as shown below:
4. First, work with Graph 1: a. In the Graph group (on the right) set the Current Graph to GRAPH 1. b. In the X-Axis group (at the top), leave Date as the X-axis variable. c. Click the cell on the first row, in the Variables column, and then select Monthlyprod.Oil as the Y-axis variable. 5. Next, work with Graph 2: a. In the Graph group, change the Current Graph to GRAPH 2. b. In the X-Axis group, set the X-axis variable to Oil.Cum. c. Click the cell on the first row, in the Variables column, and then select Monthlyprod.Oil as the Y-axis variable. 6. Then, work with Graph 3: a. In the Graph group, change the Current Graph to GRAPH 3. b. In the X-Axis group, set the X-axis variable to Date. c. Click the cell on the first row, in the Variables column, and then select Water.Cut as the Yaxis variable. 7. And last, work with Graph 4: a. In the Graph group, change the Current Graph to GRAPH 4. b. In the X-Axis group, set the X-axis variable to Water.Cum.
22 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
c. Click the cell on the first row, in the Variables column, and then select Water.Cut as the Yaxis variable. 8. Click OK. Notice the layout of the plot. Usually, you will want to set the X-axis variables on the second and fourth plots to linear. 9. On the plot, click directly on the X-axis scale (the horizontal line). Handle marks display at both ends and in the middle, confirming that this is the object you want to adjust. 10. On the Property pane, under Axis, expand Scale. 11. Set Scale Type to Linear. 12. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Plot Displaying Data for a Single Variable for Multiple Completions One way to compare the performance of several entities is to display their data on the same plot. In this section, you display data for a single variable for multiple completions. 1. Create a new plot: On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. On the X-Axis Variable field, select Date. 3. Click Add Multiple Curves. The Add Multiple Curves window opens. 4. On the Category field, you select the level in the project at which you want to display the data. Select Completion. 5. On the Variable field, you select the single variable whose data you want to display for all completions. Select Monthlyprod.Oil. Note: If your current filter contains more than 50 entities, you will receive a message asking if you want to add the curves to your plot. Click Yes. 6. On the Edit Plot window, click OK to display the plot. The plot displays monthly oil production for the entities. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing Plot Headers Headers are titles or labels that display on the plot. Headers display information about the entity you select. In this section, you place a simple text title at the top of the plot. Below the text title, you place a title that displays the name of the completion. The title changes as the selected entity (in this case, the selected completion) changes.
23 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
1. With your plot open, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts a blank row. 3. On the blank row, type "MY COMPANY"and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Add. OFM inserts another blank row. 5. On the new blank row, type "Completion" + @Loadname () and then press Enter. You must include the space immediately after the word completion for proper spacing. 6. Click OK. The headers display on the plot. 7. (Optional) Drag the header to a new location on the plot. 8. On the Navigation pane, select other completions to see how the dynamic portion of the header changes. 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Using Categories to Display Different Levels of Information You can configure plots to display data at more than one level. In this section, you use categories in the plots to compare the performance of an individual completion with the performance of the reservoir from which it produces. 1. Create a new plot: On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. On the X-Axis Variable field, select Date. 3. Click the cell on the first row, in the Variables column, and then select Monthlyprod.Oil. Observe the entries in the next two columns: Category is set to Current, and Name is set to correspond to the entity (in other words, completion) you currently have selected on the Navigation pane. 4. Click Add Curve. OFM adds a new row. 5. Click the cell on the new row, in the Variables column, and then select Monthlyprod.Oil again. 6. In the Category column for the second row, change the category to Reservoir. By default, the entry in the Name column is CURRENT. Usually, this is the name you will want, but it is possible to use this column to specify that this curve will be for one particular reservoir. 7. Click OK. 8. On the Navigation pane, select other completions in your project to see how the plot changes:
24 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Curve 1 displays the monthly oil production for the selected completion.
n
Curve 2 displays the monthly oil production for the reservoir to which the selected completion belongs.
9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Exporting a Plot Template After you have prepared a plot, you can save the features of the plot (but not the data) to an external file as a template. With the template, you can share the features with a colleague while keeping the data confidential. Your colleague can import the template (a .grf file) into their project, and their plot will have the same structure as the original, plotting the same variable names but applied to the set of wells in their project. Note: The template will only be applicable to an OFM project which uses the same variable names as the original project from which it was created. 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save Analysis > Save As. 2. Select a location and name for the file, including the .grf extension. 3. Click Save. You now can send the file to your colleague.
Importing a Plot Template 1. Create a new plot: On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 2. Do not make any changes. Click OK. An empty plot opens. 3. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Open Analysis. 4. In the OFM application directory, select ...\Sample Workspaces\Demo Database\Format Files\prod1.grf, and then click Open. 5. On the Navigation pane, select a new completion. The plot format will look similar to the following:
25 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
26 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Auditing Plots You can further increase your analysis of plots with the trace, compute line, flag, tabular report, and autoprint features. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Use the Trace Plot utility: Use this utility to mark or digitize a point anywhere on the plot. The marked point remains visible while you scroll through other entities in the project. In this way, you can see the location of a particular data point (for example, the peak production for completion A) while viewing the same plot for other completions (for example, B, C, and so on). 2. Use the Compute a Line utility: With OFM, you can find the equation of a straight line fit through a region you define on your plot. Like the trace point feature, you can lock this line to compare the curve it represents with other entities. 3. Print (Auto Print) the plot: There are two ways to print. If you use the normal printing method, OFM prints the plot for the currently-selected entity. If you use Auto Print, you can print or save as graphic files in a batch process the plots for all completions in the current filter. 4. Flag a completion: While viewing plots for each completion in your project, you may want to study further one or more completions. You can mark (or, flag) completions and later you can return to the flagged completions as a separate collection. 5. Send a plot to a tabular report: You can transform the display of data from a graphical format (a plot) to a tabular format (a report).
Getting Started For this tutorial, you need a plot. If you have already created plots while doing the "Creating and Editing Plots" tutorial, you can use one of those. If you have not completed that tutorial, follow these steps to create a quick plot: 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Plot. The Edit Plot window opens. 3. Notice that OFM sets the X-Axis Variable to Date by default. 4. In the table, click the first cell in the Variables column and then select Monthlyprod.Oil. 5. Click Add Curve. OFM adds a new row. 6. Click the new cell in the Variables column and then select Monthlyprod.Gas. 7. Click OK. The plot opens. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save Workspace to save your work.
27 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Using the Trace a Plot Utility Use this utility to mark or digitize a point anywhere on the plot. The marked point remains visible while you scroll through other entities in the project. In this way, you can see the location of a particular data point (for example, the peak production for completion A) while viewing the same plot for other completions (for example, B, C, and so on). 1. With the plot open, on the Navigation pane select the Blue_1:Li_1C completion. There is a spike in oil production in 1980 (circled in the following graphic). You want to watch this event while viewing other completions in the project.
2. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Trace Plot. 3. Click one time at the point where there is a spike in production. 4. On the Format tab, in the Display group, click Lock Trace. You should now see a small mark at the selected point. 5. Select another completion with a production history coincident with the previous completion (for example, Blue_5:Li_1C is a good choice). Note how the location of the spike in production for completion Blue_1:Li_1C is marked on the plot for Blue_5:Li_1C. Note: To change the color, shape, and size of the mark symbol, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Trace/line Attributes. To remove the mark and disable the utility, in the Display group, clear the Lock Trace check box. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
28 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Using the Compute Line Utility With OFM, you can find the equation of a straight line fit through a region you define on your plot. Like the trace point feature, you can lock this line to compare the curve it represents with other entities. 1. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_5:Li_1C completion. 2. Set the Y-axis to logarithmic: a. On the plot, click the Y-axis scale. Handle marks display at both ends and in the middle, confirming that this is the object you want to adjust. b. On the Property pane, under Axis, expand Scale. c. Set Scale Type to Logarithmic. There is a strong decline period in oil production from 1973 to 1978. (See marked region in graphic). You want to watch this decline while viewing other completions in the project.
29 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Compute Line. 4. On the plot, drag a representative straight line through the decline period. Note the information at the bottom of the OFM window. If the plot is a semi log, the relevant equation of the line will be similar to the following:
5. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Lock Line. OFM freezes the line. 6. On the Navigation pane, select another completion with a production history coincident with the previous completion (for example, Blue_1:Li_1C is a good choice). OFM highlights the locked line (which represents the declining oil production for completion Blue_ 5:Li_1C) on the plot for Blue_1:Li_1C. Note: To change the color, shape, and size of the line, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Trace/line Attributes. To remove the mark and disable the utility, clear the Lock Line check box. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Printing (Auto Print) Plot Views There are two ways to print. If you use the normal printing method, OFM prints the plot for the currentlyselected entity. If you use Auto Print, you can print or save as graphic files in a batch process the plots for all completions in the current filter. 1. On the Workspace tab, click Auto Print. 2. To print the plot for each of the completions in the current filter, select Printer and then click Print. 3. To save each of the plots as an image file (such as .bmp, .jpg, and .tiff), select Print to multiple files, select a naming scheme for the output files, and then click Print.
Flagging a Completion While viewing plots for each completion in your project, you may want to study further one or more completions. You can mark (or, flag) completions and later you can return to the flagged completions as a separate collection. 1. When you see a plot that requires further investigation, on the Home tab, select Flag well. 2. When you finish reviewing the plots and you want to study the flagged completions, on the Filter pane, click Filter by Completion ( ). The Filter by Completion window opens. 3. Click Select Flagged. 4. Click OK.
30 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
The Filter pane now shows that your Current Filter contains only the flagged completions. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Sending a Plot to a Tabular Report You can transform the display of data from a graphical format (a plot) to a tabular format (a report). 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Send to Report. The report opens, displaying the data that displayed on Graph 1 of the plot. 2. You can edit the attributes of the report on the Property pane. 3. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
31 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Bubble Map You can create bubble maps to visualize one or more variables in a map view. The bubble map displays data for the completions in the current filter, and you can reuse it for different sets of completions within the OFM project. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a bubble map 2. Change the bubble color and shape: You can set the shape and color of the bubbles. In this section of the tutorial, you change the shape and default color of the bubble. 3. Change color scale properties: You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 4. Move the map legend 5. Add a header to the bubble map: In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format of each line. 6. Change the grid and frame properties 7. Use the animation tool 8. Move the bubbles from default positions: You can move the bubbles from their default locations. This is a good idea if they are laying on top of one another. 9. Create a bubble map snapshot: You can create a table in the OFM project database of the data represented in your bubble map. This is most applicable if you are mapping from a .csv file. When you are mapping data already in the database, there is no need to store it back into the database via a map snapshot. See "Saving and Loading Map Results as a .Csv File" and "Creating a Map Snapshot" for more information. 10. Save the bubble map file
Creating a Bubble Map 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Bubble. The Create Bubble Map window opens. 3. Select the project variable you want to map (for example, Gas.Cum), and then click 4. Click Next.
32 of 262
.
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. Select the category by which you want to group data. In this example, use the default selection (Completion). 6. (Optional) Enter a Where clause to filter the data. 7. Click Next. 8. Select the start and end data for which you want to track results. If left as the default, OFM creates the bubble map from the first to the last date in the project database. 9. Select the method you want to use to sample data in the Data Sampling Frequency field. If left at as the default, OFM uses the data frequency (that is, monthly data will produce a bubble map every month, and daily data will produce a bubble map every day). 10. Click Finish. The bubble map opens. 11. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Bubble Color and Shape You can set the shape and color of the bubbles. In this section of the tutorial, you change the shape and default color of the bubble. 1. You set the color and shape on the Property pane. Under Data, view the Attributes section. 2. Expand Plot Attributes and then expand Method and Shape. 3. Leave Display set to the default of Circle. 4. Set Color to DarkGreen. If you set the Vary Color field to Yes (the default), Color Scale dictates the color of the bubbles rather than this color setting. You will work with the Color Scale property in the next section. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing Color Scale Properties You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 1. On the Property pane, under Properties, expand Color Scale. 2. Set Style to Vertical. On the bubble map, the legend changes appearance. If you map more than one variable, you must use the Horizontal Style. 3. Set Spectrum to Rainbow. 4. Set Color to 6. OFM reduces the color scale to six colors. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
33 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Moving the Map Legend On the bubble map, drag the legend to the upper-left corner of the map.
Adding a Header to the Bubble Map In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format of each line. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts a blank row. 3. On the blank row, type "Cumulative Gas" and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font. The Font window opens. 5. For Font Style, select Bold and then click OK to return to the Headers window. 6. You can use input or calculated variables in your headers. Click Add again to insert another new row. 7. Click Assist. The Edit Header window opens. 8. On the list of project variables, double-click Category.Fieldname to move it into the Header text box. Note: Most calculated variables are for calculations of one entity at a time. For this bubble map, there aren’t any calculated variables in the project that are suitable as a header. A calculated variable that applies to the project as a whole would be suitable, such as one displaying the most recent date in the database or the project file path. 11. Click OK to close the Edit Header window, and click OK again to close the Headers window. The bubble map displays the new header. 12. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Grid and Frame Properties 1. On the Property pane, under Grids and Limits, set Grid Type to Frame. 2. Set Numbers to No. The bubble map displays without grid lines or numbers. 3. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
34 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Using the Animation Tool 1. On the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group, click Animate Settings. The Animate Settings window opens. 2. On the Step field, select 12. 3. Select Forward. 4. (Optional) Select Save Animation to an .AVI file if you want to save a copy of the animation as a video. If you save the animation file, you must select a name and file location for the video. Before the animation starts, you select a video compressor format. The codecs available vary from person to person, and depend on the software installed on your computer. If you want to share the .avi file with another person, select a codec that person has installed (to avoid compatibility issues). 5. Click OK. The animation starts. 6. To pause or restart the animation, click the control buttons on the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group.
Moving the Bubbles from Default Positions You can move the bubbles from their default locations. This is a good idea if they are laying on top of one another. 1. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Enable Shape Moves. 2. On the bubble map, drag a bubble to a new location. 3. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save Analysis > Save Shapes Positions. The Save Object Locations File window opens. 4. Enter a name for the file, select a location, and then click Save. The next time you open the bubble map, you can restore the saved bubble positions: On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Open Analysis > Shape Positions File. 5. To move the bubbles back to their default positions, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Default Position.
Creating a Bubble Map Snapshot You can create a table in the OFM project database of the data represented in your bubble map. This is most applicable if you are mapping from a .csv file. When you are mapping data already in the database, there is no need to store it back into the database via a map snapshot. See "Saving and Loading Map Results as a .Csv File" and "Creating a Map Snapshot" for more information. 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save Analysis > Create Map Snapshot. The Create Map Snapshot window opens.
35 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
2. Type Snapshot as the title of the table in which you want to store the snapshot results. 3. Click OK. The data is written to the table in the OFM project database.
Saving the Bubble Map File 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save Analysis > Save As. The Save Bubble Map File window opens. 2. Enter BubbleMap in the File Name field. 3. Navigate to the location in which you want to store the file. 4. Click Save. The bubble map is saved as a bubble map (.bub) file.
36 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Grid Map You can create grid maps to visualize one data variable in a map view. The grid map displays data for the completions in the current filter, and you can reuse it for different sets of completions within the OFM project. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a grid map 2. Change color scale properties: You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 3. Move the legend 4. Add a header to the grid map: In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. 5. Change the grid properties 6. Create a grid area 7. Use the animation tool 8. Add control points: Depending on the variable you are gridding, there may be areas of the map with known values that do not match to a well location. For example, for a net pay grid map, you may know from the reservoir geology that the net pay is zero around the edges, or perhaps that there is a fault through the reservoir. With control points, you can set arbitrary values anywhere on the map (not confined to the location of specific completions). 9. Create a grid map snapshot: You can create a table in the OFM project database of the data represented in your bubble map. This is most applicable if you are mapping from a .csv file. When you are mapping data already in the database, there is no need to store it back into the database via a map snapshot. See "Saving and Loading Map Results as a .Csv File" and "Creating a Map Snapshot" for more information.
Creating a Grid Map 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Grid Map. The Create Grid Map window opens. 3. Select the project variables you want to map (for example, Gas.Cum), and then click 4. Click Next.
37 of 262
.
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. Select the method you want to use to group data. In this example, use the default selection (Completion). 6. (Optional) Enter a Where clause to filter the data. 7. Click Next. 8. Select the start and end data for which you want to track results. If left as the default, OFM produces the grid map from the first to the last date in the project database. 9. Select the method you want to use to sample data in the Data Sampling Frequency field. If left at as the default, OFM uses the frequency of the data (that is, monthly data will produce a map every month and daily data will produce a map every day). 10. Click Finish. The grid map opens. 11. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing Color Scale Properties You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 1. On the Property pane, under Properties, expand Color Scale. 2. Set Spectrum to Red. 3. Set Style to Value Range. On the grid map, the legend changes appearance and shows the value range for each shade of red. 4. Set Colors to 10. The color scale limited to 10 colors. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Moving the Legend On the grid map, drag the legend to the upper-left corner of the map.
Adding a Header to the Grid Map In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts a blank row.
38 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. On the blank row, type "Cumulative Gas" and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font. The Font window opens. 5. For Font Style, select Bold and then click OK to return to the Headers window. 6. You can also add input variables or calculated variables as headers. Therefore, click Add again. 7. You can use input or calculated variables in your headers. Click Add again to insert another new row. 8. Select Assist. The Edit Header window opens. 9. On the list of project variables, double-click Category.Fieldname to move it into the Header text box. Note: Most calculated variables are for calculations of one entity at a time. For this grid map, there aren’t any calculated variables in the project that are suitable as a header. A calculated variable that applies to the project as a whole would be suitable, such as one displaying the most recent date in the database or the project file path. 11. Click OK to close the Edit Header window, and click OK again to close the Headers window. The grid map displays the new header. 12. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Grid Properties 1. On the Property pane, under Grids and Limits, set Grid Type to Frame. 2. Set Numbers to No. The grid map displays without grid lines or numbers. 3. Under Variable Properties, in the Limit Values section, set Maximum to 1500. The color distribution on the map changes because any area greater than 1500 is now assigned the same color as 1500.
Creating a Grid Area 1. On the Format tab, in the Grid Area Utilities group, click Add. 2. Select points on the grid map to create a polygon shape around a group of wells (as shown below).OFM automatically connects the last selected point of the polygon to the first point. This redefines the grid limit area. It is the boundary beyond which gridding will not be extended.
39 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. When you finish, right-click and then select Done. OFM defines the new grid area from the group of wells selected in the polygon. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Using the Animation Tool 1. On the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group, click Animate Settings. The Animate Settings window opens. 2. On the Step field, select 12. 3. (Optional) Select Save Animation to an .AVI file if you want to save a copy of the animation as a video. If you save the animation file, you must select a name and file location for the video. Before the animation starts, you will be asked to select a video compressor format. The codecs available vary from person to person, and depend on the software installed on your computer. If you want to share the .avi file with another person, select a codec that person has installed (to avoid compatibility issues). 4. Click OK. The animation starts.
40 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. To pause or restart the animation, click the control buttons on the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group.
Adding Control Points Depending on the variable you are gridding, there may be areas of the map with known values that do not match to a well location. For example, for a net pay grid map, you may know from the reservoir geology that the net pay is zero around the edges, or perhaps that there is a fault through the reservoir. With control points, you can set arbitrary values anywhere on the map (not confined to the location of specific completions). 1. On the Format tab, in the Control Point Utilities group, click Add. The Control Point Value window opens. 2. In the Value field, enter 5 and then click OK. 3. Inside the grid area of your map, south of wells O-33 and G-15, click three points. 4. When you finish, right-click and then select Done. The color distribution changes as that area was previously showing with darker red color (indicating higher values). 5. To use or disable the control points, on the Format tab, in the Control Point Utilities group, select or clear Use.
Creating a Grid Map Snapshot You can create a table in the OFM project database of the data represented in your bubble map. This is most applicable if you are mapping from a .csv file. When you are mapping data already in the database, there is no need to store it back into the database via a map snapshot. See "Saving and Loading Map Results as a .Csv File" and "Creating a Map Snapshot" for more information. 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save Analysis > Create Map Snapshot. The Create Map Snapshot window opens. 2. Enter a table name and then click OK. The data is written to the table in the OFM project database.
41 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Contour Map You can create contour maps to visualize one data variable in a map view. The contour map displays data for the completions in the current filter, and you can reuse it for different sets of completions within the OFM project. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a contour map 2. Change the color scale properties: You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 3. Move the legend 4. Edit map parameters: With the map properties, you can set the grid size, data ranges, and scale types for the variables. 5. Create a grid area: You can create a boundary around a group of wells to redefine the grid limit area. 6. Advance the contour map through time 7. Animate the map: With animation, you can quickly progress through the life of a field. 8. Add control points to the contour map: Depending on which variable you are contouring, there may be areas of the map with known values that do not match with a well location. For example, for a net pay contour map, you may know from the reservoir geology that the net pay is zero around the edges, or perhaps that there is a fault through the reservoir. Use control points to set arbitrary values anywhere on the map (not confined to the location of specific completions). 9. Add a header to the contour map: In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps.
Creating a Contour Map 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Contour Map. The Create Contour Map window opens. 3. Select the project variables you want to map (for example, Water.CumCut), and then click 4. Click Next. 5. Select the method you want to use to group data. In this example, use the default method (Completion). 6. (Optional) Enter a Where clause to filter the data. 7. Click Next.
42 of 262
.
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
8. Select the start and end data for the contour map. If left as default, OFM will produce the map from the first to the last date in the project database. 9. Select how often you want OFM to sample data from the Data Sampling Frequency. If left at the default, OFM uses the data frequency (that is, monthly data produces a contour map every month and daily data produces a contour map every day). 10. Select Finish. The contour map opens. 11. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Color Scale Properties You can set the color spectrum, the number of colors displayed, and the size of the color scale legend on the display area. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 1. On the Property pane, under Properties, expand the Color Scale section. 2. Set Colors to 24. 3. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Moving the Color Scale Legend On the contour map, drag the legend to the upper-left corner of the map.
Editing Map Parameters With the map properties, you can set the grid size, data ranges, and scale types for the variables. 1. On the Property pane, under Properties, expand the GRID section. 2. Set the Maximum Grid Size to 250. This smooths the contour lines because the map is divided into more, and smaller, grid cells. 3. Expand the 2D section. 4. Set Show to Yes. The numeric values of the contour lines display. 5. Set Decimal Places to 0. 6. Set Distance Between Labels to 4. The contour line's numeric labels display with no decimal places, and are further apart. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Grid Area You can create a boundary around a group of wells to redefine the grid limit area.
43 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
1. On the Format tab, in the Grid Area Utilities group, click Add. 2. Select points on the map to create a polygon shape around a group of wells (as shown below). OFM automatically connects the last selected point of the polygon to the first point. This redefines the grid limit area.
3. When you finish, right-click and then select Done. OFM defines the new grid area from the group of wells selected in the polygon. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Advancing the Contour Map Through Time 1. On the Format pane, in the Animation Utilities group, click Previous Date to go back by one unit (month, date, or year). In this case, the data is monthly. 2. Click Backward to reverse the contour map through time. 3. Click Stop to stop. 4. Click Next Date to advance the contour map by one unit.
Animating the Map With animation, you can quickly progress through the life of a field.
44 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
1. On the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group, click Animate Settings. The Animate Settings window opens. 2. On the Step field, select 12. 3. Select Forward. 4. (Optional) Select Save Animation to an .AVI file if you want to save a copy of the animation as a video. If you save the animation file, you must select a name and file location for the video. Before the animation starts, you will be asked to select a video compressor format. The codecs available vary from person to person, and depend on the software installed on your computer. If you want to share the .avi file with another person, select a codec that person has installed (to avoid compatibility issues). 5. Click OK. The animation starts. 6. To pause or restart the animation, click the control buttons on the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group.
Adding Control Points Depending on which variable you are contouring, there may be areas of the map with known values that do not match with a well location. For example, for a net pay contour map, you may know from the reservoir geology that the net pay is zero around the edges, or perhaps that there is a fault through the reservoir. Use control points to set arbitrary values anywhere on the map (not confined to the location of specific completions). 1. On the Format tab, in the Control Point Utilities group, click Add. The Control Point Value window opens. 2. In the Value field, enter 100 and then click OK. 3. In the northeast corner of the map, within the grid area, click a point. 4. When you finish, right-click and then select Done. The contouring changes. The area previously showed darker red colors (indicating higher values). 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding a Header to the Contour Map In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts t blank row.
45 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. On the blank row, type "Cum Water Cut" and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font. The Font window opens. 5. For Font Style, select Bold and then click OK to return to the Headers window. 6. Click OK to close the Headers window. The contour map displays the new header. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
46 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Scatter Plot You can create scatter plots to see relationships and correlations between data variables. The scatter plot displays data for the completions in the current filter, and you can reuse it for different sets of completions within the OFM project. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a scatter plot 2. Set up the scatter plot graphs 3. Create a scatter plot set 4. Select completions in the scatter set by value range 5. Save and edit the scatter plot set 6. Pick by bounding polygon 7. Add a header to the scatter plot 8. Animate the map
Creating a Scatter Plot 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Scatter. The Create Scatter Plot window opens. 3. Select the variables Oil.Cum and Water.Cum and then click
.
4. Click Next. 5. Select Completion as the method you want to use to group data. 6. Click Next. 7. Leave the start and end dates at Default for the scatter plot. If left as default, OFM will produce the map from the first to the last date in the project database. 8. Leave the Data Sampling Frequency as All Rows. If left at default, OFM uses the frequency of the data (that is, monthly data produces a scatter plot every month and daily data produces a scatter plot every day). 9. Select Finish. The scatter plot will display. 10. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
47 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Setting Up the Scatter Plot Graphs 1. On the Property pane, under Scatter Plot Properties, set the Number of Graphs to 2. 2. Set the Current Graph to 1. 3. In the Current Graph Properties section, set the X-Variable to Oil.Cum. 4. Set the Y-Variable to Water.Cum. 5. Change the Current Graph to 2. 6. In the Current Graph Properties section, change the X-Variable to X-Coordinate. Even though you did not choose the X- and Y-coordinates when creating the scatter plot, OFM provides them automatically. 7. Change the Y-Variable to Y-Coordinate. Two scatter plots display. The plot on the right represents a map of the field. Each data point on the scatter plot represents a completion. The plot on the left shows what the values of cumulative water and cumulative oil of each completion were at the date indicated. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Scatter Plot Set 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scatter Sets. The Edit Scatter Plot Set window opens. 2. Click Add. 3. For the Name, enter High Oil. 4. Set the Color to Green. 5. Set the Type to Filled Circle. 6. Select Trackable. 7. Set the Size to 7. 8. Click OK. 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Selecting Completions in the Scatter Set by Value Range 1. Click on the first graph (the one on the left) to make it the Current Graph. 2. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Pick By Value. The Set By Value window opens. 3. Because you are identifying high oil points, in the Cumulative Oil Production section (which is your X-coordinate), select >= and enter the value 800. 4. Select And.
48 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. In the Cumulative Water Production section (which is your Y-coordinate), select <= and enter the value 4000. 6. Click OK. The scatter plot displays with the relevant data points overlaid with green circles. Both graphs have the same completions indicated by the set. This shows you where the high oil completions are located on the map. The green lines on Graph 1 show the path by which each completion’s data traveled through time. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Saving and Editing the Scatter Plot Set 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scatter Sets. The Edit Scatter Plot Set window opens. 2. Click Save. 3. Name the scatter set (.set) file Liquids and then click Save. 4. Set the Color to Dark Green. 5. Set the Type to Filled Up Triangle. 6. Set the Size to 10. 7. Click OK. The scatter plot displays.
Picking by Bounding Polygon 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scatter Sets. The Edit Scatter Plot Set window opens. 2. Click Add. 3. For the Name, enter High Fluid. 4. Set the Color to Magenta. 5. Select Post Name. 6. Set the Type to Filled Square. 7. Set the Size to 8. 8. Click OK. 9. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Pick by Polygon. 10. Since this is the high fluid set, click on the map to create a polygon around the data points closest to the top right of Graph 1. 11. Right-click and select Done. The data points representing the completions with high values of both cumulative oil and
49 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
cumulative water are overlaid with magenta squares. OFM labels these points with the completion names. 12. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Plot Only Sets. Only the group of points inside the polygon belonging to the two scatter sets display. You now have an idea of how much the cumulative values vary by completion, and where the high oil and high fluid completions are located. You may see a correlation between their locations and your knowledge of the area, or some other performance or completion factor. 13. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding a Header to the Scatter Plot In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format of each line. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. 3. In the blank line, type "Cumulative Liquids" as title for the scatter plot. When entering a text string, use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font to change the header font properties. 5. On the Font Style list, select Bold and then click OK. 6. Click OK. The plot displays with the new header. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Animating the Map Use animation to progress quickly through the life of a field. 1. On the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group, click Animate Settings. The Animate Settings window opens. 2. In the Step field, select 12. 3. (Optional) Select Save Animation to an .AVI file if you want to save a copy of the animation as a video. If you save the animation file, you must select a name and file location for the video. Before the animation starts, you select a video compressor format. The codecs available vary from person to person, and depend on the software installed on your computer. If you want to share the .avi file with another person, select a codec that person has installed (to avoid compatibility issues). 4. Click OK. The animation starts.
50 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. To pause or restart the animation, click the control buttons on the Format tab, in the Animation Utilities group.
51 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Surface Map You can create surface maps to see one data variable in a three-dimensional map display. The surface map displays data for the completions in the current filter, and you can reuse it for different sets of completions within the OFM project. Because of its three-dimensional nature, the most logical types of variables to show with a surface map are related to depth or elevation. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a surface map: You will create a surface map based on the depth of the upper perforations. 2. Change the color scale properties: You can set the size of the color scale legend on the display area, and you can customize it to your preferences. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 3. Move the color scale legend 4. Add headers to the surface map: In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format for each line, to have up to ten lines of information with a maximum of 79 characters on each line. 5. Change the surface map
Creating a Surface Map 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. You will create a surface map based on the depth of the upper perforations. For deviated wells, a calculated variable is required to convert measured depth to true vertical depth, so for this example you will exclude the deviated wells. 2. On the Filter pane, expand Table Data and select Dev. OFM filters the wells. Only wells with deviation survey data display. 3. At the top of the Filter pane, click Invert Filter
to filter to the wells that do not have deviation
survey data (and so, are vertical wells). 4. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Surface Map. The Create Surface Map window opens. 5. On the list of project variables, select Headerid.Upperperf and then click
.
6. Click Finish. The surface map opens. This map is plotting depths, and would be more representative if it was plotting elevations instead, so the deepest perfs extend downward rather than upward. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
52 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Changing the Color Scale Properties You can set the size of the color scale legend on the display area, and you can customize it to your preferences. In this section of the tutorial, you change the color scale properties. 1. On the Property pane, under Properties, expand Color Scale. 2. Set Style to Value Range. 3. Set Spectrum to Default. 4. Set Colors to 10. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Moving the Color Scale Legend On the surface map, drag the legend to the upper-left corner of the map.
Adding Headers to the Surface Map In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format for each line, to have up to ten lines of information with a maximum of 79 characters on each line. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts a blank row. 3. On the blank row, type "Depth of Upper Perforations" and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font. The Font window opens. 5. For Font Style, select Bold and then click OK to return to the Headers window. 6. On the Headers window, click OK. The surface map displays the new header. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Surface Map 1. On the Property pane, under Variable Properties, expand Limit Values. 2. Set Minimum to 3000. 3. Set Maximum to 12000. The value ranges on the legend changes.
53 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. Under Properties, expand 3D. 5. Set Azimuth to -90. The azimuth setting rotates the map. A value of -90 puts north at the top. 6. Set Elevation to 60. The elevation setting tilts the map towards or away from you. A value of 0 has no tilt, so you are looking at a side view. A value of 90 provides a plane view from directly overhead. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
54 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Map XY Plot You can create map XY plots to create a montage that combines the base map and plots of time-dependent data. OFM creates one plot for each completion and is positions them above the completion. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a map XY plot 2. Change the scale properties 3. Change the curve properties 4. Add headers to the map XY plot: In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format for each line, to have up to ten lines of information with a maximum of 79 characters per line. 5. Move the plots from default positions: You can move the plots from their default locations. This is a good idea if they are laying on top of one another.
Creating a Map XY Plot 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Map XY Plot. The Create Map XY Plot window opens. 3. On the list of project variables, select Oil.CalDay and Water.CalDay, and then click 4. Click Finish. The Plot Setup window opens. 5. Select Date for your X-axis, and Oil.CalDay and Water.CalDay for the Y-axis. 6. Click OK. The map XY plot displays. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Scale Properties 1. On the Property pane, under Data, expand Plot Setup. 2. For the X-Axis, set Scale Type to Logarithmic. 3. For the X-Axis, set the Minimum to 19900101. 4. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Blow Up Plot. The Blow Up Plot window opens. 5. Resize the plot window to be larger.
55 of 262
.
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
6. On the map XY plot, click the well symbols to see individual completion's plots in the Blow Up Plot window. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Changing the Curve Properties 1. On the Property pane, under Data, expand Plot Setup and then expand Plot Curve Attribute. 2. Set Plot Curve Attribute to Oil.CalDay. 3. Set Line Color to Green. 4. Set Plot Curve Attribute to Water.CalDay. 5. Set Line Color to Blue. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding Headers to the Map XY Plot In this section of the tutorial, you edit the headers. You can create headers for the base map, reports, and analytical maps. You can customize the display format for each line, to have up to ten lines of information with a maximum of 79 characters per line. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Headers window opens. 2. Click Add. OFM inserts a blank row. 3. On the blank row, type "Calendar Day Rate, Oil and Water" and then press Enter. When entering a text string, you must use quotation marks around the text. 4. Click Font. The Font window opens. 5. For Font Style, select Bold and then click OK to return to the Headers window. 6. On the Headers window, click OK. The map XY plot displays the new header. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Moving the Plots from Default Positions You can move the plots from their default locations. This is a good idea if they are laying on top of one another. 1. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Enable Shape Moves. 2. On the map XY plot, select a plot and drag it to a new position.
56 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, select Save > Save Shapes Positions. The Save Object Locations File window opens. 4. Enter a name for the file, select a location, and then click Save. The next time you open the map XY plot, you can retrieve the saved plot positions: On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, selecting Open > Shape Positions File. 5. To move the plots back to their default positions, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Default Position.
57 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Date-Based Report You can create reports that display a spreadsheet-style tabular listings of project variables (either table variables or calculated variables). For most of your reports, you may want to display the variables against time (date), but you can use other variables. If there is a relationship between the variables, you can create reports to display the different types of variable dependencies. By default, reports display variables for only one entity, whether you reporting on a single completion, a single reservoir or other category, or a single object created by grouping multiple completions. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a simple date-based report: You can create a report that displays the project variable MonthlyProd.Oil with the calculated variable Water.Cut. 2. Edit report features: In this section of the tutorial, you improve the appearance of the report. Many attributes (such as column width and number of decimal places) are set by the definition of the variable displayed. While you can customize the appearance of the report by changing the attributes of a column, the changes you make will not affect the default definition of the variable in that column. 3. Add the current date to the Report Header 4. Adjust column headers 5. Export a report template: Saving the workspace automatically saves the report for you to use again in the future. You may want to save an external version of the report format to share with a colleague. 6. Import a report template 7. Save the report content: You can save the contents of the report as comma separated values (.csv), or as a text (. 8. Write results of report back to the project as a new Access data table: OFM offers more choices for capturing the results of a report. You can send the results of your report to Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, or a text file. This section of the tutorial describes the Microsoft Access writeback choice. The other two work similarly.
Creating a Simple Date-based Report You can create a report that displays the project variable MonthlyProd.Oil with the calculated variable Water.Cut. 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Report. The Edit Report window opens. 3. In the Select text box, enter the following: Date, Monthlyprod.Oil,
58 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. Click OK. The report opens. 5. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion. OFM displays a grid-style tabular listing of the variables. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save Workspace to save your work.
Editing the Report Features In this section of the tutorial, you improve the appearance of the report. Many attributes (such as column width and number of decimal places) are set by the definition of the variable displayed. While you can customize the appearance of the report by changing the attributes of a column, the changes you make will not affect the default definition of the variable in that column. 1. On the Property pane, under Report, set the Report Date to an alternative format from the list (for example, YYYY-MM-DD).On the report, the date displays in the new format. 2. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Date & Sort. The Edit Report Attributes window opens. 3. On the Set Date tab, select Range to restrict the range. 4. Set the Starting date to January 1, 1997 and the Ending date to January 12, 1998. 5. Click OK. The report displays only the data from 1997 and 1998. 6. On the Property pane, under Columns, set Break to Annually. The report breaks at the end of every calendar year. 7. Click any cell in the Monthly Oil column of the report to access the Current Column properties for selected column. On the Property pane, under Columns, the Current Column shows that you selected Monthlyprod.Oil. 8. Expand Column Attributes. 9. Set the column Width to 15. 10. Set the Decimal Places to 1. 11. Set the Justification to Center. 12. Set the Display to English. This forces the column to display in barrels, even if you set the project to display metric units. 13. Set the Subtotal to Sum. The total monthly oil volume displays at the end of each calendar year. 14. Expand Variable. 15. Set Multiplier to M.
59 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
16. Click any cell in the Water Cut column of the report to access the Current Column properties for selected column. 17. On the Property pane, under Columns, expand Column Attributes. 18. Set Subtotal to Average. The average water cut displays at the end of each calendar year. The average displays on a different line than the sum, which is helpful if you want to copy the report content to a spreadsheet application. 19. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding the Current Date to the Report Header 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Header. The Header/Footer window opens. 2. Click the cell in the first row, in the Right Aligned column, and type "." 3. Click the cell immediately below. 4. Enter the following text in this cell: @FmtDate(@today(),"Mmm dd, 5. Click OK. The report header has a new line with today’s date. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adjusting the Column Headers 1. Click on any cell in the Monthly Oil column of the report to access the Current Column properties for the selected column. 2. On the Property pane, under Columns, expand Current Column and then expand Column Attributes. 3. Set the Heading Third Row to Oil Volume. Note the change in the way the data in the column title is displayed. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Exporting a Report Template Saving the workspace automatically saves the report for you to use again in the future. You may want to save an external version of the report format to share with a colleague. 1. On the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. The Save Report Format window opens. 2. Navigate to the folder where you want to save the template file.
60 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. Enter the name you want to assign to the attribute file. 4. Click Save to save a copy of the report attributes (not the report content) as an .rpt file.
Importing a Report Template 1. To import report attributes from an .rpt file, first create a blank report. 2. With the report is open, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Open Analysis. 3. Select the saved .rpt file and then click Open. Note that the report now displays the imported attributes. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Saving the Report Content You can save the contents of the report as comma separated values (.csv), or as a text (.txt) file. 1. With the report open, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. 2. Enter the name you want to assign the report content file. 3. Enter the location to which you want to save the report content file. 4. Click Save.
Writing Results of Report Back to the Project as a New Access Data Table OFM offers more choices for capturing the results of a report. You can send the results of your report to Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, or a text file. This section of the tutorial describes the Microsoft Access writeback choice. The other two work similarly. Note: You can copy the report contents and paste them into a spreadsheet. You may also want to send the results back to the project as new data. For example, you may want to do this if the results have corrections to the original raw data, and you want to have the corrected and uncorrected data in your project. Or, you may want to do this if you want to use system functions that only work on data, and do not work on calculated variables (such as the @CumInput system function). 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Report. The Edit Report window opens. 2. In this example, you are correcting the monthly oil and gas volumes by a constant factor for each. In the Select text box, enter the following: @Name(), Date, MonthlyProd.Oil*0.9, MonthlyProd.Gas*0.7 3. Click OK.
61 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion. The report displays results. 5. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Access. The Access window opens. 6. (Optional) Select Automatically update Access when the report is updated to create updates automatically. If selected, OFM updates the table every time you open or refresh the report. If you clear this choice, you must manually refresh the table. 7. In the Table Name field, enter Corrected_MonthlyProd. You cannot change the OFM columns in the Fields section. These are the entries you used to create the report. If you send this data back to your project, the data must conform to OFM nomenclature. 8. In the Access Fields column, click Field1 (on the same row as @Name() in the OFM Columns column). 9. Type Uniqueid and then press Enter. 10. Click Key. 11. In the Access Fields column, click Date. 12. Click Key. 13. In the Access Fields column, click MonthlyprodOil*09. 14. Type OIL and then press Enter. 15. Click MonthlyprodGas*07. 16. Type GAS and then press Enter. 17. Click Close and Update. OFM advises you that the table does not exist. 18. Select Yes to create it. 19. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Schema. The Edit Schema Tables window opens. 20. On the Tables tab, find the new Corrected_MonthlyProd table. 21. Select the empty check box next to the new table name to enable the table. 22. OFM will now ask you to confirm the primary parameters which define the table. For this case: a. Select Yes to the question asking to continue. b. Set Table Type to Monthly. c. Since you ensured that the key column names were OFM-compatible, OFM has identified them correctly. In the Auto-associate Fields window, select Yes to accept OFM’s guess.
62 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
d. Click OK to accept the new changes and close the window. Your project now contains a data table (Corrected_MonthlyProd) with adjusted oil and gas volume data columns, taken from the report. 23. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work. Note: The table will be populated only for the completions that you have displayed on the report. To display the report for all completions and thus populate the table for all completions, see "To Generate a Summary Report - Full Detail."
63 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Summary Report You can create summary reports to view data for all completions, all reservoirs, and so on, individually. A summary report displays data for every entity in your current filter. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a Summary Report - Full Detail 2. Create a Summary Report - One Line for Each Completion: Rather than view the full history for all completions in the summary report, you may want to view a single line for each completion (for example, the current performance). You can customize the summary report to display one line per completion, with the report ranked according to cumulative oil. This way you get a concise summary showing the best producers.
Creating a Summary Report - Full Detail 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Report. The Edit Report window opens. 3. In the Select text box, enter this: @Name(), Date, Oil.Cum, Gas.Cum 4. Click OK. The report opens. 5. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion. A tabular listing of the variables populates the report. 6. On the Format tab, in the Display group, click Sum By Item. The report shows the history of all the completions in the current filter. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Summary Report – One Line for Each Completion Rather than view the full history for all completions in the summary report, you may want to view a single line for each completion (for example, the current performance). You can customize the summary report to display one line for each completion, with the report ranked according to cumulative oil. This way you get a concise summary showing the best producers. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Date & Sort. The Edit Report Attributes window opens. 2. On the Set Date tab, select At Last Date. This will display the last date for which each individual completion has data. This will vary for
64 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
different completions, depending on their status. To display only a specific, recent date, use the At Date choice instead. 3. On the Sort tab, set the First sorting to Oil.cum. 4. Select Descending. 5. Click OK. Before, OFM sorted the completions alpha-numerically. Now OFM sorts the report by cumulative oil value in descending order. If you do not see all completions in the current filter, on the Format tab, in the Display group, select Sum By Item. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
65 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Single Well Log Display You can create a single-well log display to visualize the digital well log data and create custom templates to perform different analyses. In this tutorial, you will create a log display for a single well using trace data. You will: 1. Create a single-well log display 2. Assign traces to a track and edit trace attributes 3. Edit the log track 4. Create a log track 5. Add a cutoff 6. Edit the depth shift 7. Edit the lithology interval 8. Add comments 9. Rename the log file
Creating a Single-Well Log Display 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Single Well Log. The Set Depth Range window opens. 3. In the Top field, enter 1500. 4. In the Bottom field, enter 6750. 5. Click OK. The single-well log display template opens, showing placeholders for two traces on each of two tracks. 6. On the Navigation pane, select Wellbores. 7. Select the BLUE_14 well. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Assigning Traces to a Track and Editing Trace Attributes 1. At the top of Track 1, double-click the first Trace Name. The Log Trace Attributes window opens. 2. On the Trace Attributes tab, make the following selections:
66 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
For Log, select SP.
n
For Color, select Blue.
n
For Min. Reading, enter -151.399.
n
For Max. Reading, enter -5.448.
3. Click OK. The log displays. 4. At the top of Track 1, double-click the second Trace Name. 5. On the Trace Attributes tab, make the following selections: n
For Log, select ILD.
n
For Min. Reading, enter 0.26.
n
For Max. Reading, enter 7.18.
6. Click OK. The log displays. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Log Track 1. On the Navigation pane, select the ORANGE_34 wellbore. 2. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Variables. The Edit Log Track window opens. 3. For Set Scale to, select Logarithmic. 4. Click OK. The track displays with a logarithmic scale. 5. At the top of Track 2, double-click the first Trace Name. 6. On the Trace Attributes tab, make the following selections: n
For Log, select IDPH.
n
For Color, select Green.
7. Click OK. The log displays. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Log Track 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Add Track. The Add Log Track window opens.
67 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
2. Enter 3 in the Add the new one as Track No field. 3. Select Linear as the scale. 4. Click OK. The log display shows the new track. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding a Cutoff 1. On the Navigation pane, select the BLUE_1 wellbore. 2. At the top of Track 1, double-click the first trace name (now named SP). 3. On the Cutoff tab, make the following selections: n
For Show Cutoff ?, select Yes.
n
For Cutoff value, enter -50.
n
For Fill To, select Left.
4. Click OK. Note the effect of the cutoff. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Depth Shift 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Depth Shift. The Depth Shift window opens. 2. In the Shifting field, enter 20 feet. 3. Select Up. 4. Click OK. The log display shows the upward shift of 20 feet. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Lithology Interval 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Litho Interval. The Edit Interval window opens. 2. For the Name, enter Henna. 3. For the Top Marker, select HENNA_1. 4. For the Bottom Marker, select HENNA_2. 5. For Lithology, select Sandstone.
68 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
6. Click Save and then Close. 7. On the Property pane, set Show Litho Intervals to Yes. The Henna sandstone section displays. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding Comments 1. On the Property pane, set Show Depth Shift to No. 2. On the Format tab, in the Display group, click Comments. OFM adds a comment track to the log display. 3. At a depth of 5000 feet, double-click the comment track. The Edit Comment window opens. 4. In the Comment field, enter Hole Washout and then click Save. The text displays in the Comment track. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Renaming the Log File 1. On the Analysis pane, OFM named the log you created Single Well Log1. Right-click the log and then select Rename. 2. Enter Standard Single Well Analysis, and then press Enter. 3. To save the layout as a template file, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. 4. Enter a name in the File Name list field and then click Save.
69 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Multi-Well Log Display You can create a multi-well log display to view log data (up to four logs) at the same time. In this tutorial, you will create a multi-well log display. You will: 1. Apply the log data filter 2. Create a multi-well log 3. Add a new trace 4. Edit the display 5. Edit the depth range 6. Edit the depth shift 7. Rename the log display
Applying the Log Data Filter 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter
to remove any previously-applied filters.
3. Expand Category, and then expand Logdata. 4. Select LOGD. Only wells with log data display on the base map. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Creating a Multi-Well Log 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Multiple Well Log. The log opens. 2. Click the first track. At the top, just below the Well Name, a red X displays. This means the selected well is active. 3. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Variables. The Edit Multi-Well Log window opens. 4. On the Well #1 tab, make the following selections: n
For Wellbore Name, select the BLUE_1 wellbore.
n
For Log Trace #1, select SP.
n
For the Date Logged, select a date.
70 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
For Log Trace #2, select RLD.
n
For the Date Logged, select a date.
5. Click OK. The well data displays. 6. At the top of Track 1, double-click the SP curve. The Log Trace Attributes window opens. 7. In the Color field, select Blue. 8. Click OK. 9. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Variables. 10. On the Well #2 tab, make the following selections: n
For Wellbore Name, select BLUE_14.
n
For Log Trace #1, select SP and then select a Date Logged.
n
For Log Trace #2, select RLD and then select a Date Logged.
11. On the Well #3 tab, make the following selections: n
For Wellbore Name, select BLUE_17.
n
For Log Trace #1, select SP and then select a Date Logged.
n
For Log Trace #2, select RLD and then select a Date Logged.
12. On the Well #4 tab, make the following selections: n
For Wellbore Name, select BLUE_2.
n
For Log Trace #1, select SP and then select a Date Logged.
n
For Log Trace #2, select RLD and then select a Date Logged.
13. Click OK. 14. At the top of tracks 2, 3, and 4, double-click the SP curve. The Log Trace Attributes window opens. 15. On the Trace Attributes tab, in the Color field, select Blue and then click OK. 16. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Adding a New Trace 1. Select the first log track to activate it. 2. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Add New Trace. The Edit Log Track window opens.
71 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. Click Add a New Trace and then click OK. A new trace displays at the top of the track. 4. Double-click the new trace. The Log Trace Attributes window opens. 5. On the Trace Attributes tab, select ILD in the Log field. 6. Select Green in the Color field. 7. Click OK. The multi-well log displays. 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Display 1. On the Property pane, set Show Markers to Yes. 2. At the top of the first track, double-click the well name (BLUE_1). The Edit (single) Multi-Well Log window opens. 3. Select the BLUE_5 wellbore. 4. Click OK. 5. On the Property pane, set Show Litho Intervals to Yes. The lithology track displays the intervals. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Depth Range 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Depth Range. The Depth Column Configuration window opens. 2. Select MD. 3. Select Default. 4. Select Show TVD Sub-Sea Depth. 5. Click OK. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Depth Shift 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Depth Shifts. The Depth Shift window opens. 2. Enter the number of feet to shift the depth in the Shifting field. 3. Select Up.
72 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. Click OK. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Renaming the Log Display 1. On the Analysis pane, OFM named the log you created Multiple Well Log1. Right-click the log and then select Rename. 2. Enter Standard Multi Well Analysis, and then press Enter. 3. To save the layout as a template file, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. 4. Enter a name in the File Name list field and then click Save.
73 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Log Cross-Section You can create cross-sections to display log traces, wellbore diagrams, and lithologies. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Create a cross-section 2. Change the cross-section display 3. Edit cross-section markers 4. Edit the cross-section display 5. Edit the cross-section depth range
Creating a Cross-Section 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter
to remove any previously-applied filters.
3. Expand Category, and then expand Logdata. 4. Select LOGD. Only wells with log data display on the base map. 5. With the base map open, on the Property pane, under Well Name Properties, set Well Name to Alias Name. 6. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Cross Section. 7. On the base map, press Ctrl and then select the following wells to include them in the cross section: G-1, O-26, B-2, and B-17. OFM draws a line connecting the wells you selected. 8. Right-click on the base map and then select Done. The Cross-Section Legend window opens. 9. Click OK The cross-section opens. 10. On the Workspace tab, click Save Workspace to save your work.
Changing the Cross-Section Display 1. On the Format tab, in the Display group, make sure Size To Fit is selected. 2. On the Property pane, set Show Wells, Show Depth Scale, and Show Logs to Yes. 3. Click Setup. The Log Trace Setup window opens.
74 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. On the Left Trace tab, set the Log Trace to SP. 5. On the Right Trace tab, set the Log Trace to RLD. 6. Select RLD in the Log Trace field. 7. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Cross-Section Markers 1. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Left Marker. 2. In the Edit group, click Interval. The Edit Interval window opens. 3. Make the following selections: n
For the Name, enter Layer 1.
n
For the Top Marker, select Winter.
n
For the Base Marker, select Screed_1.
n
For Lithology, select Shale.
4. Click Save and then click Close. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Editing the Cross-Section Display On the Property pane, set Show Litho Intervals to Yes.
Editing the Cross-Section Depth Range 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Depth Range. The Depth Column Configuration window opens. 2. For the Minimum Depth, enter 5000. 3. For the Maximum Depth, enter 6000. 4. Click OK. The log display displays data within the given range. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
75 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Single Phase Analysis In this tutorial, you will: 1. Set up a forecast for single phase analysis (oil, gas, water): The demo project is already configured for single phase analysis. This part describes the set up. After setting up a forecast, you are ready to perform history matching. Forecasts assume that whatever governed a completion's performance in the past will continue to govern it in the future. To build a meaningful forecast, it is important to get a representative fit through historical data. To do that, you must constrain the match (or, fit) to occur only through selected data points. There are several ways to do that, and you can use the different ways in any combination. 2. Set lower and upper limits 3. Set the limit as a range: Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. 4. Select a variable: For this method, you must select a project variable that returns True (1) or False (0). This usually is a calculated variable. OFM will use the variable either to keep a data point for the fit analysis (result of variable = True) or to remove it from the analysis (result = False). 5. Digitize points: This choice may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. 6. Toggle between working points: You can remove points that may be skewing the forecast results because they fall outside the norm. 7. Control fit parameters: You also can control how OFM performs the fit process. 8. Set up the forecast: There are many parameters that you can set, to control the forecast for a single phase analysis. This shows you one possible workflow. 9. Save the forecast
Setting Up a Forecast for Single Phase Analysis (Oil, Gas, Water) The demo project is configured for single phase analysis. The following workflow describes the set up: 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion. 3. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Forecast. The forecast graph for the Blue_1:He_0 completion displays. 4. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens.
76 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. On the Flow Model tab, in the Variable Association section, the default Phase/Analysis is Oil. OFM seeks data for three plotting variables: n
Time (Date)
n
Cumulative Oil: This is a calculated variable in this project. Oil.CalDay is a calendar day average rate, from monthly production data. An alternative might be the producing day average rate (the monthly volume divided by the number of days this completion was on line, not by the number of days in the month). To do this, you might choose Oil.ProDay for the calculated variable. For this tutorial, select Oil.CalDay for your analysis because days on line data is not widely available in the demo project.
n
Oil Rate: This is a calculated variable in this project.
6. In the Model Description section, make sure the Solution is Empirical. 7. Click OK. OFM applies the changes you made to the completion you selected (Blue_1:He_0). If you select another completion, OFM applies the default settings. You can change the default settings on the Scenario Manager. (To open the Scenario Manager, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario Manager.) 8. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting Lower and Upper Limits 1. To set a lower limit, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Lower. To set an upper limit, select Limit > Upper. 2. Use the graphic below as a guide. For a lower limit, click a series of points to define a line below which you will not accept any data points in the analysis. OFM will only use the points directly above this lower-limit line. For an upper limit, you must define your line to pass below the points you want to exclude, and above the points you want to keep.
77 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. When you finish, right-click and select Done. OFM recalculates the best least-squares regression fit through the acceptable data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting the Limit as a Range Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Range. The Data Range window opens. 2. Select Set X axis. 3. In the X Minimum field, enter 19970901. 4. In the X Maximum field, enter 19990601. 5. Click OK. OFM fits the line through only the data points in the date range. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Selecting a Variable For this method, you must select a project variable that returns True (1) or False (0). This usually is a calculated variable. OFM will use the variable either to keep a data point for the fit analysis (result of variable = True) or to remove it from the analysis (result = False). 1. On the Setup tab, in the Variable Managers group, click Calculated Variable Editor. The Variable Editor opens.
78 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
2. Click Add Calculated Variable. The Edit Calculated Variable window opens. 3. Enter the following definition: @if(water.cut>0.98,1,0) 4. Click OK. OFM lists the new calculated variable on the Variable Editor as NewItem. 5. Click in the cell for NewItem and rename the variable WC_Cutoff. 6. Click OK. 7. To see the effect of the next option, you must recover all the data points for analysis. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Reset. 8. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Variable. The Data Selection Variable window opens. 9. Select Use Variable and then select WC_Cutoff from the list. 10. Click OK. OFM removes data points before February 1998. In this completion, the variable represents the time before the water cut reached 98%. OFM also removes the data point for May 1998 (when the water cut was temporarily less than 98%). 11. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Digitizing Points This choice may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Digitize Points. 2. Press Ctrl and click to add your own data points on the graph. The data points display as magenta triangles. 3. When you finish, right-click the forecast graph and then select Done. OFM will discard all the historical data points and fit a line through the data points you added. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Toggling Between Working Points You can remove points that may be skewing the forecast results because they fall outside the norm. 1. Assuming you are following each of the procedures in this tutorial in sequence, you must reset the data to explore the next option. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Reset. 2. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Toggle Working Points. OFM displays the cursor as a small eraser. 3. On the graph, press the left mouse button and use the mouse to erase data points.
79 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
4. When you finish erasing data points, select on the Format tab, in the Display group, clear the Toggle Working Points check box. OFM adjusts the fit to reflect the change. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Controlling Fit Parameters You also can control how OFM performs the fit process. 1. First, remove data points before 1997. Set the lower limits option to do this. The default fit to this data set returns a value in the Results legend for the Arps exponent (b), close to 1, suggesting that the (default) best fit is close to a harmonic fit. 2. Switch to a Rate v. Cum view: On the Property pane, under OFM Forecast, set Analysis to Rate – Cum. The fit changes to the reduced data set. 3. Return to the Rate v. Time view: On the Property pane, set Analysis to Rate – Time. 4. On the Property pane, in the History Match section, set the Fit Type to Exponential. On the Results legend, the resultant b value is now zero. The fit, on a semi-log plot, is a straight line. 5. You can override the least squares regression calculation by placing the fit line where you believe it portrays a better representation (that is, by using your engineering judgment instead of statistics). To override the calculation, drag the fit (dark green) line upwards. Drag the blue point on either end of the fit line to a new location. The Results legend values change. On the Property pane, under History Match, the Method changed to Manual. 6. Because the Method is Manual, OFM may no longer reflect changes (like removing more data points) until you change this setting to Auto: On the Property pane, under History Match, change the Method to Auto. 7. On the Property pane, under History Match, change the Fit Type to Hyperbolic. OFM tries to fit the line to the data using a variable b value. 8. Force a specific value: On the Property pane, under History Match, change the b Value Method to User. In the User field, enter 0.6. The graph now shows the best fit to the data subject to this new constraint. 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting Up the Forecast There are many parameters that you can set, to control the forecast for a single phase analysis. This shows you one possible workflow.
80 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens. 2. On the Forecast tab, select the following: n
In the Oil: Schedule #1 section, select a Start Time of Last Historical Date and a Start Rate of From Fit.
n
In the Scheduled Limits section, select an End Time of Months from Start, 120 Months and an End Rate of 2 bbl/d.
4. Leave all other choices at the default settings. 5. Click OK. On the Results legend, the Forecast Ended By explains which of your limits (Rate or Time) is stopping the forecast. 6. Make a note of the value (in Mbbl) for Reserves, because we will use this value next. 7. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. 8. On the Forecast tab, in the Sch. Reserves field, enter a number that is smaller than the Reserves value that displayed on the Results legend. 9. Click OK. On the Results legend, the Forecast Ended By now explains that your reserves limit is stopping the forecast. 10. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Saving the Forecast To commit the results of the working forecast to the database, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. A warning message may appear, about group forecasts. It is not an error, so click OK. n
The working forecast on the graph (dark red dots) will be superimposed by a coincident series of light blue symbols representing the saved values.
n
The Forecast pane should now show a saved Oil forecast, under Case1, for completion Blue_ 1:He_0.
81 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Ratio Analysis In this tutorial, you will: 1. Set up a forecast for ratio analysis (GOR, WOR, water cut, oil cut): The demo project is configured for ratio analyses. The four ratios are configured the same way, so the tutorial uses Water Cut as an example. After setting up a forecast, you are ready to perform history matching. Forecasts assume that whatever governed a completion's performance in the past will continue to govern it in the future. To build a meaningful forecast, it is important to get a representative fit through historical data. To do that, you must constrain the match (or, fit) to occur only through selected data points. There are several ways to do that, and you can use the different ways in any combination. 2. Set lower and upper limits 3. Set the limit as range: Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. 4. Select the variable: This choice requires you to select a project variable that returns True (1) or False (0). This will most likely be a calculated variable. OFM will use this variable either to keep a data point for the fit analysis (result of variable = True) or to remove it from the analysis (result = False). 5. Digitize points: This choice may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. 6. Toggle between working points 7. Control fit parameters 8. Set up the forecast: All forecast settings for Ratio forecasts are done on the Property pane. 9. Save the forecast
Setting Up a Forecast for Ratio Analysis (GOR, WOR, Water Cut, Oil Cut) The demo project is configured for ratio analyses. The four ratios are configured the same way, so the tutorial uses Water Cut as an example. 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Navigation pane, select the Blue_1:He_0 completion. 3. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Forecast. The forecast graph for the Blue_1:He_0 completion displays. 4. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens.
82 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
5. On the Flow Model tab, in the Variable Association section, change the Phase/Analysis to Water Cut. 6. Make sure the Cum. Oil is Oil.Cum. 7. Make sure the Water Cut, % is Water Cut. All ratio analyses use the Empirical (least squares regression) method as the solution type, so the remaining fields are unavailable. 8. Click OK. OFM applies the changes you made to the completion you selected (Blue_1:He_0). If you select another completion, OFM applies the default settings. You can change the default settings on the Scenario Manager. (To open the Scenario Manager, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario Manager.) 9. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting Lower and Upper Limits 1. To set a lower limit, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Lower. To set an upper limit, select Limit > Upper. 2. Use the graphic below as a guide. For a lower limit, click a series of points to define a line below which you will not accept any data point in the analysis. For an upper limit, define your line to pass below the points you want to exclude, and above the points you want to keep.
83 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. When you finish, right-click and select Done. OFM recalculates the best least-squares regression fit through the acceptable data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting the Limit as a Range Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Range. The Data Range window opens. 2. Select Set X axis. 3. In the X Minimum field, enter 73. 4. In the X Maximum field, enter 85. 5. Click OK. OFM fits the line though only the data points in which the cumulative oil exceeds 73 Mbbl. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Selecting a Variable This choice requires you to select a project variable that returns True (1) or False (0). This will most likely be a calculated variable. OFM will use this variable either to keep a data point for the fit analysis (result of variable = True) or to remove it from the analysis (result = False). 1. On the Setup tab, in the Variable Managers group, click Calculated Variable Editor. The Variable Editor opens. 2. Click Add Calculated Variable. The Edit Calculated Variable window opens. 3. Enter the following definition: @if(Ratio.WOR>70,1,0) 4. Click OK. OFM lists the new calculated variable on the Variable Editor as NewItem. 5. Click in the cell for NewItem and rename the variable WOR_Cutoff. 6. Click OK. 7. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Reset. This recovers all data points. 8. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Variable. The Data Selection Variable window opens. 9. Select Use Variable and then select WOR_Cutoff from the list. 10. Click OK.
84 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
OFM removes data points with a water-oil ratio that is less than 70 bbl/bbl. 11. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Digitizing Points This choice may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. 1. Select Edit > Digitize Points. 2. Press Ctrl and click to mark your own, independent data points on the graph. The data points display as magenta triangles. Use them to define a profile that you prefer to accept. 3. When you finish, right-click the forecast graph and then select Done. OFM discards the historical data points and fits a line through your data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Toggling Between Working Points 1. Assuming you are following each of the procedures in this tutorial in sequence, you must reset the data to explore the next option. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Reset. 2. On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Toggle Working Points. OFM displays the cursor as a small eraser. 3. On the graph, press the left mouse button and use the mouse to erase data points. 4. When you finish erasing data points, select on the Format tab, in the Display group, clear the Toggle Working Points check box. OFM adjusts the fit to reflect the change. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Controlling Fit Parameters You also can control how OFM performs the fit process. 1. On the Property pane, in the History Match section, set Fit Type to Semilog. This causes a new fit, and new results. The option is provided here to explore whether a semilog plot may suggest a better straight line for fitting purposes. 2. You can override the least squares regression calculation by placing the fit line where you believe it portrays a better representation (that is, by using your engineering judgment instead of statistics). To override the calculation, drag the fit (dark green) line upwards. Drag the blue dots that anchor the right end of the fit line to a new location. On the Results legend, the values change. On the Property pane, under History Match, the Method changed to Manual.
85 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. Because the Method is Manual, OFM may no longer reflect changes (like removing more data points) until you change this setting to Auto: On the Property pane, under History Match, change the Method to Auto. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting Up the Forecast You choose all forecast settings for ratio forecasts on the Property pane. 1. In the OFM Forecast section, set Start WCUT Option to From Fit. 2. Set End WCUT Option to Value and then set the End WCUT to 99.9. 3. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Saving the Forecast To commit the results of the working forecast to the database, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. A warning message about group forecasts may appear. It is not an error, so click OK. n
The working forecast on the graph (dark red dots) will be superimposed by a coincident series of light blue symbols representing the saved values.
n
The Forecast pane should now show a saved WCUT forecast under Case1 for completion Blue_ 1:He_0.
86 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Pressure/Z-factor Analysis You conduct P/Z analysis on gas wells. The method is a classical tool for assessing several aspects of a group of entities, most importantly: n
A determination of whether the entities are in pressure communication
n
An estimate of remaining reserves for the reservoir
n
An estimate of the original volume of gas in place (OGIP)
The method requires two variables: (Cumulative) gas production; and a value for pressure (P) divided by the gas deviation factor (Z). In this tutorial, you will: 1. Open the demo project for P/Z analysis: The Duson Gas Field demo project is already configured for P/Z analysis. 2. Set P/Z forecast parameters: For this project, three of the four completions contain pressure data. Filter out the other completion. To build a meaningful forecast, it is important to get a representative fit through historical data. To do that, you may constrain the match (or, fit) to occur only through selected data points. There are several ways to do that, and you can use the different ways in any combination. 3. Set lower and upper limits 4. Set the limit as a range: Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. The other forecasting tutorials show how to select a variable. The P/Z plot is a specialized group plot, and so the variable is evaluated for the group. Therefore, we do not advise using a variable for P/Z analysis. 5. Digitize points: This option may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. The other forecasting tutorials show how to toggle between working points. This is not available for P/Z analysis. 6. Control fit parameters: In addition to selecting data points for analysis, you also can control how OFM performs the fit process. You can override the least squares regression calculation by placing the fit line where you believe it portrays a better representation (that is, by using your engineering judgment instead of statistics). 7. Set up the forecast: You choose forecast settings for P/Z forecasts on the Property pane. 8. Save the forecast
87 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Opening the Demo Project for P/Z Analysis The Duson Gas Field demo project is already configured for P/Z analysis. Open the Duson sample workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Duson Gas Field Sample\Duson Gas Field.ofm.
Setting Up P/Z Forecast Parameters For this project, three of the four completions contain pressure data. Filter out the other completion. 1. On the Filter pane, click Filter by Completion (
).
The Filter by Completion window opens. 2. Select the DAIGLE_1:SU_V completion and then click Invert. OFM selects all completions except DAIGLE_1:SU_V. 3. Click OK. OFM removes the DAIGLE_1:SU_V completion from the list of selected completions. 4. Group the remaining three completions: Click Group All Filtered Wells (
).
5. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Forecast. The forecast graph for the group of completions displays. 6. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens. 7. Set the Phase to P/Z. 8. Set the Time (Date) to Date. 9. Set the Cum. Gas to Gas.Cum. 10. Set P/Z to gas.Pz. 11. Click OK. OFM applies the changes you made to the group of completions. If you select another completion, OFM applies the default settings. You can change the default settings on the Scenario Manager. (To open the Scenario Manager, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario Manager.) 12. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting Lower and Upper Limits 1. To set a lower limit, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Lower. To set an upper limit, select Limit > Upper. 2. Use the graphic below as a guide. For a lower limit, click a series of points to define a line below which you will not accept any data points in your analysis. For an upper limit, you must define your line to pass below the points you want to exclude, and above the points you want to keep.
88 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. When complete, right-click and select Done. OFM recalculates the best least-squares regression fit through the acceptable data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting the Limit as a Range Assuming you have followed the lower-limits steps, you now can define a more detailed acceptable range of data points. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Range. 2. Select Set X axis. 3. In the X Minimum field, enter 12000. 4. In the X Maximum field, enter 16000. 5. Click OK. OFM fits the line though only data points in which the cumulative gas for the group is greater than 12 Bcf. 6. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
89 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Digitizing Points This option may be valuable if the real data is sparse, noisy, or not trustworthy. 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Digitize Points. 2. Press Ctrl and click to add your own, independent data points on the graph. The data points display as magenta triangles. 3. When you finish, right-click and select Done. OFM discards the historical data points and fits a line through your data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Controlling Fit Parameters In addition to selecting data points for analysis, you also can control how OFM performs the fit process. You can override the least squares regression calculation by placing the fit line where you believe it portrays a better representation (that is, by using your engineering judgment instead of statistics). 1. Drag the fit (dark green) line upwards. Drag the blue point on the right end of the fit line to a new location. The Results legend values change. On the Property pane, in the History Match section, the Method changed to Manual. 2. Because the Method is Manual, OFM may no longer reflect changes (like removing more data points) until you change this setting to Auto: On the Property pane, under History Match, change the Method to Auto. By default, OFM back-calculates the original value of P/Z (that is, at a value of cumulative gas equal to zero). However, this initial value is often already known, as the most likely time when pressure data will have been abundant is before first production. 3. To override the OFM default, on the Property pane, in the History Match section, set the Initial P/Z Option to Value. 4. Change the Initial P/Z value to 1400. The fit line passes through the new value (1400) on the Y axis. Because of this requirement, the fit line no longer represents a true fit through the data. However, the slope of the line is held the same. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Setting up the Forecast You choose forecast settings for P/Z forecasts on the Property pane. 1. Under OFM Forecast, set the End P/Z Option to Value. 2. Set the End P/Z to Value, and enter 10 for the value. The Reserves and EUR change, but the OGIP does not change. The value set is the abandonment
90 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
limit. 3. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Saving the Forecast 1. To commit the results of the working forecast to the database, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. Because you did the analysis on an arbitrary group of completions, OFM asks you to name the group. 2. In the Edit Group Name window, type Breaux, and click OK. n
The working forecast on the graph (dark red dots) will now be superimposed by a coincident series of light blue symbols representing the saved values.
n
The Forecast pane should now show a saved P/Z forecast under Case1 for the group Breaux.
91 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Flow After Flow Test Starting with a stabilized formation, a well flows at a constant rate until a pseudo steady state is reached. The flow rate and flowing pressure are recorded. The procedure is then repeated, with a new flow rate for a total of three or four rates. n
A single formation average pressure: Pavg (Pws)
n
Flowing time for each flowing period may or may not be the same
n
Flowing period could be very long to achieve in a stabilized condition
In this tutorial, you will: 1. Open the workspace 2. Enter test data 3. Create a forecast analysis 4. Set parameters for the analysis 5. Evaluate analysis results
Opening the Workspace Open the WDAExample sample workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Illustrative Databases\Well Deliverability Analysis\WDAExample.ofm.
Entering Test Data 1. On the base map, select the Flow-After-Flow well. 2. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Data Grid. The Select OFM Table to Edit window opens. 3. Select the DailyProd table and click OK. The table data displays on a separate tab within the OFM main window. The data used in this example was taken from well testing. OFM stores the data in a daily table. You may use a sporadic table if you have more than one data point in a day.
Creating a Forecast Analysis 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Forecast. The forecast graph displays. 2. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens.
92 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
3. In the Variable Association section, confirm that the Shut-in Pressure is 410 psia and then click OK.
Setting Parameters for the Analysis On the Property pane, in the History Match section, change some of the settings to see the results of changes.
Evaluating Analysis Results 1. View the Historical Fit Report: On the Format tab, in the Display group, select Historical Fit Report. The results show that n=0.829 and C=3.443. The absolute open flow potential (AOF) is 74,215.242 Mcf/d. By default, the Note: Asterisks display to the right of selected points. 2. You may also calculate an AOF by entering a different
93 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Well Deliverability Analysis You only use well deliverability analysis (WDA) for gas wells. In principle, a log-log plot of data points (representing the stabilized flow rate and flowing pressure for a series of production well tests) should form a straight line. This form of analysis is also called conventional backpressure analysis. Two of the primary results of this analysis are C (termed the stabilized performance coefficient and equivalent to the y axis intercept on the matched plot) and n (termed the turbulence factor and equivalent to the slope of the matched history line). Data required for this analysis are: n
A single formation average pressure, Pavg (Pws), or a time-dependent series of Pws values for each test (if it is considered that the value of Pws has changed appreciably between the start of the first test and the end of the last test)
n
A stabilized flow rate and flowing pressure for each test
Typically four or more tests are conducted to establish a trend in the plot. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Open the workspace 2. View the test data: Although the data used in this example is stored in a daily table, you may use a sporadic table if you have more than one data point in a day. The sequence of the test data is important although time is not directly used in the calculations of WDA analyses. 3. Set up WDA forecast parameters: To build a meaningful forecast, it is important to get a representative fit through historical data. To do that, you may constrain the match (or, fit) to occur only through selected data points. There are several ways to do that, and you can use the different ways in any combination. 4. Set lower and upper limits: The other forecasting tutorials show how to set the limit as a range and how to select the variable. These choices are not available for WDA. 4. Digitize points 5. Toggle working points 6. Control fit parameters: In addition to selecting data points for analysis, you can also control how OFM performs the fit process. 7. Save the forecast
Opening the Workspace Open the WDAExample sample workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Illustrative Databases\Well Deliverability Analysis\WDAExample.ofm.
94 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Viewing the Test Data Although the data used in this example is stored in a daily table, you may use a sporadic table if you have more than one data point in a day. The sequence of the test data is important although time is not directly used in the calculations of WDA analyses. 1. Select the ModifiedIsochronal completion. 2. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Data Grid. The Select OFM Table to Edit window opens. 3. Select the DailyProd table and then click OK. The table data displays on a separate tab within the OFM main window.
Setting Up WDA Forecast Parameters 1. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Forecast. Data displays in the Forecast pane in the form of a log-log plot of (Pws2 – Pwf2) against gas rate. Each data point (red dot) represents one of the stabilized production well tests. OFM produces a straight line fit. The demo WDA project is already configured for analysis. 2. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario. The Current Scenario window opens. 3. In the Variable Association section, the default Phase/Analysis is Well Deliverability (WDA). OFM seeks data for four plotting variables: n
Time (Date)
n
Rate (the stabilized gas flow rate per test)
n
Flowing Pressure (the stabilized flowing pressure per test)
n
Shut-in Pressure: This may be a project variable (time dependent) or you may enter a single value. Leave this set to Dailyprod.pws.
4. Click OK. OFM applies the changes you made to the completion you selected (ModifiedIsochronal). If you select another completion, OFM applies the default settings. You can change the default settings on the Scenario Manager. (To open the Scenario Manager, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Scenario Manager.)
Setting Lower and Upper Limits 1. To set a lower limit, on the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limits > Lower. To set an upper limit, select Limit > Upper. 2. Use the graphic below as a guide. For a lower limit, click a series of points to define a line below which you will not accept any data points in your analysis.
95 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
For an upper limit, you must define your line to pass below the points you want to exclude, and above the points you want to keep.
3. When complete, right-click and select Done. OFM recalculates the best least-squares regression fit through the acceptable data points.
Digitizing Points 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Digitize Points. 2. Press Ctrl and click to add your own, independent data points on the graph. The data points display as magenta triangles. 3. When you finish, right-click and select Done. OFM discards the historical data points and fits a line through your data points. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Toggling Working Points 1. Assuming you are following each of these options in sequence, you must reset the data to explore this next option. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, select Limit > Reset. 2. In the Display group, select Toggle Working Points. OFM displays the cursor as a small eraser. 3. On the graph, press the left mouse button down and use the mouse to erase data points. 4. When you are finish erasing data points, clear the Toggle Working Points check box.
96 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
OFM adjusts the fit to reflect the change. 5. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
Controlling Fit Parameters In addition to selecting data points for analysis, you can also control how OFM performs the fit process. 1. If the legend is not visible, on the Format tab, in the Display group, select Legend. 2. On the Property pane, in the History Match section, set the Pws Option to Value. 3. Set Pws to 1900. This action is the same as choosing the single value option for shut-in pressure on the Current Scenario window, and then overriding the value for current shut-in pressure. 4. OFM calculates Absolute Open Flow Potential (AOF) from the fit, assuming a value for Pws is equivalent to the maximum value found in the test data set (the default). OFM takes a value of Pwf from the Reference Pressure, Pref setting on the Property pane. For this completion, the Pws value being used is the default value, which is a historical maximum of 1948 psi. To override the default Pws value: On the Property pane, in the History Match section, set the Pws (AOF) Option to Value and then enter 1900 for the value. On the Results legend, the AOF calculation changes.
Saving the Forecast To commit the results of the working forecast to the database, on the Format tab, in the Utilities group, click Save Analysis. The saved WDA forecast displays under Case1 for completion ModifiedIsochronal.
97 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Tutorial: Wellbore Diagram You can create wellbore diagrams from the information stored or calculated in your project data. In this tutorial, you will: 1. Find a specific well After you find the correct well, creating the wellbore diagram involves multiple steps: 2. Edit the casing 3. Edit the views 4. Edit the tubing 5. Change the equipment 6. Edit the hole section 7. Change the completion
Finding a Specific Well 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. On the Home tab, in the Launch analysis group, click Well Diagram. A blank wellbore diagram opens. 3. On the Filter pane, click Clear Filter 4. Click Filter By Completion
to remove any previously-applied filters.
.
The Filter By Completion window opens. 5. On the list of completions, select Green 7:Ad 2D and then click OK. 6. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Wellbore Diagram. The Edit WBD window opens.
Editing the Casing 1. On the Casing tab, in the Type field, select Casing. 2. In the table, make the following selections on the first row of the columns. If you press TAB after each entry, you move to the next column. n
Top: 0.00
n
Bottom: 1000.00
n
OD: 13 3/8
98 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Weight: 72.00
n
Comment: Full returns of cement after running csg
3. Click Apply.
Editing the Views 1. On the Views tab, in the View field select 1. 2. In column 1, enter the following: n
Top: 0.00
n
Bottom: 10000.00
n
Fraction: 1.0
3. Select Show Depth Track to display the depth track scale inside the text block. 4. Select Freeze View. 5. Click Apply and then click Close. 6. On the Insert tab, click Casing Strings. 7. On the diagram, drag a box to show where you want the casing string data to display. Note: You can change the information in the text box by double-clicking it to open the Edit Casing window.
Editing the Tubing 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Wellbore Diagram. 2. On the Tubing tab, enter the following information on the first row of the columns in the table: n
Top: 0.00
n
Bottom: 7500.00
n
OD: 2.375
n
Grade: N-80
n
Thread: Upset
n
Comments: Internally test to 1500 psi
3. Click Apply.
99 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Changing the Equipment 1. On the Equipment tab, in the String field, select Tubing 1. 2. Enter the following information on the first row of the columns in the table: n
Top:7500.00
n
Bottom: 7510.00
n
Selection: Packer
n
Type: Retry
3. Click Apply.
Editing the Hole Section 1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Wellbore Diagram. 2. On the Hole Sections tab, enter the following information in Row 1 of the table: n
Top: 0.00
n
Bottom: 1050.00
n
Size: 14.50
3. In Row 2, enter the following information: n
Top: 000.00
n
Bottom: 3850.00
n
Size: 10.75
4. In Row 3, enter the following information: n
Top: 3850.00
n
Bottom: 9000.00
n
Size: 8.50
5. Click Apply.
Changing the Completion 1. On the Completions tab, in the String field, select Casing 1. 2. Enter the following information in the first row of the columns in the table: n
Top: 7750.00
n
Bottom: 7800.00
100 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Selection: Perfs
n
Type: Open
n
Comments: perf w/ 8 SPF - 0
3. Click Apply and then Close. 4. On the Workspace tab, click Save to save your work.
101 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Overview of the Examples The tutorials and the examples in this help system help you understand the different OFM features within workflows. You can use the sample workspaces in your OFM installation folder to work through the tutorials and examples. Below is a brief description of each example. Note: These are simply examples of OFM usage. They are not intended to be definitive methods or techniques for the solution or analysis of any problem.
Creating Plots for Waterflooding Surveillance In this example, you first add a STOIIP table with data to the project. You then create a conformance plot, two recovery plots, two pore volume injected plots, and a cumulative oil versus cumulative water production plot. This example focuses on: n
Creating new tables and fields from the Edit Schema Tables window, and entering data in the Data Grid
n
Creating simple calculated variables
n
Creating plots with multiple curves, and changing the properties of those curves
n
Using the @CumInput system function
Adding New Well Symbols In this example, you review the well symbols that come with OFM, and the files OFM uses to draw them. You then create new well symbols, save them as an annotation file, and make the associations necessary to use the well symbols. This example focuses on: n
How OFM uses the WorkspaceDefaults.xml file and the annotation (.ano) files in the Symbols folder
n
Using the draw commands to create new annotations, such as well symbols
n
Associating new well symbols on the Association window
Calculating Pressure from P/Z and Production Data This example shows how to use user functions in OFM. You can use user functions to execute iterative calculations (among other things). In this example, you execute iterative calculations to create a continuous stream of pressure data, using a combination of sporadic pressures, production data, and a P/Z line. This example focuses on: n
Adding data to a table with the Data Grid
n
Creating user functions
n
Creating calculated variables
102 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Setting plot, report, and unit attributes for calculated variables
n
Creating plots with multiple graphs
n
Using the @Fit system function
Creating a Formation Damage Indicator In this example, you create a grid calculation to indicate relative formation damage. The parameter contrasts actual production with a simple indicator of productive capacity (kh). This example focuses on: n
Creating grid maps
n
Saving grid (.grd) files to the registry
n
Using the Calculate Grid feature
Creating a Water Breakthrough Diagnostic (Chan) Plot In this example, you create a Chan plot, which is a log-log plot of the time derivative of WOR versus time. This example focuses on: n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating plots with multiple curves, and then changing the properties of those curves
n
Using the @If, @Null, @Abs, @Previous, @ElapsedDays, and @First system functions
Creating a Hall Plot In this example, you create a Hall plot, which is a useful diagnostic for water injection wells. This example focuses on: n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating a simple plot
n
Using the @RSum, @Step, and @Dom system functions
Creating an After-Before-Compare (ABC) Plot In this example, you create an ABC plot to compare oil and water between two dates. This example focuses on: n
Creating reports to quickly confirm calculated variables
n
Renaming analyses on the Analysis pane
n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating scatter plots, adding cross hairs, and adjusting the X and Y variable minimum and maximum values
n
Using the @Name, @ValueAt, @AddMonths, and @Last system functions
103 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Displaying Formation or Reservoir Thickness and Structure In this example, you create and display an effective isopach map. This example focuses on: n
Creating new tables and populating them with a data (.dat) file you create and load
n
Creating contour maps and changing its properties
n
Creating new analyses from existing ones, by saving it as a new node on the Analysis pane
n
Saving contour maps as annotation files, and then adding them to the base map
Estimating Original Oil in Place (OOIP) Using Grid Arithmetic In this example, you use grid arithmetic to estimate OOIP. This example focuses on: n
Creating and using an OFM Query filter
n
Adding map annotations
n
Creating grid maps
n
Creating grid areas
n
Adding grid (.grd) files to the registry
n
Performing grid arithmetic
Calculating Average Production for N Months In this example, you create a user function that finds the average production for n months, excluding months without production data. You then create a report to show this information. This example focuses on: n
Creating user functions
n
Creating reports that display the results of a user function
n
Using the @RecCount and @ARec system functions
Finding the Best Three Months of Production In this example, you create a series of calculated reports to find the best three months of oil production. This example focuses on: n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating reports that display the results of calculated variables
n
Using the @TMax and @CFirst system functions
104 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Finding the Monthly Average Value for Sporadic Data In this example, you create a report that shows the monthly average value for test data. This example focuses on: n
Creating reports
n
Changing report properties to break at every month and show subtotals
n
Using the @Name, @ClrTAve, @Change, and @Month system functions
Controlling Bubble Map Display Using Data Ranges In this example, you create a bubble map that displays water cut development in discreet ranges. Each range has a specific color. This example focuses on: n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating bubble maps and then changing the bubble properties
n
Animating maps
n
Using the @If and @Null system functions
Using .Las Log Data In this example, you use the LAS to OFM tool to create a log and definition file from a .las file, and then you load files and view the imported log data in a single well log display. This example focuses on: n
Understanding the .las file contents
n
Using the LAS to OFM tool
n
Loading log and definition files
n
Creating single well log displays
Fitting a Polynomial Curve Through Plot Data and Displaying Its Equation In this example, you create a variable that curve fits production data. Then you display it on a graph and post the equation of the line as a label. This example focuses on: n
Creating simple plots and adding headers to them
n
Using the @Dom, @CFirst, @ElapsedMonths, @Fit, and @FitEq system functions
Estimating and Displaying Drainage Radius In this example, you create a bubble map in which the bubbles are scaled to indicate the drainage radius of the well. You add map annotations to show channel sand and zero pay contours. You then overlay the
105 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
bubbles onto a grid map. This example focuses on: n
Changing the map scale
n
Creating calculated variables
n
Creating bubble maps and changing the plot size and color scale
n
Adding map annotations
n
Overlaying bubbles from a bubble map onto a grid map
n
Using the @Sqrt system function
Adding a Shapefile for California's Geothermal Wells In this example, you add a shapefile to the GIS map to show geothermal wells in California. This example focuses on: n
Adding a shapefile
n
Changing the transparency and symbol color
Adding a Shapefile for the Region Boundaries of US Oil/Gas Assessment In this example, you add a shapefile to the GIS map to show the region boundaries for US national oil and gas assessment. This example focuses on: n
Adding a shapefile
n
Using map tips
n
Changing the symbol color
n
Changing the labels
Connecting to an ArcGIS Map to Add U.S. Topological Features In this example, you connect the GIS map to an ArcGIS map to add US land cover imagery and detailed topological features. This example focuses on: n
Making an ArcGIS connection
n
Reordering layers on the GIS map
Connecting to an ArcGIS Map to Add Streets and Railroads In this example, you connect the GIS map to an ArcGIS map to add streets, railroads, parks, and landmarks. This example focuses on:
106 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
n
Making an ArcGIS connection
n
Changing the transparency
107 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
Example: Adding New Well Symbols In this example, you will: 1. Become familiar with the well symbols, and the files that OFM uses to draw them. 2. Create new well symbols and save the well symbols as an annotation file. 3. Make the associations necessary to use the well symbols.
Reviewing the Files 1. Open the Demo workspace. It is in the OFM installation folder, at ...Sample Workspaces\Demo Workspace\demo.ofm. 2. Review the current 94 well symbols available in OFM: a. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Symbols. The Well Symbols window opens. b. In the image preview box, scroll through the different symbol graphics. Notice the first one and another near the end of the list: 1
92
c. Click OK to close the window. 3. OFM draws the well symbols using instructions in annotation (.ano) files and the WorkspaceDefaults.xml file. Review these files: a. The annotation files are in the OFM installation folder, in the Symbols sub-folder. In the Symbols folder, open the 1.ano file in Notepad. This is the file for the first well symbol, which is a simple circle. OFM reads the draw commands to make the circle. Each symbol is drawn on a canvas that is 10 units by 10 units.
108 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
In this case, the ARC command is used, which draws a circular arc: ARC 5.000000 5.000000 1.000000 0 360 The first two values after the command (5.000000 and 5.000000) identify the center. The next value (1.000000) is the radius in map units. After that are the starting (0) and ending (360) points in degrees. OFM draws a full circle (360 degrees), with the center at 5,5 and a radius of 1. b. Close the 1.ano file, and open the 92.ano file in Notepad. This file is for the ninety-second well symbol, which is much more complex than the first. Note that it uses several different draw commands: LI fills polygons defined after the LI command. M moves the pen, but does not draw a point. D draws a line segment. LW defines a line width. L draws a line.
109 of 262
User Guides, Tutorials, and Examples
c. Close the 92.ano file. d. Open the WorkspaceDefaults.xml file. This file is language-specific. Look at the one for the language you use in OFM: English: The file is in the main installation folder. Russian: The file is in the ru sub-folder. Spanish: The file is in the es sub-folder. e. Note the structure of the file: : Short name for the well symbol