useful australian native plants 1889

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USEFUL NATIVE PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA.

The Technological Museum of iNew South Wales, Sydney.

THE USEFUL

NATIVE PLANTS OF

AUSTRALIA. (Including Tasmania)

J.

H.

MAIDEN,

F.L.S,

F.C.S, &c.,

curator of the museum.

HEW

YOlfK

BOT^NICAI

f rtnteb

bg oxhtx of t^e Committee of Paiuigcment.

L^Oltbfflt:

TRUBNER AND

^gbneg:

CO.,

LUDGATI-: HILL.

turner and henderson. 1889.

THE TECHNOLOGICAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND SANITARY MUSEUM OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Founded

SIR

1880.

ALFRED ROBERTS, Knt., M.R.C.S., ROBERT HUNT, Esq., C.M.G-., PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE,

E. (Chairman).

F.a.S.

M.A., F.R.S.

This Museum, which already contains over 25,000 specimens, intended to occupy a similar position and

Colony, which the South Kensington

in this

Green Museum, the Museum

Museum, and

Office

of Practical

Parkes

the

the

fulfil

is

same purpose

Museum,

the Bethnal

Geology, the Patent

Museum

of

do

Plygiene

in

London.

A

complete synopsis of the

Museum would

be too voluminous;

some idea

the following notes will, however, probably give

scope I.

of

of the

it.

Animal Products

and specimens

(exclusive of foods)

to

show

the methods followed in their preparation and manufacture.

Products

of (a)

and

hides, skins

perfumes.

and

fat.

oil,

furs,

Reptilia. lA.

to

—Tortoise

enable

;

ornaments.

;

fish

—The

public

and

birdskins, eggs, oil

and

culture

to

to

apparatus.

specimens

are

(
arranged

discriminate between

man and

those

their life history

which they

who work

and specimens

have destroyed

Insects used in medicine

honey bee, &c.

bristles, horn,

shell.

the

and show

materials

and

ivory, oils, fats

coral, pearls, shells, fish-

whale-bone

which are injurious benefit

hair

bones and

Birds.

Economic Entomology. as

—Wool,

leather, furs,

— Feathers, down, Fisheries. — Sponge,

(3) (c)

Mammalia.

or

injured.

so

insects for his

of

the

Insect

and dyeing. Silk-worm,

.

SYNOPSIS OF MUSEUM.

vi.

2.

Vegetable Products, from

raw material through

the

the

various stages of manufacture to the finished fabric or other

This section includes gums,

article.

perfumes.

drugs,

dyes,

tans,

fibres,

resins,

oils,

Forestry

woods,

and

forest

products. 3.

Waste Products, whether

4.

Foods, animal and vegetable,

of animal, vegetable, or of inorganic

origin, with illustrations of their utilization. their constituents,

and

illustrations

Dietary tables and information con-

of their adulterations.

cerning the chemical composition and other important particulars regarding the 5.

—

Economic Geology.

human

IMetallic ores.

Mineral combustibles.

stones.

cement, raw and burned. silica,

and other materials

Refractory materials. polishing

rocks,

fossils,

Clays,

stone.

manufacture

kaolin,

&C-

of pottery, glass,

used

for

grinding and Collections

origin.

well-known

to illustrate

of

text-

Collections of minerals to illustrate physical proper-

books.

e.g.,

colour,

mineral origin 5A.

Artificial

for

Substances

and

Building and ornamental

Lime, cement and hydraulic

pigments of inorganic

;

minerals,

ties,

foods of the world.

diaphaneity.

lustre,

Woven

fabrics

of

{e.g., wire-cloth, asbestos-cloth).

Ceramics, Pottery,

Porcelain.

cotta, architectural pottery

;

—Bricks,

drain-tiles,

fire-clay goods,

terra

crucibles, pots,,

furnaces, chemical stoneware; tiles for ornament, pavements, roofing, &c. 5B.

Glass. glass,

glass,

;

earthenware, stoneware, art pottery and porcelain.

— Glass used construction and mirrors, window— rough ground and polished, toughened for

for

plate-glass

chemical and

pharmaceutical glassware,

decorative

glassware. 6.

Original

Specimens of

Artistic Workmanship in wood,,

metal, and other substances.

Coins and medals.

7.

Photographs, Electrotype, Plaster, and other reproductions. of examples of art workmanship where originals are not to

8.

Ethnological Specimens.

be obtained.

— Musical instruments, national

tumes, historical costumes, lace and embroidery.

cos-

;

SYNOPSIS OF MUSEUM. 9.

Metallurgy. specimens

—Metals of

working

and refining precious metals.

alloys.

with

state,

production

illustrating the various stages of

samples of products

of the

and refined

crude

a

in

VU.

;

Products of washing Products

Electro-metallurgy.

working of metals (rough-castings, wrought-iron, &c.)

Manufactured metals (blacksmiths' work, wheels and &c.) 10.

Mine

— Needles, Engineering. — Boring and Wire drawing

struction of

ventilating

&c

veins,

other

also

&c.

shafts,

;

;

con-

pumping and draining

;

quarrying

;

&c.

drilling rocks,

hoisting

hydraulic mining

;

tires,

pins, &c.

;

models of mines,

geological maps, sections, and plans of gold and

;

fields.

11.

Specimens

12.

Military and Naval Armaments, Ordnance, Fire-arms, and

Mechanical Properties

illustrative of the

of various

kinds and qualities of structural materials.

Hunting apparatus.

Military small arms, muskets, pistols,

and magazine guns, with

compound

ammunition.

Light

guns, machine guns, mitrailleuses, &c.

ordnance and

Heavy

Knives, swords, spears and

accessories.

its

artillery,

Fire-arms and other implements used for sporting and

dirks.

Traps

hunting. 13.

their

Naval

game,

for

birds, vermin, &c.

Architecture, &c.

Railway

apparatus.

^Erial,

pneumatic, and water transportation. 14.

Agricultural tools, appliances, and machinery

Agriculture.

also soils, manures, &c.

mineral fertilizing lime,

marls,

Specimens

e.g.,

coprolities,

illustrate

gypsum, phosphate

&c.,

not

;

be included

section will

this

substances,

shells,

to

In

of

manufactured.

the life-history of animals useful to

man. 15.

Instruments research,

of

precision and apparatus for

experiment,

physical diagnosis.

with dressings. 16.

and

illustration.

Surgical instruments

observations,

Instruments

and

for

appliances,

Dental instruments and appliances.

Sanitary Conditions, Appliances, and Regulations. Industrial designs.

Domestic architecture

Architectural designs in general.

and building construction. Decoration of interior of

SYNOPSIS OF MUSEUM.

Vlii.

Vehicles and appliances for the transportation of

buildings.

the sick and

wounded during peace and Laundry appliances.

for cooking.

Manufactured parts

closet.

17.

war, on shore or at

Apparatus used

Apparatus for heating and lighting.

sea.

Educational.

modes

Bath-room and water-

of buildings (sashes, &c.)

—^Arrangements,

and technical schools,

fessional

and

appliances,

furniture,

of training of Kindergarten,

colleges, pro-

schools,

institutions for deaf,

dumb,

blind, etc. 18.

Chemical and Pharmaceutical

Products.

inorganic preparations which are put to 19.

—Organic

some

and

useful purpose.

Models, Drawings, and Descriptions of Patents: Special attention

is

paid to those which are likely to prove of use in

the Colonies, or which have been taken out in Australia.

20. Exhibition

Catalogues, Trade Journals, Price

descriptions of

new

processes or industries.

The

and

Lists,

information

afforded to manufacturers, merchants, and tradesmen by a collection of this kind

is

of great value.

Series of specimens illustrating

all

(removable

at pleasure)

are

also

the stages of

Loans

factured article are especially desired.

to satisfy without

be given their

insure

them

fire.

Sufficient concise information is

group

manu-

and the Committee

received,

undertakes to take especial care of such, and to against

a

of suitable exhibits

in

wearying the

the catalogues.

commercial value

or value of gifts

is

is

The

attached to each exhibit or

visitor

;

a

full

description will

prices paid for specimens

and

The

cost

indicated wherevfir possible.

not affixed where donors express wishes to

the contrary. J.

H.

MAIDEN,

Curator and Secretary.

PREFACE, This book originated

had prepared

in a catalogue the author

such specimens obtained from plants indigenous

arrive,

and as

that reason alone, never

as to include

known

to

all

of

as

But as the work proceeded new specimens

were in the Museum. continued to

in Australia

that the catalogue would, for

was found

it

be complete, he decided

to

extend

it,

so

Australian plants which up to the present are

be of economic value, or injurious to

man and

domestic

animals.

The

"Drugs," "Foods,"

subdivisions of "Timbers,"

etc.,

are those which from experience he has found most convenient to

Museum

Under each

visitors.

been arranged

sections has the

into

of these sections the species have

The

in alphabetical order.

drawback

At the end the botanical

its

endeavoured

many advantages now

in use

list

of aboriginal

and colonial names

is

It is

name

is

be observed that

It will

many some of

through

p^ CD I

Many

the

is

Wherever

them

names

the colonial

to

which a

are very difficult

several plants.

might be expected, are those of European

plants Australian ones are supposed to resemble. of the

possible,

are extremely local.

same name having been given

of the names, as

the book,

sometimes rendered more

two continents are very

dissimilar,

CO

them common names crop up very

—

may

I

of

of

believed that the

to indicate the locality in

in use, as

misleading, and the matter

whole

the most complete which

has been published up to the present time.

an endeavour has been made vernacular

of the

or obsolete), and the

names used throughout

aboriginal

together with a brief miscellaneous index.

of

minimise

to

are at once apparent.

be found a complete index

names (whether

and

vernacular

will

amount

of causing a certain

repetition, which, however, the author has

by cross references, but

practice of subdivision

readily.

But as the

difficulties

A

in

flora

giving

few of the names

prove to be erroneous, especially some of those attributed to

Eucal}'pts, but the greatest

care has

been exercised, while the

PREFACE.

X.

reprehensible practice of

botanical

fitting

names on

however, to suspect that

has been done

this

to

He

ones has never been attempted by the author.

vernacular

has reason,

some

in

lists

of

economic plants he has quoted.

The be said last

economic vegetable products may-

literature of Australian

to date

But

from the great Exhibition of 185 1.

few years, owing

Australian plants, the properties of the

same plant

will

found described under a variety of botanical names.

make

readers, the author has found

The nomenclature adopted

plants referred to.

all

Flora Anstraliensis to that

In order to

Bentham and Mueller.

of

work are denoted by "

synonomy

necessary to give the

it

of

be often

books of reference conveniently available

old

these

until the

somewhat unsettled nomenclature

to the

to

of

is

that of the

All

references

But the species-names have

B.Fl."'

been invariably compared with the Census 0/ Australian Plants of

Baron Mueller (Part

i.

" Vasculares," printed for the Victorian

Government, 1882, and with annual supplements). The references that

to

work are indicated by " Muell. Cens."

reference

is

made,

it

denotes that the species

Where no such named in the Flora

Anstraliensis and the Census are identical. in

which the Census species-name

a note to that effect is

is

invariably given.

the only authority quoted

in

;

not been described in the Flora. the

names

are to

differs

be found

But

from

In

in those

cases

that in the Flora,

some cases

the Census

these instances the species has

In the case of some

in neither of these

new

species,

works, for these,

suitable references are given.

The use

of the learned Baron's

Census side by side with the

Flora Australiensis, became an absolute necessity reasons.

The

earlier

volumes

of the

for the following

Flora were published over

twenty-five years ago, and during that period a large

number

of

species have been added (almost entirely by Baron Mueller himself),

the

localities

of

greatly extended,

unanimous

plants

have been confirmed or

as to the botanical limitation of genera

Further, additional information has

shown

(especially in the earlier volumes) of the

The Census

is,

rectified,

and

and the two learned botanists have not always been

in part,

that

some

and

species.

of the

names

Flora required amending.

an enlarged index and supplement

to the

PREFACE. seven volumes

and

Flora,

the

of

XI.

is

not merely

useful,

but

absolutely indispensable to the student of Australian plants.

The genus Eucalyptus to

this

the only one in which any alteration

to

above has been made.

author has generally adopted

the

the

monograph, Eucalyptographia,

the classical

(Government of

is

arrangement referred

of the

Printer,

one hundred species, from 1879

have been made

Because

to the

this

botanical diagnoses of

They would be simply

Baron

INIueller

parts, descriptive

and cross-references

^o 1^884),

Flora Australiensis. not

is

of

Melbourne, issued in ten

In regard

nomenclature of

all

a

text-book

Botany,

Systematic

of

kinds have been rigorously suppressed.

useless

padding

in a

book with the aim

of

the present one.

Where

possible the writer has quoted or

embodied the

reports

of uninterested experts outside the colonies in regard to the adaptability of Australian

products for ignorantly.

It

uses

have been

goes without saying that where such

have been

tions

Many commendations of raw made either hastily or

raw products.

specific

found

and

by manufacturers

commenda-

others

to

be

undeserved, the reputation of Australian products in general has

The man who

suffered.

lauds a raw product must not forget the

responsibility he thus takes

upon

himself.

These remarks have

impressed themselves on the author with great force in regard to the products of this

The

new

country.

author has not confined himself to the uses to which

endemic

plants, not

in Australia, are alone put in that continent.

Doubtless the knowledge of the uses to which a plant other countries of the world

employment

course, he

made is

it

him

cases, to

is

its

put in useful

trace the original authors of statements, the

largely indebted to the

which

Of

works of Baron Mueller, and

that distinguished botanist always

to disperse his difficulties.

Sydney has recorded many useful of

some

a point of honour to acknowledge them.

also to the readiness with assists

lead, in

here.

Wherever he could author has

may

The

Rev. Dr. Woolls of

facts in regard to the utilization

our native plants, and has also favoured the author with others.

To Mr.

F.

M.

Bailey,

Government Botanist

of

Queensland, he

is

PREFACE.

XII.

indebted for

many

Mr. R. T. Baker,

notes.

He

is

much

indebted to his assistant,

for patient aid in revising the proofs

has frequently necessitated sacrifice of his

As which

it

this is the first refers, the

own

book covering the whole

author trusts

it

jotted

down

in

his

have been obtained collection this

note-book during the

last

aid

which

of the subjects to

may be found

the observations will be found to be original

;

time.

;

useful.

Many

of

some have been few years, others

from actual examination of the excellent

of Australian products

now

in this

Museum.

While

work has been passing through the press he has obtained a

mass of further information, and cordially

on Australian economic botany. Technological Museum, yanuary, i88g.

invites

correspondence

CONTENTS.

1.

Human Foods and Food Adjuncts

2.

Forage Plants —

.

-

.

-

-

-

.

a.

Grasses

b.

Exclusive of Grasses, and including Plants noxious

-

-

-

7»

--.... ..--.-.. -.-._.. -------

TO Stock 3.

Drugs

4.

Gums, Resins, and Kinos

5.

14^

—

a.

Gums

208

b.

Resins

223

c.

Kinds

235

Oils

—

-----.--.-.

a.

Volatile or Essential

253

b.

Expressed or Fixed

283

-----... ...--..---.-.. ......

Perfumes

6.

"3

288

7.

Dyes

8.

Tans

9.

Timbers

^31

10.

Fibres

giy

11.

Miscellaneous

-

-

-

-

,,

Vernacular Names

,,

,,

Botanical Names

-

-

-

.... ..... .....

Index of Miscellaneous Subjects ,,

.-

293

302

6^6

g^y g^g:

667

Human Food and Food Adjuncts. Hooker,

in

products of

of Tasmania,

Flora

his

many

truly

and would never be employed as food Australian indigenous

necessity.

remarks that the

plants, although "eatable," are not "fit to eat,"

are nothing to boast of as eatables

;

except

the

in

roots, leaves,

fruits,

direst

and stems

and, as in the greater part of

this continent there is a very great scarcity, or

even entire absence

of water, an explorer can rarely traverse long distances without

taking suitable food with him.

There

is

little

doubt

that

most

of

those

which are here

recorded as having been utilised for food in other countries are

to

by the omnivorous

eaten

also

only

these,

those

parts

Australian

certain

of

plants

aboriginal.

have

Besides

been referred

which have been recorded as having been used as food by

Extended observations must greatly

aboriginals and colonists.

augment

the

list.

Knowledge resources

in

of these

necessity by those

regard

to

colonies

the

should

indigenous vegetable food

be considered an absolute

whose avocations take them out

of beaten tracks,

especially in the dry country, while the ordinary citizen

may

find

himself occasionally in a position in which an acquaintance with the scanty vegetable food products of the bush would be useful to

him.

Aboriginal Method of Obtaining Water.

We

are indebted to the aboriginals for a

water, and that from a source in which

look for

words is

it.

given,

of obtaining

we should perhaps

least

This simple method, which had best be given in the

of those

now

method

who have had much

and no adult

intercourse with the blacks,

in Australia

should be ignorant of

it.

* This section forms the substance of a paper entitled, " Australian Human Foods and Food-Adjuncts," read by the autlior before the Linnean Society of New South Wales,

30th May, 1888.

B

—

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

2

There

no doubt

is

that a

knowledge

water would have been the

who have

people

death from "

means

most

suffered one of the

up

obtaining a supply of water have dried

terrible of all deaths

when

They

select in the small

but they are never at a

;

The

trees,

right kind of

can always be recognised by a comparative density of their

trees

A

foliage.

few inches deep

circle a

around the base

of the tree

soon discovered.

They

many

them being

of

length.

well-tasted water

clear,

(Dr.

roots of several other trees yield water."

method

of obtaining water in arid regions has

almost similar language by

How

"

question

We

!

saw

that

many

and torn up, are then cut

obtained.

The

Grummow.)

This

is

been described

I

.

expressed

in

explorers.

around many

we found them without

clubs, or billets, but for .

They

the natives existed in this parched country

taken up, and

.

dug with a tomahawk

is

which run horizontally, are

are divided from the tree

several feet in

and good,

receiver,

the roots,

;

each about nine inches long, and placed on end in a

into pieces,

.

out in the mallee

broken plains some mallee

which are generally found surrounding them.

if

many

on which they had counted on

water-holes

country, that the

loss.

of obtaining

thirst.

frequently happens to the natives,

It

method

of this

of saving the lives of

trees the roots

was the

had been

the bark, and cut into short

what purpose we could not then discover.

my

thirst

and want

of water.

Looking as

they understood me, they hastened to resume their work, and I

discovered that they the sap.

then stripped after

dug up

the roots for the sake of drinking the

appeared that they

It

off

which, holding up the

mouth, they

first

cut these roots into billets,

and

the bark or rind, which they sometimes chew,

let

the juice

(Mitchell), pp. 196

billet,

and applying one end

drop into

it."

to the

Three Expeditions

and 199.

See also a paper by Mr. K. H. Bennett, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S.W.,

viii.,

213.

See Eucalyptus,

Vitis,

Hakea.

Aboriginal Beverages. "

The

natives used also to

a slight fermentation to

compound

some extent

liquors

—perhaps —from various

intoxicating

after

—

HUMAN FOODS. flowers,

3

from honey, from gums, and from a kind

iiquor was usually prepared in the large

which were

to

be seen

dwarf species of

at

manna.

of

The

wooden bowls (iarnucks)

every encampment.

In the flowers of a

Banksia (B. orna/a) there

is

a good deal of

honey, and this was got out of the flowers by immersing them in

The water thus sweetened was greedily swallowed by the natives. The drink was named Beal by the natives of the west of Victoria, and was much esteemed." Aborigines of Victoria

water.

,(R.

Brough Smyth),

i.,

210.

See Banksia, Grevillea, Hakea, Lambertia, Telopea. Sir

Thomas

Mitchell {Three Expeditions.,

288), speaking

ii.,

of an "Ironbark" near Port Phillip (Melbourne), says: "The flowers are gathered,

made

and by steeping them a night

a sweet beverage called

'

bool.' "

in

water the natives

(Evidently the

same name

as that in the preceding paragraph.) I-

Acacia aneura, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosse,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

402.

" Mulga."

In Western

New

South Wales two kinds of galls are commonly

One kind

found on these

trees.

and not used

but the other

edible. to

;

These

is

is

very plentiful, very astringent,

less

abundant, larger, succulent and

latter galls are called "

be very welcome

Mulga apples," and

are said

to the thirsty traveller.

Western Australia, through the other mainland colonies

to

Queensland. 2.

Acacia Bidwilli, Benth., N.O. Leguminosce, B.Fl., ii., 420. " Waneu," of the aboriginals of Central Queensland " Yadthor,"

of

;

those of the Cloncurry River, Northern Queensland.

"The

roots of this tree are edible after baking."

(Thozet.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 3-

Acacia Cibaria, F.v.M.,

N.O. Leguminos®, Muell. Cens.,

p. 46.

" Wonuy," of the natives about Shark's Bay.

"

The

natives use the seeds for food."

(Mueller and Forrest,

Plants Indigenous around Shark's Bay, W.A., 1883.)

A New

quantity of these seeds, obtained

South Wales,

is

in the

from near Milparinka,

Technological Museum.

They

are

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

4

two or three times as large as most acacia seeds (resembling small somewhat), have excessively hard and very thick

castor-oil seeds

and what

coats,

an

New

Mimosa

South Wales. SoPHORiE.

(Syn. A. Sophorce,

Sophorce, Labill.,)

N.O. Leguminosae,

Acacia loncifolia, WHld., R. Br.,

seems very

insect.

Western Australia and 4-

contain

matter they

nutritive

little

liable to the attacks of

var.

B. FL,

ii., 398. was the " Boobyalla

It

"

The

"

this wattle, pick out the

Tasmania.

of the aboriginals of

Tasmania used

natives of

to roast the ripening

believed that the seeds of other species of wattle were in a similar

It

of is

consumed

manner.

Near the coast 5.

pods

seeds and eat them." (Backhouse.)

in all the colonies

except Western Australia.

Acsena Sanguisorbse, Vahl., (Syn. A. sarmentosa, Carmich.,)

N.O. Rosacese, B.FL,

ii.,

A The tea,

434. " Burr."

leaves of this plant have

and have been highly spoken

been used as a substitute for by some

of

for this purpose.

All the colonies except Western Australia. 6.

Achras

aUStralis,

R- Br., (Syn. Sapota

Sideroxylon australe, Benth., and

N.O. Sapotacese,

p. 92,

B.Fl.,

iv.,

australis,

A.DC,

Hook.,) Muell. Cens.,

J.

282.

"Black Apple," "Brush Apple," "Wild" or "Native Plum" Following

colonists.

Illawarra

are

some

names:

aboriginal

of

— " Jerra-wa-wah,"

and Brisbane Water (New South Wales); "Wycaulie," Richmond

New

and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales); "Tchoonboy," Northern South Wales and Southern Queensland.

The

rich milky sap resembles

cream

in taste

;

the fruit

is

like

a very large plum, but of coarse, insipid flavour.

New 7-

South Wales and Queensland.

Adansonia Gregorii, F.v.M., N.O., " Sour Gourd,"

"The agreeable

" Cream

INlalvace^, B.FI.,

dry acidulous pulp of

the fruit

cream

and

taste, like

in the sultry climates

of tartar,

where the

tree

i.,

223.

of Tartar " tree.

is

is

is

found.

eaten.

It

has an

peculiarly refreshing It consists of

gum.

HUMAN FOODS. Starch, sugary matter, fine figure of this tree

5

and malic acid." (Treasury of Botany?) A has just been pubHshed in part 26 of the

Picturesque Atlas of Australasia.

This species Africa

i^A.

hardly to be distinguished from the Baobab of

is

digitatd).

Northern Australia.

8.

Adenanthera pavonina, Linn., N.O. Leguminosx, ii., 298, and Muell. Cens., p. 43.

B.Fl.,

" Barricarri " of India, "False Jequirity."

In India these seeds are occasionally used as an article of

They

food.

are of

be borne

in

mind

They would

the size of a kidney bean.

doubtless require boiling, or that the

some

similar preparation, for

it

should

Leguminosce must be regarded as a

poisonous Natural Order, in spite of the fact that of the most valuable foods used by

man and

it

yields

some

beast.

Queensland.

Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris, Li^m., N.O. Fungi, Muell. Fragm. XL, Suppl., p. 79. " The Common Mushroom."

9.

This, and several other edible species of in Australia.

Of course

generally used in these colonies as food. of the climate renders these edible fungi

mushroom,

are found

mushroom perhaps

Besides the present one, no

much

less

is

the dryness

abundant than

they otherwise would be. All the colonies except Western Australia. 10.

Aleurites

A.

moluCCana,

triloba,

WHld., (Syn.

A. Amhiriux,

fatropha moluccana,

Forst.,

Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

vi.,

128.

Noted

Linn.,)

Pers.,

N.O.

in Muell. Cens., p. 20,

as A. triloba. "

The

fond of the nut, which

and very wholesome. of

oil

it

Candle Nut Tree."

natives of the countries in which this tree grows are very

contains.

Queensland.

is

similar in flavour to the

It is,

however, rather

rich,

common walnut, from the quantity

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6 11.

R.Br.,

Alsophila aUStralis,

A. Cooperi, Hook., iov A. auslralis,

Bak.,)

et

and 711

for

A.

(Syn.

N.O.

exceha,

Filices, B.Fl.,

may

not

be

species after

distinct

-

yro,

vii.,

A. exceha and A. Cooperi.

Bentham, however, expresses some doubts as these

R.Br.

whether

to

and

all,

Baron

Mueller (Cens., p. 137) records A. auslralis and A. exceha Dr. Woolls further discusses the subject.

as distinct species.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., " Tree Fern." to call

746.

aboriginals of Illawarra

(New South Wales) used

" Beeow-vvang," and the aboriginals of Queensland, " Nanga-

it

The

nanga."

The

vi.,

the Corranderrk Station (Victoria)

aboriginals of

call

it

and

is

" Pooeet."

The pulp

of the trunk

of the top

is

is

found

when

in the

middle of the

Tasmanian Journal

(See also

Tasmania, Victoria, A. auslralis; the two

12.

tree

bad

boiled tastes like a

New

is

it

greedily.

for 1842, p. 35.)

South Wales, and Queensland, for

A. exceha.

B.Fl., v.,

215.''

Euxohis viridis, Moq.,) Bentham considers this

introduced, and Mueller (Cens.) omits

This weed

apex, and

to the

Pigs feed on

latter colonies for

N.O. Amarantacese,

may be

from the base

turnip.

Viridis, Linn., (Syn.

AmarantUS

full of starch,

This whitish substance

eaien raw and roasted by the aboriginals.

it.

nuisance in gardens and roadsides, but

a perfect

Mr. F. M. Bailey points out that besides being a

fair substitute

for cabbage, the leaves have been used externally with advantage

as an emollient poultice.

not hesitate to pronounce lent

I it

substitute for spinach,

leaves of the white beet

spinach

young

it

seems

to

are used in

have had

this plant

being far superior

it is

consider

common

it

It is

to

be most

like boiled nettle leaves,

England, and are excellent.

sure to be popular, except

it

do

I

an excel-

much

sold for spinach in Sydney.

should be cooked like spinach, and as

known,

cooked, and

a valuable vegetable.

of

the

Next

to

which when

This amaranlus

becomes more widely

amongst persons who may

beneath their dignity to have anything to do with so

a weed.

All the colonies.

;

HUMAN FOODS. 13-

Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm., N.O. "

The

7

Filices, B.Fl.,

694.

vii.,

aboriginals used to feed on the pith of this tree-fern,

which contains a certain amount This plant

is

of starch similar to sago." (Foster.)

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland. 14-

Apium

Than.

australe,

A.

(Syn.

DC.

Petroseliniiim prostralu?n,

;

proslratum, Labill. Helosciadiiini

ausirale,

Bunge; H. prostraltim,'Qm\gQ.), N.O. Umbelliferae, iii.,

372.

A. prostraiiim in Muell. Cens.,

B.Fl.,

p. 63.

" Australian Celery."

"This plant may be

utilised as a culinary vegetable." (Mueller.)

not endemic in Australia.

It is

All the colonies. 15-

Aponogeton elongatus, F.v.M., and A. Liftn., N.O. Alismacese, B. Fl., vii., 188. "

The

monostachyns

tuberous roots of these water-plants are starchy, and of

excellent taste, though not large " (Mueller.)

New A.

South

Queensland,

Wales,

elongatus; Queensland

and

and Northern

Northern Australia, Australia, A,

mono-

siachyus. 16.

Araucaria

Bidwillii,^'?^''^'?^, "

"

The cones shed

N.O.

Coniferae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

243.

Bunya Bunya."

their seeds,

which are two

to

inches long by three-quarters of an inch broad

;

two and a-half they are sweet

before being perfectly ripe, and after that resemble roasted chestnuts in taste.

They

are plentiful once in three years,

which

the ripening season arrives,

is

generally in the

and when

month

of

January, the aboriginals assemble in large numbers from a great

upon them.

distance around, and feast

and

particular set of trees,

number

allotted,

of

Each

tribe

has

its

own

these each family has a certain

which are handed down from generation

The bunya

generation with great exactness.

is

to

remarkable as

being the only hereditary property which any of the aborigines are

known seems

to possess, to

and

it

is

have a fattening

large quantities of

it

therefore protected by law. effect

The

food

on the aborigines, and they eat

after roasting

it

at the fire.

Contrary to their

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

8

usual habits, they sometimes store up the in a water-hole for a

become

month

bunya

nuts, hiding

them

Here they germinate, and

or two.

offensive to a white man's palate, but they are considered

by the blacks

have acquired an improved

to

Dr. Bennett mentions that after an indulgence

flavour."

(Hill.)

exclusively

in this

vegetable diet they have an irresistible longing for flesh, and that in order to satisfy that craving

amongst those

tribes

who were

the bunya-bunya seeds)

bunya-bunya

cannibalism used to be frequent visitors (for the

those tribes

of

in

purpose

whose

of eating

the

territory

tree grows.

Queensland. 17-

Astelia alpina, R.Br.. N.O., Liliaceae, B.Fl.,

"The

and the bases

fruit is sweet,

ii,

vii.,

of the leaves are eaten.'"

(R. C. Gunn.)

Tasmania, Victoria, and i8.

New

South Wales.

Astroloma humifusum, R.Br., (Syn. A, pallidum, Sond. Vetiletiatia humifusa, Cav.,) Styphelia hiunifusa, Pers.

;

;

and

A.

Styphelia

pinifolilim, (Syn.

pini/olia,

Spreng.,

Stenanihera pmifolia, R. Br.,) N.O. Epacrideae, B.FI., Styphelia humifusa and

156 and 159.

S.

pini/olia

iv.,

in

Muell. Cens., p. 105.

Commonly

called " Ground-berry."

In

Tasmania the

fruits are often

called " Native Cranberries."

The

fruits of these

with a relatively large stone.

They have

The pulp

being "apple-flavoured," though

any

much

dwarf shrubs are

school-boys and aboriginals.

I

is

appreciated by

a viscid sweetish pulp,

described by some as

have always failed to

make

out

distinct flavour.

All the colonies, except Queensland, A. Victoria,

and

New

Atalantia

19.

Lindl.),

The

glanca,

Hook, f,

N.O. Rutaceoe, B.FL, "

fruit is globular,

may be made

New

;

Tasmania,

(Syn.

i.,

Triphasia glatica,

370.

Native Kumquat," " Desert Lemon."

and about half-an-inch

produces an agreeable beverage from serve

humifusa

South Wales, A. pinifolia.

out of the

its

fruit.

South Wales and Queensland.

in diameter.

acid juice.

A

fair

It

pre-

HUMAN FOODS. Atherosperma

20.

B.FL,

9

N.O.

Labill.,

moschata,

Monimiaceae,

284.

v.,

" Sassafras."

The

A

fragrant bark of this tree has been used as tea in Tasmania.

decoction or infusion of the green or dried bark was made, and

Mr. Gunn,

according to plenty of milk. It is

has a pleasant taste

it

however, slightly aperient.

Its effect is,

form

also used in the

Tasmania, Victoria and 21. Atriplex

Cinerea,

of a beer.

New

Poir.

South Wales. halimus,

A.

(Syn.

Moq.,) N.O. Chenopodiaces, B.Fl.,

elceagfioides,

Once used

when taken with

New

as pot-herb in

South Wales.

A.

R.Br., v.,

171.

During his

overland journey to Port Essington, Leichhardt used a species of

Atriplex as a vegetable, and spoke very highly

of

it.

All the colonies. 22.

Avicennia

Linn.,

officinalis,

N.O. Verbenaceas, B.FL,

" Egaie," of the

"Mangrove." tagon," of the

v.,

(Syn.

a.

tometitosa,

Jacq.,)

69.

Cleveland Bay aboriginals; " Tagonand " Tchoonche "

aboriginals; " Baa-lunn,"

Rockhampton

are other aboriginal names.

"

The

heart-shaped, with two thick cotyledons.

fruit is

aboriginals of Cleveland light

a

good

which when

fire;

Bay dig

when

sufficiently

well ignited, they throw stones over

it

;

it,

heated, they arrange horizontally at the

bottom, and lay on the top the Egaie water over

The

a hole in the ground, where they

they cover

it

fruit,

sprinkling a

little

with bark, and over the whole earth

placed to prevent the steam from evaporating too freely.

is

During

the time required for baking (about two hours), they dig another

hole in the sand

water twice over

;

it,

the softened

resort to that sort of food

from searching

for

Egaie

and the Midavio

is

is

now

put into fit

it,

they pour

for eating.

They

during the wet season when precluded

any other."

(Murrell's testimony,* quoted by

Mens. Thozet.) In Salt-water estuaries * Murrell

was a shipwrecked

of Cleveland Bay, Queensland.

all

sailor,

round the who lived

coast.

for seventeen years with the aboriginals

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

10 23.

Banksia, spp., N.O. Proteace:», B.Fl.,

541.

v.,

" Honeysuckle."

" honeysuckle " was applied to this genus by the

The name

when

in full

bloom,

contain, in a greater or lesser quantity, a sweet, honey-like

liquid,

from the

early settlers,

which

dewy so

secreted in considerable

is

and

night,

abundant

ground

fact that the flowers,

is

eagerly sucked out by the aborigines.

B. ericifolia and B. collina that when

in

underneath large cultivated plants

in a

is

in

(Smith

it."

state of

lose their

This

Dictiojiary of Useful Plants.)

:

"It is

in flower the

complete

puddle; bees and wasps become intoxicated, and many lives

a

quantities, especially after

may

possibly be true of a particular Banksia cultivated under exceptional

But certainly

conditions.

it

does not apply, except

modified degree, to the case of any Banksia

in

a very-

have noticed, and

I

since I observed the above statement I have taken the trouble to

look at hundreds of individuals of various species with the view to testing

accuracy.

its

I

have also requested Mr, Bauerlen (a

collector for the Technological vations,

and he

observed the Smith.

writes:

—"

I

Museum)

make

to

have never heard from anyone having

exuding so abundantly as

liquid

and when

travelling over dry, waterless areas I

sometimes sucked the liquid from the flowers

a

mentioned by

have often found the flowers pretty rich in the honey-

I

like liquid,

thirst,

similar obser-

but always endeavour not to do

and

headache,

Gr evil lea,

feeling

a

of

so, as

(all

B.Fl.,

i.,

my me

See also

Proteaceous plants).

SCandens,

^mith (Syn. B.

B.

;

canariensis,

mutabiUs, Salisb.;

Putterl.;

B. angusti-

Wendl.,) N.O.

Pittosporese,

B. la/ folia, Putter!.; B. grandifora,

DC.

invariably gives

Australia.

24- Billardiera

folia,

have

quench

nausea afterwards."

Hakea, Telopea, Lainhertia

Throughout

it

to

123. " Apple Berry."

The

berries are acid

shape children quantity of

the

call

and pleasant when

them "dumplings."

juice

fully ripe.

When

p)roduces very disagreeable and

heartburn. All the colonies except Western Australia.

From their

unripe, a small persistent

HUMAN FOODS. 25.

Bombax malabaricum, DC. Salmalia Malabarica,

II

(Syn. B. heptaphyllum, Cav.;

Schott.),

N.O. Malvacece,

B.Fl.,

i.,

223.

The "

"

The

Simool

''

Malabar Silk-cotton " tree

tree or "

calyx of the flower-bud

is

of India.

eaten as a vegetable in India."

(Brandis.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

26.

Bowenia

"The

N.O. Cycadeae, B.FL,

spectabilis, Hook.,

yam-like rhizome

is

vi.,

254.

used largely for food by the natives."

(Bailey.)

Queensland.

'2'].

Brasenia

peltata,

Pursh.,

F.V.M., Muell. Cens., p.

This plant

is

28.

i.,

60.

peltata,

i.

New

it

contains.

South Wales, and Queensland.

Buchanania arborescens, BUune (Syn. Coniogeton arborescens, R.Br.,) N.O. Anacardiaceos, Muell. Cens., p. 25. The "

The

" Little Gooseberry-tree " of Leichhardt.

unripe

fruits of

this

plant were

gathered, and,

boiled, imparted an agreeable acidity to the water,

prepared, tasted tolerably well.

and pulpy,

like gooseberries,

This resemblance induced us tree.

purpurea,

Cabomba

considered nutritious in America, probably from

the large grained starch Victoria,

Hydropeltis

(Syn.

Mich.,) N.O. Nymphseaceae, B.FL,

It

When

ripe,

to call the tree 'the

was much esteemed by the natives."

land yourney

to

they

although their rind

Port Essitigton,

is

become sweet not very thick.

little

p. 479.)

N.O. Orchidea?, B.FL,

vi.,

" Spider Orchids."

These and other orchids have edible Throughout

Australia.

gooseberry'

(Leichhardt: Over-

Queensland.

29. Caladenia, spp.,

when

and when thus

tubers.

376.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

12 30-

Calophylhm inophyllum,

N.O.

Linn.,

Guttiferse, B.Fl.,

i.,

183.

The

Ndiio " of India,

"

During a debate on the Pearl Fisheries Assembly, a clause was specially inserted species at Thursday

person

who

A

Island.

down

cuts

fine

protect

£\o

of

Queensland

Bill in the

to

trees of this

inflicted

is

on any any

or injures this or a cocoa-nut tree, or

other tree bearing edible

This clause

fruit.

is,

of course, in the

interest of the aboriginals.

Queensland.

DC,

31. Canavalia obtnsifolia,

N.O. Leguminosse,

B.FL,

ii.,

256.

"

The

seeds are eaten by the blacks after cooking, as they are

poisonous in the raw

Some shipwrecked

state.

west Australia were poisoned by them."

New

South Wales,

Queensland,

sailors in

North-

(Forrest.)

and

Northern

Western

Australia.

32. Capparis canescens, Banks, " Native Date." of the aboriginals

"

eaten

The

"

Mondoleu

N.O. Capparidea^,

" (diminutive of "

B.Fl.,

Mondo,"

i.,

96.

C. Mitchelli)

about Rockhampton.

fruit

is

pyriform and half an inch in diameter.

by the aborigines without any preparation."

Mr. P. O'Shanesy observes that the pulpy part Australian species of Capparis are

imbedded

is

in

a

It is

(Thozet.)

which these

good

substitute

for mustard.

Queensland.

33- Capparis Mitchelli, Lindl., (Syn.

N.O. Capparideas, B.FL,

i.,

BusbeckiaMUchelU, F.v.M.,)

95.

about Rockhampton

(Queensland);

"

Mondo,"

of the

" Karn-doo-thal,"

of the

"Small Native Pomegranate," "Native Orange," aboriginals

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland.)

The

fruit is

from one

to

two inches

which has an agreeable perfume, All the colonies, except

is

in diameter,

and the pulp,

eaten by the natives.

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

HUMAN FOODS. 34' Capparis nobilis, F.v.M., (Syn.

B.

13

Busbeckia arborea, F.v.M.;

N.O. Capparideae,

nobilis, Endl.),

B.Fl.,

i.,

95.

" Native Pomegranate," " Grey Plum," " Caper-tree," " Karum," of the aboriginals about

The

fruit,

Rockhampton (Queensland).

which

from one

is

two inches

to

in diameter, is

eaten by the natives.

New

35-

South Wales and Queensland.

Cardamine hirsuta, Linn., (Syn. C. parviflora, Hook. debilis, Banks C. paticijuga, Turcz.,) N.O. C

;

C.

;

B.FL,

70.

i.,

Called " Lady's

and

This

Smock

other

" in

species

The

luxuriant and flaccid.

England.

a " Cress."

It is

pot-herbs

when

common weed

almost

excellent

afford

present one

is

a

throughout the world.

Throughout the

36.

Cardiospermum B.Fl.,

colonies.

Linn.,

Halicacabum,

" Heartseed," " Heart-pea," " Winter-cherry,"

common

This

N.O.

Sapindacese,

453-

i.,

tropical

weed

is

"Balloon Vine."

eaten as a vegetable in the

Moluccas.

Queensland and Northern

37-

Australia.

Roxb., (Syn. ausfralis, C. Careya arborea, Barringtonia Careya, F.v.M.,) N.O. Myrtacete,

289 Called

hampton

(C

austral is

in

Muell. Cens.,

"Broad-leaved Apple"

aboriginals.

by the aboriginals

tree.

F.v.M. B.Fl.,

;

iii.,

p. 60).

The

" Barror

"

of the

Rock-

Variously called "Go-onje" and " Gunthamarra,"

of the

Cloncurry River (Northern

Queensland)

;

and

" Otcho," by the aboriginals of the Mitchell River.

The Rev.

J.

E. Tenison- Woods records that the Queensland

blacks eat the seeds, and he has heard

it

eat the fruit as well.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

said

that they roast

and

— ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

14

Maba

38. Cargillia aUStralis, R.Br., (Syn.

CargilUa,

Diospyvos

Diospyros Cargillia

288. "

some

CargilUa, F.v.M.

F.v.M,,) N.O. Ebenaceae, B.Fl.,

;

iv.

in Muell. Cens., p. Q2.

Black Plum," of lUawarra (New South Wales)

" Booreerra,"

;

of

aboriginals.

The

New

the size of a large plum, and of a dark

fruits are of

They

purple colour.

are eaten by the aboriginals.

South Wales and Queensland. OVata, R.Br., (Syn.

39. Carissa

Apocyneaj, B.Fl.,

N.O.

F.v.M.,)

Broivnii,

C.

Brownii, F.v.M.,

C.

305.

iv.,

in Muell.

Cens., p. 93. " Native Scrub Lime.''

" Karey

" of

the aborigines of the

Rockhampton

tribe (Queensland); " Ulorin " of the aboriginals of Cleveland

" Kunkerbury " of

aboriginals

the

Bay

tribe;

Cloncurry River (Northern

the

of

Queensland).

This

little

bush produces a very pleasant

agreeable and wholesome.

It is like

fruit,

It

few woody seeds.

" I can testify that the fruit I

when

quences, even

40.

never

knew an

is

both agreeable

instance of any evil conse-

571., Proc. Lirin. Soc.

vii.,

New

Cassytha filiformis, N.O. Laurince, B.FL,

N.S.W.)

South Wales, and Queensland.

Lin?t., (Syn. v.,

C.

guineensis, Schum.,)

311.

This and other species of Cassytha are called " Dodder-laurel."

emphatic name of

both

they were partaken of most abundantly."

(Tenison-Woods, Vol. South Australia,

is

exudes a viscid milky juice and contains a

half-an-inch long.

and wholesome, and

which

a sloe, egg-shaped, and about

" Devil's guts " is largely

used.

It

The

frequently connects

bushes and trees by cords, and becomes a nuisance to the traveller.

" This plant

is

used by the Brahmins of Southern India for

seasoning their buttermilk."

{Treasury of Botany?)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 41.

Castanospermum B.FL,

ii.,

" iVIoreton

aboriginals of

and

"

Bogum

australe,

A.

Cunn., N.O.

Leguminosae,

75.

Bay Chestnut," " Bean " tree. Called " Irtalie " by the the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales)

" by others of

Northern

New South

Wales.

—

HUMAN FOODS. "The them by

15

beans are used as food by the aborigines, who prepare steeping them in water from eight to ten days

first

are then taken out, dried in the sun, roasted

pounded an

mixed with manner.

water,

In

When

cakes prepared in

of

kept for

and baked

this

simply

is

in the usual

way resemble a coarse

from these beans

starch

at the Intercolonial

Northern 42. CaSUarina

New

was exhibited by

Exhibition of Melbourne, 1866.

South Wales and Queensland.

Stricta,

--J''^-,

A.

(Syn.

macrocarpa, A. Cunn.

C.

may be

state they

required for use, the meal

into a thin cake,

they

stones,

(C. Moore.)

sample

Mr. Moore

made

taste,

ship biscuit."

A

which

into a coarse meal, in

indefinite period.

;

upon hot

;

quadrivalvis,

C. cristata, Miq.

Hook.), N.O. Casuarinece, B.Fl.,

vi.,

;

Labill.

C.

;

Gunnii,

C. quadrivalvis

195.

in Muell. Cens., p. 22.

"Shingle Oak," "Coast She-oak," " River Oak," " Salt-water

The

Oak."

"

Worgnal

" of the aboriginals of the

Swamp

Richmond and Clarenc

(New South Wales). In cases of severe

chewing the

thirst,

foliage of this

great relief

acid nature, produces a flow of saliva

men who acid

is

may be

obtained from

species, which, being of

and other

—a

fact

well-known

to

have traversed waterless portions of the country.

closely allied to citric acid,

and may prove

Children chew the young cones, which they

call

an

bush-

This

identical with

it.

" oak apples."

All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland. 43-

Chenopodium B.FL,

This

v., is

auricomnm, LindU, N.O.

Chenopodiaceai,

159.

another of

the

salt-bushes, which,

invaluable food for stock, can be eaten by man.

besides

being

All plants of the

Natural Order Chenopodiaceae (Salsolacese) are more or less useful in this respect.

The interest

"

following account of

its

practical utilization will

be of

:

We

have recently gathered an abundant harvest

from two or three plants growing

in

our garden.

of leaves

These leaves

were put into boiling water to bleach them, and they were then

—

6

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

1

cooked as an ordinary dish

new

favour of the

flavour less

plant, that there

We

spinach.

partook of

— analogous to spinach, The

grassy in taste.

difference in

was no occasion

which are so disagreeable

the threads

ordinary

of spinach, with this

in

and

with

relish

—the

had something

cultivation

in

easy

is

more

it

The

it.

may be gathered from

leaves

again

In

quickly.

may

Jourrial de

They grow up

44-

all

la

Ferme [2]

another

afterwards

Maisofis de Compagne, quoted in

et des

734.

viii.,

the colonies except

Chenopodium murale, N.O. Chenopodiacece, this

days

eight

take place, and so on to the end of the year."

Pharm. Journ. In

than

less

in

greedy;

is

the time the plant

attains 50 centimetres (say 20 inches) in height.

gathering

refined,

sow the seed

:

April (October) in a well-manured bed, for the plant

water

away

sorrel,

dish

this

to take

chicory,

may have been

Tasmania and Western

Linn.,

(Syn.

B.Fl.,

v.,

Australia.

erosum,

C.

Bentham

160.

R.Br.,)

considers

introduced, and Muell. (Cens.) omits

it

altogether. " Australian Spinach," " Fat-hen."

A

may be

pot-herb, which

Other species share

utilised in the

name.

this

same manner

as the

preceding species.

Southern colonies.

A. Cunn., (Syn. Ixiospoms spine-

45- CitriobatUS paUCiflorUS, scens,

F.v.M.,) N.O. " Native

The inch and

fruit is

Pittosporese,

B.FL,

i.,

122.

Orange," " Orange Thorn."

an orange berry with a leathery skin, about one

The

a half in diameter.

seeds are large.

It is

eaten by

the aboriginals.

New

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

46. Citris

aiistralis,

Cunn.,) N.O.

Planch.,

F.v.M. in Muell. Cens., ,

" Native

The

fruit,

globular, yields

New

which

is

Limonia

(Syn.

Rutacese, B.FL,

i.,

australis,

A.

Citrus Planchonii,

371.

p. 112.

Lime," " Orange."

an inch and a-half

an agreeable beverage from

in

South Wales and Queensland.

diameter and almost

its

acid juice.

HUMAN FOODS. 47- Claytonia

I7

(Balonnensis^ Lindi.,

balonensis

Caian-

(Syn.

Portulace®, B.FL,

Balonnensis, F.v.M.), N.O.,

drinia

i.,

172. Called " Periculia

it

for food,

mixed with baked bark." (Annie

F. Richards,

"The

seed

used for making a kind of bread, after the

Portulaca oleracea.'' (Mueller, Fragm.,

of that of

48. Claytonia

136.)

iv.,

is

New South

South Australia,

"

Used

172.

i.,

of the aboriginals about Shark's Bay.

as food by

Forrest,

71.)

Talimim polyandrum,

polyandra, F.v.M., (Syn.

Coonda"

"

x.,

Wales, and Queensland.

Hook.), N.O., Portulaceae, B.FL,

and

(Stuart).

The blacks

\x\Proc. R.S.S.A.,

manner

by the aboriginals.

eaten with bread by white people.

"This also use

"

is

plant

some Western Australian

(Mueller

tribes."

Plants Indigenous about Shark's Bay, W.A., 1883.)

North and Western Australia,

South

Australia,

and

New

South Wales. 49. COCOS nucifera, Linn., N.O., Palmas, B.FL, viL, 143. "

This nut cerning

it

will

be

sufficient.

importance

great

Laccadives

it

Cocoanut Palm."

known

so well

is

to

the

that the following few notes con-

As an

article of

inhabitants

of

food the kernel

the

tropics.

is

of

In the

forms the chief food, each person consuming four

nuts per day, and the contains, affords

fluid,

commonly

called

them an agreeable beverage.

milk,

which

it

While young they

yield a delicious substance resembling blanc-mange.

Among

other

" toddy," which also distilled

products of

this

when fermented

from

it,

besides which

is it

palm may be

intoxicating

;

yields vinegar

mentioned

strong arrack

is

and " jaggery,"

or sugar.

antiquorum, Schott, (Syn. Caladium acre, R.Br., Aru7n Colocasia, Linn.), N.O., Aroidese, B.FL viL, 155. The " Taro " of the Fijians. "This plant is cultivated in most tropical countries, Egypt,

50. Colocasia

India, etc., for the sake of acrid,

its

leaves,

which when uncooked are

but on boiling, the water being changed, they lose their

—

8

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

1

and may be eaten as spinach."

acridity,

"

Acid

added

fruits are

to

assist

{Treasury of Botany^ removal of the acridity.

the

Hindoos and Mahometans are very fond "

When

of all parts of the plants

(Dymock.)

of this genus."

the crop

is

gathered in Fiji," says Dr.

Vtliensis), " the tops of the tubers are cut off

The young

may be

leaves

and

Seemann {Flora once replanted.

at

eaten like spinach, but, like the root,

they require to be well cooked in order to destroy the acridity peculiar to aroideous plants.

Taro when cold

The

Fijians prefer eating the cooked

Europeans as a rule

;

A

like

it

quite hot, and,

if

number of varieties are known, some better adapted for puddings, some for bread, or simply for The outer marks of distinction chiefly rest boiling or baking.

possible, roasted.

upon the

different tinge observable in the

ribs of the leaves

The

considerable

— white,

corm,

stalks,

leaf,

and

yellowish, purple."

roots are also largely

consumed

for food in Japan,

a descriptive Catalogue of the Japanese exhibits

the

at

and

in

Healih

Exhibition, London, 1884, they are styled "Japanese Potatoes."

Following

is

an analysis taken from the Catalogue

:

Albumen

i'427

Fat

o'oSo

Glucose

o'

1

20

10*400

Starch Pectose, etc

i'i54

Ash

o"987

Water

85*202 100*

Queensland.

51.

macrorrhiza, Schott, (Syn.

Colocasia

rkizon, R.Br. B.Fl.,

vii.,

" Pitchu,"

of

;

Caladium

rnacror-

Alocasia macrorrhiza, Schott), N.O., Aroidese,

155. the

aboriginals

of

the

Burnett

River (Queensland);

" Cunjevoi," of those of South Queensland; " Hakkin," of the Rockhampton (Queensland) aboriginals; " Bargadga," or " Nargan," of the Cleveland

Bay

aboriginals.

HUMAN FOODS. "

on

The young

19

bulbs, of a light rose colour inside, found growing

large old rhizomes, are scraped,

divided into two parts, and

When

put under hot ashes for about half an hour.

sufficiently

baked, they are then pounded by hard strokes between two stones

—a large one,

Wallarie, and a small one, Kondola.

All the pieces

which do not look farinaceous, but watery when broken, arc thrown away; the others, by strokes

by twos

and put

or threes,

Kondola, are united

of the

into the fire again

they are then taken

;

out and pounded together in the form of a cake, which returned

which

is

now

New

fire

when

This

Hakkin,

the

of a green-greyish colour, begins to harden,

it

is

fit

(Thozet.)

South Wales and Queensland.

CoprOSma

hirtella,

LabHI.,

N.O., Rubiacece, B.Fl., Fruit

species

again

and carefully turned occasionally.

repeated eight or ten times, and

is

for use."

32.

the

to

operation

is

sweet,

may be

eatable,

not

(Syn.

C.

cuspidi/oUa,

DC),

429.

iii.,

agreeable.

The

of

fruits

other

eaten also.

All the colonies except Queensland and Western Australia.

53-

Coprosma Hook, f .

Billardieri,

Canthium

;

Hook. /.,

(Syn.

quadrifidum,

Billardieri, A. Rich.), N.O., Rubiacese, B.FL, " Native Currant."

"

microphylla.

C.

Labill.

Marquisia

;

430.

iii.,

Morr," of the aboriginals of Coranderrk Station

•(Victoria).

This plant bears a small round drupe, about the

Mr. Backhouse

small pea.

when

states that (over half a

British fruits were scarce,

of the settlers of

it

was made

Tasmania, but the

size

into

size of a

century ago)

puddings by some

and number

of the seeds

•were objectionable.

Tasmania and 5-1-

Cordia Myxa,

DC; Willd.

Victoria.

-^^Vzw.,

{^yn. C.dicholo7na,Yox?,\..;

C. lati/olia, Roxb. ;

C.

;

C. ixiocarpa, F.v.M.

C. Brownii, ;

polygama, Roxb.), N.O., Boragineae,

386.

The

" Sebesten

Plum

" of India.

C. obliqua, B.Fl.,

iv.,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

20

" In India the tender young is

pickled

birds

;

;

the ripe

the kernel

fruit

is

fruit is

eaten,

is

eaten, and

that of the cultivated tree

is

eaten as a vegetable, and

and

tastes

is

greedily devoured by

somewhat

a

like

filbert

(Brandis.)

better."

Queensland.

55.

alba, Andr.,

Correa Vent. !•>

;

C. coHnifoUa, Salisb.

(Syn.

Mazeutoxeron rufum,

Labill.),

rufa

C.

;

N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl.

354-

" Called

Cape Barren Tea"

"

in

Tasmania, on account

of its use

near

that headland.

The

leaves of this plant have been used by the sealers

on the

islands in Bass's Straits as a substitute for tea.

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, and

56.

(Syn.

Crimim flaccidum, Herb.,

New

South Wales.

AmarvlUs

auslralasicUr

Ker; C. aus/ralis, Spreng.), N.O., Amaryllideae, B.FL,

vi.,.

454. •The " Darling Lily."

This exceedingly handsome white-flowered

plant,

which grows

back from the Darling, has bulbs which yield a

fair

On

man

one occasion, near the town of Wilcannia, a

handsome sum by making

this

substance

when

flour

arrowroot.

earned a

was

all

but

unobtainable.

New

South Australia, Victoria,

57-

Roxb.,

CuCUmis trigonus, jucundus,

C.

F.v.M.

Cucurbitaceae, B.FL,

iii.,

(Syn.

C.

;

South Wales, and Queensland. C.

Hook.

pubescens,

picrocarpus,

F.v.M.),

;

N.O.,.

317.

" Boomarrah," of the aborigines of the Cloncurry River (North Queensland). Sir this

Thomas

Mitchell, in one of his western trips, speaks of

plant growing in

such abundance that the whole countr}-

seemed strewed with the

fruit,

which was then

ripe,

and

the natives ate great quantities, and were very fond. the size of a

plum

the

which about

only.

In the Treasury of Botany of all

of

It is

edible

spinach, are even a

species

more

of

it

is

observed that the tender tops

Cucurbilacece, boiled as greens or

delicate vegetable than the fruit.

HUMAN FOODS, New

South

Wales,

Queensland,

21

Northern

Western

and

Australia.

58.

Cyathea medvillaris, Swartz, N.O.,

Filices, B.Fi.,

vii.,

708.

" Black-stemmed Tree-fern."

"

The

aboriginals used to feed on the pith of this tree-fern,

which contains a certain amount

Tasmania, Victoria, and

59.

of starch similar to sago."

New

(Foster.)

South Wales.

Cycas media, R-Br., N.O., Cycadeas, B.FI., vi., 249. " Nut Palm." " Baveu," of Central Queensland aboriginals. "

Employed by

obtained from

it.

An

the aborigines as food.

The

excellent farina

is

nuts are deprived of their outer succulent

cover (sarcocarp) and are then broken; and the kernels, having

been roughly pounded, are dried three or four hours

in the sun,

then brought in a dilly-bag to a stream or pond, where they remain in the

running water four or

By

or four days. softness

five days,

and

in

stagnant water three

a touch of the fingers the proper degree of

produced by maceration

is

ascertained.

They

are after-

wards placed between the two stones mentioned under Colocasia macrorrhizon, reduced

to a fine

paste,

and then baked under the

ashes in the same way that our bush people bake their damper." (Thozet.)

Queensland and Northern

60.

Australia.

Cymbidium canalicnlatum, R.Br., N.O., vi.,

"

Orchidese, B.Fi.,

302.

The

only orchid of the interior of tropical Australia which

affords mucilaginous food." (Mueller.)

South Australia,

New South Wales,

The

stems, etc., are eaten.

Queensland, and Northern

Australia.

61. Cyttaria

Gunnii, Berk., N.O., Fungi, Muell., Fragm.,

xi.,

loi, Supp.

This edible fungus

is

found

Cunnittghamii, or native Beech.

Tasmania.

on

the branches of

Fagus

;

22

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

.

62.

Dendrobium canaliculatum, R.Br., Batem.), N.O., Orchideas, B.Fl,

vi.,

D. Tattonianum^

(Syn.

282.

" Yamberin," of the Queensland aboriginals.

"

The bulbous

stems, after being deprived of the old leaves^

(Thozet.)

are edible."

Queensland. 63.

Dendrobium speciosum, Smith, N.O., Orchldeae, "

The

New

vi.,

279.

little

nutritive matter.

South Wales, and Queensland.

D. BiUardieri, F.v.M.

64- Dicksonia antarctica, Lahill, (Syn.

Cyhotium Billardieri, R. C. Gunn N.O.,

B.Fl.,

Lily."

pseudo-bulbs have been eaten by the aboriginals;

large

they, however, contain but Victoria,

Rock

Filices, B.Fl.,

in Tas. Journ.

D. Billardieri

712.

vii.,

1842.),.

MuelL

in

Cens., p. 137.

The pulp

of the top of the trunk

by the aboriginals both raw and " foot

The

and

native blacks

man's arm.

bread

;

palate."

but

it

too

and

is

and take out the

Swedish turnip, and

This they either roasted is

of starch,

eaten

the colony used to split open about a

of

a-half of the top of the trunk,

in substance resembling a of a

is full

roasted.

bitter

and

in

heart,,

of the thickness-

the ashes, or ate as

astringent to

suit

an English

(Gunn.)

All the colonies, except Western Australia. 65. Dioscorea hastifolia,

"One

Endl, N.O., Dioscoridece, B.FL, A "Yam."

of the hardiest

consumed by

of the

which they bestow any kind

of

The

yams.

the local aborigines for food

;

it is

cultivation,

vi.,

461.

tubers are largely

the only plant

crude

as

it

on

is."^

(Mueller.)

Western Australia. 66. rioscorea Sativa, Linn., (Syn.

fera, Forst. B.Fl.,

vi.,

"Yam." Queensland.)

;

Hehnia

D.

lalifolia,^tv\i\\.;

D. bulbi-

hulbifera, Kunth), N.O., Dioscoridese,

461.

" Karro," of the aboriginals of the

Mitchell River (North-

;

HUMAN FOODS. This it

is

yam

is

23

eaten by the aboriginals of Australia, and in India

cultivated almost everywhere as a vegetable.

In Watts Diet.

the tubers are said to contain 23 per cent, of starch, and 68 per cent, of

woody

fibre,

gum,

same work, however,

In the

etc.

D. hulbifera (merged

tubers of

the

are only credited

in this species)

with 10 per cent, of starch.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

67. Dioscorea

R.Br.,

transversa,

N.O., Dioscoridece, B.FL, " Long Yam." "

The

Kowar,"

D.

(Syn.

pufictata,

R.Br.),

460.

of the aborigines of Central Queensland.

small young tubers are eaten by the aborigines without

any preparation."

New

"

vi.,

(Thozet.)

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

68. Dodonsea spp. div., N.O., Sapindacea^.

"Native Hops," on account

taste.

In the early days of settlement the extensively used, 3'east and

pared from them.

They

some resemblance

of the capsules bearing

and

to hops, both in appearance

these trees were

fruits of

beer of excellent quality being pre-

are

still

D.

so used to a small extent.

attenuata, A. Cunn., for instance, was largely used in the Western District.

In times of drought cattle and sheep eat them.

Throughout

69. Diploglottis

the colonies.

Cunninghamii, Hooii.

jiinghamii, Hook. australis, Don),

f.

;

C. australis,

Cupania Cun-

/., (Syn.

Hook.

N.O., Sapindaceae, B.FL,

f.

;

Stadmannia

454. " Tamarind Tree." " Burrunedura," of the aboriginals of Illawarra

" Aucoloby," and Toonoum," of those

of northern

i.,

New

;

and

South Wales.

This tree produces racemes of pleasant sub-acid

fruit,

used

for preserves.

New 70.

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

Lrimys aromatica, F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Tasmannia aromatica,

R.Br.), N.O., Magnoliacese, B.FL. L, 49. " Pepper Tree."

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

24

The drupe

is

used as a condiment, being a

The

pepper, or rather allspice biting,

cinnamon-like taste

Tasmania, Victoria, and ElseagnUS

71

latifolia,

"The It

fruit is

New

South Wales

Linn.^ (Syn.

ferruginea, A. Rich.),

gent*

fair substitute for

leaves and bark also have a hot,

N

eaten in India,

makes good

tarts."

E.

conjerta,

O,, Elaeagnese, Muell

acid and

It is

Roxb.

F^

;

Cens., p. 64.

somewhat

astrin-

(Beddome.)

Queensland. 72. Elseocarpus Bancroftii, l'\v.M.,

Proc.

The

R.S

cotyledons or " kernels

eaten by the

and

N.O., Tiliaceae.

Bail,,

Queensland, 188^.

settlers.

which are more or

"

have a good flavour, and are

Other species

of

ElcEocarpus have

fruits

less useful in this respect.

Johnstone River, Queensland. Th'

Entada SCandens, Benih., (Syn. E. Purscetha, scandens,

Linn.),

N.O., Leguminosse,

Purscetha, in Muell. Cens.,

ii.,

E.

298.

p. 43.

" Queensland Bean," " Barbaddah," of the Cleveland

"These

DC; Mimosa

B.Fl.,

large beans are eaten

Bay

aboriginals.

by the aboriginals.

They are

put into the stone oven and heated in the same way and for the

same time pounded

as those of Avicennia tomentosa (q.v.); they are then

fine

and put

into a dilly-bag,

hours in water, when they are

The

natives of India also eat

fit

and

left

{MurrelVs testimony).

for use."

them

for ten or twelve

after roasting

and soaking

in

water.

Queensland. 74.

Erythrina indica, Lam., N.O., Leguminosse,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

253.

" Indian Coral " tree.

In Ceylon the young tender leaves are eaten in curries.

Queensland and Northern Queensland. 75-

Eucalyptus COrymbosa, Smith, (Syn. Metrosideros gummifera, Soland.), N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " Bloodwood."

iii.,

256.

HUMAN FOODS.

25

Archdeacon King has noticed Mellitose-manna on the leaves when they are pierced by a beetle.

of this tree to a small extent

{Anophgnathus

New 76.

cereus.)

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus dumosa, A. Cunn.,

(a Mallee),

E. gracilis, F.v.M., (a Mallee), B.Fl., Labill., (a Mallee), B.Fl.,

Box"

("Bastard

iii.,

These Eucalypts, amongst See page

230;

E. incrassata,

;

B.Fl.,

iii.,

223

E. oleosa,

;

248, N.O., Myrtacete.

others, yield water

from

See also Hakea leucoptera and Vitis

i.

iii.,

231; E. microtheca, F.v.M.;

iii.,

or " Coolibah,")

F.v.M., (a Mallee), B.FL,

211

iii.,

B.Fl.,

their roots.-

(Cisst(s).

Chiefly in the arid regions of the colonies.

77'

Eucalyptus dumosa, A. Cunn.,

N

O., Myrtaces, B.FL,

iii.,

230.

Larap " Eucalypt.

" Lerp," " Larp," " Laap," or "

This shrub yields a kind of manna called Lerp or I.arp by the aboriginals.

It

of the

the nidus

is

starch-like substance,

which

is

an

of

eaten in

mallee country of Victoria.

appearance small yellowish-white.

shells

;

According

it

is

It

sweet,

to Dr.

in

in

colour white or

Thomas Dobson, is

of

the aborigines

somewhat resembles and

the insect which causes the Lerp to form It is

and consists

insect,

summer by

of Hobart,

Psylla Eucalypti.

probably formed on the leaves of other mallee Eucalypts. " This substance occurs on the leaves, and consists of white

threads clotted together by a syrup proceeding from the insect

{Psylla Eucalypti) which spins those threads.

round numbers,

of water 14 parts,

sugar 53 parts.

The

properties

of

threads possess

distinguished by their form.

When

many

in

of the characteristic

however,

from which,

starch,

It contains,

thread-like portion 33 parts,

lerp

is

they

are

sharply

washed with water the

sugar dissolves and the threads swell but slightly, but dissolve to a slight extent, so that the solution

The

is

coloured blue by iodine.

threads freed from sugar by washing consist of a substance

called

Lerp-amylum.

" Lerp-amylum perceptibly

more

is

very slightly soluble in cold

water,

not

so in water at 100°, but entirely soluble to a thin

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

26

when heated

transparent liquid

water

parts of

;

solution

this

to 135° in sealed tubes with 30 on cooling deposits the original

substance in flocks, without forming a separation

jelly

at

The

any time.

almost complete.

is

" If the material employed in this experiment were entirely

from sugar, the liquid

free

insoluble

boiling

in

the separation of the flocks will

left after

The

also be free from sugar.

water,

from solution are

flocks deposited

lerp-amylum

therefore

150° with

chemical change on being heated

to

the air-bath to 190° while dry,

turns brown, and

by solution

merely reddened

becomes

yields oxalic acid,

to

a

and

is

437 and

no in

afterwards it

it

appears that lerp-

to that

which occurs when

;

it

is

nitric acid

it

neutral to vegetable

not precipitated by lead acetate, and

gave by analysis

is

same time

the

at

Heated

w-ater.

By oxidation with

but no mucic acid

be confounded with the gums, " It

;

hence

;

change similar

converted into dextrin.

is

colours,

iodine

of

partly soluble in hot water

amylum undergoes starch

it

suffers

is

therefore not

etc.

43*07 carbon, 6'6 and 6'4 hydro-

gen, agreeing with the formula Cg

H^^,

O^ (44'4 C. and 6"24 H.)

Like starch, lerp-amylum rotates the plane of polarisation to the

and on digestion with

right;

dextrin. "

and

cellulose,

tions

insoluble in

It is

Though

water,

of

water."

it

its is

dilute sulphuric acid, etc., forms a

carbo-hydrate w^hich agrees in

crystallisable

ammonia

its

cuprate, and

properties with is

homogeneous.

the behaviour of lerp-amylum to iodine and to insolubility in

to

cupra-ammonia distinguish

cellulose

See also a paper

:

"

On

and Southern

New

The "White (Victoria).

" ;

Mallee,"

Bunurduk,"

of

of

xlvii.,

449.)

South Wales.

Eucalyptus dnmosa, A. C«««., N.O. Myrtacece, B.Fl., iii., 230.

aboriginals

in

2nd Suppl. 733.) a new kind of Manna from New South vii.,

Wales," by Th. Anderson {yourn. fur Prakt. Cheviic.

78.

from

which are blued by iodine and dissolve

(Fliickiger, in Walts' Diet,

Victoria,

it

be borne in mind that there are forms or condi-

South

(for

synonyms see

Australia;

the aboriginals of Lake

B.Fl.),

" Weir-Mallee,"

of

Hindmarsh Station

HUMAN FOODS. "

The

blacks in South Australia powder the bark of the root

and perhaps other

of this

27

IMallees,

and

They

with portions of other plants.

eat

either alone, or

it

call

'

it

Congoo.'

''

mixed {Proc.

R S.S.A.) South Australia, Victoria, and

79-

Eucalyptus Gunnii, E. acervula, Hook, In

Tasmania

this

is

New

Hook. /., f.),

South Wales.

(Syn.

E. liguslrina, Miq.;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

known

"Cider Gum," and

as

iii.,

in

246.

South-Eastern

Gum." In the same part it is known "White Gum," "Swamp Gum," or " White Swamp Gum," and in the Noarlunga and Rapid Bay districts of South Australia as " Bastard White Gum." Occasionally it is known as " Yellow Gum." Near Bombala (New South Wales) two varieties go by the names of " Flooded or Bastard Gum," and "Red Gum." Australia occasionally as the " Sugar

as

The

sweetish sap of this tree

(especially in

Tasmania)

into a

Tasmania, Victoria, and 80.

is

often converted

by

settlers

kind of cider.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Eaveretiana, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtace^e, F.v.M..

Fragm.

x.

"

"

From

exudes

in

Grey Gum," " Iron Gum,"

" Thozet's

Box."

cuts in the stem an acidulous, almost colourless liquid

considerable quantity, in which respect

resembles E.

Gun7iii.'''

this

species

(Mueller.)

Queensland. 81.

Eucalyptus viminalis, Z^^^-^^'//., {?,yr\. E./abrorum, Schlecht, and several other synonyms), N.O., Myrtaceas, B.FL, iii., 239.

The " White Gum," or " Swamp Gum " of Tasmania. It is also "Manna Gum." Other names are "Grey Gum," "Blue Gum," Drooping Gum," etc.

called "

From

the bark of this tree a kind of

crumbly white substance,

much

A

manna

exudes.

of a very pleasant, sweet taste,

It is

and

a in

request by the aborigines. white, nearly

opaque manna from the normal E. viminalis

was found by Mr. Bauerlen Wales).

It

is

in

at

Monga, near Braidwood (New South

small pieces, about the size of peas, but of

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

-28

In appearance

irregular, flattened shape. .lime

it

very

much

resembles

which has naturally crumbled or slacked by exposure

to

a

moist atmosphere. It

which

composed

is

an unfermentable sugar called Eucalin,

of

peculiar to the sap

is

the Eucalyptus, together with a

of

The manna

fermentable sugar, supposed to be Dextroglucose.

is

derived from the exudation of the sap, which " drying in the hot

parched

air of the

midsummer,

leaves the sugary solid remains in

a gradually increasing lump, which ultimately the ground in of the sap

is

little

irregular masses.''

by

said

McCoy

falls

to take place

off,

covering

This exudation

(McCoy.)

from the boring

of the

" Great Black or

Manna Cicada." {C. moerens.) The Hon. William Macleay of Sydney is, however, by no

means

of that opinion, as

manna

is

he thinks

it

cannot be doubted that the

the work of a gall-making Coccus.

clearing up, and

it

to

is

The

subject requires

be hoped that a naturalist

will give his

earnest attention to the matter.

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and

:82.

Eucheuma Sond.),

Speciosa, J-

N.O.,

Algae,

New

South Wales.

Agardh., (Syn. Gigartina spectosa, Plate

lxiv.

Harvey's

Phycologia

Australasica. " Jelly Plant," of

This

Western Australia.

a remarkable sea-weed of a very gelatinous character

is

arrangements of the

-which enters into the culinary

Western Australia

cement can

for

also be

making

jelly,

made from

it.

blanc-mange, It

is

etc.

cast ashore

people of Size and

from deep

water.

Coast of Western Australia.

-83.

Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., (Syn. E. Moo ret, F.v.M. Syzygium JainhoJanum, DC), N.O.; Myrtacese, B.Fl. iii.,

;

E. Moorei

in Muell. Cens., p. 59. " Durobbi," of the aboriginals.

283.

"The pearance

it

fruit is

much

eaten by the natives of India;

in

ap-

resembles a damson, has a harsh but sweetish flavour.

HUMAN FOODS. somewhat astringent and and

is

It

much

is

by

eaten

a favourite food of the large bat or flying fox."

New

birds,

(Brandis.)

South Wales and Queensland. S/ms.,

Eugenia myrtifolia,

84.

acid.

29

yavihosa

DC.

australis,

Myrtacese, B.Fl., "

(Syn.

F.v.M.),

286.

iii.,

perties to that of red grapes.

a good preserve. of this tree

It

similar in

is

and red colouring matter very

action

and

The

possessing a bouquet.

sensitive

By fermentation

alkalies.

is

is

soluble in

lead-acetate, decolourised

by reducing agents, and recovers air,

(De Luca and Ubaldini,

by

its

red

and the red colour

Watfs'

in

wine

precipitated

colour on exposure to the

just like litmus

the

to

yields

it

colouring matter, which

alcohol and ether-alcohol, but not in pure ether,

wine."

pro-

its

contains free tartaric acid, cream

of tartar, sugar,

of

;;

N.O.,.

Brush Cherry," or " Native Myrtle."

The fruit is acid, and makes " The red juice of the fruit

of acids

Wendl.

australis,

J^.

J. Thozetiana,

;

Did.,

vi.,

ist

Supp., 608.)

New 85.

South Wales and Queensland.

Eugenia Smithii,

DC;

A.

elliplica,

Ac7nena florihunda,

(Syr.

Poir.,

My r his

Don;

giuvi brachyneinum, F.v.M.),

Smithii, Spreng.

N.O., Myrtaceas, B.

var. ;

y8.

Syzy-

FI.,

iii.^

283. Called "Tdgerail,"

"Lilly Pilly."

(New South

Wales)

;

and

by

the aboriginals of

" Coochin-coochin,"

by

some

Illawarra

Queensland

aboriginals.

The They They

are

fruits are

formed

eaten by the aboriginals, small boys, and birds. in

profusion, are acidulous,

are white with a purplish

tint,

and up

to

and wholesome,

one inch

in diameter.

Victoria to Northern Australia.

86.

Eugenia Tierneyana, F.v

i\L,

N.O.,

iMyriacea;,

B.Fl.,

iii.^

284

The It is

fruit of

produced

this tree is

used fcr jam making by the

in very large quantities.

Queensland.

settlers.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

30

R.Br.,

87- EustrephllS latifolius,

E.

Watsonianus, Miq.

Liliaceae, p.

B.FI.,

;

Poir.),

Muell.

in

;

N.O., Cens.,

117.

"This climber produces which, however, are

sweet thouT;h only small tubers,

probably capable of

enlargement through

(Mueller.)

culture."

Victoria,

88.

lati/olia,

E. Brownii

18.

vii.,

Brownii Fv.M.

E.

(Syn.

Luzuria^n

New

South Wales, and Queensland

ExOCarpuS CUpreSSiformis, RBr., (Syn. Leptomeria acerba, Sieb. non R.Br.), N.O., Santalaceae, B.FI., vi., 229. Exocarpos in Muell. Cens. " Native Cherry."

" Coo-yie,"

is

The

" Tchimmi-dillen,"

Queensland aboriginals

of

;

another aboriginal name.

fruit

The

edible.

is

This

succulent pedicel.

is

nut

the poor

seated on

is

of

little fruit

the

enlarged

which so much

has been written in English descriptions of the peculiarities of the Australian

flora.

has been likened to a cherry with the stone

It

some imaginative person.

outside (hence the vernacular name) by All the colonies.

89.

ExOCarpUS B.FI.,

R.Br.,

latifolia,

luzoniensis, Presl.

;

(Syn.

E. ovata,

E.

miniata,

Schnitzl.),

Queensland aboriginals

The species.

fruit

90- FiCTlS

is

E.

;

New

aspera,

Urticeae, B.FI.

is

much

the

same

as the preceding

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales

Forst., vi.,

" Oringorin "

and " Ballat " of those of Gippsland.

edible, being

This plant

Northern

;

228.

vi.,

Broad-leaved " Native Cherry," " Scrub Sandalwood." of the

Zipp.

N.O., Santalaceoe,

174.

to

North Australia.

(Syn.

F.

scabra,

Forst.),

N.O.,

F. scabra in Muell. Cens., p. 22.

Called also " Purple Fig " and "White Fig." " Noomaie," of the Rockhampton aboriginals " Balemo," of the Cleveland "

Rough-leaved Fig."

;

Bay (Queensland)

aboriginals.

HUMAN FOODS. "

The

ginals."

which

fruit,

is

31

black when ripe,

is

eaten by the abori-

(Thozet.)

Victoria to Queensland.

WHId., {Syn. F.

91- FicUS glomerata,

F.v.V.;

-'est-a,

glomerata, Miq.), N.O., Urticeae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

Covellia

178.

" Clustered Fig " tree.

The

fruit,

which

is

when

light red colour

of a

is

and on some

clusters along the trunk

of

ripe,

hangs

in

the highest branches and

used as food by the aborigines.

"The

ripe fruit

is

eaten,

Manual of Indiaii

{Gamble,

and

" In times of scarcity the unripe

and made

flour,

is

good

Timbers.) fruit

either

raw or stewed."'

Brandis, however, says is

:

pounded, mixed with

into cakes."

Queensland and Northern Australia. 92. FicUS platypoda, A.

Cunn., (Syn.

Miq.), N.O., Urdcece, B.FL,

On

his

telegraph

journey from

Western

Urostigma platypodum,

169.

Australia

to

the

overland

Mr. John Forrest, on more than one occasion,

line,

pronounced the P. A.

vi.,

fruit of this tree to

O'Shanesy

{Proc.

however, states that the

be " very good."

Linn.

Soc.

N.S. W.,

fruit of this species is

vi.,

not edible.

736),

But

the appetities of explorers frequently become voracious, and not too discriminating.

South Australia, Queensland, and Northern Australia. •93-

FusamiS aCUminatUS, ^-Br., (Syn. Sanlalum Preissianum, Miq.; S. acuminatum, A. DC), N.O., Santalacea?, B. Fl. vi.,

215.

S.

acuminatum "

The

Quandong,"

fleshy pericarp

in jMuell. Cens., "

p 64.

Native Peach."

which envelops the seed known as the

•Quandong, makes an excellent sub-acid preserve and

jelly.

It

extracting the stones and drying the •dried

and used when convenient,

kernel

is

just

also edible, being very palatable.

All the colonies, except

is

By simply fruit in the sun, it may be like preserved apples. The

•somewhat of the same flavour as the black guava.

It is

quite spherical.

Tasmania and Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

32 94-

FusanuS persicarius, F.v.M.,

Santalum perstcarium,

(Syn.

F.V.M.), N.O., Santalacese, B.Fl.,

vi.

216.

" Native Sandalwood." "

The

root-bark

is

used as food by the aboriginals." (Hokero.)

Tasmania and Queensland.

All the colonies, except

95- Gastrodia

R.Br.,

sesamoides,

N.O.,

Orchideae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

309" Native Potato," of parts of Tasmania.

The

tubers were roasted and eaten by the

These tubers grow out

of

Tasmanian

one another, and are of the

nearly the form of kidney potatoes

;

the lowermost

is

size,

derives

of

them

its

Mr. R. C.

nourishment.

somewhat resembling

as

from which

described the taste

and Western Australia.

Gaultheria antipoda, var Forst., (Syn. G. depressa, Hook., :

N,0., Ericaceae, B.FL,

The

iv.,

of

beetroot.

All the colonies except South

96.

Gunn

and

attached by

a bundle of thick fleshy fibres to the root of the tree it

natives.

f.),

142.

superior flavour.

fruit is of

Tasmania. 97- Gaultheria hispida, R.Br., N.O., Ericaceae, B.FL, " Wax-cluster."

The it is

fruit is eatable.

not unpleasant.

the taste slight

is

The

something

The late

like that of

is difficult

141.

to describe,

but

states that in tarts

young gooseberries, with a

degree of bitterness.

Tasmania, Victoria, and 98.

flavour

Mr. R. C. Gunn

iv.,

Geitonoplesium A. Cunn.

Koch

;

;

New

CymOSUm, A. Cunn.,

G. asperum, A. Cunn.

Luzuriaga cymosa, R.Br.

N.O., Liliacece, B.FL, vii., 19. " The young shoots offer a (O'Shanesy.)

And Baron

with the view to Victoria,

South Wales.

its

New

fair

;

;

(Syn.

G. viontanum,

G. angustifolium, A.

L.

montana, R.Br.),

substitute for asparagus.''

Mueller suggests the culture of the plant

improvement. South Wales, and Queensland.

HUMAN FOODS. 99-

33

Geranium dissectum, Linn., (Syn. G. parviflomm, Willd. G. pilosum, Forst, G. philonolhutn, DC. G. potentilloides, ;

;

;

L'Her.

;

G. ausirale, Nees), N.O., Geraniaceae, B.Fl.,

" Crow-foot."

The

roots used to be eaten

they are large and fleshy.

They used

This plant

Willd.),

The

N.O.,

Filices,

Thunb.

B.Fl.,

them, for

G.

698.

dichotoma,

Hermanni

have

used

the

root

of

this

fern

This plant

food.

for

the

is

not

in Australia.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia. COnfervoideS, var:

loi. Gracilliaria

Phycologia

Grev., N.O., Algae, Harvey's

A iistralasica.

This almost cosmopolitan sea-weed

Tasmania.

is

For ordinary purposes

nutritive value with Irish or

used it

for

making a

can be ranked in

Caragheen Moss.

Tasmania and South Coast

of Australia.

102. Grevillea annulifera, F.v.M., N.O., Proteace^e, B.Fl.

The fruits

in

137.

p.

aboriginals

New

jelly in

roast

Mertetisia

;

vii.,

purpose of extracting the starch for

endemic

to

not endemic in Australia.

Hook., (Syn. G. Nermann/, R.Bt.;

dichotomum,

Muell. Cens.,

is

colonies.

100. Gleichenia dichotoma,

Polypodium

296.

by the Tasmanian aboriginals, and

doubtless by those of Australia.

Throughout the

i.,

Called " Native Carrot " in Tasmania.

seeds are comparatively large, of almond

are produced

desert sands.

copiously.

The shrub

taste,

v.,

460.

and the

will live in absolute

(Mueller.)

Western Australia. 103.

Grevillea

Kennedyana,

R,S.

Vict.,

Many

of the Grevilleas

am

aware.

honey-like

N.O., Proteaceae, Proc.

contain more or less honey, but this

recently discovered one contains I

F.v.M.,

1887.

The liquid,

flowers

it

the most abundantly, as far as

are exceedingly rich in a clear, sweet,

which can be

easily

shaken out

from the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

34 flowers

and

Mr. Bauerlen

collected.

me

tells

New

Grey Ranges,

N.O., Tiliaces, B.Fl., " Plain

"

Currant,"

on account

of

South Wales.

Grewia polygama, Roxb., (Syn.

104-

that

See also Banksia

this liquid the flowers are difficult to preserve.

i.,

G. heliclerifoUa, Wall),

271.

Karoom,"

of

Rockhampton

aboriginals of the

" Ouraie," of aboriginals of Cleveland Bay, and " Kooline," of those

tribe.

of the Cloncurry River.

"

eating taste,

found a great quantity of ripe Grewia seeds, and, on

I

many

of them,

therefore gathered as

an hour best

struck

it

me

imparted to water, would

if

;

many

that their slightly acidulous

make

as I could,

a very good drink

and boiled them

was

the beverage which they produced

we had

tasted

my

on our expedition, and

;

I

about

at all events the

companions were

and boiling the seeds."

in gathering

busy the whole afternoon

for

(Leichhardt, Overland Expedition to Port Essington, p. 295.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 105.

Haemodorum spicatum, R.Br.,

H.

(Syn.

other species, N.O., Amaryllide^E, B.Fl.,

The bulbs

and

edule, Endl.),

vi.,

420.

are eaten by the aboriginals.

Western Australia.

106.

Hakea leUCOptera, R.Br., (Syn. H. Uucocephala, Dietr. H. virgata, R.Br. H. tephrosperma, R.Br. H. lojtgictispis, R.Br. H. stricta, F.v.M.), N.O., Proteace^e, B.Fl., v., 515. ;

;

;

;

"

Good in

the arid

obtaining

Needle-bush," " Pin-bush."

drinking water

it

districts is

in

employed

is

got from the fleshy roots of this bush

which

it

grows.

as described at

The same method

page

of

i.

" In an experiment on a water-yielding Hakea, the

first

root,

about half-an-inch in diameter and six or eight feet long, yielded quickly, excellent

and

in

water."

large

drops,

about a wine-glassful

(Lockhart Morton,

Proc.

R.S.

of

really

Vic,

i860,

P- 132-)

All the colonies, except

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

HUMAN FOODS. Haksa

107

lorea,

GrevUha

R.Br., (Syn.

Proteaceie, B.Fl.,

v.,

35 R.Br.), N.O.,

lorea,

496. " Cork-tree."

The

Proleacece

seem

be the most abundant yielders of

to

honey amongst Australian

The

plants.

the present

flowers of

species are very rich in a brown, thick, honey-like liquid, which

sometimes

so abundant as to flow along

is

Wlien pressing some flowers

for

between the papers.

liquid actually to run out

found the

and envelop the

twigs.

herbarium specimens, Mr. Bauerlen See also

Banksia.

From New South Wales 108. Heleocharis

Northern Australia.

to

C'yperaceae, B.FL,

R.Br.,

sphacelata,

(Eleocharis)

planfaginea, F.v.M.

Scirpus sphacelatus,

;

(Syn.

H.

Spreng.), N.O.,

292.

vii.,

" Kaya," of the aboriginals of Central Queensland.

" This plant has small, almost spherical tubers to

They

each plant.

—

six or twelve

without any

are eaten by the aborigines

(Thozet.)

preparation."

All the colonies, except Western Australia. 109. Hibiscus Salisb.),

(Syn.

Vent..

heterophyllus,

N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

Queensland Sorrel," and " Green Kurrajong."

"

H. gramUflorus,

212. It is

" the " Batham

" Dtharang-gange "

of the aboriginals of Central Queensland.

is

a

New

South Wales aboriginal name.

The young

shoots,

and

leaves

aborigines without any preparation.

New 1

10.

Hil.),

Forster

sa3's

the

fruit fails in the

late

Linn.,

N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL,

" Cotton-tree."

The

M. Thozet

"

by the

(Thozet.)

bark

is

Paritiuni

(Syn.

iiUaceuin,

St.

L, 218.

Talwalpin"

is

sucked

an aboriginal name. in

South Sea Islands.

times of scarcity It

abounds

in

when

mucilage.

says the aborigines of Central Queensland

prize the root of this tree very scarcity, eat the tops,

New

eaten

South Wales and Queensland.

Hibiscus tiliaceUS,

bread

are

roots

which

much

for food, and, in times of

taste like sorrel.

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

36 111.

Fries,

Hirneola auricula— Jndse,

y

tides,

This species

European

N.O

Fries), is

species,

(Syn.

Exidia auricula-

Fungi, F.v.M. Fragm.,

,

China

largely used in

growing

as food.

on the

chiefly

xi.

(Suppl.), 90.

It is

a

common

elder, but also

on the

elm.

Tasmania, and

Victoria,

112. Hirneola

New

South Wales. N.O.,

Fries,

polytricha,

Fungi,

Fragm.,

xi..

(Suppl.), 90.

"This east coast. article of

soup." v.,

is

the

It is

common form in Port Jackson and along the New Zealand, where it became an

also found in

export for the Chinese market.

(Tenison-Woods and

It is

Bailey, Proc.

used to thicken

Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

77-)

South Australia,

Hovea

113-

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

H.

longipes, Benth., (Syn.

Leguminosse, B.FL,

ii.,

leiocarpa, Benth.), N.O.,

174.

Mr. P. A. O'Shanesy says that the young pods of

114-

South Wales and Queensland.

Ipomoea

spp., N.O., Convolvulaceae. " Native

The

shrub

Queensland aborigines.

are eaten by the

New

this

tubers

of

these

Yams."

plants

are

sometimes eaten by

the

aboriginals.'

Lagenaria vulgaris,

115.

N.O., Cucurbitaceae, B.Fl.,

^SVr.,

iii.,

316.

The after

while

this plant is purgative,

fruit of

and even poisonous, but

due preparation the aboriginals have been known

some

the

of

cultivated

varieties

seem

to

to eat

it,

be eaten with

impunity in various parts of the world.

At the Health Exhibition of 1884, held fruit

from Japan was exhibited.

The

in

London, the dried

following particulars are

taken from the catalogue of the Japanese exhibits. of

manufacturing

the extremities

;

it

is

the following

:

— The

first

The method

step

then the seeds and pulp are taken out.

is

to cut ofT

The

fruit

—

HUMAN FOODS. is

then cut to a certain length, and

is

dried by hanging

preserved tor a long

It will

thus be

vessels

and closed

tightly.

period,

The method

:

Albumen

.... .... .... .... ....

8322

Extract by Petroleum ether

Glucose Dextrin

i'S44

20080 15410

Non-nitrogenous substances

and starch traces Cellulose

Ash Water

.

.

i8'688 io'686

4"920

20'390

100040

Queensland.

if

Carbon

etc.

it

on

kept in

of cooking

with water, soy, sugar, mirin (sweet wine), analysis

37

is

sticks.

proper

by boiling

Following

is

an

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

38 118.

Leptomeria acida, R.Br. pungens, F.v.M.)

drupaceum,

;

L. aphylla,

R.Br.,

R.Br.

L. Billardieri,

;

N.O., Santalaceoe, B.Fl.,

Labill.),

(Syn.

Z.

Thesimn

(Syn.

222.

vi.,

" Native Currants."

The They are

edible, having a pleasant sub-acid

berries are

useful to

used for making

quench

the thirst

when

The

and preserve.

jelly

flavour.

and are

in the bush,

Leptomeria

fruits of

acida have been examined chemically by Mr. (now Dr.) Rennie.

Vide Proc. Roy. Sac. (N.S.W.),

Tasmania,

New

South Wales, and Queensland (L. acida)

New

South Australia, Victoria, and

New

Tasmania,

119.

p, 119, et seq.

;

rosuin, Sieb.

;

;

L. persiciflorum, Reichb.

utilised

making

said that this

by the crews ''

tea,"

of

and

is

iii.,

;

;

Schau.;

L. baccaiuvi,

L. divaricaium, Schau.),

105.

Tea Tree." the shrub the leaves of

which were

Captain Cook's ships for the purpose of

were also used with spruce leaves

that they

in equal quantity for the purpose of correcting the in

;

L. squar-

;

slj'p/ielioides,

L. oxycedrus, Schau.

" is

L. jumper itnivi, Smith

L. jiiniperifolium, Cav.

;

N.O., Myrtaeese, B.Fl.,

It

;

L. rtibricaule, lAnk; L.

L. aciculare, Schau. ;

;

(Syn. L. floribundum,

Forsi.,

L. reciirvifolium, Salisb.

L. midtifloriim, Cav.

Schau.

;

South Wales, and Victoria (L. Billardieri).

LeptOSpermum SCOparium, Salisb.

South Wales (L. aphylla)

brewing a beer from the

latter.

It

is

astringency

exceedingly

common

about Sydney, so large quantities would therefore be available to the sailors.

Species

of

genus are exceedingly abundant

this

not far from the coast, and the leaves would available, but the taste

of the infusion

be very readily

made from them

is

too

aromatic for the European palate. All the colonies except Western Australia.

120.

LeUCOpOgon Eichei, R.Br., (Syn. L. parviflorus, Lindl.; Styphelia Z. polystachyus, Lodd. L. lanceolatus, Sieb. ;

Richei, Labill.

;

5".

parviJJora, Andr.

;

;

S. g7iidiuvi, Vent.),

HUMAN FOODS. N.O., EpacrideLG, B.FL,

i%(),

iv.,

39

Siyphelia Ricliei, in Muell.

Cens., p. 105. " Carrot-wood."

The

and barely edible

insignificant

said to have saved the lost in the

life

of the

berries of this shrub are

French botanist Riche, who was

bush on the South Australian coast

for three days, at

the close of the last century. All the colonies. 121.

Linum marginale, ^ N.O., Lineaj, B.Fl.,

Z. augus///oi/'um, DC.),

Ctimi., (Syn.

•

283.

i.,

" Native Flax."

"The

mucilaginous (Mueller.)

aborigines."

ordinary

be obtained in

of the

many

Throughout the 122. Lissanthe

of

They

are

but possess

linseed,

Towards the end

seeds

plant are eaten by the

less

than

half

the properties

all

summer

this

of

the

size of

the

latter.

large quantities of the seed

may

places. colonies.

montana, J^.Br., N.O., Epacrideae, B.FL,

iv.,

176.

United with Z. Hookeri, Sond., under the name of Styphelia

montana, F.v.M.,

The

in Muell. Cens., p. 106.

while, transparent fleshy fruits of this species are edible.

Tasmania, Victoria, and 123.

New

Lissanthe Sapida, ^-^z-. Epacridese,

B.Fl.,

iv.,

South Wales.

Styphelia sapida, F.V.M.

;

Styphelia sapida

175.

in

N.O.,

;

Muell.

Cens., p, 105. " Native Cranberry."

The

fruit

Europe both likened

is

edible.

in size

It

is

something

and colour, but

its

like

flesh

is

and has been

{^Treasury of Botany') to that of the Siberian Crab.

New

South Wales.

124. Lissanthe StrigOSa, R.Br., (Syn. Z.

intermedia, A.

Epacrideae,

Cunn.

B.FL,

iv.,

;

subulata, R. Br.; Z.,

Styphelia strigosa. Smith), 175.

Styphelia

Cens., p. 105.

The

the Cranberry of thin,

berries are edible.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

strigosa

in

N.O., Muell.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

40 125. Livistona

Corypha

in Cens.,

Muell.

Mart.,

aUStralis,

120,

p.

aiistralis. " Cabbage Tree."

The

"

Kondo

B.Fl.,

vii.,

147.

from Z.

inermis

L.

separates

Wendl.

inermis,

" of the aboriginals.

aboriginals are very fond of the growing centre or heart

of this tree,

which they

eat in a

Mueller says that the value of

them

L.

(Syn.

R.Br.), N.O., Palmae,

australis,

raw or cooked this esculent

But Baron

slate.

was not known

to

in their uncivilized state.

companions suffered by eating too much of

my

" Several of

the Cabbage-palm "

Essington.)

At

eat well, either

(Leichhardt,

Overland Expedition

to

Port

41, he says, "the tops of the Corypha palm

p.

baked

though very indi-

in hot ashes or raw, and,

injurious to health

gestible, did not prove

when eaten

small

in

quantities."

Victoria to Queensland.

Maba

126.

This

laurina, I^.Br., N.O., Ebenaceae, B.Fl., tree

bears

green,

palm-like

iv.,

which

fruit,

289. is

edible.

(Kennedy.)

Queensland.

Macadamia

127.

ternifolia,

F.v.M.,

F.V.M.), N.O., Proteacea\ L.Fl., "

Helida temi/olia,

(Syn.

v.,

406.

Kindal-kindal " of the aboriginals.

Queensland Nut."

This, tree bears an edible nut of excellent flavour, relished

As

both by aborigines and Europeans. article of fell

it

forms a nutritious

food to the former, timber-getters are not permitted to

these trees.

It is

well worth extensive cultivation, for the nuts

are always eagerly bought.

Northern 128.

New

Macrozamia phalartos

"The

in

South Wales and Queensland. Spp.,

N.O., Cycadeas, B.Fl.,

Muell. Cens., p.

kernels of the nut, after

baked, are eaten by the natives.

occupants of the starch,

soil

seemed never

vi.,

250.

Ence-

no. being pounded, macerated and Curiously enough, the original to

have

which can be readily washed out

made use of

of the

the copious

comminuted stems

HUMAN FOODS. of

any Cycadaceous

All these plants are pervaded by a

plants.

virulent poison-principle,

which becomes

In

the colonies except

all

Tasmania and

MacrOZamia Miquelii, F.v.M., E.

F.V.M.; vi.,

"

inert

expelled by

or

(Mueller.)

heat."

129.

41

(Syn. Encephalartos Miquelii,

Lehm.),

fridentatus,

Victoria.

Cycadese,

N.O.,

B.FL,

253. " Bangja " of Central Queensland aboriginals.

Dwarf Zamia."

Found

generally in the

large cone

fruit

when

and separating

ripe,

under ashes

;

same

locality as

not unlike a pine-apple. freely, are

the outside covers

baked

Cycas media, with a

The

seeds, orange-red

for

about half-an-hour

and stones are then broken, and

the kernels, divided by a stroke of the Kondola, are put into a

dilly-bag and carried to a stream or pond, where they remain six

or eight days before they are

fit

(Thozet.j

for eating.

Queensland.

MacrOZamia

130.

spiralis,

Miq., (Syn.

Zamia

spiralis,. R.Br.;

Encephalartos spiralis, Lehm.), N.O., Cycadaceae, B.Fl.,

Encephalartos spiralis

251. "

Burrawang Nut," so

extent now, very

The

common

New

called because they used to be, and are to

is

B.FL,

vii.,

M.

salidna, Smith), N.O.,

695.

aboriginals used to feed on the pith of this tree-fern,

contains

The

(Foster.) is

arrowroot of

South Wales and Queensland.

Filices,

The

An

obtained from them.

131- Marattia fraxinea, Smith, (Syn.

which

some

about Burrawang, N.S.W.

nuts are relished by the aboriginals.

very good quality

vi.

no.

in Muell. Cens., p.

a

certain

amount

roots were used

of

starch

similar

for a similar purpose.

to

sago.

This plant

not endemic in Australia.

New 132.

South Wales and Queensland.

Marlea Vitisnsis, Bentham, (Syn. Rhrtidatidra vitiensis, A. Pseiidalangium polyosGray R. polvosmoides, F.v.M. ;

;

moides, F.v.M.),

dandra

N.O.,

Cornaceae,

B.FL,

vitiensis in Muell. Cens., p. 74.

"

Musk

Tree."

iii.,

386.

Rhyti-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

42

The

fruit

endemic

New

plant

not

is

South Wales and Queensland.

Marsdenia

133.

This

O'Shanesy.)

(P.

edible.

is

in Australia.

F.v.M.,

Leichhardtiana,

ausirah's, R..Br.). N.O., Asclepiadaceae, B.Fl.,

" Doubah

"

or

"

Doobah

"

name

(aboriginal

Lekhhardtia

(Syn.

for

iv.,

341.

pods).

It

the

is

" Carcular " of the Central Australian aboriginals.

The milky

unripe

fruits of this tree

are eaten by the abori-

In this state they are about the size of a large acorn, but

gines.

more pointed

ends.

at the

Thomas

Sir

Mitchell speaks of the

aboriginals as eating the fruits, seeds and

nounced

all,

but they were pro-

better roasted.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

134- Marsilea quadrifolia, Linti., N.O., Marsileaceai, B.FL,

vii.

683 (where see synonymy). " Clover-fern,"

summer months

In the up, and

it

the

now

in

kind of flour or meal, which they

must be exceedingly of this plant (or

Victoria will

one period reduced

:

— "I

is

and we manage

between

us.

Starvation

.

.

.

on nardoo

It is

in

this

any form.

to get

seems

a

as an

matter, and

Nevertheless, the fruits

— see Bailey's remarks

following quotation from

Brough Smyth's Aborigines of

cannot understand

me

and used

nutritive

little

make

Burke and Wills expedition

The

to.

from

taken

not agree with

alone,

into paste

perhaps Sesbania aculeata diet the

used

districts) the natives

difficult to digest.

under that head) were the

Journal

made

Nardoo contains but

article of food.

Wills'

remote

grind them between two stones, so as to

to collect these,

at

dry

this plant

withers completely away, but the spore cases remain.

In former years (and even

were

" Nardoo."

swamps containing

nardoo

at all;

We

now reduced

are

it

to

to give us

no nutriment.

.

by no means very unpleasant, but

the weakness one feels and the utter

inability to

to

it

pounds a day

from four

five

certainly

move

.

.

for

oneself,

—

HUMAN FOODS. as

for,

as appetite

far

concerned,

43

me

the

greatest

due the credit of having pointed

out, first

is

gives

it

satisfaction."

"To of all,

Dr. Beckler

when

is

Macpherson from

releasing I^yons and

position, that the Marsilea fruit

formed part

of the

their perilous

food of some of

the aboriginal inland tribes, the use of the plant having providen-

been communicated

tially

this

For

full

his

companion by the

not aware of the economic

utility of

(Mueller, Trans. R.S. Victoria, 1862.)

kind of fern."

plant, loc.

Lyons and

to

we were

Previously

natives.

notes and physiological observations on the

Nardoo

cit.

In Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, i., 383, will be found a drawing of these stones, such as are used by the natives of the Darling.

"

The

The

following description

slab, generally of sandstone,

inches

in length, fourteen

is

breadth,

in

is

given

:

about twenty-two-inches*

and about one inch

The handstones (Wal/ong) are round, or and vary in size. One is four inches and a-half

of

thickness.

form,

and one inch and three-quarters inches in

"

more

The Wallong have

easily held

six

is

and three

hollows cut in them, so

by the hand.

Mr. Howitt says that the stones here figured are like those

usually seen at Cooper's

Creek.

In the

flat

there

stone

depression which leads out to the edge by a channel. grass, or portulaca-seed,

a

little

water

is

hand form a kind

of porridge,

ashes, or eaten as

it

The term used

finger as a spoon.

a

left

the right

in

which runs out by the channel into

a wooden bowl {Peechee), or a piece of bark. in the

is

In grinding

sprinkled in by the

hand, and the seeds being ground with the stone

baked

in breadth,

and another

four inches and a-half in breadth,

length,

inches in thickness. as to be

in thickness;

in

an oval

is,

It

may

then be

by using the crooked

for grinding seeds

is

fore-

Bowar-

dakoneh. * In the Technological f'reek,

one hundred miles

N.S.W.

The material

is

Museum N.W. of

is

a very

tine pair of

stones from the Korningbirry

Wilcannia, and eighty miles south of Milparinka,

of tine-grained sandstone, inclining to quartzite.

The dimensions

of the bed-stone are 23 x 14 (widest part) x | to 2 inches, while those of the hand-stone are The handstone has no hollow cut in it, but it is well-worn, and it is,, of 5? X 4 X \\ inches. course, impossible to say

what

its

original thickness was.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS

44 "

Nardoo seeds

a time with the

pounded by

are

The

hand.

left

'

the above, placing a few in at

tap-tap

heard in the camp far into the night

of the process

"

may be

at times."

All the colonies, except Tasmania.

Melodorum Leichhardtii, Ben/k.,{Syn. Unona Leichhardta,

335.

F.v.M.), N.O., Anonacese, B.Fl., "

Merangara

52.

i.

" of the aboriginals.

" This tree has an oblong or almost round fruit, with one or

two seeds.

eaten by the aborigines without any preparation."

It is

(Thozet.)

New

Northern

South Wales and Queensland.

Mesembryanthenrnm sequilaterale, Haw., (Syn. J/, giaucesHaw. M. Rossi, Haw. Af. nigrescens. Haw. M.

136-

cens,

;

;

;

prcBcox, Haw.), N.O., Ficoidea?, B.Fl., " Pig Faces." ""

" Karkalla," of the Port

Katwort," of the East Gippsland aborigines River (New South

Lachlan

Tasmanian

The

Wales).

iii

,

324.

Lincoln (S.A.) aboriginals ;

was the " Canajong,"

It

;

" Berudur," of those of the of

the

aboriginal.

fleshy fruit

is

eaten raw by the aborigines.

Wilhelmi, in Proc. R.S.

are eaten baked.

Vict.,

The

leaves

i860, gives an

interesting account of the preparation of this substance for food

by the Port Lincoln natives (S.A.) faces)

between

January

to the

•easy life

;

grows

they drop

their fingers,

During the

mouth.

their

'

Karkalla

in all

parts of the country,

into

and most abundantly on the generally gather only as

much

women

large

want

moment, but

for

the

quantities for eating after supper.

only the

the luscious juice

season, which lasts from

end of summer, the natives lead a comparatively

The men

they

'

they are free from any anxiety of hunger, as the plant

.sandy hills near the sea. .as

" Pressing the fruit (pigs'

:

fruit of this plant,

collect

Port Lincoln blacks eat

but those living between the Grampians

and the Victorian ranges, as a

substitute for salt with their meat,

eat also the leaves of this saline plant." All the colonies.

the

The

HUMAN FOODS. 137- MicrOSeris Forst.

S.

;

Hook..

Forsteri,

(Syn.

45 Scorzonera

(Monermios) Larvrencii, Hook.

f.

scapigera,

Phyllopappus

;

lanceolatus, Walp.), N.O., Compositae, B.FL, iii., 676. "Murr-nong," or " Mirr n' yong," of the aboriginals of New South

Wales and

Victoria.

The They are

tubers were largely used

as food

by the

aboriginals.

sweet and milky, and in flavour resemble the cocoanut.

All the colonies.

Mimusops Browniana, Benth., {^yn. M. Kauki, R.Br.; M. Kaiiki, var. Browniana, A. DC.), N.O., Sapotaceae, B.FI., iv.,.

138.

285.

The

fruit is edible.

Queensland. parvifolia, R.Br., N.O., Sapotaceae B.FL,

Mimusops

139.

This cream.

yields a thick milky sap, which

tree

tastes

284.

iv.,

like

fresh

(Hill.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Morinda

140.

Miq.

undulatus, Miq.

.S'.

;

Leichhardtii,

Roxb.

F.v.INI.

;

Sarcocephalus cordatus,

Leichhardlii, F.v.M,

coadunata, Smith

Tree,"

"

Canary

Wood,"

Ooipanje," of the aboriginals of the Mitchell River

those on the Cloncurry

Toka

;

Nauclea

N. undulata^

;

iii.,

402

Muell. Cens., 74 and 75.

" Leichhardt's

"

.S'.

;

N'.

;

(Syn.

N. cordata, Roxb.,) N.O. Rubiacese, B.FL,

;

and 423 '•

Linn.,

Citrifolia,

" of those of

River

;

" Indian ;

and

"

Mulberry."

Coobiaby," of

It is the in Northern Australia. and " Taberol " of those of Cleveland

both

Rockhampton

;

Bay.

"

It

has a bitter-flavoured,

granulated

fruit,

of

which the

(Thozet.)

natives are very fond."

Queensland and Northern Australia. 141-

Mucuna "

The

(Woolls.)

DC,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

ii.,

254.

seeds are eaten by the blacks after due preparation."

This plant

Northern Australia.

gigantea,

New

is

not endemic in x\ustralia.

South

Wales, Queensland,

and

Northern'

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

46

Muhlenbackia adpressa, Mdssn., var. hastifolia, (Syn. Gunnii, Hook, f. Polygonum adpressum, Hook, i.),

142.

M.

;

N.O., Polygonaceae, " Native Ivy."

The still

"

B

274.

Fl., v.,

Macquarie Harbour Vine or Grape,"

currant-like fruits are sub-acid,

Tasmania.

and were, and perhaps

and preserves

for tarts, puddings,

are used

of

:

the leaves taste

like sorrel.

All the colonies except Queensland.

143- Mylitta

Berk.,

aUStralis,

F.V.M.), N.O., Fungi.

(Syn.

Notihydnuin

Muell. Fragm.,

xi.,

ausirale,

101.

" Truffles," or " Native Bread."

This insipid underground fungus accident. to crack,

When

growing rapidly

it

is

generally met with by

sometimes causes the ground

and may thus be discovered by a careful observer, as

probably was by the aborigines,

who used

be boiled, though cooking changes said to taste like boiled rice.

It

is,

its

it

as food.

character but

It

it

should It is

little.

however, perfectly insipid.

" but a ago."'

The largest I have seen is about the size of a child's head, much larger one was dug up at Melbourne some months (WooUs, 1859.)

" It has a black skin

which drops

ing a veined white mass, which at

off in little

first

is soft,

fragments, enclos-

and has a peculiar

when dry becomes extremely hard and horny.'' Mr. Brough Smyth likens its appearance to unbaked brown bread. Backhouse states that the natives always informed him that they obtained it from the neighbourhood of acid

smell, but

{Treasury of Botany').

a rotten tree.

An interesting

note on a specimen from Tasmania, by Mr.

Wm.

Southall, F.L.S., will be found in Pharni. Journ. [3], xv., 210,

and a drawing Victoria,

of a section of a

New

M4- Myoporum Pogonia

young plant

is

also given.

South Wales and Tasmania. debile,

debilis,

Andr.

R.Br., ;

(Syn,

M.

diffusum,

Aftdreusia debilis,YQnX.

calycina, A. Gray), N.O., Myoporinea?, B.Fl., " Amulla," of the aborigines.

;

v., 8,

R.Br.;

Capraria

HUMAN FOODS. The

which

fruit,

is

New 145-

an inch in diameter,

a quarter of

slightly bitter to the taste.

It is

47 is

eaten by the aboriginals.

South Wales and Queensland.

Myoponim serratum, R.Br., (Syn. M. imnlare, M. tasmanicum, A. DC), N.O., Myoporinece, B.Fl., M. insulare in Muell. Cens., p. 104.

R.Br.; v.,

6,

" Blue-berry " tree, " Native Currant " tree, " Native Myrtle," " Native

Juniper," " Cockatoo Bush."

"

Palberry " of the aborigines of the Coorong

(South Australia.)

The

berries are edible,

bitter flavour.

They

are

though somewhat of a

much

by

relished

and

saltish

birds.

All the colonies except Queensland. 146.

Myoponim platycarpum,

Disoon platy carpus,

^•^/'•, (Syn.

F.V.M.), N.O., Myoporinae, B.Fl.,

v., 7.

" Sandalwood," " Dogwood."

The

saccharine exudation or

manna from

dirty-white colour with a pinkish tinge,

and eaten by the aborigines.

It

is

and

is

this tree

is

of a

eagerly sought after

exceedingly sweet, and very

pleasant to the taste. All the colonies except 147-

Tasmania and Queensland.

Myrtus acmenioides, F.v.M. " White Myrtle," of the Richmond and Clarence.

Myrtus fragrantissimi,

" Ligniimvitse."

F.7).M.,l
iii.,

276-7.

The

leaves of these two species are used for flavouring tea

in Queensland.

New 148.

(O'Shanesy.J

South Wales and Queensland.

Nasturtium palustre,

^C,

(Syn. iV. terrestre, R.Br.;

semipitmatifidum, Hook.), N.O., Cruciferae, B.Fl.,

i.,

N.

65.

Called " Native Cabbage " on the banks of the River Nepean (New

South Wales).

This

and other species

luxuriant and flaccid.

afford

(Hooker.)

excellent pot-herbs

This plant

Australia.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

is

when

not endemic in

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

48

Nelumbium speciosum, WHld.,

149-

Nympheaceaj,

N.O.,

Muell. Cens.,

B.Fl.,

i.,

N. nucifera,

62.

Nelumbo

Gsertn.),

nuct/era,

"

Aquaie," of the aboriginals.

This plant was worshipped by the ancient Egyptians.

no longer

many

found on the Nile, but in

is

in

i.

p.

" Sacred Lotus," " Pink Water-lily." "

{Syn.

India, China, and Japan,

is

it

and North Australia the

still

parts of

Asia,

It

and

in

In China, India,

held sacred.

and seeds are used as food,

root, stock

while medicinal properties are assigned to the viscid juice of the

The

(Treasury of Botany.)

leaf-stalks."

seeds are eaten raw,

(Hooker.)

or roasted as coffee.

Queensland and Northern Australia. Schoberi, f^'nn.,

150. Nitraria

ZvgophvUum

;

.Miq.), N.O., ZygophyllEe, B.Fl., "

Karambi,"

produces

It

i.,

an

the size of

When

the weather

South Australia.

olive, of is

stripped

it

p. 143.

This plant

of

its

berries. is

(Wilhelrni.)

not endemic

Nymphoeacese,

B.Fl.,

stellata are separated into

"Blue

Water-lily."

(Queensland);

"

Proc. R.S.

lie

at

they have

until

Vic, i860,

in Australia.

Hook.,

Nymphsea gigantea, N.O.,

it

Tasmania and Queensland.

All the colonies, except 151.

a red colour, and

hot the natives

length under a bush, and do not leave

full

N.

australasicum,

291.

of Port Lincoln natives,

fruit of

agreeable flavour.

DC;

N. BUlardieri,

(Syn.

Jaub., and Spach.

Olivieri,

i.,

61.

N.

stellata

those of

F.v.M.),

N. gigantea and N.

two species, Muell. Cens.,

Yako Kalor "

" Kaooroo," of

(Syn.

p.

i.

Rockhampton aborigines " Arnurna" of Cleveland B,iy of the

;

those of the Mitchell River.

The

roots

and

fruit are

be eaten when young.

New

eaten.

The

flower-stalks, too,

may

(Thozet.).

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

Ccinrnm sanctum, Linn., (Syn. O. anisodorum, F.v.M.; O. caryophvlUnum, F.v.M.), N.O., Labiatce, B.FL, v., 74.

152.

"Mooda," land)

;

of the

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (North Queens-

" Bulla-bulla " of those of the Mitchell River.

HUMAN FOODS. The odour

49

the variety occurring in North Australia

of

is

similar to anise, while that of the East Australian variety resembles

A

cloves.

pot herb.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Oryza Sativa, Linn., N.O., Gramineae,

^53-

" Kineyah," of

" Rice."

the aboriginals

B.Fl.,

550.

vii.,

the Cloncurry

of

River

(North Queensland).

Baron Mueller found Australia.

It

is

this plant

so well-known that

to it

be truly indigenous in

need not be dwelt upon

here.

Northern Australia and Queensland.

acidula, F.v.M., N.O., Meliaceae, B.Fl.,

Owenia

154-

"Sour Plum," Apple

"

is

" Native

a Western

Peach or Nectarine," "

New

South Wales name.

" Rancooran," " Warrongan,"

The

sub-acid fruit of this tree relieves

New

155-

Aboriginal names are

thirst.

It is

eaten both

of the size of a small nectarine.

is

South Wales, and Queensland.

Cerasifera, F.v.M., N.O., Meliaceae, B.FL,

Owenia

385.

Apple." " Mooley

and " Gruie-Colaine."

by colonists and aboriginals, and South Australia,

Emu

i.,

i.,

386.

" Queensland Plum," " Sweet Plum," " Rose Apple," " Rancooran."

This plant bears a

When Woods two

fresh gathered

fine juicy

red

fruit

with a large stone.

very acid, but the Rev. J. E, Tenisonstates that on keeping, or better still, burying for a day or

in sand,

it is

it

is

both palatable and refreshing.

Queensland.

156.

Owenia venosa, F.v.M., N.O.,

"Sour Plum," "Tulip Wood," Southern Queensland

A

beverage

is

;

"

Pyddharr,"

is

Mouliibie,"

an agreeable beverage.

(Hill.)

is

of

i.,

386.

the aborigines

of

another aboriginal name.

produced by boiling the

going through certain processes,

Queensland.

''

Meliaceae, B.Fl.,

fruit,

which, after

denominated wine, and forms

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

50 157- Oxalis

Linn.,

COrniculata,

Haw.

O. perenttans,

O.

;

(Syn.

Steud.), N.O., Geraniaceae, B.Fl., "

The

i.,

;

;

cognata,

0.

301.

Clover Sorrel," or " Sour Grass."

acidulous

leaves

of

plant

this

are

by the

eaten

(Mueller.)

natives.

Throughout the

colonies.

PandanUS odoratissimUS, Linn./.,

158-

microphylla, Poir.

O.

Preisstana, Steud.

N.O., Pandaneae, B.Fl.,

{Syn. P. spiralis, R.Bt.),

148.

vii.,

" Screw Pine."

"The

natives at this season

on the seeds

principally

much

(September 16) seemed

to live

of this plant, but they evidently

require

At the

preparation to destroy their deleterious properties.

camp

deserted

of the natives

which

saw

visited yesterday, I

T

half

a cone of the Pandanus covered up in hot ashes, large vessels (kooliynans) filled with water in

which roasted seed-vessels were

soaking, seed-vessels which had been soaked were roasting on the

and large quantities

coals,

when

of

This seems

of their seeds.

ripe for use

it

is

first

them broken on stones and deprived to

show

baked

that in preparing the fruit

in hot ashes, then

soaked in

water to obtain the sweet substance contained between

which

after

when

it

"

put on the coals and roasted to render

broken

is

Journey

it is

to

The

Port

to obtain the kernels."

(Leichhardt,

its

fibres,

it

brittle,

Overland

Essi7igto7i.')

lower, yellow, pulpy

part

of

the drupes,

and

also the

base of the leaves, are eaten raw or boiled during

tender white

{Cyclop, of India.)

times of scarcity in India."

Northern Australia. 159-

Pandanns vii.,

pedunculatus,

R.Br.,

N.O., Pandaneae, B.FL,

149.

"Screw

Pine,"

"Bread

Fruit."

The

"Wynnum,"

of

Queensland

aboriginals.

The

kernels of the fruit are eagerly eaten by the aborigines,

as are also the mucilaginous

New

young

parts of the leaves, etc.

South Wales and Queensland.

HUMAN FOODS. Panicum deCOmpOSitum, R.Br.,

160.

51

(Syn. P. Icsvinode, Lindl.

P. proUferum, F.v.M.; P. amabile, Balansa), B.Fl.,

vii.,

N.O

,

;

Gramineae,

489.

"Native Millet," "Umbrella Grass."

New South Wales

" Cooly " by Western

The

seed used to be called

aboriginals,

and " Tindil

"

by the

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (North Queensland).

The

pounded

grains

yield excellent food, although the grains

This plant

are rather small.

All the colonies except

is

not endemic in Australia.

Tasmania.

Parinarmm Nonda, F.v.M., N.O.,

161.

"

The

The

Rosaceoe, B.Fl.,

ii.,

426.

" of N.E. Australia.

Nonda Tree

When

aborigines use the esculent drupes as food.

ripe

they taste somewhat like a mealy potato, with, however, a trace of

common

that astringency so

Overland yourney and

to

Australian

fruits.

and appearance a yellow egg-plum.

in size

its fruit,

and

to

They resemble

Leichhardt, in his

Port Essifigton,Y>- 315, describes the tree found the fruit in the dilly-

also states that he

bags of the natives, and also abundantly in the stomachs of emus.

Queensland and Northern

Australia.

PersOOnia spp., N.O., Proteaceae.

162.

"

These

They

fruits are

are largely

Geebung."

mucilaginous, insipid, and slightly astringent.

consumed by aboriginals, and

also to

some

extent

by small boys.

163. PhaseolnS

MungO,

LeguminosEe, B.FL, "

land

Komin,"

Bay

Rockhampton

(Thozet.)

commonly

Africa,

Max,

aboriginals

;

Linn.), N.O.,

" Kadolo/' of the Cleve-

roots of this pulse-plant are edible,

after baking. is

(Syn. P.

257.

aboriginals.

The It

of the

Linti., ii.,

where

it

Doubtless the blacks eat the seeds as well.

cultivated for is

a

and can be eaten

common

its

seeds in India

article of food.

cultivated varieties.

Queensland and Northern

Australia.

and

parts of

There are numerous

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

52 164. Physalis

minima, Lmn., (Syn. P. parviflora,

Solaneae, B.Fl.,

" Neen-gwan,"

of

iv.,

R.Br.), N.O.,

466. aboriginals

the

of

Cloncurry River

the

(North

Queensland).

The

New

The

berries are eatable.

Another species

tralia.

not endemic in Aus-

is

Cape Gooseberry."

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

165. Picris hieracioideS, Linn.,

P. angustifolia, DC.

P. barbarorum, Lindl.

678.

(Not in Muell. Cens.)

Thomas :

—

of the natives,

Mitchell

''

(

T^y^r^^

Expeditions,

bags containing the stalks of

hastily

fire-places

escaped on our

a tree they had

approach, for in the branches of

iii.

149) thus speaks

ii.,

Near our camp we found some recent

from which they must have

;

P. asperrima,

;

P. hamulosa, Wall.), N.O., Compositse, B.Fl.,

;

of this plant

(Syn.

P, attetiuata, A. Cunn.

;

Lindl.

Sir

plant

the well-known "

is

left

their net

a vegetable that had apparently

undergone some culinary process, which gave them the appearance of having

been half-boiled.

"Vegetables are thus cooked, or plant between softened. potato,

The

stalks

I

am

told,

by placing the root

hot embers, until

layers of

found

in

it

is

heated and

the bag resembled those of the

and they could only be chewed, such food being neither

nutritious nor palatable, for

This plant

is

it

tasted only of smoke."

not endemic in Australia.

All the colonies.

1

66

PipturUS argenteUS,

Wedd., (Syn. P.

propinquus.^QM.;

Urtica giganiea, Forst.), N.O., Urticeae, B.FL,

propinquus

vi..

185.

"Native Mulberry."

"

Kongangn," and " Coomeroo-coomeroo "

Queensland aboriginals.

The

white berries are eaten by the aboriginals.

This plant

New

P.

in Muell. Cens., p. 22.

is

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

(Thozet.)

of

HUMAN FOODS. DC,

167. Pittosporum phillyrseoides,

Lodd.

and

;

53 P. angiaH/oUum,

(Syn.

N.O., Pittosporeag, B.Fl.,

others),

Called variously " Butter-bush," " Native Willow,"

i.,

and

H2. " Poison-berry

Tree."

The

seeds are very bitter to the

the interior were in the habit of

168.

into flour for use

(Tepper.j

as food.

In

aborigines in

taste, yet the

pounding them

all

the colonies except Tasmania.

Podocarpus SpinuloSUS, R.Br., (Syn.P. aspleni/oUa, Labill. Nageia spinulosa, F.v.M.), N.O., Coni;

P. ptingens, Caley ferae, B.Fl., vi.,

;

N. spinulosa

247.

in Muell. Cens., p. 109.

" Native Plum/' or " Native Damson.

This shrub possesses edible

hence

its

The

vernacular names.

mixed with jam

fruit,

something

plum,

like a

Rev. Dr. Woolls

me

tells

that,

the Native Currant (Leptomeria acida),

of

it

makes a very good pudding.

New

South Wales.

169. Portulaca

napiformis, F.v.M., N.O., Poitulaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

169.

The

tubers of this plant are used by the natives for food.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 170. Portulaca Oloracea, Linn., N.O., Portulaceae, B.FL,

"Pigweed,"

or

"Purslane,"

of

"

England;

169.

i.,

Thukouro,"

of

the

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River.

The

seeds of

plant are largely used for food by the

this

One would suppose

natives of the interior.

would scarcely repay the labour of

that so small a seed

collecting,

but the natives

obtain large quantities by pulling up the plants, throwing

them

in

heaps, which after a few days they turn over, and an abundant

supply of seed gathered up nutritious,

;

is

found

the food

have fallen

prepared from

for during the season that

splendid condition on

it.

very fine gunpowder.

The

{i.e.,

to

The

out,

this it

and can be

easily

seed must be highly

lasts

the

natives get in

seeds are jet black and look like

natives

grind them in the usual mill

a large flat-stone or bed-stone on which the seed

is

put,

and a

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

54

smaller one to be held in the hand for grinding), and of the flour they

make

a coarse paste.

We

"

See Marsilea.

had almost daily occasion

to praise

the value of the

Purslane, which not only occurred in every part of the country the neighbourhood of

explored, but also principally in

We

often in the greatest abundance. localities

found

so agreeably acidulous as to use

preparation, and

I

it

in

rivers,

sandy and grassy

for food without

it

any

have reason to attribute the continuance of our of this valuable plant.

The

absence of other antiscorbutic herbs in the north, and the

facility

health partly to the constant

with which

may be

it

use

gathered,

entitle

it

to

particular notice."

Baron Mueller's Botanical Report of the North Australian Expedition (quoted by Dr. Woolls). All the colonies, except Tasmania. 171- Pteris aqnilina, Linn., var. esculenta, Hook.,{S>yn. P. esculenta, Forst.),

N.O., Filices, B.Fl.,

" Brake-fern " or " Bracken."

vii., 731. Formerly called " Tara " by the abori-

ginals of Tasmania.

The aboriginals use the starchy rhizomes of this plant for They are eaten both raw and roasted. By crushing and

food.

washing, the

Tasmania horseback. fern,

starch they contain can easily be obtained.

little

this fern

by Mr.

An J.

often

is

enough

tall

interesting account of the

to

economic value

R. Jackson, will be found in the

In

man on

conceal a

of this

Pharm. yourn.

[2], viii., 354.

In Japan the starch from this fern

is

withered,

:

is

— " In

manner and no young shoot is

obtained in the following

to

called " Warabi," the season

be seen,

its

when

root

and

is

the fern

collected,

is

cut up into pieces, pounded, washed, decanted, and the settled starch

is

collected

meal and made

and

dried.

into cakes, or

It is

mixed with wheat-flour or

when made

into paste

rice-

by boiling with

water mixed with the astringent juice of the Japanese date-plum

(Diospyros Kaki),

it

is

used for joining paper together

does not part though exposed to this

purpose."

hibition,

rain,

hence

it is

;

the joint

widely used for

(Catal. of Japanese Exhibits at the Health

London, 1884^.

All the colonies.

Ex-

HUMAN FOODS, Ehagodia parabolica, R.Br., N.O., Chenopodiaceae,

172-

A This bush

yields,

Thomas

panied Sir

2 ozs. of salt

according to Mr. Stephenson, who accom-

Mitchell in one of his expeditions, as

by boiling

Travellers in

the

2 lbs. of

leaves.

interior

have

and then an hour

found these

Thomas

Sir

much

as

bushes

salt

Mitchell relates that

few minutes in water

after twice boiling the leaves a salt,

B.Fl.,

" Salt-bush."

exceedingly useful as vegetables.

the

55

extract

to

formed a tender

in a third water, they

vegetable resembling spinach.

South Australia,

Rhamnus

173-

New

Dallachya

(Syn.

vitiensts,

Seem.), N.O., Rhamneae, B.Fl,,

vitiensis.

Dallachya

413.

Benlh.,

Vitiensis,

F.v.M,; Colubrina i.,

South Wales, and Queensland.

vitiensis, in

Muell. Cens., p. 60.

" Murtilam," of the aboriginals.

The

berries,

which are a quarter of an inch

in diameter, are

edible.

Queensland.

Rubus Gunnianus, Hook., N.O.,

174-

Rosaceae, B.Fl.,

This plant yields the best native Gunn.), though perhaps that

fruit

430.

ii.,

Tasmania (R, C.

in

not saying much.

is

Tasmania. 175- EllbTlS rossefolius,

eglanteria, Tratt.

;

Stnith,

O. Kze.), N.O., Rosaceae, B.Fl., " Native Raspberry."

Baron Mueller

abundance

R.

(Syn.

rosoefloriis,

R. piingens, Cambess.

says, "

"

ii

Neram

,

;

R.

431.

" of

the aboriginals.

This shrub bears

of fruits of large size,

Roxb.

R. Sikkimensis,

;

in

woody regions an

and these early and long

in the

season."

The

Australian species of Rubtis are for the most part insipid,

with a mawkish, granular taste, and with a trace of astringency.

They

are encouraging to look

at,

but extremely disappointing to

taste.

Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

56

176. SaliCOmia aUStralis, Soland., (Syn. S. indka, R,Br.), N.O.,

Chenopodiaceae, B.Fl

The young

v.,

,

205.

shoots are pickled.

All the colonies.

DC,

Gauc^chaudiana,

Sambucus

177.

and

S.

xanthocarpa,

N.O. Capri-

Tripelelus auslralasicus, Lindl.),

F.v.M.f (Syn. foliaceae, B.Fl.,

398.

iii.,

" Native Elderberry."

The and

native elders

used by the aborigines

is

A.11

diand)

these two

fruit of

;

fleshy

is

for food.

the colonies except Western Australia Victoria,

New

and sweetish,

Gaudichau-

{S.

South Wales and Queensland

xantho-

(6".

carpa.

Santalum lanceolatnm, R.Br., (Syn.

178.

N.O., Santalaceae, B.FL,

"Sandalwood"

The

the colonists.

of

.v.

oblongatum, R.Br.),

214.

vi.,

" Tharra-gibberah "

of

the

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (North Queensland).

This tree produces a small purple

Overland

(Leichhardts

taste.

of very

fruit

Joiiryiey

to

agreeable

Port Essington,

P- 95-)

All the colonies except

sericea, Forst. 6".

chlorantha,

It

beach.

made

6".

De

Lobelia,

Vr.

;

De

It

;

Taccada, Roxb. S. macrocalyx,

S. Lambertiana,

sometimes goes under the name

large,

Victoria.

^.

Vr.

N.O., Goodeniaceae, B.FL,

Labill.),

A

;

(Syn.

r
Koenigii,

179. ScseVOla

Tasmania and

iv.,

De

Vr.

;

De

;

S.

Vr,

^. viontarui,

86.

of " Native

Cabbage."

succulent shrub, often met with along the sandy

has large rich gieen foliage, and a vegetable might be

out of

it.

It

is

a

common

coast plant in the

warmer

parts

of the world.

Queensland and Nortliern Australia. 180. Schmidelia

Serrata,

DC,

Ornitrophe serra/a, Roxb. N.O., Sapindacex% B.FL, Muell. Cens., p. 24.

i.,

(Syn. ;

S.

timoriensis,

DC.

;

Allophyllus ternaius. Lour.),

455.

Allophyllus ternatus, in

HUMAN FOODS.

57 {Cyclop,

small red, ripe berries are eaten in India.

Its

of

India).

Queensland and Northern Australia.

SemecarpUS Anacardium, Linn., (Syn.

x8i.

Engl.), N.O., AnacardiaccK, B.Fl.,

i.,

austmlasicus,

^.

491.

" Marking-nut" tree of India.

The thick fleshy when ripe, and

colour

The

seeds,

receptacle bearing the fruit is

Malacca-beans or

called

{Treasury of Botany). fruit and use them like fruit is

olives.

—

roasted,

"

The

Nardoo"

it

is

ii.,

are

salt

eaten.

the green

When

(Dymock).

the

fresh

said to taste

somewhat (Brandis).

dates.

Australia.

182. Sesbania aculeata, ^^^-y-, (Syn.

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

of a yellow

nuts,

Goa

at

and when dry somewhat like

Queensland and Northern

The

Marsh

The Portuguese

dry and astringent

like roasted apples,

is

roasted and eaten by the natives of India.

-S".

rtMj/ra/z'.r,

F.v.M.), N.O.,

213.

of the aboriginals of the

natives of Northern

Norman

River, Queensland.

Queensland make, or used

a bread of the seeds of this species.

to

make,

(See Marsilea quadrifolia).

"In North Queensland, according to Mr. T. A. Gulliver, the make bread of the seeds of Sesbania aculeata, Pers. I am opinion that this is the true Nardoo of the Cooper's Creek

natives of

The

natives.

unfortunate

explorers

(Burke and Wills) might

easily have mistaken the spore cases of a Marsilea for the shelled-

(Bailey, in Proc.

out seeds of Sesbania!' 1880, p.

8).

New

South Australia,

and Western

183.

Solanum B.Fl.,

South Wales, Queensland, Northern

Australia.

aviculare,

laciniatiim,

iS.

Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

iv.,

Ait.

448.

;

.S.

Forst.,

(Syn.

S.

vescutn,

In Muell. Cens., p. 95-6,

vescum are made

F.V.M.

;

^.

reclinatum, L'Her.), N.O., Solaneae,

separate species.

S.

aviculare and

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

58 "

Gunyang," or " Koonyang" of the Gippsland Meakitch" or " Mayakitch" or " Mookich" of the

"

Kangaroo Apple,"

and other

''

aboriginals.

aboriginals of Western Victoria (Lake Condah). Its large fruit

perfectly ripe, which

be eaten

in

may be

has

an acrid

It

may

has a mealy,

eaten in any quantity with impunity;

but until the skin bursts, although the it

when

fruit

indicated by the outer skin bursting,

is

natural state, or boiled and baked.

its

sub-acid taste, and

ripe,

The

resembles that of the potato.

may

fruit

otherwise appear

and causes an unpleasant burning

taste,

(Gunn).

sensation in the throat.

All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

Solamim

184.

esnriale,

Lindl.,

N.O., Solanese, B.Fl., "

Comyn"

iv,,

(Syn.

S.

pulchellum,

F.V.M.),

454.

of the aboriginals of the

Lachlan River,

New South

Wales.

" Oon-doroo" of those of the Cloncurry River, North Queensland.

Sir

The berries of this plant were eaten by Thomas Mitchell. {Three Expeditions, All the colonies except

185.

The

Walga" by

blacks use the

and baked bark Before using the

Solaneae, B.Fl.,

fruit for

iv.,

food, but only with the

458.

"

pounded

Congoo" by them.

they take off the shell (the dry prickly calyx),

fruit

This leaves a pulpy skin about the thick-

ness of that of a native peach (? Owenia)

made

Australia.

aborigines in South Australia.

of the mallee root, called

and remove the seeds.

then

43).

Tasmania and Western

Solanum hystrix, R.Br., N.O., Called "

the native guides of ii.,

When

into a cake.

fruits are

;

the fruit and bark are

not obtainable, and they

are otherwise hard pressed for food, the natives bleed themselves in

the arm,

and use the blood with the bark.

me, when opening the

would make fingers.

The

my

fruit for the seeds,

throat sore,

fine

prickles

produced a good deal (Annie F. Richards, South Australia.

of pain

in

The

not to eat the

natives told fruit,

as

it

my eyes with my into my fingers, and

nor yet to touch

and juice got

and inflammation

Proc. R.S. S.A.,

iv.,

for a short time.

136).

HUMAN FOODS. 186. Solanuni simile,

59

F.v.M., (Sjn. S. ladniatum, var. R.Br.,

S.fasciculatum, F.v.M.), N.O., Solaneae. B.Fl., Called " Quena," by aboriginals

The

blacks are fond of the

fallen to the

many

will

but do not eat

fruit,

The

cause sickness.

me

(Annie F. Richards, Proc. R.S.S.A., All the colonies, except

448.

men

it

until

it

has

agree that to eat

causes a hot burning taste in

fruit

reminds

scent

its

iv.,

South Australia.

Both black and white

ground.

mouth, but

the

in

of that

iv.,

of strawberries.

136.)

Tasmania and Queensland.

Sonchus oleraceus, Linn., (Syn. S. asper, Fuchs; S. Lam. 6'. fallax, VVallr.), N.O., Compositse, B.FL,

187.

ciliatus.

;

The genus Sonchus

679.

iii.,

Commonly

called "Sow-thistle."

is

It

omitted from Muell. Cens. the " Thalaak " of the East

is

Gippsland aborigines.

The stems and his

roots are eaten.

Overland Journey

shoots of Sotichus

(Hooker.)

Leichhardt, in

Port Essington, says that the young

to

made an

excellent vegetable.

This plant

is

not endemic in Australia.

Throughout the

colonies.

i88. Sterculia diversifolia, G. Don., (Syn.

neum, R.Br. liacese,

;

B.Fl.,

i.,

The

tap-roots of

Brachychiton populneum in Muell.

229.

Cens., p. 15. " Black Kurrajong."

trees, are

BrachycMlon popul-

Pcecilodermis populnea, Schott.), N.O., Stercu-

The

young

" Bottle-tree " of Victoria.

trees,

and the young roots

used as food by the aborigines.

(Macarthur.)

of old

When

boiled they have a flavour similar to that of turnips, but sweeter.

The

seeds of this and other species are edible, and

make

a

good

beverage. Victoria,

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

189. Sterculia quadrifida, R.Br.,

N.O., Sterculiace», B.Fl.,

i.,

227.

A Wales.

" Kurrajong." "

The

Convavola"

" Calooi," of the aborigines of northern is

New South

another aboriginal name.

black seeds taste like

the brilliant scarlet fruits

filberts.

may be

As many

as eleven of

seen in a cluster, and each of

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6o

them may contain up

ten or eleven seeds.

to

mucilaginous substance

unripe

the

of

The

(Mueller.)

fruit

also

is

edible.

(Thozet.)

New

Northern

South Wales,

and

Northern

Delabechea

rupestris,

Queensland,

Australia.

190. SterCUlia

Lindl.

;

acese, B.Fl.,

(Syn.

" Kurrajong."

N.O., StercuU-

F.v.M.),

Noted as Brachychiton Delabechii,

230.

i.,

Muell. Cens., p.

A

Bentk.,

rupestris,

Brachychiton Delabechii,

in

15.

" Bottle-tree "

The

of

N.E. Australia, and also

called " Gouty-stem," on account of the extraordinary shape of the trunk. It is

the " Binkey " of the aboriginals.

The stem abounds pure tragacanth, which to

be used as an

A

extreme need. " It

is

similar clear of the

The young

means.

shoots

The

bush has staved

and roots

of

off

young

has been cut

when he

its

artificial

be eaten,

hunger by trees

nuts also are eaten."

rots the trunk to

its

reservoirs of water.

resources are not exhausted.

are

(Thozet,

vol. vii., p. 573.

Thozet speaks of the natives cutting holes in the

many

of

obtainable by pouring

Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

trunks are so

said

wood.

in the

where the water lodges, and

is

cases

in

said that the soft juicy tissue of the stem can

agreeable and refreshing. also

jelly is

and

nutritious,

of food b}' the aborigines

and that many a wanderer its

mucilaginous substance resembling

wholesome and

article

on chips

boiling water

in a is

soft trunk,

centre.

When

The

These a

tree

tired hunter,

sees a tree that has been tapped, cuts a hole

somewhat

lower than the old cuts, and obtains an abundant supply of the

sweet mucilaginous juice afforded by the

tree.

Queensland.

191. SterCUlia trichosiphon, Benth., (Syn. Trichosiphon atistrale,

Schott; Brachychiton platanoides, R.Br.), N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl., p.

i.,

Brachychiton platanoides in Muell. Cens.,

229.

15. "

Ketey"

of the aborigines.

HUMAN FOODS. The

6r

young plants are eaten by

roots of

the aborigines with-

(Thozet.)

out any preparation.

Queensland and Northern

Australia.

ig2. Styphelia adscendens, R.Br., N.O., Epacrideae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

146.

The

fruit is eatable.

New

South Australia, Victoria,

South Wales, and Tasmania.

193. Styphelia trifiora, And/-., (Syn.

Epacrideae, B.FL,

^S".

N.O.

glaucescetis, Sieb.),

147.

iv.,

"Five Corners.'

These

of the aboriginals,

When

by schoolboys.

a large pea, and not at

New

and are much appreciated

from a robust plant they are all

bad

of the size of

eating.

South Wales and Queensland.

maritima,

194- Sussda

Dumort., (Syn.

Chenopodium maritimum, Moq.

;

^S".

6".

fleshy leaves of this plant

can be

Moq.

australis,

australis,

Moq.

podium ausirale,R.BT.), N.O. Chenopodiacese, B.FL,

The

They

have a sweetish pulp with a large stone.

fruits

form part of the food

;

Cheno-

;

v.,

206.

utilised for pickling.

(Woolls.) It

is

common on

the

most temperate and

coasts of

sea

sub-tropical regions of the world.

Throughout the

195.

TaCCa pinnatifida, ForsL, N.O., Taccacese, B.FL,

The

root

is

of white fecula,

The

colonies.

fecula

very bitter of

much

is,

vi.,

or was

confectionery is

is

made.

very nutritive.

In

extracted for the China market.

383.)

Queensland and Northern

458.

raw, but yields a great quantity

flour for

resembles arrowroot, and

Arracan the starch

{Pharm. Journ.,

when

which good

vi.,

Australia.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

62

RBr.,

196. Telopea speciosissima,

Embothrium

(Syn.

simum, Smith; E. spathulalum, Cav.

Hylogyne

New

"

We

prepared

534.

(Curtis's Bot.

Mag.)

that

agreeable repast by sucking the tubular

See Banksia.

honey.

in

Sp.,

a great quantity of Terminalia

collected in

it

N.O., Combretaceae.

different

ways

whose tracks we

natives,

to

render

more

it

saw everywhere

in

gum, and

palatable.

The

the

with

scrub,

frequent marks where they had collected gum, seemed to roast It

dissolved with difficulty in water

improvement.

a great

;

v..

South Wales.

Terminalia

197-

was observed

it

make an

which abound

flowers,

Salisb.

Waratah," or " Native Tulip."

So early as 1803 natives

E. speciosa,

;

speciosa, Knight), N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl., "

the

speciosis-

purgative on

all of

us."

.

.

.

;

added

But

it

to gelatine

soup

it

it.

was

acted as a good lenient

(Leichhardt, Overland

yourney

to

Port

Essington, p. 374.)

Terminalia

198.

Linn.,

Catappa,

N.O. Combretaceae, Muell.

Cens., p. 50. "

This plant

almonds none

in

Country Almond"

also a native of

is

of India.

India.

The

seeds are like

shape and whiteness, but, though palatable, they have

{IVeasury 0/ Botany.)

of their peculiar flavour.

Queensland. 199.

Terminalia oblongata, F.v.M., N.O. ii.,

Combretaceae, B.FL,

499. "

The

purple

Yananoleu "

fruit

is

of the aboriginals."

edible.

Queensland. 200. Tetragonia

Murr., (Syn.

expansa,

N.O., Ficoideae, B.FI., "

iii.,

New

the

his

return with Captain

world.

As a

inermis,

F.V.M.),

325.

Zealand Spinach." to England by Sir Joseph Banks Cook from his first voyage round for summer spinach it has been

This plant was introduced

on

T.

substitute

HUMAN FOODS. grown

which

in the

be made an excellent vegetable

The of

chief objection to

which

mucilage,

{^Treasury of

mature

many

private (English) gardens for

in

yields a large produce,

some

dish,

years past, and

of a skilful

though

is

it

cook may

inferior to

spinach.

abundance

the

somewhat slimy

a

it

It

hands

cooked vegetable

as a

gives

Botany^

possesses

it

it

63

consistence.

should be eaten

when young,

acridity.

already cultivated

to

abundantly wild

at

It

is

some extent in Australian gardens, but many parts of the coast.

it

is

as

when

All the colonies.

201. Tetragonia

implexicoma,

Hook.

(Syn.

/.,

implexicoma, Miq.), N.O., Ficoideae, B.Fl.,

'letragonella

iii.,

326.

Called " Ice Plant" in Tasmania.

Baron Mueller suggests

plant

that this

be cultivated for

spinach. All the colonies except Queensland.

202.

TimoniuS Rumphii, Desf.

;

B.Fl.,

DC,

(Syn.

Polyphragmon

sericeum,

Guettarda polyphragmoides, F.v.M.), N.O., Rubiaceae, iii.,

417. "

Kavor-kavor,"

of the aboriginals.

The aboriginals are particularly fond of this fruit, which has much the appearance of the crab or wild apple of Europe.
Queensland and Northern Australia.

203. Trigonella SUavissima, Lmdl., N.O., Leguminosae, ii.,

"

me

B.FL,

187.

The perfume

to try

it

of this herb,

as a vegetable,

its

freshness and flavour, induced

and we found

it

to

be delicious, tender

as spinach, and to preserve a very green colour (Mitchell, Three Expeditions, p. 554.)

It is

when

butic.

All the colonies except

boiled."

an excellent antiscor-

Tasmania and Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

64

Typha

204.

angUStifolia, Z/««., (Syn.

G.

latifolia,

Forst.

Typhaceae, B.Fl., Called " Bullrush," "

Wonga"

is

Muell. Fragm.,

also " Cat's Tail "

and

1862-5)

On

description

New

in

The

(Dymock).

used for

It is

Zealand.

name

gives the species

as

the

following

Shuttleworthii, but

T.

January and February, the roots of these reeds,

The

camp.

to their

inches

eighteen

the

by the natives of

as food

Lower Murray Aboriginals,"

the

swamps, take up the bundles

It is

by Gerard Krefft {Proc. Philos. Soc. N.S.W.

believe

I

116.

Reed Mace."

has been merged in the present species

period,

7.

given by him of the method of preparing these roots

is

He

for food.

and

vii.,

;

N.O.,

;

aboriginals.

The pollen is used being made into cakes.

a paper "

"

Sond.)

shoots are edible, and resemble asparagus.

same purpose In

this

159.

excellent.

Scinde, India, the

Shuttleworthii,

Lower Murray

of the

The young root

vii.,

Brownii, Kunth.

T.

T.

;

— " At

a

women

enter the

and carry them

thus collected

roots

and

in length,

:

in

to

a small

quantity of saccharine matter, a

considerable quantity of

The

made

roots are roasted in a hollow

large

are twelve

contain, besides

they

certain

fibre.

ground, and either

in the

taken as a sort of provision upon hunting ex-

consumed

hot or

peditions

they are at best a miserable apology for flour, and I

;

almost believe

it

was on account

made an

that these roots were

This plant

is

also termed the "

the Cossacks of the like asparagus,

are pushing

with

salt,

;

of the

Don

and cut

tough

like the latter,

the tender blanched part

and served up

in

the

is

They prepare

it.

when

the

suitable for

and

Typha

latifolia.

select the

same way

In collecting

blanched tender

it

young shoots

boiled in water seasoned as asparagus.

various culinary preparations to which asparagus

cuticle,

obtained

Asparagus of the Cossacks,"

being very fond of

it,

fibre thus

artcle of food."

it

is

The

subjected are

they peel off the

part, usually

about eighteen

inches in length, near the root, and this constitutes a dish cool, agreeable and wholesome.

{Pharm.

For notes on the economic value

R.S. Tasmania, 1882,

p. 163.

jfoiirn.,

vii.,

of this plant,

543).

see also Proc.

—

HUMAN FOODS. 100 parts of the entire plant contain, cent, ash;

and the ash contains,

Potash

in

65 after

100 parts

:

drying,

9'58 per

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

66

bundles within a piece of obviously their

Three Expeditions,

205.

Typhonium BrOWnii,

The

first

this

was

(Mitchell,

orixense, R.Br.,)

154.

Colocasia

of

they are

manipulated in the

inside, are

macrorrhiza (No.

made

to

51,

q.v.),,

adhere together after

roasting.

New 206.

Arum

Schott, (Syn. vii.,

which are yellow

as those

but none are watery, and the

marshes."

the

Merrin" of Central Queensland aboriginals.

tubers,

same way

And, indeed,

.

.

colonies.

N.O., Aroideae, B.Fl., "

.

among

6i.)

ii.,

Throughout the

net.

food

chief

South Wales

Vigna

to

lanceolata,

Northern Australia.

Benth.,

N.O., Leguminosse,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

260.

This twiner

produces, along with the

pods, others underground from buried

what resemble

common ground

New

South Australia,

and Western

;

or pea nuts.

and these some-

(O'Shanesy.)

South Wales, Queensland, Northern

Australia.

207. Vitis hypoglauca,

Gray

ordinary cylindrical

flowers,

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Cissus

hypoglauca,

C. australasica, F.v.M.), N.O., Ampelideae, B.Fl.,

A. i.,

450. " Native Grape," " Gippsland Grape."

This evergreen climber yields black edible of small cherries.

by

culture.

fruits of the size

This grape would perhaps be greatly improved

(Mueller.)

Mr. Bidwill's

life

was saved when he was

lost in the

bush by

the water he was able to procure by incising one of these vines.

(Dr.

George Bennett.) Victoria,

208. Vitis

New

opaca,

South Wales, and Queensland,

F.v.M.,

Ampelideae, B.Fl.,

i.,

(Syn.

450.

Cissus

opara, F.v.M.), N.O.,

HUMAN FOODS. "

Burdekin Vine,"

"

Round Yam."

"

67

Yaloone

"

the aboriginal

is

Wappoo-wappoo

(Qentral Queensland) for the large ones, and "

name

" for

the small ones.

The

and young ones are the

(the small

is

probably the

Expedition

yam

had the same pungent juice which was most

New

they are, how-

;

alluded to by helchhsirdt {Over/and

Port Essington,

to

best)

(Thozet.)

ever, difficult to digest. It

five to

are eaten after immersion in hot water Hke water-

They

ten pounds.

melons

some weigh from

tubers are very numerous, and

taste,

" Both tubers

p. 150).

and

berries

but the former contained a watery

welcome

to our

parched mouths.'

South Wales and Queensland.

209. Xanthorrhea, spp., N.O., Juncacese. "

The

bases of the inner leaves of the grass-tree are not to be

The

despised by the hungry.

aborigines beat off the heads of

these singular plants by striking them about the top with a large stick

away

;

trunk

Avhite tender portion joining the is

it

far

The centre of " The interior subjected

gallons

or pith of the tree

On

of

in flavour,

having a nutty

(Backhouse.)

pressure,

is

when

broken up. a

distillation

this

proof spirit."

It

then

is

copious flow of

About twenty gallons

saccharine juice takes place. are obtainable.

they ate raw or

this portion

the stem contains about five per cent, of sugar.

hydraulic

to

;

from disagreeable

balsamic."

taste, slightly

four

inch and a-half of the

the inner ones, leaving about an

Toasted, and

of the trunk

then they stript off the outer leaves and cut

the

the ton

to

quantity of raw juice yields

Trans.

(Ligar,

R.S.

Victoria,

1866;.

In the year 1876 an application (which lapsed) was the Patent Office, Melbourne, for a patent for ^Y.

hast His.

is

the

Following

inner white

submitted

to

expressed

is

skimmed

off,

clarification,

is

or

cellular

pressure,

boiled

till

the specification

a

the juice

is

the

filtered

assist

plant.

hydraulic.

or

rises to the surface.

lime being used to

at

— " The substance used

portion of

mechanical

scum

:

made

making sugar from

in

This

The

This scum

the operation.

is

juice is

After

through animal charcoal, and

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

68 again

The

boiled.

may

syrup thus produced

clear

and manipulated by the process used

crystallised

to

then be

produce sugar

from cane."

Throughout the 210.

colonies.

Ximenia americana, Linn., (Syn. X. elUptica, Forst. X. X. exarmata, F.v.M.), N.O., Olacinese, B. Fl., ;

laurina, Del. i.,

X.

391.

;

elliptica, in

Muell. Cens., p. 63.

This plant bears round orange-coloured

fruits, of

natives of the South Sea Islands are very fond,

rather

{Treasury of Botany?)

tart.

possess a powerful odour of essential

which the

though they are

Before they are ripe they oil of

almonds.

211. Sizyphus Jujuba, Lam., N.O., Rhamneae, B.Fl., i.,412. " Jujube

Tree "

" Balyan "

India.

of

is

an aboriginal name, but, of

course, different to the " Balyan " of p. 65.

This cultivated varieties,

an excellent dessert

yields

tree

fruit,

and

is

largely

by the Chinese, who recognise a great number differing

the shape,

in

(Treasury of Botany.)

In India

and

colour it is

much

size

of

of the fruits.

cultivated.

Queensland. 212.

SizyphuS CEnoplia, rufula, Miq.

Mill.,

(Syn.

Z. celtidfoUa,

DC;

Z. Napeca, Roxb.), N.O., Rhamneae, B.Fl.,

;

Z. i.,

412.

In India the

fruit

pleasantly acid, and

mice are fond

of

it,

it

is

is

eaten

by the

(Cyclop, of India.)

Northern Australia.

natives,

its

taste

being

a great favourite with the thirsty traveller;

—

HUMAN FOODS.

69

APPENDIX. Anoplognathiis cere us.

(See EucalyptUS COrymbosa.)

cannot, up to the present, trace any account of this species

I

of Anoplognathiis.

" Great black or

The

Cicada moerens.

Manna

Cicada."

In the Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, by Prof. McCoy,

Decade

V.,

and

insect,

Plate 50,

be found admirable drawings

will

also a full account of

The young resemble

From

its life-history.

the few particulars following are taken

source

this

:

size

in

fleas

of this

and shape

;

they quickly

reach the ground, into which they burrow, and whence they

may

be dug out

and

pupa

at the

The

states.

ground roots

roots of trees

larva

larval

and seems

on under-

white,

is

the eyes, six legs,

;

any time during the to feed

and antennas agreeing with the

pupa, which chiefly differs in having the rudimentary wings visible at the sides of the body.

The pupae

ultimately

come

out of the

ground, crawl up a few feet on the trunk of the nearest gum-tree in the night, larger,

and

then, splitting along the back, the surprisingly

winged, perfect insect creeps out, leaving the empty pupa

skin clinging to the tree quite perfect, even to the smallest hair or other part, in the position of lives in

the perfect

under the

trees,

state,

life,

.

.

dead or dying

in

Both sexes have short

abundance,

This particular species

few days.

.

and may be seen lying about the ground after their

chiefly frequents

noisiest

Eucalyptus

vi?ninalis,

A

Psylla Eucalypti. leaves of

This and

homopterous insect which, on the

Eucalyptus dumosa, produces "Lerp Manna"

many

(q.v).

other species are in the preparatory stages covered

with a white cottony secretion, and their excrement forms threads or masses of a

gummy

sucreous nature.

See a paper by Thos. Dobson, B.A., in the Proc. R.S. Van

Diemen

s

Land

lent plates

and

oi 1851, full

on the

reprint of a paper by Dr.

subject appears in the

life-history of this insect.

particulars of

its

Excel-

life-history are given.

A

Anderson, of Edinburgh, on the same

same volume.

Forage Plants.

GRASSES,

A.

*

OR

NATURAL ORDER GRAMINEM. A

FEW

grasses, not useful as fodder plants, but having miscel-

laneous uses, have been placed here for convenience.

Hardly any group one, hence

the different

in regard to

I.

some

It is

Triticum scabnitn, R.Br.

authors

different

a

is

Vulpia rectiseta,

;

good winter

species.

It

is

eaten

stands the drought

on

rich soil

The

when young.

;

it is

not

seeds are

deteriorate wool greatly.

has been rather ;

vii.,

sheep, often causing blindness by penetrating

They

perennial grass

;

in Muell. Cens., p. 135.

rather coarse, growing plentifully

very injurious to

It

the present

Beauv., (Syn. Festuca scabra, Labill.

relished by stock, but

their eyes.

its

;

Agropyron

This grass

much

made by

as

BrowJiiani, V. scabra, V. Braujiiana, Nees.), B.Fl.,

665.

well.

statements

so variable

F. Browniana, F. BiUiardieri, Anthosachne aus-

rectiseta,

tralasica, Steud. V.

is

of the species.

Agropynim SCabnim, F.

plants

of

differently

grows about two

described

feet in height

as ;

follows

:

—" A

does not perfect

seed well; produces plenty of tender foliage, and

is

not

affected by dry seasons, or easily injured by overstocking.

much It is

a

valuable grass." *

I

am

indebted to Mr. Frederick Turner, Superintendent of

Sydney, for some of the notes on grasses.

Hyde Park Gardens,

FORAGE PLANTS. Differences in

Absence

soil

and

7

some

latitude affect

of these particulars in reports

I

grasses greatly.

on individual species often

causes their reconcilement to be a matter of

difficulty.

All the colonies.

2.

Agropyrum velutinum, Hook,

Annual not

much

B.Fl.,

f.),

vii.,

Tritkum

(Syn.

Nees.,

seeds in October and November.

;

relished

are obtainable.

Tehitinum,

665.

This species

is

by stock, when other and more palatable kinds grows

It

plentifully

on black

soil,

or on

ground

liable to inundation.

Tasmania, Victoria, and

3.

WUld.,

AgrOStis SCabra, intricata,

Nees

Mich.), B.Fl.,

;

A is

South Wales.

(Syn.

A.

A. laxiflora. Rich.

;

parviflora^

A.

R.Br.;

Trichodium laxiflorum,

576.

vii.,

"

It

New

Slender Bent Grass."

slender tufted, glabrous grass, of delicate, succulent habit.

useful,

in

prejudice

the

of

spite

which

exists

against

species of the grass.

In

4-

all

the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

AlopeCUniS geniculatUS, Linn., (Syn. A. australis, Nees; A. paniceiis, Q^der). "

A

B.Fl.,

vii.,

delicate annual spring grass,

of water.

It

is

555.

Knee-jointed Fox-tail Grass."

much

relished

growing around shallow pools

by stock

of all kinds

and

is

very

nutritious, but unfortunately

is

of short duration, withering off

the advent of hot weather.

It

seeds in September and October.

It

on

should be observed that the opinions of some British authors in

regard to the value of this grass are contradictory.

5-

AmphibromUS Danthonia

Neesii,

nervosa,

Danthonia nervosa

Steud., (Syn.

Hook.), B.Fl.,

Avena nervosa, R.Br.; vii.,

in Muell. Cens., p. 134.

589.

Noted as

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

72

A

tall

succulent, perennial grass, growing in

shallow pools of water its

it is

;

existence stock of

all

and

around

of rather a fugitive nature, but during

kinds are exceedingly fond of

it.

It

seeds in September and October. All the colonies except Queensland.

6.

J. caridnus.Y.vM.; A.

Strictus, R-Br., (Syn.

Amphipogon

Brownei, F.v.M.

j^gopogon

;

strictus, Beauv.),

B.Fl.,

vii.,

597.

A it is

close-growing, perennial grass, growing on

short,

loamy

Although attractive-looking from

soil.

not

much

scarce.

eaten by slock whilst other

more

Drought-resisting, and valuable

obtainable.

Seeds from October

to

rich

vivid greenness,

its

palatable kinds are

when

other kinds are

January.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

7-

Andropogon

A It is

good open pasture

vii.,'

which

grass,

a perennial dwarf-growing species

and on

that account

New 8.

R.Br., B.FL,

affinis,

is

valuable.

530.

will

stand close feeding*

it

stands drought well,

;

It yields

a fair

amount

of fodder.

South Wales and Queensland.

Andropogon anmilatus,

Forsk., B.Fl.,

vii.,''53i.

" Blue Grass."

Recommended winter grass. its

It

as a

meadow

does not grow

greatest growth

it

grass.

It is

fast in winter,

both a but

summer and

at the

sends up an abundance of herbage.

period of It is of

an upright habit of growth. South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

9.

Andropogon bombycinus, R.Br., "

A and

B.Fl.,

vii.,

533.

Woolly-headed Grass."

valuable pasture grass, highly spoken of by stockowners,

said to be very fattening.

states that

it

is

not at

all

(Mr. P. A, O'Shanesy, however,

relished

by

stock.)

The

bases of the

FORAGE PLANTS. Stems of

73

this species, like those of several others of the

genus, are

highly aromatic. All the colonies except Tasmania.

10.

Andropogon erianthoides, F.v.M.,

A

vii.,

it

than upon most others.

much

of rich, succulent herbage,

stock. It

thrive

to

produces a heavy crop

It

relished by all descriptions of

spreads from the roots, and also seeds freely.

It

"

would be hard

to find a superior grass to this, for

even

eaten close to the ground, stock are said to do better on this

than on any other of our indigenous species."

New 11.

529.

very superior grass, and stock are considered

upon

better

when

B.Fl.,

(Bailey).

South Wales and Queensland.

Andropogon intermedins, R.Br., B.FL,

vii.,

531. (Syn.

A.

mundaius, F.v.M.j

A

strong,

erect-growing grass, yielding a quantity of feed

during the summer months. All the colonies except Tasmania. 12.

Andropogon lachnatherns, Benth.,

A filipendulinus,

Hoch.), B.FL,

(Syn. A. procerus, F.v.M.

vii.,

;

534.

Produces a heavy crop of grass relished by stock

;

found on

low, wet soils.

New 13-

South Wales and Queensland.

Andropogon pertnsns, wnid., B.FL, "

Good drought severe.

for pasture,

well, It is

and

is

and very generally

a fair winter grass,

South Australia, Victoria,

A

It is

New

if

distributed.

the weather

It is

South Wales, and Queensland. vii.,

534.

Kangaroo Grass."

grass said to be excellent for either pasture or hay.

very productive

summer

stands

not too

not endemic in Australia.

refractns, R.Br., B.FL, "

531.

Blue Grass."

very highly prized.

M- Andropogon

vii.,

grass, but

makes

little

It is

a

growth during the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

74 winter, unless

upon

sheltered forest land.

roots have a strong

Its

aromatic flavour. "

It

was usually a coarse jungle-grass, more

like a rush or

sedge, and often completely concealing the horses.

The

species

was most commonly Andi-opogon refr actus, a worthless, weedy grass, only

good when young and green.

horses would not touch

In the dry state the

(Tenison-Woods, Explorations in

it."

Northern Australia.) Victoria,

15.

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

sericeUS, ^.^/-, (Syn.

AndropOgon

A. atmulattis, F.v.M.), B.Fl.,

vii.,

chrYsatherus,Y.vM.\

^4.

529.

" Blue Grass."

This grass yields enormously during the summer months, but not being permitted to seed, as it is

now becoming

scarce.

pasture grasses, beloved by

loamy

rich,

soil,

it

It is

and seeds

requires to do every few years,

one of the most esteemed of our

herbivorous animals.

all

It

October and November.

in

grows on It is

per

ennial.

All the colonies, except Tasmania. 16.

Anthistiria avenacea, F.v.M., (Syn. A. dasisericea,F.vM.),

B.FL,

vii.,

543. "

In parts

it

is

Oat Grass,"

A

"

Kangaroo Grass."

one of the most productive grasses

and (unlike other kangaroo grasses) being a

prolific seeder.

duces a large amount

and December,

is

of

It

is

it

and perennial, and pro-

nutritious

bottom-fodder.

richest soil, only in a few places,

area.

It

in small

November

seeds in

It

peculiar to the back country, and

on the

grows

in Australia,

possesses the advantage of

is

found only

and there over a limited

detached tussocks

are eaten by stock, but the seed-stalks are

;

the leaves or blades

left

standing.

All the colonies, except Tasmania.

17'

Anthistiria Ciliata, ccEspitosa,

^"'«.,

(Syn.

A. austra/is, R.Br.; A.

Anders.; A. cuspidata, Anders.), B.Fl.,

"Common

Kangaroo Grass."

vii.,

542.

—

FORAGE PLANTS.

A

perennial, upright-growing grass, often three feet in

tall,

The

height.

found

in

all

It

summer, but turns

a

little

one

is

the indigenous grasses.

of

It

on

Hooker

Horses keep

its

habitat,

is

it

rocky

hills

on

in the

in the

it is

by

stock.

It

very restricted in

;

gorges and valleys of the In such places

for this reason

:

" This

amount

is

it

not

an excellent grass for stock,

larger

grasses.

growth should be encouraged by every means."

contains

is

bottom-feed than the other kangaroo

and makes a

It

to

in fact, the only

seeds in November.

Baron Mueller says

Its

New

in western

largely found are the

between the Lachlan and Darling.

grows very rank and luxuriant, and perhaps liked

It is

the richest soils

found

flats,

the

is

back country, and there

South Wales in which

small rich alluvial

its

con-

looked upon as

this is

not relished by stock.

is

a limited extent, and only

New

in better

in the eastern portions

much esteemed

not

being found chiefly

situations in

and most

1859: "This

wrote, in

South Wales, and also of Victoria,

a good pasture grass,

South Wales, and

of the finest

is

and

remains green during the

Although

best fodder-grass in Australia."

New

It

doing hard work, than on almost any other

this grass,

species of native grass.

of

penetrating.

brown during the autumn, when

nutritive qualities are at the highest.

dition

and

roots are strong, fibrous,

parts of Australia, forms but few perfect seeds,

these do not germinate freely. useful

75

of

:

Albumen

2-05 per cent. ...

4-67

Starch

...

o 69

Gum

...

i'67

Sugar

...

3-06

Gluten

(F.V.M., and L.

Rummel).

All the colonies.

18.

Anthistiria frondosa, R-Bv., N.O., Gramine^e, R.Fl., " Broad-leaved Kangaroo Grass."

A

most useful grass,

down when young.

to

vii.,

542.

judge by the manner stock feed

(Armit.)

Etheridge River (Queensland), and Northern Australia.

it

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

76 19- Anthistiria

membranacea, Lindi, (Syn. heiUma Mitcheiiu,

Anders.), B.FL,

vii., 543. " Barcoo Grass" of Queensland

One

called also "

;

when

ingly brittle

Landsborough Grass."

Queensland.

of the best pasture grasses in

and stock are so fond

dry,

of

exceed-

It is

it

that they are

sometimes found licking the broken parts from the ground. seeds freely, and

is

desert regions.

It

scattered on

by

stock,

particularly fitted for dry hot pastures, even of

summer

a quick-growing

is

Others remark that on account of

fattening.

stiff

and

is

It

clayey soils on the plains only,

consequently of

little

species.

it is

is

seldom eaten

Annual

value.

It

being so thinly

its

;

seeds in

November.

West and South 20. Aristida

Australia,

New

Gaudich,

arenaria,

South Wales and Queensland.

A It is

A.

(Syn.

Arthratherum arenarium, Nees.)

contorta,

B.FL,

;

dry wiry grass, bad for sheep on account of

and seeds

perennial,

in

F.v.M.

;

561.

vii.,

its

sharp seeds.

October and November.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 21. Aristida calycina, R.Br.,B.Y\.,

A

dry, coarse, wiry grass, not relished

sandhills in detached tussocks. scarcity, It is

and

is

of

in

22. Aristida depressa,

Perennial

by

;

is

by stock.

only

eaten

Retz.,

vii.,

It

in

The seeds are injurious November and December.

Tasmania and Western

All the colonies except

Gramineas, B.FI.,

It

value.

little

and seeds

perennial,

grass,

563.

vii.,

(Syn.

A. vulgaris,

grows on times

of

to wool.

Australia. Trin.),

N.O.,

A rather

coarse

563.

seeds in October and November.

growing on sandy or

light

loamy

soils,

and not much liked

stock.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

23- Aristida leptopoda, Benth., B.FL,

A

grass yielding a fair

amount

vii.,

562.

of fodder;

found growing on

rich soils.

All the colonies, except

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

;

FORAGE PLANTS.

77

24. Aristida Stipoides, R.Br., N.O., Gramineae, B.Fl.

A

coarse, perennial grass, seeding in

561.

and not relished by stock.

sand-hills,

and Tasmania.

All the colonies, except Victoria

25. Aristida VaganS, Cav., (Syi^Steud.), B.Fl.,

A

vii.,

November growing on

ramosa, Sieb.

•^-

;

A. parvifloray

562.

vii.,

superior grass to A. calycina, though perhaps that

saying much.

It

keeps green in the winter.

seeds in October and

grows plentifully on

November; sand-hills,

is

and

It

is

is

not

an annual;,

an exceedingly coarse species is

only eaten by stock in times

of scarcity. Victoria,

26.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Arthraxon Ciliare, Beanv., (Syn. Batratherum echitiaimn, Nees. Andropogon echittatus, Heyne) N.O., Graminese^ ;

;

B.Fl.,

A

broad-leaved, creeping grass, found about swamps.

New 27.

524.

vii.,

South Wales and Queensland.

Amndinella Nepalensis, Link.), B.FL,

A

it

districts

Acratherum

miliaceujii,.

545.

On

grass well adapted for hay.

cultivation,

some

vii.,

(Syn.

Ti-in.,

the Darling

Downs, under

has been cut three times during the season. it

yields a fair

a dry, coarse nature.

It is

amount

of fodder, in others

it

In is

of

not endemic in Australia.

Throughout Queensland. 28. Astrebla elymoides, Bail, et F.v.M., p. 660, Synop. Queens-

land Flora (Bailey). "

A

True Mitchell Grass."

strong-growing grass, the flowering spike resembling ears

of wheat

;

is

said to have highly fattening qualities.

food by the natives.

It

is

springs from every joint after rain;

droughts, and

is

It

is

used as

one of our best pasture grasses, and it

highly spoken of by

valuable fodder grass in Queensland.

will all

stand well through the

stockowners.

The most

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

78 " I

met

this grass

on the Warrego

the only grass showing any vitality."

when

in 1876,

it

was almost

(Bailey).

Queensland. 29. Astrebla pectinata, B.Fl.,

vii.,

F.v.M. (Syn. Danthonia pectinata, Lindl).

602. "

This

is

A

Mitchell Grass."

a valuable grass

sought greedily

after

very fattening.

It

;

by stock.

it

stands the drought well, and

often spoken

is

is

a perennial desert species, and

It is

squatters of Northern Queensland.

favourably by

very

of

seeds

It

the

October and

in

November. South Australia, 30. Astrebla Lindl).

New

South Wales and Queensland. F.v.M.,

triticoides,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

(Syn.

Danthonia

triiicoides,

602. " Mitchell Grass."

A

The

Strong growing grass.

flowering spikes resemble ears

of wheat, and are said to have highly fattening qualities.

somewhat

wiry,

and grows on

eaten by stock, but

stiff

by no means

is

clayey

soil.

plentiful.

It is

It

is

It is

readily

perennial,

and

seeds in November and December.

South Australia,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

31- Astrebla triticoides, var. lappacea, ^.^'-l/., (Syn. Danthonia

lappacea, Lindl).

This grass, although of a coarser nature than A. pectinata., possesses the same fattening

characteristics,

and drought-resisting

deserving of cultivation. in the

and

from

the

well-known

qualities of both species, they are

Seed has been sent

to

America

for trial

Southern States.

Central Australia. 32.

Bromus vii.,

arenarius, "

An

LahUl, (Syn. B.

australis, R.Br).

B.Fl.,

661.

Wild Oats."

" Sea-side Brome-grass."

annual early spring grass, very rare in Queensland

other colonies

it is

more abundant.

It

makes

its

;

in

growth during

;

FORAGE PLANTS. winter and early spring. to October. is

It is

makes

It

79 Seeds August

excellent hay.

a delicate species, growing on rich moist

of an exceedingly fugitive nature, withering off quickly

soil

on the

advent of dry weather.

Buchanan (^Indigenous Grasses of it

is

as a

common

sea-side weed, which

very unpalatable to

all

ever, state that cattle are

New

from

dry woolly nature

Some

kinds of stock.

fond of

Zealand) speaks of

its

how-

authorities,

it.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

33-

Cenchrus australis, R.Br., (Syn B.Fl.,

vii.,

C. echinalus, var. Trin.),

497.

This grass

moist banks, and

affects

very nutritious, but

is

long spikes of clinging seeds prevent cattle from feeding on

its

(O'Shanesy.)

it.

New 34-

South Wales and Queensland.

Chionachne Cyathopoda, F.v.M.,{^yxi Schrachne cyatkopoda, F.V.M.), B.FL, It is

516.

vii.,

a valuable fodder grass, yielding a large return.

Tropical and Eastern sub-tropical Australia. 35- Chloris aciCTllaris, Lindl.,

(Syn. C. Moorei, F.v.M.), B.Fl.,

612.

vii.,

" Lesser Star Grass."

Similar to C. divaricata, and grows on similar in

soil.

It

seeds

November and December. All the colonies, except Tasmania.

36. Chloris divaricata,

R.Br., B.Fl.,

vii.,

612,

" Dog-tooth Star Grass."

An

early

grower,

and although the

yields a quantity of nutritious feed.

an uninviting appearance. perennial

seeds in

summer

grass,

It is

The

stalks

a succulent

growing thickly on

November and December.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

appear dry,

flower panicles give

it it

and highly relished

rich,

loamy

soil,

and

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

8o

37- Chloris scariosa, F.v.M., B.Fi.,

recommended Rockhampton district.

Particularly

out of the

vii.,

614.

as a pasture grass.

It is

scarce

(Bailey.)

Tropical Australia. 38. Chloris truncata, R.Br., B.Fl., "

An

vii.,

612.

Windmill Grass."

Condamine summer and

erect species, found in Queensland, on the

and showy, an excellent

perennial

River.

It

autumn

grass, of ready growth,

is

All the colonies, except

and relished by

stock.

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

39. Chloris ventricosa, R.Br., (Syn. C. scUrantha, Lindl.), B.Fl.,

613.

vii.,

" Blue Star Grass."

An

erect,

scrubs.

New 40.

quick-growing species, found along the borders of

produces a large quantity of leafy feed.

It

South Wales and Queensland.

Chrysopogon Gryllus, Linn., Holciis

Muell. Cens.,

An beard.

months.

p.

Andropogo?t

(Syn.

Triii.,

Grvllus, Trin.)

;

B.FL,

vii.,

Gryllus,

Noted

537.

excellent pasture grass, easily recognised by

It is

golden

its

produces a large quantity of feed during the

It

in

132, as Aridropogon Gryllus.

summer

not endemic in Australia.

All the colonies, except Tasmania.

41-

Chrysopogon parviflorUS, Be7il/i., (Syn. C. violascens, Tun.: A. C. moJitanus, Trin.; Andropogon monfanus., Roxb. ;

micranthus, Kunth. escens,

;

Holciis parviflorus, R.Br.

;

Gaud.; Anatherum parvifloriim, Spreng.

parviJIoru??i,BQ2i\xv.); B.FL,

Cens., p. 132, as

538,

vii.,

Referred

;

H. coerulSorghum

to in

Muell.

Andropogon montanus. " Scented Grass."

A

tall,

strong-growing,

stoloniferous habit.

coarse

It is partial to

possess a peculiar perfume.

It

is

grass,

rich

flats.

of too

deep-rooted,

and of

The flower

panicles

dry a nature to be of

;

FORAGE PLANTS. Mr. P. A. O'Shanesy however

value for fodder. are fond of

8l states that cattle

it.

Victoria to Northern Australia.

Cynodon dactylon,

42.

J^ers.,

" Indian

This

is

however,

Fankum

(Syn.

Digitaria stoloni/era, Schrad.)

B.Fl.,

;

dactylon, Linn.

609.

vii.,

Doub Grass," " Couch Grass."

generally considered an introduced grass, but

indigenous.

mixed with white

It

good

is

pasture,

for

Sheep are very fond

clover.

of

it.

It is

it

is,

when

especially a

most

troublesome weed in cultivated places. All the colonies except Tasmania.

Cynodon tenelhs, R.Br., (Syn. C.

43-

altior, F.V.M.); B.Fl., vii.,

609.

This

is

feed during

one of the creeping grasses.

summer.

Stock are fond of

It

makes a quantity

of

it.

Queensland.

Danthonia bipartita, F.v.M., (Syn. Monachather paradoxus,

44-

Steud.); B.Fl.,

vii.,

592.

Available as a tender-leaved and productive perennial grass for arid country.

Mr. Buchanan (hidigenous Grasses of Neiv to possess an inherent

Zealand) remarks that the Daiithonias seem ,

recuperative power, which enables

destroying agency in

abundance.

is

removed,

to

them

renew

at

any time, when the

their growth,

This may be partly ascribed

and spread

to their capacity of

ripening abundance of seed, and their ready adaptation to climatic

changes and difference of

soil.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

45-

Danthonia

longifolia,

R.Br., B.FL,

vii.,

593.

United

in

Muell. Cens., p. 134, with other species to form D. peniciUata. " White-topped Grass."

This grass land), but

is

of a wiry nature

on the coast

it

yields a fair

Southern Queensland and

G

on the Darling Downs (Queens-

New

amount

of fodder.

South Wales.

;;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

S2 46.

Danthonia pallida, J^.Br.,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

A stiff

fine useful, drought-resisting species,

clayey

soil,

It is perennial,

and seeds

Throughout 47-

Danthonia Mueller's robusia, selacea,

some

of

and much

relished

in

United

593.

D.

Cens., p. 134, with other species to form " Silver Grass,"

growing

by stock

in Muell.

penicillata.

plentifully in

of all descriptions.

September and October.

Australia.

F.v.M.,

penicillata,

name

to

include

D. racemosa, D.

B.Fl.,

D.

pilosa,

Baron

592.

vii.,

D. pallida^ D.

longi/olia,

semiannularis,

D. D.

but Bentham, while conceding that D. pauciflora them may require further investigation, considered ;

they should at least be distinguished as marked races. "

This perennial grass is

Wallaby Grass." is

mixed pasture.

useful for artificial

principally valuable in spring.

It is

one of the most variable

It

of

grasses.

Throughout Australia. 48.

Danthonia racemosa, R.Br., B.Fl., vii., 594. (See D. penicillata, under which species this is included by Baron Mueller.) " Mulgja Grass."

Peculiar to the back country.

It

derives

vernacular

its

name

from being only found where the Mulga-tree {Acacia ajieura and other species) grows grass.

49-

Perennial

;

;

it is

a very nutritious and

much esteemed

seeds in October and November.

Danthonia robusta, F.v.M., B.Fl., vii., 593. Baron Mueller, Cens., p. 134, with other species

United by to

form

Z>.

penicillata.

Forms

large patches of

foliage

rich

at

the

very edge of

glaciers.

Australian Alps (Victoria and

50.

New

South Wales).

Deyeuxia Forsteri, Kunth., (Syn. Agrostis Sola^idri, F.V.M. A. cetnula, R.Br.; A. retroA. Forsteri, Roem. et Schult ;

fracta, Willd.

;

A. semiharhata, Trin.

;

A,

debilis,

Poir

—

;

FORAGE PLANTS. Lachnagrostis retro/racla, Trin.

83

L.

;

Willdenowii, Trin.

Calamagrostis cemula,^\&\xdi.; C. Willdenowii, vii.,

Noted as Agrosiis Solandri

579.

;

'^\.^\idi);'Q^\.,

Muell.

in

Cens.,

P- 133"

Toothed Bent Grass."

damp

Produces a large quantity of sweet fodder in valuable for pastures.

on the approach Its

essentially a

It is

localities,

dying out

winter-grass,

summer.

of

percentage composition

Albumen

is

:

...

...

4.08

...

Gluten

8

Starch

...

...

...

i

Gum

...

...

...

2.50

Sugar

34

9.75

(Mueller and Rummel). It

that

but

it

is

Some

seeds in September and October. rather a coarse grass,

is

eaten while young.

Its

authorities say

and not much relished by

stock,

pointed seeds are very injurious to

wool, and frequently cause blindness. All the colonies.

51.

Dichelachne Crinita,

-^6i<''^,

D. Forsieriana, Trin. D. vulgaris, Trin. crinita, R.Br.

Nees

;

Apera

;

;

;

/., (Syn.

D. comata,

Anthoxanthum

Muehlenhergia

A "

crinita, Trin. vii.,

It is

longiseta^ Trin.

;

M.

;

Agrosiis

mollicoiua,

574,

Plume Grass."

good winter species which grows

abundance

D.

;

crinittim, Linn.

crinita, Palisot), B.Fl., " Long-hair

D. Hookeriana, Trin.;

Trin.

quickly

and

bears

of seed.

a valuable grass, and forms,

nent feature in pasture.

As

when

a pasture grass,

in

flower,

a promi-

when grown under

favourable circumstances on rich valley bottoms with perennial moisture,

it is

and scanty

;

very succulent, but

its

nutrient qualities

when on dry clay hills it is harsh may be admitted, forming as it

does a large constituent of pastures famous for fattening stock.

As

a fodder grass

it

possesses considerable bulk, and would add

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

84

much

value to a mixed crop

(Buchanan, Indigenous

hay.

of

Grasses of Neiv Zealand). All the colonies,

52.

,

Dichelachne SCiurea, Hook.

D.

vulgaris., Trin.

R.Br.

A. rara, Nees.

;

Dichelachne, Steud.)

Fragm.,

viii.,

;

;

B.Fl.,

of

Stipa

105.

Plume Grass."

the best winter grasses

abundant seeder.

become

;

Vide also Muell.

574.

vii.,

;

Agrostis sciurea,

;

Muehlenhergia sciurea, Trin.

" Short-hair

One

D. Sieheriana, Trin.

(Syn.

/.,

D. montatia, Endl.

;

It is

of slender,

valuable as a fodder plant,

a

;

quick grower, and an

succulent habit, and would if

cultivated.

It

a small,

is

tufted, glabrous species.

New

53-

South Wales and Queensland.

Diplachne fusca, Beauv., (Syn. Festiica fusca, Linn.; LeptoTriodia ainhigua, R.Br. ; Uralepis chloa fusca, Kunth ;

fusca, Steud.

This species

U.

;

is

Drummondii, Steud.)

found

in low,

herbage relished by stock. grass,

and seeds

in

It

wet ground

;

;

a highly

is

B.Fl., it

vii.,

619.

yields a succulent

nutritious

perennial

October and November.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

54-

Diplachne loliiformis, F.v.M., (Syn. Festuca, or Leptochloa loliiformis, F.v.M.), B.Fl.,

A

good pasture

plentiful

on

Perennial

light,

618.

grass, of slender habit.

loamy, or sandy

soils,

It

low-growing,

is

and a good sheep

grass.

seeds in October.

;

All the colonies except

55- Distichlis

Desv.

vii.,

;

Tasmania and Western

maritima, Rafinesgue,

(Syn.

Brizopyruvi spicaium, Hook,

iichophjlla, Labill.

;

Poa

et

D.

Australia.

thalassica,

Arn.

distichophllya, R.Br.

;

;

Uniola

E. dis-

P. paradoxa.

;

FORAGE PLANTS. Roem. Kunth.

Schult.

et ;

Michaicxi,

P.

;

Festiica disiichophylla,

This dwarf creeping grass forming rough lawns, useful

for

is

85

Kunth

Hook,

f.)

;

;

P. thalassica,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

637.

of great value for binding soil,

edging garden plots in arid places,

and covering coast sand. All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

56.

Echinopogon OVatuS, Beauv., (Syn. E, Sieberi, Steud. Cinna ovaia, Kunth Hystericina Agrosiis ovata, Forst. ;

;

alopeciirioides, Steud.) "

An

;

B.FL,

vii.,

599.

Rough-bearded Grass."

glabrous grass, found plentifully throughout the

erect,

winter months along the banks of rivers and creeks.

(Indigenous Grasses of

He

scabrid grass. is

of

little

New

states that

value on account of

Zealand) speaks

Mr. Buchanan as a harsh,

it

eaten by sheep and

cattle,

but

harsh, non-succulent foliage

and

it is

its

of

straggling habit.

All the colonies.

57- Ectrosia leporina,

Perennial

;

R.Br., B.FL,

vii.,

633.

seeds in October and November.

A

good pasture

grass.

New

South Wales

to

Northern Australia.

58. Ectrosia leporina, var.

Perennial

uncommon

;

growing on sandy

soil,

and not

vii.,

A

seeds in October and November.

grass,

on account of

micrantha, R.Br., B.FL,

of

634.

somewhat

much

value

its rarity.

North Queensland.

59- EleUSine

Segyptiaca,

Pers.,

(Syn. E. cnuiata.

Lam.

;

E.

radulans, R.Br.; Cynosurus cBgyptitis,U\nn.; Dactylocteniu7n agyptiacicm, Willd.), B.FL, "

vii.,

615.

Egyptian Finger Grass."

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

86 This

is

a fine dwarf succulent

spoken of by sheep owners. growing

prostrate habit,

" It

is

It

open pasture

on rich

plentifully

grass,

highly-

a very nutritious annual, of

is

soils;

deserving of extensive cultivation."

seeds in October. (Bailey).

All the colonies except Tasmania.

60. Eleusine

B.Fl..

vii.,

summer;

in

districts this

but

further

and

colour, strong stalks, flat

and broad.

New 61.

;

star-like panicle,

This plant

is

good pasture

affords

it

recognised by

its

deep green

the spikelets of which

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

Eliomims B.FL,

A

Lindl.

a strong succulent pasture

is

north

may be

throughout the season, and

are

marginata,

Paniciim covipressuvi, Forst.);

;

615.

In the southern grass

E.

(Syn.

Gcerln.,

indica,

Cynostirtis indiciis, Linn.

Mimro,

citreilS,

vii.,

(Syn.

Andropogon

citreus, R.Br.);

510.

leafy grass, with slender stems, bearing spikes of a strong

citron scent.

Northern Queensland. 62. Eragrostis Brownii, Nees, (Syn.

polyniorpha, R.Br. vii.,

Poa Brownii, Kunth.

;

P.

Megastachva poljmorpha, Beauv.); B.FL,

646.

There are

several varieties of this fine pasture grass,

on both rich and poor it

;

bears hard feeding, and

summer and

winter.

driest Australian

common

producing an abundance of foliage

soils, is

one of the best grasses

In fact

it

to stand

both

keeps beautifully green in the

summer, even on poor

soil.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

63. Eragrostis Brownii, Nees, var. intermpta, (Syn. E. inter-

rupla, Steud.

A are

;

Poa interrupta, R.Br.)

stronger grower than the normal

much

the same.

Queensland and

New

South Wales.

;

B.FL,

vii.,

species, but

its

647. qualities

FORAGE PLANTS.

Poa

diandra,

F.v.M.)

;

(Syn. E. setifoUa,

Steud,,

64. Eragrostis chsetophylla,

B.Fl.,

87

Noted

648.

vii,

in

Nees

;

Muell.

Cens., p. 135, as E. setifolia.

A on

wiry, but excellent fodder grass, perennial,

stiff

loamy

It

soil.

November and December.

seeds in

All the colonies except

Tasmania and

65. Eragrostis eriopoda, Benth., B.FL,

Though stock,

Victoria.

648.

vii.,

of rather a wiry nature, this grass

is

eagerly eaten by

and has remarkable drought-resisting powers.

clayey

soil,

seeds in

and growing

and stock are very fond

of

it

November and December, as do

it

;

It

grows on

perennial,

is

and

the species of this

all

grass.

South Australia,

New

South Wales, and Northern Australia.

66. Eragrostis falcata, Gaud., (Syi^vii.,

Poa falcata. Gaud.);

B.Fl.,

649.

Peculiar to the back country

;

only grows on sandy

soil.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

67. Eragrostis laniflora, Benih., B.Fl.,

Found

on clayey soil only

;

vii.,

648.

one of the grasses of the remote

interior.

South Australia,

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

68. Eragrostis lacunaria, F.v.M., B.FL,

A and

is

fine,

an excellent pasture grass, according

state that

it is

of

little

69. Eragrostis

vii.,

to

;

it is

perennial,

some, while others

Tasmania and Western

leptOStachya,

R.Br., B.FL,

649. soil

value for feed.

All the colonies except

A

vii.,

but rather wiry grass, on sandy

Si end.,

(Syn.

Australia.

Poa hptostachya,

645.

slender growing grass, yielding a fair amount of fodder.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

88

70. EragrOStis pilosa, Beanv., or JPalisoi

Trin.

E

pellucida, Steud.

Cav.

lafa,

;

;

(?)

(Syn.

E. parviflora,

IPoa pilosa, Linn.

P. parviflora, R.Br.

;

P.

verticil-

P. pellucida, R.Br.)

;

;

B.Fl.,

645.

vii.,

A

;

very abundant, erect, tufted annual grass, affording good

feed to stock throughout the season.

It is

a dehcate species, and

seeds in abundance.

New

South Wales,

tenella,

Linn.), B.Fl.,

South and Western AustraUa, Victoria,

and Queensland. 71

Poa

EragrOStis tensUa, Beaur,, (Syn. vii.,

643.

An

erect, tufted

annual, and a fine productive grass for a

sheep run. All the colonies except Tasmania.

72.

Eriachne obtusa, R.Br.,

A

variable grass,

it

a somewhat wiry nature, ;

New 73-

vii.,

making a quantity

the back country, where

plentiful

B.Fl.,

632. of feed.

grows on sandy is

much

relished

soil,

peculiar to

by stock.

perennial, and seeds in October

it is

It is

and, although of It

is

not

and November.

South Wales, Queensland, South and Western Australia.

Eriachne SquarrOSa, R-Br., (Syn. Aira squarrosa, Spreng.); B.Fl.,

An

vii.,

628.

erect-growing species, and a good pasture grass.

Northern Queensland. 74. Eriochloa

Flugge

A

;

Kunth, (Syn. IBaspalum

anmilata,

Helopus annulatus, Nees)

;

B.Fl.,

vii.,

anfiulaium, 463.

quick-growing, succulent grass, highly relished by stock.

It is perennial,

and endures moderate cold, and

in

South Queens-

land affords

fodder

(Bailey.)

stands well during the winter months, and

It

all

early spring growth.

Queensland,

New

the

It is

year

round.

It

resists

drought.

annual, and seeds in December.

South Wales and South Australia.

makes

;

FORAGE PLANTS. 75. Eriochloa

Linn.

This

;

on

B.Fl.,

punciatum,

stiff,

is

462.

vii.,

summer and

and succulent, and

sweet,

perennial, and grows

It is

Milium

(Syn.

Fliigge)

an excellent grass, both for

is

rapid-growing, stock.

Hamilt.,

punctata,

Paspalum punctatum,

;

89

winter

;

it is

greatly relished

by

Seeds

in

clayey

soil.

November and December. Queensland, Victoria, and

New

South Wales.

FestUCa Ovina, Linn., (Syn. F. duriuscula, Linn.) F. duriuscula in Muell. Cens., p. 134. 664.

76.

"

A is

B.FL,

vii.,

Sheep's Fescue."

perennial grass^ thriving on widely different soils, even on

moory and sandy ground. and

;

It yields

a good crop, resists drought,

and the swards

also well adapted for lawns

of parks.

It is

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland and Western

All the colonies except

Australia.

77' Glyceria dives, F.v.M., (Syn. Festuca dives, F.v.M.

F.V.M.); B.Fl.,

One twelve or,

to

of the

feet,

Poa

659.

vii.,

most magnificent

feet

perhaps, of two or three years' duration.

rivulets in

deep

soil

The

cool climate.

it

tracts, as

assumes

its

high

dives,

;

root perennial,

This grass deserves

prospers in shade

it

grandest forms.

It

;

along

requires a

large panicle affords nutritious forage.

from West Gippsland

Victoria,

Poa

of all sylvan grasses, not rarely

and exceptionally seventeen

be cultivated in any forest

;

dives in Muell. Cens., p. 134.

to

Dandenong,

and

the

sources of the Yarra and Goulburn.

78. Glyceria

B.Fl.,

R.Br.,

fluitans,

657.

vii.,

Poa

(Syn.

Festuca fluitans, Linn.)

fluitans, Scopoli,

in

Muell. Cens.,

p. 134.

"

Manna

Grass."

Perennial; excellent for stagnant water streams. able,

The

and are

foliage

in

many

is

tender.

The

and

slow-flowing

seeds are sweet and palat-

countries used for porridge.

All the colonies except Queensland.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

go

Fordeana, F.v.M., (Syn. Poa Fordeana, F.V.M.);

79- CJlyceria B.FI.,

Perennial

Poa Fordeana

637,

vii.,

Muell; Cens.,

in

An

seeds in September and October.

;

p. 134.

excellent

fodder grass, rich and succulent, growing plentifully in moist situations.

New

South Australia, Tasmania, and 80. Glyceria ramigera, B.FI.,

vii.,

"

A

tall

F.v.M., (Syn. Poa ramigera, F.V.M.);

Poa ramigera

659.

South Wales.

"

Cane Grass,"

in Muell. Cens., p. 134.

Bamboo

Grass."

cane-like species, growing plentifully in large detached

tussocks in " clay pans," or as they are locally termed, "cane

swamps." is

It is

and are waterproof

of the seed-heads in

New

Hemarthria COmpreSSa, R.Br., B.FI.,

A soils,

It

seeds as a rule

perennial.

is

South Australia, Victoria, and

South Wales.

H. midnata,

(Syn.

strong, hard grass, with creeping roots, found

and useful

Andropogon 517.

colonies.

amount

et

contortus, Linn.

Schult., (Syn.

hirlus, Pers. ;

B.FI.,

in Muell. Cens., p. 132,

Spear Grass."

splendid grass for a cattle run, as of feed, but is

H.

A. slriatus, R.Br.)

;

Andropogon contortus "

A

on wet sour

for covering land of that description.

HeteropOgOn COntortUS, Rcem.

vii.,

R.Br.);

510.

vii.,

Throughout the 82.

Stock are exceedingly fond

still.

and young succulent shoots.

November and December, and

81.

it

Roofs twenty years old made of this grass

admirably adapted.

are standing

which

largely used for thatching purposes, for

it

produces

a great

dreaded by the sheep-owner on account of

its-spear-like seeds.

Western Australia 83.

;

New

HeteropOgOn insignis, R.Br.); B.FI.,

Afidropogon

vii.,

517.

triticeus.

South Wales

Thw.,

(Syn.

Noted

in

to

Northern Australia.

Andropogon

triticeus,

Muell. Cens., p. 132, as

;

FORAGE PLANTS.

A

robust perennial, and one of the

The

grasses.

and are hard and

This plant

84. Hierochloa

Schroeder

H.

it

Schult.,

et

given

is

;

H.

(Syn.

Fraseri of H.

var.

B.Fl.,

;

redolens.

Holy Grass."

Sweden

Much

a very sweet scented grass.

is

some

prevailing custom of strewing it is

in Iceland

hung over it

is

of

From

agriculture.

from a long-

before churches on certain it

its

this

to

Cuthbert

W.

Johnson,

and

for

foliage

cannot be

it

opinion

;

nutritive

(Buchanan,

from

its

but

;

recommended

may be concluded

it

nutritious food, and,

sheep.

its

most of the early spring grasses

species will be valuable in the sub-alpine pastures of as an early

festivals.

induces sleep

used to scent the clothes and apartments of

qualities are greater than in

from the paucity

it

historical interest

parts of Europe,

beds, in the belief that

According

the inhabitants.

adapted

borealisi

H. Fraseri, Hook.)

redolens in Muell. Cens., p. 132.

attached to this species in

and

Australia.

Rcem.

alpina,

559, where

This

In

and horses are extremely fond

Cattle

"

is

produced

not endemic in Australia.

is

H. odoratus, Linn.

;

is

strong and wiry roots penetrate from two to

Queensland and Northern

vii.,

of our tropical

cane-like, but a quantity of leafy feed

Its

three feet into the ground. it.

tallest

flower-stalks attain a height of eight to twelve feet,

at their base.

of

91

New

in

that this

Zealand

small growth, be well

Indigenous

Grasses of

New

Zealand). In Tasmania, Victoria, and

85. Hierochloa

Holcus

redolens,

redolefts,

R.Br.,

Forst.

arrhenum aniarcticum, B.Fl.,

vii.,

558.

New

;

South Wales.

(Syn.

H. antarctua,

Melica inagellanica, Desv. Labill.;

R.Br. ;

Dis-

Torresia redolens, Brown)

;

[^Hierocloe in Muell. Cens.)

"Scented Grass."

A It

is

tall,

perennial, nutritious grass, with the odour of

worthy of dissemination on moist

pasture

Coumarin.

land.

These

grasses are particularly valuable for their fragrance as constituents

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

92

Hierochloas are particularly suitable for cold, wet, moory

of hay.

This plant

grounds.

not endemic in Australia.

is

Tasmania, Victoria, and

86.

New

Imperata arundinacea, Cyr.,

South Wales.

B.Fl.,

536.

vii.,

" Blady Grass."

This

is

one of the grasses most frequently met with on rich

alluvial land,

Australia,

is

common

one of the most

When

succulent feed, relished by stock. spring,

grasses of Northern

and produces, after being burnt, a large quantity of

and not allowed

to

become

rank,

kept eaten affords

it

down

in the

good feed

for a

considerable length of time. All over the colonies.

87. Isachne australis, R.Br., (Syn.

P. anlipodum,

Spreng.)

Fanicum

B.Fl.,

;

atrovirens, Trin.

625.

vii.,

Recorded as

jPani'cum atrovirens in Muell. Cens., p. 130.

A

perennial grass, not large, but of tender, nutritive blade,

particularly fitted for moist valleys

eaten by

kinds of stock

all

Mr. Buchanan says that the is

Auckland

abundant

little

district,

New

swampy

places.

in

and woodlands.

also

it

;

is

grows

known

It is

greedily

in India, China, etc.

of this grass except in

Zealand, where, according to Kirk,

He

calls

it

a valuable grass.

it

Eastern Australia.

88.

Ischaemum

aUStrale, R.Br., (Syn.

Steud.), B.Fl.,

This species

vii.,

is

519.

found near

creeping underground

Andropogon cryptatherus,

root,

rivers

from which

and swamps it

;

it

has a

springs up quickly,

yielding a good deal of fodder.

New 89.

South Wales and Northern Australia.

Ischsemum Rottb.

;

laxum,

R.Br.,

(Syn.

Andropogoti

Hologamium nervosum.^ Nees) "Rat-tail Grass."

;

B.Fl.,

vii.,

nervosus, 522.

;

FORAGE PLANTS.

An

slender growing grass

upright,

by

found throughout the

amount

colony, rather coarse, but yielding a fair readily eaten

;

93

which

of feed,

is

cattle.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

90.

Ischsemum pectinatum, Trin., (Syn. Andropogon faUatus, Steud.); B.Fl.,

91.

521.

vii.,

a fine growing grass, forming dense tufts of herbage.

This

is

New

South Wales and Queensland.

LappagO racemosa, WHld., B.Fl.,

Noted

506.

vii.,

(Syn.

Tragus racemosuSy'DesL);

in Muell. Cens., p. 131,

as

Tragus

racemosus.

An

annual, found on ridges, and a good grass for winter and

early spring.

It

is

very similar in habit to

stock are very fond of

it

;

it

Panicum helopus

;

seeds in October and November.

All the colonies except Western Australia and Tasmania.

mexicana, Kunth B.Fl.,

vii.,

;

Z. australis, R.Br.

(Syn.

Sivartz.,

92. Leersia hexandra,

Asprella australis, Roem.

et

;

Z.

Schult.)

549. " Rice Grass."

A

rough-leaved species,

it.

South Wales and Queensland.

Chinensis, Nees,

93. LeptOChloa

Schult;

Poa

decipiensy

decipiens, R.Br.

Steud.

Noted

617.

An

along the watercourses of

Stock are remarkably fond of

Queensland.

New

common

;

;

(Syn. Z. temrrima, Roem. et

P. chinensis, Keen; Eragrostis

Eleusine chinefisis,

in Muell. Cens., p. 134, as

excellent pasture grass,

much

F.v.M.)

;

relished

by stock

tender panicles, and grows from two to three feet high.

endemic

New

in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

B.FL,

vii.,

Eleusine chinensis. ;

it

It is

has not

—

3

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

94

Poa

94- LeptOChloa SUbdigitata, Trin,, (Syn.

Eleusine digitata, Spreng.

Noted

617.

vii.,

Muell.

in

Cens.,

;

B.Fl.,

;

Eleusine

as

134,

p.

R.Br.

digitata,

E. polystachya, F.v.M.)

;

digitata.

Valuable for fixing wet patches

;

and horses

cattle

river

relish

banks and slopes

forms large

it

;

it.

All the colonies except Victoria and Tasmania.

95. Microloena

Stipoides,

R.Br., (Syn.

Ehrharta

stipoides,

Labill.);

M.

B.Fl.,

Gunnii, Hook.

Noted

552.

vii.,

f.

in

Muell. Cens., p. 132, as Ehrarta stipoides.

Weeping Grass," " Meadow Rice Grass."

"

A perennial For

the year.

grass,

which keeps beautifully green

reason

this

encouraged, particularly as

damp.

and

It

its it

all

through

growth for pasturage should be

will live

on poor

soil,

provided

it

be

considered nearly as valuable as Kangaroo grass,

is

in the cool season

more

Mr. Bacchus finds

so.

it

bear

to

overstocking better than any other native grass, and to maintain a close turf.

It is

New

valued in

value of this grass

is

High testimony

Zealand.

also given

by Ranken,

after

of the

experiments

many years. It, however, does not always freely made in spring gave the following results i'66 Albumen ... ... ...

extending over seed.

An

analysis

:

Gluten

...

...

..

9"

Starch

...

...

...

i'64

Gum

...

...

...

3*25

...

...

...

5 "05

...

Sugar

1

(F.v.M. and L. Rummel).

Throughout the colonies.

96-

Neurachne Mitchelliana, Nees, "

With

its

companion,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

508.

Mulga Grass."

N. Munroi (F.v.M),

eligible

as

a

perennial fodder grass for naturalisation in sandy or dry sterile land.

It

endures drought, but requires heavy rain


to

start

anew.

FORAGE PLANTS. According is

to

Mr. Bailey

by stock of

relished

species, peculiar

to

all

produces good pasture feed, and

it

kinds.

back

95

It

country

is

a short, thickly-growing

and

September

seeds in

;

October.

New

South Australia, Victoria,

and Queens-

South Wales,

land.

97-

Neurachne Munroi, F.v.M., B.Fl.,

A

vii.,

very

{Syn.

Panicum Alunroi,

508.

rare grass, peculiar to the

back country, and only

found amongst Mulga scrubs (^Acacia aneura and Interior of South Australia, Victoria,

98. OplismemiS COmpOSitUS,

This

and

Beauv., (Syn.

Linn.; Orthopogon compositiis,

trees.

F.V.M.);

allied

New

species).

South Wales.

Panicum composiium,

R.Br.);

B.Fl.,

vii.,

491.

a useful grass for covering ground under the shade of

is

not of

It is

Victoria,

New

much

use for fodder, as stock seldom touch

it.

South Wales, and Queensland.

99. Oplismenus setarins, var., Roem. et Schult., (Syn. O. (zmulus,

Kunth R.Br.

;

Panicum

imbecille,

Hekaterosachne

;

Under Setaria glauca

Trin.;

Orthopogon

Steud.)

elaiior,

oemuhis,

B.Fl.,

;

492.

vii.,

in Muell. Cens., p. 130.

" Slender Panic Grass."

A

not adapted for pasture,

sparse-foliaged grass,

habitation being under the shelter of bush.

unsocial grass, as patches, and

it

it is

It

most commonly found growing not exist under

probably could

a

place with grasses of more robust habit on open land. this grass

readily, but their relish for

by the large

amount

it

of foreign matter,

its

usual

may be termed an in isolated

struggle

for

Cattle eat

must be greatly lessened such as dead leaves, with

may, therefore, be classed with

which

it

some

other bush grasses as an auxiliary to supplement neigh-

is

usually associated

bouring pastures during .dry Grasses of

New

;

it

seasons.

(Buchanan,

Indigenous

Zealand?)

South Australia and Victoria,

to

Northern Australia.

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

96

Panicum

100.

A

bicolor,

R.Br., B.FI.,

487.

good, useful perennial pasture grass, growing thickly on

sandhills.

New

It

seeds in

November and December.

South Wales and Queensland.

Panicum brevifolium,

loi.

vii.,

B.FI.,

Fliig., (Syn.

P. tenuiflorum, R.Br.);

461.

vii.,

This grass has a running stem, and forms a good bottom as a pasture grass.

New

(Bailey.)

It is

Panicum coenicolum,

102.

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia. i^.z^.A/.,

B.FI.,

vii.,

467.

Valuable as a lasting grass for moist meadows. All the colonies except Queensland and Tasmania. 103. PaniCTim COloimm, Linn,, (Syn. Oplismenus colonicm, Kunth); B.FI., "

vii.,

Shama

478.

Millet" of India

;

called also, in parts of India, "

Wild Rice "

or " Jungle Rice."

Has succulent. of food.

water,

erect

stems from two

The The seeds

to

eight

feet

high,

and

very

panicles are used by the aboriginals as an article

and formed

are

pounded between

into a kind of bread.

Australia.

Composition of Shama (husked)

It

stones, is

mixed with

not endemic in

FORAGE PLANTS.

A

strong-growing grass, which affords a large amount of feed

and

to cattle in seasons of scarcity, tion. It

from one

It is

much improved by

is

and

to eight feet high,

a rich but annual

is

will

cultiva-

swamps.

in

around stagnant water.

succeed also on somewhat saline

brackish watercourses,

found

is

grass of ready, spontaneous dispersion,

particularly along sandy river banks, also It

97

also

in

moor

particularly

soil,

land.

It

on

regarded by

is

R. Brown as indigenous in Eastern and Northern Australia, and

Bentham, while retaining the

weed

of

most

tropical

introduced in some of the Australian

work

it

Queensland, "

sowing on

of

it

Great Britain, but of no agricultural use."

in

But according

(Parnell).

early

In an English

localities.

has been described as "a strong, coarse grass, found in

moist, arable land

for

common

species, observes that this

and temperate countries has probably been

this

speaking of

to Bailey,

fine,

succulent grass

is

its

adaptability

well adapted for

damp land, for cutting like sorghum for fodder. If cut make a second growth. Horses are particularly fond

will

it."

All the colonies except Tasmania.

Panicum deCOmpOSitum, R.Br.,

105.

P. amabile, Balansa " Australian Millet,"

;

(Syn.

P.proUferum, F.V.M.;

P. IcBvinode, Lindl.)

;

"Umbrella Grass," "Tindil"

B.FI.,

vii.,

489.

of the aboriginals of

the Cloncurry River, North Queensland.

One

of the

most valuable of the Darling Downs (Queensland)

grasses.

Under

tons of

hay per

cultivation acre.

It

it

has yielded in one season over three

is

a semi-aquatic species,

tall,

coarse,

and succulent, producing abundance of feed, and greatly relished by stock. but

is

The

It

seeds in

December and January.

It

is

short-lived,

one of the most spacious of Australian nutritious species.

aborigines convert the small millet-like grains into cakes.

Alluding to

Thomas

this grass, Sir

— "In

237 and 290, says had been pulled the grass camp tions) pp.

:

Mitchell {Three Expedi-

the neighbourhood

to a very great extent,

in hay-ricks, so that the aspect of the desert

agreeable semblance of a hay-field. thus laid

H

up by the

The

natives, but for

of our

and piled

was softened

into the

grass had evidently been

what purpose we could not

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

98 At

imagine.

first I

encampments,

as the aborigines

when we found

grass, but

miles,

we were

made.

thought the heaps were only the remains of

sometimes sleep on a

still at

a loss to

soil,

know

for

it

was

it

We

.

were

up hereabouts.

laid

was accumulated by the natives

The

mine. full

.

.

what purpose the heaps of one particular

kind of grass had been pulled, and so

Whether

they had been

and not a spike of

over the whole of the ground.

the

rats, as their

why

quite at a loss to understand

All the grass was of one kind,

left in

dry

little

the ricks, or hay-cocks, extending for

to

to deter-

grass was beautifully green beneath the heaps,

of seeds,

and our

were very fond of

cattle

by

allure birds, or

we were puzzled

holes were seen beneath,

this

hay."

and (See

" Foods.")

This plant

not endemic in Australia.

is

All the colonies except Tasmania.

1

06.

Linn.,

Panicum distachjnim, Trin.)

;

B.Fl.,

The stems immense

is

one

and

grown

is

of several

for

and root

(Bailey).

an

is

it

;

districts.

indigenous grasses tested

It is

Northern Australia,

at the joints

hay in the northern

mere, near Rockhampton, and considered hay-making.

P. suhquadriparum,

(Syn.

478.

of this grass creep

yielder,

This

vii.,

at

Grace-

best for the purpose of

not endemic in Australia.

New

Queensland,

South

Wales,

and

South Australia. 107.

Panicum divaricatissimum, R.Br.,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

467.

" Spider Grass."

Found more abundantly

in the

good perennial and drought-resisting

regions.

species.

an excellent

It

is

fodder grass, and grows profusely on light loamy and sandy It

A

warmer inland

November and December. Australia, except Tasmania and Western

soil.

seeds in All

108.

Panicum effusnm, R.Br.,

An

erect'growing grass,

seeder, and a favorite

B.Fl.,

vii.,

Australia.

488.

making a good pasture

amongst stockowners.

It

is

;

it

is

a free

a succulent

FORAGE PLANTS. summer

grass growing on

stock, but

October

is

to

stiff

clayey

soil

99 is

it

;

much

of short duration, soon withering off

relished by

seeds from

It

December.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 109.

Retz., (Syn. P. brizoides, Jacq.)

Panicum flavidum, "

This

is

Vandyke Grass"

a fine succulent grass

(of Bailey).

when growing on

;

alluvial fiats

the panicles are often prostrate from the weight of seed

Amongst

winter species.

Western

New

It is

more

and seeds

is

none

that stock are

met with both on the plains and and

is

It

back

in the

as a rule beneath

tree or large bush.

October and November.

in

more fond

onlv found on rich

and amongst timber, and

soil,

some spreading

a good

;

species of grasses found in

particularly in the latter,

sandy or loamy the shelter of

many

the

South Wales there

of than this.

country,

B.Fl.,

;

474

vii.,

It

is

perennial,

not endemic

is

in

Australia.

The warmer

parts of

New

South Wales, also Queensland and

Northern Australia.

no. Panicum

A

foliosum, R.Br., B.Fl

,

vii.,

481.

grass with broad, hairy leaves, usually found on ground

that has

been

cultivated.

It

yields a fair

amount

of feed

;

one

it is

of the best grasses for river banks.

New

Northern 111.

Panicum

R.Br.,

gracile,

distans, Trin.)

A

South Wales and Queensland.

;

B.Fl.,

vii.,

highly nutritious grass, growing on light

descriptions of stock are fond of is

p. jubiflorum, Trin.

(Syn.

perennial

;

it

P.

;

475.

It is

it.

a

rich soil.

summer

All

species,

and

November and December.

seeds in

All the colonies except Tasmania. 112.

Panicum helopUS,

Trin., (Syn. Urochloa pubescens,BQ2i\xv.',

U. pa7iicoides, Beauv.)

An growing

e.xceedingly plentifully

;

B.Fl.,

succulent

vii.,

and

on sand-hills and

476. nutritious loose,

sandy

annual soil.

grass, It is

of

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

100

October and November, and

prostrate habit, seeds in tions of stock are fond of

South Australia

New

;

A

vii.,

480.

grass usually found in wet soils and

amount

during summer.

of feed

descrip-

South Wales to Northern Australia.

T13. PanicTim indicum, Linn., B.Fl.,

fair

all

it.

It

is

swamps

;

produces a

not endemic in Aus-

tralia.

North and South Queensland, and

New

South Wales.

Panicum leucophseum, H.B. et K., (Syn. P. vUlosum, P. Brownii, Roem et Schult.'; P. glarecB, F.v.M. P.

114-

R.Br.

;

;

laniflorum, Nees.)

A

;

It is

a

detached tussocks on fond of it.

and are

The

tall,

472.

abundance

summer

perennial

sand-hills.

soft

species,

of feed

growing

in

Stock of all kinds are extremely

November and December,

seeds ripen freely in

of a beautifully

and velvety nature.

It

not en-

is

in Australia.

All the colonies except

Tasmania and Western

Panicum macractiniim,

115-

vii.,

very good pasture grass, producing an

during winter.

demic

B.FL,

Benth., B.Fl.,

vii.,

Australia.

468.

" Roly-poly Grass."

This species produces immense dry and spreading panicles it is

perennial, and seeds in

November and December.

what straggling species, growing

and sandy

New 116.

soil,

in

detached

and much relished by

tufts,

It is

;

a some-

on sand-hills

stock.

South Wales and Queensland.

Panicum marginatum, P.Br.,

A rigid,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

485.

coarse grass, found on hard, strong ground

;

of

little

value for fodder.

Southern Queensland,

117-

New

South Wales, and Victoria.

Panicum melananthum, F.v.M.,

An

annual, with a creeping stem

feed during the

summer

;

B.Fl., ;

vii.,

488.

yields a fair

amount

of

by

its

this species is easily distinguished

FORAGE PLANTS. large panicle of dark-coloured seeds.

November, and

seeds in October and

It

growing on

rather a rare species,

is

lOl

light

loamy

soil.

New

Southern Queensland,

Mitchelli, Benth., B.Fi.,

Panicum

ii8.

An

South Wales and Victoria. 489.

vii.,

erect-growing perennial grass, nearly allied to P. effusum,

but of stronger growth, a quick grower, yielding a great amount of

highly

feed,

November, and in

by stock.

relished is

detached tussocks on rich loamy

of this species are unusually broad;

Panicum myurUS, Lamarck., Hymenachne myurus, Beauv.)

A

October and

in

soil it

on the

plains.

The

leaves

soon withers in dry weather.

Tasmania and Western

All the colonies except

119.

seeds

It

a highly succulent and nutritious grass, growing

Australia.

(Syn, P. interruptiun, Willd. B.FI.,

;

vii.,

perennial aquatic grass, with broad-bladed foliage,

ditches

and

swamps.

It

is

regarded

by Mr. Bailey.

nutritious to stock

It is

as

a

;

480.

very

fit

palatable

common

for

and

tropical grass.

North-eastern Australia.

Panicum parviflornm, R.Br.,

120.

A

B.Fi.,

fine pasture grass, generally

are two varieties

— one with

fine

vii.,

470.

met with on

having only one or two very long, erect spikelets

in its

Both of them are excellent grasses, and worthy of

The

species

is

erect-growing,

New

it is

amongst the

An

B.Fl.,

erect, rigid-growing species,

it is

to

South Wales and Queensland.

during the year;

summer,

According

nutritious grasses of Australia.

Panicum prolutum, F.v.M.,

121.

panicle.

cultivation.

very productive during

stands drought well, and produces plenty of seed.

Mr. Bailey

There

ridges.

spreading panicles, and the other

summer months, and perennial.

ground subject resisting nature.

to

It is

490.

seeds at various times during the

a very

common

inundation, and

When

vii.,

producing a quantity of feed

grass on black soil or

valuable from

other grasses are plentiful

it

its is

droughtnot

much

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

102

when

eaten, but eaten, as

the

retains

it

more

its

delicate kinds are withered,

is

it

readily

greenness long after the others have become

In former years, the seeds of this grass were gathered in

dry.

by the natives as an

large quantities

All the colonies except

Perhaps also indigenous

and good

into a kind of meal.

Tasmania and Western

Panicum prostratum, Lamarck.,

12 2.

and being

article of food,

ground between two stones, was converted

B.FI.,

476.

vii.,

America.

to tropical

Australia.

perennial,

It is

for pastures.

Northern Australia.

Panicum pygmseum, R.Br.,

123.

A

B.FI.,

484.

vii.,

small species, creeping and rooting at the nodes

well under a dense shade.

verdure.

It

forms a

soft,

grow

will

;

thick,

carpet-like

(Bailey.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

124. PaniCTim repens, ^^«'^-j (Sy"- P- arenarhmi, Brot. otdes, R.Br.)

The stems

;

B.FI.,

vii.,

;

P. air-

484.

spring from a creeping and rooting base

;

is

it

too

small a grass to be of value for feed, but will grow well under a

dense shade, yet some ennial,

style

or swamps.

It is

;

A

;

or " Cock's-foot Finger-grass."

creeping, quick-growing grass

readily disseminates itself

the value of

per-

banks

desert

;

B.FI., "

vii.,

Summer

469.

Grass."

a great pest to farmers.

on barren ground, and

pastures,

Australia.

(Syn. Digitaria sanguinalis.

Syntherisma vulgare, Schrad.)

"Hairy"

It is

soil, river

Tasmania and Western

Panicum Sanguinale, Linn., Scop.

to

a good fodder grass.

not endemic in Australia.

All the colonies except

125.

it

and well suited for naturalization on moist

although

it

is

is

likely to

annual.

It

add

Stock

relish this grass.

" It

is

of

no agricultural

use, but rather a troublesome

especially in those countries in which

it

is

a native."

weed,

(Parnell.)

FORAGE produces

It

much

L^LANTS.

103

seed, of which birds are very fond,

and

requires to be protected by nets, or otherwise, during the time of

The

ripening.

common method follows

:

—At

in a

wooden trough

and the

and preparing

sunrise the grass

fortnight in the sun

pestle,

till

is

is

it

in

GerniLxny

is

as

gathered or beaten into a hair-

spread on a sheet, and dried for a

grass, it

;

The

formed among the blossoms.

is

of collecting

from the dewy

sieve

when

smaller birds pick out the ripe seed, even

only a small quantity

then gently beaten with a wooden pestle

or mortar, with straw laid between the seeds

the chaff

comes

of¥

;

they are then winnowed.

After this they are again put into the trough or mortar in rows, with dried marigold flowers, apple, and hazel-leaves, and pounded till

they appear bright

made

;

they are then

by

perfectly clean

winnowed are

this last process,

marigold leaves are added

again, fit

and being

The

for use.

A

to give the seed a finer colour.

bushel of seed with the chaff yields only about two quarts of clean

When

seed.

boiled with milk and wine

palatable food, and

sago, to which

of

is

in general

it

is

in

made

it

forms an extremely

use of whole, in the

most instances preferred.

manner {Hortus

Gramineus Woburnensis). All the colonies except South Australia and Tasmania.

126.

Panicum Semialatum, R-Br., (Syn. Kunth Coridochloa semialata, Nees.) ;

Urochloa semialatay ;

B.Fl.,

vii.,

472.

This species produces a quantity of feed from thick nodes the base is

a

tall,

;

it

will stand

drought well, and stock are fond of

superior pasture grass, of easy dispersion in warm,

localities.

New

It is

at It

humid

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

Panicum trachyrachis,

127.

it.

Benth., B.Fl.,

vii.,

490.

" Oo-kin" of the aborigines of the Mitchell River (North Queensland).

A great

valuable open pasture grass, of quick growth, producing a

amount

of feed during

summer;

is

also a free seeder.

seeds are sometimes used as food by the natives.

New

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

The

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

I04

nigricans, R.Br., (Syn. P. commune, F.v.M.

Pappophorum

128.

p. pallidum., R.Br. R.Br.

P. purpurascens, R. Br.

;

P. ccerulescens, Gaud.

;

Lindl.)

B.Fl.,

;

vii.,

P. commune

601.

Widely dispersed over the continent

and

parts of Asia

Perennial

Africa.

P. gracile,

;

P. flavescens, Lindl.

;

P. virens,

;

in Muell. Cens., p. 133.

some

of Australia, also in

regarded as a very fattening

;

pasture grass, although the flower spikes are of a wiry nature. is

useful for arid localities.

growing on sandhills

when

other grass

Paspahm

not

it is

vii.,

Pankum

;

produces a

fair

amount

Paspalum distichum, Liim., vii.,

South Wales.

(Syn. P. lUtorale, R.Br.)

B.Fl.,

;

Water Couch,"

" Silt Grass."

creeping, rapid-growing, succulent grass, found growing in

swampy

sometimes

land,

months a quantity black

turns

New

stand on

of seed.

460. " Sea-side Millet," "

A

will

;

and plenty

of feed

Northern Australia, Queensland, and 130.

tenuiflorum,

461.

Stems erect and slender from a creeping root high land

species,

eaten by stock

Tasmania,

brevifolium, Flug., (Syn.

R.Br.); B.FL,

much

It

Seeds in October and November.

available.

is

is

plentifully; but

All the colonies except

129.

It

a somewhat coarse

in

of feed

in is

;

producing

water,

Horses and

drying.

cattle

in the

making

a poor grass for

eat

it

summer hay, as

readily.

it

It

supplies valuable food for stock in localities where species of value are never abundantly found.

It

is

beautifully green throughout

the year, and offers a suflficiently tender blade for feed tionally

adapted

where

rivers,

destroy

it,

it

to

it

;

it

thrives well also

P. polystachyum, R.Br. ;

B.Fl.,

" Ditch Millet."

excep-

ponds or

on

salt

marshes.

South Wales, and Western Australia.

Paspalum SCrobiculatum, Linn., Steud.)

is

moderate submersion does not

grows grandly;

New

;

or bare slopes on banks of

silt

but frost injures

Queensland, 131.

cover

vii.,

;

(Syn. P. orbiculare, Forst.;

P. pubescens, R.Br.

;

P. metabolon

"

Hureek."

460.

The

"

Koda

Millet " of India.

FORAGE PLANTS. An

quick-growing, pasture grass, which furnishes a

erect,

good ingredient for hay. eight feet.

The

flower panicle of this species

(which

A is,

Its

variety

upon

it

narcotic

the

is

and

"

grass,

attains a height of

terribly subject to ergot in the itself is

called

"

Ghohona Grass,"

This grass

is

Is

this

because

Koda

Composition of

Millet ")

"Koda

is

in

cows in

of

India

Indian

that graze

Handbook of its

liability

to

the Fijians for strewing

the floors of their houses and public buildings. of this grass ("

"

reputed

a

(Lindley, quoted

much used by

probably insig-

Hureek

said to render the milk of drastic.

Zealand Grasses.)

ergotism?

is

value for pasture by of this

perhaps,

poisonous species),

New

The stem sometimes

stands winter well, and will bear close feeding.

It

autumn months. nificant.

105

A

good

variety

used in India as a food-grain.

Millet" (husked).

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

Io6

of 1881, States that he has observed that goats will not eat in

it,

even

places where there are no other grasses. All the colonies except

Billardieri, Steud., (Syn.

Poa

134-

Hook; Arimdo

A

Tasmania and Western

CSespitOSa,

R.Br.

P.

;

A

New

B.Fl.,

;

P.

affi7iis,

Weeping Polly-Grass,"

"

for pasture.

R.Br.)

freely.

fodder.

It

It is

;

B.Fl.,

;

P. lavis, vii.,

651.

Wiry Grass."

form, generally met with upon

produces

651.

South Wales and Queensland.

fine grass, with rather a tufty habit of

variable

vii.,

(Syn. p. australis, R.Br.

Forst.,

plebeia, R.Br. "

;

some value

perennial, rigid grass, of

Poa

135.

p. australis var. Billardieri,

poce/ormis, Labill.)

All the colonies except

Australia.

growth, and of very

damp

rich,

where

soils,

it

a rich and succulent grass, forming a fine

seeds in September and October.

All the colonies. 136. Pollinia

fulva,

Benth.,

Erianthiis fulvus, Kunth)

(Syn. Saccharu?n fulvum, ;

B.Fl.,

vii.,

526.

Noted

R.Br.;

in Muell.

Cens., p. 131, as Erianthus fulvus. "

The sweetness Cattle eat tion,

but

"

Sugar Grass"

;

137- Eottboellia bcellioides,

A plant.

it is

in

danger of extermina-

Tasmania.

Ophiurioides,

Steud.;

Benth.,

(Syn.

Andropogon

rott-

Ischcemuni rottb
514.

tall,

perennial grass, praised by Mr. Walter Hill as a fodder

It is

hardy

the height of eight its

its

readily raised from seed.

is

All the colonies except

vii.,

so called on account of

highly productive, and praised by stockowners.

close down, and therefore

it it

is

it

Sugar Grass."

of colonists,

in regions free feet,

and

it

from

frost.

Its

culm

rises

to

yields a large quantity of fodder, as

culm, seed, and foliage, together with the base of

stem, are eagerly eaten by cattle and horses.

Queensland, and Northern Australia.

its

thick

;

FORAGE PLANTS. 138. Setaria

glaUCa,

Palisol,

An

Panicum glaucum, Linn.

('Syn.

Penniseluyn glaucum, R.Br.)

B.Fl.,

;

IO7

vii.,

492.

erect-growing, annual grass of quick growth, producing

an abundance

highly relished by stock

of succulent herbage,

;

is

also a free seeder.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

139- Setaria macrOStachya,

slachyum, Nees.

Found along ground.

;

^.^.

K., (Syn.

el

Panicum macro-

Pennisetum italicum, R.Br.);

B.Fl.,

vii.,

493.

grow on any

the banks of creeks, but will also

Produces a great amount of feed, of which

cattle are

extremely fond. All the colonies except Tasmania.

140-

Schedonorus HookeriamiS, Benth., (Syn. Festuca Hookeriana, Poa Hookeriana, F.v.M.) B.Fl., vii., 656. Noted

F.v.M.

;

;

in Muell. Cans., p. 134, as Festuca Hookeriana.

A

tall,

perennial grass, evidently nutritious

become

for pasture, and perhaps destined to

colder countries.

It

a

;

should be tried

meadow

does not readily produce seed.

mowing and depasturing

and

well,

much

is

liked

by

grass of

It

stands

cattle, horses,

and sheep. Tasmania, 141-

Victoria,

and

New

South Wales.

Schedonorus littoralis, Beauv., (Syn. .?. BUlardieranus, Nees Festuca littoralis, Labi 11. Arundo triodioides, Trin.) ;

;

B.FL,

vii.,

655.

Noted

in

Muell. Cens., p. 134, as Festuca

littoralis.

An

important grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores.

All the colonies. 142.

Sorghum fulvum, Andropogon

Beauv.,

tropicus, Spreng.)

(Syn. ;

Holcus fulvus, R.Br.;

B.FL,

vii.,

541.

Andropogon

tropicus in Muell. Cens., p. 132.

A

strong erect-growing species, succulent

splendid grass for a cattle run.

Not endemic

Queensland and Northern Australia.

when young, and a in Australia.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

Io8 143-

Sorghum

Hokus

halepense, JPers., (Syn.

Andropogon

halepense, Sibth.); B.Fl.,

hahpensis, Linn.

Noted

540.

vii,,

in

Muell. Cens., p. 132, as Andropogon halepense.

A

from two

strong, erect-growing species, varying

when young,

high, succulent

a splendid

though not much sought

after

The

of the

on the banks

settlers

look upon

it

Coast

by sheep.

name

of

a free seeder.

is

and seed

Panicum

New

Queensland,

of

It

run,

Hawkesbury (New South Wales)

as a recent importation,

distributed under the

ten feet

to

grass for a cattle

of

speciabile !

has been

it

(WooUs.)

South Wales, and

Western

Australia.

hirSUtUS, Labill, (Syn.

144. Spinifex

inermis, Bks. et Sol.

;

serUeus, Raoul.

,S'.

Ixalum inenne,

Forst.)

;

B.Fl.,

^.

;

vii.,

503" Spring Rolling Grass."

The drift it

It

present grass has no claim whatever as a food plant for

and can only be recommended

stock,

more

deserves is

as a

sand-binder in fixing

sands when encroaching on valuable land.

a plant

effectual

aid

conditionally

attention than has hitherto

For

this

purpose

been bestowed upon

it.

comparatively rapid growth, and would give

of

checking

in

the

that the plants

inroads

of

wind-driven

sand,

be carefully conserved from

fire.

(Buchanan, Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand^ S. longifolius, R.Br., (Syn. ^S". fragilis, R.Br.), is another species valuable for the

same purpose.

On

the coast of

all

the colonies.

145- Sporobolus actinocladus, F.v.M., (Syn.

adinoclada, F.v.M.) Perennial

;

seeds

;

in

B.FL,

vii.,

623.

October and

November.

esteemed pasture grass

of the

loamy

kinds are very fond of

soil

;

stock of

South Australia,

all

New

Vil/a or Agrostis

back country,

South Wales

to

A much

common on it.

Northern Australia.

rich

FORAGE PLANTS. 146. Sporobolus

Trin.

;

V. capenst's,

"Rat-tail

(Syn. ^. ehngatus, R.Br.

indicus, ^--S/-.,

tenacissimus, Beauv.

Vilfa eJongata, Beauv.

;

Beauv.); B.Fl.,

"Chilian

Grass."

I09

vii.,

^.

622.

" Jil-crow-a-berry "

Grass."

;

V. tenacissima^

;

the

of

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River, Northern Australia.

A Its It

fine,

open, pasture grass, found throughout the colonies.

numerous penetrating yields a fair

amount

The

too coarse for sheep.

small birds.

It

roots enable

of fodder,

it

much

to resist severe drought.

by

relished

stock, but

seeds form the principal food of

is

many

has been suggested as a paper-making material.

(See " Fibres.") All the colonies except Tasmania.

147- Sporobolus JAndlQfl, Beitth., (Syn. S. pal/idus,

F.v.M.

subtilis^

" Yak-ka Berry

Vilfa Lindleyi, Steud.); B.FL,

;

"

Lmd\.

;

S.

623.

vii.,

of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry River,

North

Queensland.

A

slender-growing

during winter. is

much

relished by

species,

making a quantity

all

kinds of stock.

It

growth

of

a perennial grass, growing on rich

It is

soil,

and

seeds from October to

December. All the colonies except Tasmania.

148. Sporobolus Trin.)

;

R.Br.,

pulchellus,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

(Syn.

Vilfa

pulchella,

623.

Similar to S. actinocladus, but extremely rare.

New

South Wales

149- Sporobolus

to

Northern Australia. var.

virginicus,

Agroslis virginica, Linn. vii.,

A on

(.?)

pallida,

Kunth,

Vilfa virginica, Beauv.

;

(Syn.

B.FL,

621.

fine

grass,

fattening qualities.

found near It is also

loose, white sand,

value.

;

Perennial

;

salt

marshes,

possessing

highly

described as a rare grass, only found

around the margins of

seeds in November.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

lakes,

and of no great

no

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

150- Stipa spp. "

the inflorescence

Spear Grasses."

are excellent feeding before the appearance of

These grasses

afterwards they are

;

as " Spear Grasses."

known

Throughout the colonies. 151- Stipa aristighmis, ^.y-'i/-, B.Fi.,

vii.,

570.

Graziers consider this perennial grass to be very fattening,

and

a large quantity of feed.

to yield

such that when

It

will

it

ripens seed It is

in

a

at the rate of six

little

more than two months

somewhat coarse

species,

The

back country.

rich soil in the

death of numbers, by

good seasons causing the

working through the skin, causing intense into

the

Perennial

vitals.

;

it.

favourable

in

growing plentifully on

becoming attached

first

is

inches

seeds of this grass are very

injurious to sheep and wool, often in

trating

growth

celerity of

Its

grow

Horses, cattle and sheep are extremely fond of

in a fortnight.

seasons.

springs up

it

from

seeds

the wool

to

fever,

and

and often peneSeptember

to

November. South Australia, Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

152. Stipa elegantissima, Labiii, B.FI.,

A

climbing species.

shelter of

some

It is

vii.,

565.

usually found growing beneath the

thick bush, three or four feet high; at the flowering

season the seed heads force their way through the bush and cover the

whole with a mass

conspicuous object.

It

of beautiful is

much

September and October, and

is

silver

forming a

plumes,

relished by stock.

It

seeds in

perennial.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 153- Stipa

sissima, Trin.

Noted

Cav. {?) S. verticillata, Nees., (Syn. S.

micrantha,

ramosissima, Nees ;

;

Streptachne verticillata, Trin.

in Muell. Gens., p. 132, as "

Though

;

Urachjie ramosissima, Trin.); B.FI.,

Bamboo

ramo-

vii.,

566.

Stipa verticillata.

Grass."

apparently a hard grass,

it

is

highly spoken of as

horse-feed, and produces a very large quantity of fodder.

New

6".

South Wales and Queensland.

FORAGE PLANTS.

Ill

154- Stipa pubescens, R.Br., (Syn. ^. rudis, Spreng. iata, Trin.); B.Fl.,

vii.,

Another climbing grass, found only

The seed-heads

country.

nor does

it

grow so

Perennial

it.

commu-

back or timbered

in the

being a rich brown,

differ in colour,

as the preceding.

tall

^.

;

569.

Stock are very fond of

seeds in October.

;

All the colonies.

155- Stipa scabra, Lhtdi., B.Fl.,

Although

to

570.

observer

casual

the

vii.,

identical with Deyeiixia Forsteri,

it is

may appear

grass

this

really quite distinct,

and the

difference can be detected by the leaves or blades being shorter,

lying

and

more than two

in

number, spring

peculiar to the back country, and

where

soils,

it

grows

are excessively fond of

more

if

This grass

is

only found on dry chalky or

is

Stock,

plentifully.

it,

whilst they seldom,

;

D. Forsteri does.

ever, attain the height those of

limy

much

thick or fleshy, and as a rule

on the ground, from the centre of which the seed-stalks,

flat

rarely

more

in the living plant

especially sheep,

so than of the other species,

although they are considered good pasture grasses.

Perennial

;

seeds in October and November. All the colonies except Tasmania.

156. Stipa setacea, R.Br., B.Fl.,

vii.,

568.

"Spear Grass."

A

rather coarse but very

The

kinds.

useful

and much

drought-resisting qualities,

grass

on account

relished by

of

its

stock of

all

seeds are injurious to sheep and to wool

;

seeds in

September and October. All the colonies. 157- Stipa teretifolia, Sleud., (Syn. f.

;

D.

setacea,

A. Rich.)

A sea, is

of

;

Nees

B.FL,

vii.,

;

D.

Dkhelachne

rigida, Steud.

little

Hook,

567.

densely-tufted or tussock grass,

on banks or rocks.

;

stipoides.

Agrostis rigida,

It is

its

habitat being near the

perennial, and seeds in January

value as food for stock,

and from

its

;

it

very rigid, non-

112

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

succulent habit,

is

not likely to be improved by cultivation.

only grazed by horses and cattle during

its

foliage renders

season, and the hard wiry nature of

its

either in pasture or as fodder.

might, however, be

the manufacture of paper, as

It

It is

flowering and seeding it

worthless, utilised in

possesses a strong fibrous structure.

it

(Buchanan, Lidigetious Grasses of New Zealand.)

Western

Australia,

Tasmania, and Victoria.

Soysia pungens, Willd., (Syn. RottbalUa unijlora, A. Cunn.);

158.

B.Fl.,

A

506.

vii.,

grass of considerable value on littoral

According

near the sea.

to Kirk,

it

swamps and dry

flats

found sometimes forming

is

a compact turf of dry land, and affording a large supply of succulent

herbage for horses,

such

localities,

paratively

if

It

from is

worthy of introduction soil It

inland

will

fibres

be

;

it

its

close-growing habit,

evidently

much

in sand-hill districts

would clothe the wet

easiest

however, in

fiats

com-

chokes out

all

and

is

stock,

near the sea, or saline with a valuable sward.

propagated by roots, the closely-matted, wiry

forming coherent masses

New

it

relished by

of turf,

which are

in fragments to a distance without injury.

Grasses of

Its value,

bulkier grasses would grow there, must be

little, as,

other species.

and sheep.

cattle

easily

conveyed

(Buchanan, Indigenous

Zealand.)

Tasmania, Victoria,

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

Forage Plants.

NON-GRASSES,

B.

INCLUDING

PLANTS INJURIOUS TO STOCK, Owing

of the droughts, and, in

to the severity

competition of rabbits and other vermin,

some

the

districts,

and sheep

cattle

in

Australia have at times to endeavour to preserve existence by

The

devouring any vegetable matter whatsoever.

by stock therefore embrace a very large number I

have confined myself

in the following

plants eaten

of species,

pages to references

but

to the

plants usually eaten by them, either because they are abundant, or readily withstand the drought, or because stock are very partial to

browsing upon them.

under a

The poisonous

different category.

If

suspected poisonous plants the observations of

bushmen

I

were

man,

Injurious

is

Stock

to

record the

course,

come

names

of all

would be a very long one.

list

The

as to the poisonous nature of certain

onf and the enquiry, even

plants are not always to be relied scientific

plants, of

to

attended

much

with

difficulty.

(Bailey and Gordon),

In

to a

Plants

Government Printer, number of suspected

Brisbane, will

be found references

plants, but in

regard to many, the verdict of " not proven " must

to

a

be entered. * Nearly the whole of this section formed the subject of a Paper read by the Author before the Royal Society of N.S.VV,, 6th June, 1888. t

The

allegation

is

from time to time made

in the

newspapers

that,

sometimes through

ignorance, and sometimes as a matter of expediency, squatters report that their sheep or cattle

have fallen victims to poison-weeds, when

Whatever the extent the last few years,

of this mis-representation

many

be,

it is

have perished from disease.

an undoubted fact

that, during

instances of alleged poisoning by weeds having been enquired into

on the spot by a competent I

in reality they

may

veterinarian, have been proved to

have been caused by disease.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

114

See also " Remarks on some Indigenous Shrubs of South Australia, suitable for culture as Fodder."

of

(S.

Proc. R.S.

Dixon.)

8. A., vol. viii.

See also a paper by the Rev. Dr. WooUs, " Plants Indigenous

New

in

South Wales."

On

the Forage

(Proc. Linn.

Soc,

N.S.W.,vu., 310.) Notes

on

the

plants

(whether from inclination or

eaten

by stock, with good or bad

necessity)

results, the distribution of

them, together with any other particulars bearing upon their use as fodder plants, are

much

of such information

is

concerned) in

its

required, as the systematic recording

even yet

infancy.

It

(at

least as

far as Australia is

highly desirable to collect seeds

is

of each useful (or likely to be useful) fodder plant, for experi-

mental cultivation, either with the view

to

its

improvement under

such treatment, or with the view to acclimatise country in which careful

it

is

it

some other

in

not indigenous or already introduced.

system of exchange

of

this

A

kind cannot but result in

benefit to the countries concerned.

1-

Abrus

pauciflorus, Desv.

N.O.,

Lt7in.,

precatorius, ;

Leguminosse,

A. sqiiamulosus, E. Mey.)

;

(Syn. A. B.Fl.,

ii.,

270,

The and "

pretty

little

red seeds with black spots are called "Crab's Eyes,"

Jequirity Seeds."

This plant

is

not sufficiently abundant in Australia to affect

stock to an appreciable extent, but the

cattle

plague commission

of

it is

interesting to observe that

India (1870), in their report,

mentioned that a large number of the criminal cases of

cattle-

poisoning are effected through the agency of the seeds of this plant.

More extended enquiry showed

common

that

throughout the greater part of India.

this

practice

was

(Dymock.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 2.

Acacia aneura, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, and other species, B.FL,

ii.,

402.

" Mulga," forming the chief ingredient of the scrub of that name.

—

FORAGE PLANTS. The

Museum

by

eaten

are

leaves

II5 In

stock.

shrub on a station in Western Queensland. the

first

Technological

the

are samples of wool from sheep fed eylusively

quality, as

might be expected, but

ing are some particulars of the wool

Wool

of

it

on

The wool is The is good.

this

not of follow-

:

ewe hoggets (under 10 months' growth), average

length of staple 2i inches.

Wool

of wether hoggets (12 months' growth), average length

of staple 4 inches.

Wool 6i

of 4-tooth

ewes (18 months' growth), length of staple

inches. All the colonies except

3.

Tasmania.

Acacia doratoxylon, A. C«/z«., N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

403. " Spear-wood,"

a

" Brigalow,"

"

Currawang,"

" Caariwan,"

or

" Hickory."

The

leaves are eaten

by stock.

All the colonies except

4-

pendula, A.

Acacia

leiicophylla, Lindl.); "

Weeping

" or true

Tasmania and Western

Cunn.,

B.FL,

" Myall."

N.O.,

ii.,

Australia.

Leguminosae,

(Syn.

A.

383.

Called " Boree " and " Balaar " by the

aboriginals of the western districts.

Stock are very fond of the leaves of

this tree,

especially in

seasons of drought, and for this reason, and because they eat the seedlings,

it

has almost

become exterminated

in

down

parts of the

colonies.

New 5-

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia salicina, Lindl., N.O., Leguminosse, (Syn A. ligulata, A. Cunn.); B.Fl., ii., 367. " Native Willow," and " Broughton

Willow," near the

Cooba" or " Koobah" by the Western New South Wales, and " Motherumba" by those on

Broughton

River (Northern S.A.), Called "

aboriginals

of

the Castle-

reagh River,

The rapidly

New

South Wales.

leaves are eaten by stock.

becoming

scarce,

owing

This

is

another tree which

to the partiality of stock to

All the colonies except Tasmania.

it.

is

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

Il6 6.

Leguminosae, (Syn. Acacia

Albizzia basaltica, Benth., N.O., F.v.M.); B.FL,

basaltica,

"

422.

ii.,

Dead

Finish."

Cattle like the foliage of this tree.

Queensland. 7-

Albizzia lophantha, Benth., N.O., Leguminosae, (Syn. Acacia

Mimosa

lophantha, Willd.

;

Andr.); B.Fl.,

421.

Cattle

ii.,

browse on the leaves

distachya. Vent.

of this

tree.

It

;

is,

M,

elegans,

however, of

rapid growth.

Western Australia. 8.

DC,

Angophora intermedia,

N.O., Myrtace^, (Syn. Melro-

sideros floribunda. Smith); B.FL, " Narrow-leaved

New

Victoria, 9.

iii.,

Apple Tree."

(Syn. A.

New

velutina,

F.v.M.)

184. "

The

184.

South Wales, and Queensland.

Angophora SUbvelutina, F.v.M., B.FL,

iii.,

Broad-leaved Apple Tree."

South Wales and Queensland.

WooUs

Rev. Dr.

sometimes cut down

to

these

states that

keep

cattle alive

in

"apple trees" are dry seasons, as the

leaves are relished by them.

Apium

10.

F.v.M.,

leptophyllum,

Helosciadium leptophyllum, "

plant (in

of

much improvement by

endemic

(Syn.

372.

iii.,

is

worthy of note that

in

damp

soils.

is

It is,

careful cultivation.

this

sometimes acrid doubtless, capable

This plant

is

not

in Australia.

Victoria,

II.

It

with others of the genus)

and injurious when grown

Umbelliferas,

Wild Parsley."

Occasionally eaten by stock.

common

N.O.,

DC); B.FL,

New

South Wales, and Queensland.

Atalaya hemiglauca, F.v.M.^ N.O., Sapindaceae, Thouinia hemiglaiica, F.v.M.); B.FL, i., 463. «'

Cattle Bush."

"

White-wood."

(Syn.

—

FORAGE PLANTS. The

leaves of this tree are eaten

II7

by stock, the tree being

frequently felled for their use during seasons of drought.

New

South Australia,

South Wales, and Queensland.

Atriplex Billardieri, Hook, f., N.O., Chenopodiaceae, (Syn. Obione Billardieri, Moq. ; A. crystallina. Hook. f.

12.

;

Theleophyton

tallinum in Muell. Cens.,

A

" Salt-bush."

Moq.); B.Fl.,

Billardieri^

A.

180.

v.,

crys-

p. 30.

Several species of this genus

indigenous

are

in

England, where they go by the name of "Orache."

This herb vegetates solely Cakile, its

spray.

sands, which, like

(Mueller.)

All the colonies except 13-

in salty coast

helps to bind, on the brink of the ocean and exposed to

it

Queensland and Western Australia.

Atriplex Campanulata, Benth., N.O., Chenopodiaces v.,

"

B.Fl.,

Small Salt-bush."

Salt-bushes are so appreciated by stock, that in

the

;

178.

colonies

they are far less

plentiful

many

parts of

than they used to be.

Unless stock-masters can see their way clear to keep their sheep, &c.,

in

certain paddocks, while the vegetation in others

deavouring to recuperate,

kind of vegetation

this

will

en-

Greedy crop-

diminish, to the detriment of the pastoral industry.

ping of salt-bush without any

is

continue to

efforts at conservation

is

assuredly

" killing the goose with the golden eggs."

The will

following analysis of this salt-bush, by Mr.

be found Proc. Royal

Society,

N.S. W., 1880,

W. A.

p. 133

2.24

Oil

Carbohydrates

...

43-47

Albuminoids

...

12.25

Woody

18.12

fibre

Ash-CO,

23.92

100.00

Nitrogen

Woody Edible

...

parts of plant ...

...

1.96

...

...

...

...

8 per cent.

...

...

92 per cent.

:

Dixon,

ri8

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

FORAGE PLANTS.

119 2.18

Oil

Carbohydrates

42.85

Albuminoids

16.45

Woody

7.24

fibre

Ash CO2

31.28

100.00

Nitrogen

Woody

parts of plant

2.63 ...

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

120

Perhaps the most fattening and most relished of

all

dwarf

salt-bushes of Australia, holding out in the utmost extremes of

and

drought

even by the hottest winds.

scorched

abundance over extensive the

to

interior,

disseminates

itself.

the

of

Its

vast

Australian

the

every other bush, except

of almost

exclusion

A. halimoides, indicates

plains

salt-bush

with

facility

which

this species

(Mueller.)

In the interior of South-eastern

in

Australia, also

Central

Australia and Western Australia.

Avicennia

19.

Linn., N.O.,

officinalis,

iomeniosa, Jacq.); B.Fl.,

A

v.,

(Syn. A.

Verbenacese,

69.

" or "

White Mangrove." The "Tchoonchee" of some Queensland aboriginals, and the " Tagon-tagon " of those of Rockhampton "

Mangrove

(Queensland), and " Egaie

The

" of

those of Cleveland Bay.

leaves of this tree are eaten

by

cattle,

and are considered

very nutritious. All the colonies (round the coast) except Tasmania.

20.

Gcertn.,

Barringtonia acutangula,

Stravadium rubrum, DC);

B.Fl.,

N.O.,

iii.,

Myrtacese, (Syn.

288.

Brandis {Forest Flora of India) states that the bark of tree,

mixed with pulse and

chaff, is given as cattle

this

fodder in India.

Northern Australia. 21.

Boerhaavia

difPasa,

pubescens, R.Br.

Linn.,

N.O.,

Nyctagineae,

B. procumbens, Roxb.J

B.Fl.,

(Syn.

B.

v.,

277. Called " Goitcho " by the natives of the Cloncurry River, Northern ;

;

Queensland.

The which,

amount

Rev. Dr. Woolls points

having a

long tap

of drought, whilst

this out as a useful

root, it

affords pasture early in the season,

ere the grasses are fully developed. Australia.

In 22.

all

It is

a troublesome

forage plant,

can withstand a considerable

weed

This plant in

is

some warm

not endemic in countries.

the colonies except Tasmania.

Bulbine bulbosa, Haw., N.O.,Liliaceae, (Syn. B. australis, Spreng. B. suavis, Lindl. ; B. Fraseri, Kunth ; B. Hookeri, ;

FORAGE PLANTS. Kunth; Anthericum Hook.); B.Fl.,

vii.,

121

A.

R.Br.;

bulbosum,

semibarbatum,

34.

" Native Onion," " Native Leek."

W. N.

Mr.

Hutchison, Sheep Inspector, Warrego, Queens-

land, reports of this plant

same,

are almost the

"

:

Its effects

continually

scoured,

mucous discharge from the

colour.

Cattle survive the

and horses

will

(Bailey

Stock

longest

on

nose, of ;

Gordon) two

sheep and horses terribly

rolling,

a green and yellowish

sheep take some three days, In Plants

linger for a week."

and

cattle,

lying down,

cases

of

Injurious

poisoning

are

to

also

instanced.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

23.

Bursaria spinosa, Andr.); B.Fl.,

i.,

Caz^. , N.O.,Pittosporese, {Syn. Itea

" Native

it

Box."

greedily eaten by sheep, but

It is

spmosa,

115.

from extinction upon sheep-runs.

its

It

thorny character preserves is

very variable in bulk

usually a small scrub, in congenial localities

it

;

developes into a

small tree. All the colonies.

24. Cassia

(Syn.

eremophila (nemophilaj,^- C«««, N.O., Leguminos^, C. canah'culata, R.Br., C. /leteroloba, Lindl.); B.FL,

287.

ii.,

Mr.

S.

Dixon

states that

both the pods and leaves of this

plant are eaten by stock.

In

25.

all

the colonies except Tasmania.

Castanospermum B.Fl., "

ii.,

anstrale, A.

Cunn; N.O., Leguminosse

;

275.

Moreton Bay

Chestnut."

" Bean Tree."

Called

"

Bogum" and

" Irtalie " by the aborigines.

Stock owners are destroying cattle are

this tree

owing

poisoned through eating the seeds.

quite harmless

when cooked, and form,

of the aborigines.

to the belief that

They

are,

however,

in fact, part of the diet

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

122

The Government

Analyst of

New

South Wales has failed

an alkaloid or poisonous principle

find

may be

they

that

borne

in

mind

on account of

injurious

(^Report of Dept. of Mines, that the

N.S. W.,

p. 46.)

to

and suggests

in the seeds,

their indigestibility.

however, to be

It is,

Leguminosae are emphatically a poisonous

Natural Order, although they yield some of the most valuable foods

man and

of

beast.

Northern 26.

Casuarina

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Stricta, Ait.,

valvis, Labill.;

Gunnii, Hook,

C.

N.O., Casuarinese, (Syn. C.

quadri-

C. macrocarpa, A. Cunn.; C. crt'sfa/a, Miq. f.);

B.Fl.,

195.

vi.,

;

C. quadrivalvis in

Muell. Cens., p. 22. ''

Coast She-oak."

"

Swamp Oak."

"

"

River Oak."

Wargnal

"

of the aboriginals.

Mr.

S.

Dixon

states that in

Port Lincoln

(S.A.) the fallen

catkins (male inflorescence) form the chief sustenance in winter,

on much

The

of the overstocked country.

foliage

is

eagerly browsed

upon by

drought these trees are pollarded for the

and

stock,

in cases of

Old bullock-

cattle.

drivers say that cattle prefer the foliage of the female plant (J. E.

Brown).

Casuarina foliage has a pleasant acidulous

taste,

but

it

contains a very large proportion of ligneous matter.

Mr.

S.

Dixon

(op. cit.) states

that this tree

very useful to ewes rearing lambs, but of in

if

too sour to be

is

sheep had only enough

the " brake " or tenderness of fibre would often be prevented

it

our

fine

wool

districts,

and much money saved by the increased

value a sound staple always

commands.

All the colonies except Queensland and Western Australia.

27.

Casuarina SUberOSa, Otto

et Dietr.,

N.O., Casuarineae, (Syn.

C. leptocladaW\(\.; C. mcesta F.v. M.); B.Fl., " Erect She-oak."

" Shingle Oak."

oak."

A

" Forest Oak."

"Beef Wood."

"

vi.,

Swamp Oak." "

Dahl-wak"

very valuable fodder tree, largely used and

197.

" River Blackof the aborigines,

much

valued in

the interior districts as food for stock during periods of drought.

The same remarks apply more

or less to

all

species of Casuarina.

All the Colonies except Southern and Western Australia.

FORAGE PLANTS.

1

Toona, Roxb., N.O., Meliaceae, (Syn.

28. Cedrela

F.V.M.); B.FL,

C. australis,

C. australis in Muell. Cens., p. 9.

387.

i.,

23

Called " Polai " by the abori£;inals of Northern South Wales; " Mumin," or " Mugurpul," by those about Brisbane;

"Ordinary Cedar."

New

and " Woota" by those about Wide Bay, Queensland.

The

leaves are used to feed cattle in India.

should be observed, however,

Bentham tinct

in

Baron Mueller

that

differs

from the

from

"Toon"

In any case the trees are so

of India.

any property possessed by the one

shared

is

other.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Talinum

29. Claytonia polyandra, F.v.M., N.O., Portulaceae, (Syn.

polyajidrum, Hook.); B.Fl., " Coonda

" of

Sheep can

i.,

172.

the aboriginals about Shark's Bay, Western Australia.

largely feed

on

this

succulent shrub for a consider-

(Mueller and Forrest, Plajtls

able time without drinking water.

The same

Indigenous about Shark's Bay, W.A., /SSj.) vation

It

considering the Australian " Cedar " specifically dis-

closely related that

by the

(Gamble.)

is

obser-

doubtless true of the other Claytonias, and also of the

closely related Portulaca oleracea, the Interior of

New

common

Purslane.

South Wales, South- Western and Northern

Australia.

30.

Chionanthus ramiflora, Roxb., F.v.M.

effusiflora,

flora,

DC;

Mayepea

The

;

Mayepea

ramiflora,

fruit of this plant is the

and

F.v.M.);

C.

L. ramiiv.,

301.

is

the

food of the jagged-tailed bower(Bailey.)

more valuable

This plant

is

This observation

is

in that the vegetable foods

of our indigenous fauna have very rarely

mined.

B.FL,

(Syn.

;

ramiflora, F.v.M., in Muell. Cens., p. 92.

bird (Preonodura Neivtoniana). interesting,

N.O., Jasminese,

Linociera effusiflora, F.v.M.

been botanically deter-

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland.

31. Claytonia (Calandrinia)

N.O., Portulaceae; B.Fl.,

Balonnensis, or balonensis, i.,

172.

i^z'«^/.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

124

" Munyeroo," of natives of South Australia

Central Australia.

Mr.

S,

;

" Periculia " of natives of

(Fragm., p. 71.)

Dixon

mob

that a large

states

destined to

of cattle,

some two hundred miles

stock a Northern Territory run, travelled

without a drink, which would have been altogether impossible in the absence of this succulent plant.

South Australia,

Conospermum

32.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Western Australia and C-

New

v.,

;

B.Fl.,

Proteaces,

(Syn.

374.

South Wales.

R.Br., (Syn.

triplinervium,

undulaium, Lindl.)

N.O.,

Ejtdi.,

Stcechadis,

sderophylluin, Lindl.); B.Fl.,

v.,

Endl.

lanijforum,

C.

;

C.

375.

Western Australia.

Baron Mueller suggests worst desert country, as avidity

all

on the

plants be tried

that these

kinds of pasture animals browse with

on the long, tender, and downy

and

flower-stalks

spikes,

without touching the foliage, thus not destroying the plant by close

cropping.

33-

Cucunms

trigonus, Roxb.,

Hook.

pubescens.

F.v.M.);B.Fl., ''

Boomarah

"

;

iii.,

of the

N.O., Cucurbitaceae, F.v.M.

C. jucundiis,

;

(Syn.

C.

C. picrocarpus,

317. aboriginals

of

the

Cloncurry

River,

North

Queensland.

Stock are said to be very fond of districts of

Queensland.

(Bailey.)

this plant

Sir

Thomas

of this plant covering a great area of ground, in in

Western

New

New

in the

Western

Mitchell speaks

one

of his journeys

South Wales.

South Wales, Queensland, Northern and Western Aus-

tralia.

34- LailCTlS brachiatus, Sieb., N.O., Umbelliferae, (Syn.

glochidaia, Labill.); B.FL,

iii.,

Scandix

376.

" Native Carrot."

Stock are very fond of this plant, when young. wonderfully on

it

where

it

is

plentiful.

It

is

Sheep

a small

thrive

annual

;

FORAGE PLANTS.

1

herbaceous plant, growing plentifully on sandhills and rich the seeds, locally termed " Carrot Burrs,"

25

soil

are very injurious to

wool, the hooked spines with which the seeds are armed attaching

themselves to the

The common

rigid.

the fact that

it is

indicates

plant,

stiff

and

carrot belongs, of course, to this genus,

and

rendering portions of

fleece,

quite

it

descended from an apparently worthless, weedy the

that

improvement by

present

species

This

cultivation.

much

capable of

is

plant

is

endemic

not

in

Australia.

All the colonies.

Daviesia spp., N.O., Leguminosae.

35-

"

Hop

Bush."

of these shrubs are called "

Some

the pleasant bitter

Hop

"

on account of

principle which pervades them.

Horses and

fond of browsing on them.

cattle are

Chiefly in Western Australia, but also

and other

"

One

Hop

New

South Wales

There

The is

seed pods

no reason

to

Lachlan

district of

in particular contain

it

recorded that sheep,

browse upon any Southern

suppose that

cattle, &c.,

New

this particular species I

have not

have actually been observed

other, with the exception of

and Western

479.

a very pleasant

preferred by stock to any other of the genus, only

seen

i.,

Bush."

of the best fodder shrubs in the

South Wales. bitter.

to

in

colonies.

Dodonsea lobulata, F.v.M., N.O., Sapindacese; B.Fl.,

36.

is

Bushes

Australia,

New

D.

viscosa.

South Wales and

Victoria.

37-

Eremophila Stenochilus

longifolia,

longi/olius,

F.v.M., N.O., R.Br,,

puhiflorus, Benth.) B.Fl., " Emu Bush," " Dogwood

v.,

;

The tions

in

sab'cinus,

(Syn.

Benth.,

S.

23.

" " Berrigan" of the natives.

leaves are greedily eaten

by

cattle

and sheep.

Observa-

regard to the effect on stock of browsing upon plants

belonging hitherto

;

S.

Myoponne®,

to

made

the

Myoporinea are much needed, as statements them are not always reconcilable.

in respect to

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

126 Mr.

Dixon

S.

that this tree

states

one

is

of the

to

first

be

barked by rabbits. All the colonies except Tasmania.

38.

Eremophila maculata, F.v.M., (Syn. StenochUus maculatus, Ker.

.S".

;

Endl.

racemosus,

Myoporinese, B.Fl.,

v.,

Called " Native Fuchsia"

This

curvipes,

S.

;

Benth.);

N.O.,

29. in parts of

Queensland.

considered poisonous by some, and by others a good

is

fodder bush. It

eat

of

it,

does not appear to be dangerous to stock accustomed to but to others, travelling stock particularly, Mr. Hutchinson

Warrego

(Q.), considers

it

when

(Bailey

in fruit.

The

be deadly.

to

plant are always worst after rain.

effects of this

appears to be most dangerous

It

and Gordon.)

All the colonies except Tasmania.

39-

Eremophila Mitchelli, Benth., N.O., Myoporineae.

B.Fl.,

v.,

21.

"Rosewood," or "Sandalwood."

The

leaves are eaten

The

by stock.

seeds of several species

are eaten by emus.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

40. EncalpytUSCOrynOCaljrx, ^.J'.i^/.,(Syn. E.cladocalyx,Y.\M.);

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

218.

" Sugar

The

sweetish foliage of this tree

and sheep other,

Gum."

;

E. Gunnii.

(J.

browsed upon by

is

in this respect this eucalypt

may be

cattle

classed with one

E. Brown.)

South Australia.

41- Eucalyptus Gunnii, Hooker/., (Syn. acervula, " White

Hook,

f.);

Swamp Gum,"

vernacular names.

E.

ligiistriiia,

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., or " Cider

Gum."

It

iii.,

Miq.

;

E.

246.

possesses

some other

FORAGE PLANTS. This

tree also bears the

name

upon by

stock.

taken from

it

It is

Gum,"

common

a

" Sugar

Gum"

because

which consequently are browsed

of the sweetness of the leaves,

called " Cider

of the

127

tree in

as an e.xcellent cider

Tasmania, where is

made from

it

the

is

sap

in the springtime.

Tasmania, the extreme south-eastern portion of South Australia,

thence to Gippsland, and into

New

South Wales as far as

Berrima. 42.

Eucalyptus paUCifiora, the species

name

Miq.

viultiplinervis,

Sieb.,

in B.Fl.

;

(Syn. E. con'acea, A.

E. plebophylla, F.v.M.

E. piperita^ van

;

DC.

paicciflora,

E. procera, Dehn., perhaps); N.O. Myrtaceje, B.FL, " White Gum," " Drooping Gum." It is sometimes called tain Ash."

The

It

Cunn.,

E. sub-

;

;

and

iii.,

201.

"

Moun-

possesses other vernacular names.

leaves of this tree are very thick,

and

in

dry seasons are

by cattle. (Woolls.) Opossums have a predilection for young foliage of this tree, so that they often kill trees of this

eaten the

species.

Tasmania, Victoria and 43-

Euphorbia vi.,

Baill.,

Wales.

N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

B.Fl.,

49.

This plant

The

alsinaeflora,

New South

said

is

natural order

is

to

be a dangerous poison-herb

to

sheep.

emphatically a poisonous one.

Northern Australia. 44-

Euphorbia Drummondii, vi.,

Boiss., N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

B.FL,

49.

Called " Caustic Creeper" in Queensland.

" Pox Plant

"

Called " Milk Plant " and

about Bourke.

This weed

is

unquestionably poisonous to sheep, and

has

recently (Oct., 1887) been reported as having been fatal to a flock

near Bourke, N.S.W. It

has been observed that when eaten by sheep in the early

morning, before the heat of the sun has dried certain to be

fatal.

and when grass

is

It is

scarce.

it

up,

it

is

almost

seldom eaten, except by travelling sheep, Its effect

on sheep

is

curious.

The head

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

128

an enormous extent, becoming so heavy

swells to

cannot support

much

ears get

Following friend of

it,

and therefore drags

swollen, is

Mr.

S.

;

the

and Gordon.)

(Bailey

Dixon's remarks on

this

plant

:

—" A

mine fed some old ewes on the undoubtedly poisonous

E. Drnmmondii, but could not lost

along the ground

it

and suppurate.

animal

that the

kill

them, although he had often

an odd sheep or two from poison, and no other known poison-

ous plant exists on his property."

Throughout the colonies.

45-

Euphorbia F.v.M.)

eremophila,

A.

Ctmn.

In the western interior some people say

desertkola,

52.

v.,

in

" the " suspected

it is

highly poisonous,

This plant should be, perhaps, placed list.

E.

(Syn.

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

;

others, as usual, say that they have seen sheep eat

it

with not the

least injurious result.

Mr. Bauerlen gathered a quantity

Museum, and appended

nological plants

I

send

I

of this plant for the

the

following note

:

There was plenty

gathered in a horse paddock.

of evidence on the plants that horses or cattle browse on

no injurious In

result

is

recorded

at

Tech-

— " The it,

but

the station."

the colonies except Tasmania.

all

46. PicUS glomerata,

WUld., (Syn. F.

vesca,

glomerata, IMiq.); N.O., Urticese, B.FL,

F.V.M.

vi.,

;

Covellia

178.

" Clustered Fig."

The

leaves are used in India for cattle

and elephant fodder.

(Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers.) Queensland and Northern Australia. 47- Flagellaria indica, Linn., N.O., Liliacese,

A 'L€\q}v^zxA\.

"

B.FL,

vii.,

lo.

Lawyer Vine."

{Overland Jour tiey

to

Port Essington),

p.

424,

speaks of his bullocks feeding heartily upon this plant, particularly as the country

This plant

New

is

was most wretched and the grass scanty and hard.

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Australia.

i

FORAGE PLANTS.

1

29

48. Flindersia maculosa, F.v.M., (Syn. F. StrzeUckiana, F.v.M.

ElcBodendroii maculosum, Lindl.

Strzeleckya

;

F.v.M.); N.O., Meliacese, B.Fl., i,,389

Muell. Cens., p.

;

dissosperjua,

F. Strzehckiana in

.

9.

" Spotted Tree," " Leopard Tree."

During periods

of

drought sheep become exceedingly fond of

the leaves of this tree, which they greedily devour, as well as the

up

twigs

danger

some

tree

is

in

has not the recuperative power of

it

trees.

Northern 49-

and hence the

to the size of a goose-quill,

of extermination, as

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Ct. triSpp., especially G-. Obovatum, Benth. Benth Q. spinoSUHl, Benth., (Syn. G. Preissii, Meissn.), lobum,

Gastrolobmm

;

;

oxylobioides, Benth.

G-.

G. calycinum, Benth.

;

tachyS, Meissn., (Syn. G. lineare, Meissn.);

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

Commonly known

as

101-7.

ii.,

" Poison

according to Oldfield, G. calycinum

G. callis-

;

bilobum, R.Br.,

Q-,

At the Blackwood River,

Bushes."

known

is

as the

"

York Road Poison

Bush."

and are hence called

are dangerous to stock

These plants *'

Large numbers

Poison Bushes."

annually in

of cattle are lost

Western Australia through eating them.

The

finest

and strongest animals are the

culty of breathing stagger, drop

is

it

ought

over with them.

all is

usual,

be

but

it

and some

brown

;

of the

and

is

of the lungs

and the blood, which

tenderer

is

is

and heart.*

darker than

eaten by the natives

without their appearing to suffer any

(Drummond,

The blossoms the

settlers

when they

After the death of

colour,

but the roasted or boiled flesh

inconvenience.

diffi-

appears to be that the poison enters the

flesh poisons cats,

dogs

I think,

;

and altogether stops the action

circulation,

The raw

to

victims; a

perceptible for a few minutes,

down, and

the animal the stomach assumes a

than

first

in

Hooker's Journal of Botany.)

are also frequently eaten by animals,

most poisonous

part, for the greatest

number

and

are,

of sheep

are lost from the poisonous effect of this plant at the period of * See also an interesting account of

nature of the poison, Pharm. Journ.,

K

vi.,

some 312

its

physiological experiments to ascertain the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

130

When

inflorescence.

the seeds

on the ground, the wild pigeons

fall

them

greedily feed and fatten on

if

;

the crops of these pigeons,

containing the seeds, be eaten by dogs, they die themselves,

when

good

dressed, are

eaten in large numbers by the

known, are not

disputed by

it,

and

;

yet the pigeons

at that

season are

Horses, so far as

settlers.

is

at least this is the prevailing opinion,

some

of the settlers.

(T. R. C. Walter,

With sheep who have eaten the herb, the

best treatment has

although in

affected by

food,

it is

Pharm.

jfoiirn., vi., 311.)

been found to fold them, or shut them up in a close yard, so packed

closely

that they

can hardly move, and to keep them thus (See an interesting account in

without food for thirty-six hours.

Pharm, Journ.,

vi.,

311.)

In the Flo7-a Australiensis a statement

bilobum

is

the worst of the " Poison Bushes."

is

them render

quoted that G.

Certainly

some

of

extensive tracts of country unoccupiable.

Western Australia.

50.

Gastrolobium B.Fl.,

ii.,

grandifiornm,

N.O.,

F.v.M.,

Leguminosse,

103. " Wall-flower or Desert Poison Bush."

With one exception, Western

Australia,

Baron Mueller

numbers

of cattle

of the Burdekin

and

it

is

this

is

identified this plant as

its

having poisoned large

and sheep on the Cape River, and

and Flinders Rivers

in 1863-4.

frequent burning off on the stony ridges

view to

Gastrolobinm out of

the only

the only Queensland one.

it

at the

sources

He recommends

frequents, with the

suppression or eradication.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

51. Geijera parviflora, Lindl., (Syn. G. pendula, Lindl.);

Rutaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

" Wilga," " Sheep-bush," "

Mr. this bush,

S.

Dixon

and

it

N.O.,

364.

states that

Dogwood

" and " Willow."

sheep only are particularly fond of

seems quite unaffected by droughts.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

FORAGE PLANTS. 52.

131

Geraniuin dissectum, Liym., (Syn. G. piIosum,Yox%i.; G. parviJlonim,\^\\\d.; G. philonothum,'DC.; G. potentilloides, L.

Her.

G.

;

Nees

australe,

N.O., Geraniacese, B.FI.,

i.,

carolinianum, Linn.)

G.

;

296

;

G. carolinianum in Muell.

;

Cens., p. 13. " Crowfoot."

"Terrat" of the aboriginals of Coranderrk Station, Victoria.

This plant herb.

It is

known and

is

good seasons.

The

seeds,

are very injurious to sheep ful, often is

highly prized as a very superior pasture

very plentiful on the sand-hills during the springtime of

which ripen about the end

and wool, and when

of

cause the death of numbers of sheep, and

late, injure the wool to a very great extent.

September,

this plant is plenti-

the shearing

if

The

seeds,

which

have exceedingly sharp, hard, barbed points, readily attach themselves to wool or the skins of sheep, whilst the spiral shaft, with

the long crank attached, gives the whole the action of an auger,

worked by the movements of the animal or the action one

If the point of

a windy day

it

will

soon bury

seeds are planted by nature.

redeeming

for

points,

it

is

itself

up

to the

base

this

:

Injurious as this plant

is

sand on

how

the

has

its

is, it

one of our most nutritious fodder fond of

plants, all kinds of stock being exceedingly

cut in a green state,

of the wind.

of these seeds is stuck lightly into the

and before the seeds mature,

it

it,

and when

makes

excel-

lent hay.

Thoughout

the colonies.

This plant

is

not endemic in Aus-

tralia.

53-

Gompholobium uncinatum. A. B.FI.,

ii.,

This small shrub that

may

quoted

of

{pp. cit.)

New 54-

eat

Cunn., N.O., Leguminosa?,

46.

it

as

is

noteworthy as being very hurtful to sheep

{Treasury of Botany). its

habitat, but this

is

South Australia

is

a mistake.

South Wales.

Gossypium

Sturtii,

F.v.M.,

R.Br.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.FI.,

(Syn. i.,

Sturtia

This plant affords stock a good summer feed.

South Australia and

New

gossypioides,

222.

South Wales.

(Dixon.)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

132 55-

Heterodendron olesefolium, Desf., N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl., 469.

i.,

Emu Bush." " Jiggo " and The seeds, which are dry,

"

both sheep and

states that

" Behreging " are aboriginal names.

Mr.

are eaten by emus.

cattle feed greedily

upon

S.

Dixon

it.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 56.

Hibiscus heterophyllus, Vent., {^yn. H.

grandiflortis,'S>zX\%\>.);

N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl., "

The by

"

Green Kurrajong."

i., 212. Dtharang-gange "

is

an aboriginal name.

leaves, branches, and bark of this tree are greedily eaten

They

cattle in winter.

mucilaginous,

are

in

common

with

other plants of this natural order.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Jacksonia

57-

R.Br.,

scoparia,

cupuli/era,

Meissn.);

y. cupulifera

in

B.Fl.,

ij.,

j. 60.

horses

" Dogwood."

relish

the

foliage

of

this

small

tree

(Mueller.;

amazingly.

Western 58.

(Syn.

macrocarpa,

Muell. Cens., p. 34.

A and

Cattle

var.

Leguminosse,

N.O.,

Australia.

Kochia aphylla, R-Br., N.O., Chenopodiaceag, B.FL, Considered by Baron Mueller to be a variety of K.

v.,

188,

villosa.

(Muell. Cens., p. 30.)

A

" Salt-bush."

All kinds of stock are often largely dependent

protracted droughts, and able little

I

when

on

it

during

neither grass nor hay are obtain-

have known the whole bush chopped up and mixed with a

corn,

drawback

when it

it

has,

proved an excellent fodder for horses. stems

its

portions indigestibly so.

It is

are

very

fibrous,

One

and the older

the principal cause of those bezoars,

or felted knobs in the manipulus of the sheep, which in very protracted droughts rains come,

and

kill

them by hundreds.

soft

herbage

partially dissolve, or

is

become covered with a shiny black

so that they resemble a papier-macht^

In

all

When, however, the

abundant, these bezoars either

ball.

the colonies except Tasmania.

(S.

Dixon.)

coating,

FORAGE PLANTS. 59.

133

Kochia pyramidata, Benth., N.O., Chenopodiaceoe,

B.Fl., v.,

186.

"Blue Bush."

The is

to

following analysis of this salt-bush by Mr.

be found

1880, p. 133 Oil

:—

in the Proc.

Royal

Society,

New

W, A. Dixon, South

Wales,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

134

Andr.,

6 1. Lotus anstralis, albidus, Lodd.)

Z.

(Syn.

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

;

Benth

IcBvigatus^

;

L.

i88.

ii.,

All the colonies.

Lotus corniculatus, Linn. All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

These plants is

are often reputed poisonous in Australia,

doubtless a mistake, as they

considered valuable ingredients

Doubtless of

has arisen owing to the poisonous nature

this idea

some leguminous bushes

on stock "I to

is to

am

1861-4),

vi.,

cases,

in

half

an

contrary evidence as to the effect of these plants

New

hand from Western

inclined to believe that

be poisonous are not really

foliage or seeds eaten

dance

some

Baron

habit.

Victoria, vol.

i?. S.

that this plant causes sheep to perish, in

The most

and

similar in leaf

Mueller, however, states (Tra«j.

hour.

which

make excellent fodder, and are in meadows and pastures. (Bailey.)

of gases, that

South Wales.

many leguminous

plants reputed

but that an excess of either

so,

by a hungry animal throws

"hoove" ensues, which

of?

such an abun-

nothing more than an

is

excessive distension of the stomach, pressing against the diaphragm,

preventing the

from working,

lungs

To

strangled to death.

this

cause

I

and the animal

is

really

attribute all the deaths (and

they are very numerous) caused by Lotus australis, var. Behrii, really

an excellent fodder plant, akin

seeding, and especially after rain,

feed greedily upon

it

to

upon

was shown some years since

it,

do not

ovata,

Cav.

;

M.

(Bailey.)

(Syn.

timorensis,

F.V.M.); N.O., Malvacese, B.FL,

Some

but

when to

but actually thrive, as

die,

in Adelaide."

Malvastrum spicatum, A. Gray,

M.

the Lucernes,

hungry sheep are allowed

they die by hundreds, while sheep in con-

finement, and fed solely

(>2.

if

i.,

(S.

Dixon,

Malva

DC, M.

op. cit.)

spicata, Linn.

brachystachya,

187.

squatters have considered this a valuable sheep-herb.

This plant

South Australia,

is

not endemic in Australia.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

;;

FORAGE PLANTS.

135

M. Broivnii, A. Braun. M. hirsuta, R.Br. M. Drummondii,

63. Marsilea quadrifolia, Limi., (Syn.

M.

angustifolia, R.Br.

;

;

A. Braun.); N.O., Marsiliacese, B.Fl.,

vii.,

683.

" Nardoo," " Clover Fern."

This plant

swamps

much

is

relished by stock.

and shallow pools of water.

human

as yielding an unsatisfactory

It

grows plentifully

food in

its

in

known

however, better

It is,

spore-cases.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 64-

Myoporum deserti, A. Cunn., (Syn. M, duke, M. strictum, A. Cunn. M. patens, A. Cunn. ; M.

Benth.;

rugulo-

;

sum, F.v.M.)

N.O., Myoporinese, B.FL,

;

" Ellangowan Poison-bush " of Queensland. of

New

"

v.,

5.

Dogwood Poison-bush"

South Wales.

be a well-authenticated poison-bush, but

This appears to

when

apparently only

in

fruit.

It is

reported from Ellangowan,

Darling Downs, Queensland, that out of a flock ot 7,000 sheep passing

Yandilla

500 succumbed

(Q.),

to

eating

this

plant.

(Bailey and Gordon.)

All the colonies except Tasmania. 65.

Myoporum platycarpum, B.Br., Disoon N.O., Myoporineoe, B.FL,

"Dogwood."

The

leaves are eaten

with any

evil

effects.

by

It

v.,

platycarpus,Y.\M..,

7.

"Sandalwood." stock, but not, as far as I can learn,

is

often

felled

for sheep in

time of

drought. All the colonies except Victoria and Queensland. 66. Nicotiana

Snaveolens,

N. AusfralasicBfR.Br.; gi'ata,

Nees)

;

Lehm., (Syn. N. iV.

undtdata.

rotundifolia, LindL;

N.O., Solanese, B.FL,

iv.,

Vent.

M.

fasti-

469.

" Native Tobacco."

This plant grows luxuriantly on the sand-hills

(New South Wales) of the colonies

in

(and

good seasons.

It

in the interior districts

years), to be manufactured into tobacco. stock.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

in the

Riverina

used, in the early days

It

up is

to quite

recent

readily eaten

by

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

136 67-

Pimelea hsematostachya, F.v.M., N.O., Thymelese, B.Fl., vi.,

22.

This very handsome plant might with advantage be introduced into

garden culture, but

and often causes the

it is

one of the worst of poisonous herbs,

loss of

hundreds of sheep, yet

their lives

could, perhaps, be saved by slitting their ears soon after they had

eaten the herb.

(Bailey.)

Queensland. 68.

DC,

Pittosponim phillyraeoides,

Lodd. P.

P. longi/olium,

;

A.

ligusiri/olium,

P.

acacioides, A.

tum, A. Cunn.)

Cunn. N.O.,

;

Putterl.

Cunn. ;

(Syn.

angnstifoUum,

P.

P. Roeaiium,

;

P. saliciniim, Lindl.

Pittosporeae, B.Fl.,

Called variously "Butter-bush,"

Putterl.

;

P. olece/olium, A. Cunn.

;

"Willow Tree,"

P. lanceola-

;

112.

i.,

" Native Willow,"

and " Poison-berry Tree."

In times of scarcity

this

tree

stands drought, and

sheep and

Stock are so partial to

it

is

as

it

browse upon

its

foliage.

in the interior districts that

of extermination in parts,

and

with-

of great value,

cattle

in

it is

danger

a tree which should be con-

it is

served.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 69. PlantagO varia, R.Br., (.Syn. P. debiUs, Nees) tagineae,

B.FL,

v.,

N.O., Plan-

;

139 (where see synonymy). " Native Plantain."

This plant

is

relished

by stock.

Speaking of an

(P. lanceolata), an English writer observes

:

—"

Its

leaves are relished by sheep, and, to a certain extent, cattle,

but

where

little

this

else will grow.

little

is

It

was generally sown with

occasionally seen

equally well on the it

now on barren

doubt that the plantain

probably in nutritive qualities, to

pasture

by horses and

seldom answers as a crop, unless on very poor land

it

mixed crop

can be

allied species

mucilaginous

may be

same

land.

is

many

clover,

soils,

and

inferior in produce,

plants that would

Mingled with grasses

in

and

but there

grow

permanent

beneficial in small quantity, but tends, like all

broad-leaved plants, to destroy the more delicate herbage around All the colonies.

it."

;

FORAGE PLANTS.

137

Pomaderris racemosa, Hook., N.O., Rhamneae,

10.

The

leaves

well.

(S.

i.,

421.

or soaked are found to be slightly

This explains the fondness that stock have for

mucilaginous. this plant.

when chewed

B.Fl.,

always seems fresh and green, and stands stocking

It

Dixon.)

All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

71. Psoralea tenax, Lindl.,

N.O. Leguminosae,

Considered a good fodder by some,

New

B.Fl.,

ii.,

193.

(Bailey.)

South Wales and Queensland.

72. Pterigeron adscandens, Benth.,'^,0., Compositae, B.Fl.,

hi.,

533.

Specimens of

this plant

as a poison herb.

have been frequently sent to Brisbane

(Bailey.)

Queensland and Northern Australia,

73-

Ehagodia

spp., N.O., Chenopodiaceae, B.Fl., v., 151 et seq. " Salt-bushes."

These plants the

salt

are palatable to sheep

They

obtained from two pounds of leaves. useful, but the

74.

Ehagodia

Billardieri,

on account

is

are

all

more

of

been or less

R- Brown, (Syn. R. baaala, Moq.

baccatum,

Labill,

N.O., Chenopodiaceae, B.FL,

This

cattle

two following are perhaps best known.

Chenopodiuni

shores.

and

which they contain, nearly two ounces having

an important bush

(Mueller.)

It is

for

;

R.

Catidolleajia,

Moq.)

152.

v.,

binding moving sand on sea-

eaten by stock.

All the colonies.

75-

Ehagodia parabolica, R.Br., (Syn. B. redmata, A. Cunn.) N.O., Chenopodiaceae, B.FL,

v.,

153.

" Salt-bush."

This plant

is

relished by stock.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

;

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

f38 76.

australe, R.Br., N.O., Asdepiadese, B.Fl.,

SarCOStemma

iv.,

328. Called

"Caustic Vine"

"Caustic Plant," or

Queensland, and

in

" Gaoloowurrah " by the aboriginals at Port Darwin.

In the Warrego cattle

Queensland, a great number of

district,

have perished from eating

from eating

this plant

till

S.

(Bailey

also well authenticated.

it is

Yet Mr.

Dixon

the

stated that he

summer

of

1

The death

this plant.

880-1,

upon

months

{Froc. R.S., S.A.,

of continued drought.

to

touch

the cattle on the eastern

plains of South Australia lived

it,

fat

sheep

and Gordon.)

had not known stock

when

of

without water, for iv.,

some

135.)

All the colonies except Victoria and Tasmania.

77. Sclerolsena bicornis,

Froc. R.S., 1880); bicornis, F.v.M. diacese,

B.FL,

;

v.,

Lmdl., (Syn. Chenolea bicornis, {Vide Keniropsts lana/a, [M.oq.

Bassia bicornis, F.v.M.) 195.

Bassia bicornis in Muell. Cens.,

p.

This must not be

30.

confounded with the Sapotaceous genus Bassia are usually large trees. ii.,

Anisacantha

;

N.O., Chenopo-

;

of Linn.,

which

Genera Plantarinn, Benth., and Hook.,

658.

N.B. bicornis.

— In

Mr. Dixon's paper the name

There

is

no such

species.

It is

is

given as

Chenolea

probably intended for

Sclerol(E7ia bicornis. " Cotton-bush."

The is

W.

following analysis of this Salt-bush by Mr.

in the Froc.

Royal

Oil

Society, TV. 6".

...

Carbohydrates

Albuminoids

Woody Ash,

fibre

CO2

f^F.,

1880, p. 133

:

2.88

56.03 9.18 24.91

7.00

lOO.OCO

Nitrogen

Woody Edible

parts of plant

i.47 6 per cent.

94 per cent.

A. Dixon

FORAGE PLANTS.

139

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

I40 8

Solanum

1.

F.v.M., (Syn. S. ladniatum,

simile,

S.fasciculatum, F.v.M.) Called "

Quena" by

Sheep feed on S.A.,

;

var.,

N.O., Solanaceae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

R.Br.; 448.

aboriginals in South Australia.

(Annie F. Richards in Vroc. R.!S.,

this plant.

136.)

iv.

All the colonies except

S2. SterClllia

G- Don..^ (Syn. Brachychiton popul-

divsrsifolia,

neum, R.Br.

Pcecilodermis popuhiea, Schott.); N.O., Stercu-

;

B.Fl.,

liacese,

Tasmania and Queensland.

i.,

Brachychiton popuhieum

229.

in

Muell.

Cens., p. 15. "Kurrajong," or Cattle

Black Kurrajong;" the " Bottle Tree" of Victoria.

"

and sheep are fond

some dry seasons have thing else. are cut

of the leaves

in

on scarcely any-

(New South Wales)

In parts of the Riverina

down

and branches, and

existed for long periods

the trees

{^General Beport,

as required for this purpose.

Sydney International Exhibition, i8yg.) Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

83. Swainsonia spp., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

216

ii.,

et seq.

" Native Indigos."

These plants

are reputed poisonous to

The

stock.

principle does not appear to have been isolated,

as

it

active

only exists

during certain stages of growth (prior to flowering) of the plant,

and

it

seems

to

be decomposed on drying the plant.

nature of the poison until

will, therefore,

such time as a chemist can work

at the plant

take steps to receive a perfectly fresh supply of

Throughout the 84.

The

real

probably remain undetermined

on the

spot, or

it.

colonies.

Swainsonia galegifolia, R.Br., (Syn. 5". Osbomii, Moore; Vicia galegi/olia, kndx.; Cohitea galegi/olia, Sims); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

217.

" Darling Pea," " Indigo Plant."

This inflicted

is

a dreaded plant from the great

on stock-owners.

separate from the flock,

Its effect

amount

on sheep

wander about

is

listlessly,

of

loss

it

has

known they and are known to well

the shepherds as " pea eaters," or " indigo eaters."

;

When

once a

FORAGE PLANTS. sheep takes

may be

to eating

be

said to

plant

this

lost to its

it

141

seldom or never

The

owner.

and

fattens,

Mr. Charles Thorn,

late

of Queensland, placed a

lamb which had become an " indigo

eater" in a small paddock,

where

it

refused to eat grass.

over the paddock for

some indigo he held

they were exceptionally

difficult to catch,

and they were prancing against

trees

day two out of nine died, and

five

When

it

morning

was observed how

and stumps. others had

to

The second be

left at

the

driven they would suddenly stop, turn round and

round, and keep throwing up their heads as

under the jaw

the following

and

Their eyes were staring out of their heads,

strange they appeared.

camp.

for the night at a place

On

was growing.

of this plant

all

in his hand.

At Taroom (Q.) horses were hobbled where much

how-

It,

and followed Mr. Thorn

ever, ate the. indigo plant greedily,

they would then

;

On

repeat the agonising performance.

one

they had been hit

if

down

fall, lie

for a while, rise,

and

course

station, in the

few weeks, eight head were shot, having injured themselves

of a

past hope

Plants Injtirious

of recovery.

Stock (Bailey and

to

Gordon).

The

Rev. Dr. Woolls, however, points out (Proc. Linn. Soc,

N.S.W.,

New

South Wales,

terious

when

New 85.

315), that

vii.,

eaten

it

from experiments made near Mudgee,

does not appear that

vvith

this

species

dele-

is

other herbage.

South Wales and Queensland.

Swainsonia Greyana, Lindl., (Syn. N.O. Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 216.

grandi^ora,

6".

R.Bt.)

;

" Poison Bush."

This plant horses.

The

affected by

it

is

reported to cause madness,

poison

seems

to

act

it

to

be a great

creatures attempt to climb trees, or

especially

It

in

not death for

itself, to

animals

refuse to cross even a small twig lying in their path,

probably imagining

(Woolls.)

if

on the brain,

is

dry

Mueller believes

regarded seasons, in

with

log.

great

when

Sometimes the poor

commit

other eccentricities.

horror

on the Darling,

other herbage

fails.

Baron

the poisonous properties attributed to

this

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

142

{Tra?is.

particular species.

R.S.

Victoria, vol,

Avould appear to be very similar in

1861-4.)

vi.,

effects to the

its

It

preceding

species.

"

a

may add

I

that this plant

ending

sort of insanity,

upon

feed

I

it,

am

popularly supposed to produce

is

some cases

in

of opinion that this

seen any stock actually feeding upon without any

•eat freely,

^enus

which grows

(?),

incorrect

it,

but

I

on the black

soil flats

William Macleay, who has had large experience

me

this plant grows, informed

opinion that

Proc. Linn. Soc. JV.S.W., the properties of it

6".

ix.,

(H. R. Whittall, in

a

is

little

in

regard to

vague, but

I

have

litteratim.

New

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., Pers.)

;

South Wales and Queensland.

(Syn. T. piscatoria and others,

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FI.,

ii.,

209.

These species possess properties deleterious latter

where

in a district

As testimony

179.)

Gi-eyajta, this

South Australia, Victoria,

86.

which are

The Hon.

a few days ago that he also was of

not poisonous to stock."

is

it

stock that

have never

have seen horses

inundated by the waters of the Darling.

at times

^iven

1

;

another species of the same

evil effect, of

plentifully

in death, in

is

The

to stock.

was reported from the Flinders River, Queensland, as a

poison

herb.

and Gordon.)

(Bailey

T. rosea, F.v.M.,

is

also

poisonous.

South Australia,

87.

New

South Wales

to

Northern Australia.

Trachymene aUStralis, Benth., (Syn. Didiscus pHosus, Benth. D. anisocarptis, F.v.M. D. grandis, F.v.M. Dimetopia ;

ariisocarpa, B.FI.,

iii.,

Turcz

349.

;

;

D. grandis, Turcz.); N.O., Umbelliferae,

Didiscus pilosus in Muell. Cens., p. 62. " Wild Parsnip."

Recently (December, 1887) the sudden death of numbers of cattle in

the vicinity of

Dandenong,

their having eaten a plant

known

was attributed

Victoria,

as the wild

Mueller pronounced specimens forwarded

to

parsnip.

him by

to

Baron

the Chief

FORAGE PLANTS.

143

Inspector of Stock to belong to this species.

action

Its

is

so

powerful that no remedial measures seem to be of an}^ avail.

The

only way to destroy the plant

and burn In

88.

to pull

is

it

up by the

roots

it.

the colonies.

all

Trema

aspera, Bhime.,

aspera, Planch.); N.O., Urticese, B.FL,

other species of

{Vide Muell. Cens.,

;

Sponia

This, and

are all united

T. cannabina, Lour.,

typical

p. 21.)

" Peach-leaved poison bush." " Elm." " Rough Fig." is

158.

vi.,

Trema recorded by Bentham,

by Baron Mueller under the

This shrub

Brong

(Syn. Celtis aspera,

firmly believed

likely very indigestible, as

it

by some

A

"

Kurrajong."

be poisonous.

to

It is

produces an excellent strong

fibre.

(Bailey.)

All the colonies except South

89.

and Western Australia.

Trichodesma Zeylanicum, R.Br., (Syn. PolUcMa zeylanka, P. zeylanica in F.v.M.) N.O., Boraginese, B.FL, iv., 404. ;

Muell. Cens., p. 100.

Baron Mueller recommends

plant

this

were found

to

be particularly

partial to

as

a fodder herb,

exploring party (1873-4)

stating that the dromedaries of Giles'

it.

It is

not endemic in

Australia.

All the colonies except Victoria

90. Trigonella snavissima, ii.,

and Tasmania.

LindUy, N.O., Leguminos®, B.FL,

187.

From

its

abundance

in

called " Menindie Clover."

and the " Calomba

"

the neighbourhood of Menindie It is

the " Australian

Shamrock"

Sir

the highest

is

often

Mitchell,

of the natives of the Darling.

This perennial, fragrant, clover-like plant herb.

it

of

Thomas manner

is

a good pasture

Mitchell {Three Expeditions) speaks of as a forage plant

Interior of Australia,

on

in

several occasions.

from the Murray River and

to the vicinity of Shark's Bay,

it

Western Australia.

tributaries

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

144

91. VentilagO viminalis,

"Supple Jack."

Hook.; N.O., Rhamneae,

"Thandorah"

B.Fl.,

1.,

411.

of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry

River (North Queensland).

The

leaves are eaten

South Australia,

92.

New

by

stock.

South Wales and Queensland.

Sizyphus jujuba, Lam.; N.O., Rhamneae,

B.Fl.,

i.,

412.

"Jujube Tree."

The

leaves

Queensland.

are

much

valued

for

cattle-fodder

in

India.

Substances Reputed Medicinal (DRUGS); In regard to the "

New

Remedies,"

it

remember

to

in his introductory

appended

on the Flora of Australia,

essay

be well

will

Hooker

the judicious remarks of Sir Joseph

Flora of

the

to

Tasmania. " I have not alluded to pharmaceutical plants

and multitudes

doubt enjoy a more or

:

such

This

to oblivion.

may exist,

of Australia will

ceutical history of the plants of all countries that

no

as drugs for a

substantial reputation

less

and then be consigned

period,

and roots

of the weeds, seeds,

pharma-

the

is

have long been

inhabited by civilised man, and Australia will form no exception to

them, the fact being, that of the multitude of names of plants

that appear in

useful plants

is

number

of really active

and

far the richest of the colonies in plants

con-

Pharmacopaeias, the extremely small."

Queensland

is

by

cerning which medicinal properties have been recorded great majority of these will be found to be also

and the Archipelago, and

but the

;

common

to

India

have been employed by the natives of

to

those countries.

With the exception

of

some

plants not

endemic

which have already been utilized by dwellers

most

of

been

enquired into only when their

were

assigned.

the

possessed orders

;

plants of

We

this

are

* See also " Essential Oils," "

Wales, March,

L

aware

1888, entitled

that

Gums," &c.

is

found

The

botanical

true

certain

certain

to

Australian plant

are dealt with in a paper read

in Australia,

older countries,

continent reputed medicinal,

by plants belonging

when an

in

have

positions

properties

are

genera and natural to

belong

species found in

to

New

South Wales

by the author before the Linnean Society of

Some Reputed Medicinal Plants 0/ Nezu South

such an

IVales.

New

South

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

146

we can usually make a very sagacious surmise as properties. The science of botany, therefore, may save the

order or genus, to its

student of Materia Medica from groping about and testing plants in

in

an empirical way.

Nevertheless, there

Materia

study of vegetable

the

is still

much

Medica, as

empiricism only of

is

it

comparatively recent years that the analyst and physician have recognised the enormous mutual advantage of co-operation with the botanist.

Yet comparatively few genera have been tested for

medicinal properties throughout the world, so that the limit of the aid afforded us by analogy Australian botany

by the publication of

easily passed.

is

may be

said to have

been brought

which only date back some twenty-five years.

time very few people

in these colonies

knowledge whatsoever, pitiable state, empirics

and

our

adding

plant-nomenclature was in a

to the prevalent lack of

increasing the difficulty of the situation by

Anyone need only examine

be convinced

of the truth of

Mr. Bentham

are, of course,

my

and the student

of Materia

no doubt

is

that

of description,

synonymy worse than

old exhibition literature to

remarks.

in this centenary year.

of the classification of our plants has already

There

knowledge

To Baron Mueller and mainly owing the " exact " position

which Australian botany holds

work

Before that

professed any botanical

by bestowing names on plants without a word useless.

into order

Flora Ausiraltensis, the oldest volumes

of the

The main

been performed,

Medica now can reap the advantage.

many

observations of early colonists on the

medicinal properties of plants have been

lost to

us through their

lack of botanical knowledge, or lack of facilities to have plants

named

in

which they were

stances under which

becomes a matter so

little,

detail, in

Of

interested.

many

And

considering the circum-

of the pioneers of this colony worked,

it

of surprise to us, not that they have recorded

but that they have been recorded so much, and in such regard to the economic properties of our indigenous

flora.

course, drugs form but one group or division of substances

which have been pressed

into the service of

In fairness to ourselves

we must

man.

confess ourselves very

indebted to the Australian aboriginal for information as

medical (or

in

fact

any other) properties

of our plants.

little

to the

The

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. poor aboriginal chiefly takes interest

him with securing

the acquisition of even such

lived

a

in

distinguished

meagre

inasmuch

native

Materia Medica,

reliable information

But perhaps

knowledge.

but

about

little

(as I

have experienced to a slight

obtaining

of

difficulty

town blacks

to

impart

any plant which may be shown them, that they are too willing

which impresses one with the thought to oblige.

know

the

extent) through the extreme willingness of

information in regard to

who

as persons

and

enhanced

is

the

description, yet

or botanical

Civilised or semi-civilised blacks frequently their

we know,

them have not been

with

either their medical

for

useful in

fibre

far as

knowledge as they are supposed

diflScult,

nature

of

state

of a very

is

little

been slow and

to possess has

him

As

and other animal sustenance.

fish

Materia Medica of the blacks

have

in the vegetation as supplying,

food, or as affording

scanty

his

147

this

mainly owing to asking them

is

leading questions.

With the case

is

fancifully, is

native Materia

liable,

and others

much

Medica

of India, for instance, the

While some remedies are evidently used

very different.

which the human frame

for every disease to

of the

knowledge

in

regard to

it is

exact, the out-

of intelligent observation and enquiry, and the work of the

come

European

practitioner to classify the native drugs

is

a compara-

tively easy one.

There referred to

is

an important matter which

by medical men

ingenious surmise, but I as evidence to prove It

this.

is

its

Native

am

truth

and

have

I

others.

It

inclined to think is

drugs

it is

heard

only an

more than

that,

to

time brought forward.

will

probably be found

from time

Australian

often

may be

peculiarly efficacious in the treatment of diseases, or modifications of diseases,

which are co-extensive with

The number as our

knowledge

limited, It will

and

at

Yet

it

how is

New

present extends,

in regard to these even,

thus be seen

of enquiry. atise

of really useful

little

their distribution.

South Wales drugs, as

is,

far

as will be seen, but very

our knowledge lacks precision.

trodden has been

not too early even

such knowledge as we possess

—

now

this

to

this particular field

attempt to system-

has been the object

view in submitting the few pages which follow.

in

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

148 I-

precatorius, Linn., (Syn.

AbniS

A. pauciflorus, Desv.

squamulosus, E. Mey.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

;

A.

270.

" Indian Liquorice."

The

roots of this plant are used in India as a substitute for

though they are somewhat

liquorice,

The

considered demulcent.

leaves,

In Java the roots are

bitter.

when mixed

with honey, are

applied to swellings, and in Jamaica are used as a substitute for

Under

tea.

employed been put

the

of " Jequirity" the seeds have recently

name

in India

and

been

which they have long

in cases of ophthalmia, a use to

Brazil.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 2.

Ablltilon indiCTim, G. Don., (Syn. A. asiaticum, G.

indicum, Linn. i.,

;

^. asiatica, Linn.);

Don; Sida

N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.^

202.

This species, together with many others of possesses demulcent properties, and

is

this natural order,

used for that reason.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 3-

Acacia spp, N.O., Leguminosae. " Wattles."

The

barks of

all

"Tans"), and are used

wattles in

are

more

or

less

astringent

or infusions employed in diarrhoea or dysentery, perspiring

some

affections of the eyes,

and a number

ailments in which an astringent

The

S. J.

South Alls i7- alia,

or

may

feet,

severe and trifling

not be of service.

Margarey on A. pycnantha,

iii.,

in

Trans. R.S.

xiv.

astringent principle (accompanied by no injurious sub-

stance in large quantity) in the

may

of

medicinal properties of these barks are discussed in a

paper by Dr.

The

(see

domestic medicine to make decoctions

is

present to a more or less useful extent

barks of scores of genera of our native

trees, e.g..

Eucalyptus,

Banksia, Casuarina.

The gums extent

in

of

some

species of

wattle are used to a limited

domestic medicinej and surgery.

maculosa, infra.)

Throughout the

colonies.

(

Vide Flindersiu

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. 4-

Acacia delibrata, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

149

B.Fl.,

404.

ii.,

Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane, has found a saponin in the pods. Physiologically,

was found

it

very disagreeable

taste,

and

to act as

an

irritant poison.

has a

It

soluble both in alcohol and water.

is

Queensland and Northern Australia.

5.

A. plagiophylla, Spreng.; Mimosa

falcata, Willd., (Syn.

Acacia

obliqua, Wendl.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl., " Hickory."

" Lignum-Vitse."

" Sally."

tjellan" by the aboriginals of the counties of

361.

ii.,

used to be called "

It

Wee-

Cumberland and Camden

-(New South Wales).

This bark, which contains aboriginals of the counties of

and

fish,

to

much

tannin,

was used by the

Cumberland and Camden

make embrocations

for the cure of

to stupefy

cutaneous diseases.

{Macarthur.)

New

6.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia implexa, Benth., N.O., Leguminosse,

The

B.Fl.,

ii.,

389.

Rev. Dr. Woolls observes that the bitter bark of this tree

probably possesses medicinal properties.

The bark

of

young

trees contains a very pleasant bitter.

New

Victoria,

7-

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia penninervis, Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

Sieb., ii.,

362.

" Hickory."

The bark

(Syn. A. impressa, Lindl.); N.O.,

"

Blackwood."

(and, according to some, the leaves) of this tree

was formerly used by the aboriginals

Wales hole,

for catching fish.

when

of

southern

They would throw them

the fish would rise to the

top and be

New

into a

South water-

easily caught.

Neither the leaves nor bark contain strictly poisonous substances, but, like the

owing

other species of Acacia, they would be deleterious,

to their astringency.

All the colonies except South

and Western

Australia.

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

150 8.

var.

Acacia Salicina,

The

"

Goobang

" of the natives of the

A.

(Syn.

Lijidh,

varians,

Benth.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

variants,

367.

ii.,

New

western interior of

South

Wales. Sir

Thomas

fish in water-holes.

poison the

this tree to

In the

9-

Mitchell speaks of the natives using a bough of

interior.

laurifolia, F.v.M., (Syn. Sersalisia lauri/olia,

Achras

S. glabra, A.

Gray

Sapotacese, B.Fl.,

iv.,

K. Rich.;

Sideroxylon Richardi, F.v.M.)

;

282.

Sideroxylon Richardi

in

N.O.,

;

Muell.

Cens., p. 92. is

at the

same

Dr. Bancroft suggests that lozenges

made

of an

This bark has a remarkably sweet time astringent. extract of

might prove useful

it

an analysis by Mr. Staiger

in throat diseases.

Following

...

...

30.0

...

...

12.0

...

...

...

between

intermediate

substance

rubber and gutta-percha fibre

Moisture

New

India-

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

0.25

50.0 7.75

South Wales and Queensland.

AchyrantheS aspera, Linn., (Syn. A. inch

is

:

Extract (containing glycyrrhizin)

Woody

canescens, R.Br.

y4.

antacese, B.FL,

Found

v.,

;

/I.

The herb

australis, R.Br.;

argentea,\j2.-m?)\ N.O.,

and

Amar-

246.

also in all the tropical

old world.

The

but

Tannin

A

10.

taste,

is

and sub-tropical regions

of the

administered in India in cases of dropsy.

seeds are given in hydrophobia, and in cases of snake-bites,

as well as in ophthalmia spikes, rubbed with a

internally to people bitten

and reduced

The floweringdiseases. made into pills, and given by mad dogs. The leaves, taken fresh considered a good remedy when applied

and cutaneous

little

to a pulp, are

sugar, are

— SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. externally to the bites of scorpions.

The

a considerable quantity of potash,

which

The

clothes.

of

151

ashes of the plant yield

used

is

washing

in

flowering spike has the reputation in India (Oude)

being a safeguard against scorpions,, which

it

believed to

is

(Drury.)

paralyse.

South Australia,

New

South Wales, Queensland and Nor-

thern Australia.

11.

Sethiopicnm, Linn.,

Adiantum

A. trigonum,

Labill.)

Common This plant

making

^^

Swartz

;

724.

vii.,

" Maidenhair Fern."

possess medicinal

said to

is

and emetic.

slightly astringent

A. assimile,

(Syn.

N.O., Fihces, B.Fl.,

;

It

properties, being

has been used in Europe in

Sirop de Capillaire," a demulcent drink, employed in

diseases of the chest. All the colonies.

12.

Alstonia COnstricta, F.v.M., N.O., Apocyne®, B.FL, " Fever Bark."

iv.,

314.

" Bitter Bark."

This yellowish-brown, often thick and deeply fissured bark, intensely

and

bitter,

properties.

decoction

It

states

that

pale ale for export, as effects of hops.

seems

to

It

it

sold is

it

valuable

quoted

regularly

sometimes

is

Mr. Christy

is

possesses

in

in

the

London drug colonies

as

A

lists.

" bitters."

used by some English brewers of

produces neither headaches nor other

tastes

is

and tonic

febrifugal

remarkably

like

ill

Cinchona bark, and

partake somewhat of the properties of both quinine and

nux vomica.

This drug

ments by medical men.

The bark

is

undoubtedly worthy of careful experi-

(See A. scholar is.)

contains, according to

Palm (who examined

1863), a neutral resinous bitter principle, called by similar to cailcedrin

camphor, an

iron-

and tuhicunin, a

The

6.06 per cent, of the bark, contains in 100 parts

fat,

ash, :

it

in

alsionin,

smelling like

volatile oil,

greening tannin, gum, resin,

substance, oxalic acid, and citric acid.

him

wax, protein

amounting

to

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

152

Soda (anhydrous) Potash

...

...

...

...

...

...

0.48 6.96

„

Sodium Chloride

3.06

Lime

32-83

Magnesia Ferric oxide

3.61

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

3.43

oxide...

...

0.78

Manganoso-manganic

Sulphuric acid (anhydride)

...

...

9.33

Phosphoric peroxide

...

...

trace

Silica

...

...

Carbonic acid

{Watts Diet.,

...

...

15.60

...

...

23.50

suppt, loi.)

ist

vi.,

... ...

Mueller and Rummel, in Wittstein's Organic Co7istituents of Plants, give the following account of the alkaloid '.--Alstonin, the is

obtained by

little

hydrochloric

alkaloid of the bark of Alstonia constricta^ F.v.M., treating the alcoholic extract with water acid,

adding

and a

solution a small excess of

to the filtered

ammonia,

dissolving the separated flocculent precipitate in ether, evaporating the

ethereal

and

solution,

purifying

by dissolving again

(alsto7iin)

above process.

It

of very bitter taste,

in

remaining

the

dilute acid

forms an orange yellow, melts below 100°, and

alkaloid

and repeating the

brittle,

pellucid mass,

carbonised at higher

is

temperatures; dissolves easily in alcohol, ether, and dilute acids, but sparingly in water.

All

its

solutions in the dilute state exhibit a

strong blue fluorescence which Its alcoholic solution

combines with

is

not affected by acids or alkalies.

acids, but does not completely

Hydrochloric and other strong acids, also

on evaporation

partly

substance.

The

in the

phospho-molybdate and

alkalies,

and mercury, iodide

it

of potassium, the

meta-tungstate of soda, bichromate of alkaline carbonates.

precipitate the hydrochloride, but does the

and the pure base. with

decompose

water-bath to a dark-coloured acid

potash, picric acid, and with the alkalies and

Tannic acid does not acetate

neutralise them.

hydrochloride of alstoniti gives precipitates with

the chlorides of platinum

alstonin

Alstonin

has a slightly alkaline reaction.

crimson

Concentrated

colour, yellow

nitric

acid

on warming

acid reddish-brown, afterwards dirty green

;

;

dissolves

sulphuric

hydrochloric acid only

— SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. effects a yellowish

by

chiefly

its

Alstoniti

solution.

153

from diiamine

differs

behaviour towards concentrated acids, and by

its

fluorescence, which has not been recorded of the other alkaloid.

disputed by

The correctness of the above results has been Hesse, who expressed the opinion that the supposed a mixture of chlorogenine and porphyrine.

Chen.

was

alkaloid

{Ber.

Deutsch.

d.

Gessells, iSjS, p. 2175.)

In June, 1879, Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen* announced

and

the isolation of two alkaloids from this bark, a crystallizable

They found

an amorphous one.

to the extent of 1.038 per cent.,

attention

method

and

ethereal

to this

In Pharm. Journ.

was confined.

abstract of their paper,

the bark to be soluble in ether

and an account

extract

1059,

ix.,

[3],

their

given not only of the

is

of preparing these alkaloids, but also of their physical

The

chemical properties.

and

crystalline alkaloid occurring in silky

tufts of brilliant, colourless, isolated, or stellate

alstonine-\, while

an

is

crystals,

styled

is

an amorphous nitrogenous residue, possessing

alkaloid properties, obtained

by spontaneous evaporation from the

mother liquor which yielded aUtonine,

is

termed

provisionally

ahtonicine.

In

1

88 1 an exhaustive research on

by Hesse

to

the Annalen der

abstract appears in

the

this

bark was contributed

Chojiie, ccv., 360, of

Pharm. Journ.

[3]

which a careful

xi.,

Palm's

775.

was

ahtonin (notwithstanding the alleged absence of nitrogen)

shown by Hesse

to consist essentially of

an alkaloid which he had

obtained from the bark and called chlorogenine.

name had

priority,

But as Palm's

Hesse called the alkaloid alstonine.

tunate confusion has arisen in Mueller and

But unfor-

Rummel and

Oberlin

and Schlagdenhauffen (vide supra) also having given so descriptive a

name

to

substances of different composition.

The

abstract

above referred to gives a very lucid account of the overlapping of

how the different products obtained may be reconciled. After this necessary

various researches, and shows

by

different

observers

preliminary statement, Hesse gives a tion

and properties

of the alkaloids

* Journal de Pharmacie

et

de Chimie.

full

account of the prepara-

found by him. t

They

are

Probably Hesse's porphyrine.

:

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

154

Ahtonine (synonymous with

1.

identical with Palm's alstonin.)

which can be rubbed

to a

chlorogeriine,

It is

a brown,

and probably

amorphous mass,

brownish-yellow powder.

2.

Porphyrine, a white powder found in very small quantity.

3.

Porphyrosine, the examination of which

is

not yet

com-

plete. 4.

Ahlojiidme, consisting of colourless, concentrically grouped

needles.

Hesse believes

that this

ates the alkaloids obtainable

New

13-

list

by no means completely enumer-

from

this interesting bark.

South Wales and Queensland.

Alstonia SCholaris, R.Br., (Syn. A. cuneata,Wa.\\.)',l^.O., Apocynese, B.Fl.,

iv.,

312.

"Devil Tree"

The

" Dita Bark."

of India.

powerfully bitter bark of this tree

of India in

bowel complaints.

used by the natives

is

(Treasury of Botany.)

It

has

proved a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery.

It

has also been found effectual in restoring

and

the tone of the stomach after fevers

It is officinal in

diseases.

Phillippine

Islands.

held in the highest repute in

It is

For further information

Most

(Materia Medica of Western India). it

at all

(Pharm. of India.)

the Pharmacopoeia of India as an astringent tonic,

anthelmintic, and antiperiodic. the

system generally in debility

of the

and other exhausting

speak of

it

writers

see

A

terms of the highest praise.

in

Dymock

who speak

of

ver}' full

account of the various substances which have been extracted from this

bark

688

et seq.

will

be found

in

Watf s

Diet., 3rd suppt., Part

i.,

page

Northern Queensland.

14-

Ammannia

indica, Lam., (Syn. A. vesicatoria,'Koyih.);

Lythrarieae, B.FL,

iii.,

296.

Not

therefore, probably considers

The whole

it

in Muell.

Cens.

N.O.

the Baron,

introduced.

plant has a strong aromatic smell.

are acrid, and are

;

commonly used by

The

leaves

the natives of India to raise

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. blisters in

perform

rheumatic pains, fevers,

The

etc.

155

fresh leaves bruised

their office effectually in half-an-hour,

M.

(F.

Bailey.)

Queensland and North and South Australia. 15-

Antidesma

Euphorbiacese,

N.O.,

BailL,

Dallachyannm,

B.Fl.,vi., 85. " Herbert River (Queensland) Cherry."

The

which

fruit,

in size equals that of large

cherries,

placed

being grateful fever, this is

it

;

parched palates of persons suffering from

to the

worthy of a similar place.

The same remarks mentioned under

fruits

of a

when made into jelly and as the European among medicinal plants on account of its juice

also equals in colour fruit is

is

which

sharp acid flavour, resembling that of the red currant,

(Bailey.)

are applicable to "

many

sub-acid

of the

Foods."

Queensland and Northern Australia.

16.

Archidendron Vaillantii, F.v.M., (Syn. Pithecolohium Vaiilaniii, F.v.M.;

Alhizzia

Fragm.,

inosae; Mueller,

The pods nauseous, hot

in a

v., 9,

and

F.v.M.)

ix.,

;

N.O.,

178.

The bark

taste.

also

is

bean was made,

hot and acrid. five

to

few minims of water, were injected under the skin of

The bark was

be more poisonous than the bean or leaves.

Guinea-pigs

poisoned with this substance have painful convulsive of the whole

and

lie in

when

The

hind legs get paralysed, and

many hours before they die, when moved about. After death the muscles across, or when stimulated through their

a helpless state for

utter feeble cries

contract

cut

nerves up to their exit from the cord.

sensory

nerves seem

to

be

affected.

Neither the motor nor the

This substance

paralysing the reflex function of the spinal cord. in Froc.

movements

muscular system, increasing in frequency and force

as the poison gets absorbed.

the animals

Alcoholic

grains of which, sus-

a kitten, which died asphyxiated in a few hours.

found

Legum-

contain beans which possess a black colour, and

extract of the dried

pended

Vaillajtiii,

U.S. W.S. W., 1886, p.

Queensland.

70.)

kills

by

(Dr. Bancroft,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

156 17-

Asparagus racemOSUS,

Wi/ld., (Syn.

Asparagopsis Jloribufida, Kunth Decaisnei, Kunth)

The

N.O., Liliaceae, B.Fl.,

;

vii.

roots of this plant are used medicinally

India, but they appear to be wholly

An

0/ India.)

them

A. fasckulatus, R.Br.;

A. Brownei,

;

account of some of the uses

be found

will

unworthy of

in

by the natives which

of

(Pharm.

notice.

to

A.

"Kxinih;

17,

it

is

put by

Drury's Useful Plants of India, p. 56.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

18.

Atherosperma moschata, LabUl, N.O., Monimiacese, v.,

B.Fl.,

284. " Sassafras" (see Doryphora).

The bark odour of

its

due

bark,

sassafras in odour.

new

and says

ale,

good

It

to

more

essential oil closely

from the

resembling true

Bosisto likens the smell of the inner bark to

from

its

successfully used in

this

raising bread.

in

asthma and other pulmonary

especially for

It is

an

repute as a

called Native Sassafras

is

that a decoction

substitute for yeast

diuretic in

much

contains an agreeable bitter, of

amongst sawyers.

tonic

part of the tree It is

affections, but

sedative action on the heart,

some forms

is

a

diaphoretic and

and

it is

it

known

has been

of heart disease.

prepared of the strength of 4 ounces of the bark to 20

ounces of

rectified spirit,

usually on a

lump

and

of sugar.

is

given in doses of 30 to 60 drops,

The

said to have a lowering action

volatile oil

on the

of the

heart.

bark alone

is

See " Volatile and

Essential Oils."

The bark has been examined by N. it

volatile oil, fixed oil,

acid,

an aromatic

Zeyer,

who has found

in

wax, albumin, gum, sugar, starch, butyric

resin, iron-greening tannic acid,

which he designates atherospermine.

and an alkaloid

The lead-compound

of the

tannic [acid was obtained by precipitating the clarified aqueous

decoction of the bark with lead acetate, digesting the well-washed precipitate with acetic acid,

ammonia. analysis,

C:o

Hu

The after

PbOa."

and exactly saturating the

filtrate

with

greyish-yellow precipitate thus formed gave by

drying,

numbers

corresponding to the formula

— SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

When

exhausted with weak sodaley, the

is

aromatic resin passes into solution, and

alcohol and water.

easily in alcohol

nutmeg and

and

and turpentine

difficulty in ether

The to contain

oil.

formula

to the

amounting

ash,

and 4.06 per

sassafras, melts at

in alkaline hydrates

gave numbers according

to 3.64

chloride

of the resin

per cent, of the air-dried bark,

was found by Zeyer

...

...

...

2.675

...

...

...

4.036

Soda

...

...

...

8.321

...

...

...

...

45.445

do.

Magnesia

...

...

...

...

4.361

Alumina

...

...

...

...

0.191

Ferric oxide

...

...

...

...

0.098

...

...

...

0.447

Sulphuric acid (anhydride)

...

...

1.442

Phosphoric pentoxide

...

...

1.186

...

...

...

1-396

...

...

...

30.005

Silica

...

Carbonic Acid Atherospermine.

The

already said

precipitate,

solution filtered from the impure lead-

to

have been obtained by N. Zeyer,

on addition of ammonia, a precipitate which,

and drying, digestion with mixing

of the

precipitation with

washing

brown

solu-

remaining mass with hydrochloric acid, and

ammonia,

yields crude atherospermine

;

and by

substance with carbon bisulphide, dissolving the

this

mass

after evaporating off the

chloric acid,

after

alcohol, evaporation of the

agitating

*

The analysis C^ H32 O5.

Potash (anhydrous)

Manganic oxide

left

14°, dissolves

:

Lime

still

1

and carbonates, but with

cent, of the bark dried at 100°,

Sodium

is

separated by preci-

brown-red, has a faint aromatic odour,

It is

tastes distinctly like

ine

may be

with hydrochloric acid, and purified by treatment with

pitation

tion,

57

the bark, after being boiled with water and treated

with dilute sulphuric acid,

yields,

1

and

carbon bisulphide

again precipitating with

in

hydro-

ammonia, the atherosperm-

obtained in the pure state.*

The

bark, which had been boiled with water for the preparation of the tannic acid

retained a portion of the alkaloid, which

with dilute sulphuric acid.

was

extracted therefrom by digestion

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

158

Aiherospermine forms a white, somewhat greyish, electric

powder, inodorous, and having a pure

when exposed

yellowish

higher temperature emits an empyreumatic odour, takes

burns away

without residue

when

;

slowly heated

an odour of putrid meat, and afterwards mine?'). in

more

easily

alkaline reaction

and other

iodic acid

The

is

;

alcohol, the

in

When

volatile oils.

and a

it

of herrings {^propyla-

solution having a distinct

dissolved in dilute acids,

brown

liberates iodine with

it

neutra-

it

In contact with

of varnish-like salts.

water,

little

neutral solution of the alkaloid in hydrochloric acid

pitated white by alkalies

colour. preci-

is

and alkaline carbonates, yellow by

picric

yellowish-white by tannic acid, dirty-yellow by phospho-

acid,

molybdic acid, pale yellow by platinic chloride pitates with iodide, ferrocyanide

The interesting

following

vi.,

suppt., 231.)

Aiherospermine

account of

of potassium,

will

also

Aiherospermine '

by sulphuric

—C

30

H NO 20

acid,

and

water

^

warm

water, acidified

Wash

precipitate with carbonate of soda.

dry the precipitate with

Alkaloid of the bark of

(?) 5

Extract with

and

extract with bi-sulphi-de of carbon.

sulphuric

containing

precipitate

acid,

remaining liquid with ammonia, wash and dry the deposit. a

white,

voluminous,

highly

powder, of

electric

taste.

Water

taste;

ether

dissolves only traces of

dissolves

at

it,

crystalline

power

at the boiling

point half

its

at

bitter

but acquires a bitter

when

16° one-thousandth,

one-hundredth; alcohol of 93 per cent,

boiling,

16° one-thirty-second

weight.

Of

greater

solvent

are chloroform, bi-sulphide of carbon, oil of turpentine

other essential oils

and diluted

acids.

same

and

Chlorine-water produces a

yellow solution, not changeable by ammonia. with atherospermine the

the It is

appearance under the microscope, and of a pure and lasting

part,

be

:

Aiherospermine moschattim.

Distil

likewise preci-

it

of atherospermine has not yet

(Zeyer in Watfs Diet.,

been ascertained.

;

and sulphocyanide

The formula

auric chloride, &c.

and

and

fire,

gives off

soluble also in chloroform, oil of turpentine,

them with formation

lises

turns

nearly insoluble in water, dissolves with difficulty

It is

ether,

It

128°, and at a

sunshine, melts at

to

highly

light,

bitter taste.

Iodic acid gives

re-action as towards

morphine and

s

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. oxyanthine,

The

viz.,

it

159

becomes deoxidised, and iodine

neutral solution of chloride

is

set free.

of atherospermine gives a white

precipitate with corrosive sublimate, a pale greenish-yellow with

chloride of platinum, and a nitrate

orange precipitate with

yellow or

Rummel

and

(Mueller

palladium.

of

in

Wittstein'

Organic Constituents of Plants.)

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

Barringtonia aCUtangula, Gaertn., (Syn. Stravadium rubruni,

19-

DC.)

;

N.O., Myrtacece, B.Fl.,

In India an extract or juice this tree

which, when mixed

The

eruptions of the skin.

sago and butter, are used

with

iii.,

288.

obtained from the leaves of

is

oil, is

used

mixed with milk they

diarrhoea;

in

The

produce vomiting {Treasury of Botany). is

said to be similar

in native practice for

powdered and prepared with

kernels,

root

is bitter,

and

Cinchona, but also cooling and aperient.

to

(Drury.)

Northern Australia.

20.

Barringtonia racemosa, (?««^.;N.O.,Myrtacese,Muell.Cens., p. 29.

"

Yakooro

The

" of the aboriginals of the Mitchell River (North Queensland).

root of this tree has a bitter taste,

practitioners

on account

seeds and bark are

The

its

is

in native

is

is

used by Hindoo

medicine

;

The

the latter

is

of

said to possess properties allied to the

pulverised fruit

with other remedies,

and

aperient and cooling qualities.

used

also

a reddish colour, and

Cinchonas.

of

is

used as snuff, and, combined

applied externally in diseases of the skin.

{Treasury of Botany^ Queensland. 21.

Barringtonia Speci0Sa> Linn, f, (Syn., B. butonica, Forst. Mammee americana, Linn. Mitraria commersonia, Gmel. ;

Butonica

speciosa,

Myrtaceae; B.Fl. "

iii.,

Lam.

;

B.

splendida,

288.

Mammee Apple"

of Central

America.

Sol.)

;

;

;

N.O.,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

l6o

The Fiji

for

outer portion of the

stupefying

is

purpose

the

for

fish

which

fruit,

poisonous, of

used in

is

catching

them.

(Seemann.)

Queensland.

2 2.

Bombax malabaricum, DC. Salmalia

f?ialabarica,

(Syn.

Schott)

;

B. heptaphylla,

N.O., Malvaceae

Cav.

B.Fl.

;

i.,

223.

The

"

Simool Tree

The young and

" or "

Malabar Silk Cotton Tree

" of India.

roots are considered to have restorative, astringent,

alterative properties

(Dymock), but Waring {Pharm. of India)

thinks the roots generally attributed to this species

may belong

to

Curculigo orchwides, Gaertn.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 23.

Boronia rhomboidea, Hook.

The

leaves of this shrub are

to horses for

worms

in parts of

;

N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl.

Brasenia peltata, Ptirsh. (Syn. Hydropeltis purpurea^ Mich.

Cabomba

peltata, F.v.M.)

Cabomha

peltata in Muell. Cens., p.

A The

Victoria,

Nympheaceae, B.Fl.

N.O.,

i.,

;

60;

i.

and have been employed

in phthisis

North America.

in

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Caesalpinia nuga,

Leguminosae, B.Fl. It is

;

"Water-lily."

leaves are astringent,

and dysentery

25.

New South Wales. New South Wales.

Southern

Tasmania, Victoria and Southern 24.

324.

i.,

chopped up with fodder and given

Ait. ii,

(Syn. C. paniculata, Desf.)

;

N.O.,

277.

said that the roots are used in Asia in decoctions for

calculous and nephritic complaints.

(F.

M.

Bailey.)

Queensland.

26.

Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn.

,-

N.O., Guttiferae, B.Fl.,

183. " Alexandrian Laurel." " Ndilo Tree.'

i.,

;

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. The oil,

seeds are used to form a thick, dark green, strong-scented

employed as an external application

Cardiospermum B.Fi.

rheumatism by the

in

(See " Oils.")

natives of India.

27.

l6l

Halicacabum, Linn.;

N.O.,

Sapindaceae,

453-

i.,

" Balloon Vine

" (because of

its

inflated

seed" or " Winter Cherry," " Heart

membranous

Pea" (because

capsule), " Heart-

of the heart-shaped

scar on the seed).

This plant

slightly

found

is

in

nauseous

taste,

and

is

The

tropical countries.

all

and demulcent.

laxative, diuretic,

It

is

used in rheumatism.

is

(Treasury of

Sanskrit writers mention this plant under the

Botany?)

root

mucilaginous, but has a

name

of

Jyautishmati, and describe the root as emetic, laxative, stomachic,

and rubefacient

Rheede

they prescribe

;

The

piles, &c.

it

in

rheumatism, nervous diseases,

leaves are used in amenorrhoea.

says that on the Malabar coast the leaves are adminis-

tered in pulmonic complaints.

According

to

Ainslie, the root is

considered aperient, and

is

given in decoction to the extent of half

a teacupful twice daily.

It

would appear

Hindus administer the and

also apply a paste,

external application

is

that in

leaves internally rubbed

made

rheumatism the

up with

with them, externally

castor-oil,

a similar

;

used to reduce swellings and tumours of

(Dymock.)

various kinds.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 28.

Careya

anstralis,

F.v.M.,

Barrtngtoma Careya, 289, where

it

is

(Syn.

C.

F.v.M.); N.O.,

arborescens,

described as Careya arhorea var.

Vide Muell. Cens., p. 60, and Muell. Fragm., " Go-onje," and " "

River.

Ootcho

The bark Queensland,

The

and

is

iii.,

austral is.

183.

of the aboriginals of the

Cloncurry

" of the aboriginals of the Mitchell River.

of this tree

is

typical C. arborea

used by the blacks of Cleveland Bay,

is

used

in native

Indian medicine in

has a rough bark, the interior of which

It

fibrous

used on

M

v.

1

for stupefying fish, in fresh or salt water.

several ways.

and very

Gunthamarrah "

Leich.

Myrtaceae, B.FI.,

;

this

it

gives out

much mucilage when

is

red,

moistened,

account for preparing emollient embrocations.

1

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

62

The

clove-shaped calyces are used, as well as the juice of the fresh

and colds. (Dymock.)

bark, with honey, as a demulcent in coughs

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Absns, Linn., N.O., Leguminosae,

29. Cassia

The

seeds of this plant,

which also grows

B.Fl., in

They

are bitter, aromatic, and slightly mucilaginous.

Egypt as a remedy this

purpose the grains are reduced to

It is

a

are used in

an epidemic

For

powder, and a small

fine

introduced under the eyelid.

portion, a grain or more,

visited Brussels in 1822.

290.

(Treasury of Botany^

for ophthalmia.

tried with success in

ii.,

Egypt and India,

It

was

ophthalmia which

of purulent

{Phann. 0/ Itidia.)

remedy which should be used with caution.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

30. CaSSytha

filiformis,

(Syn.

Linn.,

N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

v.,

" Dodder- Laurel."

The whole butter, is

C.

gtuneensis,

Schum.);

311.

" Devil's Guts."

plant pulverised, and mixed with dry ginger and

used in the cleaning of inveterate ulcers in India.

juice of the plant,

mixed with sugar,

(Rheede.)

inflamed eyes.

It

alterative in bilious affections,

used

is

and

The

occasionally applied to

is

in native practice

as

an

(Dymock.)

for piles.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

31-

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., (Syn. N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl., " Forest

rumpa"

of

vi.,

" Bull Oak."

Oak."

some Queensland

C.

muricata, Roxb.);

197. "

Swamp

Oak."

"

Wunna-wunna-

aboriginals.

The bark, according to Dr. Gibson, is an excellent astringent, and may be used with advantage in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.

It

The Chinese China.

is

in

not used medicinally by the natives of India.

Bombay

(Dymock.)

say that

it

is

used as an astringent in

Doubtless the barks of the numerous other

Australian species possess similar properties.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. 32. Cedrela Toona,

Roxb.

australis,

C.

(Syn.,

1

F.v.M.)

63

N.O.,

;

C. australis in Muell., Cens., p. 9. 387 Ordinary "Cedar." For aboriginal names, see " Timbers."

Meliaceae, B.Fl.

This

tree

i.,

;

also a native of India,

is

and

astringent,

in India has

and by Dr. Newton a good

The

Iniia.)

New 33.

its

been considered a substitute for

flowers are considered

bark has been found It is

reliable antiperiodic,

cinchona.

emmenagogue.

(Pharm. of (Dymock.)

South Wales and Queensland.

Cerbera OdoUam, Linn. (Syn. C. Manghas, Bot. Mag.); N.O., Apocynese, B.Fl.

This

tree

is

iv.,

306.

also a native of

drupe, according to Lindley, narcotic, fruit,

is

moreover,

is

being, as

is

Malabar, and while the fleshy

innocuous, the nut in the interior

The bark

and even poisonous.

dangerous, and

of Travancore to destroy dogs

it.

and

(Treasury of Botany.)

valuable in fevers, dysentery, &c.

is

is

purgative

;

is

the unripe

said to be used by the natives

the teeth of the unfortunate animals

;

reported, loosened so as to

out after masticating

fall

{Treasury of Botany.)

Waring (Bharm. of India) deprecates

the use of the milky

juice and leaves of this plant as emetics and purgatives, on the

ground

and

that they are dangerous,

efficient

and

that there are

numbers

of safe

drugs for these purposes.

In Java the leaves are used as a substitute for senna.

(Drury.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 34-

Chionanthus picrophloia, F.v.M., (Syn. Mayepea picrophloia, F.V.M.); N.O., Jasminese, B.Fl.

iv.,

301

;

Mayepea picrophloia

in Muell., Cens. p. 92.

The

intensely bitter bark of this tree

may be administered

in

intermittent fevers.

Queensland. 35-

Cinnamomum Tamala, C. albifloru?7i,

Nees;

Th. JVees (Syn. C. LanhatH, F.V.M. C.

Cassia,

Blume

;

Hamilt.; L. Cassia, Roxb.; N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl. "Cassia Cinnamon."

;

Laurus Tamala, v.,

303.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

164

leaves are used both as a condiment and as a medicine

The in

They

India.

are

diaphoretic,

diuretic,

The bark

also used

is

considered lactagogue,

be carminative, stimulant,

to

and

(Dymock.)

deobstruent.

for almost similar purposes.

Queensland.

Linn.; N.O., Palmeas,

36. COCOS nncifera,

B.Fl.,

vii.,

143.

" Cocoanut Palm."

Various medicinal qualities are attributed to flowers are

employed by the natives

The

palm.

this

of the tropics as

an astringent,

the roots as a febrifuge, the milk in ophthalmia, &c.

Queensland.

37-

CodonOCarpUS COtinifolmS, F.v.M., (Syn. Gyrostemon cotiniGyrostemon Gyrostemon pimgens, Lindl. Desf.

/olitis,

;

;

acacicEformis, F.v.M.)

"Quinine Tree." *'

;

N.O., Phytolaccaceae, B.FI.,

"Medicine Tree"

of

the interior.

v.,

148.

Called

also

Horse-radish Tree," owing to the taste of the leaves.

This bark contains a peculiar medicinal properties.

The

taste

bitter,

is,

and no doubt possesses

however, quite distinct from

quinine.

All the colonies except

Tasmania and Queensland.

38. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., (Syn.

Arum The species styptic

is

Caladmm

Colocasia, Linn.); N.O., Aroidese, B.FL,

common

domestic remedy in India, on account of

and astringent properties.

and the juice expressed.

The

petiole

is

" I have seen a purulent discharge

chopped

fine, tied in a cloth

as a fomentation in rheumatism."

Western India.)

It is said that

arrest arterial haemorrhage.

Queensland.

its

slightly roasted,

the ears in children stopped by a single application. of these plants

R.Br.;

155.

juice of the petioles of several varieties of this

acrid

a

acre,

vii.,

The

from

tubers

and heated, are used

(Djmock, Materia Medica of

the juice of the petioles will even

{Pharin. of India?)

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

CalacUum macrorrhizon,

39. Colocasia macrorrhiza, Schott., (Syn.

R.Br. vii.,

;

165

Alocasia macrorrhiza, Schott.); N.O., Aroideae, B.Fl.,

155.

" Pitchu "

of

the

" Cunjevoi " of those of

Queensland, aboriginals

aboriginals

the

of

"

Burnett

River,

Queensland;

Hakkin"

of the

Rockhampton,

"

South Queensland

;

Banganga," or "Nargan,"

;

of those of

Cleveland

Bay.

This plant possesses much acridity

employed by the natives

The

rubefacient.

the

application

innocuous. plants, see

New

acrid principle

of heat,

however, very

is,

As an antidote

{Pharni. of India.)

and

is

and by

volatile,

drymg, the roots

simple

or

in the fresh state,

an external stimulant and

as

become

the stings of

to

Laportea gigas.

South Wales and Queensland.

40. Cordia

DC.

of India

;

Willd.

Myza, Linn., (Syn.

C. dichotoma, Forst.

C. lati/olia, Roxb.

C. ixiocarpa, F.v.M.

;

C. polygama,

;

Roxb.)

C. Broivnii,

;

;

C. obliqua,

N.O., Boraginese, B.FL,

;

iv.,

386.

The This plant laginous,

is

" Sebesten

Plum

" of India.

also a native of India,

and emollient

fruits.

From

and has succulent, muci-

their

mucilaginous

qualities,

combined with some astringency, they have been employed pectoral medicines under the

name

mild tonic, and

India

Botany.)

is

The bark

used is

in

much

The bark

of Sebesiens.

used

a mild

as

is

a

{Treasury of

gargles,

as

as

tonic in

Java.

(Drury.)

Queensland. 41-

Croton phebalioides, R-Br., (Syn.

stigmatosus,

C.

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FL, vL, 125. " Warrel" of the aboriginals of Northern

New

South

R.Br.);

Wales.

A

" Native Cascarilla."

The bark

New 42.

contains an agreeable aromatic bitter.

South Wales and Queensland.

CryptOCarya australis, Benth.,

"Timbers "); N.O., " Laurel," or "

(for botanical

Laurineae, B.FL,

v.,

synonyms, see

299.

Moreton Bay Laurel," and " Grey Sassafras."

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

l66

The bark

has a persistently

which

of an alkaloid

When

of acicular crystals.

due

bitter taste,

from

crystallises

to the presence

solution in stellate masses

its

administered to warm-blooded animals

the alkaloid produced difficulty of respiration, ending in asphyxical

and death.

difficulty

had a poisonous

also

It

blooded animals belonging

to the reptilia.

action on cold-

(Bancroft, in Australian

Journ. of Phann., 1887.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Cucumis

43-

F.v.M.

Cucurbitaceae, B.Fl.,

This of

is

Roxb.,

trigomis,

C. jucutidus,

iii.,

Hook.;

pubescens,

C.

F.v.M.)

picrocarpus,

N.O.,

;

317.

an aboriginal food (see " Foods"), but

am unaware

I

use in the colonies as a medicine.

its

"

The

fruit

is

and shape

of the size

marked with green and yellow bitter, is

(Syn.

C.

;

and

brought

custom

market for

this

at

streaks, like colocynth.

at the feast of the Diwali, or

to

New Year

The Hindus

sale.

season of breaking the

bitter of their

own

accord, they

vation from misfortune during the year.

medicinally in the

same way

that

It is

It is

of the

very

Hindus,

Bombay have

of

a

under the foot and

fruit

then touching the tongue and forehead with

having tasted

small ^%g, and

of a

it,

with the idea that

may hope

for preser-

not eaten, but

Citrullus

amarus

is

is

used

used in

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India?) South Wales, Queensland, Northern and Western

Sind."

New

Australia.

44-

Cymbonotus Lawsonianus, Gaud., N.O.. Compositae, B.FL, iii.,

674.

In the southern parts of

New

South Wales the country people

prepare a salve, used for wounds, &c., by extracting the medicinal properties

of

layers of lard

plant

by means

of

melted

lard.

is

Alternate

allowed to cool

run out and

is

ready for use.

country folk are loud in their praises of

its

quick healing

slowly,

Some

this

and leaves are made, the mass

effects.

and afterwards the Mr. Bauerlen

from the Chinese.

tells

lard

me

Although

is

they copied this use of the plant this

humble plant

is

found

in all

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. the colonies, first

used

it

167

does not extend to China, so the Chinese probably

it

an empirical manner.

in

All the colonies.

45-

Cjmometra ramiflora, Linn., var bijnga, (Syn. c. bijuga, Spanoghe)

The

root

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FI.,

;

purgative.

is

296.

ii.,

In India a lotion

is

made from

boiled in cow's milk, which, mixed with honey,

leaves

in

externally

scabies,

and other cutaneous

leprosy,

the

applied

is

diseases.

(Rheede.)

Queensland.

Daphnandra micrantha,

46.

(Syn. Atherosperma micran-

Benth.,

TuL); N.O., Monimiaceae, B.FI.,

ihtim,

" Light Yellow-wood."

The bark

of this tree

intensely bitter,

is

repute as a tonic amongst sawyers. quite recently

drawn

i'Z-

D. repandula

Daphnandra repandula,

The bark

is

in

much which

(q.v.).

^.z'.^/-,

N.O., Monimiacese, Muell.

3.

of this tree has a transient bitter taste,

removed from the

surface,

and

Dr. Bancroft has

South Wales and Queensland.

Cens., p.

first

(Hill.)

attention to the properties of this bark,

are similar to those of

New

285.

v.,

"Satin-wood."

which changes

tree

and when

has a yellow colour on the inner

it

to a metallic

but becomes yellow again when dry.

black on exposure to the

air,

Infusions of the bark are of

a yellow colour, and remain free from microscopic organisms

when

kept.

either

gum

The

extract of the bark does not appear to contain

or resin, but

is

rich

in

alkaloids.

The

extract

is

very

poisonous, one grain being a fatal dose for a frog, and ten for

The alkaloids contained in the bark are when pure and crystalline. The active one is easily

warm-blooded animals. colourless

separated from the others, being soluble in water. action is

is

chiefly

due

to

its

action

antagonistic to strychnia.

molluscs, and infusoria.

on the

The

When

heart.

Its

poisonous

To some

extent

poison powerfully affects

it

fish,

applied topically to voluntary or

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

l68

involuntary muscles

it

paralyses

them

rapidly.

development of septic organisms, and checks the growth of grass, and

It

(Dr. Bancroft, in Australian

Proc. U.S., li.S. W., 1886,

It

also retards the

will deodorise putrid will kill

some water

Joum. of Pharm.,

meat. plants.

1887, 104,

and

p. 69.)

Queensland. Endl., N.O.,

48. Dorjrphora sassafras,

Monimiaceae, B.Fl.,

v.,

283. " Sassafras."

The bark form of an

New

is

used as a tonic medicine.

is

taken in the

South Wales.

49. Derris Uliginosa, Benth.,

P. religiosa, Wight)

The

It

infusion.

leaves are

of stupefying fish,

Pongamia

(Syn.

uliginosa,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

;

pounded and thrown

by the natives

of

ii.,

into water, for the

many

DC.

;

272.

purpose

tropical countries.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 50.

F.V.M.,

Drimys aromatica,

Tasmannia aromatica,

(Syn.

R.Br.); N.O., Magnoliaceas, B.Fl.,

49.

i.,

" Pepper Tree."

This

tree possesses

aromatic properties, particularly in the

bark, which so closely resembles the Winter's Bark of the Straits of

Magellan (Drimys

substituted for

Winteri), that

Tasmania, Victoria and 51. Duboisia

F.v.M.)

;

This

is

said to be

sometimes

New

South Wales.

N.O., Solanese, (Scrophularineae in B.Fl.); B.FL,

been followed "Pituri;"

is

HopWOOdii, F.v.M., (Syn. Anthocerds ? Hopwoodii,

D. Hopwoodii

480.

it

it.

in

Muell. Cens., and that

name

iv.,

has

in this instance.

spelt also " Pitchiri," " Pitchery," " Pedgery," " Bedgery."

the masticatory of the aboriginals of Central Australia,

corresponding in

this respect to the "

Coca"

of Peru, the Betel nut

of the Eastern Archipelago, the " Taezi Kaat" {Catha edulis) of

Arabia, &c.

The drug

is

in the

form

of leaves,

more

or less

—

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. powdered, mixed with

So

brown herb.

most careful examination

The

plant

and the blacks prize tances to

procure

powder, and so

it

of a

besides,

it is

that the

attended with sneezing.

is

in

a most valuable

distribution,

enormous

dis-

commodity

for

so highly that they travel

it

;

specimen

altogetlier a

irritating,

known, extremely patchy

as far as

is,

broken twigs, forming

finely

fine is the

169

They gather the tops and leaves during the month tribal barter. of August, when the plant is in blossom, and hang them up to dry. They are sometimes sweated beneath a layer of fine sand, dried, roughly powdered, &c., for transport.

I

and they have

Pituri at different times,

size,

all

Every bag appeared

work or canvas. both in

and then packed

pattern

in netted

bags, skins,

have examined perhaps a dozen packages of

and

to

The

material.

been made of netted be precisely the same

material

I

believe to be

obtained by the aborigines from gunny-bags or wool-packs

unpicked,

are

woven

into

circular

mats about

;

these

inches

six

bag

is

then sewn up with fibre of the same material.*

in

The

diameter and folded over the contained Pituri like a jam-tart.

Two

of

now in the Technological Museum were obtained, the one from Mount Margaret station, Wilson River, south-west

these bags

Queensland,

to

which place

from the Herbert River 23°

lat.

S.,

;

it

had been brought by the blacks

the other also from the Herbert River,

long. 139° E., near the Pituri

can more precise

localities of the place

Creek.

In neither case

from which the

Pituri

was

procured be obtained, perhaps partly because the blacks do not wish the locality to

become generally known, and

partly because the

packages have passed through so many hands.

Sometimes

pituri

is

round from one native cient,

and

to

chewed

in

to another,

one politely plasters

it

prepare the leaves for

company, a quid being passed

and when they have had

behind his this

ear.

It

is

also

suffi-

smoked,

purpose they are damped, mixed

with potash prepared from the ashes of suitable plants, and rolled

* In the

seen

South Australian

Museum

the following pituri bags ^amongst others*

:

1.

Skin of small animal, with the

2.

Bag

3.

A

of blue

and red

bag with red

stripes,

stripes,

and

flesh-side outwards.

probably of European yarn. stripes of the usual

unbleached

fibre.

may

be

—

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

rjO

up

This

the shape of a cigar.

in

swallowed.

In small quantities

it

often chewed,

is

assuaging hunger, and enabling long journeys to be fatigue,

and with but

to excite

little

them before

fighting.

May

7th, 1861

" In the evening,

to eat

"bedgery" or

chewed even and leaves "

The

of

283) has the following^

(p.

various

members

in small quantities.

It

of the tribe

fish, until

appears to be the dried stems

some shrub."

pituri consists of leaves

broken

of

containing reniform

the shape of

a minute

(These surmises are, of course, not correct.) 1872, Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane, read a paper

In March,

obtained specimens from a Mr. Gilmour,

from the neighbourhood

beyond Eyre's Creek. fined to the

men

peans who used

The

He

Pituri."

the Kulloo water-hole, eight miles

of

He

on "

who had procured them

stated that the use of the pituri

of a tribe called Mallutha, all the

are circumcised.

pituri

is

con-

males of which

caused a severe headache in Euro-

it.

Dr. Bancroft thus describes the effect of

1.

and

into small particles

leaves, small dried berries

before the Queensland Philosophical Society

pituri

without

:

and unexpanded flower-buds

caper."

made

by the aboriginals

came down we were positively any more. They also gave us some stuff they call "pedgery;" it has a highly intoxicating effect when

mixed with acacia seeds,

saliva

used to poison emus.

It is

with lumps of nardoo and handfuls of

unable

also used

It is

from Cooper's Creek

Wills' diary

under date

food.

and the

has a powerful stimulating effect^

an infusion of

:

Period

of

preliminary

excitement from

apparent loss

of

inhibitory

power of the cerebrum, attended with rapid

respiration

;

in cats

and dogs, with vomiting and profuse

secretion of saliva. 2.

Irregular muscular action, followed by general convulsions.

3.

Paralysis of respiratory function of medulla.

4.

Death, or

5.

Sighing inspirations at long intervals.

6.

Rapid respiration and returning consciousness.

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. Normal

7.

danger

is

torpidity, not

unattended with

to life. ;

when

certain.

The

given by the mouth acts with less vigour

The poison it

and general

respiration

17I

injected into the intestines the results are

more

animal has a longer stage of excitement, the convulsive so severe,

some

and recovery

is

more

fit is

not

Torpidity remains for

certain.

hours.

A

quarter of a drop injected under the skin of a rat causes

excitement

;

the animal starts with slight noises,

few times from excitable for

strong

very

some

muscular

time, then gradually

In small medical doses

fall

irregularities

becomes

we may expect

the excitement and the torpidity

may

;

over a

remains

torpid.

to find the period of

to

be the only marked symptoms.

is

not marked, but vomiting of a

In cats and dogs the excitement violent kind occurs.

Dr. George Bennett, of Sydney, has some notes on the drug in the

N.S.W. Medical

Gazette,

\\\.,

8,

May, 1873.

His

pituri

was obtained from the same source as that used by Dr. Bancroft, but was in a

damaged

condition.

In September, 1878, Mr. A.

W.

Gerrard experimented with

a very small quantity (30 grains) of pituri,

He

his possession.

visional

name

found an alkaloid,

of "pituria,"

to

which had come into

which he gave the pro-

but on account of the smallness of

material available, he was unable to describe

much

(See Pharm. Joiir^i.,

definiteness.

p. 638, will

be found a chatty account of

Lancet, to which

was sent by Mr.

it

J.

properties with

its

[3], ix., 251.)

Loc.

cit.

taken from the

pituri,

G. Murray, surgeon

to

a

Central Australian exploring expedition.

Mr. A.

Petit

having obtained a quantity of

and supplemented Mr. Gerrard's experiments.

Pharm. yoiirn.

[3], ix.,

819.)

He

pituri,

pronounces the alkaloid con-

tained in the substance to be nicotine, and quotes logical experiments

repeated

(See a paper in the

some physio-

by Professors Sydney Ringer and Murrell as

supporting his view.

On

3rd November, 1880, Professor Liversidge, of the Sydney

University, read a paper before the Royal Society of

New

South

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

172

Wales on the

is

Professor Liversidge had

subject.

had previous observers

his disposal than

;

more material

at

moreover, his research

probably the most exhaustive that has ever been made on the

The paper

subject.

bears abstracting.

N.S.W.^ 1880, 123) scarcely

{Proc. R.S.,

Professor Liversidge isolated a brown, liquid,

acrid alkaloid, distinct from nicotine, which he calls piturine. Interior of all the colonies except

Tasmania and Victoria

other words, from the Darling and Barcoo

in

;

Rivers to Western

Australia.

52. Luboisia myoporoides, B.Br., (Syn.

Notelaa Ugustrina,

N.O., Solaneae (Scrophularinese in B.Fl.) Called

"Corkwood" and "Elm" by

by the aboriginals

of the Clarence River,

;

B.Fl.,

iv.,

Sieb.)

474.

the colonists, and "Orungurabie"

New South

Wales.

"

Ngmoo

"

is

another aboriginal name.

The

important statement as to the narcotic effect of this

first

plant I can find

recorded by the Rev. Dr. WooUs, from

is

"

a

his. The It make holes in the trunk and put some fluid in them, which, when drunk on the following morning, produces stupor.

correspondent of

has an intoxicating property.

aborigines

Branches of

this

shrub are thrown into pools for the purpose of

intoxicating the eels and bringing

known an

them

to the surface.

I

have

instance in which giddiness and nausea have arisen

from remaining

in a close

placed."

The

intensity of

D. Hopwoodii.

smell

room where branches

faint

is

and

sickly,

of

it

have been

but with nothing like the

Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane, obtained an extract from the plant,

which he found useful

in

ophthalmic surgery, and he introduced

it

to the medical world.

The

leaves

of an alkaloid identical

owe

their active properties to the presence in

called

duboisine,

with hyoscamine, albeit

between them.

Ladenberg

there are

minute differences

The method adopted by Mueller and Rummel

obtain the alkaloid, and of

them

which Ladenberg pronounces

in

to

a short account of the latest researches

regard to

also Liversidge, Proc. R.S.,

its

position, are given herewith.

N.S. W., 1880,

125.)

(See

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. Dtiboisine

Duboisia

is

73

1

a volatile alkaloid of the leaves and twigs of R.Br., and

myoporoides^

probably identical

with

the

piturine found by Staiger in Duboisia Hopwoodii, F.v.M.

Pre-

pared

than

like nicotine.

It

a yellowish,

is

oily liquid, lighter

water, of a strong narcotic odour, resembling that of nicotine,

also cantharides, of a very strong alkaline reaction

acids completely ether

;

throws

concentrated

;

ferrous oxide from ferrous sulphate

forming a

acids,

colourless

chloride in a weak, aqueous solution,

is

solution.

not by other

bismuth, and by tannic acid,

latter

by

its

duboisine resembles, gravity,

specific

its

and

dissolves

;

Its

hydro-

precipitable by biniodide

of potassium, the iodides of potassio-mercury,

Nicotine, which

;

dissolves in any quantity of water, alcohol,

down

and

neutralises

is

and

of potassio-

alkaloid

reagents.

distinguished from the

less-powerful odour, and by

its

hydrochloride in a diluted aqueous solution being precipitated by

and chloride

phosphomolybdate of soda,

picric acid,

(Mueller and Rum.mel, in

Wiltstein's

of platinum.

Organic Constituents

of

JPlafits.)

About seven years ago. Professor Ladenberg, during

his

investigation of the mydriatic alkaloids, arrived at the conclusion that duboisine,

the base obtained from the Australian Duboisia

myoporoides, was

identical with

hyoscyamine {Pharm. Journ.

[3],

xi.,

351),

though as generally met with probably contaminated

with

some

impurity.

This opinion was subsequently challenged

by Herr Harnack, who affirmed stronger

physiological

Ladenberg

action

has, therefore,

working upon a sample

The

base, as received,

that duboisine exercised a

than

been induced

hyoscyamine.

much

Professor

to re-investigate the subject,

duboisine supplied by Herr Merck.

of

was a yellow-brown, syrupy mass, which was

dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and precipitated with gold chloride.

The gold

salt

had

recrystallizations,

it

at

first

197° to 198°, and showing

elementary

a resinous appearance, but after four

became homogenous, melting

composition as

all

constantly at

the properties, and having the

the gold salt of hyoscine.

hyoscyamine nor any other alkaloid could be detected mother-liquor from

the gold

salt.

same

Neither

in the first

Professor Ladenberg

opinion that the explanation of this different result probably

is

of

lies in

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

174

some

variation in the

method

the

of preparing the duboisine, but con-

what respect.

fesses he cannot say in

It

will

be remembered that

" hyoscine " was appropriated for a base found in the

name

mother-liquor, after the removal of hyoscyamine, in preparing that alkaloid from

henbane

mine,

split

but

is

alkalies into tropic

acid

and pseudo-

{Pharm. Journ., 25th June, 1887.)

tropine.

For an account this

isomeric with atropine and hyoscya-

it is

;

up by

of Gerrard's experiments with the alkaloid of

some

plant, together with

(Vide Pharm. Journ.

physiological experiments with

it

[3], viii., 787, et seq.)

In practice, the sulphate of the alkaloid, which forms golden The dose is from yi^ to 3-^0 of is usually preferred.

yellow scales,

a grain.

The

extract

been given with great benefit

said to have

is

in

cases of the night sweats of phthisis, without producing any bad effects

on the

appetite.

It

produced

entire relief

from pain

in a

severe case of vesical tenesmus from inflammation of the urethra

and neck

of the bladder.

The

taken

following references to the alkaloid are

Martindale and Westcott's Extra Pharmacopczta. pupil, dries the

drowsiness,

I

It

from

dilates

the

mouth, checks perspiration, causes headache and muscarine.

antagonises

promptly than atropine. Eight cases of

{Lancet,

toxic

i.,

On

the eye

it

acts

more

1878, 304.)

symptoms, giddiness, delirium and

dryness of the mouth, from use of eye drops, four grains to the ounce.

As

{Laftcet,

requires care

delirium. Its

ii.,

a mydriatic

—

it

1879, 353-) is

it

is

{Lancet,

ii.,

action relative

iitiotter, xxiii.,

much

stronger than atropine.

apt to produce giddiness,

Its

use

and even

1879, 441-) to

atropine, physiologically, etc.

{Prac-

246.)

Therapeutic and physiological

by the persistence and greater of

etc.,

accommodation

;

is

effects, differs

rapidity of

its

from atropine

action on the muscle

a useful calmative in maniacal delirium

as a sedative ointment, one in five hundred of vaseline applied

night and

{Prac,

morning

XXV., 294.)

is

useful

in

inflammation of

the

cornea.

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. In exophthalmic gives great

R6sum6

of

goitre,

{BM.J.,

relief.

-^^^

two or three times a day

1883, 958.)

i.,

physiological properties.

its

British Medical yournal,

S06.

grain,

Trans. Med. Congress, 1881,

i.,

{Laficet,

3^^,

1879,

ii.,

The

1881,

ii.,

1881, 529.

ii.,

511.)

ElephantopUS scaler, Linn., N.O., Compositae,

53-

75

1

B.Fl.,iii.,

461.

leaves of this plant are used in Travancore, boiled

and

mixed with

rice, for

pains in the stomach, and swellings in the

{Treasury of Botany.) Queensland and Northern Australia.

body.

Entada SCandens, Benth., (Syn. E. PurscBtha, DC.

54-

scandens, Linn.);

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

PurscBtha in Muell. Cens.,

in

" Leichhardt Bean."

properties of the seeds do not appear to have

European practice

;

among

is

been

tested

the natives of India they have the

An

reputation of being emetic.

the trunk

E.

298.

p. 43.

" Queensland Bean."

The

Mimosa

;

ii.,

infusion of the spongy fibres of

used with advantage for various affections of the skin

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western

in the Philippines.

India.)

Queensland. 55-

Epilobium tetragomim, Linn., N.O., Onagreae, B.FL,

iii.,

305-

The Rev.

Dr.

WooUs mentions

used in rustic medicine

that this small

swamp

plant

is

in certain urinary disorders.

All the colonies. 56. Erythraea australis,

R.Br., N.O., Gentianeae, B.FL,

iv.,

371.

" Native Centaury."

This plant

is

diarrhoea

and

pleasantly

bitter.

useful

dysentery. It

is

as

a

tonic

The whole

medicine,

especially

plant

used and

common enough

in

is

grass-land,

in

appears to be increasing in popularity as a domestic remedy. All the colonies.

57-

Erythrina indica, Lam., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, " Coral Tree"

(of India).

ii.,

is

and

253.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

176

Wight

states that the leaves

Kanni Loll Dey, Catalogue, says eye-salve

{i.e.,

:

—

" It is

as a febrifuge.

in the Calcutta Exhibition

anthelmintic and useful as a collyrium

eye-wash)

or

and bark are used

communication

in a

The

ophthalmia.

in

leaves

are

applied externally to disperse venereal buboes and to relieve pain in the joints."

used

In the Concan, the juice of the young leaves

worms

to kill

in sores,

is

and the young roots of the white-

flowered variety are pounded and

an

given with cold milk as

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India.) Queensland and Northern Australia.

aphrodisiac.

58.

Erythroxylon australe, F.v.M., N.O.,

Erythroxlyum

Lineae., B.Fl.,

284.

1.,

in Muell. Cens.

Mr. Staiger linds that the leaves do not contain cocaine

(the

well-known alkaloid of E. Coca), but they contain coca-tannic acid.

Queensland. 59-

Eucalyptus spp, N.O., Myrtacese. It is

very difficult to trace to individual species the properties

ascribed to the genus Eucalyptus. loosely used

Eucalyptus

by many people, who forget

that

it

a

is

name

very

comprises (Baron

Mueller's census) no less than 134 species, while a fresh one occasionally discovered, and some

marked

of these have

as to be classed as distinct species

should not be

lost sight of that in this vast

by some authors.

It

genus the properties of

different species are frequently very different, so that to describe

product as simply " Eucalyptus" likely to lead to great confusion.

is

is

varieties so well

a

but a bald description, and one

There

is

some excuse

for this,

however, as Eucalyptus products have only been brought under notice during the past quarter of a century, and

some allowance genus

must be made

to outsiders in respect to their references to a

so imperfectly

known

to Australians themselves.

flowers are usually far flowers),

removed from the ground

The

leaves

and

(especially the

and some apparatus not usually possessed by pedestrians

must be used

to obtain the latter.

tively unfamiliar

;

not better known.

this

is

They

are, therefore,

doubtless partly the reason

why

comparathey are

— —— —

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. Eucalypts contain a volatile

some

species,

and

of a

varying in composition in

oil,

somewhat complex nature

a bitter or tonic principle, in an

I77

amorphous

(see " Oils"),

condition,

and strongly

hygroscopic, and a kino.

The

following species

medicinal species

For

volatile oil

For

bitter principle

For kino

considered the chief

E. amygdalina, E. oleosa, E. globulus.

E. rostrata, E. globulus.

E. rostrata,

E.

maculata,

may perhaps be

:

E,

E. corymbosa, E.

calophylla,

E. siderophloia,

tesselaris,

E. amygdalina, E.

piperita.

was formerly imagined by some

It

contain

quinia

or

some other

that Eucalyptus

of the well-known

leaves

alkaloids of

Cinchona barks.

But the experiments of Broughton, the Govern-

ment

quinologist,

Ootacamund, India,

upon

careful examination of the bark

states that neither

chona barks,

oil.

is

and

leaves,

as quinidia, cinchonia, or cinchonidia,

known

;

for

chemist

this

quinia nor any of the other alkaloids of Cin-

The

plant in any proportion.

so far as

entirely disprove this

at present,

exist in the

properties of the leaves, therefore,

depend

essentially

upon the

volatile

(Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, 109.)

The

latter

statement

is

hardly correct, as they owe

some

of

their principles to the bitter principle already referred to.

The way

species has been

juice of Eucalyptus leaves of various

tried as a stimulant for the growth of the hair,

as rue

is

used, but although the

harm, the cases

in

remedy

much

in the

certainly can

same do no

which good has been reported to have ensued

are not so well authenticated as

one could wish.

Mr. Baker (United States Consul several Eucalypts have

at

Buenos Ayres, where

been largely introduced), reports that the

people there bruise the leaves of E. globulus and bind them to the forehead in nervous headache.

The

leaves of

properties to

some

E. globulus and other species possess febrifugal extent,

Euc. globuli," which

is

and Mr. Bosisto has prepared a " Liquor

sold as a fever

and ague remedy.

It

is

said to counteract malaria without exciting the prejudicial effects of

quinine on the nervous system.

N

It is

also used as a general tonic.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

IjS

In the Ausf. Journ. of Phartn. for May,

1887, occurs the

statement that a miner at Kimberley, Western Australia, cured himself of scurvy by " White

not guess

making a decoction

What

Gum."

cigarettes in cardiac

its

grains or more, in powder.

872

same source

i.,

1874, 540.

Ague, rapid cure {Practitioner

of the tincture.

of,

tincture

uterine catarrh,

:

Is a febrito

Pharm. Journ. by one to two 366.)

xviii.,

and

ozoena, bronchitis with profuse foul expectoration,

In

in

employed as a healing application

1879, 865.)

;

drachm doses

smoking

for

uses and botanical origin.

wounds. (Medical Times and Gazette, 1874,

can-

given in Martindale and

following references are obtained from the

the leaves are also

;

a

of I

and aneurismal asthma.

History of the drug,

fuge

leaves

alluded to

powdered, they are employed

coarsely

The

is

at.

The dose of Eucalyptus leaves is Westcott's Extra Pharmacopoeia at five

When

the

of

species of Eucalyptus

and infusion used both

and

internally

externally {Pr. xx., 206),

Tincture used in intermittent fever {Pr. xx., 411

Use

of

steam from the infusion of

diseases, especially diphtheria {Lancet,

A always

hand

at

is

gum

Eucalyptus leaves (white or blue leaves sufficiently to

with the aid of a

powder

{i.e.,

shilling into

make them little

fowls,

in

gum

I

;

He get a

pill.

Give one

to

among my

fowls since

I

the twenty-one are

remedy failure.

I

now

fine healthy

I lost at

the

and

— " For

into pills

much lift

of the

with a

I

in

I

if

have not had a single

used the foregoing remedy.

birds.

of

each fowl affected, and

had could not stand when

to several people,

:

quantity

make

Put as

bread or dough.

seventeen in two days with cholera, and the four

They

says

have used both), dry the

crush, and

brittle,

necessary repeat the dose next day.

death

it.

crushed or powdered leaves) as you can

each

infectious

in

of the poultry yard

ills

around

trees

and cholera

dysentery,

diarrhoea,

a remedy for the

in the

leaves

1883, 316).

Town and Country Journal,

correspondent writes to the

Sydney, that there

i.,

xxiv., 138).

;

I

I

I

lost

saved out of

gave them the

pills.

have recommended the

no case has there been a single

same time a

collection of Australian parrots

A

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. from the same complaint, and parrots on a white

gum

it

powdered

and blowing the powder

bird,

of

dysentery, which

ever used.

A

have

give any parrot ailing a

little

it.

effectual,

into the throat of the

Put a few leaves into the

may add

that I

I

I

have

think the Eucalyptus

and

is

is

worth trying."

Eucalyptus preparations are in use.

five different

made by an

attack of

severe

and the best remedy

for the foregoing complaints,

tincture

have taken a large

very

for a

have been a severe sufferer.

I

* In France, 1.

into I

I

one end

gum,

the blue

proved

remedy

nature's

Finally,

to eat.

composed

pill,

I

leaf in a tube, inserting

cage for them

was by observing a flock of

found out the remedy.

tree that I

not lost a single parrot since.

179

alcoholic maceration of

the fresh

leaves. 2.

A

3.

An

from the dry leaves by the same process.

tincture obtained

alcoholic extract.

4.

A wine.

5.

A

liniment prepared from the essence (sic).

"It

is

interesting

from a place

note

to

marsh

Italy against the

that

the

preparations

Rome and

fevers in

its

and have the form

called Tre-Fontane,

used

vicinity all

in

come

of a highly

(See E.

concentrated ethereal extract, and an alcoholic elixir." globulus, "Timbers.")

" If a few drops of an Eucalyptus preparation are placed

on

the tongue, a sensation of pungent freshness, soon followed by

one

of

warmth,

is

experienced, the latter being due to a hyper-

secretion of the salivary and buccal glands.

Its

ingestion into the

stomach creates a similar sensation of warmth, and, besides, an emission of

its

characteristic

odour by the mouth.

The

urine

passage of the

reveals a faintly violet colouration,

indicating the

drug through the system.

Larger doses of the drug pro-

.

.

.

duce headache, malaise, general fatigue and prostration, and even, as shown by Gimpert, fatal results in animals, by paralysing the reflex

motor centres

Nos.

43-5,

*'

1885,

of the spinal cord."

quoted

in

(La France Medicale,

Therapeutic

Gazette.

(See also

Oils.") *

Some

of these preparations

International Exhibition.

This

is

were actually on sale at the recent Adelaide Jubilee taking coals to Newcastle with a vengeance.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

l8o

"An

honourable and noteworthy rank as an auxiliary remedy

in miasmatic fevers

for the preparations

can be claimed

that

is all

The

of Eucalyptus.

statement that Eucalyptus asserts

its

character also in the thermal elevations of tuberculosis

appears,

true, to us all the

if

direction have been

more noteworthy,

and general antipyretic

properties of Eucalyptus unquestionably are,

and bronchial inflammatory

tar,

signal service.

and

Its

" Dr. Gimpert, of to

it

Dr.

{^La

drug

oil in is

how-

in too large doses, lest haemoptysis

France Medicale,

value of Eucalyptus

Owen

being better borne by the

in tubercular disease, but warns,

of the urino-genital apparatus

1

in

its

and

Cannes, the celebrated consumptive specialist,

be of benefit

set in."

The

in the laryngeal

drug renders

action in this respect rivals turpentine

ever, against exhibiting the

should

is

and being easier administrable.

digestive organs,

believes

it

affections that the

advantages

even

offers

and cancer

virtues in this

its

most generally overlooked.

"Important as the antimiasmatic

most

as

antipyretic

loc. cit.)

the various catarrhal affections

likewise great.

Medical yournal of

reports in the Australian

5th September, 1885, the case of a child, 17

months

old,

which was

poisoned by drinking a few drops of Eucalyptus extract out of a

The symptoms were

supposed empty

bottle.

patient recovered

under proper treatment.

Throughout

alarming, but the

the colonies.

Planting of Eucalyptus Forests. {See also " Timbers.")

Monsieur Ramel

is

to

be credited with having

first

suggested the

idea of planting Eucalyptus trees in Europe, with

thus ridding

The same

territory

the view

from baneful marsh and malarial

object led to

its

cultivation at the Cape.

It

of

fevers.

was

this

ingenious transplantation of species of this genus to the vicinity of

Rome,

that

enabled the Trappists of Tre-Fontane to recover

and render habitable a of malaria.

the

tree

It is

vast area formerly exposed to the ravages

highly probable that the disinfectant power of

depends largely upon

its

capacity of absorbing large

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. quantities of water from the surrounding

cating the germs of malaria.

soil,

Baron Mueller's

and

iSl of thus dessi-

services in forwarding

seeds of Eucalytiis globulus and other species to the Trappist Fathers of Tre-Fontane (through the late Archbishop Gould, of

Melbourne), must not be forgotten. ''

We

pathologic data on the effect

have as yet no accurate

of the exhalation of Eucalyptus forests on phthisic patients that in the

I anticipate,

woods

same manner

;

but

as the air of dense pine-

apt to stay the inflammatory processes in diseases of the

is

respiratory organs, so the vapours of our Eucalyptus forests, the

odour

which we so

of

and recognize,

easily perceive

more

arrest the progress of these sad diseases, earlier stages, its

and probably more so than

will likewise

particularly in their

notwithstanding

sea-air,

pureness, the atoms of bromine and iodine carried with

the increased ozone which that sanitarian dwellings

it

evolves.

Indeed,

it,

and

should assume

I

could nowhere on the whole earth be

provided for phthisic patients more auspiciously and more hopefully than in

mountains clothed with Eucalyptus

tropical Australia,

from looo

to

and

3000

feet),

where the

forests in extra

according

at elevations (varying

to latitude

slightly rarified air of a very

moderate humidity pervaded by Eucalyptus vapour, together with comparative equability of the temperature, would ease the

the

respiration greatly. facts that oil

This assumption

no other gregarious

based on the

largely

is

trees in the world evolve essential

so largely as our Eucalypts, unless, perhaps,

terebinthine pines of colder climes,

and

that thus

some is

of the

most

most copiously

afforded an oily volatile emanation, befitted to absorb and con-

dense oxygen into ozone, the most powerful

vitalizing, oxidizing,

and, therefore, also, chemically and therapeutically disinfecting

element in nature's whole range over the globe."

(Baron von

Mueller in Eucalyptographia.) It is

question. states

but right to quote testimony on the other side of the

Speaking of E. crebra, the Rev.

{Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,

Downs, about Clermont and Copperfield, and to

all

show

J.

E. Tenison-Woods

1882, 336):

around the Hodgkinson diggings.

it

is

I

"On

the

Peak

especially plentiful,

mention

that whatever febrifuge qualities the Eucalypts

this fact just

may

possess,

1

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

82

ihe

mere presence

some

of

species will not be

enough

to dissipate

malaria.

In the places I have mentioned fever and ague were

common

enough, yet the prevailing winds used to blow through

hundreds of miles

60.

of these

gum

trees ere they

reached the infected

(See also "Oils and Oil-seeds.")

localities."

Eugenia jambolana, Lam. (Syn, E. Moorei, F.v.M. Syzygium jambolanum, DC. N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl. iii., 283 E. ;

;

Mooreim

A

;

Muell., Cens. p. 59. " Durobbi " of some aboriginals.

vinegar prepared from the juice of the ripe

agreeable stomachic and carminative

The bark

in India.

of the leaves enters

;

a useful astringent.

is

into

fruit

is

an

also used as a diuretic

it is

The

expressed juice

Indian medicine in various ways.

The

seeds are said to be a powerful remedy in diabetes, but their true value has not yet been assigned.

New 61.

South Wales and Queensland. spp., N.O., Euphorbiaceae.

Euphorbia It

is

stated that the natives of

juice of a species of

Euphorbia as a

Northern Territory use the

specific in smallpox.

Another species affords a juice said

Without committing oneself utility of

to

the Euphorbias alluded

to

be a remedy

in cancer.

an expression of opinion as to the our native species will doubtless

to,

well repay a thorough examination of their medical properties.

Throughout the 62.

Euphorbia

colonies.

alsinseflora,

BailL; N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

B.Fl.

vi.,

49.

This herb

is

used

in infusion

dysentery and low fever.

by bushmen

in cases of

chronic

(Bailey.)

Northern Australia. 63.

Euphorbia Drummondii, Boiss.; N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl. vi., 49. Called "Caustic Creeper"

"

Pox Plant

An from

" about Bourke,

alkaloid

this plant.

called It is

in

Queensland, and "Milk Plant" and

New South

Wales.

drumine has been extracted

said to have the

same

in Australia

local action as cocaine.

;

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

183

but more extended experience will be necessary before

true

its

value can be assigned.

Since the above was written the so-called alkaloid has been

England, and found

examined

in

oxalate

(Pharm.

up

!

to the present,

Jouryi.,

consist mainly of calcium

to

No

Jan., 1888.)

'jth

been submitted

explanation has,

what

in explantion of

either

is

crass ignorance or trifling.

Some people contend

nj poisonous

that this plant contains

seem without

principle, yet cases of poisoning (chiefly of animals)

any doubt haps

its

to

have been traced

virulence only exists at a certain stage of

New

In Western

it

and use rather strong

said that an overdose simply causes headache.

is

Mr. P. A. O'Shanesy observes that infallible

growth.

its

South Wales the aboriginals use an infusion

or decoction of the plant in genital diseases, doses, but

But per-

to this particular plant.

remedy

for dysentery

this plant is said

and low

be an

to

fever.

Throughout the colonies.

Euphorbia pilulifera, Linn., (Syn. E. hirta, Linn. E. capitata, Lam.; E. globuli/era, Kunth E. vertictllata, Vellox);

64.

;

;

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl., "

Asthma Herb,"

vi.,

51,

or " Queensland

Asthma Herb."

This plant having obtained some reputation certain

colonies of " Queensland

no means endemic

Bentham tropical

Peru

;

gives

Asthma Herb."

in Australia, for

the

America, from Florida and

Ceylon,

and

Seemann

be so, doubtless ni osi

common

where

tropical

abounds

it

New Mexico to

in the

it is

by

weed. :

—All

to Brazil

and

Mozambique

"

Queensland, about Rockhampton.

now be added.)

[Flora ntiensit, p. 217), however, says that this is evidently a comparatively

recent introduction to Polynesia, as

Do

a

Nevertheless,

from the western coast

(Northern Australia must

as "

Australia in

East Indies, South Sea Islands,* China, Japan, Sand-

wich Islands,

If this

it is

following places

tropical Africa,

Mauritius,

*

in

pulmonary complaints, has acquired the appellation

{i.e.,

it is

it

was not mentioned

an introduction

or collected by the older botanists.

into Australia too.

He

gives the Fijian

horse-dung, from the natives believing that this weed

together with the horse).

name

was introduced

1

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

84 was

It

first

introduced to notice by Dr. Carr-Boyd, of Towns-

Queensland, about 1880, as a remedy

ville,

and other diseases

The

of the respiratory organs.

herb from

Fiji is said

be of better quaUty than that

to

from Queensland, but inasmuch as and,

countries,

asthma, bronchitis,

in

it

common weed

a

is

many

in

moreover, easily cultivated, any demand for

it

could be readily supplied.

The ounce

direction usually given by vendors

of the dried herb in

one quart

liquid to

a wineglassful of this decoction

;

times a day.

three

some

doubtless

If

fame

the

of this

enterprising pharmacists

simmer one

to

is

two quarts of water, and

reduce the

to

be taken

to

is

drug be maintained, will

present

to

it

the

public in a more elegant form.

The smoke, means

herb should be inhaled, either by

also, of the

of an ordinary tobacco pipe, or

by burning

on a

it

slab.

In either case, care should be taken to get the smoke well into the lungs. It is

said that alcohol fails to extract the medicinal properties

of this plant as efficiently as water. It is

cough does

it

cases

Dr.

reported to be of service in phthisis, relieving the distressing Nevertheless,

in that disease.

always even give in

which

Thomas

it

it is

not an infallible cure, nor

relief in cases of

asthma.

has apparently utterly

I

have

known

My

friend,

failed.

Dixson, lecturer on Materia Medica at the University,

Sydney, says that from his own observations the virtues of the plant have been vastly over-rated, and that in reality value.

Still,

many

cases have

has unequivocally given

drug

shall

relief,

come under my and

have longer stood the

I

it is

but of

it

will

be assessed

at its

test of

experience,

proper value.

have learnt the opinion of medical is

it

have no doubt that when the

members

medical profession will largely record their experience of

and

little

notice in which

men

in

At present, as

Sydney on

of the

its

use,

far as I

this plant,

it

only to be considered as one of the numerous remedies which

give

more or

regarded as a

A

less

temporary

relief,

and must on no account be

specific.

correspondent from

herb, as a beverage, to the

Fiji

says that

common China

some people teas.

This

prefer the

is,

perhaps,

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

185

a vague comparison, as the China teas in question may have been " A little euphorbia, mixed with ordinary very common indeed.

Congo, gives but

fact,

who

it

quite

an Indian flavour."

professes to have had

As

it

I

cannot accept

embodying

give the sentence as

I

much

do with the drug.

to

belongs to the notoriously poisonous genus Euphorbia,

care should be exercised in

There

an excellent

is

administration.

its

article, entitled "

A

Contribution to the

Study of Euphorbia pilulifera," by Dr. A. Marsset of

The Therapeutic Gazelle is

this as a

the experience of one

accompanied by a woodcut

the plant, but a

of

picture (a water-colour drawing from a living plant)

While acknowledging is

shows that

its

much is

It

better

exhibited

Museum.

in the Technological

complaints

Paris, in

(Detroit, U.S.A.) of February, 1885.

that the use of the plant in

use in medicine

is

pulmonary

he gives the following, which

of very recent origin,

by no means recent.

Dr. Marsset

says, " Pison (Opera, to

first

Amsterdam, 1658) appears to have been the have spoken of Euphorbia pilulifera from a medical After having given an exact but incomplete description

standpoint.

of the plant, he adds, that "if

chewed or

freshly bruised leaves are

applied on a snake-bite, they not only assuage the pain, but even

remove the venom and

A

heal the wound.

pinch of the dried

powder, taken in some convenient menstruum, excites the heart

and arouses

the vital forces depressed by the poison."

Ainslie, in his

under the name

of

''^

Materia Medica" (London, 1826), describes,

" Pill-bearing Spurge," a plant of India and

Ceylon, which seems to have been either the E. pilulifera of Brazil,

a kindred species with

or

physicians," he says,

"employ

flowers,

lilac

the

fresh

"

The

native

as an outward

juice

application in aphthous affections." It is

Med.

doubtful whether the plant alluded to by Lescourtilz (Flore

des Antillas, Paris, 182

an infusion ptisan in

of

which

which he

calls

his description would, in fact,

;

he had

mind another

compared

1),

E.

recommended by him

pilulifera,

and

as a "lenitive

gonorrhoea, be really the botanical species under con-

sideration in

is

to those

species."

of spearmint

.

and

.

.

make it probable that The leaves have been

pellitory,

but are a

little

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

l86

and they have an

thicker,

and

not at

acidity,

there issues a

oily

savour joined to slight astringency

disagreeable.

all

which

white, thick juice,

little

more

Dr. Marsset then gives, in

twelve cases, and adds

you cut or

If

or

is

without acridity."

subjects of the above reports,

reports of

less detail,

" Of the twelve patients

:

them

tear

who were the

from

eleven suffered

of

crises

dyspnoea, with or without euphysema and chronic bronchitis.

some it

the respiratory distress followed pulmonary disease, in others

preceded

other symptoms.

all

under

radically cured

its

now quote Dr.

I

whole

of his

The

All these patients derived the

from the Euphorbia

greatest benefit

1.

In

;

some

of

them seemed

to

be

use."

commend

Marsset's conclusions, and

paper to the consideration of

my

readers

E. pilulifera

active principle of

alcohol and water, insoluble, or but

is

the

:

soluble in dilute

little

soluble in ether,

chloroform, bisulphide of carbon and essence of turpentine. 2.

It is toxic in

doses to small animals, killing them by arrest of

the respiratory are 3.

Its effects are

4.

It

seems

movements and cardiac

pulsations,

which

accelerated, then slowed.

first

not cumulative.

to act directly

on the respiratory and cardiac

centres.

leaves intact the other organs.

It

seems

5.

It

6.

Locally,

be eliminated by the

to

it is

except the gastric

branes,

liver.

mucous memmucous membrane, which it

without action on the skin and

irritates.

7.

gives

It

good

results

of

attacks

in

dyspnoea caused by

spasmodic asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis. It

most

ought

to

to

be employed

one gramme

in

daily doses, corresponding at the

of the dried plant,

and should be taken well

diluted with water at meal-time.

These conclusions are based upon reports which fairly full length.

Whether the conclusions are

from the reports

purely one

layman,

I

is

do not presume

for

to offer

medical

men

an opinion.

Queensland and Northern Austraha.

fair

to

are given at

deductions

decide

;

as a

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. 65.

EvolvuluS alsinoides, Linn., (Syn. E. linifolius, Linn. E. E. heterophyllusy E. villosus, R.Br. decumhens, R.Br. ;

;

;

Labill.

E.

;

E.

437.

The and

pilosns, Roxb.)

stalk, leaves

N.O., Convolvulaceae, B.Fl.,

and roots are a reputed remedy Tliis plant

(Ainslie.)

fever.

;

is

Cochi?ichinensis, Lour.

Euphorbiacese, B.Fl.,

and Tasmania. E.

N.O.,

" Blind-your-eyes.''

" Milky Mangrove."

so volatile that no one, however careful, can gather a

is

burning sensation

acrid,

A

ache.

in

The symptoms

it.

the throat, sore eyes,

single drop falling into the eyes will,

The

loss of sight.

those of

New

Guinea,

it is

Vitiensis.) is

The

believed, pro-

use this poisonous juice to cure certain e.g., leprosy,

but in

Fiji

fumigated with the smoke of the burning wood.

Milk," and

are

and head-

natives of Eastern Australia, as well as

etc.,

ulcerous chronic diseases,

A

;

152.

vi.,

quarter of a pint without being affected by

ulcers.

Commia

produces, by incision in the bark, an acrid, milky juice,

It

Flora

Endl.;

affinis,

Stillingia Agallocha, Baill.)

;

" River Poisonous Tree."

duce

in dysentery

not endemic in Australia.

66. Excsecaria Agallocha, Linn., (Syn.

which

iv.,

linifolius in Muell. Cens., p. 95.

All the colonies except Victoria

an

187

In India the sap of the tree

said to be applied with

good

the patient

is

(Vide Seemann, called " Tiger's

is

effect

inveterate

to

leaves also are used in decoction for this purpose.

good caoutchouc may be prepared from the milk.

New

South Wales

to

Northern Australia.

67. FiCTlS glomerata, Roxb.,

glomerata, Miq.)

;

(Syn. F. vesca, F.v.IM.

N.O., Urticese, B.Fl.,

vi.,

;

Covellia

178.

" Clustered Fig."

This fruit,

tree possesses

which

is

an astringent bark

in hoematuria, menorrhagia,

200 grains.

;

this,

The

and haemoptysis.

fruit filled

with sugar

is

soaked

in

is

prescribed

The dose

is

about

considered to be very

cooling, and the small, blister-like galls which are leaves,

as well as the

considered to have similar properties,

common on

the

milk and mixed with honey, are given to prevent

pitting in smallpox.

Ainslie

tells

us that

"from

the root of the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

155 tree,

which

cut,

a

in

fluid

Tamil

is

which

called Attievayr, there exudes,

is

Vytians consider a powerful tonic together." locally

Bombay

In

the sap

mumps and

applied to

•enlargements, and

when drunk

its

being

for several

the

days

a popular remedy, which

is

inflammatory

other

is

glandular

(Dymock, Materia

used in gonorrhoea.

is

on

caught in earthen pots, and which

Medica of Western India.) Queensland and Northern Australia. 68. Flagellaria indica, Linn., N.O., Liliacece, B.Fl., "

The

leaves are said to be astringent

This plant

New '69.

is

vii.,

and vulnerary.

(Bailey.)

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales

to

Northern Australia.

Frenela Endlicheri, Parlat., N.O., Coniferse, B.Fl.,

The

lo.

Lawyer Vine."

238.

vi.,

Callitris calcarata of Muell. Cens., p. 109.

" Cypress Pine."

For botanical synonyms, and other vernacular names,

see " Timbers."

me

Mr. Bauerlen informs

that the twigs of this tree are

in Northern Victoria and Southern

with fodder to expel

worms

in

New

horses.

used

South Wales for mixing See also Boronia rhom-

boidea.

Northern Victoria to Central Queensland. 70- Geijera salicifolia, Schott., N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl., "

The bark -drug

of

Copaiba

tree."

i.,

364.

" Wilga."

contains a powerful bitter, and has the odour of the

from which

New

Balsam

it

obtains one of

its

vernacular names.

South Wales and Queensland.

71- Goodenia spp., N.O., Goodeniaceae.

A

species of Goodenia

is

supposed

to

be used by the native

gins to cause their young children to sleep while on long journeys, but

it

is

(Bailey.)

not clear which

Many

is

used, or

how

it

is

administered.

plants of this natural order contain a tonic bitter

which does not seem

Throughout the

to

have been

colonies.

critically

examined.

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. 72- Gratiola pedunculata, B.Br.,

G. ptcbescens, R.Br.

N.O., Scropularinese, B.Fl., " Brooklime."

and

G-.

peruviana, Limi., (Syn..

G. latifolia, R.Br.

;

" Heartsease."

iv.,

"

iSg.

G. glabra, Walp.)

;

;.

492-3.

Tangran"

of the aboriginals of the-

Coranderrk Station, Victoria.

A decoction say)

of these plants

is

used by people in the Braid-

(New South Wales) for liver complaints with (many good results. They enter into domestic medicine for some

wood

district

complaint or other in various parts of the colonies. plant

is

The

latter

not endemic in Australia.

All the colonies except Tasmania, (G. pedunculata ;)

all

the

colonies, {G. peruviana.)

73-

Guilandina Bonducella, Linn., (Syn. Casalpinia Bonducella,. Fleming); N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl., Bonducella

The

seeds

ii.,

276.

CcBsalpinia

in Muell. Cens., p. 42.

are

Molucca Beans," or " Bonduc Nuts," and

"

called

" Nicker Nuts."

The

kernels of the nuts are very bitter, and are said by the

They

native doctors of India to be powerfully tonic.

cases of intermittent fevers, mixed

Pounded and mixed with

powder.

anthelmintic, and the root tonic in dyspepsia.

the leaves are reckoned deobstruent and

The

root astringent.

they are applied

castor-oil

At Amboyna the seeds are considered

externally in hydrocele.

palsy,

are given in

spices in the form of

with

oil

from the former

and similar complaints.

In

In Cochin China,

emmenagogue, and the is

used

Scotland,

in

convulsions,,

where they

frequently thrown on the sea shore by the currents, they are as

"Molucca Beans." Northern

are

known

(Drury.)

New

South

Wales,

Queensland

and Northern

Australia.

74-

Hardenbergia monophylla, Benlh., (Syn. H. ovata, Benth.

H.

cordata,

Benth.

longiracemosa, Lodd. Curt. Bot. Mag.)

;

nedya monophylla

;

;

Kennedya monophylla^ Vent.

K.

ovata,

Sims

;

;

K.

Glycine bimactclaia,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

246.

in Muell. Cens., p. 41.

Commonly, but wrongly,

;

called " Native Sarsaparilla."

Ken-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

igo

The

sometimes used by bushmen as a

roots of this plant are

substitute for the true sarsaparilla (Smt'lax), but

purely imaginary.

It is

also a

common

virtues are

its

thing, in the Spring, in the

Sydney, to see persons with large bundles of the leaves

streets of

on their shoulders, doubtless under the impression that they have the leaves of Smi'Iax glycyphvlla. All the colonies except Western Australia.

Lam.)

H.B.et.K.,

Monnieria,

75. Herpestis

N.O., Scrophularineae,

;

Bramia

(Syn., B.Fl.,

iv.,

indka.

Bramia

491.

indica in Muell. Cens., p. 97,

This small creeping plant of both hemispheres.

and

ful diuretic

"

due

is

Whatever

New

common

beneiit

is

leaves, conjoined

derived from this formula

is

doubtless

(Pharni. of India.)

South Wales and Northern Australia.

H. ficulmus,

76. Hibiscus diversfolius, Jacq., (Syn.,

Linn.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl., "

to the tropical portions

used in India as a local application in rheuma-

petroleum."

to the

is

regarded by the Hindoos as a power-

and the juice of the

aperient,

with petroleum, tism.

It is

Cooreenyan

"

of

i.,

Diss.,

non

213.

the aboriginals of the

Cloncurry

River (North

Queensland).

The

physicians of Fiji use the juice of the leaves to

native

procure abortion.

New 77-

(Seemann.)

South Wales and Queensland.

HydrOCOtyle asiatica, cordi/olia,

Hook,

f.)

;

Linft.,

(Syn.

H. repanda,

N.O., Umbelliferae, B.Fl.,

Pers. iii.,

H.

;

346.

In anaesthetic leprosy good results have followed the use of this herb,

but

attributed

to

secondary

where the

or

it

possesses no claim to the character of a specific

by some.

it

constitutional

skin

It

has been found

syphilis,

and subjacent

especially

cellular

tissue

more useful in

are principally

affected.

In non-specific ulcerations, and in skin diseases,

of value,

both as an internal and as a local remedy.

Jndia.^ All the colonies.

in

those cases

it

is

[Pharm. of

;;

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

191

B

78. Indigofera enneaphylla, Linn.; N.O., Leguminosae,

Fl.

ii.,

196.

An

infusion of the whole plant

and coughs

in fevers

in India.

is

diuretic,

(Ainslie.)

and as such

is

given

not endemic in

It is

Australia.

South Australia, 79-

New

South Wales and Northern Australia.

lonidium STlfEniticOSUm, Ging., (Syn. Pigea Banksiana, DC.

Hyhanthus enneasperinus, F.v.M.) loi

H. enneaspermus

;

Fragm.,

x.

where no

81,

N.O., Violaceae

;

in Muell. Cens., p. 6 less

;

B.Fl.

i.,

see also Muell.

than eighteen synonyms of this

species are given.

Mr. F. M. Bailey (Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. W., 1883,

p. 3)

points out that the roots of this species are used in India in diseases of the urinary organs,

and the leaves as an external application.

Other species are used medicinally

and there

no doubt

is

This particular species

properties.

various parts of the world,

in

that the Australian species possess medicinal

widely spread over tropical

is

Asia and Africa.

North and South Australia,

New

South Wales and Queens-

land.

83. Ipomoea Pes-Caprse, Roth., (Syn.

Forsk.

;

/.

maritima, R.Br.

/. biloba,

;

Convolvulus pes-caprae, \Ann.; C.mariiimus,T)esT.

C. iilobatus, Roxb.

C. brasiliettsis, Linn.)

;

;

N.O., Convolvu-

lacese, B.Fl. iv., 419.

The of colic,

boiled leaves are used externally as an anodyne in cases

and

in decoction in

and

diuretic in dropsy,

applied to the

rheumatism

at the

dropsical

;

the juice

is

same time the bruised

are

Materia Medica of

(Dymock,

part.

given as a leaves

Western India.)

Western 81 Justicia

lularia)

iv

,

;

549

New South Wales

prOCTimbens,

R.Br.

media,

Nees

Australia,

;

J.

(Syn.

Linn.,

adscendens,

prociimbens,

Nees

;

and Northern Australia.

R.Br.

y. juncea, R.Br. ;

Bostellaria

R. media, Nees

B. pogonanthera, F.v.M.)

;

;

;

J.

{Rostel-

R. juncea,

N.O., Acanthacese, B.FL,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

192

In South India the juice of the leaves squeezed into the eyes is

a remedy in ophthalmia.

(Drury.)

Tasmania and

All the colonies except

Victoria.

Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe, N.O., Cucurbitaceae,

82.

B.Fl.,

iii.,

316. " Bottle Gourd."

This plant, so plentiful along the tropical coast of Queensland > is

dangerous poison.

said to be a

killed

by drinking beer

bottle

formed

one of these

of

It is

said that

had been standing

that

(F.

fruits.

M.

some sailors were some time in a

for

Bailey.)

Queensland. 83.

excelsa, B.Fl.,

Wedd.

vi.,

New South

they

;

;

" Irtaie "

Wales.

The poisonous ful, particularly in

virulent,

;

Urera

191.

"Giant Nettle." Clarence,

Urtka gigas, A. Cunn. U. rotuiidifolia^ Wedd.) N.O., Urticeae,

Wedd., (Syn.

Laportea gigas,

Goo-mao-mah "

fluid secreted

producing great suffering.

come

is

another aboriginal name.

from the foliage

the younger leaves,

and

this plant will

is

very power-

their sting is exceedingly

Cattle

in contact with the leaves.

caused by the sting of

Richmond and

the aboriginals of the

of

"

become

It is

furious

when

stated that the pain

be instantly relieved by the

milky juice of the lower part of the stem of Colocasia macorrhiza (" Cunjevoi " of the natives),

being rubbed on the affected part.

{Proc. R.S. Queensla?id, 1885.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

84- MallotUS phillipensis, Muell. Arg., (Syn. Rottlera tinctoria^

Roxb. Baill.)

"

;

Kamala

Lam.

Crototi philippensis,

;

N.O., Euphorbiaces, B.Fl., "

of

India.

"

;

Echinus philippensiSy

vi.,

141.

Poodgee-poodgera"

of

the

Queensland

aboriginals.

"

The reddish powder from Kamala" by the Hindoos,

adapted for the expulsion of

Anderson found

Kamala allowed

that

the capsules of this plant, called is

a

useful

vermifuge,

especially

taenia.

a

to stand for a

concentrated

few days,

ethereal

solution of

solidified into a

mass of

granular crystals, which by repeated solution and crystallisation in

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

This substance, named

ether were obtained in a state of purity.

by him Rottlerin,

forms minute,

193

yellow

platy,

crystals

of

a

fine satiny lustre, readily soluble in ether, sparingly in cold alcohol,

more gave

so in hot, its

New 85.

and insoluble

composition as

Q,.^

The mean

in water.

of four analyses

[Pharmacographia.)

H^o Og.

South Wales and Queensland.

Melaleuca uncinata, RBr.,

names

see

synonyms and vernacular

(for

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

"Essential Oils.")

iii.,

150.

A According

Mr.

to

J.

" Tea-Tree."

G. O. Tepper {Proc.

174), the leaves of this plant,

if

R.S.,

ing and curing ordinary catarrh.

This observation

and as there

property

suppose that

to

this

well worth

is

is

no reason

iii.,

in alleviat-

widely distributed,

repeating, especially as this particular species is

S.A.,

chewed, are very useful

is

confined

to this species.

Western and South Queensland. 86.

Australia, Victoria,

Melastoma malabathricum, Lvm., Blume; M. deniiculaiuin, Labill.

The

leaves are used (F.

M.

in India

Melia COmpOSita,

iii.,

292.

and

diarrhoea

cases of

in

to

Northern Australia.

WHld., (Syn.

auslralasica, A. Juss.)

;

M.

Azedarach, Linn.

N.O., Meliaceas, B.Fl.,

" Dygal " of the aboriginals of Northern

Cedar" and " Cape

M. Novcz-HoUandioe,

Bailley.)

From New South Wales 87.

South Wales and

3f. polyanthum,

(Syn. ;

Naud.); N.O., Melastomacese, B.Fl.,

dysentery.

New

,

Lilac " of the colonists.

New

i.,

;

M.

380.

South Wales.

"White

Called "Persian Lilac," and

other names, in India.

The Hindoos medical purposes.

use the flowers,

The

root-bark

fruit, leaves, is

and bark for many

on the secondary

United States Pharmacopoeia as an anthelmintic. it is

said to produce narcotic effects,

though these,

pass off without injury to the system.

New

South Wales to Northern Australia.

list

of the

In large doses if

produced,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

194 88.

Mentha

R.Br., (Syn. Micromeria gracilis, Benth.);

gracilis,

N.O., Labiatse, B.FI., "

Mr. Bauerlen points out used

83.

v.,

Native Pennyroyal." that this plant

the southern districts of

in

New

M.

and

satureoides are

South Wales

at least,

by

females in irregularities of the menses, with most satisfactory results. Either infusion or decoction

is

used.

It

should, however, be borne

in mind that these two species are much more acrid than the

European species

Mentha commonly used

of

for a similar pur-

pose, and, therefore, greater care should be exercised in their use.

Both herbs are also strewn about

away

of keeping

away

fleas

insects,

Mentha Benth.)

See

and beds

for the

efficient

purpose

in driving

and bugs.

All the colonies except

89.

floors

and they are very

M.

SatlireioideS,

N.O.,

;

Western Australia and Queensland.

R.Br., (Syn. Micromeria satureioideSy

[.abiats, B.FI., v., 84.

gracilis.

1

All the colonies,

90.

Mesembryanthenmm seqnilaterale, Haw., (Syn. M. giaucM. Rossi, Haw. M. nigrescens. Haw. M. escens. Haw, " Pig's Face."

Many which

;

N.O., Ficoideae, B.FI.,

"Berudur"

Newr South Wales.

;

;

;

prcBcox, F.v.M.)

It

species,

this species

was the

iii.,

324.

of the aboriginals of the Lachlan "

Canajong"

and especially

M.

of the

Tasmanian

River,

aboriginals.

acinaciforme, Linn., from

scarcely differs, are

used

in

South Africa.

There the expressed juice of the succulent leaves taken internally checks dysentery, and acts as a mild its

antiseptic property,

sore throat,

violent salivation,

lotion in burns

Near the 91-

Morinda

diuretic, while

used as an excellent gargle

and scalds.

and aphthae, or

it is

in

in the

also, for

malignant

form

of a

(Bailey in 8y7i. Qd. Flora.)

coast in all the colonies.

citrifolia,

TJmi., (Syn.

M.

quadrangularis, Don.)

;

(For other synonyms see " Timbers.") N.O., Rubiaceae, B.FI., iii.,

423. "Indian Mulberry."

;

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. The Cochin-Chinese place believing the

Bombay and

to

fruit

be

their medicinal plants,

emmenagogue.

and are administered

In

wounds

to

a tonic and febri-

internally as

(Dymock.)

Queensland and Northern

MuCUna

gigantea,

Used purpose

is

in India

254.

The bark

rheumatic complaints.

for this

Northern Australia.

to

Myriogyns minuta,

Less.,

Forst. ;

;

///.

C.

;

Willd.

DC.

;

Gratigea

;

G. decumbens, Desf.

;

N.O

F.v.M.

Russelliana,

cuneifolia,

G. minuta, Poir

Artemisia jninima, Thunb.)

S.

;

DC;

CunninghaniH,

Cunninghami,

C.

;

DC.

centipeda,

minuta,

cuneifolia, Poir.

(Syn.

Lour.

orbicularis,

Sph(zromorph(za Cotula

Carpopogon giganteum, Roxb.);

(Rheede.)

South Wales

Centipeda

ii.,

mixed with dry ginger, and rubbed over the

pulverised,

parts afflicted.

New

in

A.ustralia.

DC, (Syn.

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.

93-

amongst

deobstruent and

used as a healing application

the leaves are

ulcers,

fuge.

92.

this

195

,

Compositae, B.Fl.

iii.,

553; Centipeda orbicularis and C. Cunnifighami, as distinct species, in Muell. Cens., p. 84

See also Muell. Fragm.

viii.,

143"

Gukwonderuk

The mond),

"

of

the aboriginals

" Sneezeweed " of Southern

Victoria.

at

New

Lake Hindmarsh

Station,

South Wales.

following letter from the Rev. Dr. Woolls (then of Rich-

to the editor of the

that journal

Sydney Morning Herald, appeared

on Christmas Day, 1886.

I

give

it

in full, as

plant only partially realizes the expectations formed of

it,

it

if

in

this

will

be

a valuable addition to our indigenous vegetable materia medica.

Following Rev.

S.

(known

is

Dr. Wooll's letter

:

— " Some

G, Fielding, of Wellington, called to botanists as

Myriogne minuta,

my

weeks

since, the

attention to a

of the

weed

composite order,)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

196 which he

had been used with success

stated

in cases of blight.

Being anxious to test the efficacy of the remedy, and to ascertain wHether any bad

some

of

me

furnished

effects

arise

from

A

which you so kindly sent me.

who was

case

:

'

have

I

came under my

of the plant according to directions, and the

have almost a magical

to

self as relieved

at

once

of the

He

previously suffered.

pleasure

notice a few

from a severe form of

suffering

purulent ophthalmia, contracted up the country.

seemed

who has

much

of ophthalmia, of the plant

in cases

efficacy,

days ago of a drover

application, I placed

its

Dr. Jockel of this town,

with the following remarks to the

in testifying

would

the hands of

in

it

I

first

made an

infusion

local application

effect.

The man

intense

smarting which he had

expressed him-

got on so well that in two days he

was

able to start back up country again, and could hardly express his

Louis C. Jockel.'

gratitude for the very great relief afforded. " I find,

some time

from a communication of Baron Mueller, that for

past he has had an idea that

for medicinal purposes,

and

that

Myriogyne might be utilised

he had actually submitted

it

to

Dr. Springthorp, an eminent physician in Melbourne, for the purpose of experiment. in simple

as interesting.

who,

The Baron, however, was I

I believe, is

mention the

first

this as a

medical

the value of

Myriogyne

growing as

does on the banks of

it

is

vol.

it

its

efficacy

it

in

matter of justice to Dr. Jockel,

man in Australia who

a case of ophthalmia. rivers

has proved

This weed^

and creeks, and

in

moist

common to all the Australian colonies and Tasmania, may be regarded as almost co-extensive with the disease

places,

and

not aware of

ophthalmic inflammation, and he regarded the discovery

is

designed to relieve. iii.,

p.

Victoria.

1866-67,

553, and

It is

figured

described in the Flora AtistraliensiSy

amongst Baron Mueller's plants

of

In the document relating to the Intercolonial Exhibition, it is

noticed as remarkable for

and recommended

for the

its

sternutatory properties,

manufacture of snuff

;

and

I find that

Endlicher, in alluding to the species of the genus of Myriogyne^ characterises

them

as

{Genera Planlarum,

The Victoria,

herba

ramosissimce

acres sterntitaioricE,

p. 440)."

Rev. Mr. Hartmann says (Brough-Smyth's Aborigines ii.,

173)

that this plant

is

of

used as medicine by ihe

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

I97

Lake Hindmarsh, but he does not say

aborigines of

what

for

complaint.* It

also found in India,

is

natives

India consider

of

paralysis, pains in joints,

and special diseases

also as a vermi-

;

{Cyclop, of India.)

fuge.

Throughout the 94.

The

Madagascar, and Japan.

a hot and dry medicine, useful in

it

Nelumbmm

colonies.

Wnid.,

SpecioSUm,

(Syn.

Gaertn.); N.O., Nympheaceae, B.Fl.,

Muell. Cens., p.

N.

62.

jiucifera in

i. '•

The milky

i.,

Nelumbo nud/era,

Pink Water Lily."

viscid juice of the flower-stalks

and

leaf-stalks

used in India as a remedy against sickness and diarrhoea. licher,

quoted by Bailey.)

be astringent.

to

It

is

The petals commonly

is

(End-

of the flower are also stated

distributed

the

in

warmer

regions of Asia.

Queensland.

Ocimum sanctum,

95.

Linn., (Syn. 0. anisodorum, F.v.M.

caryophyllinum, F.v.M.) "

Mooda"

;

N.O., Labiatae, B.Fl.,

of the aboriginals of the Cloncurrj' River,

v.,

O.

;

74.

and " Bulla-bulla"

of those of the Mitchell.

This plant

is

much

cultivated in India

and Ceylon, and

frequently used in medicine in the latter country.

Botany.)

Stimulant,

assigned to

it

by the

diaphoretic

natives.

is

{Treasicry of

and expectorant

virtues

are

{Pharm. of India.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 96. Pagetia medicinalis, F.v.M., N.O., Rutaceae,

Muell. Cens.,

p. 12.

The

oil of

the leaves

is

supposed

to

be of medicinal value.

(Bailey.)

Queensland. *

There

in Victoria.

fragm.,

is

a figure of Centipeda (Myriogyne) Cunninghami

Other synonyms of

C. orbicularis,

in

Mueller's Plants Indigenous

beyond those given,

will be

found

in Muell.

viii., 142.

The Baron prepared a

snuff from this plant, which he exhibited at the Intercolonial

Exhibition of Melbourne, 1886.

—

1

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

93

quadriloculare, F.v.M., (Syn. P. triloculare,

97' Petalostigma

Muell. Arg.

P. australianum,

;

Baill.

R.BrJ; N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FL, "Native Quince."

"Crab Tree." " Quinine Tree."

The bark same

Muntenpen

"Emu

92.

Apple."

some Queensland

" of

Tenison-Woods,

(Hill.)

{Explorations in Northern Australia):

covered with

This

fruit like is,

This surmise

" Bitter Bark."

aboriginals.

contains a very powerful bitter, said to have the

properties as cinchona.

states

taste.

"

Hylococcus sericeus,

;

vi.,

however, is

usually

a small yellow plum, of eminently nasty

I believe,

is

"It

its

only claim to be called a " quinine."

hardly correct.

The stem-bark

contains,

together with the ordinary plant-

constituents, a camphoroidal essential

oil,

and an

indifferent bitter

principle belonging to the glucosides.

The

ash of the bark (8.3 per cent.) contains, in 100 parts

Sodium Chloride

2.94

Potash

2.75

Soda

0.94

Lime

46.23

...

Magnesia

1-43

Alumina

0.05

Ferric

Oxide

0.18

...

Manganoso-Manganic Oxide.

0.46

Sulphuric anhydride

1.32

...

Phosphoric pentoxide Silica

0.56 2.21

...

Carbonic Acid

40.33

(Falco, in Watts Diet.,

New 98. Piper

South Wales

:

to

vi.,

ist

Suppt. 904.)

Northern Australia.

Novse-Hollandiae, Miq.,- N.O., Piperaceae; B.Fl.

vi.,

204. " Native Pepper."

An

" Mao-warang " was an aboriginal name.

excellent stimulant tonic to the

by Dr. Bancroft

mucous membrane.

in the treatment of gonorrhoea,

discharges, with considerable success.

This

is

Used

and other mucous one of the

largest

native creepers, the root being at times from six inches to a foot in

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. The

diameter.

and when the drug

full

is

plant climbs like ivy to the top of the tallest trees,

grown weighs many

is

so that a good supply of

tons,

The

readily obtainable.

out by ether,

199

active principle, as dissolved

a brownish oily fluid, soluble in water to a limited

extent only, the insoluble portion producing an oily emulsion.

has a warm, aromatic, pleasant the tongue,

New

99-

when applied

to

it

taste,

in

and a benumbing

minute quantity.

It

effect

on

(Bancroft.)

South Wales and Queensland.

Pittosponim undulatum,

N.O,

Vent.,-

Pittosporese, B.Fl.

i.,

III. " Native Laurel." I

am

not aware that

this

"

Mock Orange."

plant

is

employed medicinally,

but the following chemical investigation of the bark interesting,

will

be found

and may do something towards preparing the way

for

its utilization.

Glucoside of the bark and

Pitiosporine.

The

undulatum. filtered

when

pulverised bark

cold,

first,

It is

of ether, filtered

;

dissolves in water

and alcohol,

froths with water, gives precipitates with acetate

sub-acetate of lead.

and

Separates, by boiling with diluted acids, into

sugar and a white substance, insoluble in water.

Rummel,

Pittosporum

a whitish, loose powder, sweetish at

afterwards bitter and acrid ;

fruits of

extracted with hot alcohol,

mixed with an equal bulk

again, and evaporated.

not in ether

is

in Wittstein's

(Mueller and

Organic Constituents of Plants^^

All the colonies except South and Western Australia.

100.

Plumbago

zeylanica, Linn., N.O., Plumbaginese, B.Fl.,

iv.,

267.

In India, a tincture of the root-bark has been employed as an Dr. Oswald states that he has employed

antiperiodic.

treatment of intermittents with good effect. sudorific.

(Pharm. of India.)

dyspepsia in India.

It

is

It

is

a

It acts

common

South Wales

to

in

the

as a powerful

medicine for

also frequently used as a poultice for

abscesses, &c.

New

it

Northern Australia.

,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

200

DC,

loi. Polanisia visCOSa, flava,

Banks; C.

viscosa^

Cleome viscosa

90.

Used by

(Syn. P. icosandra, Linn.

and

in the

be used as a vermifuge.

also used in

It is

same way

the

in ;

Cochin China as

and

as sinapisms in Europe,

United States the roots are said to

In India the leaves boiled in ghee are

applied to recent wounds, and the juice to ulcers. occasionally given in fevers and diarrhoea.

South Australia,

i.,

W.

(Mr. H.

the aboriginals to relieve headache.

a counter-irritant,

Cleome

in Muell. Cens., p. 4,

Stone, quoted by Mr. Bailey.)

also as a vesicant

;

Linn.); N.O., Capparidese, B.Fl.,

New

The

South Wales

to

seeds are

Lindley.)

(Ainslie.

Northern Australia;

Western Australia.

Pongamia

102.

Veftt.,

glabra,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

273.

" Indian Beech."

This

and

tree also

grows

in tropical Asia

Poonga

oil) is

extracted from the seeds for use as an

oil (called

illuminant,

and as an application

The

cutaneous diseases. in rheumatism.

A

oil is

in scabies,

also

much used

poultice of the leaves

The

in India to foul ulcers.

plant

Fiji.

is

is

In India an

herpes,

and other

as an embrocation

a popular application

used medicinally in various

ways, and for various purposes, by the people of India. (Dymock.)

Dr. Bancroft {Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1886, p. 70) points out that

all

parts of this plant contain a principle of great activity as

an emetic.

Frogs poisoned with extract of the bark vomit for

several hours, after

which they become

torpid,

and generally die

within forty hours.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

103. Portnlaca

Oleracea,

Linn.,

N.O.,

Portulacacese,

B.Fl.,

i.,

169.

Common

"

Pig-weed,"' or " Purslane."

of the Cloncurry River,

This plant

is

"

Thukouro"

of the aboriginals

North Queensland.

a native of most

warm

parts of the world.

It

has been cultivated from very ancient times, and possesses antiscorbutic properties.

The young

shoots are sometimes put in

;

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. and the older ones are used as a potherb or

salads,

201 pickling.

for

(See also "Foods.") All the colonies except Tasmania.

104. Pteris aquilina, Linn., var. eSCUlenta, (Syn. P. Forst.); N.O., Filices, B.FL,

vii.,

esculenta,

732.

" Brake Fern," or " Bracken."

The European

plant

is

astringent, bitter,

and the rhizome has been used as a

and anthelmintic,

substitute for hops.

All the colonies.

105.

Ehizophora mucronata, Linn., (Syn. R. Mangle, Roxb. R. Candelaria, Wight et Am.) N.O., Rhizophoreae, B.FL, ;

ii-,

493-

A The bark

" Mangrove."

has been tried medicinally in cases of hsematuria,

but with what result

I

have been unable

to

learn.

For notes on

the medicinal utilization of the astringency of this tree, see

Journ.,

New 106.

Pharm.

11.

vi.,

South Wales

SarCOStemma

to

Northern Australia.

australe,

R- Brown, N.O., Asclepiadeae, B.FL,

328.

iv.,

Called " Gaoloowurrah" by Northern Territory natives.

The

juice

is

used by the Port Darwin (Northern Territory of

South Australia) natives as a remedy S.A.,

v.,

9.)

milky juice

is

in

smallpox.

In the interior districts of

used by white

men

Sapindacese, B.FL,

i.,

.S".

hmoriensis,

DC;

Allophyllus ternatus, Lour.)

455.

its

and Tasmania.

107. Schmidelia serrata, L)C., (Syn. ;

South Wales

as an application to wounds.

All the colonies except Victoria

trophe serrata, Roxb.

New

{Proc. R.S.,

;

OrniN.O.,

Allophyllus ternatus in Muell.

Cens., p. 24.

The diarrhoea.

astringent root

is

employed

in

{Cyclop. 0/ India.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

parts

of India to

check

202

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

,

io8. Scoparia dulcis, Linn., N.O., Scrophularinese, B.FI.,

This plant

is

In India

tropics.

iv.,

504.

a native of every part of the world, within the is

it

used in infusion in ague.

{Cyclop,

of

India ^

Queensland and Northern Australia.

109. Sebssa OVata, R^Br., (Syn. Exacum ovatum, Labill, ; chlorcB/olia,

This neat principle.

Lehm.)

little

;

N.O., Gentianese, B.FI.,

annual herb can be utilized for

and Erythraa australis (which

It

Erythraa 371.

iv.,

bitter tonic

its

see)

may be used

S.

australasicusy

indiscriminately.

Throughout the

colonies.

no. SemecarpUS Anacardium, Linn., Engl.)

(Syn.

N.O., Anacardiacese, B.FI.,

;

i.,

491.

" Marking-nut Tree" of India.

This

tree

of the fruit

is

externally

in

eruptions,

and

nut

is

is

common

in

some

sprains

and

juice,

which

rheumatic affections,

for destroying warts.

also used to

The hard

parts of India.

permeated by a corrosive

;

it

It is also

in

The

support

and redness

of

used as a fumigation for haemorrhoids in

causes sloughing of the tumours.

in asthma, after being steeped in buttermilk,

Both the nut and the

a vermifuge.

in

application in a

diluted form producing great cedematous swelling

India

scrofulous

in

produce the appearance of a bruise its

shell

employed

{Treasury of Botany.)

of criminal charges preferred through enmity,

the skin.

is

It is

given internally

and

is

also given as

obtained from

oil

India for purposes too numerous to

mention.

it

are used

(Dymock,

Materia Medica of Western India.) Queensland and Northern Australia.

Ill- Sesbania

Linn.)

;

Segyptica,

Pers.,

" Ngeen-jerry " of the aboriginals

Queensland.

(Syn.

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FI., of

ii.,

CEschynomene

Sesban^

212.

the Cloncurry

River,

North

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL.

203

In India the leaves of this shrub are used as a cataplasm to

The warmed

promote suppuration. {Cyclop. 0/ India.) simply moistened with a

little

castor

leaves are

oil.

Queensland and Northern Australia. Sida rhombifolia, Linn., (Syn.

112.

Malvaceae, B.FL,

i.,

Linn.); N.O.,

retusa,

6".

196.

Queensland Hemp." Called "Paddy Lucerne" on the Richmond and

"

Clarence Rivers,

New

South Wales

" Native Lucerne,"

;

a

is

common name,

also "Jelly Leaf."

This herb

is

to

promote perspiration

snake-bites, It its

and

;

in con-

by the natives of India

largely used

sumption and rheumatism.

It is

given as an infusion, and

is

said

the leaves are used as a poultice for

wasps and other

in cases of the stings of

insects.

contains a quantity of mucilage, which, no doubt, accounts for

{Pharm. 0/ India.) Its colonial use in diseases of the chest. of "Jelly Leaf " is in allusion to its mucilaginous nature.

name

South Australia, 113.

New

South Wales

Northern Australia.

to

Smilax glycyphylla, Smilh, N.O.,

Liliaceae, B.Fl.,

vii., 7.

" Native Sarsaparilla," " Sweet Tea."

This plant has been recommended as an

and

anti-scorbutic.

It

of a Voyage

to

New

one

is

the service of medicine in

New

alterative

and tonic

of the earliest plants pressed into

At

South Wales.

p. 230,

Journal

South Wales, by John White, Esq., Surgeon-

General to the Settlement, London, 1790, (the information must

have been furnished almost immediately the colony), occurs the passage

The

plant promises

much

decoction

is

.

.

made from

but more pleasant in

taste,

the leaves,

its bitter,

is

as a

contains."

it

similar in properties

than that obtained from the roots of

amongst Sydney

Glycyphyllin.

and

of.

" good for the scurvy.

the last respect, from

S. officinalis, or Jamaica sarsaparilla. article of trade

foundation

after the .

quantity of saccharine matter

tonic, as well as the

The

in

,

The

herb

is

a

common

herbalists.

Glucoside of the leaves of

Smilax glycy-

phylla; a brownish-yellow, amorphous mass, or by slow evaporation of the

ethereal solution, concentrically united tufts of crystals of

aromatic odour and bitter-sweet taste

;

dissolves better in hot than

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

204

in cold water, easily in alcohol

and

in ether

breaks up on boiling

;

with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid into sugar and another

Rummel,

(Mueller and

product, stituents

in Wittstein's

Organic

Con-

of Plants.)

See also a paper by Prof. Rennie, of Adelaide, on Glycyphyllin, the sweet principle of

glycyphylla, in Journ. Chem,

.S".

Soc, December, 1886.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Sophora tomentOSa, Linn., N.O., Leguminosse,

114-

B.Fl.,

ii.,

274. " Sea-coast

The

bilious sickness.

New 115-

specifics in

(Bailey.)

South Wales to Northern Australia. orientalis, R.Br., N.O., Apocyneae, B.Fl.,

Tabernaemontana iv.,

Laburnum."

and seeds have been considered as

roots

311. " Bitter Bark."

This small of

it

is

New 116.

tree

has an intensely

sometimes sold as South Wales

to

Tacca pinnatifida,

The other plant

starch

is

and a decoction

Northern Australia.

Forst., N.O., Taccaceae, B.FL,

from the tubers

arrowroot for

bitter bark,

" bitters."

is

vi.,

458.

{Treasury of Botany?)

dysentery.

any

far preferable to that of

This

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland and Northern Australia. (Syn.

117- Tephrosia purpurea, Pers.,

toxicaria, Forst.

;

Gaud.

;

T.

7".

piscatoria, Pers.

Baueri, Benth.

G. piscatoria, Sol.)

;

;

Galega

;

T.

littoralis,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.

209.

This plant

used in

is

many

tropical countries for the

purpose

of stupefying fish for the sake of capturing them.

In India the plant useful in

is

described as deobstruent and diuretic,

cough and tightness

obstructions of the

liver,

of the chest, bilious febrile attacks,

spleen and kidneys

;

the natives recom-

^

1

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. mend

it

as a purifier of

tlie

20$

blood, and for boils, pimples, &c.

(Dymock.) South Australia;

1

Thespesia

8.

Willd.)

The

New

South Wales

populnea,

fruit

Hibiscus

(Syn.

Corr.,

N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

;

Northern Australia.

to

populneus,

221.

i.,

abounds with a yellow

which

viscid juice,

is

a

valued local application in scabies and other cutaneous diseases

amongst the

natives of Southern

India, the

washed daily with a decoction

also

parts being

affected

of the

bark

of

the

tree.

{Pharm. of India Queensland and Northern Australia.

Trichodesma Zeylanicum, R.Br., (Syn., PolUchia zeylanica, N.O., Boragine^, B.Fl., iv., 404. P. zeylanica in

119.

F.v.M.)

;

Muell. Cens., p. 100. In India

one

this,

with other species,

is

considered diuretic, and

of the cures for the bites of snakes.

(Bailey.)

All the colonies except Victoria and Tasmania.

Typha

120.

angUStifolia, Linn., N.O., Typhaceae, B.Fl.,

A The astringent

root-Stock,

and

which

diuretic,

and

vii.,

159.

Bull-rush."

is

somewhat

abounds

in

employed

in Eastern Asia in dysen-

starch,

is

gonorrhoea, and the measles.

tery,

All the colonies.

Urena

121.

This for

lobata, Linn., N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

common tropical weed

which reason

it

is

decoction of the root and stem colic,

is

in

India.

In Brazil a

used as a remedy for windy

and the flowers as an expectorant

M.

206.

possesses mucilaginous properties,

used medicinally

coughs, according to Mr. F.

i.,

Bailey.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

in

dry and inveterate

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

2o6

Zanthoxylum veneficum, ^a/V^y, N.O.,

122.

Rutaceae. (Suppt. to

Queensland Flora.)

The bark possesses a peculiar tingling, hot taste, like aconite. Numerous experiments were made with extract of the bark upon dogs, cats,

rats, frogs,

and grasshoppers.

cord.

even when applied to the skin.

It tetanises frogs,

physiological action

may be

The

resembles strychnine.

it

In

following

taken as a typical example of the effect of this substance

upon warm-blooded animals Four grains and

of water

:

of the alcoholic extract suspended in five

then raise

itself,

walk a

minims

were injected under the skin of a large

five of spirit

Immediately afterwards, the cat was uneasy, would

cat.

spinal

finally paralysing the

poisons grasshoppers, while strychnine has no action

It

upon them. its

upon the

acts

It

and

cord, increasing the reflex excitability,

little,

and

lie

down

lie

down,

In eighteen

again.

minutes a tremor of the head and ears was noticed, the pupils were locomotion was affected

dilated,

yard

or so, in a

stiff,

the animal could only walk a

;

awkward way.

were frequent, and power

In twenty minutes the tremors

walk almost gone.

to

In thirty minutes

there were convulsive contractions of the fore limbs of the chest

a strong light would not alter the

;

three minutes the lips were livid, and

menced

;

during one of these

and muscles In

thirtj*-

tetanic convulsions

com-

attacks

the

iris.

respiration

very

is

laboured, inspiration stertorious, the head hangs down, and the cat jerks itself cat lies

backwards

down exhausted.

;

directly after, the

spasm goes

spasm every minute, and the animal was expected convulsion.

In

fifty-five

quarter of a minute

with wheezing.

becomes

;

minutes tetanic spasms

inspiration extremely laboured

At times no

collapsed.

was

left

and

died.

The

a

and prolonged,

heart could be

Four hours

rigor mortis, the right side of the heart

ventricle firmly contracted

contracted.

every

about

can be inspired, and the chest

air

beat regularly for two minutes afterwards. there

to die last

In sixty minutes the cat jumped and fought

for breath in a frightful way,

the

the

off,

In forty-five minutes there was a tetanic

;

after

felt to

death

was empty, and

the intestine was bloodless

and

SUBSTANCES REPUTED MEDICINAL. With rapidly,

larger doses than five grains tetanic

and the animals die

sometimes

after five grains

in a

few minutes.

20J

spasms come on

Large dogs recover

have been injected under the skin.

(Dr. Bancroft, in Froc. R.S., N.S. W., 1886, p. 70.)

Queensland. 123.

Zizyphus jujnba, Lam., N.O., Rhamneae,

B.Fl.,

i.,

412.

"Jujube Tree" of India.

The French

prepare a demulcent Pate de Jujuhes from the

fruits of this tree.

Various parts of the tree are used in native

medicine

in India.

and powdered a decoction

The bark

fruit is

used

of the root.

Queensland.

is

a powerful astringent

;

the dried

in medicine, as are also the leaves,

(Dymock.)

and

—

Gums, Resins, and Kinds.

(GUMS.)

A.

DEFINITIONS.

The

following definitions are conaplete enough for ordinary pur-

poses

:

(a)

A gum is entirely soluble or swells up in water,

insoluble in alcohol

gums." (b)

in water, (c)

and a

(commonly

called " spirit ").

but entirely

S^.g-,

" Wattle-

(Acacia.)

A

resin

is

entirely soluble in alcohol, but entirely insoluble

^-g., " Pine resin."

A gum-resin

is

(Frenela Endlicheri.)

intermediate in character between a

resin, that is to say,

partly soluble in water

it is

gum

and partly

soluble in alcohol. E.g., the gum-resin of Pittosporum undulaium,

{d) lent

Kkino

is

the astringent inspissated juice of a tree; excel-

examples are afforded by the various species of Eucalyptus.

Important

some

The

note.

of the species

is

classification of the exudations

only intended to be provisional.

absence of some of the products which of examining, I

am

unable

them should be grouped

1.

have had no opportunity

I

to say, for instance,

as "

gums," or

from

In the

whether some of

as " gum-resins."

Acacia spp, N.O., Leguminosse. " Wattles."

These gums printing, &c.

A

are exported for adhesive purposes, for cotton-

large

or less quantity.

number

of Acacias yield

Speaking of wattle-gum

Trimen {Medicinal Plants) say tears or masses, of a

:

"

It is

them

in general,

found commonly

is

in large

This

dark yellow or reddish-brown colour.

gum, which has a transparent appearance, being nearly cracks or fissures,

in greater

Bentley and

said to

be readily soluble

free

in water,

from

and

to

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. form a very adhesive mucilage.

It

209

frequently contaminated

is

pieces of the astringent barks of the trees from which

v^^ith

obtained

hence,

;

some tannic

frequently contain

The

unless

solution,

its

Very

has been done in regard

little

to the

them during

to the opinion that there

gum

able

Arabic "

yielded by Acacias.

If

is,

future before them.

of course, the

judging were

would take the highest place as regards absence from accidental ever seen

impurities, ready solubility,

The

mucilage.

behind

this

gum

are

districts,

more

in

which vegetation

gum.

make good mucilages,

gum

And when

in the interior

of the coast country,

Owing

is

for the

purpose of

find

way

Taken

it

insignificant as

gums

gum collecting,

into the world's is

it

compared with

in horses

;

Australian

markets

is

that

the

are readily soluble in water.

labour in Australia,

to

gum

few aboriginals

arable will never

any very great extent.

used by country folks

and in veterinary practice

raw shoulders

in

metagummic acid, while borne in mind that the

of utilising the services of the

internally,

up

is

to the great cost of unskilled white

and the impossibility

well-

in

becomes apparent how hazardous

it

generalization that Australian

piles,

i.e.,

In other words (speaking of the eastern

the western ones do not.

its

(comparable

comparatively luxuriant,

is

colonies), the eastern wattle-gums contain

yield of

its

far as his experi-

interior

or less insoluble, portions, at least, merely swelling

water, like cherry

of

the author has

while those obtained east of the Dividing Range,

watered

it

freedom

Soudan, and other noted gum-producing coun-

completely soluble in water, and

tries) are

of colour,

As

high standard.

ments go, those samples obtained from the in its aridity to the

most valu-

be by points,

to

and adhesiveness

highest quality of Australian

falls far

fairly

the past few years, hardly inclines

much commercial

is

Gum

" Best selected Turkey

only

is

systematic

examination of our gums, but the writer, as the result of close attention to

is

will

acid."

allusion to solubility in the preceding quotation

partly true.

it

prepared,

carefully

in diarrhoea

in the country, for

but the uses to which

it

is

and

wounds and put are very

miscellaneous.

The

author has been shown a statement by a " good practical

man," who, by the way, p

lives in the

midst of wattle-trees, and gets his

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

210 living

by collecting

their bark, to the

effect that wattle-gum, dis-

"makes an excellent carriage varnish." It him to try the experiment for himself, and while

solved in benzole,

never occurred to

pointing out that wattle-gum

may be

the present

insoluble

quite

is

made

against the reckless statements which are little

known raw

in that liquid,

a convenient opportunity of again protesting in regard to our

products.

All the colonies. 2.

Acacia binervata, -OC, (Syn. A. umbrosa, A. Cunn.) Leguminosse, B.Fl. ii., 390.

N.O.,

;

" Black Wattle" of Illawarra (New South Wales), and other places. " Hickory." " Myimbarr " of the aboriginals of Illawarra.

gum

Yields an inferior properly sorted,

some

a dull fracture. As a

of

arable.

it is

rule,

It

is

rather dark, though,

of a very light, clean colour.

quantities, and, therefore, usually

but

has

does not exude from the trees in large

it

comes

to

market with adherent

no gum.

bark, through having been chipped off the tree to waste It dissolves

It

if

in water, leaving rather a considerable

fairly well

quantity of insoluble matter in the form of a flocculent deposit.

New 3.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia

The gum from useful as

A. irrorata, Sieb.)

N.O.,

;

415. " Silver Wattle."

ii.,

this tree

some low kinds

wattle-gums.

(Syn.

^^'nk.

dealbata,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.

of

is

exceedingly viscous, and

gum

from a

It varies

is

arable, taking high-rank

quite as

amongst

light sherry colour to a very

dark

and dirty colour, and can frequently be easily detached from the tree in large masses.

It

has a clear fracture.

South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania,

New

South Wales and

Queensland. 4-

Acacia decnrrens, Wnid., N.O., Leguminosae, " Black,

Green,

Feathery Wattle,"

or

Wattle," once called " Wattah "

New

Cumberland and Camden,

This In colour,

tree yields it

is

gum

amber

B.F1.,

sometimes

by the aborigines

of

ii.,

called

414. " Silver

the counties of

South Wales. copiously during the

of all shades, but often

summer it

is

season.

one of the

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. darkest of wattle-gums.

much

rapidity without

211

can usually be gathered with

It

of the bark adhering.

It is

but swells up in that liquid to a great extent.

in water,

several days boiling in a large quantity of water

When

dissolves.

with smart blows

quite dry

it

well aware of the jelly which

They sweeten

it,

feels

call the

exceedingly toothsome.

it

to

After

almost entirely

it

horny under the

may be reduced

it

fair

scarcely soluble

though

teeth,

Small boys are

powder.

forms when water

added

is

to

it.

preparation ''gum jelly," and consider

The

author has seen

it

exposed for sale

it

in

Sydney labelled " chewing gum," and was told by the shopkeeper that

he can

making allied

sell all that falls into his

hands (which

Some

jellies, in lieu of isinglass.

gums, with admixture of glue,

is

not

much)

for

tanners also use this and

for sizing leather.

All the colonies except Western Australia. 5-

Acacia decurrens,

Willd., var. mollis,

Willd.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

"Silver Wattle," "Black Wattle" of

ii.,

molUssima,

the early colonists

of

New

" Carrong," or " Currong," of the aboriginals of Victoria.

South Wales.

Forms a lower

class

gum

arable.

for that

from A. dealbata, but

Intercol.

Exh., Melbourne, 1866,

of the Yarra used this spears,

A.

(Syn.

415

gum

it

it

It is

is

is

sometimes substituted

far inferior.

In the

Cat.

stated that the aboriginals

for fixing the

bottom ends of

which were made from a small wattle

in the

their

Loddon

district.

Victoria,

6.

Acacia This

New

elata,

gum

is

South Wales and Tasmania,

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, in

amber coloured

tears.

B.Fl.,

The

tree

ii.,

413.

itself

is

of

very local distribution, and as far as the author's experience goes, the

gum

is

very rare.

Out

examined, only one exuded

it

of

perhaps two hundred individuals

to the extent of a quarter of a

pound,

perhaps half a dozen gave a few grains each, while on the remainder

no trace

of

gum was visible. It is apparently very similar in gum of A. decurretts, but the author has not yet

properties to the

submitted

New

it

to close

examination.

South Wales.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

212 7-

Acacia famesiana, Wnid., (Syn. A. lenticUlata, F.v.M.) Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 419. "

This

known

in

gum

Dead

Bombay

" Karachi

as

and forms a part of what

Gum " — a

gum

kind of

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India, has not heard of

N.O.,

Finish."

collected in Sind,

is

;

p. 281

The

._)

is

arabic.

author

collection in Australia.

its

New

South Australia,

South Wales, Queensland, Northern

and Western Australia. 8.

Acacia glaucescens, WHld., (Sjti. a. homomalla, Wendl. A. A. leucadendron, A. Cunn. ; Mimosa cinerascens, Sieb. ;

;

binervis,

Wendl.)

A

"Yarran."

New

South

Wales

;

New

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

;

A

" Myall."

Wales

Motherumba,"

"

;

" Rosewood." of

A

ii.,

406,

"Brigalow"

North- Western

" Kaareewan," of the aboriginals of

Western

of

New

South

Cumberland and Camden,

South Wales.

The gum from

this tree is said

to

make

excellent adhesive

mucilage.

New

Victoria,

9.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia harpophylla, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, "

Yields a

gum

Some

arabic.

ii.,

389.

Brigalow."

collected

by Mons. Thozet was

exhibited at the Intercolonial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1866, but

gum from A. Bidwilli, Benih., exhibited on the same occasion, were any particulars given.'

neither of this nor of the

South Queensland. 10.

Acacia homalophylla, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, ii.,

383-

"Myall"

"Curly Yarran."

(Victoria).

A

" Spear-wood."

(For

aboriginal names, see " Timbers.")

This tree yields a season.

A

specimen

gum

in the

copiously throughout the

Technological

Museum

summer

outwardly

resembles, in a striking manner, ordinary pine resin or "rosin." Its

fracture

blance light

is

conchoidal, and very

to " rosin"

its

colour

and clean gum, and

as

From

lustrous.

is

a drawback, but

it

is

it

is

its

resem-

a remarkably

so freely soluble, and so adhesive.

;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. it

would well pay

large quantites. Interior

export, could

to

It yields

be obtained in

it

sufficiently

a fairly pale solution.

South Australia,

of-

213

New

South Wales and Northern

Victoria.

11.

Acacia linifolia, Wnid., N.O., Leguminosse, (For synonyms, see " Timbers.") Sometimes

This shrub, or small experience goes.

The

B.Fl.,

371.

ii.,

called " Sally."

tree, rarely exudes gum, so far as the author's

But a plant i^ inch

in diameter,

found by him

at

Valley, Blue Mountains, yielded about an ounce of a pale

gum.

New 12.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia microbotrya, Benth., (Syn. A. myriobotrya, Meissn. A. leiophylla var. microcephala, Meissn. A. sub/alcata, ;

Meissn.; A. daphni/olia, Meissn.;

A.

and perhaps A. pterigoidea. Seem.) B.FL,

ii.,

rostellifera,

Seem.;

N.O., Leguminosae,

;

363. " Badjong " of the aboriginals.

This species often produces 5olb. from one

The

aboriginals store

it

pleasant sweetish taste.

(G. Whitfield.)

It

one season.

tree in

in hollow trees for winter use

is

of a

forms a superior

gum

;

it

arable.

Western Australia. 13-

Acacia pendula, A. Cunn. Leguminosae.

A

A sample

in the

(var.

glabrata,

F.v.M.);

N.O.,

" Yarran."

Technological

Museum

dissolves entirely in

cold water, forming a perfectly clear, almost colourless solution of a

brownish

tint.

selecting

for

Like some other wattle-gums, the

market.

There

is

appearance between the old and new

gum

is

in

rounded

usual size to Senegal

pieces,

gum

a

gum

remains long on the trees becomes

in

in

The new

appearance and

The gum which with minute fissures. The

gum arable.

filled

difference

of this tree.

and very similar

and Aden

would require

this

marked

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

214 fissures,

which radiate from the centre of a lump, cause the lump

to break into sub-triangular or conical pieces.

New

Interior of

14.

South Wales and Queensland. Bejith.^ (Syn. A.petiolaris,

Acacia pycnantha, cinella, Meissn.) "

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.

;

"

Golden Wattle."

Yields an inferior

Green Wattle."

gum

;

A.fah

365.

ii.,

" Broad-leaved Wattle."

A

arabic.

Lehm.

quantity was exhibited at

the Intercolonial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1866.

South Australia, Victoria and 15.

New

South Wales.

Acacia retinodes, SMecht.; N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.

ii.^

362.

Said to yield a good

gum

arabic.

Victoria and South Australia.

1

6.

Acacia Saligna, Benth., non Wendl., (Syn. A Jeiophylla, Benth. Mimosa saligtia, Labill.) N.O., Leguminosae, B. Fl. ii., 364 .

;

in Muell. Cens., p. 44.

A. leiophylla

17.

gum

arabic.

It yields

a

Western

Australia.

Acacia sentis, F.v.M., (Syn. A. Leguminosae, B.FL, ii., 360.

Vidoricc, Benth.);

N.O.,

" Prickly Wattle."

These

them

Much

very sparingly.

of

it

freshly exuded, while portions of

Turkey gum

arabic.

It is

be a very acceptable in quantity.

It is

of a rich

is it

is

found on

amber colour when

are nearly as pale as the best

sparkling and clean looking, and would

article

readily

gum

most part small, and

trees are for the

of

commerce

if

it

could be obtained

and completely soluble

very easily reducible to a powder, on account of

in water, its

and

somewhat

vesicular nature. Interior of all the colonies except 18.

Tasmania.

Adansonia Gregorii, F.v.M., N.O., Maivace^, "

A

Sour Gourd."

dark red

gum

"

Cream

of

exudes from the

Northern and Western Australia.

Tartar" fruit.

B.Fl.,

tree.

(Bentham.)

i.,

223.

;;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. 19.

Atalaya hemiglauca, F.v.M., (Syn. F.V.M.); N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

215

Thouinia hemiglauca, 463.

"White Wood."

This

exudes a useful pale-coloured gum.

tree

New

Interior of South Australia,

South Wales and Queens-

land.

Roxb.

prOCera, Benth., (Syn. A. elaia,

20. Albizzia

procera, Roxb.

M.

;

elata,

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

Roxb.

;

Mimosa

Acacia procera, Willd.)

;

422.

ii.,

" Tee-coma " of the aboriginals of the Northern Territory.

This

exudes

tree

gum copiously.

It is in dull,

horny-looking,

roundish lumps, usually about the size of a marble. picking, as

much

appearance

is

up

swells

it

is

dark coloured and

only superficial, for

in

requires

The

is

clear,

from such

and almost of the

This

colourless.

gum

It

The differs

Acacia gums as are only partially

forming flaky masses, whereas the

disintegrates,

dull

has a very bright fracture.

it

soluble in water, in that a few hours after placing it

It

inferior.

water to a large extent, and partly dissolves.

soluble portion in behaviour

of

it

in cold water

partially soluble

Acacia gums, while likewise swelling up considerably, preserve a certain

amount

Northern

21.

of cohesion for a

day or two.

Australia..

Calophyllum inophylhm, Linn., N.O.,

Guttiferse,

B.FL,

i.,

183. " Ndilo

This

tree,

Tree"

of India.

when wounded, exudes a

green gum, which use of in any way.

is

small quantity of bright

not collected, nor does

it

appear to be made

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western

India.)

Queensland. 22.

Calophyllum tomentOSUHl, Wight., (Syn. C. eiatum, Bedd.) N.O., Guttiferae, Muell. Gens.,

p. 8.

" Poon," or " Sirpoon," of India.

The gum

of this tree is black

with pieces of corky bark very

soluble in cold

;

it

and opaque, and much mixed

has a feebly astringent

water, to

which

it

taste,

and

is

yields a yellow-brown

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

2l6

gum

is

becomes very dark

in

exhibiting a strong blue fluorescence.

solution,

steeped in water for

some time

the solution

Alum, followed by carbonate

colour.

apparently some

If

throws down

soda,

of

the

brown colouring matter without

of the

interfering

with the fluorescence, as after precipitation the solution, although lighter in colour,

by alum

in this

is

spectrum

by

G

about

this

;

Examining

alkalies.

at the violet

end

on

of the

gum

communicates only a very

faint

do not know whether

gum

absorption

spectrum extending

does not appear to rotate polarized

trial

or medicinal use, but as

it is

probable that

virtues.

its

it is

the fluorescence

The solution light. The gum

the addition of alkalies.

itself

I

of the

band disappears on destroying

acids, but re- appears

spirit.

solution purified

fluorescence immediately destroyed by

found that while fluorescent, the solution gives a

it is

broad absorption band to

its

and restored again by

acids,

A

very strongly fluorescent.

way has

this

it is

fluorescence to rectified is

collected

supposed by them

applied to any indus-

by the natives

to

of India

have some medicinal

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India.)

Queensland. 23. Cedrela Toona,

Roxb., (Syn, C.

Meliacese, B.Fl., '

This

gum

F.v.M.)

australis,

;

N.O.,

387. (For other names, see " Timbers.")

Red Cedar."

tree yields a perfectly transparent pale

amber-coloured

in small quantity.

New 24.

i.,

South Wales and Queensland.

ErTthrina indica, Lam., N.O., Leguminosas,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

253.

" Indian Coral " Tree.

This tree yields a brown

gum

of

no

value.

It is

not endemic

in Australia.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 25. Flindersia maculosa,

F.v.M., (Syn. F. Strzehckiana, F.v.M.

Sirzeleckya dissosperma, F.v.M,

F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Meliacese, B.FL,

Muell. Cens., p.

;

i.,

Elaodendron maculosum, 388.

9.

" Spotted, or Leopard Tree."

F. Strzehckiana in

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS.

The gum from

forms good adhesive mucilage.

this tree

reminds one strongly of East-India

gum

arable of

During the summer months large masses, exude from the stem and branches. is

21 7

good

of a clear amber-colour,

has a very pleasant

It

It

quality.

taste,

common bushman's Technological Museum

eaten by the aboriginals, and forms a very

remedy is

in diarrhoea, &c.

A

sample

in the

an emu-egg, and

half as large as

pigeons' eggs.

pieces as large as

would be readily sought

colony for adhesive purposes

after in the

frequently obtained in

is

It

if

could be obtained in

it

any quantity.

New

Northern 26.

South Wales and Queensland.

Hakea acicularis, R. Br., (Syn. H. sericea, Schrad.; H. decurrens^ R. Br. Conchium aciculare, Vent. C. compressum^ Sm. Banksia tenuifolia, Salisb.) N.O., Proteaceae, ;

;

;

B.Fl.,

A on

this

v.,

;

514.

gum

clear, hard, yellowish

shrub in the Illawarra

( ?

gum

district of

resin) has

New

been observed

South Wales.

In

the catalogue of Western Australian products at the Intercolonial

Exhibition, Melbourne, 1866,

it is

are found plentifully after the

i1'

autumn

New

Tasmania, Victoria and

stated: "

Gums

of

Hakea

species

rains."

South Wales.

Macrozamia Fraseri, Miq., (Syn. M. spiralis, Miq. M. Preissii, Lehm. Zamia spiralis, R.Br. Cycas Reidlei, ;

;

Gaud.

;

B.FL,

vi.,

;

Encephalartos Fraseri, Miq.

;

E.

Preissii,

F.v.M.)

;

Encephalartos Fraseri in Muell. Cens., p.

252.

no.

And M.

Miquelli,

F.v.M.); N.O., tridentaius,

Lehm.,

Mr. C. R. Blackett, supplement

to

the

F.v.M.,

Cycadeae,

of

gums

253.

Encephalartos

no.

Melbourne, describes in the Australian

and Druggist, May, 1882,

gums exuded by

quantitative examination remains states that the

vi.,

in Muell. Cens., p.

Chemist

experiments upon the

(Syn. Encephalartos Miquelli, B.Fl.,

to

some

the above two species.

A

be made, but Mr. Blackett

are analogous to Bassora

gum,

or tragacanth,

but whether they can be used instead of tragacanth remains to be

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

2l8

He

tried.

gives the results of several qualitative experiments with

them.

Western

(M.

Australia

Fraseri)

New

;

Wales

South

(M. Miquelli). 28.

Macrozamia Perowskiana, Miq., F.v.M.)

N.O.,

;

Cycadeae,

A

small quantity of

gum

even than the "

flattened shape

flow of

gum

is

due

fine

button lac "

mode

to the

much

of collecting

lighter

it.

A

in

The

commerce.

of

spontaneous

it

exudes more or

less

put to drain on a plate, the flattened shapes of " button

If

lac " will

at

that

does not appear to occur in any species, but from the

cut ends of the cones and bases of leaves freely.

been received

in flattened pieces,

It is

" button lac," but

of

Encephalartos

much resembles

apparently

experimented upon by Mr. Blackett.

colour

253.

vi.,

no.

of this species has

Museum, and

reminding one strongly

Denisonii, F.v.M.

Encephalartos Denisonii,

;

B.Fl.,

Deiiisonii in Muell. Cens., p.

the Technological

M.

(Syn.

Lepidozamia Perowskiana, Regel.

be very readily obtained.

be placed

water,

in

it

begins to

If

one

of these flattened pieces

immediately,

swell

and

this

absorption of water goes on for several days, by the end of which period

it

has swelled to about

fifty

times

its

original size.

It

presents the appearance of an almost colourless, quivering

This

assumes

jelly

angular masses.

minute

pseudo-crystalline result

fissures in the dried

fracture,

and

New 29.

a

This

in the

mouth

feels

partly

;

breaks readily, has a bright

somewhat

like tragacanth.

Miq., (Syn. Zamia spiralis, R.Br.,

spiralis,

Encephalartos

B.Fl.,

vi.,

Cens.,

p.,

251,

is

spiralis,

;

N.O.,

Cycadeae,

no. Burrawang."

another species, the

He

Lehm.)

Encephalartos spiralis, Lehm., in Muell. "

collected.

It

consequence of the

South Wales and Queensland.

Macrozamia

This

gum.

forming

appearance,

of course, in

is,

then jelly.

gum

of

which the author has

has no doubt that the proximate analysis of each will

A

few days

after the

plants have been mutilated, as already described, the dried

gum may

be found

to give

closely-agreeing results.

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. be picked

assumes one

It usually

off.

of

219

two forms,

scaly pieces, reminding one strongly of gelatine before

The

bleached and purified. is

admixed with more or

collecting a

number

of small tear-shaped

gum

small

has been

brown, and

it

But with careful

may be

obtained,

pure form.

South Wales and Queensland.

Meliaceas, B.Fl.,

*'

dirty

masses

in a fairly

30 Melia COmpOSita, WUld., (Syn. "

is

less accidental impurity.

which evidently present the

New

prevailing colour

viz., it

White Cedar."

i.,

M.

Azedarach, Linn.)

In Muell. Cens,, p.

380.

;

N.O.,

9.

(For other synonyms and vernacular names, see

Timbers."}

The tree yields a gum similar to that produced from the plum and cherry trees it may be collected in considerable

Acacia,

quantity.

from

this

;

A

(Bennett.)

specimen of gum, said

tree, is in irregular

tears, rather

to

be derived

adhesive and dull, with

a shining fracture, amber-coloured and brownish, rather friable,

mixed with fragments

of bark, tasteless, soluble in water.

Gums and Resins of coloured gum in small

India.)

The

(Cooke,

author has seen an amber-

quantity exuding

from

trees of this species

near Sydney, but never freely.

New

South Wales

to

31- Nnjrtsia floribunda, Labill.)

;

Northern Australia.

R.Br.,

(Syn.

N.O., Loranthaceae, B.FL, "

The gum from

A

Lorafithus floribundus, iii.,

387.

Mistletoe."

this tree is said

to

make good

adhesive

mucilage.

Western Australia.

32.

Pittosponim bicolor, Hook., (Syn. P. discolor, Kegel. P. Huegelianum, Putterl.) N.O., Pittosporeae, B.Fl., i., 113. ;

;

" Whitewood " of Tasmania,

This

tree

is

Called " Cheesewood" in Victoria.

said to yield a pale, useful

gum.

latum, "Resins.")

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

(See P. undu-

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

220

33- Pittospornm phillyrseoides,

DC,

N.O., Pittosporeae, B.Fl.,

i.,

113Variously called " Butter Bush," " Native Willow," and " Poison-berry Tree." (For the numerous botanical synonyms, see " Timbers.")

This tree arable,

is

said to yield a

and even superior

to

gum somewhat

similar to

gum

(See P. undulatum, " Resins.")

it.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

34-

Lmn.,

Semecarpus Anacardinm,

(Syn.

Engl.); N.O., Anacardiacae, B.Fl., " Marking-nut

Tree "

i.,

S.

australaskus,

491.

(of India).

In India a brown, nearly insipid gum, exudes from the stem.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 35- Stenocarpns salignus, R-Br., N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL, v., 539. " Silver Oak." (For botanical synonyms and vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Small quantities of

gum may

occasionally be seen on bruised

trees of this species.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

36. SterClllia acerifolia,

^- Cmm., (Syn.

Brachy chiton

ium, F.V.M.); N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

acerifol-

Brachy-

229.

chiton acerifoliwn in Muell. Cans., p. 15. " Flame Tree." Lace-bark Tree."

A gummy

substance exudes from the trunk of this

tree.

looks most like Tragacanth of any of the well-known gums.

same remark

New

is

more

It

The

or less true of other species of Sterculia.

South Wales and Queensland.

ZT- Sterculia diversifolia, (Syn. Pcedlodermis populnea, Schott.

Brachychiton populneum^

R.Br.,

in

Muell.

Cens.)

;

N.O.,

Sterculiaceae. " Kurrajong."

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

This tree sometimes yields the tragacanthoid substance already alluded to rather abundantly, that at the foot of a tree about

Mr. Bauerlen informs the author one foot in diameter and

high, in the Clyde River district of

New

thirty feet

South Wales, about a

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. bucketful of

gum

was found, naturally exuded and partly

while enormous tears had flowed to

down

viscid,,

the stem and were adherent

it.

New

Victoria,

South Wales and Queensland. Delabechea rupestris, Lindl.;

38. Sterculia mpestris, Benth., (Syn.

Brachyehiton Delabechii\ F.v.M.)

N.O., Sterculiaceae,

;

Brachyehiton Delabechii

230.

i.,

A gum

exudes freely from the

be called an Sir

inferior tragacanth, for

Thomas

boiling water

A

Mitchell observed

resembling tragacanth,

mass

;

tree,

iodine stains

" Kurrajong."

and forms what

many

when

years ago that

wood

this

a clear jelly^

formed, and becomes a thick, viscid

is

brown, but not a trace of starch

it

may

want of a better name.

poured over shavings of

is

B.Fl.,.

\n Muell. Cens., p. 15.

" Bottle Tree," or " Gouty Stem."

in

221

indicated

is

it.

The gum from more

this

tree

(and the following description

or less true of other species of this genus)

like paraffin in

rather tough

mouth

is-

remarkably-

appearance, and almost as free from colour.

and horny, and breaks with a

dull fracture.

It is

In the

the author fails to detect (except in the shape of the pieces)

any difference between lumps,

is

full

of angles

it

and the best tragacanth.

and

points, the

result

It is in

of the

irregular

of

fusion

innumerable " tears." Sterculia

gum

of difference.

and tragacanth, however, present many points

Their closest similarity

The former gum does

is

in

outward appearance.

not thicken water, except to an almost in-

appreciable extent, and, therefore, could not have the economic uses to which the very viscid tragacanth

is

put.

On

treating

them

both with cold water, the most obvious difference between them

is

the bluish-opalescent, and comparatively fine-grained appearance of the

mucilage afforded by the Sterculia gum,

Queensland.

39-

Terminalia

sp,

N.O., Combretaceae.

For a note on "Foods," page 62.

gum from

a species

of

Terminalia,

see-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

222 40.

Xylomelum pyriforme, N.O., " Native Pear."

Proteaceae, B.Fl., v., 408.

(For other vernacular names and botanical synonyms,

see " Timbers.")

The

author

is

not aware that the finding of

gum on

this tree

In the Blue Mountains he found

has been previously announced.

about an ounce on a sapling six inches in diameter, which had

been cut down, leaving four a free growth of

new

feet of

leaves.

It

tough, and of dull appearance. as

the author

is

inclined

to

It

stump, from which there was of

a yellowish-brown colour,

may

turn out to be a gum-resin,

is

think

that

all

the

gums

of the

Proteaceae will be found to contain a small percentage of resin.

New

South Wales.

CuMS, Resins, and Kinds.

(RESINS.)

B.

INCLUDING GUM-RESINS. 1.

Aleurites moluccana, WHId., triloba, Forst.;

(Syn. a.

Ambinux^

Jatropha moluccana, Linn.)

A.

iaceae, B.Fl., vi., 129.

;

Pers.

;

A,

N.O., Euphorb-

triloba in Muell. Cens., p. 20.

"Candle-Nut Tree."

This little, if

exudes a

tree

resin,

from the

especially

fruits.

used in Australia, but Dr. George Bennett

ever,

chew

the natives of the South Sea Islands

It

is

states that

it.

Queensland. 2.

Arancaria Bidwilli, Hook., N.O., Coniferae, B.Fl., "

A as

it is

it is

possible for

it

they are

very

colour,

is

It

it

to be.

similar

much

like

from the resin of A. Cunninghamii It

gum

in

teeth.

When

rather brighter in colour than

appearance.

brown, and lustre dull-resinous. It stains

is

{Xanthorrhcea arbored), otherwise

some samples

has an odour like creasote.

readily.

Its

Except

it

is

redness

in

gum

of inferior

prevailing colour

It is

quite brittle,

the fingers with handling, and

powdered,

Technological

this species is in the

as different

a low-grade red grass-tree

243.

Bunya Bunya."

sample of resin from

Museum, and

vi.,

of a bright red,

is

is

purple-

and powders gritty to the

something between

Venetian and Indian red, exhibiting a very pleasing colour. pure resin

is clear,

Queensland.

and very

like that of the

of

benzoin.

The

Moreton Bay Pine.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

224 3-

Araucaria Cunninghamii, "

"Hoop

Moreton Bay Pine,"

Richmond

of the aboriginals of the

The

resin

N.O., Coniferae, B.Fl.,vi., 243. "

Pine," "Colonial Pine." River,

and " Coonam "

of those of Brisbane,

it is

Ait.,

New

South Wales. "Cumburtu"

Wide Bay, Queensland.

of those of

which exudes from

Coorong "

this tree is very

remarkable, as

transparent and nearly colourless, and that portion of

it

which

adheres to the trees hangs from them in pendants, which are

sometimes three

This

like

long and six to twelve inches broad. (Hill.)

tree is very rich in resin, as

A

wound.

feet

sample

gum Thus

or

common

from every

flows

it

Museum

Technological

in the

very

is

slight

much

Frankincense, the product of Pinus

paler in colour, having the colour of

australis, except that

it

and

Although these pieces have been collected

lustre of

some

amber.

and externally are quite hard and very

years,

internally they are

still

brittle,

yet

condition, and possess the

a viscid

in

Canada

odour of

pleasing

is

Balsam,

with

perhaps a trace of

creasote.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Atherosperma mOSChata, LahUl, N.O., Monimiacese,

4-

v.,

B.Fl.,

284. " Sassafras."

The

resin contained in the bark of this tree has

by Zeyer (Pharm.

VierielJ, x.,

^jy), an abstract of whose paper

appears in Gmelin s Handbook.

The

it.

and the is

The

following

bark, previously exhausted with water,

very weak caustic potash resin

is

;

the solution

precipitated

been examined

is

is

is

his

account of

exhausted with

allowed to stand

by hydrochloric acid.

till

clear,

The precipitate

indigested with alcohol, the extract evaporated, and the residue

boiled

with

water,

Dissolves easily

which

it

is

in

and dried. caustic

precipitated by acids,

nearly insoluble in ether.

69.38 7o C, 8.85 7o ^42

•tl32

Brown-red,

alkalies

and

and

Contains

also

at

mehs

at

104°

their carbonates, in alcohol, but

C.

from it

is

100° C, on the average

H» ^"d 2177 O, corresponding to the formula

Ujo.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

—

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. 5.

22$

Bertya CuiHimghamii, Planch., N.O., Euphorbiacese, vi.,

B.Fl.,

75.

The

branchlets

exude a clear gum-resin so

this plant

of

abundantly as to give dried specimens, when held up to the

The

a pretty hyaline appearance.

substance

light,

of a yellowish

is

and no doubt would prove exceedingly interesting

colour,

if

examined, but theauthor has, up to the present, been unsuccessful in obtaining a quantity of

Many less

has a pleasant,

It

it.

some-

bitter taste,

wormwood.

thing like

of our

Euphorbiaceous plants yield resin

and

quantity,

provide

will

in greater or

material

useful

future

for

experiment. Victoria and

6.

New

South Wales.

Beyeria viscosa, Miq.

The

A

"

Pink

Wood "

of

synonyms,

(For

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

Tasmania.

see

"Timbers,")

61.

vi.,

Called also " Wallaby Bush."

resinous substance exudes from the leaves, sometimes so

abundantly that characters can be traced in

it

by means of a

style.

All the colonies.

7-

Ficus macrophylla, Desf., N.O., Urticese, B.FL, vi., 170. " Moreton Bay Fig," " Karreuaira," or " Waabie," of the aboriginals.

The milky

sap (latex) of this tree yields a very

Other species of Ficus yield juices more or Northern 8.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Ficus rubiginosa, Desf., (Syn. F. australis, Willd. rubiginosum, Caspar.); N.O., Urticese, B.FL, "Port

"

Jackson

Dthaaman" This

wounded.

The

"Narrow-leaved

Fig,"

;

Urostigma

168.

vi.,

"Native Banyan,"

Fig,"

of the aboriginals.

fig,

like

other

At present,

formed the subject "

caoutchouc.

fair

less similar.

exudes a juice when the bark

figs,

it

is

put to no useful purpose.

of the following chemical investigation

resinous exudation of this tree resembles

in appearance, varies in colour

from

It :

Euphorbium

dirty yellow or red to almost

white, solid, generally brittle, but tough in the interior of pieces, opaque, with dull

Q

is

has

and wax-like fracture

;

at

30°

C

it

large softens

:

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

226 and becomes it

has neither

but not sticky, provided

It is

taste

In

its

natural state

nor odour, but evolves an odour like that of

it

wax

heated, and evinces a characteristic taste on being masticated.

when of

plastic, like gutta-percha,

has been previously wetted with water.

The

quite insoluble in water, either hot or cold.

it is

soluble in cold alcohol,

remainder

and by treating

in hot alcohol,

succession

it

may be

it

alcohol

separated into the following constituents

substances,

H

Sycoceryl, C^

cold, but soluble in

in cold

chiefly

H^

O, C^

warm

Acetate

of

O, insoluble

in

alcohol

14

Caoutchouc, fragments of bark, sand and loss la

Rue and Hugo

Sycoretin.

When

pale-brown colour)

is

73

...

...

...

...

crystalline

(Warren de

of the

with these solvents in

Resinous substance, Sycoretin, easily soluble

White

greater part

and a considerable portion

13."

...

Miller, in Watt's Diet.,

ii.,

646.)

the solution in cold alcohol (which

mixed with water, the sycoretin

is

of a

precipi-

is

and may be rendered colourless by repeated solution and Sycoretin is amorphous, white, neutral, very brittle, precipitation. tated,

and highly which

It

electric.

floats

on the

melts in boiling water to a thick liquid,

surface.

ammonia and aqueous chloroform, and

ether,

from

its

{Watts

See also

Ethers," p. 646,

New 9.

insoluble in water, dilute acids,

oil

It

dissolves easily in alcohol,

of turpentine.

It

is

not precipitated

alcoholic solution by neutral acetate of lead, or acetate of

copper. given.

It is

alkalies.

Diet.,

v.,

647),

where further particulars are

articles " Sycocerylic

Alcohol," and

'*

Sycocerylic

loc. cit.

South Wales and Queensland.

Frenela (Callitris) spp, N.O., Coniferae.

The

trees of this

or less quantity.

genus yield Australian Sandarach

These

resins are very

much

alike,

in greater

and they

possess a pleasant aromatic odour, similar in character distinctly different

sandarach

wounded

under

to,

all

but

and more powerful, than the odour emitted by similar

circumstances.

When

the

trees are

the resin exudes in almost colourless transparent beads

;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. and

tears.

has obviously high refractive power, and

It

the latter

becomes

and

quite hard

When

exuded.

freshly

is

and

brittle,

is

much

and outward appearance,

like ordinary pine resin in taste, smell,

when

22/

the resin

allowed to

if

older

is

it

remain some

time on the trees becomes of a mealy appearance on the outside.

Powdered, they

make

all

Throughout the 10.

good "pounce," and form an

fairly

efficient substitute for ordinary

sandarach.

colonies.

F. Prenela Endlicheri, ParlaL, (Syn. F. fruticosa, Endl. Callitris pyramidalis, A. Cunn. F. calcarata, A. Cunn. ;

;

calcaraia, R.Br. ferae, B.Fl., vi.,

;

Otoclinis Backhousii,

;

Hill)

N.O., Coni-

;

Callitris calcarata in Muell. Cens., p.

238.

109.

"Murray

"Black Pine."

Pine."

"Red

"Scrub Pine."

Pine."

" Cypress Pine."

When

fresh,

sandarach, as

it is

it is

and

of a yellow colour,

strikingly similar to

usually found in America.

It

is

obtainable in

fairly large quantities.

Northern Victoria 11.

Queensland.

to Central

Frenela robusta, van verrucosa, A. Cunn., (Syn. F. verrucosa, A. Cunn. F. tuberculata, R.Br. Callitris tuberculaia, ;

R.Br.

;

C. verrucosa, R.Br.)

;

N.O., Coniferse, B.Fl.,

;

vi.,

237.

Callitris verrucosa in Muell. Cens., p. 109. " Cypress Pine."

A by

resin in larger tears than

this tree.

It

yields

it

ounces being frequently found although

this

exudes

an ordinary sandarach

in considerable at

naturally,

is

yielded

abundance, eight or ten

the foot of a single tree, but

supply

the

is

stimulated

by

incisions.

In the Report on Indigenous Vegetable Substances,

Exhibition, 1861,

it is

thus described

less or pale-yellow body, fragrant

and

:

—" A

friable, fusing at a

temperature, and burning with a large in alcohol

and the

essential oils,

smoky

and almost

Victorian

transparent, colour-

moderate

flame, very soluble

totally so in ether

turpentine at the ordinary temperature does not act upon

it,

nor

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

228 do the dry'wg

A

but

oils,

may be made

it

combine with these

to

by previous fusion."

solvents

sample

in the

Museum

Technological

dark-amber

of a

is

and externally possesses the dulled appearance of lumps It is the darkest resin of the genus examined by me. of amber. Northern New South Wales and Queensland. colour,

umbratka, A. Cunn.);

12. Grevillea robusta, ^- Cunn., (Syn. G.

N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl., " Silky Oak."

This tree

is

v.,

459.

(For aboriginal names, see "Timbers.")

frequently planted for ornamental and shade pur-

poses in the colonies, but to a far greater extent in Ceylon, India, Algeria, &c.

It

gum

exudes a

which

resin,

except in minute quantity in Australia, but

abundant

in India

it

and but

it

tree,

little

which

bright,

is

soluble

;

:

.

is

" of

.

,

(i

Mysore.

retains.

it

which

of friable bark, to

colour

vinous-red

a

been obtained from

said to have

shining, resinoid fracture, which

In some notes

this

It

has a

It is

much

adheres."

it

881) on the Shevaroy Hills, India, by Deputy

passage occurs

Surgeon-General Shortt, the following the plants intoduced in these

as

it

cultivated to a limited extent in

mixed with pieces

have never seen

Cooke {Gurus and Resins of

and Algeria.

India) thus describes

I

appears to be more

regards Grevillea

— " Of

have to notice a peculiarity

I

hills,

rohusta;

:

one

which

tree,

is

now

eleven

years old, has for the last two years, during the rains, produced

spontaneously each year about ten ounces of a translucent gum,,

which has no smell or particular

and

mixes readily with

water,

taste, is of

when

forms a whitish-brown

it

coloured mucilage, and, as a paste, answers so-called

gum

a pale-yellow colour,

all

the purposes of the

arabic for adhesive purposes."

This gum-resin has been examined by Fleury (see Journ.

Pharm.

[5], ix., 479-80),

Journ. Chem. Soc,

an abstract

xlviii.,

238.

of

He

red, slightly translucent, slightly friable, to cherry-gum.

In water

it

swells a

whose paper

describes

it

and similar

little,

no

given in

yellowish-

in

appearance

and slowly produces a

very persistent white emulsion, which passes through

contains

is

as

starch, but gives 3 per cent, of ash.

all filters.

It

The emulsion

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS.

229

treated with absolute alcohol gives a copious precipitate of

When

proper.

the alcoholic solution

evaporated,

is

The gum proper is grey, The gum

per cent, of a reddish, transparent resin.

and does not appear

to give a true

solution in water.

already soaked in water dissolves immediately lime, or potassium-carbonate

under the influence of a

New

Proteaceae, B.Fl., " Beefwood."

from

resin

Museum from

When

all

pure,

utmost

is

(For other names, see " Timbers.")

this tree

has just been sent to the Technological

without

state

is

most is

It is

It

chisel

appears to be a true resin, and

he

is

reduced

4-

Myopomm F.v.M.)

;

New

resin

stitute for

their

admixed of

It sticks to

it.

powder with the

opaque-looking, and

appears to be of rare occurrence,

if

trees.

It

was necessary be the

so, will

South Wales

was so hard on to

remove

first

it.

It

recorded, so

from

pitch

tomahawks

to

Northern Australia.

platycarpum, R.Br., (Syn. Disoon platycarpus,

N.O., Myoporinae, B.FL,

"Dogwood."

"Sandalwood."

The

It is

to

is

it

The warmth

aware, from any Proteaceous plant.

South Australia,

1

South Wales.

E. maciilata kino of any substance with

acquainted.

hammer and

of

the resin to adhere to

taste.

like

much

of division.

but was abundant on two particular that a

New

and has a dark, reddish-brown colour.

forming a dull powder.

facility,

R.Br.); N.O.,

Uneata,

G.

has a bright fracture, but

which the author

far as

is

solution.

Whittabranah, in the far-west of

it

appearance

them

The gum

462.

v.,

woody matter in a fine hand is sufficient to cause

the teeth, but

in

said to dis-

is

other known gums.

with

the

This reaction

R.Br., (Syn.

quite free from odour,

It is

potash,

little

South Wales and Queensland.

13. Grevillea striata,

A

salt.

and has no action on Fehling's

laevorotatory,

a

if

be added, and the solution gelatinises

ferric

tinguish this product from

gum

gives 5.6

it

this tree is

and wax

;

to the fibre

v., 7.

"Sugar Tree."

used by the aboriginals as a sub-

e.g.,

they cement the stone heads of

which joins them

to the stick

forming

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

230 the handle. is

It

used by the

forms a natural sealing-wax, and for

settlers in the interior.

this

purpose

would certainly serve as

It

a constituent of black sealing-wax ; alone,

too soft for long

is

it

keeping.

lumps appear

be not warm they

the hand, and

The

with the slightest touch of the pestle, and

fly

The

resin softens even with the

edges.

presents

It

this resin

summer

to the

market

Guaiacum

at the

(especially

in small lumps), but

it

is

not

latter.

All the colonies except

Tasmania and Queensland.

Pittosponim Undulatum, i..

to

has

It

showing reddish-brown

some resemblance

comes

so green in colour as the

N.O.,

Vent.,

Pittosporeae,

B.Fl.,

III. "

This

It

delicious

(For other names, see " Timbers.")

Cheesewood."

tree yields a

of the sun, but trees.

warmth of

kept in a bottle the heat of an average

if

almost black fracture,

a bright,

15.

the weather

if

sufficient to fuse pieces presenting fresh fractures.

is

when

and

of a dark reddish-brown colour,

are easily powdered.

day

on

usually received in small rounded lumps, weathered

It is

the outside, and possessing a pleasant, empyreumatic odour.

is

gum-resin which easily softens in the heat

which only appears

viscid,

odour

resembles that of

a

of oil

to

be obtained from wounded

my mind

possesses a powerful, and to turpentiny

character,

of cubebs, but the

odour

is

a

which somewhat quite per

se.

The

author has been informed that a gentleman in the Illawarra district applied this

"gum"

aromatic smell,"

to a

when

the

wound of a dog, "on account of its wound healed " with amazing quicKness

in a few days."

See pages 219 and 220 for an account of

s,ors\Q

gums

ironx

species of Pittosporum.

All the colonies except South and Western Australia.

16.

Syncarpia

laiirifolia,

Ten.,

(Syn. Metrosideros

in Muell. Cens., p. 59); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

other synonyms,

see "

Timbers.")

" Turpentine Tree."

glomuUfera

iii.,

265.

(For

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS.

On

cutting through a fruit the substance

231 seen to contain

is

small globules of an orange-red resin disseminated through

On

The

be found.

resin also

exudes from wounds made

best obtained, however,

It is

by

between the bark and sapwood scraped

pure

off,

and the

state.

It

is

felling a tree,

resin collected fairly continuously,

an

oleo-resin,

and

remarkably

is

has a very agreeable

(to the author)

The

as they carry

New

17-

it

native bees

it

and

like

and

exudes

may be in a

Venice

in viscidity.

turpentine odour, in degree

and character something between those

Canada Balsam.

in the bark.

when

small drops, which

in

turpentine, both in colour (a rich reddish-brown) It

it.

the outside of mature fruits small tears of the resin will also

of

Venice turpentine and

to

make much use

seem

of

it,

away very assiduously.

South Wales and Queensland.

Xanthorrhsea spp., N.O., Juncaceae. " Grass Trees."

The

-

resin is usually, but incorrectly, called "

Grass

Tree Gum."

This resin has an agreeable smell, or none soluble in ether, alcohol, latter,

when

and caustic potash.

at all,

and

treated with hydrochloric acid, deposits benzoic

cinnamic acids;

nitric acid readily

distillation this resin yields

converts

a light neutral

it

oil,

mixed with small

and

into picric acid.

By

which appears

be

a mixture of benzoic and cinnamic, and a heavy acid of hydrate of phenyl,

is

the

Its solution in

oil,

to

consisting

quantities of benzoic

and

cinnamic acids. It yields,

by oxidation with melting potash, so large a quantity

of paraoxybenzoic acid (36 grains

from 9 ounces)

The

conveniently used as a source of that acid.

that

it

may be

mother-liquor of

the ethereal extract contains also resorcin and pyrocatechin, as

compound of protocatechuic and paraoxybenH12 O7, H2 O, first obtained from benzoin. ( Watts

well as the double zoic acids, Ci4 Diet.,

vi.,

The It

ist

Suppt.

2.)

aborigines use

it

for fastening

on the heads

could probably be used in candle-making, for

with a bright flame, and mixes with fat in

all

it

of spears, &c.

burns by

proportions.

itself

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

232

As

commerce,

usually found in

in

is

it

very small pieces

(almost powder), or else these small pieces are aggregated, form-

In this state

ing a friable mass.

mixed with

After a bush to

and fragments

soil,

or less impure, being

has passed over grass trees the heat causes the resin

fire

run into more or

his possession

more

it is

of the yellowish bases of the leaves.

masses (the author has some

less spherical

as spherical as

turned

if

in

and these

in a lathe),

masses can be picked out either from the interior of the charred

stump or from the ground

the place where a grass-tree once

at

Such masses present the

grew.

collecting in this

commercially

way would

in a very pure form, but

resin

much

entail too

—the ordinary method being

and subject the fragments

tree stumps,

labour to be profitable

break up the grass-

to

rough winnowing and

to

washing.

The

very small demand,

pound

to sixpence a

much

it

is

invariably called) has a

the ordinary retail price being from fourpence

Sydney, and the wholesale price, of course,

in

It is chiefly

less.

Gum "

(" Grass-tree

resin

used as a colouring for varnishes, and

used by European and Chinese workmen

wood

stain

in imitation of

polishers.

It

also

by

resin

is

many

not

now thought

of for the purpose.

storekeepers in the colonies,

tree

gum

past

had stocks on hand, and

with the view to exporting

been gathered, say

The grass-tree

—

following

gum

a sieve,

fifteen or

into the sheet.

in Australia

and a

The

A

coal-tar

The

result is that

up grass-

England, have

for years

now

sold have frequently

twenty years. for

articles required are

The stems

stout stick or is

the

to

it

of

into convenient pieces,

substance

But

eagerly bought

quantities

— the

sheet.

it.

that

who

the usual method adopted

is

hacked down, broken

tegration.

French-

inferior

can be prepared from

substance can be so cheaply made from

this

is

to

has been observed above that abundance of picric

acid, a very powerful yellow dye,

flail,

and

cedar,

(chiefly the latter)

flail

collecting

an axe, a

the grass-trees are

and allowed

to fall

completes the work of disin-

then passed through the sieve, the

ligneous portions of the grass-tree for the most part failing to pass

through

its

meshes.

A

has passed through the

gentle breeze sieve, in

is

sufficient to

order to render

it

winnow what ready for the

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. market; but

it

usually

comes

233

Sydney having been subjected

to

to

no winnowing process. Throughout the

colonies.

Xanthorrhaea arborea, R.Br.,

18.

N.O., Juncacece, B.Fl.,

vii.,

215. " Grass Tree."

A sample of is

resin of this species in the Technological

Museum

presented in large concentric masses, consisting of the remains (in situ),

of leaves

cemented together by the

usually being so abundantly

substance are readily obtainable.

masses

mould

a true

is

similar

The

face.

of a

manner

rich

to that of

colour

is

The it

inner

Where

of the caudex.

seen to be of a liver-colour, but

it is

the

resin

portion

these

of

the resin weathers

readily fractures (in a very

very pleasing, and

purplish-brown, inclining

brown, admixed with a few dark

can only describe

I

crimson.

to is

It

is

it

as

readily

of a dull, burnt sienna-

particles.

South Wales and Queensland.

Xanthorrhoea australis, R.Br., N.O., Juncaceae, B.FL,

19.

pure

gamboge), and shows a very bright sur-

reducible to a fairly fine powder, which

New

resin,

in excess that large pieces of the

vii.,

116. " Grass Tree."

The

shapes which the resins of

the

various

Some

Xanthorrhaea assume are quite accidental.

species

of these

of

forms

are described under various species, and refer to specimens which

The

have actually been examined. in

resin of this species "is

found

masses of irregular globular shape, within the body of the

and exuding

in large tears

and drops near

red, friable substance, the purer

a most

brilliant

readily with the

odour

of

but

its

gum In

stances.

its

roots.

It is

homogenous specimens

exhibiting

ruby colour when crushed into fragments;

same deep

colour,

and exhales the

tree,

a dark-

it

fuses

characteristic

benzoin and dragon's blood under such circum-

many

respects

it

resembles the last-named substance,

solutions are less intensely red, inclining to yellow, while as

a varnish, alcohol,

it

and

has

much more body and

in the essential oils

gloss.

It is

very soluble in

from the eucalypts, that from the

Dandenong Peppermint (E. amygdalina) proving an exception

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

234

Ether takes up a portion only, leaving behind a resinous substance coloured more intensely red than that which

no solvent action upon

tine exercises

very

it

dissolves

turpen-

;

and the drying

it,

oils

but

{^Report on Indigenous Vegetable Substances, Victorian

little."

Exhibition, 1861.)

20.

Tasmania and

Victoria.

Xanthorrhoea

hastilis,

R-

N.O.,

Br.,

Juncaceae,

B.Fl.,

115.

vii.,

" Grass Tree."

A

sample

Museum.

It

substance in

in almost spherical

is

its

purest form.

which

to that of benzoin,

substance.

It

of this species is in the Technological

'of resin

breaks

possesses a sweet odour similar

It

much

is

readily

and represents the

pieces,

increased on powdering the

with

a shining fracture,

and

reducible with the greatest facility to an impalpable powder.

substance

a

bears

Exposure

to the

gum."

21.

is

than powdered

it

its

darker.

colour to

the external colour of masses of the pure is

quite superficial.

South Wales and Queensland.

Xanthorrhoea Tateana, F.v.M.,

Muell Cens., (Suppt. for

in

N.O., Juncacese. " Grass Tree."

1885);

The

to

perhaps a shade

is

causes the resin to change

This colour

New

pigment

that

light

Indian red, which "

resemblance

greater

gamboge, although

is

No

author

is

indebted to Mr.

J.

E. Brown, Conservator of

Forests of South Australia, for a quantity of the exceedingly hand-

some

resin of this

from woody

new

species.

matter.

with the utmost

It

best

is

the

chrome orange.

becomes dulled by the and so

;

generally

obtainable in large pieces free

or less vesicular,

fresh fracture

powder

The

in

a

is

dead, and of the colour

masses against each other,

liver-colour to

powder has the

ordinary temperatures.

Kangaroo Island (South

is

and powders

very bright, and of

colour of the lumps readily

friction of the

seen of

Neither in lump nor

It is

more

The

facility.

a rich, pure ruby colour of the

is

Australia).

chrome orange.

resin

any odour

at

;

CuMS, Resins, and Kinds.

(KINGS.)

C.

(SEE ALSO "TANS.") 1.

Angophora intermedia, DC, (Syn. Metrosideros floribunda. Smith, non Vent.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 184. " Narrow-leaved Apple Tree."

A kino

of a reddish-brown colour

this circumstance, the small

lose their bright appearance.

pinkish-brown colour.

and

it is

obtained speedily

forms a dull-looking powder of a

It

Water

From

brittle nature.

masses in which

acts but slowly

upon

forming a

it,

pale reddish-brown solution, and leaving abundance of sediment.

A

sample from Colombo, near Candelo, N.S.W., yielded the

author 90.7 per cent, of extract, and 46.95 per cent, of kino-tannic {Proc. R.S., N.S. W., iS8y, p. 83.)

acid.

Angophoras

yield a watery liquid

occasionally goes by the

misleading, as

sample of

from a

it

name

some abundance, which That name

does not harden to form ordinary kino.

more than two

is

A

Technological Museum, obtained

this liquid is in the

tree

in

of " liquid kino."

feet in

diameter by making a few cuts

through and under the bark, in order to look for kino.

Eight or

ten gallons of the liquid could have been obtained from that one tree.

It

brown

has a specific gravity of 1.008, and

liquid.

It

is

has an acidulous smell,

plainly discernible, but

a clear reddish-

acetic

acid

being

accompanied by a strong and unpleasant

odour, reminding one somewhat of spent tan. Victoria,

2.

New

Angophora Gsertn.

;

South Wales and Queensland. Cav.,

lanceolata,

M.

lanceolata,

N.O., Myrtace», B.Fl.,

Pers.

iii.,

184.

(Syn. ;

M.

Metrosideros apocynifolia,

co statu, Salisb.)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

236

Called variously "Apple Tree," " Rusty

Gum."

When

Gum."

" Mountairj Apple Tree,"

The "Toolookar"

of the

"Orange

Queensland aborigines.

freshly exuded, this kino has (like

other

Angophora

and a few Eucalyptus kinos) a smell like sour wine, but more disagreeable. Even when quite freshly exuded it is exceedingly brittle. It

has a bright fracture, and

is

behaviour with

Its

similar to that of the preceding species.

New 3.

of a ruby colour, with a tinge of

Colour of powder orange-brown.

brown. water

is

South Wales and Queensland.

Angophora "Woodsiana,

Bail., (Syn. Queensland Flora, Bailey);

N.O., Myrtaceae.

This "Apple Tree " yields a settlers as

a remedy in diarrhoea.

brittle

reddish kino, used by the

(Bancroft.)

Queensland. 4-

Baloghia lucida, Endl., (Syn. Codiaum. lucidum, Muell. Arg.); N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl., "Scrub, or Brush Bloodwood."

the aboriginals.

A

vi.,

"

148.

Nun-naia" and "Dooragan"

of

•

blood-red sap oozes from the trunk

when

obtained in the following manner in Norfolk Island similar to a farrier's,

is

and was

—" A

knife,

used, but stronger, fixed upon a handle

four to five feet long, which enables the

A

the trunk of the tree.

cut, :

workman

perpendicular incision

to is

reach high up

made through

the bark, an inch wide at the surface, but tapering to a point near the wood, and from eight to ten feet long, forming the

main

channel through which the sap flows to the base of the

tree,

where a vessel

is

placed for

its

reception; branch channels are

cut on each side of the main one, leading obliquely into

it,

six

or eight inches apart, and extending nearly two-thirds round the trunk.

The

twelve hours,

each

sap generally flows from these channels for about

when

tree varies;

half that

it

is

collected.

sometimes about a

quantity.

The

The

quantity produced by

pint, but

on an average about

sap forms an indelible paint, and was

formerly used in the island for marking bags, blankets, and other articles."

New

(Shepherd.)

South Wales and Queensland.

;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. 5.

DC,

Bombax malabaricum,

237

B. heptaphyllum, Cav.

(Syn.

Salmah'a Malabarica, Schott.); N.O., Malvaceae,

The

" Simool Tree," or " Malabar Silk-cotton

The gum {Mocharas of the bark

B.Fl.,

i.,

223.

" (of India).

Mucherus) only exudes from portions

or

which have been injured by decay or insects; incisions

in the healthy is

Tree

bark produce nothing.

It is

very astringent, and

used both by Hindus and Mahometans in diarrhoea, dysentery,

and menorrhagia,

in

doses of from 40 to 50 grains for an adult.

Waring {J?harm.

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India?) 0/ India), however, says that diseased action,

is

botanical source

this

gum, or

rather product

and

incorrectly referred to this species,

is

of a

that its

unknown.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

6.

Ceratopetalum gummifernm, Sm., N.O., Saxifragese, B.Fl.,

ii.,

442. "

By

and cutting tiful

wounding the

it

appearance.

It is

it

felling a tree

has become thoroughly hard

It is

and obviously contains a large proportion

of

gummy

author having only recently collected the substance,

New

it

breaks

exceedingly astringent, sticks to the

to give further particulars in regard to

7-

by

exudes a kino of exceptionally beau-

of a rich ruby colour, perfectly transparent,,

when

with a bright fracture. teeth,

tree, or, better still,

into logs, there

very tough, though

The

(For other names, see " Timbers.")

Christmas Bush."

well

it

is

matter.

unable

at present.

South Wales.

Eucalyptus spp, N.O., Myrtacese.

Many

trees yield their kino in a viscid state

Exposure

vein in spring or autumn.

almost immediately. lected naturally

There

it

a very general rule, the kinos are col-

exuded and hardened on the outside

;

E. corymbosa,

greatest abundance, while

for instance,

some

yield

it

so

recorded as having been found on them. that

gum

hardens

of the bark.

a great difference between various species in regard

is

to the yield

As

on tapping a

to the air usually

on every species

it

will

be found

producing

little

that

it

But there

in at least

it

in

the

has not been is

no doubt

minute quantity.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

238

The

much

kinos vary very

nite length of time

on the

rain, the soluble portion

if

allowed to remain for an indefithey are readily affected by the

trees, as

being more or

washed out

less

;

besides,

the action of the sun contributes to alteration of their chemical

composition.

Some

of

them are used by the

settlers for ink

and

for staining

leather black, the process simply consisting in boiling the kino in

an iron saucepan.

The

following notes on medicinal preparations of Eucalyptus

Extra Pharma-

kinos are taken from Martindale and Westcott's copoeia.

Besides being useful in diarrhoea and relaxed throat, with success to check the purging of mercurial

is

given

administered

pill,

for Syphilis.

Decoctum Eucalypti

Boil

gummi—

Eucalyptus kino

...

Distilled water

...

till

... ...

Used

dissolved and strain.

diarrhoea in two to four

drachm

Extractiun Eucalypti

gummi

Eucalyptus Kino Distilled

Water

doses.

...

...

...

i

...

...

40

as gargle,

{Lancet,

liquidum

ii.,

for

83, 1029.)

—

...

...

...

i

...

...

...

3

Dissolve by constant shaking and strain.

minims

and given

Dose

—30

to

60

in water.

A styptic.

Injected into the nostril stops bleeding from the

nose, and applied on lint arrests haemorrhage

from wounds.

A

tablespoonful to a pint of water forms an astringent injection for the vagina or bowel.

(Squire.)

This dilution

may

also

be used

as a gargle. Insufflatio

Eucalypti

gummi—

Eucalyptus kino in

fine

powder.

Starch, in fine powder, of each i-grain.

Applied by means of an

insufflator, is a

powerful astringent in

haemorrhage and relaxed conditions of the larynx and trachea. does not thus

affect the palate or appetite.

It

—

—

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. Syrupus Eucalypti gummi.

239

Liquid extract

(Squire.)

of

Eucalyptus

Kino

...

...

...

to

60 minims.

5

...

Sugar Dissolve.

3 ounces.

Dose

— 30

Tinctura Eucalypti gummi.

(Squire.)

Eucalyptus Kino

...

...

Rectified Spirit...

...

...

Shake

till

ounces.

dissolved,

and

10 ounces. 4 ounces.

Dose

strain.

— 20

40 minims,

to

i

part to 7 of water forms a very astringent gargle.

Trochisci Eucalypti

Contain

i

gummi—

grain in each, combined with fruit paste.

Trochisci Eucalypti compositi,

each

Chlorate of Potassium

Cubeb powder Used

accompanied by

arrest of

...

...

...

relaxed

mucous

Contain in

2 grains.

grain.

\

and

in congested

...

...

Eucalyptus Kino...

8.

(L. Browne).

—

grain.

i

throats,

secretion.

Eucalyptus acmenioides, Schau., (Syn. E. pilularis menioides, Benth. E. trianthos, Link.); N.O.,

var.

iii.,

(.?)

ac-

Myrtaceae

;

B.Fl.,

when

especially

208.

"White Mahogany"

of

New

South Wales.

(For other vernacular

names, see " Timbers.")

This kino occurs in small quantity only,

when

recently exuded, passing

is

of

an amber colour

subsequently to red and black.

(Bancroft.)

New 9.

South Wales and South Queensland.

Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill, N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

202. " Peppermint," " Mountain Ash," &c.

synonyms and vernacular names

A

clear, port-wine

(For the numerous botanical

of this tree, see " Timbers.")

coloured kino, which

ing a sparkling powder, unless, of course, It is

readily soluble in cold water.

by a

variety of this species in the

it

" Ribbon

Braidwood

is is

very friable, form-

made

gum

impalpable.

kino," yielded

district of

New

South

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

240 Wales,

soluble in water to the extent of 99.22 per cent., and

is

of kino tannic acid.

yielded the author 57.76 per cent,

N.S

R.S.,

yielded the author

permint," extract,

The

W., i88j, p. 36.)

and 58.41 per

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

Swamp Mahogany."

New

South Wales.

E, platypodos,

Sm., (Syn.

Eucalyptus botryoides, '•

192) 96.06 per cent, of

(loc. cit.

cent, of kino-tannic acid.

Tasmania, Victoria and Southern 10.

(Proc.

kino of another variety, "Pep-

Cav.);

229.

iii.,

(For other names, see " Timbers."}

but little kino. Some sent from known in the Illawarra district of New South Wales as White Gum," or " Scribbly Gum," varies in colour from pinkish

This species appears

to yield

a tree "

unusual in kinos.

It

Victoria and

11.

This decidedly pink colour

dark ruby colour.

jO a

New

somewhat

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Calophylla, R.Br., (Syn. E. Hook.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., iii., 255. " Red Gum" of Western Australia.

Baron Mueller has

splachnocarpa.

stated that the viscid kino of this tree is

obtainable in considerable quantity, and that

water to the extent of

one

is

appears of a brown colour when broken up.

70

to

it

80 per cent.

is

It

soluble in cold

appears

to

be

most abundant and useful of Eucalyptus kinos.

of the

Western Australia. 12.

CQXyXii^OZdii, S77itih,

Eucalyptus Soland.)

;

" Bloodwood."

This

tree

the Eucalypts.

ance of a

{Syn. 3fetrostderos gummi/era,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

is

as fortunate in

When

stream

iii.,

256.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.") its

vernacular

name

as

any of

freshly exuded, the kino has all the appear-

blood,

of

and so

freely

does

it

flow

that

frequently the appearance of the ground at the foot of one of these trees

The kino

quite startling.

is

quantities, dries almost immediately,

When

freshly

know,

is

exuded

characteristic,

of a vinous odour.

it

runs

down

the tree in large

becoming exceedingly brittle-

has a distinct smell, which, as far as

and soon recognised.

Much

of the kino

It

I

has something

exuded becomes entanorled

;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. in the scaly

porous bark of

upon

a store of

quite

this tree,

241

but one frequently comes

the substance through tapping the

com

munication with a reservoir underneath the bark, or between the concentric circles of wood.

Frequently, on felling a tree, large

masses of indurated kino (always more or

may be

matter)

less

admixed with woody

obtained in cavities around these circles, and the

presence of gum-veins of greater or less extent

This

able in a log of this timber.

when

bright

first

always notice-

is

although quite

interior kino,

deposited, has frequently the

appearance of a

very pulverulent purplish-red haematite, such, for instance, as

common powder

comes

in

Elba mines.

the

It

readily

Such kino

is

vermilion

colour frequently, and, therefore, the

tinted of all kinos,

is

readily

forms part of the

Bay kino "

says

that

it

of

almost of a

is

most

and completely soluble

" Botany

Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane,

it

very variously soluble in water,

whereas the freshly exuded pure substance, which

It

which

of a Venetian red colour, soiling everything with

into contact.

is

makes an impalpable

brilliantly

in cold water.

commerce, and

may be

administered

medicinally in doses of from two to ten grains.

New

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

Eucalyptus eximia, Schauer, N.O., Myrtaceae,

13-

B.Fl.,

iii.,

258. "

(For other names, see " Timbers.")

Mountain Bloodwood."

This "Bloodwood" yields

and the product

is

far less

by no means

kino than E. corymbosa,

of such a brilliant colour, having

a liver-coloured cast, but redder than that of E. punctata. very friable, yielding a

New 1

Eucalyptus globulus, LabilL, N.O.,

4-

Gum

" of Victoria

names and synonyms, see

This well-known of kino.

ago,

is

A

"

and Tasmania.

B.Fl.,

iii.,

(For other vernacular

Timbers.")

tree

sample sent

Myrtaceae,

is

by no means an abundant yielder

to Dr.

thus described by him:

Wiesner, of Vienna, some

— "Readily soluble

tion pale reddish-yellow, slightly acid, very

R

It is

of a very dark buff colour.

South Wales.

225. The " Blue .

powder

time

in water; solu-

turbid

on cooling

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

242

on heating, becomes cool again. masses

gum-resin;

New

South Wales.

crumbling

of light-brownish colour."

Tasmania, Victoria and just into

15.

No

Eucalyptus Gunnii, Hook., /., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 246. Gum." " Swamp Gum." (For other names and synonyms, see

" Cider

" Timbers.")

In bulk,

this

kino resembles, in general appearance, that of

Angophora intermedia ance than

the

It is,

To

latter.

solution, leaving a quantity of

colour, in

perhaps, a

water

cold

little it

sediment of a salmon

a turbid

which are interspersed a few dark-coloured

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and 16.

brighter in appear-

yields a pale orange

New

particles.

South Wales.

Eucalyptus hsemastoma, Smith, (Syn. E. signala, F.V.M.; and including^, micrantha, DC); E. /alci/olia, Miq. ;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 212. "Scribbly Gum," "Spotted Gum," "White Gum," &c.

(For other

vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

The 1.378,

specific gravity

of

and the percentage

the

kino

from

of tannin 64.51.

this

tree

is

about

A sample

(Staiger.)

from Colombo, near Candelo, N.S.W., yielded the author 95.53 per cent, of extract, and 54.12 per cent, of kino-tannic acid. (Proc. R.S., N.S. W., p. 84.) of a bright-ruby colour, soluble completely

It is

in cold water

with

many

when

fresh, characteristics

other kinos,

soluble in water, and

may be results.

placed

on

(Bancroft.)

e.g.,

when a

and

possesses in

entirely

common

amygdaWia, macrorrhyncha. forms shining

dried

wounds, It is

it

cuts, little

scales.

It is

They

or ulcers, with satisfactory

gummy,

and, therefore, does

not powder well.

lUawarra (New South Wales) 17-

to

Wide Bay (Queensland).

Eucalyptus leuCOXylon, F.v.M., (Syn. E. sideroxylon, A. Cunn.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, iii., 209. " Ironbark."

This

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

tree is comparatively rich in kino, as

cent, having

much

as 23 per

been obtained from the fresh bark by Baron Mueller;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. *'

and acacias

This kino

not an object.

Frequently the bark of the cavities being

with

is

of

on heating."

The

kino.

kino

blackish

reddish-brown bark, has a beaded, granular as

as I

far

know,

of

becomes horny and more or

this species.

less insoluble.

(with enclosed kino) yielded the author 67 per cent, of

extract to water,

N.S.

J^.S.,

water,

in

completely honeycombed,

this tree is

characteristic,

old, this kino

The bark

can be used as a

it

turbid, but clear again

entirely filled

set in rows, in the light

When

however, equal to

not,

soluble

easily

is

becomes

slightly acid reaction,

appearance,

is

in tan-power, but

tanning process, where light-coloured leather

in the

subsidiary is

kino

the tannic acid of eucalyptus

that of oaks

243

IF.,

and 41.9 per

cent, of kino-tannic acid.

(Proc.

fSS^, p. 38.)

Spencer's Gulf (South Australia) to Southern Queensland.

18.

Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., (Syn. E. acervula, Miq.); N.O., Myrtacege, B.Fl,,

207.

iii.,

" Stringybark."

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Specimens of

this

from near Bombala,

kino

He

Wales, have been examined by the author. •cent, of extract,

and 78.72 per

R.S.^ N.S. W., iS8y, p. 84.)

and

It is readily friable,

colour, unless

somewhat

of

it

New

South

found 97.54 per

cent, of kino-tannic acid.

The

kino

is

{Proc.

of a rich ruby colour.

for this reason usually appears of a dull

has been very

some specimens

little

handled.

of seed-lac.

It

reminds one

It is readily

soluble

in water.

Victoria and

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus maCUlata, Hook., (Syn. E.variegata, F.v.M.; E.

19-

peliata, Benth.)

N.O., Myrtacege, B.Fl.,

;

The common

The appearance odour.

It is

is difficult to It is

of this kino

its

to

is

iii.,

254 and 256.

Gum."

characteristic, as

is

of a yellowish-brown to olive colour, while

describe, but readily recognised

one of the most friable of

second

by

" Spotted

E. corymbosa

all

it

its

its

odour

when once observed.

kinos, perhaps ranking only

in that respect.

porous nature, some of

also

This

friability is assisted

being nearly as porous as pumice.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

244 and

to the eye.

distinctly vesicular

between the fingers into a

can readily be crushed

It

powder.

fine

forms a yellow solu-

It

tion in cold water, leaving a resinoid residue of a dirty brownish colour,

much

and

like

soft

almost entirely dissolves. ing to

degree

its

of

it

loses

The

very

of information in regard to the ages of the kinos,

of

kino

Brisbane, this

"

also catechin.

state,

contains

much

observations

chemists in this respect can scarcely be reconciled

benzoic

Like that of E.

of

in the

accorddifferent

absence

and particulars in

According

regard to the trees which yielded them.

long

resinous texture, and

its

Its solubility varies

freshness.

On

appearance.

in

toffee

continued digestion with water

acid

to

Mr. Staiger^

in

an impure

tesselaris, the insoluble

up a

portion of the kino treated with ether gives

sticky substance,

leaves behind a clear, reddish, tasteless, brittle resin, having

and

Mr. E. Norton Grimwade {Pharm.

the properties of shellac."

Jouni., 26th June, i886) gives an account of some experiments

He

with this kino.

found

'j.o'j

per cent, of volatile constituents,.

consisting almost entirely of water, with volatile

" to

oil,

resembling

styrol,

pound

no

merest

which the peculiar aromatic possessed by the

gum,

is

odour,

due."

The

of kino.

" I tried the

:

strongly

quantity

Unlike Mr. Staiger, Mr. Grimwade found

The

trace of benzoic acid, neither of cinnamic acid.

adds

trace of a

was only two or three drops from three-quarters

of this oil obtained

of a

the

pentine, methylated

gum spirit,

and linseed

latter

employing as solvents tur-

as a varnish,

oil

;

the linseed

oil

and tur-

pentine, I believe, practically dissolved nothing, but the methylated spirit

Mr. Staiger

yielded a hard, smooth, and transparent varnish."

gives the specific gravity of the kino at about 1.405,

age of tannic acid different

sources,

at 34.97.

up

between 23 and 51. in his

sample

to

to

My own

the

experiments with kinos, from

present,

Mr. Grimwade

and the percent-

give

^/
percentages var)'ing

aV.^ finds the percentage

be 10 per cent, of tannin, " closely

allied,

if

not.

identical, with querco-tannic acid,"

Central

20.

New

South Wales

to Central

Queensland.

lucalyptus microcorys, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL, 212.

iii.^

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINGS. "Turpentine Tree," *'

or

"Tallow- wood."

(For

245 names, see

other

Timbers.")

A sample

in the

Technological

Museum

has crumbled into

small pieces, for the most part of the size of currants.

In bulk,

it

Owing to the become dulled with

looks remarkably like a parcel of uncut garnets. of the kino, the

friability

very

bright fractures

Colour of powder, orange-brown.

little friction.

It is

readily

soluble in water, leaving a turbid residue, which eventually dis-

Mr. Staiger gives the

solves.

specific

gravity at

1.395,

and the

percentage of tannin 53.33.

New

Northern

21.

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus Obliqua, L. Her it.

^

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

204.

A

" Stringybark."

(For other synonyms and vernacular names, see

"Timbers.")

Like other stringybarks, transparent

perfectly

this yields

a kino of a ruby colour,

and bright-looking, and quite soluble

in

water.

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and

22.

New

Eucalyptus Odorata, Behr., N.O., Myrtaceae, "

White Box."

" Peppermint."

South Wales.

B.Fl.,

iii.,

215.

(For botanical synonyms and ver-

nacular names, see " Timbers.")

A

dull-looking kino, very pulverulent (for a kino), forming a

dark, dirty-brown powder.

It is

apparently not obtainable in large

pieces.

South Australia, Victoria and South-east

23.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith, N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

211. "

She Ironbark."

Fresh kino of

mens

go.

It

In

all

some fragments vary

in tint to

speci-

brown and garnet

cases the resinous appearance of the kino

similar to lac.

my

resembles orange lac in appearance to a marked

degree, though lac.

(For other names and synonyms, see " Timbers.") this species is characteristic, as far as

It is brittle,

is

strikingly

and forms a bright powder.

It dis-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

246

solves readily in water, forming a very pale-coloured solution of

a

bright orange-brown colour.

New 24.

South Wales and Queensland. pilularis, Smith, N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Eucalyptus

208.

iii.,

(For other names and synonyms, see " Timbers.")

" Blackbutt."

Specimens collected by the author so closely resemble,

in

outward appearance, the kino of E. piperita, as scarcely to be distinguished from

dissolves readily in water,

It

it.

forming a

comparatively pale solution. Victoria to Queensland.

25.

Eucalyptus piperita, Smith, (Syn. E. acervula, Myrtaceoe, B.Fl.,

iii.,

" Messmate."

" Blackbutt."

Sieb.);

N.O.,

207. " Narrow, or Almond-leaved Stringy-

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

bark."

This

is

procured in

another kino of the E. amygdalitia type. large quantities.

fairly

It

yielded the author

It

can be 99.75

per cent, of extract to water, and 62.12 per cent, of kino-tannic (Proc. R.S., N.S. W., iSS'j, p. 192.)

acid.

Gippsland, 26.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, F.v.M., Fragm.,

xi.

"This kino

is

of very great astringency, and, therefore, parti-

cularly valuable for therapeutic purposes

are

removed by alcohol

it is

;

adherent impurities

after

found to be composed mainly of kino-

tannic acid, the percentage being 93.88 of that acid, the rest (6.12) consisting simply of real

gum, and seems quite

free of gallic acid."

(Mueller, Eucalyptographia.)

New 27.

South Wales and Queensland.

Grey

Gum"

DC;

N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL, iii., 244. and " Leather-jacket." (For other names and synonyms,

Eucalyptus punctata, "

see "Timbers."}

This kino, especially when

in

large masses,

sembles Hepatic Aloes in appearance, but than that substance, crumbling without of the fingers.

Its

colour

may be

much

it

is

somewhat remore brittle

far

difficulty

by pressure

described of a very dark brown.

;

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. with a slight orange stance, one

and comparing

tint,

from the mineral kingdom,

Melanite garnets from Franklin, is

freshly collected

it

much

still

another sub-

like

some

of the

The powder

Jersey, U.S.A.

more brown than " Oxford ochre."

of an ochre colour, slightly

When

New

with

it

it is

247

has a vinous odour, somewhat similar

but less powerful than that of

maculata.

-£".

The

to,

author happened to

tap a reservoir of this kino at the base of a tree, which was as fluid as

molasses

but on a few minutes' exposure to the

at first,

hardened and became quite the bottom layer of liquid the liquid is

On

brittle.

is

air

it

treatment with cold water

of a rich reddish-brown, the rest of

becoming, by diffusion, of the colour

There

of olive oil.

abundant sediment, which powders readily, of a light buff colour,

forming a turbid liquid.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith, (incl. E. spectabHis, F.v.M. E. hemilampra, E. pellita, F.v.M. E. Kirtoniajia, F.v.M.

28.

;

;

F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

"Jimmy Low."

" Red, or Forest

iii.,

245.

Mahogany."

(For other vernacular

names, see " Timbers.")

In most English books

"Botany Bay kino

is

the bold statement

the produce of

E. resinifera ;"

not intended, but E. siderophloia, one

E. resinifera (A. Cunn). been taken

E.

to

resinifera

more abundantly than small quantity in

part,

one

my

that

whose synonyms

of

diagnose the species yielding a kino, the

must be only understood

either

E.

Authenticated kino of this species

A

made

this species is is

Unless, however, special pains have

possession

kino as abundantly,

resinifera, is

all

is in

name

generically, for there are

scores of species of Eucalyptus which yield

or

is

but

Smith or A. Cunn,

unknown

to science.

smallish tears for the mpst

and invariably showing firmly adherent wood and bark on

side.

It

is

clear looking,

and

exhibits a dark ruby colour

transmitted light.

It

has, however,

siderable time.

is

inclined to

It

be tough and horny, though

has a bright fracture; colour of powder, burnt sienna. in water,

forming a clear solution.

by

been collected for a con-

It

it

dissolves

Mr. Staiger gives the

specific

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

24S

a sample of this kino at about 1.416, and the per-

gravity of

centage of tannin 65.57.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus rOStrata, SchleM., (Syn., E. longirostris, F.v.M. E. acuminala, Hook. E. brachypoda^ Turcz. non Benth.

29.

;

;

E. exserta, F.v.M.) "

Red Gum."

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.

;

" Flooded

Gum."

240.

iii.,

(For other vernacular names, see

" Timbers.")

Thanks kino

is

Mr. Bosisto, of Melbourne,

to the enterprise of

probably the best

known

of

European and Australian medical men. as a delicate mucilaginous astringent, properties,

employed with

membrane

of the

benefit

Eucalyptus

all

Mr. Bosisto describes

stomach and bowels, and a

" none approaches

it it

reliable

either in the

forms a useful remedy.

in value for

not be literally true, or perhaps

mucous remedy in

affections of the

As

the treatment of chronic dysentery and diarrhcea.

syrup, or lozenge,

it

which also possesses tonic

in

astringent for the uvula and tonsils,

this

kinos to

a topical

form of a gargle,

But the statement,

medicinal purposes,"

may

or

may

only refers to Victorian species,

it

for of Australian kinos in general, our

knowledge

of the

is

most

elementary and empirical description.

Mr. Bosisto 's extract

is

consisting of old kino (kinos

accidental impurity, and

Kino

is

of this species,

freed from insoluble matter, whether all

tend to insolubility with age), or

an elegant preparation.

when

quite fresh,

quite soluble in cold

is

alcohol and cold water.

South Australia

to

Northern Queensland.

30. Eucaljrptns saligna, Smith, N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., "

Grey .Gum."

" Blue

Gum."

(For

other

vernacular

iii.,

245.

names, see

"Timbers.")

The author has very rarely seen is

dullish-looking,

and

this kino.

of all tints of garnet.

tence for the most part, and in bulk

it

A sample he collected It is of

horny consis-

perhaps most generally

resembles that of E. punctata in appearance, but

it

has none of

—

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. the

brown

the latter.

tint of

249

readily dissolves in cold water,

It

forming a perfectly clear liquid of an orange-brown colour.

New 31.

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus Siderophloia, Benth., (Syn. E. resinifera, A. and probably E. Cunn., non Smith E. persicijlora, DC. ;

;

fibrosa, F.v.M.)

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

;

See E. resinifera, Smith.

Bay kino"

of

220.

iii.,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

" Ironbark."

A

certain

amount

" Botany

of the

commerce was formerly obtained from the present Cunningham and other botanists were

hence Allan

species,

accustomed

to call

E. resinifera, a term now loosely applied

it

to Eucalyptus kinos in

When

new,

it is

transmitted light.

gummy,

drug

lists.

of a rich ruby colour, both

mostly in

It is

by reflected and

inclined to be horny or

tears,

and, therefore, somewhat difficult to powder; colour of

powder, sienna-brown.

orange brown

It

dissolves

almost entirely to a light

liquid.

Some bark

of this tree (with adherent

and apparently very old

kino) was examined by the author (Proc. U.S., N.S. W., iSSy, p.

following

with the

39),

results

Bark with adherent kino

{a)

:

yielded 68.1 per cent, of extract, and 26.48 per cent, of kino-tannic acid,

{b)

Bark freed from kino yielded 26.56 per

and 10.4 per

cent, of kino-tannic

acid,

{c)

Kino

cent, of extract,

alone, extract

97.56 per cent., and kino-tannic acid 35.1 per cent.

Southern Queensland to Port Jackson.

Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F.v.M., Syn. E. virgata,

32.

name

in B.Fl.);

" Cabbage

Gum "

" Mountain Ash."

This kino

The

slightest

garnet colour.

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., of

the Braidwood district of

much

var.),

(the species

202.

New

South Wales.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

is

one of the most soluble of the Eucalyptus kinos.

shower of rain softens It is

it

trees.

It is

This kino, as taken from the

the appearance of ribbon

except that perhaps

difference between

on the

of a rich

rather tenacious to powder, yielding a dull,

orange-coloured powder. very

iii.,

them

is

it

is

gum

trees,

has

kino (E. amygdalina

a shade duller in colour, but the

perceptible immediately each

is

tapped

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

250

with the pestle, the large pieces of E.

becoming dulled by a coating

of their

Sieberiana kino readily

own powder.

It is readily

soluble in cold or hot water.

Tasmania, Victoria and

33-

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Stellulata, Sieb., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 200. "Sally," or " Black Gum." (For botanical synonyms and vernacular

names, see " Timbers.")

This kino very Sieberiana. grains, but

It fractures

and

it is

It

readily,

forming angular, bright garnet

powder

well.

It is

exceedingly

yielded the author 62.96 per cent, of tannic acid,

practically entirely soluble in water, the author having

it

soluble to the extent of 99.22 per cent.

N.S. W., i88y, Victoria

34-

resembles in appearance that of E.

too tenacious to

is

it

astringent.

found

much

[Proc. R.S.,

p. igr.)

New

and

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F.vJf., N.O., Myrtaceae, 243

B.Fl.,

iii.,

(partly).

"Turpentine Tree."

"Apple-scented Gum."

(For synonyms

and

other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Mr. Bauerlen, who collected a quantity

of this

kino for the

Museum on the borders of New South Wales and gave me the following scrap of information. Some

Technological Victoria, ladies

who saw him

of nothing this

kino.

friability,

Its

doubtless given It is

thus employed assured

him

that they

which cleanses the teeth so quickly and

it

combined with

its

knew

effectually as

astringency, have

this reputation.

a comparatively dull-looking kino, having

somewhat the

appearance of seed-lac, and the particles are -equally variable in point of colour.

It is

dull sienna-brown.

It

exceedingly

brittle,

forming a powder of a

only partially dissolves in water, forming

abundant sediment of an ochrey-brown colour.

Tasmania

35

to

Queensland.

Eucalyptus tereticornis, SmUh, N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, 241.

iii.,

1

GUMS, RESINS, AND KINOS. " Grey

" Bastard

Gum,"

Box,"

25

(For other names and synonyms,

etc,

see "Timbers.")

This

the dullest looking kino the author has ever seen.

is

general colour

brown

is

powder between the leaving

liquid,

It

forms a

of

a salmon colour,

of finely divided particles of resin,

The

gelatinous substance.

exceedingly tedious

wood, and a

soluble matter

portions of

last

fairly fine

reddish-brown turbid

light

muddy-looking residue

a

composed

evidently

can readily be reduced to a

it

;

fingers.

Its

are

to extract.

Victoria to Queensland.

F.v.M., (Syn. E. poly carpa, F.V.M.);

36. Eucaljrptus terminalis,

N.O.,

Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

This

on

tree

for the

is

and creeks

rivers

;

(See also " Timbers.")

most part sparsely distributed, and then

also, very

A

only in small quantities.

Museum

257.

iii.,

" Bloodwood."

few trees exude kino, and then

small sample in the Technological

has quite freshly exuded. It

looking

powder, dark

colour of

;

crushed by the fingers. liquid, with a light

is

With water

salmon it

;

it

and very bright can readily be

forms a pale orange-brown

brown sediment.

South Australia,

37-

very small fragments,

It is in

of a pale ruby colour,

with attached bark.

New

South Wales to Northern Australia.

Eucalyptus tesselaris, Hook., (Syn. E. viminalis. Hook, E. Hookeri, F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., iii., 251. "

Moreton Bay Ash."

f.;

(For other vernacular names, see "Timbers.")

This kino has the property of exuding of a dark brown treaclecolour,

and

According

to

soon

Mr.

becoming Staiger,

black without any

tint

of

red.

has a specific gravity of 1.35, and

it

contains 71.7 per cent, of matter soluble in boiling water, and on

cooling the solution becomes turbid, and deposits catechin. portion insoluble in water

when

treated

identical

with

technically

with

is

leaves

ether,

shellac,

brittle

mass

qualities,

both

a dark coloured

possessing

the

same

and chemically, and giving a good French-polish

rather darker colour than

The

soluble in alcohol, and the residue,

the usual

commercial

shellac constitutes about one-fifth of the entire

gum

article. ;

it is

of

a

This

insoluble

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

252

and the

in benzine, kerosene,

not become dry, even after four or

New

South Australia, 38.

The

essential oils.

pliable, reddish, transparent

by ether forms a

five

days.

South Wales

Eucalyptus trachyphloia,

to

portion dissolved

mass, which does

(Bancroft.)

Northern Australia.

F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

221.

iii.,

analysis of one sample of kino gave us as much as 73 per cent, of kino-tannic acid (soluble in water and alcohol, and

"

The

precipitable by acetate of lead out of an acidified solution), 18^

per cent, kino-red or allied substance (insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol), Si per cent,

gum and

pigment (soluble

in

water, and partly in alcohol, but not precipitable by acetate of

(Mueller, Eucalyptographia.)

lead "). 39.

Eucalyptus viminalis, LahUl, N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

239"

White Gum,"

A

sample

etc.

in the

and the prevailing

(For other names and synonyms, see " Timbers.")

Technological

Museum

is

in small fragments,

colour, ruby, of all depths of tint.

looking, and easily reducible to a

It is

powder between the

colour of powder, light orange-brown.

In water,

it

forms a solu-

tion of an orange-yellow colour, something like linseed

muddy

residue

is

of a palish

brightfingers;

oil.

The

salmon colour.

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

OILS:

(VOLATILE or ESSENTIAL.)

A.

1.

Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linn.

(Syn.,

A. Martini, Roxb.;

A.ci/ra/um,'DC.; Cj'/nbopogon Schoenan/hiis,Spveng.); N.O.^ Gramineae, B.FI,

vii.,

534.

This sweet-scented grass

one of the " Grass

"

or

is

Rusa

fragrant, often adulterated "

distilled

in

India, and yields the

or Citronelle oil of

Verbena "

In

oils.

commerce,

one experiment

Dymock obtained ilb. 5^023. of oil from 373lbs. much used by the Arabs and Turks as a hair-oil. Dr.

of grass.

It is

Queensland.

2.

Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm.; N.O.,

This plant yields an aromatic

Sea Islands

for

oil,

perfuming cocoa-nut

Filices, B.Fl.

vii.,

694.

said to be used in the

oil.

South

(Woolls.)

Queensland.

3.

Atherosperma moschata,

^«^''//.;

N.O., Monimiacese, B.Fl.

v.,

284. " Native Sassafras."

The

oil

obtained by aqueous distillation from the bark

unctious, pale-yellow

with age. oil, is

when

fresh,

(That obtained from the leaves

of a greenish colour,

further examination. sassafras oil, with an

and resembles

Bosisto.)

It

admixture of

is

oil of

a distinct essential

mace.

It

requires

resembles, in odour, ordinary oil of

aromatic, bitter, and prickly to the tongue.

230° to 245°.

is thin,,

but becomes yellowish-brown

caraways.

The

Sp. gr. 1.04.

taste

is

Boils at

(Report of the London Exhibition 0/1862.)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

254

One hundred pounds 6dr. of the

In large quantities

Rubbed

of the bark yielded, in

one

case, i8oz.

oil.

externally

it

must be regarded as a dangerous poison-

upon the skin

it

does not, like myrtaceous

oils,

act as a rubefacient or irritant.

An

extract of this bark

tial oil is is,

is

preferred medicinally, as the essen-

said to have a lowering effect

on the

heart.

The

latter

however, given in certain circumstances, in doses of one or two

drops. Oil of Atherosperma vioschata.

Specific

Gravity at 15.5° C.

OILS.

255

housia citriodora appears to consist principally of the previously

mentioned ketone." Queensland.

5-

spp., N.O., Myrtacese, " Eucalyptus Oil."

Eucalyptus

The remarks which appear ments with Eucalyptus the

commonest

regard to experi-

in journals in

allude, as a very general rule, to

The

of Eucalypt.

more

species appear to be

oils

will

be described under

of them,

The

species-name.

its

from some

or less similar,

most important differences between some

there are

each

do not

any particular species

oil of

of the

oil

but

and

following

See also preliminary remarks apply to Eucalyptus oils in general. remarks under the head of " EucalyptuS." ("Drugs.") Eucalyptus oil is

only obtained, in practice, from the leaves

tained

(Paul), p. 724,

This

is

it is

is

(it

said to be obtained in part

also con-

Chemistry

from the flowers.

scarcely correct, except as a theoretical source.

made a number

Robert has oil,

;

In Payen's Industrial

flower-buds.)

the

in

and comes

to the conclusion that

bacteria or animal

destroy

In order

antiseptics.

on animal

life

of experiments with Eucalyptus

found

life,

it

possesses the power to

and can well be classed with

to test the properties

decomposing

in

of volatile antiseptics

he made a number

liquids,

an infusion of hay-seeds placed

of experiments with

in a bottle

and exposed to the atmosphere; in the course of a few days the liquid

became

turbid

and

slimy, but

a few drops of the

if

Eucalyptus were added the liquid remained clear. volatile,

of

some micrococci were exposed

which

surgeons

caused

a

destruction

employed

have

a

of

spray

;

oil

being

to the vapour, the action

the of

the

Some

animalcules.

Eucalyptus

operations, thereby destroying every possibility

from the surrounding atmosphere

The

oil of

wound

of is

during

oil

germs entering then dressed in

the ordinary manner, and the results have been very promising.

(Med. Chirurg., Cent,

As an it is

antiseptic,

not caustic

;

also,

blatt.) it it

has the advantage over carbolic acid that is

more than

that substance in preventing the

three times as powerful as

development

of bacteria

;

and

is,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

256

Eighty minims

moreover, not so poisonous.

and a

Air impregnated with Eucalyptus

oil

vapour

recommended

is

1882, 420.)

As a oil

taken in two

{British Medical JournaU

as a substitute for the carbolic spray. ii.,

may be

{Practitioner, xxv., 212.)

half hours.

3,

dipped in a solution of the

surgical dressing, gauze

alcohol

undisturbed

and

15,

four

or

water

days.

five

may be

gauze

This

150.

{Lancet,

ii.,

left

See

1880, 387.

Martindale and Westcott's Extra Pharmacopma.) " In considering the medicinal effect of

Therapeutic Action. the oils

of Eucalyptus,

it

must be remembered

we

that

are dealing

with bodies of simple composition, and, consequently, different

from those complex compounds of the type of the well-known energetic poisons.

The hydrocarbon

character of the Eucalyptus

oils,

with their low specific gravity, varying from 0.880 to 0.91 to their rapid diffusibility

when taken

together points

1,

Analogous com-

internally.

pounds, such as camphor, alcohol, and conia, afford the key to their action.

named

is

The immediate effect of each of the bodies just known to be on the cerebro-spinal nervous system these taken in large doses produces more or less

well

any one

of

complete

flaccidity of the

muscular system, and ultimately pro-

and unconsciousness

duces a

state of inebriation

follows

extreme doses of Eucalyptus

that a small dose

promotes appetite

stronger doses of lo to 20 minims,

;

moving about), and a

feeling of

men

a large one destroys it

first

report it.

In

accelerates the pulse,

produces pleasant general excitement (shown by for

a similar result

;

Medical

oil.

irresistible desire

buoyancy and

strength.

It is

intoxicating in very large doses, but, unlike alcohol or opium, the effects are not followed

and soothing

sleep.

character, viz.,

by torpor, but produce a general calmness

The

antidote for an overdose

is

which speedily removes any alarming symptoms. results,

as

compared with the medicinal

—an overdose

maculattim, are very striking intelligence

and sensory system

motor system

;

also alike in

a strong cup of coffee, without milk or sugar,

intact,

action

of this

while

Now of

these

Conium

drug leaves the it

paralyses the

overdoses of Eucalyptus produce similar results.

—

OILS.

The

bitterness

on the palate

left

257

after taking

evidently due to a principle isomeric with the

Eucalyptus oil,

oil

is

not separable.

probably in the active agent, so often referred to by medical

It is

when urging

writers

anti-periodic

the

properties of the

oil."

(Therapeutic Gazette.) Dr.

Kesteven

Leighton

Eucalyptus

oil

doses were at

May,

1885)

used

methodically in an epidemic of typhoid fever.

The

first

two

{Practitioner,

to five drops, made into

an emulsion of mucilage,

but latterly he employed 10 minims every four hours.

In cases in

which the drug does not agree with the stomach, careful emulsification and the addition of half a of

ammonia,

spirits of

months he only had four deaths.

Dr.

H. Mussen,

J.

Therapeutic

of Philadelphia, furnishes a paper to

Gazette, of July,

"On

1886,

conclusions

The

the Value of Oil of

The

Eucalyptus in some Malarial Affections."

following are his

:

That the

1.

of aromatic spirits

Dr. Kesteven reports that in 220 cases treated

the nauseous taste. in 18

drachm each

chloroform, and glycerine, will often remove

oil

of Eucalyptus

is

of

decided value in about one

third of all cases of intermitting malarial fever.

is

2.

That

has no specific value in any one type of the disease.

it

3.

That the longer the duration

to

do good.

4.

That relapses are not prevented by

5.

That

6.

That a dose

its

of the disease, the less likely

it

it.

influence on the spleen has not been demonstrated. of five

drops four times daily has been a

sufli-

drops every three hours would be of

cient dose, but that five

greater value possibly.

That good

7.

results

are not attained as quickly as by large

doses of quinine, but that a good effect should be noticed within five

days

An gum

at least.

emulsion

arable

more or

may be made by

and the

less,

oil into

and shaking

well.

a urethral injection or lotion,

four

drachm doses, s

putting equal quantities of

a dry bottle, adding 40 parts of water,

This

is

useful, for

and may be given

example, as

internally in

one

to

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

258 Eucalyptus

general

oil in

equal quantity of olive

lumbago, also

It is

in

sciatica,

chronic hepatitis, asthma, bronchitis and sprains.

an anthelmintic, 30

mucilage of starch.

ment

60 minims being injected per anuin

to

has been successfully used in the

It

of diphtheria, not that

disease, but " in

employed, usually mixed with an

is

as a rubefacient in cases of rheumatism,

oil,

it

local action

its

treat-

possesses any specific action in this

seems

it

to

be

that

all

can be

desired." It

has also been

other drugs. in

It

recommended

America, with good

results.

grammes

In diphtheria, a mixture of 5

and 170 grammes

rectified spirit,

and

or equal parts of the oil

See also Zawf^/,

1879, 214.

of

oil,

grammes

25

of

of water used for 10 inhalations,

rectified

which 10

of

spirit,

(^Medical Times

drops were used for an inhalation. ii.,

iodoform and

for deodorising

has been largely used in gynaecological practice

ii.,

and

to

60

Gazette,

1883,362.)

In gynaecological practice pessaries, composed of six drachms of

Eucalyptus

oil,

and four drachms each

white

wax divided

into twelve,

only,

found useful

after parturition,

of lochial discharge;

20

of olive oil,

and

theobroma and at

night

checks fetor and decomposition

minims

of Eucalyptus oil

mixed with

used and recommended as a hypodermic injection

(Lancet,

for pyaemia.

five

of oil of

one night and morning, or

ii.,

1882,

343, quoted by Martindale and

Westcott.)

The

following preparation :

The

oil

is

to

be found

in

the

British

—

Pharmacopceia (1885) " Oleuj7i Eucalypti distilled

(oil of

Eucalyptus).

from

the

of

Eucalyptus

(Labill.),

and probably

leaves

fresh

globulus (Labill.), Eucalyptus amygdalina other species of Eucalyptus.

Characters

and

Tests.

Colourless,

or pale

becoming darker and thicker by exposure.

It

straw-coloured,

has an aromatic

odour, and a spicey and pungent flavour, leaving a sense of coldness in the mouth.

about 900.

one

to four

It is

neutral to litmus paper.

Specific gravity

Soluble in about an equal weight of alcohol.

minims.

Preparation,

Unguentum

Eucalypti.

Dose,

—

—

OILS.

Ungentum Eucalypti.

259

Ointment

H

rf^d"^^^" I

Melt the hard and

°^ ^^^^

•"

ounce, or

i

o^"c^s, or

^

Take

of Eucalyptus.

Oil of Eucalyptus, by weight,

soft paraffins together,

of

part.

i

2 parts.

add the

and

oil,

stir

until cold."

The

following preparations in which Eucalyptus are taken from

active ingredient,

Marti ndale and Westcott

oil

is

the

Extra Pharniacopceia

the

of

:

Eucalyptus gauze (Carbasus Eucalypti).

In 6-yard

pieces.

Unbleached cotton gauze, impregnated with Oil of Eucalyptus

...

...

...

i

Dammar

...

...

...

...

3

...

...

...

...

Resin

Paraffin

An

...

danger of poisonous acid gauze.

3

In using

surgical dressing.

antiseptic

there

it

is

no

absorption of the antiseptic, as with carbolic

{Lancet,

i.,

1881, 828;

B,M.J.,

i.,

1881, 850.)

Iodoform and Eucalyptus Bougies (Cereolus Iodoform!

et

Eucalypti)

Iodoform, precipitated

..

...

5 grains.

Oil of Eucalyptus

...

...

10 minims.

...

...

Oil of

Theobroma

To make one bougie Unguentum

lodo/ortni

till

...

dissolved,

...

and add

60 grains. i

ounce.

to

...

...

2^ ounces.

Vaseline...

...

...

...

2\ ounces.

Melted together.

Stir

till

is

it

cold.

contained in large quantity in the

species of Eucalyptus.

but E. globulus contains also a

...

...

...

Eucalyptol (CijH.^oO)

some

...

...

Paraffin

of

gonorrhoea.

Eucalypti—

Oil of Eucalyptus

Heat gently

Used

4 inches long.

et

Iodoform

35 grains. to arrest

It is

oils

not present in E. amygdalina,

abundantly.

The crude

oil

contains

number of products boiling between 188° and 190° and about

200°, the Eucalyptol being contained in the portion

over between 170° and 178°, from which

it

may be

which passes obtained pure

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

26o by

contact,

with solid potassium hydrate, then with calcium

first

and subsequent

chloride,

Eucalyptol boils

and

distillation.

at 175°,

has a specific gravity of .905 at

turns the plane of polarization to the right.

rotatory

power

is

100

10.42° for a length of

Its

mm.

It

soluble in water, and dissolves completely in alcohol

an odour

solution has

calculated =6.22.

among

forming,

camphoric

of roses.

Ordinary

;

8°,

molecular is

slightly

the dilute

Vapour density observed =5.92,

nitric acid

slowly attacks Eucalyptol,

other products, an acid probably analogous to

Strong sulphuric acid blackens Eucalyptol, and

acid.

water separates from the product a tarry body which yields by distillation a volatile

hydrocarbon.

Eucalyptol heated with phosphoric anhydride gives up water,

and

yields Eucalyptene

{q-v.).

At the same time there

is

formed

another liquid, Eticalyptolene, which has the same composition, but boils above 300°.

Eucalyptol absorbs a large quantity of dry hydrogen chloride, the liquid

solidifying to a crystalline

first

mass, which, however,

afterwards liquefies, with separation of water, and formation of a

body apparently Diet,

ii.,

identical with Eucalyptene.

(Cloez,

Waits

in

Suppt., p. 492.)

Later experiments by Faust have, however, modified those of Cloez, above described, inasmuch as the body called Eucalyptol

has been found

and 30 per

to

be a mixture

cent, cymene.

between 171° and 174°. alcohol, ether,

of about

70 per cent, of Eucalyptene^

After rectification over sodium, It

dissolves in

and chloroform, and

in

all

acid,

and

;

turns

boils

about 15 parts of 90 percent,

alcohol; has the odour of a fine terpene;

absorbs oxygen with avidity

it

proportions in absolute

detonates with iodine;

brown with strong sulphuric

converted by oxidation with dilute nitric acid into

is

paratoluic and terephthalic acids.

The Eucalyptene and cymene be separated by fractional

contained in Eucalyptol cannot

distillation.

To

obtain the cymene, the

mixture was shaken with sulphuric acid diluted with one-fourth part

of

water,

polymerised

;

and then heated, whereby the Eucalyptene was

then, after three day.=, the liquid

water and distilled, whereby a

distillate

was mixed with

was obtained, consisting of

261

OILS.

cymene, which,

sodium, boiled

rectification over

after repeated

at

173° to 174°.

The camphoroidal which becomes

is

a colourless oily liquid

on exposure

to light, boils at

phosphorus pentasulphide.

gave numbers

Its analysis

intermediate between those required by the formulas Cio Cio H16

O, but the reactions of the body show

oxycymene.

{Wa//s' Die/., 3rd Suppt., Part

Eucalyptol

and bronchial of water,

is

is

216°

aqueous potash, and yields cymene when

to 218°, is insoluble in distilled with

body, Cio His O)

faintly yellowish

employed

i.,

that

is

and

not an

761.)

p.

as a therapeutic agent in diphtheritic

About one teaspoonful, with

affections.

H^ O

it

placed in the inhaler.

It is

half a pint

also administered internally

in mucilage, syrup, or glycerine, the dose being

from three

to five

drops in those vehicles.

Eucalyptene (see " Eucalyptol

Oppenheim and obtained from E.

Pfaff

").

have examined Eucalyptus

(probably

oil

By

odorata and E. amygdalina).

repeated

treatment with potash, washing with water, and fractionation, yielded Eucalyptene (Cio Hig), boiling at 172

vapour-density of 68.55 and 68.22 (calc. 68,

it

— 175° and having a

H=i).

This hydro-

carbon did not form a crystallised compound with hydrochloric acid, or yield a crystallised hydrate

contact with nitric acid and alcohol. calculated quantity of iodine

which,

when

left

When

was converted

—

Diet., 3rd Suppt. Ft.

i.,

Algeria alone

is

now

in a position

Eucalyptus globulus

where

oil,

it is

and

to

oil.

oil

It is

H^,

( Wa//s'

with

affirmed that

supply the whole world with

that a large quantity

produced as a bye-product

ture of anti-calcaire preparation for boilers.

it

in

did not yield any of Cloez.

now powerful competitors

Australia in the production of Eucalyptus

where

months

p. 761.)

Algeria and California are

Eucalyptus

six

into cymene, Cio

173° The crude oil 175°. compound answering to the Eucalyptol

California,

for

treated with half the

oxidised with dilute nitric acid, yielded paratoluic

acid, melting at

oxidised

it

when

is

available from

in the

The

manufac-

production of

appears, moreover, to be increasing in Australia,

has spread from Victoria* to South Australia, whilst in * Eucalyptus

oil is distilled in

quantity in

New

J^outh Wales.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

262 Tasmania,

also, a

company has been formed

different species of

report that the Australian

no Eucalyptol, and globulus

oil

lenged

and

A

Eucalyptus.

is

oil

of

made

in a previous

from Eucalyptus arnygdaltna contains

inferior in this respect to the

Eucalyptus

from Algeria and California, was subsequently chalstigmatised

" distinctly

as

Schimmel, however, now reaffirm fraction

for the distillation of

statement

the

amygdalina

(Eucalyptene,

Qo

His)

and say

that the

separable at a temperature

oil,

i76°-i77°C, has a specific gravity of 0.886 a specific gravity of 0.930), and

Messrs.

erroneous."

that statement,

15X

at

of

(Eucalyptol has

probably a mixture of terpene

is

and a small quantity

of

cymol."

(Pharm.

Journ., 1888.)

The following

excerpt from the India-rubber

Journal, 1887, on the subject

and removing scale mentioned under

of

and Gutta-percha

Eucalyptus leaves for preventing

in boilers is interesting,

and may perhaps be

head, pending the settlement of the question

this

as to what constituent or constituents in the leaves causes the action stated.

The

matter

users in Australia, to

whom

is

worthy of consideration by steam-

gum

illimitable supplies of

leaves are

available for experiment.

" Boiler cleaning

power.

gum

The

is

an important subject

to all users of

steam

extract from the leaves of the Eucalyptus, or blue

(which has recently been found so efficacious for the above-

named boilers

purpose),

is

procured by boiling the leaves

under a pressure

of

leaves are boiled every day,

two years,

are as

4olb. of

and the

steam.

in a battery of

Twenty tons

of

boilers, after constant use of

sound as when they came from the shop.

Extract of Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, has been tested by Professor E. \V. Hilgard, of the Agricultural Department of the

University of California, in respect to taste

being highly astringent.

It

its

contents of tannin,

was found

its

that a standardised

tannin solution would precipitate '337 per cent, only of tannin; that

beyond these

limits either tannin or gelatine solution

produce a precipitate

of

about equal amount.

After removing

the tannin as far as possible, by digestion with animal the acid reaction

shown by the

extract

was found

to only -127 per cent, of sulphuric acid,

would

to

membrane,

be equivalent

an amount so small that

—

263

OILS.

it

is

doubtful whether the cleansing action upon the boilers can be

attributed

to

acid

lessened during the is

hard,

first

application, but in others, where the scale

move

does not begin to

it

extract does not act suddenly tion

good

In most instances scale will be

in solution.

for

on the

on close observa-

The

be immediately seen.

results will

The

weeks or more.

six

scale, but

may be

liquid

put in through the manhole, feed-pipe, safety-valve, condenser, or After

hot-well. will

6.

new

put in no

it is

scale will form,

and the iron

cease to rust."

Eucalyptus amygdalina, LabilL; N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.

iii.,

202. " Peppermint."

" Mountain

synonyms and vernacular names

This species

is

Ash."

(For

numerous botanical

the

of this tree, see " Timbers.")

any other Eucalypt, the

far richer in oil than

average yield from the leaves being demonstrated by Mr. Bosisto at

The

about 3 per cent.

distilled oil is pale-yellow, thin, of rather

pungent cajeput-like odour, resembling, but coarser than, lemons; of a cooling, but afterwards bitter taste,

.881 (later

experiments give .856 for

point 329° to 370°F., and

rectified), boiling

at

of specific gravity at 15"^,

low temperatures (18° which melts

may be used

percha readily, and

for

non-

deposits stearoptene

it

3°).

at

lamps

in

and .865

rectified,

It

dissolves gutta-

like petroleum, with the

important advantages of greater illuminating power, pleasant odour,

and

non-liability to explosion, but

the

latter.

London six

"

(Mueller.)

is

this

much more oil

pounds

of the oil

were

The

sufficient to

of soap, at a cost of about

The perfume produced by sidered by

expensive than

was exhibited

at

the

price quoted

was

per gallon, and the jurors proceed to remark

Three ounces

much

it

of

International Exhibition of 1862.

shillings

eight

Some

this oil

:

scent very strongly

one farthing per pound.

alone would, however, be con-

some more peculiar than agreeable, and we obtained a

better result

by combining

oils of cassia, cloves,

it

in

a second experiment with

and lavender, which mixture yielded a very

pleasant fragrance."

The "Oil

of

Eucalyptus"

in general use,

is

frequently obtained

from E. artiygdaltna, and not from E. globulus, being more

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

264

much

abundant,

and containing the

cheaper,

properties assigned to Eucalyptus

It

oil.

remedial

usual

very fluid, almost

is

devoid of colour, has a persistent and camphoraceous odour,

completely so in alcohol,

slightly soluble in water, but

and

paraffin.

duce much friction

give

not caustic, like carbolic acid, nor does

It is

in that case the application of

;

relief.

It is

an emollient

pro-

it

extreme

with

of the skin, unless applied

irritation

is

fats,

oils,

will speedily

very destructive to low organic growth.

a

It is

powerful antiseptic, and by some practitioners stated to be more

than three times as strong as carbolic acid

development

of bacteria.

Messrs. Schimmel

from

uses are manifold.

Its

&

Co., Dresden, state that this

known

other Eucalyptus oils

all

scarcely any oxygenated

probably,

possibly a small quantity of cymol.

on three

vations

a

rotatory

of

of

27°, 28.4°,

and

is

variety of

{Pharm. Journ.,

following essential

E. amygdalina

:

177° to 196".

oil is

Pale,

mm.

column,

100

"

it

oil,

been

has fallen

off.

Jissilis,

a

of 0.903 sp.

and Mueller.)

Mr. Bosisto says:

(Pharm.

People in England would always speak principally of

E. globulus, but the

fact is that

the worst of the whole lot."

that scientific

correct species-name

Mr. Leopold

Pharm. Soc,

when

Field,

do with

this

practice, but

it

is

they are able to do so.

the soap-maker

said the oil they always obtained it

to

considered in Australia to be

the incorrect labelling of ship-

people throughout the world will use the

at the close of the

about 561bs., and

it is

Now

ments from Australia has much

hoped

reddish-yellow

oils,

Messrs.

1888.)

of this oil having

described as from E.

(Wittstein

Speaking of Eucalyptus Journ?)

;

consequently, this

;

April,

consequence

also allege, that in

gr.; boils at

and

0.890

Obser-

in a

28.6°

likely

laevogyre.

proved to contain no Eucalyptol, the demand for

The

more

(Cio His),

being easily distinguished from the dextrogyre

it

E. globulus.

Schimmel

it

;

Its specific gravity is

different samples, gave,

power

property allows of oil

constituents

between 170^ and 180°, and

boils practically

oil differs

them, and contains,

to

one well-characterized terpene

consists of at least

it

preventing the

in

(at

a meeting

of

the

Colonial and Indian Exhibition),

came

to

them

in iron tins

holding

was labelled E. globulus, and sometimes, by

OILS.

way

of a change,

again, but

for

the

two things seemed

They had had one sample

exactly the same.

which was

E. amygdalina,

265

vastly superior,

and they had

had never succeeded

in

of

E. diimosa

tried to get

it

getting a similar

oil,

again and oil.

The

various Eucalyptus oils were of great interest to the soap-maker.

E. citriodora

worked

oil

was a very interesting substance, and might,

into soap, give the public very great satisfaction,

as the odour appeared to be pleasanter than lemon-grass,

so sickly as that of citronelle.

if

inasmuch and not

All the odours the various Eucalypti

were capable of assuming had the peculiar property

common

to

camphoraceous odours, and no doubt the soap-maker would be able to utilize

them

largely.

Oil of Eucalyptus amygdalina,

Table(i).

Specific

Gravity at 15-5° C.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

266 7-

F.v.M.; N.O., Myrtaceae, F.V.M.,

Eucalyptus Baileyana, Fragm. xi.

A The

" Stringybark."

fresh leaves yield .900 per cent, of essential oil of .890

and having an acid

specific gravity,

reaction.

described as having a turpentine odour. sp. gr.

0.940

between

boils

;

160*^

of

E. microcorys and E. maculata,

to

one another.

It

is

thought they

will

?),

geranium.

and those

oil,

var. citriodora, are very similar

Neither

oils are quite characteristic.

consist of a ketone

smelling like melissa, and a body that

O

This

185°.

a magnificent melissa-like odour.

them contains a terpene, but they

(Cio H18

It is

prove to possess extraordinary practical

Chemically, the three

value. of

They possess

and

(Staiger.)

"Strongly resinified;

is

(Cw HgO),

probably an alcohol

which possesses a beautiful odour resembling

Schimmel & Co.,

(Messrs.

in

that of

Pharm. yourn.,

April,

i888.)

Near Brisbane (Queensland). 8.

EucaljrptUS Capitellata, Smith, N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 206. " Stringybark." (For names and synonyms, see " Timbers.")

Under given in a

He

1790.

E. piperita, an account

of

Surgeon-General

White, Esq.,

of

name

the

Journal of a Voyage

to

to

the Settlement, published

(or rather Dr. Smith) says of

peppermint

tree

of this tree is

Neiv South Wales, by John

it

227)

(p.

:

"

has been given to this plant by Mr. White

on account of the very great resemblance between the oil

drawn from

{Mentha

its

leaves

and

that obtained

to

essential

from the Peppermint

piperita) which grows in England.

by Mr. White

in

The name

This

be much more efficacious

in

oil

was found

removing

all

cholicky complaints than that of the English Peppermint, which

he attributes to

its

being

less

White sent a quart or more

pungent and more aromatic."

of the essential oil

Eucalyptus leaves, to England.

what

is

colonies,

now

from

this,

or other

This was the commencement of

a flourishing industry, engaged in by almost

and capable

of

still

Mr.

all

the

greater expansion.

Victoria to Queensland. 9-

EucaljrptUS COrymbosa, Smith, {^yn. Metrosideros gummifera, Soland.)

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

iii.,

256.

OILS. " Blood-wood."

This essential a

bitter;

little

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

smells slightly of lemons and roses

oil

somewhat camphor-like

is

0.881 sp. gr. at 15°.

Victoria, vol.

The

,

1861-4)

"The

:

oil,

suspension.

Supposing one

consist of will

was

of time in 3drs.

90ZS.

of

of oil containing resinous matter in

pure, limpid

6oz.

of

material from

and length

from loolbs. of leaves

yield

tastes

and

some experiments made by him

vi

this species had suffered from close packing transit.

it

;

colourless,

is

;

and Mueller.)

(Wittstein

Bosisto says, speaking of

{Trans. R.S.,

267

zdrs.

half of this latter part of the yield to

resinous matter, the net

amount

of

from loolbs.

oil

be i2^ozs." Coastal districts of

New

South Wales and Southern Queens-

land. 10.

Eucalyptus dumOSa, A. Cunn., (Syn. E. latnprocarpa,Y.yyi.; E. /ruliceiortim, F.v.M. ; E. santalifolia^ Miq. (partly) non F.V.M.); N.O. Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

A

" Mallee."

"

Bunurduk

iii.,

230.

" of the aboriginals of the

Lake Hindmarsh

Station (Victoria).

The tree

is

specific gravity of the essential oil of the leaves

about .912.

Forms

with E. gracilis, etc., the mallee country of Northern

Victoria, Southern II-

of this

has a strong camphoraceous odour.

It

New

South Wales and South Australia.

Eucalyptus globulus, LabilL;

N.O.,

Myrtaceaj, B.Fl.

iii.,

225.

Gum"

The common "Blue Tree"

and Tasmania.

of Victoria

of the Continent of Europe.

The

" Fever

(For other botanical synonyms and

vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

This essential but is

is

very pale-yellow, thin, of cajeput-like odour,

oil is

less disagreeable.

of 0.9

1

7 sp. gr.,

and

cooling,

It is

boils at

1

and has a mint-like

49-°! 77°.

(Wittstein

Later experiments give a specific gravity of ,920.

pounds

of fresh gathered leaves yielded

and he adds

that the supply of oil

changed from obovate trees are

from three

is

to lanceolate,

taste

;

and Mueller.)

One hundred

Mr, Bosisto i2|ozs.

of oil,

greater after the leaves have

which

to four years old.

is

This

the case oil

when

the

darkens and

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

268

becomes resinous on exposure to is

taken by

many

The word "globulus

the light.

dealers in Eucalyptus oils (in and outside the

many

colonies) to be generic, so that of Eucalyptus are sold as

other oils of different species

they were the product of E. globulus.

if

In Watls' Diet., 3rd Suppt., Part Faust has found that

p.

i.,

61,

called Eucalyptene

Cm

The

Hjg O.

present in small quantity only

is

with iodine, and resinises on exposure to the

fire

50°-

1

boiling at 172°-! 75°,

together with cymene, and a camphor-like body,

terpene boiling at 150°-! 51°

stated that

is

it

a terpene boiling at

this oil contains

151°, another terpene

takes

"

the remarks on " Eucalyptus oils " at the

;

it

air.

(See

commencement

of this

genus.) "

The

obtained in a

oil

first

distillation

corresponded

in

its

general properties with the commercial French and Californian* distillates,

mation.

but the distillation of

This

showed a

oil

dextrogyre (-f

The

5°).

varieties referred to varies

it

yielded

some

interesting infor-

specific gravity of 0.925,

gravity

specific

of

and was

commercial

the

between 0.915 and 0.925, and though

they are always dextrogyre, their rotatory power varies between

and

1.3°

Six commercial samples examined varied from

15.4°.

50 to 70 per cent, as Eucalyptol in

is

in the

amount

of Eucalyptol they contained,

optically inactive, this property

judging the quality of an

oil.

might be

and

utilised

In distilling the leaves of E.

globulus, aldehydes of the fatty acids were observed; the presence of

valeraldehyd was

determined with certainty, and apparently

butryaldehyd, and probably capronaldehyd

The

were also present.

greater part of these bodies was dissolved in the distillation

water, but the valeraldehyd could also be detected in the oil; also present in two

Messrs.

commercial samples of the

Schimmel & Co., Dresden,

in

oil."

it

was

(Report of

Pharm. Journ.^

April,

1888.)

Tasmania, Southern and

New 12.

Eastern

Victoria,

and

Southern

South Wales.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F.v.M., (Syn. E. elaophora, F.V.M.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

229.

* This species has been extensively cultivated in Southern France fornia, etc.

and Algeria,

Cali-

;

OILS. " Called " Mountain Ash," " Spotted

names, with the

The

269 Gum,"

essential oil of this

Eucalypt

penetrating, rather disagreeable odour,

Sp. gr., 0.918;

taste.

and Mueller.) oil.

(For other vernacular

etc.

which they are used, see " Timbers.")

localities in

is

pale yellow; of pungent,

and exceedingly unpleasant 152° to

boiling point,

175°.

fresh leaves gave

loolbs. of

i6ozs.

(Wittstein of essential

(Bosisto.)

Victoria and

New

South Wales, as far north as Braid wood.

Eucalyptus gracilis, F.v.M., (Syn. E. fniticetomm, F v.M., E. celastroides, Turcz); (partly); E. calycogona, Turcz.

13.

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

A

iii.,

211.

" Mallee," or " Desert

Gum."

Baron Mueller found that looolbs. of plant (comprising perhaps

50olbs. of

fresh twigs

of

this

yielded 54I0ZS. of

leaves)

essential oil.

Forms, with other species country of Victoria,

New

of Eucalyptus,

"Mallee"

the

South Wales, Queensland and South-

western Australia,

14.

Eucalyptus hsemastoma, Smith, (Syn. E. signata, F.v.M. E. falci/olia, Miq.

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " White Gum," &c.

iii.,

;

micrantha, DC.)

and including E.

;

212.

(For other vernacular names of this

tree,

see

" Timbers.")

The

essential oil

from the fresh leaves gives a yield

per cent; in other words, 6720ZS. it

of

has a slightly acid reaction, and a specific gravity

(Staiger.)

1.875

from one ton of leaves

of oil

Dr. Bancroft observes that this

oil is

among

;

of

.880.

the

more

agreeable oils derived from the genus, and describes the odour as

being intermediate between It

oil of

geranium and

oil of

peppermint.

has been suggested as a soap-perfume.

Messrs. Schimmel

&

Co. have recently published the follow-

ing report on a Queensland sample of this

0.890; boils from 170"^ to 250°. described Eucalyptus

cumin

oil.

It

oils,

This

oil

oil

:

" Specific gravity

differs

from

all

and has an odour resembling

contains terpene

and cymol,

and

other

that of

among

the

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

270

oxygenated compounds

is

one having a peppermint odour, pro-

bably menthon."

(New South Wales)

Illawarra

15-

Wide Bay (Queensland).

to

Eucalyptus incraSSata, ^a*^''//., (Syn. E. dumosa, (B.Fl., iii., £. angulosa, Schau. E. cuspidate, Turcz. 230,) A. Cunn. ;

E.

;

costaia, Behr., et F.v.M.;

E.

Miq.

sanlali/olia,

;

E. latnpro-

carpa, F.v.M.; E. Mtielleri, Miq.; E. fruticetorum, F.v.M.);

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

A Baron Mueller found (comprising,

perhaps,

231.

" Mallee."

that lODolbs. of fresh twigs of this tree

50olbs.

yielded

leaves)

of

1400ZS. of

essential oil.

The whole 16.

southern part of the continent.

Eucalyptus leUCOZylon, F.v.M., (Syn. E. Cunn.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., " Ironbark."

iii.,

A.

sideroxylon,

209.

(For the numerous other vernacular names of this tree,

see " Timbers.")

Bosisto (Trans. R.S.,

Victoria, vol.

yield of essential oil at i6ozs.

vi.,

186 1-4) gives the

from loolbs.

ydrs.

of the leaves,

but says this amount must be taken as approximate only, as the leaves

had

some

lost

This

transit.

is,

part of their oil through

of course, a fraction over

thin, limpid, very pale yellow

the

oil of

(Wittstein

E.

oleosa

;

sp. gr.,

;

i

being heated

per cent.

The

the taste and smell are like that of

0.923

;

boiling point,

155° to 178°.

and Mueller.)

Spencer's Gulf (South Australia), through Victoria and

South Wales

17-

to

Eucalyptus

New

Southern Queensland.

longifolia, Link, (Syn.

Myrtaceae, B.Fl., "

iii.,

oil

E. Woolsii, F.V.M.); N.O.,

226.

Woolly Butt," or

This essential

"

Bastard Box,"

has an aromatic and cooling

fragrant, camphor-like smell; sp. gr. 0.940; 215''.

in

oil is

(Wittstein

and Mueller.)

loolbs. of leaves, which

The

had suffered

taste,

and

boiling point, 194*^ to

yield of essential oil

in transit,

from

was 30Z. 3idrs.

OILS.

This

much

oil

271

resembles an expressed

oil,

and possesses the

remarkable property of imparting an indelible stain

some

indicating that Its

high specific gravity bears out Victoria,

18.

peculiar substance

and

New

is

held by

this supposition.

South Wales, as

it

to

paper,

in solution.

(Bosisto.)'

far north as Port

Jackson.

Eucalyptus maCUlata, ffook./.,(Syn. E.variegata, F.v.M.; E. pellata, Benth.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 254 and 258. " Spotted Gum."

The

fresh leaves yield,

on

distillation, a neutral oil of specific

(Staiger.)

gravity 0.891.

Port Jackson, northward, to Central Queensland.

19.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hook./., tacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

.892.

Gum."

(For synonyms, see " Timbers.")

dry leaves yield a neutral essential

(Staiger.)

the leaves.

It

N.O., Myr-

257.

" Lemon, or Citron-scented

The

var. citriodora,

oil

of specific gravity

possesses the remarkably delicious odour of

(See E. Baileyana.)

Queensland.

20.

Eucalyptus microcorys, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceoe,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

212. " Tallow-wood," or " Turpentine."

(For other vernacular names, see

" Timbers.")

The

fresh leaves

figures give 3750ZS. to

of this tree yield

1.960

per cent,

one ton of leaves) of an essential

acid reaction, and a specific gravity of .896.

(Staiger.)

oil

(other of an

This

oil

has not a very agreeable odour (see remarks under E. Baileyana), but

it

probably might be found useful in varnish-making.

Dr. Bancroft points out that the oil distilled from the young leaves

mature

is

of finer

foliage,

quality

and more fragrant than

which remark

is

that

from the

probably true of most Eucalypts.

(See E. Baileyana.)

Northern coast

Bay (Queensland).

districts

of

New

South Wales to Cleveland

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

272 21.

Eucalyptus Obliqua, LHerit., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

204. Variously called " Stringybark,"

The taste.

"

Messmate,"

essential oil

is

Box," and

reddish-yellow, of mild odour, and bitter

171° to 195°;

Sp. gr., 0.899; boiling point,

turbid at 18°.

" Black

(For synonyms, see " Timbers.")

" Ironbark Box."

becomes

and Mueller.)

(Wittstein

Southern coast

it

districts of

New

South Wales, but chiefly

in

Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia.

22.

Behr.,

Eucalyptus Odorata,

E. porosa,

(Syn.

cajuputea, Miq.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., Variously called " Peppermint

Baron Mueller found prising, perhaps, oil.

:

Victoria, vol.

—

E.

;

215.

vi.,

loolbs. of leaves

elevated spots yielded 40Z. i3drs. of

this tree

(com-

iia^ozs. of essential

leaves) yielded

Bosisto (Trans. R.S.,

Miq.

Box" and " Red Gum."

that looolbs of twigs of

50olbs. of

gives the following figures

iii.,

186 1-4), however,

from

trees

growing on

of specific gravity

oil,

922,

while the same quantity of leaves from trees growing on

swampy It is

pale-yellowish, with a greenish tinge,

what camphoraceous smell.

It boils

Eucalyptus

oleosa, F.v.M.,

and an aromatic, some-

between 157° and 199°.

New

South Australia, Victoria, and

23-

(Syn.

South Wales.

E. sodalis,

F.V.M.; E.

iurbinata, F.v.IM., et Behr.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

A Baron Mueller found (of

low,

lands, yielded only s^drs. of oil of specific gravity .899.

which perhaps

62^oz. of

oil

F., boiling

at

248.

that looolbs. of the foliage of this tree

half the weight consisted of branchlets) yielded

(Mr. Bosisto's figures are 20 oz. of

of the green leaves

iii.,

" Mallee."

and branchlets),

341°

F.,

oil

from lOolbs.

of •911 specific gravity, at

70^

and of rather a pleasant mint-like and

camphoraceous odour, and yellowish colour. give the specific gravity at '904.)

(Later experiments

OILS. Oil of Eucalyptus oleosa.

Specific

Gravity at 15.5° c.

273

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

274

The it

essential oil

is

pale-yellow to reddish-amber in colour

smells and tastes like that from E. odorata;

gravity,

and

boils at

137°

to

181° F.

of 0.918

is

and Mueller.)

(Wittstein

amber

Plants grown on high ground give an oil of a dark colour, possessing an agreeable aromatic flavour,

odour

The

of caraways.

was

leaves

yielded an

oz.

i

oil

6drs.

yield

from loolbs.

The

plants

of the fresh gathered

grown on low marshy

soil

and smell

E. odorata, the quantity being 9|drs.

(Bosisto, Trans. R.S., Victoria, vol.

lOolbs.

and having the

of a pale-yellow colour, in appearance

similar to that yielded by

;

specific

to

186 1-4.)

vi.,

South Australia to Northern Queensland.

Eucalyptus Staigeriana, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, Bailey in Synop. Queensland Flora.

27.

"

The

Lemon-scented Ironbark."

leaves possess

an odour very

(Lippia citrtodord), and yield an

oil

like the scented

(from Andropogon citratus) of commerce.

Mr. Staiger found the

dried leaves to yield 2f to 3 per cent, (other figures give to

I

12900Z.

ton of dry leaves) of volatile oil of specific gravity .901.

experiments

&

verbena

similar to the verbena oil

fix

the specific gravity at .871, while Messrs.

Co., of Dresden, give the specific gravity 0.880,

from 170° It is

is

and boiling point

to 230°.

said that the yield of oil

exceeded by one yield

Later

Schimmel

other species,

from

viz.,

this

Eucalypt

is

only

E. amygdalina, and the

only very slightly in favour of the

latter.

Compare Back-

housia citriodora.

Queensland. 28.

Eucalyptus uncinata,

E.

A

oleosa,

" Mallee."

marsh Station

Turcz., (Syn.

F.v.M. (partly)

;

E. hptophylla, Miq.;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

216.

" Gunamalary " of the aboriginals of the Lake Hind-

(Victoria).

Baron Mueller found

that looolbs. of twigs of this tree

(com-

prising, perhaps, 50olbs. of foliage) yielded 690ZS. of essential oil.

West and South 29.

Australia, Victoria

and

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus viminalis, LabUl., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., 239-

iii.,

OILS.

Manna Gum."

"

"

Grey Gum."

275 "

White Gum."

numerous vernacular names and botanical synonyms

(For the other

of this Eucalypt, see

" Timbers.")

The

essential oil

of a pale yellowish-green colour, of dis-

is

agreeable, but not penetrating smell; of 0.921 sp. gr.

159° to 182°.

A

and Mueller.)

(Wittstein

tree

boils at

it

;

grown

Kilda, Melbourne, yielded Mr. Bosisto half-an-ounce of

The

loolbs. of leaves.

(viminalis)

72° F.

at .871 at

St.

per

E. dealbata

sp. gr, of the essential oil of

given by Mr. Staiger

is

at oil

Its

odour

described as being allied to citronelle, though differing from

and

suggested

is

it

Messrs. Schimmel

soap-perfume.

as a

Co. {Pharm. Journ.^ April, 1888) speak of the as possessing, in corys,

common

in a surprisingly fine

with those of E. Baileyana, E. micrO'

E. dealbata,

and

rich bouquet.

It

is

melissa-

manifest

is

thought they will

to possess extraordinary practical value."

Bosisto {Trans. R.S.,

the

&

E. dealbata

of

ijiaculata, var. citriodora, " a magnificent,

and E.

like odour, which, especially in the oil of

prove

oil

is it,

oil

Victoria, vol.

E. fabrorum {viminalis)

of

vi.,

1

861-4) states that

transparent, reddish-yellow,

is

milder in odour than that from E. globulus ; in flavour, resembling

caraways and smoke-essence combined, and distinctly Yield

taste.

:

8ozs.,

from loolbs. of fresh

bitter to the

leaves.

Tasmania, South Australia, through Victoria

New

to

South

Wales. 30. Melaleuca deCUSSata, R.Br.,

M.

oligantha, F.v.M.;

B.Fl.,

The

iii.,

M.

it

Wilsonii.

boils at 185*^-209°,

(Wittstein.)

Victoria

•

and South

Melaleuca

M.

Reichb.;

133.

Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

oil.

of

colour, sp.

oil

from

M.

the leaves and branchlets

(Mueller.)

Australia.

ericifolia,

Gunniana,

and amber

and resembles the

lOolbs.

yielded about 6oz. of essential

1

M. parvipra,

essential oil is of oily consistence

gr. 0*938;

3

(Syn.

tetragona. Otto.); N.O., Myrtaceae,

Smith, (Syn.

Schau iii.,

;

159.

M.

M.

nodosa, Sieb.

heliophila,

non Smith

F.v.M.)

;

;

N.O.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

276

The cajeput

149"

—

essential oil is pale yellow,

oil;

184*^,

is

thin,

and has a

specific gravity o'Sqq

(Wittstein

smaller branches yield

and Mueller.)

5 oz.

of

oil.

taste

—0*902, it

Oil of Melaleuca ericifolia.

Specific

and

like

boils at

loolbs. of the leaves

With age,

(Bosisto.)

Gravity at 15.5° c.

and smell

and

improves greatly.

OILS.

277

slightly acid essential oil, of specific gravity '917.

Bancroft, (speaking of

"

this oil to

M,

be more agreeable than that of cajeput

He

closely resembles."

has found

it

of value as

inhalation in phthisis, for which purpose he

pleasant than Eucalyptus

A

oil.

sample

of

which

oil,

imprisoned in

finds that small insects

He

vapour are intoxicated.

Dr.

(Staiger.)

Leucadeiidron var. lancifolia), considers it

its

an antiseptic

considers

Queensland

it

oil,

more how-

ever, examined at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition by an expert,

was described as having " a

disagreeable odour, not

distinctly

resembling cajeput, but reminding one of rotten probably the variety yielding

it

form yielding the cajeput

typical

and Trimen's Medicinal Plants, is

name

retained as the species

however,

appears that this

it

is

we have maintained

obtained,

oil

of

108, the

a

little

for the cajeput oil plant

the specific

name

its

" as, is

without intending

from the

distinctness

oil,

although

various

species

is

of

I

But,

by the family

less

of the present species has been

oil

most

the notes will be useful as a guide.

Rumphius and placed

actually indigenous in Australia.

Melaleuca possess a greater or

and as the at,

it is

actually indigenous or not, the oils yielded

it

worked

;

uncertain as to whether the particular variety of Mela-

leuca which produces

likeness,

In Bentley

Australian 'Tea-tree' {M. Leucadendron.J"

whether

says that the leaves are gathered

in a sack,

and

left to

yield only about three fluid

drachms

They

ferment for a night, and

Two

afterwards submitted to distillation.

also given in

on a warm day

where they become hot and damp.

are then macerated in water

is

commerce.

name Melaleuca minor

have, however, given a few notes on cajeput

I

am

so that

the form only from which the oil

thereby to express any opinion as to

common

fruit,"

somewhat removed from the

is

of the

sacksful of the leaves oil.

Lesson's account

Bentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants.

This

is

probably a proper and convenient way of treating the leaves of

many

of our myrtaceous trees with the view of extracting the oil

they contain.

"Cajuput, or cajeput application

for

oil, is

rheumatism.

diffusible stimulant,

and

much

used in India as an external

It

a

sudorific.

is

It is

powerful

anti-spasmodic

coming more

into use in

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

278 European

practice.

bluish-green

;

camphoraceous odour, and it

remains liquid

aromatic

bitter

left.

but

when exposed

to the light

The green

colour.)

it

It

platinum capsule, a

little

every shade of brown,

the acid, after

green

contact

in

if

it

obtained colourless, but

is

a

for

copper*,

when

the copper

The

by the

obtained

distillation

Metrosideros

green hue.

It is

of

When

tested.

becomes

metallic

copper.

Guibourt has, however, proved by experiment, that the

Melaleuca,

may

liquid

readily

it

with

time

short

all that is

with very

oil

has been put into a

it

zinc should be added,

and the copper dissolved and

off,

oil is rectified,

greenish

to

usually present in

is

will be immediately deposited on the platinum.

the

to a

may be due

evident by agitating the

To

dilute hydrochloric acid.

oil of

of the oil

tint

may be made

then be poured

gr. 0*926,

sp.

taste,

few days turns

in a

a minute proportion of which metal imported.

to

i3"^C.,and deviates the ray of polarized light to

at

(The author has noticed the

the

from yellowish-green

varies in colour

It

a transparent mobile fluid, with an agreeable

is

it

volatile oil

the leaves of several species of

and Eucalyptus,

has naturally a fine

not improbable that this hue

that the contamination with copper

is

is

transient,

and

intentional, in order to obtain

a permanent green." {Materia Medica of Western India,

Dymock.)

Oil of cajeput consists mainly of the dihydrate of a hydro-

isomeric with

carbon, called Cajputene,

submitting

it

to fractional

distillation,

oil

which constitutes about two-thirds of the crude between 175° and 178°; smaller

fractions,

On

of turpentine.

dihydrate

of oil,

cajputene,

passes over

perhaps products of

decomposition, are obtained from 178° to 240°, and from 240° to

250°

;

and

at 250''

only a small residue

left,

is

bonaceous matter mixed with metallic copper. residue with

ether,

a green solution

is

consisting of car-

On

obtained,

treating this

which,

when

evaporated, leaves a green resin, soluble in the portion which boils

between 175° and 178°, and capable colour.

{Watts' Diet.,

i.,

710.)

For a

of full

restoring

the original

account of Cajputejie,

Isocajputene, Paracajputene, and the salts of Cajputene, see

71

p.

1-2, loc. cit. * This

is

by no means proved.

Materia Medica,

The question

is

discussed in almost every treatise on

OILS.

Cajeput Oil.

Specific

Gravity at 15.5° c.

279

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

280

The

from

essential oil

this

shrub

is

green, and of disagreeable

Yield, only 5drs. from loolbs. of material.

taste.

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and

M. hamata, M. semiteres,

36. Melaleuca uncinata, R.Br., (Syn. PI.

M. Drummondii,

;

Myrtacese, B.Fl. .

Common

iii.,

;

South Wales. F. and G. Sert.,

Schau.)

;

N.O.,

150. Called "

"Tea-tree."

arra"ofthe aboriginals

Schau.

(Bosisto.)

New

Broom " in South Australia. "Yaang(New South Wales); "Dyurr" of

of Illawarra

those of Lake Hindmarsh Station (Victoria).

This essential

oil is

M.

green, and smells like that of

folia, with an admixture of peppermint.

erici-

(Wittstein.)

South and Western Australia, Victoria and

New

South Wales,

and Queensland. 37. Melaleuca Wilsonii,

This essential

The

the

oil

is

yield

is

M.

ericifolia^

oil,

iii.,

and

134. is

of

40ZS. from loolbs. of green in odour, slightly

pale-yellow colour;

of a

resembling that from

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.

;

somewhat resembles cajeput

oil

0.925 specific gravity. material;

F.v.M.

but devoid of

its

sweetness.

(Bosisto.)

Victoria and South Australia. 38.

Mentha aUStralis, R.Br., N.O., Labiatse, B.Fl.

v.

(Query

word " Pennyroyal

In

taste

Mkromeria

auslralis, Benth.);

" Panaryle " of the natives at the Coranderrk

" Native Peppermint."

Station (Victoria).

(Syn.

83.

Is this

:

an aboriginal attempt to pronounce the

?")

and

smell, this oil hardly differs

from ordinary

oil

of

peppermint, but it may be described as somewhat coarser than the (Report of Dublin Exh., 1865.) best samples of that substance.

Mr. Bosisto obtained 30ZS.

of oil

from loolbs.

of this plant.

All the colonies except Western Australia. 39.

its

Mentha

gracilis,

R.Br., (Syn. Mkromeria gracilis, Benth.)

N.O., Labiatae, B.Fl.,

v.,

The herb from which

this oil is

volatile oil in

83.

obtained contains a portion of

the stems, the total yield from

green plant being 30ZS.

Its

smell

is

like oil of

loolbs. of the

peppermint, with a

281

OILS. slight is

The

admixture of pennyroyal.

supply of

oil

from the leaves

tolerably copious, loolbs. of the fresh green shrub, inclusive of

branchlets, furnishing 6|ozs. of a pale-yellow, limpid of which

hardly distinguishable from that of

is

perhaps, a

and penetrating.

intense

little

agreeable and

medicinal action of this

oil

of

that

that of a diuretic

is

though,

taste is very dis-

Its

resembling

strongly

acrid,

the odour

oil,

oil of rue,

The

rue.

and

diaphoretic.

{Report Dublin Exh., 1865.) All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland. 40.

grandiflora, Be7ith., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

Mentha

This mint taste, together

oil

has a

Its

common

41-

and

.924,

its

yield

5 oz.

from

(Report 0/ Dublin Exhibition, 1865.)

South Wales and Queensland. laxiflora, Benth., N.O., Labiatae, B.Fl., v. 82.

Mentha

This plant yields, on

from peppermint. Victoria and 42.

could not be

It

peppermint, except for medical

specific gravity is

lOolbs. of the fresh herb.

New

and very unpleasant nauseous

with a characteristic after-taste.

used as a substitute for purposes.

fiery, bitter,

v. 82.

NeSOdaphne

New

a pleasant

Benth., et

N.O.,

Laurineae,

oil,

similar to that

South Wales.

ObtUSifolia, Benth., (Syn.

folia,

Cens., p.

distillation,

Hook.; Cryptocarya B.Fl.,

v.

Beihchmiedia obtusiobtusifolia, F.v.M.);

B. obtusifolia

299.

in

Muell.

3.

"Queensland Sassafras."

One

ton

the

=2.15 per

(Staiger),

New 43-

of

dry bark yields cent.

The

oz. of

specific gravity

is

essential oil

.978 at 72"F.

South Wales and Queensland.

Pittospomm undulatum, i.,

770

Vent.,

N.O.

Pittosporeae,

B.Fl.,

III.

" Native

Laurel."

" Mock Orange."

"

Wallundun-deyren "

of

the

aborigines.

The

oil

obtained from the flowers by distillation

colourless, lighter than water, of like

odour

;

is

limpid,

an exceedingly agreeable jasmine-

the taste disagreeably hot

and

bitter,

reminding one

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

282

and

slightly of turpentine

on

distillation,

2oz.

brought in contact with

many

of

other

loolbs. of flowers gave,

(Bailey.)

essential

(Mueller).

oil

Iodine,

when

This

true

gives rise to an explosion.

it,

is

oils.

New

Tasmania, Victoria, 44.

rue.

of

South Wales and Queensland.

Polypodium phymatodes, Linn., (Syn. PUopeltis phymatodes, T. Moore); N.O., Filices, B.Fl., vii., 769. This plant yields

an aromatic

oil,

said to be used in the

South Sea Islands for perfuming cocoa-nut

See

(WooUs.)

oil

Angiopteris eve eta.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 45-

Prostanthera lasianthos, ^a3z7/., N.O., Labiatse, B.Fl., Called

"Dogwood"

station of that

A taste,

is 2

"

v.,

93.

aboriginal

the

limpid, and of mint-like odour and

oil,

specific gravity 0.912. oz.

;

called after this plant.

is

greenish-yellow

and

leaves

name

" Coranderrk

Victoria.

in

4^ drachms.

The

yield

from lOolbs. of fresh

(Bosisto.)

All the colonies. 46.

Prostanthera rotundifolia, R.Br., (Syn. P. retusa, R.Br.; p. N.O., Labiatae, B.Fl., v., 96. cotinifolia, A. Cunn.) ;

This essential

otherwise resembling the 1862.)

The

yield

darker colour, and of sp. gr. 0.941, but

oil is of oil

oils are carminative.

is

(Report 0/ Exh.,

12 ozs. of

These

oil.

(Bosisto.)

All the colonies except

47.

from P. lasianthos.

from loolbs. of leaves

Queensland and Western Australia.

Sieria Smithii, Andr., (Syn. Z. lanceolata, R.Br.; Boronia N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl., i., 306. arborescens, F.v.M.) ;

"

Colonial names are "Sandfly Bush" and "Turmeric." Stinkwood " in Tasmania.

The

essential

yellow, of the taste

oil

is

(Report Exhib., 1862,) 6iozs. of

oil.

distilled

and odour

from the

of rue,

lOolbs.

and

leaves.

It

is

called

It

is

pale

of 0.950 specific gravity.

of the green material

(Bosisto.)

All the colonies except South

and Western Australia.

produce

OILS:

(EXPRESSED OR FIXED.)

B.

Australia oils in

as remarkable for

any quantity, as

As

oils.

is

it is

for

fewness of plants yielding fixed

its

wealth of plants yielding essential

its

far as the author is aware, not a single

indigenous species

actually yields, in this continent, fruits or seeds for the oil-press.

I.

Aleurites moluccana, Wnid., (Syn. A. Ambimix, Pers.; triloba, Forst. biaceae, B.Fl.

;

A.

Jatropha moluccana, Linn.j; N.O., Euphor-

vi.,

128; A. triloba

in Muell., Cens., p. 20.

" Candle-nut."

This

tree also flourishes in the East-Indies

Islands.

The

spherical,

and the kernels are so

and South

Pacific

nuts look like small walnuts, only they are full

of oil

that

some

in

more of the

South Sea Islands they are threaded on a reed and serve as a torch.

They

yield

an excellent drying

"Country Walnut Oil" " Kekui Oil

" at

oil,

"

in India,

Honolulu.

useful to

artists,

Kekune Oil"

in

and called

Ceylon, and

(Treasury of Botany.) The kernels oil, and 45.7 per cent, of amyla-

are said to yield 54.3 per cent, of

ceous and nitrogenous substances. of ash, rich in phosphoric acid.

The

results of a set of

This

latter gives \Q)\

per cent,

(Staiger.)

experiments by the Italian chemist,

Nallino, are given in Watts' Diet.,

Average weight of husks

vii.,

...

2nd Suppt. 239.

:

:

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

284

Composiiion of almonds

Water

— 5.25

...

Fat (extracted by carbon bisulphide) Cellulose,

and other organic matters

Mineral matter Composition of the ash of the almond

Lime

...

...

...

...

62.97

...

28.99

...

2,79

...

18.69

—

...

Magnesia

The

6.oi

Potash

11-33

Phosphoric acid

29.3

matter extracted

fatty

from

the almonds

by carbon

bisulphide at ordinary temperatures forms a transparent, amber-

When

yellow syrupy liquid.

but neither loses

its

10°

cooled to

it

becomes

viscous,

transparency nor changes colour.

Queensland.

2.

Calophylkm inophyllum, The This

tree

is

i.,

183.

widely distributed throughout India, where a

greenish coloured

oil is

burning by the poorer in rheumatism, &c.

The

Liym., N.O., Guttiferae, B.Fl.,

" Ndilo" of India.

extracted from the seeds, and

classes.

It is also

is

used for

used as an application

(Dymock, Materia Medica of Western India.) of Queensland grown fruits is by

following analysis

Mr. K. T. Staiger

:—

Shells

62.5

Kernels

37.5 100.

Greenish-yellow

...

43

Dry residue

...

...

...

...

27

Moisture

...

...

...

...

30

oil

...

...

100.

Ashes of whole kernels, 1.66 per cent. residue, 6.15 per cent.

The green

oil,

on

Ashes

of exhausted

saponification, yields a

;

OILS.

285

bright-yellow soap, the green pigment of

changed

The at

the

having been

oil

into a bright yellow. oil is bitter

and aromatic;

specific gravity .942;

solidifies

it

(Lepine.)

+S^-

Queensland. 3.

Cerbera Odollam, Gner/n., (Syn. N.O., Apocynese, B.Fl.,

The

seeds give an

oil

iv.,

which

Manghas,

C.

Mag.)

Bot.

306.

used for burning

is

in India.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 4.

COCOS nucifera, Linn.; N.O., Palmeae, B.FI.,

vii.,

143.

" Cocoa-nut Palm."

Oil

is

procured by boiling and pressing the white kernel of

the nut (albumen).

It

liquid at the ordinary temperature in

is

tropical countries,

and while fresh

England, and even

in

many

is

used in cookery

parts of Australia

has generally a somewhat rancid smell and is

separated into two parts; one, stearine,

is

it is

and

manufacture of stearine candles, the other being in lamps.

It is

a pale-yellow

into a white butter.

One

forms from two

solution

oil,

part of

it

boiled

C;

some minutes

at

melted,

it

is

it

used in the

liquid, is

with

parts of a

The

oil,

degree, has a faint characteristic odour.

melts at 20°

and

pressure,

burned

which, in cold weather, concretes

to three

perfectly soluble in alcohol.

By

taste.

solid,

but in

;

semi-solid,

solidifies at

caustic soda

hard, white soap,

and the soap Solidified

18° C.

a temperature of 240° C,

it

in a less

cocoa-nut

When remains

oil

kept for fluid

for

forty-eight hours.

Queensland. 5.

FusanUS aCUminatXlS, A.

DC.

;

Santalaceae, B.Fl.,

as

R.Br., (Syn. Santalum acuminatum,

S. Pressianum^M.\(\.; S. vi.,

215.

cognatum, Miq.)

;

N.O.,

Described in Muell. Cens., p. 64,

Santalum acuminatum* "

The

Quandong," or " Native Peach."

kernels of the nuts (Quandongs) of this small tree are

not only palatable and nutritious, but they are so

full of oil that

speared on a stick or reed they

away with a clear

will

burn

entirely

if

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

286

much

in the

same way

Quandongs

are so

abundant in parts

possibly be

used as oil-seeds in the future.

light,

Queensland and 6.

Hemandia

New

as candle-nuts {Aleurites triloba) do.

South Wales

The

common same

oil, is

314.

v.

" Cudgerie" of the aboriginals.

kernel contains 64.8 per cent, of laurel

stearine

Western Australia.

to

bivalvis, Benth., N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

" Grease-nut" Tree.

may

of the country that they

same

of the

oil,

which

consistency,

and narcotic smell.

similar to

is

and has

also the

(Staiger.)

Queensland.

7-

glabra, Vent., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

Pongamia

ii.,

273.

" Indian Beech."

The

seeds yield an

oil,

pale-sherry coloured

(Dymock),

thick,

red-brown (Gamble), used for burning, and in skin diseases by the people of India. the seeds

It solidifies

solidifying at 8°C.

RicinOCarpilS pinifolius,

from

;

Australia.

R. sidae/ormis, F.v.M.

(Syn.

I^es/.,

Spreng.

Rceperia pini/olia, Sieb.)

yield of oil

(Dymock.)

Queensland and Northern 8.

The

below 6o°F.

27 per cent., having a specific gravity of .945, and

is

Echinosphcera rosmarinoides,

;

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

vi.,

70.

" Native Jasmine."

This plant yields abundance of seeds, Hke small seeds.

They

yield an oil

castor-oil

which does not appear to have yet been

examined.

Tasmania, Victoria,

9.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

SemecarpUS Anacardium, Linn., (Syn. N.O., Anacardiaceae, B.Fl., "

A

sweet

oil is

i.,

S. australasicus, Engl.);

491.

Marking-nut Tree."

obtained from the seeds, used in painting in

The

contains 32

per

cent, of a vesicating oil of sp. gr. .991, easily soluble in ether,

and

India.

{Treasury of Botany.)

blackening on exposure to the

air.

pericarp

(Dymock.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

*

OILS. 10.

Terminalia

Catappa, Linn.,

287 Combretaceae,

N.O.,

Muell.

Cens., p. 50. " Country

The

of a pecuharly bland tasted, but It

Almond"

(India).

kernels of the nuts of this tree produce over 50 per cent,

if

oil.

(Drury.)

It

is

edible

and pleasant

kept for any time deposits a large quantity of stearine.

has been suggested as a substitute for almond

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland.

oil.

This plant

is

—

Perfumes. (SEE ALSO "ESSENTIAL OILS.") Although many

Australian plants (notably a few of the wattles)

have sweet-scented flowers, the author

made

attempt having yet been

in

perfumes. Several of the essential

Eucalyptus maculafa, 254

seq.,

et

obtained

from

the colonies to utilize their

the is

The

used are wild.

Backhousia citriodora.

and E. Staigeriana, page of

plants

are really

in scenting

soaps,

and other

leaves

But the quantity obtained

preparations. plants

not aware of any serious

oils, e.g.,

var. citriodora

perfumes, and their chief use

is

is

but small, and the

advice to landowners to try the

planting of perfume plants has been frequently given, but

it

does

not appear to promise a heavy profit immediately, and so 'the industry

is

neglected.

Many

parts of littoral Australia are very

gardens of flowers, and for a comfortable selector to establish the

minor industry

of flower-farming

there would be but

little

outlay

;

and storage of

their

perfumes,

the time required would chiefly

be odd moments, while the produce would be a valuable commodity.

But, however

ledge that there

is

too

much we may

little

regret

it,

we must acknow-

enterprise amongst those

of us

engaged

in tilling the soil.

The

following

is

interesting,

being from the pen

authority on perfumery, and one who had

and who had

facilities for

by many dwellers

"The

in

of nations.

:

is

of

no mean importance

But, vast as

is

the consumption of

perfumes by the people under the rule of the little

an

learning about Australia not possessed

Europe

commercial value of flowers

to the wealth

of

travelled in Australia,

has been done in England, either

at

home

British

Empire,

or in her tropical

colonies, towards the establishment of flower-farms, or the pro-

PERFUMES.

289

demand by

duction of the raw odorous substances in facturing perfumers of Britain

;

manu-

the

consequently, nearly the whole are

the produce of foreign countries. "

them

The

climate of

some

of the British colonies especially

production of

for the

elevated temperature to bring

odours from

them

flowers

that

fits

require

to perfection.

" But for the lamented death of Mr. Charles Piesse, Colonial Secretary for Western

fiower-farms

Australia,

would

doubtless

have been established in that colony long ere the publication of this

work (1862).

Though

thus personally frustrated in adapting

a new and useful description of labour to British enterprise,

no

less

sanguine of the

final results in

other hands."

I

(Piesse,

am The

Art of Perfumery?^

The few list

species given below do not profess to be a complete

Australian

of

perfume plants

;

the

list

may, however, be

suggestive.

1.

Acacia COnferta,

Dr.

A

Cun?t., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

The flowers of this tree WooUs thinks might be

ii.,

343.

possess a remarkable perfume which utilized

commercially.

The following

species— Acacia acuminata, Benth., A. doratoxylon, A. Cunn., A. harpophylla, F.vM., A. pendula, A. Cunn., amongst others, yield scented

wood, and, therefore, may rank amongst perfumes.

(See " Timbers.")

New 2.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia famesiana, Wt'lld.,{Syn. A. Ienh'a'lla/a,F.vM.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl., "

are

Dead

Finish "

is

ii.,

419.

the absurd

name given

to the

wood.

The flowers yield a delightful perfume, and for that quality much cultivated in the South of France. The cultivation of

this plant is tralia

as

particularly worthy the

an auxiliary industry.

In Italy

and France

scented flowers are mixed with melted fat or olive

becomes impregnated with

pomade u

called " Cassie."

Aus-

attention of settlers in

their odour,

its

sweet-

oil,

which

and constitutes the

fine

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

290 Interior of

and Northern 3.

New

South Australia,

South Wales, Queensland

Australia.

Acacia pycnantha, Benth., (Syn. A. petiolaris, Lehm; N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL, ii., 365. falcinella, Meissn.)

A.

;

•'

An

extract of the flowers of

perfume

A

at the

score of other species of Acacia, of culture as

being cheap, and the Wattle

(Piesse,

New

AndropOgOn SChcenanthuS, Linn., A. ciiratum,

DC;

stiaveolens,

"

plants.

might

Mutton

a profitable trade

plentiful,

South Australia, Victoria and

A.

e.g.,

perfume

anticipated in curing the flowers, &c."

fat

may be

Arl 0/ Perfumery.)

South Wales.

(Syn. A.

Martini, Roxb.

A. Nardus, Linn.; Cymbopogon schoenan-

thus, Spreng.); N.O., Gramineae, B.Fl.,

A

was shown as a

Wattle

this

Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

be selected as worthy

4-

" Broad-leaved Wattle."

" Green Wattle."

Golden Wattle."

vii.,

534.

strong-growing grass, more in repute as a perfume than a

fodder.

Other species of Andropogon are more or

less aromatic.

Queensland, 5-

Anisomeles Mr.

P.

salvifolia,

R.Br., N.O., Labiatse, B.FL,

A. O'Shanesy points out

to yield a very deUcate perfume.

Queensland and Northern 6.

that this plant

It is

V.

89.

may be made

a very variable species.

Australia.

BackhOTlsia Citriodora, F.v.M., N.O.,

Myrtacese,

B.FL,

iii.,

270. " Scrub Myrtle."

The

foliage of this tree

is

" Native Myrtle."

deliciously lemon-scented, like the

Scented Verbena {Lippia citriodora).

The

leaves has been tested for scenting soaps,

purpose well.

employed

The

dried leaves, put in

essential oil

little

for holding lavender flowers) give,

very pleasant odour to

ttre

from the

and has answered the bags (such as are for a long time,

a

contents of linen-presses, &c.

Queensland. 7-

Eucalyptus maculata, Hook/., var. citriodora, (Syn. E. dora, Hook, f.) N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, iii., 257. ;

citrio-

PERFUMES.

The

aboriginal

name

" Urara."

is

presses.

when

leaves emit a delightful odour of citron, especially

They should be used to perfume and protect The Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods states they are

rubbed.

a

The

Gum."

"Citron, or Lemon-scented

291

specific against cockroaches and " silver-fish"

clothescertainly

insects,

which

are great domestic pests.

Queensland. 8.

Gliettarda speciosa, Linn., N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl.,

The

flowers of this tree are exquisitely fragrant.

out in the evening, and have ing.

The

all

419.

iii.,

They come

dropped on the ground by morn-

natives in Travancore distil an odoriferous water

the corollas, which

is

from

In order to procure

very like rose-water.

it

they spread a very thin muslin cloth over the tree in the evening, taking care that possible.

it

comes well

night

at

saturated,

and imbibes the extract from the

wrung out

in the

The

morning.

much

in contact with the flowers as

During the heavy dew

extract

the

flowers.

as

becomes

cloth

It

is

then

sold in the bazaars.

is

Queensland and Northern Australia. Hierocloa spp, (See " Grasses,"

9.

p.

These possess a powerful odour 10.

Hxilliea elegans, Smith, (Syn.

N.O., Compositse, B.Fl.

The whole

iii.,

70.)

of "

Calomeria amanthoides. Vent.);

589.

plant on being bruised emits a delightful scent, so

overpowering as sometimes

to

produce headache.

Bennett (Gatherings of a Naturalist)

is

valuable perfume might be obtained from Victoria and

11.

Murraya

Coumarin."

New

i.,

Dr.

George

opinion that a very

it.

South Wales.

exotica, Linit., {?)yn.,

Rutaceae, B.Fl.

of

M.

paniculata, ]2iCk); N.O.,

369. " China Box."

This bush, which

is

also a native of India

delightfully fragrant flowers that it

as a

perfume

plant.

Queensland.

it

and China, has such

might be worth while

to cultivate

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

292 12.

Pandanns odoratissimus, Lmn./., N.O., Pandaneae, B.Fl.,

vii.,

(Syn., P. spiralis, R.Bt.);

148.

" Screw Pine."

The

natives of India are fond of the scent of this flower,

The male flowers

they place amongst their clothes. fragrant,

which

are exceedingly

and are much appreciated by the Burmese.

use them in certain of their religious ceremonies.

The Hindus (Cyclop,

of

India.)

Northern Australia. 13.

Pittosporum undTllatum,

Vent.,

N.O., Pittosporese, B.Fl.,

i.,

III. " Native Laurel." of the

Karnathun

This tree

tribe,

is

*'

" Bart-bart " of the aboriginals

Mock Orange."

Lake Tyers

(Victoria).

well worth cultivating on a commercial scale for

the sake of the sweet perfume of

its

flowers.

All the colonies except South and Western Australia. 14-

Pterigeron liatroides, Benth., (Syn. Pluchea Ugulata, F.V.M.; Sirepioglossa Sleelzu, F.v.M.

N.O., Compositse, B.Fl.,

iii.,

;

Erigeron

liatroides^ Turcz.)

This plant yields a delicious perfume, and therefore

deemed worthy

of cultivation

;

532.

by the

may be

horticulturist or flower-farmer,.

Western and South Australia, and

New

South Wales.

Dyes.

boast of

its

not appear to be

certainly does

Australia

But

native vegetable dyes.

that practically nothing has

with our raw dye-stuffs.

been done

it

is

in the

a land

which can

only

fair to

way

of experiments

Almost the only technological experi-

ments with any of them are by Baron Mueller and Mr. (Intercolonial Exhibition of Melbourne, referred to below, while Professor

pigment contained ing, however, only

1.

observe

Rummel

1866), and which are

Rennie has investigated the

in the tubers of a species of Drosera, interest-

from a

scientific point of view.

Acacia harpophylla, F.v.M.;

N.O.,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.

ii.,

389. " Brigalow."

Baron Mueller exhibited

at

the Intercolonial Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark Various

of this tree.

tints of

reddish-brown were obtained.

South Queensland.

2.

Acacia SUbcoemlea, Lindl, (Syn., A. hemiteles, Benth.; apiculata, Meissn.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.

ii.,

A,

369.

" Silvery," or " Blue-leaved Acacia."

From

the bark a very good yellow dye has been produced.

(Bennett.)

Western Australia. 3-

Alstonia COnstricta, F.v.M., N.O., Apocyneae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

314.

" Fever Bark."

Baron Mueller exhibited

at

the Intercolonial Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark of this tree

from Queensland.

Various shades of yellow were

obtained.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

294 4'

Baloghia lucida, Endl., (Syn. Codiceum lucidum, Muell. Arg.); N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

148.

Called also " Roger Gough."

" Scrub, or Brush Bloodwood."

"

Nun-

nai" and " Dooragan" are aboriginal names.

The

sap from the vulnerated trunk forms,

admixture, a beautiful red indelible pigment.

any

without

(See

(Mueller.)

also " Kinos.")

New 5.

South Wales and Queensland.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.

vi.,

197. " Forest Oak." of the

"

Swamp Oak."

The bark

of this tree

South Sea Islanders

New 6.

"Bull Oak."

"

Wunna-wunnerumpa"

Queensland aboriginals. is

dye

to

South Wales

to

Meliacese, B.Fl.,

and was formerly used by

Northern Australia.

Roxb.,

Cedrela tOOna,

astringent,

their cloth.

(Syn.

C.

F.V.M.);

australis,

N.O.,

C. amtralis in Muell. Cens., p. 9.

337. Ordinary " Cedar," or " Red i.,

Cedar."

(For aboriginal

names, see

" Timbers.")

The

"Toon

small flowers of this tree (called

") are used for

the production of a red or yellow dye in India.

New 7-

South Wales and Queensland.

•

Chionanthns picrophloia, Roxb., (Syn. C. effudflora, F.v.M. Linociera ramijlora, DC. L. effusiflora, F.v.M.) N.O., ;

Jasminese, B.Fl., "

iv.,

;

301.

Eurpa

" of the aboriginals.

Baron Mueller exhibited

at

the Intercolonial Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark Various

of this tree.

This plant

is

tints

of

brownish-yellow were obtained.

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland. 8.

Coelospermum reticulatum, Benth., (Syn. Pogonolobus retkulatus, F.v.M.)

The dye.

bar-k,

;

which

N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl., is

iii.,

425.

often very thick, produces an excellent

(Bailey.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

; ;

DYES. 9.

Croton insularis,

BailL,

C. phebalioides, A. Cunn.)

(Syn,

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl.,

295

vi.,

124.

" Queensland Cascarilla."

Baron Mueller exhibited

at the

Intercolonial

Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark

Reddish-browns were obtained.

of this tree from Queensland.

New 10.

South Wales and Queensland.

Cudrania javansnsis, TrecuL, (Syn.

Morus

Cunn.)

calcar-galli, A.

Madura javanica,

Miq.

N.O., Urticeoe, B.FL,

;

vi.,

179. " Cockspur Vine."

The duramen, hard,

and

name

of " Fustic."

New 11.

is

used

in

" Cockspur Thorn."

or heartwood,

is

" Fustic."

of a dark yellow colour, is

dyeing yellow and brown, hence

This plant

is

its

colonial

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., (Syn. Leguminosae, B.Fl.

Chips of

This plant

is

this

ii.,

wood

C. bijuga, Span.); N.O.,

296.

give in water a purple dye.

(Skinner.)

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland. 12.

Drosera Whittakeri, Droseraceae, B.Fl.,

-P/'2«^'^.,

ii.,

(Syn. Z). r(?j«/a/a, Behr.); N.O.,

462.

"A

Sun-dew."

Dr. Rennie has extracted two beautiful red colouring matters

from the bulbs

of this plant.

(

Vide Joiirn.

Chem. Soc, April,

1887.) Victoria and South Australia. 13-

Erythroxylon australe, F.v.M.; N.O., Linese, B.Fl.

Baron Mueller exhibited

at

the Intercolonial

i.,

284.

Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark of this tree.

Tints from yellow to brown were obtained.

Queensland. 14.

Eucalyptus amygdalina, LabUL, N.O., Myrtaceae, 202.

B.Fl.,

iii.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

296

" Stringybark."

" Messmate."

(For vernacular names and synonyms,

see " Timbers.")

Some of the settlers make ink from this abundantly-produced The operation merely consists in boiling the kino in an The kinos of such other iron saucepan containing a little water. Eucalypts as may happen to be convenient may be used. kino.

New

Tasmania, Victoria and

15.

Eucalyptus COrymbosa,

South Wales.

'S'/w/M,

{?>yn.

Soland.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., " Bloodwood."

(For other

Metrosideros gummi/era,

iii.,

256.

vernacular names,

corymbosa—

see E.

" Timbers.")

This dark-coloured kino contains a rich dye material of a reddish colour.

New 16.

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

Flindersia Oxleyana,

F.v.M.,

" Light Yellow-wood " of the

Northern

New

Oxleya

(Syn.

Hook.); N.O., MeHacese, B.Fl.,

i.,

xanthoxyla,

389.

colonists.

Called

Long Jack

"

South Wales, and " Yeh" by the aboriginals

of the

"

in

same

district.

The wood

17-

of this tree yields a yellow- dye.

New

Northern

South Wales and Queensland.

Gliettardella putaminosa, Benth., (Syn.,

F.v.M B.Fl.,

;

Bobea putaminosa,

Tiinonius puta7ninosus, F.v.M.); N.O., Rubiaceae,

iii,,

419.

Baron Mueller exhibited

at the

Intercolonial Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark of this tree.

Brownish-yellows were obtained.

Queensland.

18.

Hernandia bivalvis, Bemh., N.O., Laurineae,

B.Fl., v., 314.

" Grease-nut Tree."

The

shells of the fruit of this tree contain a dye, soluble in

soda, but not in ether, alcohol, or water.

Queensland.

(Staiger.)

;

DYES. 19-

297

H. Banksii,F.wM.);

dentata, R.Br., (Syn.,

Hymenanthera

N.O., Violacese, B.FL,

104;

i.,

II.

Banksii

in

Muell., Cens.,

p. 6.

Dr. Ludwig Beckler drew

pigment obtainable from the

attention

the

to

lasting

purple

berries of this plant.

New

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and

South Wales.

20. Indigofera tinctoria, Linn., N.O., Leguminosae, Muell. Cens., p. 140.

"Indigo."

Baron Mueller considers Queensland.

It is also

Indigo

of Asia.

this plant

indigenous in Northern

a native of the East Indies, and other parts

prepared by throwing bundles of the fresh-

is

cut plants into shallow vats and covering them with water, care

being taken to keep them under the surface. ten or twelve hours the liquid

run

is

and the

vat,

beaten with sticks or bamboos from one and a half to

plant

is

three

hours,

order to promote

in

the plant, but

of

The

the precipitation

settle,

the blue

formation of

by the oxidation

formed

is

substances contained in them.

allowed to

the

not exist already formed in the

colouring matter, which does tissues

After steeping for

another

off into

colouring matter

being

accelerated

of other is

then

by the

addition of a small quantity of clean cold water, or lime-water,

and the supernatant deposited matter

is

liquid

drawn

off

and thrown away, while the

put into a boiler, and kept at the boiling-point

for five or six hours.

After

this,

it is

spread upon frames covered

with cloth, and allowed to drain for twelve or fourteen hours, and

when

it is

sufficiently solid

and dried

for the market.

Watts' Diet.,

iii.,

it is

pressed, cut into cubes, stamped

(Treasury of Botany.)

(See, also,

250, et seq.)

Queensland.

21. MallotUS discolor,

Macaranga B.Fl., "

vi.,

Bungaby

F.v.M., (Syn. RottUra discolor, F.v.M.

mallotoides, var., F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

143. " of the aboriginals of Northern

New

South Wales.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

298

The

capsules of this plant yield a powder which gives a bright

yellow dye.

New

22.

South Wales and Queensland.

MallotUS phillipensis, Muell. Arg., (Syn. Crohn philltpensis,

Lam.

Rottlera

;

Baill.)

;

Roxb.

tinctoria,

"Kamala"

of

"

India.

Echinus phillipensis,

;

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

Poodgee-poodgera"

141. of

the aboriginals

of

Queensland.

This plant

tropical Asia. The capsules known in India by the name of " Kamala," Hindu silk dyer to yield a red dye of great

also a native of

is

yield a reddish powder,

and employed by the

Other parts of the plant

beauty by boiling with carbonate of soda.

much

yield a similar powder, but in

The bark

capsules.

New

23.

is

abundance than on the

less

also used for dyeing.

South Wales and Queensland.

Morinda

Citrifolia,

Miq.); N.O..

Linn.,

Sarcocephalus

(Syn.

Rubiaceae, B.Fl.,

402 and 423.

iii,

cordatus, (Muell.,

Cens., 74 and 75.) " Leichhardt's

"Indian

Tree."

Mulberry."

(For

other

botanical

synonyms and vernacular names, see "Timbers.")

Baron Mueller exhibited Melbourne,

from the root

cotton

1866,

of this tree

at the

Intercolonial Exhibition of

and woollen

fabrics

dyed with bark

Tints of yellow were

from Queensland.

obtained.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

24.

Morinda

citrifolia,

Linn., (Syn.,

N.O., Rubiaceae, B.Fl., " Indian Mulberry."

The

iii.,

by Polynesians

dyeing red turbans.

colour

The

quadrangularis, Don.);

423.

(For other synonyms, see " Timbers.")

root yields a yellow, to

M.

and the bark a red dye. their

colour

Queensland and Northern

is

dresses,

and

in

fixed with alum.

Australia.

It is

Madras

used for

DYES.

299

25. Olearia argophylla, F.v.M., (Syn. Aster argophyllus, Labill.;

Eurybia argophylla, Cass.) Aster argophylltis

470.

"

A

brilliant

N.O., Compositae., B.Fl.,

;

iii.,

Muell. Cens., p. 78.

in

Musk Tree."

sap-green has been obtained from this plant by

Mr. Bosisto.

Tasmania, Victoria and

26.

New

South Wales.

Petalostigma quadriloculare, F.v.M., (Syn. P. triloculare, Hylococcus sericeus, P.australianum, Baill. Muell. Arg. ;

;

R.Br.); N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl., " Crab

Tree."

" Bitter

vi.,

92.

(For other vernacular names, see

Bark."

" Timbers.")

Baron Mueller exhibited

at

the Intercolonial

Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1866, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark of this tree from Queensland.

New 2T,

South Wales

Brownish-yellows were obtained.

Northern Australia.

to

PiptuniS argenteUS, Wedd., (Syn. P. propinqtms, Wedd.) N.O., Unices, B.Fl., vi., 185.

;

" Coomeroo-coomeroo " of the Queensland aboriginals.

A

rich

brown dye

obtained from the bark.

is

This plant

is

not endemic in Australia.

Kew 28.

South Wales and Queensland.

;

R.

N.O., Rhizophorese, B.FL,

ii.,

Ehizophora mucronata, Lam., (Syn. R. Mangle, Roxb. Candelatta, Wight, et Arn.)

;

493" Mangrove."

The

blood-red sap

is

much used by

Mixed with the sap

the natives of Fiji

hair.

Linn.,

used for painting crockery by the native

it

is

(Seemann, Flora

New '29.

of

for

Hibiscus moschatus,

dyeing their

potters.

Vitiensis.)

South Wales to Northern Australia.

SemecarpUS

Anacardium, Linn.,

Engl.); N,0., Anacardiacese, B.Fl.,

(Syn. i.,

491.

" Marking-nut Tree" of India.

^.

australasicus,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

300

The

juice,

when mixed

with quick-lime,

cotton or linen with an indelible mark. all

When

over India.

in India, and,

pitch

and

The

unripe

dry,

it

it is

employed

for

to

mark

much used

employed, mixed with

(Treasury of Botany.)

the caulking of ships.

fruit is

employed

used for this purpose

forms a black varnish

amongst other purposes,

tar, in

is

It is

making a kind

of ink.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 30. StGrCTllia acerifolia,

^-

Cunn.,

(Syn,

Br achy chiton aceriBrachy229.

folium, F.V.M.); N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

chiton acerifolium in Muell. Cens., p. 15. " Flame Tree." " Lace-bark Tree."

A

dye

obtained from the seed-vessels, according to Mr.

is

Guilfoyle.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Roxb., (Syn.

31- SjrmploCOS spicata,

Styraceae, B.Fl.,

The

6",

StawelU, F.V.M.); N.O.,

292.

leaves of this tree are used as dyeing in India.

Northern 32-

iv.,

New

(Gamble.)

South Wales.

Terminalia Catappa, Linn.;

N.O., Combretaceae, Muell.,

Cens., p. 50. " Country

The bark and

Almond"

(of India).

leaves yield a black dye.

(Gamble.)

Queensland. 33.

Thespesia populnea, Corr., (Syn. Hibiscus populneus,WiM.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL, i., 221.

The

flower-buds and unripe

useful as a dye.

The pigment.

This plant

pollen of

A

is

fruits yield

Typha japonica

similar

a viscid yellow juice,

not endemic in Australia. is

used in Japan as a yellow

pigment might, perhaps, be prepared from

the Australian species.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 34 Zanthoxylum (Xanthoxylon) brachyacantlmm, F.v.M., N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

363.

" Satin-wood."

"

Thorny Yellow-wood."

DYES. Baron Mueller exhibited

at

301

the Intercolonial Exhibition of

Melbourne, 1886, cotton and woollen fabrics dyed with the bark of this tree

from Queensland.

Northern

New

Brownish-yellows were obtained.

South Wales and Queensland.

35. Zieria Smithii, Andr., (Syn. Z. lanceolata, R.Br. arborescens, F.v.M.); N.O., Rutaceae, B.FI.,

"Turmeric Tree" and "Sandfly Bush."

i.,

;

Boronia

306.

Called " Stinkwood "

Tasmania.

This

tree has a yellow inner bark, suitable for dyeing.

All the colonies except South

and Western

Australia.

in

Tans. (FOR SUCH TANS AS ARE KINGS, SEE "KINGS.") Acacia spp, "

Wattle Barks."

Wattle Barks are often gathered in Australia

the year round,

all

whereas the bark should only be stripped for three or four months

months recommended are September, October,

in the year; (the

November, and December)

;

out of that season there

depreciation of tannin in the bark.

usually rises without intermission, and the bark

from the

The

tree.

usually a

is

In these months, also, the sap

removed

easily

is

impression appears to have prevailed amongst

bark-strippers that whenever the bark would strip

tanning properties, but this

is

it

possessed full

After a few days of

erroneous.

rain during other seasons of the year, a temporary flow of sap will

cause the bark

be

to

easily

detiched from the trunk, but then

it

is

greatly inferior in quality.

The

on lime-stone formations

greatly inferior in tannin to that of trees

is

grown on any other formation.

bark obtained from trees growing

(

Vide Report of the Wattle

Bark

Board, Melbourne, 1878.) Wattle Bark should only be procured from mature

from those whose bark possesses the It its

full

mature

trees

more

readily judged

;

became diminished, nearly

i.e.,

natural strength.

" In this form

should be purchased in the stick or bundle.

quality can be

trees,

but all

when

the supply of

the bark was

chopped

or ground prior to shipment, good and inferior being bagged together."

For export

form of

extract,

this way.

The

to

England, however,

it is

perhaps best sent in the

an enormous saving in freight being effected in following letter from a well-known

London

firm of

—

TANS. brokers, which

Review

appeared

of

Leather Trades Circular and

the

in

the 8th March, 1887,

303

valuable

is

" In reply to a question as to the best

:

form

in

which

Mimosa

(Wattle) Bark,

prefer

it

ground, so long as they can be sure

Some

few, however, cannot be satisfied unless they grind

we beg

to ship

state that the trade, as a rule,

to

it

not adulterated.

is

them-

it

selves.

We

"

recommend shipments

should

well ground,

of

with a

few parcels chopped or crushed in bags, but as we know that freight

from

heavier on the latter, and buyers expect a reduction of

is

los. to 20s. per ton to cover cost of grinding, the

most

generally be strength

is

but there

If

to

We

shippers.

chopped than

better preserved in the

is

former

will

think that the in the ground,

nothing we can suggest as an improvement on the

best standard

"

satisfactory

marks

of Adelaide ground.

shipments of chopped be made

be shot loose

Owing

it

should on no account

in the ship's hold."

to

the

greedy and

way

indiscriminating

in

which

Wattle Barks have been gathered, and the moist condition in which they have often been shipped, purchasers in England, finding the quality variable, have not entered into largely as

its

regular

employment

as

might have been expected.

Wattles

have been extensively planted by

at

three

least

Australian Governments, those of South Australia, Victoria, and

New to

South Wales, especially the former.

predict

South Australia)

New

It is

even yet too early

whether Wattle-planting by Government (except will

South Wales,

be a profitable commercial enterprise.

in

In

a large number of Wattles have been

at least,

planted in the narrow strips of ground between the fences and the railway lines.

from grass

is

But the cost of keeping the young

trees free

very great, the cost of planting out in such an

extended fashion also very great, and watering the young plants till

they are established

is

repairers have also killed

out of the question. a large

were most thriving, because with the wires.

it

number

was feared

The

telegraph line

of the Wattles

that they

Altogether, the difficulties in the

which

might interfere

way

of

growing

Wattles along the railway lines are so considerable that the enter-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

304

abandoned, or confined

prise will probably be entirely

extremely

to

favourable localities.*

" Messrs. Borrow and Haycroft have established at Echunga>

South Australia, a manufactory of tannage, which must be of great

and from the methods employed

interest to all colonists,

is

almost

pharmaceutical. About 10,000 tons of Wattle Bark are sent annually

from South Australia alone, and is

verts the

branches too small

is

calculated that the waste in

tanning 38.2

to

pay

The new

per

The Wattle

tannage; two

men can

often cut and load five tons,

and branches, so much

is

distribute their order.

The

carted into

the

factory.

machine which cuts

it

up

by

80 tons recently

first

trash yields 12 to 16 per cent, of

can bring in two loads a day, equal to price (;^i a ton) which the firm

and

cent.,

according to an analysis

cent.,

Mr. G. H. Hodgson of samples from the shipped to England.

factory con-

for stripping into a strong fluid

which contains water 60 per

extract called tannage,

soluble

it

about four times this amount.

stripping

is

and the waggons tons

five or six

;

and

at the

paying for thinnings, and tops,

offering that the patentees are obliged ta

trash

It

is

is tied

up

bundles and

in large

there weighed, close beside the

This machine

into chaff.

is

very

much

like an ordinary steam-plane, the chisels revolving at a high speed,

and cutting through 2|-inch saplings quite shovelled into large

wooden hoppers,

duced from a large Cornish vats,

and the liquor

is

boiler.

chips are

which steam

is

intro-

There are three steam-heated

transferred from one to the other,

and thence allowed

into elevated tanks,

The

readily.

into

to flow

pumped

from a tap on to

steam-heated evaporating pans about thirty or forty feet in length.

The end

evaporation

is

so rapid that in traversing the pans from the

to the other the liquid is

treacly extract.

one

converted into a thick, tenacious,,

At the end of the pans

it

flows into a cistern,

and

thence by a kind of treacle-gate into the casks, each of which will hold about 10 cwt.

All that

now remains

to

be done

a label, put in a bung, weigh the cask, and send

it

is

off to

paste

on

market

In the process of evaporation a certain portion of the tannic acid

of

* See also a paper " On the Export and Consumption of Wattle Bark, and the Process Tanning," by James Mitchell {Proe. R.S. f^an Diemen's Land, iSji). The subject of

Extracts

is

here dealt with.

TANS.

The

be

plant can

is

destroyed.

It

does not pay to cart the trash

wattle country will

305

easily

moved from

place to place.

far,

but a few square miles of

keep a factory going.

The utilisation of thinnings

allows the cultivation of the tree thickly on waste ground, and to

European tanners are quite accus-

begin cutting the third year.

tomed

to the use of

hard to introduce

such extracts, but it

said that

it is

it

be very

will

{Chemist and

into the colonial tanneries."

Druggist, 1886.)

I.

Acacia aneura, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, "

A

specimen

B.Fl.,

ii.,

402.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Mulga."

of the

bark of

from Ivanhoe, N.S.W.,

tree

this

yielded the author 10 per cent, of extract, and 4.78 per cent, of

catechu-tan nic

acid.

A

narrow-leaved variety from

neighbourhood yielded 20.72 per cent, of cent, of catechu-tannic acid *

same

the

and 8.62 per

extract,

{Proc. R.S., IV.S. W., 1887, P- 32-)

All the colonies except Tasmania. 3.

Acacia aulacocarpa, ^. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

410.

"Hickory Wattle."

This

tree yields a tan-bark,

used

in

Queensland

some

to

extent.

Central and Northern Queensland.

3-

Acacia binervata,

DC,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

(Syn. A. umbrosa, A. Cunn.)

ii.,

;

N.O.,

390.

" Black Wattle," or " Hickory."

"

Myimbarr

"

of the aboriginals of

lUawarra (New South Wales).

The bark of

is

A, decurrens.

valuable bark

;

used by tanners, though

(W. Dovegrove.)

it is

not so rich as that

Nevertheless,

it

is

a

very-

specimens from Cambewarra, N.S.W., yielded the

author 58.03 per cent, of extract, and 30.4 per cent, of catechutannic acid.

New

N.S. W., 1887,

p. 90.)

South Wales and Queensland.

* Important

and recorded

{Proc. R.S.,

Memorandum.

The percentages

of tannic acid determined by the author,

in Proc. R.S., N.S. IK, are all calculated

upon the bark

dried at ioo°C

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

306 4.

Acacia Calamifolia, Sweet, (Syn. A. pulveruUnta, A. Cunn.) N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

"Willow," or "Broom Wattle." Lake Hindmarsh Station (Victoria).

An Museum

contains

analysis by Mr.

A

tan-bark.

excellent

20.63

Thomas,

P^"^

"Wallowa"

of the aboriginals at

sample

the

^^

c^"^-

in

Technological

tannin, according to

an

of Adelaide.

New

dry interior of South Australia, Victoria,

The

;

339.

South

Wales and Queensland. 5.

Acacia

COlletioides,

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

325.

" Wait-a-while" (a delicate allusion to the predicament of a traveller

desirous of penetrating a belt of

Some

it).

bark from a very old tree was examined by the author,

and yielded

per

10.56

of extract,

cent,

and 4.4 per

catechu-tannic acid {Troc. B.S., N.S. W., 1887, p.

New 6.

cent,

of

8).

South Wales, Victoria, South and Western Australia.

Acacia Cvmninghami, Hook., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

407. " Bastard Myall " of

" Black Wattle."

Northern

New

South Wales,

" Kowarkul " of the Queensland aboriginals.

The

following

cent.; extract,

is

16.15

an analysis of PS'" cent.

this

bark

:

—Tannin, 9.13 per

{Queensland Comm., Col. and

Indian Exh., 1886.) Central 7.

New

South Wales

to Central

Acacia dealbata, Link., (Syn. A. Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 415.

Queensland. irrorata,

N.O.,

Sieb.);

" Silver Wattle."

An

excellent tanning material.

Museum

A

sample

in the

Techno-

Sydney contains 29.25 per cent, of tannin. Mr. Thomas, of Adelaide. Some specimens by was analysis The Bombala, N.S.W., yielded the author 29.86 near Quiedong, from logical

of

percent, of extract, and 21.22 percent, of catechu-tannic acid. {Proc. R.S.,

N.S. W., 1887,

p. 92.)

The bark of this

tree

is

much

thinner and inferior to the Black Wattle {A. decurrens, var. mollisima), in quality.

This

tree

is

It

is

chiefly

employed

for

lighter

leather.

distinguished from the Black Wattle by the silvery, or

TANS.

307

ashy hue of Us young foliage.

rather,

ripening

its

blossoms

seeds in about

flowers early in spring,

It

months, while the Black Wattle

five

beginning of summer, and

late in spring, or at the

seeds do not mature before about fourteen months.

New

South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania,

its

(Mueller.)

South Wales and

Queensland.

8.

Willd.,-

Acacia decurrens, " Green Wattle

" of

Wattle" and "Silver

Wattle" of

aboriginals of the counties of

The

N.O., Leguminosas, B.Fl.,

the older colonists of the

New

colonists.

It is

" Wat-tah "

of

the

following analysis of this bark was given by the Queens-

—Tannin,

grows

214.

" Black

Cumberland and Camden (New South Wales),

land Commissioners at the Colonial and

1886:

ii.,

South Wales.

Indian Exhibition of

15.08 per cent.; extract, 26.78 per cent.

an important tan-bark

in

most of the colonies, and as

in the poorest soils (almost pure sand) every

should be given to

its

A

cultivation.

specimen

of

this

bark from

Ryde, near Sydney, yielded the author 48.74 per cent, of

and 32.33 per

cent, of catechu-tannic acid.

it

encouragement

extract,

{Proc. R.S., N.S. W.,

1887, p. 93.)

This Acacia extensive

is

being grown successfully on a somewhat

scale at Coonoor, in India.

Ootacamund, but does not bear

It

thrives pretty well

at

fruit there.

New

South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania,

South Wales and

Southern Queensland.

9-

Acacia decurrens, van mollis,

Wnid.,

Willd.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., " Black Wattle

"Garrong"

Wattle."

worup

"

"

by those

of the older of

some

New

ii.,

(Syn.

415,

South Wales

aboriginals

at the aboriginal station,

of

A. molHssima,

colonists.

Victoria,

" Silver

and " Warra-

Coranderrk.

Since the subjoined was written, Baron Mueller has again

conceded

specific

rank

of the

bark ranges generally from ^^8

averages about ;^5 per ton.

have shown, in

its

"The

to this so-called variety.

in tannin, renders this tree highly important.

It

to

bark, rich

The English

j^ii.

varies, so far as

price

In Melbourne

my

it

experiments

tannin, from 30 to 54 per cent, {sic) in bark

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

308

less,

In commercial bark the percentage

dried.

artificially

what

according to the state of

whereas

leather,

same

results

—

but the tanning principle of both

;

some-

is

retains about lo

it

ilb.

of

English oak bark are requisite for the

of

5 lbs.

dryness

Black Wattle Bark gives

i^lb. of

per cent, of moisture,

its

is

not absolutely

Melbourne tanners consider a ton of Black Wattle Bark

identical.

sufficient to tan 25 to

30 hides

;

is

it

best adapted for sole leather,

and other so-called heavy goods. The leather is fully as durable Bark as that tanned with oak bark, and nearly as good in colour. power lo

carefully stored for a season improves in tanning

From experiments made

per cent.

difference exists

it

percentage of tannin in

in the

Wattle Barks,

As

whether obtained in the dry or in the wet season. 1823 a

extract of

fluid

Bark was shipped

Wattle

to 15

appears that no appreciable

far to

back as

London,

fetching then the extraordinary price of ;^50 per ton, one ton of

bark yielding 4cwt. of extract of saving

Wattle

much

per

lb.,

to

warm

Seeds

bare, barren,

most remuneratively sown with

the return would be in from five to ten years.

which supply also the best

Mr. Dickinson

bark.

Any

water before sowing.

states

quality, yield as

much

that he has seen

at

50,000 seeds;

to

retain their vitality for several years.

unutilised place might be ;

Black

Seeds can be obtained in Sydney or Melbourne,

should be soaked in

trees,

(Simmonds), thus

cultivation of the

which quantity contains from 30,000

known

they are

Wattle

The

extremely easy, being effected by sowing, either broadcast

is

or in rows. 5s.

tar consistence

and cartage.

freight

this

Full-grown as icwt. of

locwt. of bark

obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions at Southport,

Queensland. tree at

A

quarter of a ton of bark was obtained from

Tambo, Queensland, without

height of this tree was sixty

feet,

stripping

all

the limbs.

and the stem two

feet in

The

rate of

It is

content with the poorest and driest, or sandy

in

more

growth

fertile

is

ground

one

The

diameter

about one inch in diameter of stem annually^

its

growth

is

more

rapid.

soils,

although

(Mueller, Select

Extra-tropical Plants.) Eastern South Australia, through Victoria and

Wales in

to

Southern Queensland.

Tasmania.

The

New

South

only form of this species

TANS. 10.

Acacia

falcata,

Mimosa

obliqiia,

"Hickory." aboriginals of

309

Wnid.,

(Syn.

A

Wendl.);

N.O

Leguminosse, B.FL,

,

" Wee-tjellan "

"Sally."

" Lignum-vitje."

Spreng.

plagiophylla,

ii.,

;

361. the

of

Cumberland and Camden (New South Wales).

Yields a good tanning bark. Central

11.

New

South Wales

to

Southern Queensland.

Acacia flavescens, ^. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, This bark contains 10.2 per

cent, of tannin.

ii.,

391.

(Staiger.)

Queensland.

12.

A.

chierascens,'^\^\i.;

binervis,

A *'

A. leucadendron, A. Cunn.; Mimosa

Wendl.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

" Myall,"

Wendl.;

Willd., (Syn. A. homomalla,

Acacia glaUCeSCSns,

" Brigalow,"

ii.,

91.

(For other vernacular names,

&c.

see

Timbers.")

Bark from near Bombala, N.S.W., yielded the author 14.29 per cent, of extract, and 8.10 per cent, of catechu-tannic acid. ij^roc.

R.S., N.S.W., 1887,

p. 91.)

The

leaves {loc. ciL, p. 260)

yielded 30.96 per cent, of extract, and 2.874 per cent, of tannic acid.

From

13-

Victoria to Queensland.

Acacia harpophylla, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

389" Brigalow."

This

tree yields a considerable

amount

of tan-bark.

Central Queensland.

14-

Acacia homalcphylla, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, ii-,

383-

" Narrow-leaved Yarran."

A

" Myall."

(Forother vernacular names,

see " Timbers.")

The bark from an

oldish tree has been

author, with the following result

tannic acid 9.06 per cent.

New

:

—Extract,

{Proc. R.S.,

South Wales and Queensland.

examined by the

21.51 per cent., and

N.S. W., 1887,

p. 189.)

3IO

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS. Acacia implexa, Benth., JM.O., Leguminosse,

15-

B.Fl.,

ii.,

389.

Yields a tan-bark.

New

Victoria,

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia leptocarpa, A. Cu?m., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

16.

ii.,

407.

The

following

an analysis of

is

cent.; extract, 26.41 per cent.

this

bark

:

—Tannin, 10.20 per

(Staiger.)

Northern Queensland.

Acacia

17-

Willd.,-

longifolia,

N.O.,

B.FL,

Leguminosse,

ii.,

397"

The bark

White Sallow."

of this tree

is

It is

used chiefly for sheepskins.

this

bark:

—Tannin,

(Staiger.)

A

" Golden Wattle."

only half as good as that of A. decurrens.

The

following

12.67 P^r cent.;

is

extract,

an analysis of

32.05

per cent.

specimen from Cambewarra, N.S.W., yielded the

author 30.35 per cent, of extract, and 18.93 per cent, of catechutannic acid. {a)

Other specimens

(Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 90.)

from Oatley's Grant, near Sydney, and

yielded the author

{loc.

{b)

Ryde, near Sydney,

190) 24.91 and 23.53 P^^ c&ni. of

ciL, p.

and 15.34 and 15.99 P^"^ cent, of tannic acid Both were from much younger trees than the

extract respectively, respectively.

specimens from Cambewarra.

The

leaves

{loc. cit. p.

260) yielded

21.55 per cent, of extract, and 1.932 per cent, of tannic acid.

South

Australia,

Tasmania,

Victoria,

New

South Wales,

Southern Queensland.

Acacia longifolia, wnid., var. Sophorae, (Syn., A. sophorce, R.Br.; Miviosa sophor(B,\jdSy\\^\ N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

18.

ii.,

398.

This bark as

it is

Ml. sails

is

used for tanning

W. Adam

informs

and nets with

articles

light skins in

comparatively weak in tannin

being pliable

me

this

that

it

Queensland, but

fetches but a low price.

Sydney fishermen often tan

bark, and are well pleased with

it,

their

the

after use.

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Southern Queensland.

New

Chiefly on the coast.

South Wales and

TANS.

311

Acacia melanoxylon, R-Br., (Syn. A. arcuata, Sieb.); N.O.,

19-

Leguminosae, B.Fl., Variously

"

called

ii.,

388. " Black

" Lightwood,"

Blackwood,"

Sally,"

" Hickory," " Silver Wattle."

The bark

wood has been obtained from

The

rich

be

bark

however,

is,

left unutilised,

ficed for the

gone

of this highly valuable timber has usually

waste, after the splendid

in tannic

though no trees of

acid,

and ought not

this species

sake of their bark alone.

to

the logs. to

should be sacri-

(Mueller.)

A

sample

of

bark from Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W., yielded the author 20.63 per cent, of extract, and 11.12 per cent, of catechu-tannic (Proc. R.S.,

acid.

N.S.W., 1887,

p. 31.

p. 259) yielded 23.22 per cent, of extract,

The

leaves C/^f.

and 3.382 per

cit.,

cent, of

tannic acid. All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

20.

Acacia

neriifolia,

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

363. " Black Wattle."

The

following analysis of the bark

is

given by the Queensland

Commissioners, Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886:

—Tannin,

13.91 per cent.; extract, 17.87 per cent.

Northern

21.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia Oswaldi, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., " Miljee."

The bark from an

oldish tree has been

author, with the following result acid, 9.72 per cent.

In

all

:

— Extract,

examined by the

20.7 per cent.

;

tannic

{Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 189.)

the colonies except Tasmania.

22. Acacia pendula, var. glabrata, B.F1.,

384.

ii.,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

ii.,

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

383. " Yarran."

Bark from

this

variety,

obtained from near Hay, N.S.W.,

yielded the author 17.91 per cent, of extract, and 7.15 per cent. of catechu-tannic acid.

New

{Proc. R.S.,

N.S.W.

South Wales and Queensland.

1887, p. 89.)

-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

312 23.

Acacia penninervis, Leguminosas, B.FL,

Sieb., (Syn.

"Blackwood."

"Hickory"

Called

ii.,

A. impressa, Lindl.); N.O.,

362, in the

Braidwood

New

district of

South Wales.

The bark

contains 17.9 per cent, of tannic acid, and 3.8 per

The

(Mueller.)

cent, of gallic acid.

following analysis

is

given

by the Queensland Commissioners, Colonial and Indian Exhibi1886

tion,

:

—Tannin,

14.49 per cent.

33.06 per cent.

extract,

;

Specimens from Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W., yielded the author {a) from the bark of the twigs, 22.88 per cent, of extract,

and 16.24 per

cent, of catechu-tannic acid; {b)

from the bark of

the trunk, 45.5 per cent, of extract, and 16.96 per cent, of catechu-

Tasmania, Victoria, 24.

Acacia

N.S. W. 1887, p. 30.) South Wales and Queensland.

{Proc. R.S.,

tannic acid.

New

podaljrrisefolia,

A. Caleyi, A. Cunn.)

;

A. Ctt««., (Syn. A. FraseH, Hook.; N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

374.

" Silver Wattle."

The bark is used in tanning, giving a light colour to leather. The following analysis is given by the Queensland Commissioners, Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886

:

—Tannin,

12.40

per cent.; extract, 29.50 per cent. Northern^ 25.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia polystachya, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

407.

The cent.

following

is

an analysis of

this

bark

:

—Tannin, 7.59

per

(Staiger.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 26.

Acacia pycnantha, Benth., (Syn. A. petiolaris, Lehm. N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, ii., 365.

falcinella, Meissn.)

" Black, Green, or Golden Wattle." of the aboriginals of

One

Lake Hindmarsh

according

which

" Broad-leaf Wattle."

to

Museum

contains

33.5

A

maximum

" Witch"

sample

in

per cent, of tannin,

an analysis by Mr. Thomas, of Adelaide.

attains a

A.

Station (Victoria).

of the richest tanning barks in the world.

the Technological

;

;

height of about thirty

feet, is

This

tree,

second per-

TANS. haps only bark

;

to

313

A. decurrens in importance for

the quality of the latter

its

yield

of the Black Wattle {A. decurrens^ var, mollissimd), but less, as the tree is

of tanner's

even sometimes superior

is

smaller and the bark thinner.

growth, content with almost any

soil,

but

is

its

It is

to that

yield is of rapid

generally found

in

poor sandy ground near the sea-coast, and thus also important for binding rolling sand.

(Mueller, Select Extra-tropical Plants.)

Flora of South Australia^ by J. E. Brown, are some very interesting analyses of the bark of this tree In part

iii.

of the Forest

by Mr. G. A. Goyder, Superintendent tory at Adelaide. all

The

South Australian.

table

is

of the

Crown Lands Labora-

given herewith.

The

localities are

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

314

Acacia rigens, A. Cunn., (Syn. A. chordophylla, N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl., ii., 337.

28.

P'.v.M.)

" Nealie," or " Needle Bush."

Bark from an old

tree,

from near Hay, N.S.W., yielded the

author 19.05 per cent, of extract, and 6.26 per cent, of catechu(Proc. R.S., N.S, W., 1887, p. 88.)

tannic acid.

New

South Australia, Victoria and 29.

South Wales.

Acacia salicina, Lindl., (Syn. A. Ugulata, A. Cunn.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, ii., 367. "

Cooba," or

An

"

Koubah."

" Native Willow."

'*

Motherumba."

excellent tan-bark.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 30.

Acacia Benth B.Fl.,

saligna, ;

Mimosa

ii.,

364.

Benth. non saligna,

In South-west Australia It

it is

Wend/., Labill.)

;

(Syn. A. leiophylla,

N.O.,

Leguminosse,

the principal source of tan-bark.

contains nearly 30 per cent, of tannin.

Western Australia. 31.

Acacia

sentis,

F.v.M.,

Leguminosse, B.FL,

A

specimen of

A.

Victoria, Benth.); N.O.,

360.

bark from Ivanhoe, N.S.W., yielded the

18.02 per cent, of extract, and catechu-tannic acid

author

per cent.

In

32.

ii.,

(Syn.

all

6.32

{Froc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 29.) the colonies except Tasmania.

Acacia SUbporosa, F.V.M., supporosa in MuelL, Fragm., N.O., Leguminos«, B.FL, ii., 382. 5

iv.,

;

This bark yielded tannic acid 6.6 per 1.2

per cent.

and

gallic acid

(?>Iueller.)

Victoria and

33-

cent.,

New

South Wales.

Acacia vestita, Ker, N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

Bark from near Bombala, N.S.W.,

ii.,

375.

yielded' the author 50.82

per cent, of extract, and 27.96 per cent, of catechu-tannic acid {Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 89).

The

leaves {loc.

cit. p.

258)

^

;;

TANS.

315

yielded 40.18 per cent, of extract, and 15.18 per cent, of tannic acid.

New

Southern

South Wales and Northern Victoria.

34. Albizzia lophantha, Benth., (Syn. Acacia lophatttha, Willd.

Mimosa

Vent, non, Cav.

dislachya.

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

The bark tree

is

ii.,

;

M.

elegans, Andr.)

421.

naturalised

on the

Nilgiris.

This

(Mueller.)

contains 8 per cent, of tannin.

(Beddome, Flora Sylvatica of

Southern India

Western Australia. 35-

Alphitonia excelsa, Reissek, (Syn. Colubrina exceha, Fenzl.); N.O., Rhamneae, B.FL, "

Red Ash."

414.

i.,

" Mountain Ash."

(For aboriginal

" Leather -jacket."

names, see " Timbers.")

The bark

New 36.

of this tree

occasionally used for tanning.

is

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia,

Atherosperma moschata,

Labill., N.O., Monimiacese, B.FL,

284.

v.,

" Sassafras."

From prepared.

the bark of this tree the following tannic acid It

may be

only possesses scientific interest.

Atherosperma Tannin.

Precipitate the decoction of the bark

with acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid, precipitate the filtrate

in water

by ammonia, decompose the precipitate suspended

by hydrogen sulphide, and evaporate the

yellow liquid of faintly acid and astringent taste salts.

filtrate. it

It

is

a

greens ferric

(Mueller.)

Tasmania, Victoria and Southern 37-

;

New

South Wales.

Banksia integrifolia, Linn., fil., (Syn. B. spicata,^^.^^^.; B. olei/olia, Cav. B. viacrophylla, Link.; B. compar, R.Br.); ;

N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL, " Coast

Honeysuckle."

"

v.,

554.

Beef-wood."

(For aboriginal names, see

" Timbers.")

The bark

of this

used for tanning.

and other species of Banksia are occasionally

The

author has analysed a sample of this bark.

;;

AUSTRALIAN. NATIVE PLANTS.

3l6 obtained

from the neighbourhood

of

10.825 per cent, of tannic acid, with

Sydney, and has found per cent, of extract.

14.2

N.S.W., 1887, p. 203.) Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.

(Proc. U.S.,

38.

Banksia serrata, Ltnn., /., (Syn. B. conchifera, Gaertn.; B. mills, Knight; B. dentala, Wendl.; B. media, Hook, f.,

non R.Br.); N.O.,

Proteaceae, B.Fl., v., 556. Formerly called " Wattung-urree " by the aboriginals

" Honeysuckle." of

Cumberland and Camden (New South Wales).

The bark

of this tree

has yielded nearly

tannic acid, and .7 per cent, of gallic acid.

has examined a sample of bark of

neighbourhood of a very

of

Sydney.

The

author

species obtained in the

found 27.38 per

less

per cent, of

cent, of extract,

than 23.25 per cent, of tannic

(Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 204.)

acid.

Tasmania, Victoria and

39-

He

deep colour, and no

this

10.8

(Mueller.)

New

South Wales.

Bruguiera Eheedii, Blume, (Syn. B, australis, A. Cunn. B. Rumphii, Blume); N.O., Rhizophoreae, B.FL, ii., 494.

B. Rheedi and B. gymnorrhiza "

Red Mangrove."

The

following

cent.; extract,

is

'*

an analysis

of this bark

37.91 per cent.

gave 18.2 per cent, of tannin.

are united

by some authors.

" of the Queensland aboriginals.

Kowinka

—Tannin, 19.48 per

Another experiment

(Staiger.) It is

:

used for tanning chiefly in

India.

Queensland and North Australia.

40. CaSTiarina

glauca, Sieb., (Syn. C. toruhsa, Miq. non Ait.)

N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

196.

" Belar," " Billa," or " Bull Oak."

(For other vernacular names, see

" Timbers.")

The

author e.xamined a specimen of bark

brought from Ivanhoe, cent, of extract,

New

South Wales.

and 11.58 per

It

of

this

species

contained 17.2 per

cent, of tannic acid.

{Proc. R.S.,

1887, p. 205.)

South Australia, Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

—

TANS. 41- CaSTiarina

Miq.

" Forest Oak."

"

the

following

(Syn.

names

colonial

Swamp Oak."

" Dahl-wah "

Beef-wood."

The

Dietr.,

C. leptodada,

C. mcBsia, F.v.M.); N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.,

;

This tree has

*'

and

Otto

SUberOSa,

317

:

—" Erect

vi.,

197.

She-Oak."

" Shingle Oak."

" River Black Oak."

an aboriginal name.

is

barks of Casuartnas are more or less astringent, and

are occasionally used for tanning. availed of for medicinal purposes,

Tasmania, Victoria,

New

In India this astringency

and

is

less frequently in Australia,

South Wales and Queensland.

42. Cedrela tOOna, Boxb., (Syn. Cedrela australis, F.v.M.); N.O.,

Meliaceae, B.FL,

Ordinary

"

i.,

C. australis in Muell. Cens., p. 9.

386.

(For aboriginal names, see " Timbers.")

Red Cedar."

This bark contains a considerable quantity of tannin, which produces a purplish leather.

(Fawcett.)

It

occasionally used

is

for tanning in India.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

43- Elseocarpus grandis, F.v.M.,- N.O., Tiliacese, B.Fl., i., 281. " Blue Fig." " Brisbane Quandong" (owing to the blue fruits being eaten by children and aboriginals).

By

the latter

is

it

frequently called

" Calhun,"or " Callangun."

The

author has examined this bark for tannic acid.

R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 182.)

That yielded by a

Sydney gave 21.566 per

cent, of extract to water,

cent, of tannic acid.

will

It

be interesting

to

and 10.28 per

compare the per-

centages of tannic acid found by Mr. Skey in two species of this genus.

E. dentatus, Vahl.

("

(JProc.

tree cultivated in

Hinau

New "),

Zealand

gave 21.8

per cent., and E. Hookeriamis, Raoul, 9.8 per cent.

Northern 44-

New

Eremophila

South Wales and Queensland.

longifolia,

F.v.M. (Syn., Stenochilus

R.Br.; S. salicinus, Benth.;

Myoporineae, B.Fl., "

Emu

species.

v.,

.S.

longifolius,

puhiflorus^ Benth.);

N.O.^

23.

Bush," owing to emus feeding on the seeds of

this

and other

" Berrigan " of the aboriginals.

The

author has examined the leaves and bark of this small

tree for tannic acid, with

per cent,

of tannic acid,

the following results

and 42.92 per

:

Leaves, 9.705

cent, of extract;

Bark,

S

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

31

5.107 per cent, of tannic acid, and

19.11

per cent, of extract.

(Froc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 199.) In

45-

all

the colonies except Tasmania.

Eremophila OppOSitifolia, R- Br., (Syn. E. arborescens, Eremodendron CunE. Cunninghamii, R.Br. A. Cunn. ;

;

iiinghamii, A.

DC);

N.O., Myoporinae, B.Fl., "

The

Emu

v.,

20.

Bush."

bruised leaves of this plant are used by the aboriginals

in the Western District for tanning wallaby and other skins used

by them

for carrying water.

Probably other species of Eremophila

same purpose.

are used for the

South Australia, Victoria and

46.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus spp, Not only the bark, but also the leaves of Eucalypti contain a

peculiar variety of tannin, different in

compared with

its

action

the tannic acid of Acacias

on the

and other

yet valuable as an adjunct to other tanning materials.

ments showed

that about four

salts of iron,

weeks were required

plants, but

Our experito effect the

tanning of cow-hides, by simple immersion in the tan-liquor as obtained by

decoction,

without addition

other

of

substances,

whether leaves or bark were employed, except in the case of E. Gunnii, the tanning process with that species being completed in

two weeks, and with E. goniocalyx

in three weeks.

The

leather

obtained from leaves of E. Leucoxylon was grey-brown, hard and

tough

;

flexible

that ;

from the bark

that

of

E. Gunnii light-brown, and rather

from bark of E. viminalis, E. goniocalyx, and E.

atnygdalina, reddish-brown and tough

;

that

E. macrorrhyncha and E. melliodora darker preceding three colour.

47-

;

that

from the bark

still

of

than that of the

from the bark of E. obliqua red-brown in

(Mueller, Eucalyplographia.)

Eucalyptus acmenioides, Schauer, (Syn. E, pilularis acmenioides,

B.FL,

iii.,

Benth.

208.

;

E. trianthos, Link)

;

var.

(.?)

N.O., Myrtaceae,

TANS.

319

White Mahogany " of New the aboriginals of the Richmond River

" Stringybark" of Central Queensland. " Jundera " of

South Wales.

"

(New South Wales). This bark

New

is

said to

be occasionally used

for tanning.

South Wales and South Queensland, but not

Eucalyptus amygdalina, LabUl, N.O.,

48.

iii.,

"

far inland.

Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

202. " Peppermint,"

Messmate,"

"

Mountain

Ash."

(For

other ver-

nacular names, see " Timbers.")

This bark contains from 3.22 tannic acid. ("

Ribbon

to

(Mueller and Hoffmann.)

Gum

")

3.40 per cent, of kino-

The

leaves of a variety

New

from Nelligen, Clyde River,

yielded the author 32.13 per cent, of extract, and of tannic acid.

from Bombala, extract,

The

leaves of another variety

in the

and 8.75 per

same

colony, yielded

cent, of tannic acid.

South Wales,

1.815 per cent, ("

Peppermint

")

44.24 per cent, of

(Proc. P.S.,

N.S.W.,

1887, p. 262-3.)

Tasmania, Victoria and

Eucalyptus Baileyana,

49-

Fragm.,

New

South Wales.

F.v.M.,

N.O.,

Myrtaceae,

F.v.lM.,

xi.

" Rough Stringy-bark."

A

tan-bark occasionally used.

Near Brisbane (Queensland).

50.

Eucalyptus COrymbosa, Smith, {^yn.Metrosideros gummifera, Soland.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, iii., 256. "

Bloodwood."

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Baron Mueller records 2.7 as the percentage obtained in a specimen of this bark.

The

of tannic acid

author obtained 5.85

per cent, of tannic acid, and 12.16 per cent, of extract in a sample of bark of this species obtained

Wales. p.

from Cambewarra,

{Proc. R.S.. N.S. W., 1887, p. 196.)

273) yielded 36.72

per cent, of extract,

The

to

South cit.

18.377 per cent, of

tannic acid.

From New South Wales

New

leaves (loc.

Northern Australia.

;

320

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

51-

Eucalyptus COSmophylla, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

225.

The

ordinarily dry leaves gave 13 per cent, of tannin accord-

ing to a solitary experiment;

equal to nearly 15 per cent, in

(Mueller and Rummel.)

absolutely dry leaves.

South Australia.

52.

Eucalyptus doratoxylon, F.v.M.; N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FI.,

iii.,

249. " Spearwood."

Mueller and

Rummel

obtained 7.01 per cent, of tannic acid in

the dried leaves.

Western Australia.

53-

Eucalyptus globulus, Lahill; N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

225. " Blue Gum." synonyms, see " Timbers.")

The well-known

(For other

vernacular names

This bark contains 4.84 per cent, of kino-tannic acid.

and Hoffmann.)

(Mueller

Count Maillard de Marafy has suggested

the leaves of this species can be used as a substitute for

and

that

Sumach.

" Leaves of E. globulus, taken from a plantation near Alexandria,

and pulverised the

like

Sumach, when used upon cotton and wool

same proportion

black that

left

as the best Sicilian

nothing

to

be desired."

Tasmania, Victoria and Southern

54.

in

Sumach, gave an intense

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F.v.M.; (Syn., E. elaeophora, F.v.M.) N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., " Spotted

Gum."

iii.,

229.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

This bark contains 4.12

to 4.62 per cent, of kino-tannic acid.

(Mueller and Hoffmann.) Victoria and

55-

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Gunnii, Hook. /., {Syn. E. ligusirtna,M\({.; E. acervula. Hook, f.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 246. " Cider

" Timbers.")

Gum "

(of

Tasmania),

(For other vernacular names, see

—

;

TANS.

The bark

contained 3.44 per cent, of tannin as the result of

one experiment.

The

(Mueller.)

"

(<5)

author has examined the barks

(a) "

of two varieties of this species

Gum," and

321

Red Gum."

Gum "

Flooded

or " Bastard

Both are from near Bombala,

N.S.W., the former yielded 19.4 per cent, of

extract,

and 9.45

per cent, of kino-tannic acid, while the latter yielded

20.84 per

cent, of extract,

and 11.35 P^r

U.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 86.)

of kino-tannic acid.

cent,

Leaves {he.

cit.,

{Proc.

272-3) yielded {a)

41.08 per cent, of extract, and 8.28 per cent, of tannic acid; {b) 40.61 per cent, of extract,

and 16.59 V^^

cent, of tannic acid.

Tasmania, the extreme south-eastern portion of South Australia,

thence to Gippsland and into

New

South Wales as

far as

Berrima. 56.

Eucalyptus hsemastoma, Smith, (Syn. E. dgnata, F.v.M. E. falcifolia, Miq. and incl. E. micrantha, DC.) ; N.O., ;

Myrtacese, B.Fl., " Scribbly

Gum."

This bark

is

iii.,

212.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

occasionally used for tanning.

Leaves of

species yielded the author 47.19 per cent, of extract, and

per cent, of kino-tannic acid. {Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, Illawarra

57-

(New South Wales)

to

this

11.27

p. 267.)

Wide Bay (Queensland).

Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F.v.M., (Syn. E. albens, Miq.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL, iii., 216. "

Gum-topped Box."

One

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

of the barks occasionally

Eastern South Australia,

used for tanning by

Victoria,

New

settlers.

South Wales and

Southern Queensland. 58.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, F.v.M., Cunn.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL,

" Ironbark."

209.

(For the other numerous vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

The bark (Mueller.)

E. sideroxylon, A.

(Syn. iii.,

of this tree contains 21.94 per cent, of tannic acid.

It is

hence useful as a tanning material, but only for

inferior leather, as the extractive substance of the

dark coloration, and also seems

The Sydney Y

to

bark imparts a

impair the tanning process.

fishermen sometimes tan their

sails

and

nets with

it,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

322

but they then become dark-coloured and hard. " yielded 9^

The

dried leaves

(Mueller and Rummel.)

per cent, of tannic acid."

New

Spencer's Gulf (South Australia), through Victoria and

South Wales to Southern Queensland.

F.v.M., (Syn.

macrorrhyncha,

59. Eucaljrptus

Miq.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " Stringybark."

E. acervuia,

207.

iii.,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

This bark contains ir.12 (Mueller and Hoffman.)

to 13.41 per cent, of kino-tannic acid.

The

leaves have been

examined by the

author, and found to yield 40.18 per cent, of extract, and

per cent, of tannic acid. Victoria

60.

and

New

(Proc R.S., N.S.W., 1887,

South Wales.

Eucalyptus maCUlata, Hook.

E.

/.,

(Syn.

E. variegata, F.v.M.

peltata, Benth.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " Spotted

A

10.13

p. 265.)

iii.,

254 and 258.

Gum."

The

tan-bark, occasionally employed.

author obtained

9.74 per cent, of tannic acid, and 20.865 per cent, of extract from

a sample of this bark obtained from

Wales.

{Proc. P.S., N.S. W. 196.)

yielded 28.32

Cambewarra,

The

leaves

New

{loc. cii.,

South

p. 274)

per cent, of extract, and 5.263 per cent, of tannic

acid.

Port Jackson to Central Queensland.

61.

Eucalyptus melliodora, ^. Ctmn., {Syn. E. pateniiflora,U\(l.,

non F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " Yellow Box."

This

bark

(Mueller and

210.

iii.,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

contains

4.03

Hoffmann.)

per

cent,

Leaves of

this

of

kino-tannic

species

acid.

yielded the

author 49.8 per cent, of extract, and 7.89 per cent, of tannic acid. {Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 266.) Victoria,

62.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Eucalyptus microcorys, F.v.M.,- N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, 212.

"Tallow-wood."

"Turpentine."

"Tee."

iii.,

TANS.

A

settlers'

323

tan-bark.

Northern coast

of

districts

New

South Wales,

to

Cleveland

Bay, Queensland.

63.

Eucalyptus obliqua, LHirit., (Syn., E. giganfea, Hook, f.; E. falcifolia, Miq., (partly); E. nervosa F.v.M. and incl. ;

E. heterophylla, Miq.)

A

iii.,

204.

contains only from 2.5 to 4.19 per cent, of kino-

Leaves of

(Mueller.)

tannin.

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

"Stringybark."

The bark

;

this

from Cambewarra,

species,

New

South Wales, yielded the author 41.13 per cent, of extract,

and

17.2 per cent, of tannic acid.

(Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887,

p. 264.)

Southern

New

South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South

Australia.

64.

Eucalyptus Odorata, Behr, (Syn., E. porosa, Miq.; E. cajtiputea, Miq.); N.O., Myrtaces, B.FL, iii., 125. "White Box." (For other vernacular names, see "Timbers.") Leaves from a variety of

Eden,

New

and 6.775 P^r

extract,

this

species,

obtained from near

South Wales, yielded the author 40.19 per cent, of cent,

of kino-tannic acid,

(Proc. R.S.,

.Y.S.W., 1887., 268.)

South Australia, Victoria and

65.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus piperita, Sm'/k, (Syn. E. acervula, Myrtacese, B.Fl., " Peppermint."

Leaves from

iii.,

New

extract,

known

as "

cent,

New

Messmate" and Brooman, Clyde

of kino-tannic

acid.

{Proc. R.S.,

South Wales and Queensland.

66. Eucalyptus polyanthema,

"

at

265.)

Victoria,

iii.,

N.O.,

South Wales, yielded the author 34.08 per cent, of

and 12.59 per

N.S.W.,^.

;

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

this species, locally

" Narrow " or "Almond-leaved Stringybark," River,

Sieb.)

207.

Schauer,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

213.

Box."

(For synonyms and vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

324 This

bark

contains

3.97

Hoffmann.)

(Mueller and

per cent,

Leaves of

author 29.69 per cent, of extract, and 1.881 {Proc. F.S.,

acid.

Victoria and

67.

N.S. W., 1887,

New

kino-tannic

of

this

acid.

species yielded

the

per cent, of tannic

p. 267.)

South Wales.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith, (Syn. E. spedabiUs, F.v.M. ; E. pellita, F.V.M. E. Kirtontana, F.v.M. E. hemilampray ;

F.v.M.) "

Red

;

;

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

" or " Forest

Mahogany."

iii.,

245.

(For other vernacular names, see

"Timbers.")

Used occasionally as a tan-bark. New South Wales and Queensland. 68.

Eucalyptus

Smith, (Syn. E. rostrata,

robusta,

Schlecht.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " White," or "

Swamp Mahogany."

iii.,

Cav. non

228.

(For other vernacular names, see

" Timbers.")

Leaves of

New

this species,

obtained from Brooman, Clyde River,

South Wales, yielded the author 34.7 per cent, of extract, cent, of kino-tannic acid.

and 12.069 per

{Proc. R.S.,

N.S.W.y

1887, p. 269.)

New 69.

South Wales. Schlecht., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

Eucalyptus rostrata,

iii.,

240. "

(For synonyms and vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Red Gum."

Some

insect galls

from saplings, causing the abortion of

buds and flower-buds, have been examined by the author. were more or

less perforate,

cases taken

departure.

its

and pulverulent.

The

and 43.4 per

perfect insect having in

They were more

most

or less weather-worn

colour yellowish to a dirty yellowish-brown.

Average diameter about i extract,

the

leaf-

They

in.

They

yielded 70.22 per cent, of

cent, of tannic acid.

(Proc. R.S., N.S. W.,.

1887, p. 85.)

Baron Mueller gives the percentage at 8.22.

Leaves of

this

of tannic acid in the

species yielded the author

bark

(loc. cit.,

p.

271), 40.8 per cent, of extract, and 6.62 per cent, of kino-tannic

TANS.

325

These leaves were previously dried

acid.

Rummel found

Mueller and

" fresh leaves."

100°

at

C,

as usual.

4.68 per cent of tannic acid in the

Making allowance

for moisture, the results closely

approximate. In 70.

all

the colonies.

Eucalyptus Siderophloia, Benth., (Syn. E. resini/era, A. Cunn., non Smith; E. persicifolia, DC; and prob. E. fibrosa, F.v.M.) " Ironbark."

;

N.O., Myrtace», B.Fl.,

This bark, which contains more or through

occasionally used for

is

it,

220.

iii.,

(For other vernacular names, see "Timbers.")

Sydney fishermen use

it

less

tanning their

for

kino disseminated

Sometimes the

tanning.

and

sails

nets,

but

it

discolours them.

At

p.

differs

1887) the author describes

193 {Proc. R.S., N.S.W.,

an examination from

of the

bark of a sapling of

this species.

The bark

39, see "Kinos"), in

that described {loc. ciL, p.

containing but traces of kino visible to the naked eye, and consisting of the will

whole thickness

of the bark.

The complete

difference

be apparent from the following description of the bark now

referred

It

to.

so, in fact,

reminds the author very strongly of virgin cork, more

than any other specimen of Eucalyptus bark examined

by him up

the

to

present time.

It

is

deeply

fissured,

light

(though not quite so light as cork bark), and these particular

specimens certainly might be used as

fishermen's nets.

floats for

It is

very soft and elastic, and can easily be indented, and even

torn

away by the

Its outer surface

barks, though

it

finger-nail.

possesses

Prevailing colour, light grey. able,

and about an inch

of extract,

and 6.702 per

yielded (loc.

cit.,

In a word,

it is

simply inferior cork.

has nothing of the hardness characteristic of Irontheir

rugged, furrowed appearance.

The corky

in thickness.

portion It

is

readily detach-

yields 14.2 per cent,

cent, of kino-tannic acid.

Leaves of

this

p. 269) 22.93 per cent, of extract, and 5.95 per

cent, of tannic acid.

Southern Queensland, south 71-

to Port

Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F.v.M. N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

202.

Jackson.

(Syn.,

E. virgata, Sieb.);

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

326 "

"

Mountain Ash."

Cabbage Gum."

(For other vernacular names,

see " Timbers.")

A

specimen

from near Braidwood, N.S.W., yielded

of kino

the author 95.04 per cent, of extract, and 36.96 per cent, of kino-

(Proc. R.S., N.S.W.,

tannic acid. {loc. cit., p.

1887, p.

37.)

The

leaves

262) yielded 32.31 per cent, of extract, and 2.389 per

cent, of tannic acid.

In

72.

all

the colonies except Queensland and Western Australia.

Eucalyptus

Stellulata, Sieb., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

" Box," " Black Sally," &c.

(For vernacular names and

iii.,

200.

botanical

synonyms, see "Timbers.")

A

specimen

of

bark from near Braidwood, N.S.W., examined

by the author, yielded 27.64 per cent, of

The

leaves {loc.

and 16.62 per

and 12.86 per 1887, p.

35.)

p. 261) yielded 42.14 percent, of extract,

cit.,

cent, of tannic acid.

Victoria and

73-

cent, of extract,

{Proc. R.S., N.S.W.,

kino-tannic acid.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F.v.M., (Syn. E. persici/olia, Miq., non Lodd.; E. Baueriana, non Schauer E.falcifolia, Miq.); ;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, " Woolly Butt." tree, see "

iii.,

243

(partly).

(For the numerous other vernacular names of this

Timbers.")

The bark

contains 4.6 per cent, of tannic acid, and .7 per cent,

of gallic acid (Mueller).

The

author obtained 5.25 per cent, of

tannic acid, and 15.39 P^^ cent, of extract in a sample from near

Bombala,

The

New

South Wales.

leaves yielded

and 10.158 per

(loc.

p.

N.S.W., 1887, 195.)

271) 42.74 per cent, of extract,

cent, of tannic acid.

Tasmania, Victoria,

74-

{Proc. P.S.,

cit.,

New

Eucalyptus viminalis,

South Wales and Queensland.

Labill.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

239"

Manna Gum."

"

Ribbony Gum."

(For other vernacular names, see

" Timbers.")

This bark contains 4.88

to 5.97

(Mueller and Hoffmann); the

latter

per cent, of kino-tannic acid

being obtained from the bark

TANS. young

of a

acid,

neighbourhood

author has found 7.504 per cent, of tannic

New

Leaves of

p. 194.)

South Wales.

Rummel found

Mueller and

{Proc. R.S.., .

this species yielded

270) 40.59 per cent, of extract, and

acid.

sample obtained from the

cent, of extract in a

Bombala,

of

N.S.W., 1887, p.

The

tree.

and 18.65 per

327

{loc.

cit.,

3.998 per cent, of tannic

3.47 per cent, in leaves of this

species.

South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and

75-

New

South Wales.

Eucryphia Moorei, F.v.M., N.O.,

Saxifragese, B.FI.,

" Acacia " of the colonists, as

in flower

when not

" Plum" of Southern

the larger species of that genus.

it

ii.,

447.

resembles some of

New

South Wales.

Called also " White Sally."

This bark has been

tried

by some

settlers

district as a tan, " with excellent results."

A

in the

specimen from

locality yielded the author 21.4 per cent, of extract,

{Proc R.S., N.S. W., 1887,

cent, of tannic acid.

Victoria and

76.

New

Eugenia Smithii, Sfni/At'i,

Spreng.;

Braidwood this

and 7.74 per

p. 34.)

South Wales.

E.

Poir., (Syn.

elUptica, Smith

Acmena Jlonbunda,

\a.r,

DC;

;

Myrtus

Syzygium

brachynemum, F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FI., iii., 283. is the common colonial name. " Tdjerail " and " Coochin-

" Lilly-pilly"

Coochin" are aboriginal names

in use in

New

South Wales and Queensland

respectively.

The bark

contains 16.9 per cent, of tannic acid, and 3.6 per (Mueller.)

cent, of gallic acid.

Victoria to Northern Australia.

77-

ExOCarpUS CUpreSSiformis, LabUl., (Syn. Leptomeria acerba, Sieb. non R.Br.); N.O., Santalaceae, B.FI., vi., 229. " Native Cherry."

The

The specimen was

taken from a poor

cent, of tannic acid,

N.S.W., In

(For other vernacular names, see "Timbers.")

author has examined a specimen of bark from this species.

and 29.99

205.)

all

the colonies.

tree, yet

it

yielded 15.752 per

P^'' cent, of extract.

(Proc. JR.S.,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

328 78.

(Syn.

FusamiS aCUminatUS, S. Preissianum, Miq. B.Fl., "

vi.,

215.

Quandong."

(6*.

;

.S".

Santalum acuminatum, A. DC.

cognatum, Miq.)

acuminatum

N.O., Santalaceae,

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

of this species obtained

Bark

;

in Muell., Cens., p. 64.)

from near Hay, N.S.W., yielded

the author 39.46 per cent, of extract, and 18.84 per cent, of tannic

{Proc. R.S., N.S. W., 1887, p. 94.)

acid.

In

the colonies except Tasmania.

all

P.Br., (Syn. G.

-79. Grevillea striata,

Proteaceae, B.FL,

v.,

Umata,

R.Br.);

N.O.,

462. " Beef wood."

The extract,

author has obtained 22.02 per cent, of a dark-coloured

and 17.84 per

cent, of tannic acid

bark obtained from near the Darling River.

from a sample of (^Proc. R.S.,

this

N.S. W.,

1887, 202.)

In

80.

the colonies except Victoria and Tasmania.

all

Hakea

leUCOptera, R.Br., N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

" Needle," or " Pin Bush." "

Water Tree."

v.,

515.

(For botanical synonyms,

see " Timbers.")

The

of

extract,

and

tannic acid from a sample of

bark of

this

author has obtained

10.99 P^r ^^"^-

of

14.95 per cent,

species obtained from near Ivanhoe,

New

South Wales.

{Proc.

P.S.,N.S.IV., 1887,202.) South Australia, Victoria,

81.

NesodaphnG folia,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

(Syn. BeHschmiedia obtusi-

Obtusifolia, Benth.,

Benth.

et

Hook.;

N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl., Muell. Cens., p.

v.

Cryptocarya 299.

obtusifolia,

F.v.M.);

BeHschmiedia obtusifolia

in

3.

" Sassafras."

The

bark contains a tannin similar or identical with cinchona-

tannin, to the extent of 7^ per cent.

Northern

New

(Staiger.)

South Wales and Queensland.

TANS. 82.

Pittosporum undulatum,

329

Vent.,

N.O., Pittosporeae, B.Fl.

i.,

III. " Native Laurel."

"

Mock Orange."

yielded 1.2 percent. of tannic acid, and .7 per cent,

The bark

of gallic acid (Mueller).

Tasmania, Victoria,

83.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

PolygOimm plebejum, R.Br., N.O., Polygonaceae, B.FL,

v.

267.

A

species of

United this

common

Polygonum

The

States.

is

used for tanning purposes

in the

author was, therefore, induced to examine

Australian species of Polygonum.

The whole

plant,

except the root, was taken, and 28.11 percent, of extract obtained,

and

1 1.

19 per cent, of tannic acid.

{Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887,

200.)

In

84-

all

the colonies except Western Australia

and Tasmania.

Ehizophora mucronata, ^
The bark

of this

The following is an

85.

Deep Yellowr-wood."

i.,

(Syn.

R. elegans,

Hill);

cent.;

N.S.W., 1887.)

extract to water.

and 16.91 per that yielded

The

N.O.,

489.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

The bark was found

leaves yielded 32.2

cent, of tannic acid.

tree.

to contain

than 23.15 per cent, of tannic acid, and 44-79

P^"^

no

*^^"^- °^

per cent, of extract,

This percentage

is

lower than

by other species of Rhus producing the sumach of

commerce, but

as

R. rhodanthema leaves

light-coloured leather, they

New

in India.

—^Tannin, 28.85 per

author has examined the leaves and bark of this

{Proc. R.S., less

:

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Rhus rhodanthema, F.v.M.,

The

used for tanning

(Staiger.)

Anacardiaceae, B.Fl,, "

is

analysis of the bark

extract, 29.24 per cent.

New

mangrove

may

yet

come

South Wales and Queensland.

will

undoubtedly yield a

into

commerce.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

330

86. S3nicarpia Hillii, Bail.,

Queensland, " Turpentine

i.,

N.O., Myrtacese, Proc. Royal Soc,

86.

Tree" and

" Peebeen."

(Frazer's Island, North Queens-

land.)

The bark

contains 7.68 per cent, of tannin.

(Staiger.)

Queensland. 87. Tristania

COnferta,

R.Br., (Syn., T. su5verlici'lla/a, Wendl.;

T. macrophylla, A. Cunn.

;

Lophostemon arborescens, Schott.

L. macrophyllum, R.Br.); N.O., Myrtaceae, "

White

Box."

"Brisbane Box."

"

Red Box." "Mahogany." "

" Brush

Box."

Tubbil-pulla "

of

B.Fl.,

iii.,

" Bastard

New

is

Box."

some Queensland

aborigines.

This bark

263.

occasionally used for tanning.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

—

Timbers. The

timbers of Australia are the most valuable of

all

the un-

The indigenous trees are numerous, and individuals, but we must confess that

cultivated vegetable products.

both as regards species

our knowledge

regard

in

their timber lacks

to

To

precision.

reconcile the different conflicting statements in regard to certain

timbers will be the work of years, and can only be accomplished

by the generous co-operation At

New

as far as

least,

of people in all parts of the colonies.

South Wales

ventures to express the hope

may

is

concerned, the author

that dwellers in different parts of

it

favour him with small specimens, sufficient in size for critical

examination, of each timber in their neighbourhood, with samples of the bark, flower,

vernacular

employee

and

to

whom

and attached

fruit,

On

name.

most

stations

to

each parcel the local

there

an

is

intelligent

the task of getting together such specimens

could be entrusted.

Mr. William municated

to

Hogarth,

of

author

the

the

IMomba, Wilcannia, following

has

observation

com-

on

the

durability of timbers:

"In any

the IMulga where

while in

soon

damp

rots,

wherever a particular kind of tree pre-

locality,

dominates, that timber

will last

longest in the ground

Mulga predominates,

situations,

and Box

that

dry situations,

where " Box " predominates, the Mulga

lasts

longer in the ground.

{Casuarina) predominates, Mulga and Box

will

rot

Where Oak sooner than

Mr. Hogarth made these observations, having

Oak, and so on."

had many old fences

new ones he

— for instance,

in

is

acts

to

as

pull

much

down on

his run,

as possible

and

keeping

in putting

up

this in view.

These conclusions have been combated by some gentlemen from Western

New

South Wales

to

whom

author

the author broached the

The matter is, however, worthy of ventilation, and the would much like to receive communications on the subject

subject.

from various parts

of the colonies.

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

332

Seasoning of Timber.

hoped

It is

that the

The method timbers

The

Museum

Technological

the

in

as

is

on end, and the upper end, which

logs are stood to the

atmosphere,

soaked with boiled linseed

is

oil,

is

and

covered with white-lead of the consistency of cream one or

two days is

of service.

:

exposed this is

may be

the author has adopted for seasoning logs of

exhibition

for

follows

few notes which follow

The

after.

on the

other end of the log stands

floor,

and

not sealed up in any way, as this would prevent the moisture

Two

draining away or evaporating.

same diameter right angles,

means

and holes are bored

of nuts, each

iron bands are made, of the

The ends

as the log.

band

is

are free, are turned out at receive

to

tightened up as

By

a screw-bolt.

much

as possible,

having previously, by a few blows of the hammer, caused each

band

The

are tightened up.

eighteen months, so it,

it

Every few days the bands

of the log.

to follow the outline

author has only adopted this method for

would be premature

to say too

much

but up to the present he has no reason to suppose that

about it

will

not be effectual.

A ebony, all

similar plan

when

to

is

be adopted

immerse

it

in water as

it is

;

in the

soon as

it

is

felled for

if it

to eighteen

six

is,

somewhat expensive and

of course,

tedious,

should be considered out of the question to thus treat

the most valuable of our Eucalyptus timbers,

ornamental timbers would well trouble involved in treating

them

many

of our smaller

repay the moderate amount of in this way.

a matter of fact, the timbers in Australia rarely receive any

seasoning or care whatsoever.

appears in patches in a

forest,

Timber

of a particular

it is

is

After a tree

is

usually converted into

Seasoning

is,

kind often

and wherever convenient a sawpit

established in a position as central as possible.

delay.

splits like

then taken out, and the two ends are secured from

This method but even

felled,

it

The workmen

to the sun.

by iron rings and wedges.

splitting

As

Mauritius, where

beautifully sound, although

woods by neglectful exposure

other

months

seems

freshly cut,

sawn

stuff

with a

as a rule, never thought of,

minimum

of

though some go

TIMBERS.

333

SO far as to partially season by storage in sawdust from the pit,

while others sometimes adopt the water process.

The remarks

Mr. Shields {infra) are as true to-day as when

of

spoken twenty-five years

ago.

any immediate improvement

It

is,

however, not likely that

will take place

the

in

seasoning, for the reason that Australian hardwood the great bulk of the timber)

while the cost of labour

manipulating of seasoning

it,

is

cheap on account of

is

very great.

on account of

scale.

home

to our country sawyers that

more

attention should

at the proper season,

when

abundance, difficulty of

It

at

the sap

way

has not yet been brought

And

seasoning of timber will pay.

be paid than

i.e.,

its

Moreover, the

great weight, stands in the

its

on an extensive

it

matter of

(which forms

present to cutting the timber least active, a

is

time which

(within certain limits) can only be determined locally in each case.

Mr. Shields

stated,

from

was the custom

woods, that

it

timber as

grew, to convert

it

it

his experience in the use of Australian

in that

down

country to cut

and

into the required shape,

it

without any kind of seasoning or preparation.

It

the

use

to

was not

to

be

supposed that timber, under such conditions, would, when exposed to the

burning sun of India, endure for any long period.

believed that

when properly seasoned,

by the use

some simple means

of

as

all

He

timber required to be,

of preparation,

such as immersion

in water, or exposure, under cover from the sun, to a current of

air,

Australian timber would be found as durable as that of any other country, and he

equal to

it

knew

of

none

in

in strength or tenacity.

iron in textile strength,

subjected to

fair

any part of the world which was It

approached

inferior

and possessed excellent properties

treatment.

He

wrought if

it

was

thought more might be done with

Australian timber than had been the case hitherto, and he considered the use of

it

should not be abandoned without further

{Proc. Inst. C.E.,

trial.

The

258.)

author has compiled the few notes on seasoning which

follow, chiefly

(Rivingtons), their

xxii.,

from

N'otes

on Builditig

Construction,

Part

iii.

The Materials 0/ Engineerifig (Thurston), Sawmills^

Arrangement and Management (M. Powis Bale).

Natural or air seasoning should in

all

gives the best results.

cases be squared as soon as cut, and

The timber all

large logs

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

334

should be halved,

even

or

quartered.

It

then piled in the

is

seasoning yard in such a manner as to be protected as far as possible from the sun and rain.

may

circulate freely

log;

bad

on

(Thurston, op.

ventilation is sure to cause rot.

stacked in the open

air

(Bale.)

It

inclination.

Rankine

winds.

should be placed where the

It

should be arranged

it

should be sheltered,

states that natural

if

from high

possible,

seasoning to

If

cit.)

considerable

at a

timber for

fit

work usually occupies about two years;

carpenters'

air

not only of the pile, but of each

all sides,

for joiners'

work, about four years.

Hoi to

air seasoning

resorted to where

is

wood rapidly. The timber is piled The sap is expelled by a current

season

ovens.

temperature of 121°

to

C

149°*

for logs of

it

becomes necessary

in large

chambers or

of hot air having a

hardwood.

Seasoning by passing the smoke-laden products of combustion

from the furnace, directly through the

pile of

timber, has been

found not only a good method of seasoning, but also important

and useful preservative

]\IcNeile's process, consisting in

to

(Thurston,

effect.

have an op.

cil.)

exposing the wood to a moderate

heat in a moist atmosphere charged with the various gases produced

by the combustion

of fuel,

is

a modification of

this.

Different forms of apparatus for hot-air seasoning are either

described or figured

Rankine

materials. It

(or both)

sometimes convenient

is

to

about the boiler of the engine used Desiccation

applying

it

is

to large

method

timber

is

season timber by stacking

to drive

still

this

states

the expense of

wood

is

one

retain their original bulk, while those near

splits of

Desiccated timber should

Mr. Laslett

;

plan be applied to large logs,

the surface have a tendency to shrink, the

would be cracks and

more

consequence of which

or less depth."

not be exposed to

that during this process

damp

(Tredgold.) before

use.

ordinary woods

lose

and coloured woods become pale and wanting

their strength, lustre. *

it

machinery.

very great; moreover, " as if

constructive

of artificial seasoning.

useful only for small scantling

of the worst conductors of heat,

the interior fibres

most works on

in

calls this the best

The temperature

varies with different authorities.

in

TIMBERS. Water seasoning long time.

be used

It is

in this case,

and

damp

removed by

is

situations,

taken

injures the log along the water-line. dried, with free access of air,

and turned

entirely

is

usual in timber pond

is

It

rendered

is

elasticity are

timber

the

that

such as

sap,

Timber

cit.)

warp and crack, but

Partial immersion,

The

answers well.

it

purposes where strength and

must be

Care

submerged.

water for a

in

(Thurston, op.

solution.

less liable to

is

unfit for

required.

accomplished by immersoa

a slow and imperfect method, but for limber to

in water or in

thus seasoned brittle

is

335

s,

must then be carefully

Timber

daily.

that has

been saturated should be thoroughly dried before use; when taken from a pond, cut up and used wet, dry

rot

soon

Salt-

sets in.

water makes the wood harder, heavier, and more durable, but

it

should not be applied to timber for use in ordinary buildings,

because

gives

it

moisture

;

also,

if

the

wood a permanent tendency

salt-water

damage

exercised to prevent any

Two

borers. to

to

to

timber by

the

or three weeks' water-seasoning

attract

must be

be used, great watchfulness

salt-water

sometimes found

is

be a good preparation for air-seasoning, by dissolving out the soluble salts contained in the wood.

more

Steaming timber ployed.

It,

decay (as

it

is

(Thurston.)

a method of seasoning

however, impairs the strength, but is

it

considered by some to prevent dry

sometimes empreserves

from

as well as

rot),

from injury by warping or cracking. Boiling timber in water has

much the same

effect as steaming,

but objections to both processes are their cost, and their weakening effect

on the timber.

Seasoning by boiling in oil as in

making

kept

at,

is

resorted to for

teeth in mortice gears.

or somewhat under

121°

some purposes,

The temperature should be The wood should be

C.

seasoned in blocks roughed out to near the finishing

become not only

well

and uniformly seasoned,

the experiments of Mr. G.

(Thurston, op. It

is

H.

size,

as

but,

and they

shown by

Corliss, considerably strengthened.

cit.)

especially necessary that timber used

purposes should be thoroughly well seasoned, as that often, after very

little

use, the spokes

will

for it

wheelwright

will

be found

shake in their places,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

336

and the wheel almost

To

pieces.

fall to

In any case

time before finishing.

parts of the wheel should not

be put together before the wood has

to

what extent the method

Mr. T. Laslett objects seasoning

Some

(Bale.)

authorities

the boring of a hole through the centre of a log to

knows wheelwrights

seasoning, and the author

South Wales who regularly practice

though

for a

highly important that the

it is

agricultural implements, furniture, &c.

facilitate

them season

let

This remark applies equally well to

entirely ceased to shrink.

recommend

many good

obviate this,

makers block out the wheels roughly, and

Teak

with the view to

of ringbarking is all

whether to bring

but universal in Australia,

timbers,

adopted he cannot say.

is

to ringbarking

and inasmuch as the practice

it,

New

in

with Eucalyptus

it

cultivation or pasture, or to utilize the timber,

under

land

the

be well

will

it

to

consider his observations on the effect of the practice as regards the quality of the timber.

"

II is

Burmah

the practice in

years before they intend to

trees three

The

it

This, and the great heat of the climate combined,

stands.

seasons the wood, and renders the log

would have a

move

specific gravity of at least i.ooo,

felled

if

—which

—

so

much

lighter

that

it

in

green

its

and be

practice of girdling

difllicult

and leads frequently ;

further,

the limit of

its

it

is

in

however,

method

it

is

the

of great importance.

Annamallay

method

unsettled. of

.

treating

forests

Girdling

Malabar,

of

causes, or at least extends, the heart-

(Timber and Timber Trees, best

.

liable to

duration, which

under the impression that

The

.

inasmuch as the

to the loss of

has been discontinued

shake."

to

become brittle and inelastic, many fine trees by breakage in must be regarded as so much time taken from

timber dries too rapidly,

falling

think, objectionable,

is, I

state

flows easily over the

shallows of the streams or rivers to the port of shipment.

The

natural

contained in a tree being gradually run off by the root

juices

while

Teak

to girdle the

them

fell

115.)

'^.

of seasoning timber in Australia

With the object timbers

Victorian Carriage Board

with

the

recommends

each several kind might be rung and

of ascertaining

view

that left

" a

to

is

still,

the

best

seasoning,

number

the

of trees of

standing in the forest, a

—

TIMBERS.

number being

similar

opened

and

both after a lapse of

felled,

compared.

337

If

time being

timber

standing

the

compared

favourably with that felled, the former method might be recom-

mended

more

for adoption,

particularly to settlers in agricultural

where the standing timber would

districts,

obstruction

farming

to

operations,

but a small

offer

and might be removed

at

convenience." In regard to the soft brush timbers,

bushmen

that,

if

order to season properly they should be after

But,

falling.

it

the experience of

is

they are seasoned in the log they go bad

course, there

of

is

;

in

or cut open soon

split

a diiference between

seasoning in the log under cover, and allowing the logs to be

exposed to the weather.

Experiments on the Strength of Australian Timbers. Experiments on Australian timbers (chiefly hardwoods) have occupied different workers for in their results,

many

much

years, but they vary so

and have been performed under such diverse impossible to condense them into one

circumstances, that

it

general statement.

In regard to those experiments, the results of

which are more or

less difficult of access to the majority of people,

the

is

author has given brief statements of the conditions under

which they were performed, and

this,

taken in conjunction with

the plan which he has invariably adopted, of giving

known

to

timber,

him

in

render comparison

will

all

regard to each timber under the

information

name

of that

of the experiments as easy as

possible.

In titled

*'

this

connection he would invite attention to a paper, en-

The Want

of a

Uniform System

in

Experimenting upon

Timber," by F. A. Campbell, C.E., Proc. Royal Soc. of Victoria, 9th December, 1886. Mr. Campbell summarises as follows the circumstances which affect the results in timber 1.

Age

2.

Nature of

3.

Part of tree from which timber

4.

Length

5.

Deflection as affecting the bending

locality

:

where grown. is

taken.

of time seasoned.

6. Size of piece tested.

z

tests

of tree.

moment

of a

beam.

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

338

will

Some of these points will be dwelt upon now content himself by adding that one

culties in the utilization of results

A

observers.

Gum," and

wood may be

may be one

it

of the greatest diffi-

the doubt which exists as to

is

experimented upon by different to be " Ironbark" or "Blue

timbers

the

of

identity

the

below, and the author

stated

some

of

dozen timbers.

half a

In

regard to Eucalyptus timbers in particular, the author can say (as

one through whose hands many hundreds of specimens

such

passed, and

have

timbers

who has some

little

of

know-

ledge of Australian timber trees) that the origin of those used

many experiments is open to doubt,* and that in many species the work of testing the timber, having

in

placed

identity

its

all

doubt, by

remains

to

strength of Australian timber

published experiments on the

On the strength, durability, and value of the timber Gumf of Tasmania, and of some other Eucalypts X

for ship-building."

With

Frocs.,

Royal

1852.

I2th Nov., 1851.)

sists

to

:

"

1.

of the Blue

"

The

Society of

by James Mitchell. (Papers and Van Diemen s Land, Vol. ii.. Part i.,

tables,

apparatus used for testing the transverse strength con-

of two strong pieces of frame-work, seven

attached to the

sides

feet

asunder,

The deflection was wood by a silk thread

of a small building.

measured upon a scale attached to the stretched over the frame-work by plummets, as

of a complete series

be done.

Following are references

185

means

specimens obtained from the same, or an adjacent

of botanical tree,

beyond

regard to previously

described by Professor Barlow.

The

in the

weights

same manner (561bs.

and

under) were placed upon a scale hung upon the middle of the

wood by means of a half-inch "

deflection

amounted

to half

and the wood was permitted *

With

iron-eye, two

and a

half inches square.

weights were then placed upon the scale until the

The

the

reservations

an to

inch,

when they were removed,

resume

made when speaking

its

original straight form;

of

some individual specimens of

timber, the origin of the timbers experimented upon in the instances selected by the author is

open to no doubt. + £. globulus, t E. 'viminalis

and

E. obliqua.

TIMBERS.

339

the weights were then replaced, and removed at each succeeding

wood was observed

eighth of an inch of deflection, until the

however

slightly,

sufficient to

recover

to

amounting

failure in this respect,

was

power

the

determine

its

to lose,

form;

rectilineal

a

diameter of the thread,

to the

character for elasticity, after which

its

the weights were continued until the fracture took place.

"The

apparatus used for ascertaining the direct cohesion was

Lengths

as follows:

broken

transversely,

of

about i6 inches were cut from the pieces

and turned

in

an ordinary lathe

and a half inches diameter; about an inch

down

turned

middle was further

in the

an inch diameter, which was then

to three-eights of

carefully squared to a quarter of in

about one

to

an inch with a

each case, formed the portion

to

be

fine file

;

and

this,

Through a hole

tested.

accurately bored across the thick part of these pieces, near each

end, short bolts were passed

;

to

these bolts were attached short

pieces of good rope, having eyes spliced in each end to receive

A second piece of

them.

rope, passed through the

of a link, sustained the scale at the lower end at the

;

first

in the

form

and a similar one

upper end hooked the beam which held the whole."

1855.

Tests of

New

South Wales timbers

by Captain Fowke, R.E.

bition,

obtain access to a record of these

reproduced

in

Exhi-

Some

tests.)

to

of the results are

Mr. Balfour's Report (in/ra).

The experiments were and one

at the Paris

(The author has been unable

all

made on samples two

inches square

between supports, any which did not agree with those

foot

standard dimensions being reduced thereto by calculation. 1858.

"Report

of

Results obtained from Experiments on

^he Elasticity and Strength of

Timber

in

New

South Wales, pro-

cured through the Chief Commissioner of Railways, and tested

at

the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint, in the month of March, 1858."

Read before

the Philosophical Society

of

New

South

Wales (now the Royal Society), 12th May, 1858, and printed in

The

Sydney

Magazine of

Science

and Art

for

May,

1858

(p. 258).

"The

specimens used were fresh

neighbourhood

of Belford,

which

lies

cut,

taken from trees in the

eighteen miles from Maitland

and ten miles from Singleton, on the Great Northern road.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

340

The

experiments were conducted as follows:

between the supports was four firmly

trestle-heads,

and

centre,

the

ends

the

stays,

of

when

destroyed,

jack,

the

of

the

till

by

collapsing

applied

the

in

weights at a time, at

elasticity

was

evidently

between each addition was pro-

interval

This was effected by means of a screw-

weight.

its

from were

half-hundred

on iron

rested

At the end of each interval the beam was

longed to an hour. relieved

by

half-an-hour,

the

beam

the

weights

the

free,

increased

intervals

;

and prevented

fixed

left

feet

—"The distance

which raised the

beam was always

on which the weights

scale

relieved

thus

rested,

from pressure, and subjected

to

it,

without jerks."

"Report

i860.

Sydney Branch

of the

of further

Royal Mint,

elasticity of colonial timber,

presented

pages

Parliament

to

Wales Votes

is

determine the strength and

to

by E. W. Ward, Esq., Deput3'-Master,

6th

and Proceedings

this report

experiments conducted at the

referred to

February,

when

New

1861."

for 1861, vol.

ii.

South

(In the following

the words "

are used.)

Sydney Mint

'*

—

" The timber, The experiments were conducted as follows which usually consisted of a beam 2" x 2" in scantling, and five :

feet in length,

was placed horizontally on supports four

and consisting

of iron trestle-heads firmly fixed,

collapsing by stays.

The ends

of the

weights were applied to the centre by

beam were means

feet apart,

and secured from left

from an iron staple adjusted half way between

The

free.

of a scale

the

suspended supports.

Commencing with a weight of six cwt., an addition of half a cwt. was made at the end of every half-hour until nine cwt. had been applied, when the interval between each successive application was extended to one hour. At the end of each interval the beam was reheved of

its

weight by means of a screw-jack, which raised the

scale in which the weights rested, and after the addition of half cwt. the weight was brought

by the means which noticed that the

it

to

bear by gently lowering the

had been

beam on being

raised.

relieved

As soon did

as

a

scale,, it

not return to

was its

horizontal position, the weight in the scale, and the deflection of

the

beam

at that

weight (the deflection

at

any particular weight

—

TIMBERS. was indicated on a

dial fixed

341

above the beam, and having a point

connected by a simple arrangement with the iron staple the scale was

were recorded as thoie

attached),

had become impaired, and used

elasticity

for determining the value of E.

were made

by

until the

half a cwt.,

beam broke the beam broke ;

if

to

which

which the

as the necessary factors

successive additions

this,

of half a cwt. at the intervals

mentioned, less

After

at

and

in the

manner already

the breaking weight, or that

within one minute of the

weight being applied, being taken to determine the value of the constant S.

"The

screw-jack employed was found convenient for

Being

purposes.

on the top with a horizontal

fitted

many

table,

it

served to raise and lower the scale containing the weights, and

beam

thus to apply to the

the desired pressure without jerk

;

it

admitted of such an adjustment of the table as to prevent (on the fracture of the

beam) the

space, and the

damage

allowed the scale

to

fall

of the scale through unnecessary

to the scale often

be attached

to

a fresh

so occasioned

beam

;

and

it

without removing

the whole of the weights."

" Results of a series of experiments on the strength of

1865.

New

Zealand and other colonial woods, by

Provincial Marine Engineer

C "

of

Otago,

etc."

J.

M.

Balfour, C.E,,

Forming Appendix

of the New Zealand Exhibition of 1864. The experiments were conducted in the following manner

of the Report

A

pressure

5olbs.

of

was

applied

for

two

minutes

:

(as

measured by a sand-glass), and the sample was then released; 75lbs.

were then applied for the same time; then a loolbs., and

so on, increasing by 2 5 lbs. each time.

Each time

released the point on the deflection scale to which read,

and when

it

came

to

the sample was it

returned was

be notably under the original reading,

the specimen was allowed to remain unloaded for two minutes, to see whether ever, there

it

would

in time further recover itself.

When, how-

were indications that the point of fracture was nearly

attained, the pressure

was gradually and

steadily increased, with-

out being again removed, until the specimen broke, the observer

keeping his eye on the deflection scale and noting the

first

crack, the

maximum

its

reading at

pressure exerted being indicated on

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

342

the proper scale, by a simple self-registering arrangement.

a certain

number

been treated rapidly

in this

After

specimens of the wood being examined had

of

way, the remainder,

any, were broken

if

more

by a gradually increasing steady pressure which was never

relaxed.

These experiments were

column.

This system was used throughout, except

specially noted in a 'remarks' that,

when

the

experiment showed that the wood was very weak, the

first

weight applied was varied from

and

only,

2olbs.

increment

regular

the

lolbs. to 2olbs., according

to the

first

circumstances of

the case.

"The

period during which each pressure was applied w-as

certainly rather short to allow the weight to have

but

its

full

effect,

was adopted as a necessary compromise between the work

it

be overtaken and the time

which

in

it

required to be done.

to

The

rapidity with

which the experiments were carried on may have had

the effect of

making

of

E

the results

somewhat

high, but as the values

should be equally influenced with those of S, and as the

values of

E

are not inconsistent with those ascertained at Sydney, is

no

calculated for a unit

of

{Further Experiments^ &c., by Capt. Ward, R.E.), there evidence to show that such has been the case. .

.

" In Barlow's

.

work

E

one inch long and one inch square.

assumed

the unit has been to

be divided by

ponding of .

all,

12^ or

quantities.

.

as

.

In calculating these results

one foot long, so

1,728,

.

is

and

that Barlow's

Column S

the

is

by twelve,

The

values

work and elsewhere have been divided

reduce the results to a uniform standard of one foot

to

long, which

has

most important

as giving the ultimate strength of the timber.

extracted from Barlow's

E

vice versa., to get the corres-

is

considered more convenient than the old unit of

one inch."

Timbtr and Timber Trees, Native and Foreign, by

1875.

Thomas

|Laslett,

Macmillan "

The

&

tests

were conducted, cubic

inches.

six feet apart,

Timber Inspector

to the

Admiralty.

London,

Co. for the transverse strengths in

Each piece

in

my

experiments

x 2" x 84" = 336 was placed upon supports exactly

every case, with pieces

2''

and then water was placed gently and gradually into

TIMBERS. suspended from the middle

a scale

343

until the piece broke,

being taken of the deflection with 39olbs. weight, and also

note

at the

breaking.

crisis of

" After

whenever

this,

a piece two feet six inches in length was taken,

was found practicable, from one of the two pieces

it

broken by the transverse

by means

strain,

and

of a powerful hydraulic

tested for

the tensile strain

machine, the direct cohesion of Further, for

the fibres being thus obtained with great exactness.

the purpose of determining the proportions of size to length best

adapted for supporting heavy weights, a great

were prepared, of various

a

many cube

number

blocks

of other pieces

form and dimensions, which were then, by the aid

of different

the

sizes, as also

same machine, subjected

to

increasing

gradually

of

vertical

pressure in the direction of their fibres, until a force sufficient to

crush them was obtained." F. Byerley, C.E., in

1879.

The Australian Engineering and

Building News, November, 1879.

He

experimented (see Eucalyptographia, under E.

on seasoned specimens to the

of

tesselaris)

one inch square, weights being applied

middle of the rods between supports one foot apart, the

ends being

free.

" Experiments on the Tensile Strength of a few of the

1879.

Royal

Colonial Timbers," by Fred. A. Campbell, C.E., Trans. Soc. of Victoria, 1879.

" As the power not exceed one ton,

I I

could bring to bear on the specimens did

found

it

necessary to work upon specimens

with a sectional area of one-sixteenth of an inch.

its

purpose.

The specimens were

means

them along the

of a lever.

lever,

which was graduated,

upon to

way

.

The

answered

and then hung and

Using known weights, and sliding

breaking weight of the specimen. applied in such a

it

held at each end by wrought

iron clips (figures are given with the paper),

pulled by

.

,

apparatus used was of the roughest description, but

The

I

readily obtained the

weights

were always

as to cause a gradually increasing stress

the specimen, perhaps fifteen to twenty minutes being taken

work up

to the

breaking weight."

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

344

" Results of experiments on the transverse strength of

1880. the

wood

E. globulus," by Baron von Mueller and

of

G.

J.

Luehmann. " Results of experiments on the transverse strength of the

wood

of various Eucalypts,"

by the same.

Both these tables are published

They were

Mueller.

in a

Catalogue of Timbers of

Museum of

Victoria in the Technological

Melbourne, by Baron

originally published in the Sixth

Decade

of

the learned Baron's Eucalyptographia under E, globulus. The experiments were performed on pieces of two inches square, and two feet long between the supports, the weight

pended

in the middle,

was seasoned

for nine

both ends

months

;

The E.

free.

sus-

globulus timber

similar information

is

not given in

regard to the other timbers. "Official

1884.

Report of

on a motion

the

This Board was appointed,

Parliament, with

Victorian

experiments, the

by various

ascertaining,

grown

in

Carriage Timber Board,

the

Victorian Railways, Melbourne, 1884."

in the Australian colonies

best

view of

the

kind of timber

adapted for the construction of

railway vehicles.

The

timbers received were seasoned for a year, and

them were conducted

Melbourne, from January

to

April, 1884.

the various specimens was as follows

"

Two

for the

workshops

at the railway

at

tests of

Newport, near

The mode

of testing

:

standards, six feet apart, were erected to form bearings

specimens, which were seven feet long, and one seven-

Weight was applied

eighth of an inch square.

measure was adjusted deflection

at,

to

and before breakage.

mean

contribution were tested, and the

1886.

"The

at the centre,

strength

and

Three specimens

In

of

exact

each

result recorded."

elasticity

of Ironbark timber as

applied to works of construction," by Prof. Warren.

R.S., N.S.W., 1886.)

where a

show, in inches and parts, the

(See Proc.

paper Prof. Warren (besides the

this

experiments performed by himself) alludes to two experiments on the transverse strength of

1887.

"

The

beams

strength

of Ironbark not referred to above.

and

elasticity

timbers of commercial value," by Prof.

of

New

South Wales

W. H. Warren, M.I.C.E.

—

TIMBERS. (Government

numerous

showing

showing graphically

An

subjected.

apparatus

the

the

which

to

stresses

J.

by

illustrated

is

and

employed,

also

timbers were

the

(designed by

autographic stress-strain apparatus

Warren and Mr.

Prof.

The paper

Sydney).

Printer,

plates

345

A. McDonald) was used.

Enemies of Colonial Timber (Xylophages or Wood-eaters),

The following animals are referred "Timbers" as being injurious to wood; them

interesting to have a few notes about

to it

the

in

section

may, therefore, be

:

Chelura terebrans, a small Amphipodous Crustacean which bores in wood-work immersed

Treasury of Natural History,

Cobra

very destructive to

Trans.

In the Professor

etc.,

name

vernacular

the

is

Calobates sp.,

Percival

Linn.

(For figure,

sea-water.

in

see

p. 123.)

Soc.

given to certain molluscs,

wood immersed xxv.,

vol.

Wright, on the

564,

in sea-water.

a paper by

is

In

TeredidcB.

paper

that

he describes and figures two new species, Calobates australis, destructive

to

timber

Western

Fremantle,

at

Nausitoria Saulii, similarly destructive Teredo, or " Ship-worm,"

the

is

in

name

Australia,

and

Port Philip, Victoria.

given to a genus of

testaceous molluscs, which form their habitations by boring holes in

submerged timber, and thereby occasion destructive ravages

ships' bottoms,

sunken

shaped, and about six inches

Natural History.) which

it

In

The Teredo

piles, etc.

(See figure

long.

making

its

navalis

excavations

is

careful to avoid the

tube

neighbour, and often a very thin leaf of wood alone also,

Cassell's

the

into

in

wormwood,

does by boring into the substance in the direction of the

grain, each individual

it

in

is

when

a knot occurs in

its

path,

made by

is left

makes a turn

its

between;

to avoid

it.

(^Treasury of Natural History.)

However, " but

for the

maligned Teredo, the sea would be so

covered with floating logs as the rivers

of

warm

latitudes

to

lated drift-wood at their mouths,

many

cases,

Patterson.)

be

to

some

extent unnavigable

;

would be choked up by the accumu-

and

their fertile

be converted into morasses."

banks would,

in

(Dr. Ball, quoted by

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

346 There

1852, by Sir

Van Diemen's Land,

a paper in the Proc. R.S.,

is

W.

of the action of the

"The

Denison, on

T.

He

navalis in colonial timber."

worm

in the

states

Operation of "

:

Harbour

The

Hobart

of

Teredo

absolute amount

Town from

these observations would appear to be equivalent to a reduction of

one and a half inches years, or at the

Two

diameter of a round pile in eight

in the

species of Eucalyptus are referred

names

One

are not given.

E. amygdalina.

done by

the

an inch per annum."

rate of about one-fifth of

but their botanical

to,

probably E. globulus, and the other

is

For a return showing the approximate injury

Teredo and other sea-worms, to submerged timbers

within the waters of Victoria, see Report on Indigenous

Vegetable

Substances, Victorian Exhibition, 1861.

"Next

White Ants.

Termites, or

numerous, and,

in societies, often prodigiously ant, are

composed

vorous or omnivorous

;

and

ovum,

beyond

are,

pest of tropical climates; destroying of wood, clothes, &c.,

to the nest

of houses

and

all

.

the stages

doubt, the greatest of furniture

and even entering the foundations

and eating out the whole

.

all

will fall to

The Termites

.

generally

pieces under

make

their ap-

under ground, descending below the foundations from the surface, and rising again

either in the floors or entering at the

the sides of the buildings are

bottoms of the posts

While some

them are employed

of

the posts, others ascend from them, entering a rafter or

part of the roof in search, as would seem, of thatch,

be their favourite food

clay,

and build

long as

it

will

galleries

;

;

and

which

and

if

they find

it,

in

of

cavities

gutting

some other

which appears

they bring up wet

through the roof in various directions, as

support them.

speedily destroyed

of

composed, following the course

the fibres to the top, and having lateral perforations or

to

made

of houses,

interior of the timbers, so that while they

stores at several feet

here and there.

live

bee and

like the

they are active, carni-

all articles

appear perfectly sound externally, they the slightest blow.

They

man. In

of three sorts of individuals.

of their existence, save that of the

proaches

to

may be

they

to locusts,

reckoned the most destructive insects known

all

In this manner a wooden house that

it

contains

is,

at the

subjected to the ravages of these destructive insects.

same

is

time,

TIMBERS. "In carrying on means or then,

347 sometimes

this business they

other, that the post has a certain weight to

a convenient track to the roof, or

if it is

is

by some

find,

support,

and

a kind of

itself

wood agreeable to them, they bring their mortar and, as fast as they take away the wood, replace the vacancy with that material, which they work together more closely and compactly than human strength or art could ram it. Hence, when the house is taken to ;

pieces, in order to

again, those

made

reduced almost

examine

to a shell

formed from wood

if

any

of the posts are

wood

softer kinds of

of the ;

and almost

to clay, as solid

all of

and

them are found

as hard as

stone that are used for the purposes of building."

Natural History.)

The above

bellicosus, but the description

For an account

is

to Carpenter's

kinds of

(Treasury of

or less applies to other species..

of the life-history of

some splendid

many

trans-

taken from an account of Tennes

more

Tennes see the book above

quoted, also Cassell's Natural History, with

be used

to

fit

are often found

illustrations of this

vi.,

137, which

genus.

is

adorned

See also appendix

Zoology.

The Wattle Goat-Moth.

Zeuzera

(Eudoxyla) Eucalypti

Herr. Schsef.)

(Boisd.

The

following notes respecting this insect are entirely taken

from Professor McCoy's Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,

Decade history

iii.,

is

where (Plate 30) a coloured plate

illustrating its

life-

given.

Considering the great importance attached by the Government to the preservation

and

cultivation of wattle trees (Acacia),

it

is

important for bark-strippers and others interested in the industry, to

know

the appearance of the insect represented on the plate

(above alluded

to) as the greatest destroyer of these trees, so that

attention

may be

abdomen

of the

given to destroying the perfect moth

female of which

is

;

the large

distended with millions of

eggs, each of which will produce a voracious grub as thick as one's thumb, and five or six inches long, eating the timber for years. It is

unfortunate that the specific

been given

to this species, as

it

name Eucalypti should have

never frequents any Eucalyptus,

but feeds exclusively on the wood of Acacias.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

348

The

lava,

hatched from eggs laid in crevices of the bark of the

branches, works steadily into the interior of the

grows larger and

When

about

to

eats

way downwards,

its

assume the pupa

cocoon from four inches

proceeding

tree,

head downwards, enlarging the cylindrical burrows as

it

gradually

often reaching to the roots.

forms a

slight cylindrical

to a foot long, of silk

and sawdust-like

state

it

small grains of wood, as a lining to the end of

its

When

burrow.

the burrow terminates in a root a few inches below the surface of the ground, the cocoon

upwards as

is

continued from the hole in the wood

far as close to the surface of the

ground

;

but when

the burrow ends in the surface of the trunk of the tree above the

ground

level there

no prolongation

is

case the pupa works

itself

of the cocoon.

forward by means of the

little

In either deflected

spines on the rings, pushing for half-an-inch or so through the end of the cocoon before

The

bursts to allow the

it

ovipositor of the females

is

imago

to escape.

abdomen when

rigidity, equalling half the length of the

but capable of being entirely retracted out of sight

eggs are deposited deep

in

and

of extraordinary length

;

exserted,

with this the

the crevices or fissures of the bark of

the trees, on the inner timber of which the larva feeds. It is

common

the twilight, in

all

in

the

parts

winged

state

where wattle

about February, flying in

trees

abound.

In most forest-bearing countries the natural enemies of the protectors of the trees, are woodpeckers, who by know where the larvae are, and by powerful strokes of bills cut down quickly On them through the sound wood, and

larvae,

and

instinct their

transfixing the grubs with their long worm-like, barbed tongue,

draw them

out,

woodpeckers, and the consequence firewood

by these or

allied larvae,

abounding

in a storm,

it

up

that every tree cut

—

referred to)

is

which are the greatest destroyers

in the

dangerous

wood to

for

made

of our

of almost every forest tree that,

go near a large

may snap across unexpectedly with The heights and diameters given

parently sound

Note.

is

seen to be traversed with large cylindrical canals

is

forests, so

In Australia there are no

and devour them.

one ap-

tree, as

a moderate wind. of

trees

must only be received as approximations.

(below

The

meters are those of the stems about three feet from the ground.

dia-

TIMBERS.

349

Acacia acuminata, Benth., (Syn. A. Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 404.

1.

A

name for species of the genus Acacia in the The name is an old English one, and signifies the The aboriboughs together to form a kind of wicker-work.

" Myall."

colonies

The

ordinary

" Wattle."

is

interlacing of

them

ginals used

used to

F.v.M.); N.O..

Oldfieldii,

split

in the construction of their abodes,

and the

early colonists

the stems of slender species into laths for " wattling" the walls

of their rude habitations.

The are

wood is comparable West Australian woods for

scent of the

the best of

It is

much

to

of raspberries.

that

The stems

charcoal.

sought after for fence-posts, being very

even

lasting,

when young. (Mueller.) The wood is also used by the aboriIt is a dark reddish-brown, ginals for making various weapons. close grained, hardwood, and Mr. Allen Ransome, who reported on

the

timbers

the

sent to

expressed the opinion that for ornamental

and Indian Exhibition,

Colonial

should find a ready sale in England

it

wood work.

Height, 30

to

40

feet.

Western Australia. Acacia aneura, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

2.

The

chief ingredient of "

made by

long narrow shield of wood,

A

("Mulga"

Mulga" scrub.

is

ii.,

the

402.

name

a

of

the aboriginals out of Acacia wood.)

" Myall."

Wood for

excessively hard, dark brown, used by the aboriginals

boomerangs,

nullas,

sticks to

edible roots, shafts of

lift

and jagged spear-ends.

(Mueller.)

fencing posts, and in parts of Western

much

exceedingly plentiful and bullock-yokes.

Diameter, 9 to

New

appreciated. 1

2

inches

;

It

spears,

makes

South Wales It is

nuUa-

excellent is

it

often used for

height, 20 to 30 feet.

Western Australia, through the other mainland colonies

to

Queensland. 3.

Acacia

armata, R.Br.,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

"

Much grown other

hedge

(Syn.

Kangaroo Thorn."

for hedges,

plants.

A. furdfera, Lindl.); N.O.,

347.

though

less

manageable than various

Important for covering coast-sand with an

unapproachable prickly vegetation.

(Mueller.)

The wood

is

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

350

small, but beautifully grained, sound,

20

and durable.

Height, lo to

feet.

Western

through

Australia,

mainland

the

colonies

to

Queensland. 4-

aulacocarpa, A.

Acacia ii.,

Cunn.,

Leguminosae,

N.O.,

B.Fl.,

410. " Hickory Wattle."

Wood

hard, heavy, tough, and dark-red

useful for cabinet-

;

and Ind. Exh.,

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col.

work.

1866.)

Queensland. 5.

Acacia Bidwilli, Benth., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., "

Waneu

" of

the aboriginals of Central Queensland.

"

ii.,

420.

Yadthor"

of

the aboriginals of the Cloncurry River, North Queensland.

Timber

hard, close-grained, and takes a

a light yellow sap-wood, while the heart-wood

Height, 20 to 30

10 to 16 inches.

good is

polish.

It

has

Diameter,

dark.

feet.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 6.

Acacia binervata, DC, (Syn. A. umbrosa, A. Cunn.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 390. "Black Wattle" of Illawarra (New South Wales), and further south. " Myimbarr" of the aboriginals of Illawarra.

"Hickory."

gange"

of the aboriginals of the Counties "

(New South Wales).

New

of

" Meroan-

Cumberland and Camden

Malla-waundie" of the aboriginals of Northern

South Wales.

This wood

close-grained,

is

tough and

prized for axe-helves and bullock yokes. varies

between a

more

intense, than California

specimens seen by the author have no

wood

in the

figure.

Red

it

Three

Pine.

The

slabs of this

Technological Museum, which have been seasoned

over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the national

much

regards colour,

white and pinkish, and a uniform dirty

dirty

colour, similar, but

and

light,

As

Exhibition

of

1862,

London

Inter-

under the names A. binervaia,

A. umbrosa, and Pithecolobium umbrosumj, have weights which correspond tively

to

5olb.

per cubic foot.

8oz.,

511b.

40Z.,

inches in diameter.

New

and

561b.

Height, up to 30 or 40

South Wales and Queensland.

iioz. respec-

feet,

and 8

to

12

TIMBERS. 7-

351

Acacia brachybotrya, Benth., (Syn. A. didyocarpa, Benth.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, gravity

Specific

the

of

374.

ii.,

wood

{Report

1,021.

Victorian

Exhibition, 1861.)

South Australia, Victoria and

8.

Acacia Calyculata, A. Cunn.,-

New

South Wales.

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

410.

Wood

dark brown, hard, heavy, and close-grained

for turnery

and

and cabinet work.

;

suitable

Queensland Woods,

(Cat.,

Col.

Ind. Exb., 1886.)

Queensland.

9.

Acacia crassicarpa, A. Cunn.; N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.

410.

Wood 30

to

40

prettily

marked, hard, and dark coloured.

Height,

feet.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 10.

Acacia Cunninghaini, Hooker, N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, 407. " Bastard Myall

some Queensland

Wood

"

New

of Northern

South Wales.

"

ii.,

Kowarkul "

of

aborigines.

close-grained,

and takes a good

polish.

It is

dark-

coloured and heavy, and a useful wood for cabinet purposes.

It

reminds one very much of Red Cedar, but

It

it is

rather heavier.

very homogeneous. A slab of this wood in the Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

is

which corresponds

to

9 to 12 inches; height, Central

11.

New

461bs.

I20zs.

20 to 30

South Wales

per cubic foot.

Diameter,

feet.

to Central

Queensland.

Acacia dealbata, Link, (Syn. A. irrorata, Sieb.) Leguminosae, B.FL, ii., 415.

;

N.O.,

"Silver Wattle" (owing to the whiteness of the trunk, and the silvery or ashy hue of

its

young

foliage).

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

352

Used useful

Tasmania

in

and

for cask staves

work and

for rustic

for

treenails.

The

naturalised on the Nilgiris (India) since 1840.

showing the

interesting as

with which

facility

been

it

following

is

can be acclimatised

Southern India.

in

"

Ootacamund (Madras) was

till

recently completely over-run

waged against

with this wattle, but owing to the persistent crusade it

also

It is

This Acacia has

fuel.

both by the municipality and house-owners,

held in check, only a few

remains

full

to exterminate

slill

grown it.

its

being

trees

progress has been left,

The myriads

spring from the extensive and encroaching wattles

renewed vigour and amazing rapidity as

and form an inexhaustible

though much

of suckers

fast as they are cut

fuel reserve"

which

come up

with

down,

{Madras Mail), and,

might be added, an inexhaustible tan-bark supply. It

is

being tried in plantations

North-West Provinces and Sikkim. from a

the hills of the

in

A

Punjab,

specimen of timber cut

tree eleven years old, forty-six feet high,

and about twelve

thus described by Mr.

Gamble: "Wood

inches in diameter,

moderately hard,

is

but warps

light-brown,

Pores

considerably.

Medullary rays short,

small, often in short linear groups.

and moderately broad, well marked on a

fine,

radial section."

Colonel Beddome, in his report on the Nilgiri Plantations for 1878,

says

comes up

this

in a

wattle

grows very readily from the

stool,

dense mass of small twig-like stems, so that

it

but

can

only be depended upon for very small firewood.

South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland. 12.

New

Acacia decurrens,

wnid.,

decurrens,

A. atigulaia, Desv.

Willd.

;

A. adenophora, Spreng

;

var.

South Wales and

normalis, Benth., (Syn. A.

Mimosa

;

A.

sulcipes, Sieb.;

decurrens, Wendl.)

;

N.O.,

Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 414. "Black Wattle" (from the dark colour of the old bark). "Green Wattle" (of the older colonists, and still in use in Southern New South Wales, at

least).

the counties of

" Feathery Wattle."

" Wat-tah " of the aboriginals of

Cumberland and Camden (New South Wales).

Timber light, tough and strong suitable for staves^ The wood is generally much bored by larvae of coleopterous insects. ;

;

TIMBERS. and even

It is useful for rustic-work,

excellent fuel.

It is

353 green

in a

furnishes

state

The sap-wood

easy to work.

white,

and

forty-five

and

is

the heart-wood of a pinkish colour. Specific gravity, .727 forty-eight

and .773

pounds per cubic

26.125; of crude wood-vinegar, 44.75

Two

wood

slabs of this

between

(say

yield of charcoal

foot);

and

;

per cent.,

of tar, 7.125. (Mueller.)

Museum, which

in the Technological

have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at

the

London

International Exhibition of

which correspond

to

5 2 lbs.

and

70Z.

name A. adenophora,

cubic foot, and a third, exhibited under the

weighs no

less

than 62lbs. 140Z. per cubic

to i8in.; height,

New 13-

40

1862), have weights

53lbs. 70Z. respectively per

foot.

Diameter, I3

to 50ft.

South Wales.

Acacia decurrens, wnu., var., mollis, (Syn., a. molUssima, Willd.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 415. " Black Wattle " of the older colonists (counties of Cumberland and

Camden, N.S.W.)

" Garrong," or " Currong," of the

" Silver Wattle."

aboriginals of Western Victoria (Lake Condah), and

also of the

Yarra

blacks.

Timber

light,

tough, and strong

water casks in Tasmania.

It is

;

used for staves for beef and

subject to attack by insects.

was formerly used by the Yarra blacks boomerangs, and spears.

for

mulgas (club

Specific gravity, ,773

and

It

shields),

{^Report,

.727.

Victorian Exhibition, 1861.)

Since the above was written Baron Mueller has conceded specific

rank

to

so-called

this

Diameter, 6

variety.

to

Qin.

height, 20 to 30ft.

Timber Experimented upon by Victorian Timber Board, 1884.

The samples

tested

were each

the distance between the bearings

7ft. in

was

length, by ifin. square;

6fi.

;

and the weight was

gradually applied in the centre until the sample broke.

Local name, Silver-wattle; botanical name, A. decurrens mollis, {A. molltssinia)

;

locality

Approximate date when the timber was sions of tree, 2

A

2ft.

var.

where grown, Waterloo, Victoria. cut, April,

1883

;

dimen-

diameter; date of testing, January 28th, 1874.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

354

Weight of samples,

average weight of samples,

gibs., 8|lbs., 8|lbs.;

8.581bs.; average weight per cubic foot, 50. 2olbs.; average specific

0.804

gravity,

;

average specific gravity, 0.804

total

weight of each sample, 6 tons

cwt. gibs., 6 tons

i

i

breaking

J

and

cwt. 4lbs.,

7 tons, 2 cwt. 3lbs.; average breaking weight of samples, 752.3lbs.; total

average breaking weight, 752.3lbs.;

and

rupture, 6iin., 5|in.,

average

3fin.

average

5.29in.;

deflection,

deflection at point of

average deflection, 5.29in.;

;

specific

strength,

Geological formation where the trees grew, mesozoic

above sea -level, about

;

total

2053.

elevation

1,200ft.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

Acacia doratoxylon, a. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

14-

ii.,

403.

"Spear-wood"

being

(it

"

districts for that purpose).

"

Currawang"

of

used by the aboriginals of the interior Hickory " a " Brigalow " and " Caariwan " or ;

;

;

the aboriginals, which

name

latter

has

come

to

be

frequently used by the colonists.

Wood

hard,

and close-grained, tough, heavy, and durable

used for gates, buggy-poles, furniture,

boomerangs and

for

Mr. G.

sap-wood.

spears. S.

Home

It is tells

etc.,

and by the aboriginals

dark-brown, with a small yellow

me

that this

useful timber trees in the Lachlan district of Specific

gravity

Diameter, 6

New

1.2 15.

to i2in.;

{^Report,

Victorian

is

one of the most

New

South Wales.

Exhibition,

1861.)

height, 20 to 35ft.

South Wales, Queensland, Northern Australia, South

Australia arid Victoria.

15-

Acacia excelsa, Benth., (Syn. A. Daintreana, F.v.M.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

Called

ii.,

Sometimes

"Ironwood."

"Bunkerman" by

390. (though erroneously) called

"Brigalow."

the aboriginals of the Cloncurry River, North

Queensland.

The wood It

is

hard, close-grained,

and very tough and

possesses great beauty for cabinet-work,

violets.

(Hill.)

Queensland.

Diameter, 24 to 36in

;

elastic.

and has the odour

height, 70 to Soft.

of

TIMBERS. 1

Acacia

6.

A. plagiophylla.

(Syn.,

W/lld.,

falcata,

Mimosa

355 Sprang.;

Legaminosae, B.Fl.,

N.O.,

obliqua, Wencll.);

ii.,

361. " Sallee."

is

It

The " Wee-tjellan" Wales). South (New Camden

of tha aboriginals of

Wood

hard,

Near

(Mueller.)

brown.

and much prized

coach-building purposes, the for curves

20

of

wood

of

drift

yellow, the rest

it is

sand. is

light

bent into acute curves for

It is

A. melanoxylon being used

Diameter,

greater radius.

An

for stock-whip handles.

the outside of the log

heavy and tough.

It is

(New

Cumberland and

woody vegetation on

a

raising

for

or

" Sally,"

the " Bastard Myall " o£ the Braidwood district

South Wales).

excellent tree

and

" Lignum Vitae,"

" Hickory,"

variously

Called

6

to

height,

izin.;

to 30ft.

New

17-

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

Acacia

farnesiana,

Wnid.,

N.O., Leguminosai, B.Fl., Sometimes given to

some

called by the absurd

A.

(Syn.

ii.,

419.

name

of "

and Albissla,

species of Acacia

F.v.M.);

lentidllata,

Dead is

This name

Finish."

on account

of the trees or

shrubs shooting thickly from the bottom, and forming an impenetrable barrier to the traveller, who is thus brought to a " dead finish " (stop).

This species close, heavy,

common

is

and tough, taking a good

polish.

much

It is

India for ship-knees, tent-pegs, and similar purposes.

{Manual of Indian Timbers) foot.

Diameter, 3 to 6in.

The

of

interior

;

Wood

in the tropics of both worlds.

gives

its

used in

Gamble

weight as 49lbs. per cubic

height, 12 to i8ft.

South Australia

and

New

South Wales,

Queensland, Northern and Western Australia,

18.

Acacia fasciculifera, F.v.M., N.O,, Leguminosse,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

361.

Timber very worked.

It

is

hard, heavy, tough, and close-grained, yet easily of

a reddish

colour.

height, 20 to 30ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Diameter,

6

to

i5in.;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

356

Acacia flavescens, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

19.

B.Fl.,

ii.,

391-

Wood

brown

of a

colour, prettily

marked, close-grained, and

hard.

Queensland.

Acacia glaticescens, Willd., (Syn. A. homotnalla, Wendl. A. A. leucadendron, A. Cunn.; Mimosa ctnerascefts, Sieb.

20.

;

;

binervis,

Wendl.)

;

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FI.,

ii.,

Called variously " Brigalow," " Mountain Brigalow," " Myall."

and

It is

of the aboriginals of ''

406. " Rosewood,"

the " Kaarrewan" (see " Caariwan," A.

Camden and Cumberland (New South

doratoxylon)

Wales), and the

(see also A. salicina) of the Castlereagh River

Motherumba"

(New South

Wales) aboriginals.

Wood

close-grained and prettily marked, scented, though less

some other

so than

species of Acacia.

cabinet-making and turnery. handles, spears, &c.

A

rosewood.

It

It

is

It

used

is

very suitable for

for

spring-bars,

tool

has been likened to English walnut and

slab of this

wood

in the

Technological Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

the

at

London

International Exhibition of 1862), under

the name of A. homomalla, has a weight which corresponds 54lbs.

30

Diameter, 12

40Z. per cubic foot.

to

i8in.

;

to

height,

to 45ft.

Victoria,

21.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia GnidiTim,

Wood

Beftth..

N O.,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

;

359.

good

polish.

Leguminosae,

B.Fl.,

close-grained, hard, blackish, and takes a

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

ii.,

height, 12 to 20ft.

Queensland. 22.

harpophylla,

Acacia ii.,

F.V.M.,

N.O.,

389.

The common "Brigalow," so called because it forms "Brigalow scrubs." The word was spelt " Brigaloe " by Gould, and " Bricklow " by Leichhardt. The latter stated he could not ascertain the meaning of the name. " Orkor" of some aboriginals.

Wood for spears,

brown, hard, heavy, and elastic; used by the natives

boomerangs, and clubs.

The wood

splits freely,

and

TIMBERS, is

Saplings used as stakes in vineyards

used for fancy turnery.

have lasted twenty years or more.

and has a strong odour

357

It is

used for building purposes,

of violets.

South Queensland. 23.

Acacia homalophylla, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii.,

A

383*

New

" Narrow-leaved Yarran " are

names are as follows:

New

spellings) in

colonial name.

"

—" Gidya,"

use

is

of

Wales

South

" Gidia,"

This

its

is

much

rulers

and napkin

durable, and

employed

is,

South Wales

when

in flower

unbearable, and on of rain.

I

employed

became

it

most extensive

its

(Mueller.)

it.

The

such as

natives of

Victorian Exhibition,

the

wood

is

New

Cunn.)

(A.

spears.

for

well

It is

articles,

1861.)

considered very

therefore, used for the lining of wells, but then

bad

said to give the water a

the tree

(Report,

1.124.

New

In Western

made from

rings, are often

formerly

gravity,

Specific

other

commonest

the

sought after for turners' work

and fragrance; perhaps

solidity

adapted for cabinet-making purposes, and fancy

South Wales

is

(with

Wong-arrah," Cloncurry River, Northern Queensland.

manufacture of tobacco-pipes.

in the

Aboriginal

names.

"Gidgee"

or

South Wales and Queensland.

This dark-brown wood

on account

"Curly Yarran" and

Called "Myall" in Victoria.

"Spear-wood."

is

in cutting

The

it is

smell of

abominable, and just before rain almost

this sign

have heard

taste for several years.

of

down

people frequently instances

in

foretell the

which

approach

men who were

a tree of this species just before rain

so sick as to be compelled to leave the tree.

Interior of South Australia

and

New

South Wales; Northern

Victoria.

24.

Acacia implexa, Benth., N.O., Leguminosae,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

389.

Wood hard, and close-grained, dark brown, with yellowish much in demand for turnery, cog-wheels, and other pur-

stripes

;

poses which need tenacity and strength. is

(Dickinson.)

very similar to that of A. melanoxylon.

i.e.,

weight

per

44lbs.

Diameter, 12 to i6in. Victoria,

New

;

cubic

foot

of

The wood

Specific gravity .711,

dry wood.

height, 30 to 40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

(Mueller.)

,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

358 25.

A. Acacia juniperina, WHld., (Syn. A. vertidllata, Sieb. echtnula,'DC.; A. pungens, Sprang.; Mimosa juniperina ;

Vent.

;

M.

Wendl

nlicina,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

The common

The wood splitters for

shrub.

Height, 8 to

Victoria,

Salisb.)

ulicifolia,

N.O.,

;

" Prickly Wattle."

and tough, and much esteemed

white,

is light,

maul handles.

M.

;

332.

ii.,

(Guilfoyle.)

It is

by-

never rhore than a

12ft.

New

Tasmania,

South Wales and Southern Queens-

land. 26.

Acacia leprosa,

A. redinata, F.v.M.)

(Syn.

Sieb.,

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

;

N.O.,

358.

ii.,

" Native Hickory."

Though

a rather small tree,

it

wood

yields excellent

for small

cabinet work and turnery.

New

Victoria and

27.

South Wales.

Acacia leptocarpa, ^- Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

Wood

B.Fl.,

ii.,

407.

dark-brown, close-grained, hard, and prettily marked;

useful for cabinet and turnery work.

Queensland. 28.

Acacia

linearis, Sims, (Syn.

Leguminosae, B.FL,

This small

Victorian Exhibition,

wood

Acacia

Vent.

available for

1861.)

gravity,

Height, up to

New

minor

;

M.

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

;

N.O.,

37

(Report^

20ft.

South Wales. ;

Wendl., non Sims.)

linearis,

ii.,

articles of

.934.

WHld., (Syn. A. abietina, Willd.

linifolia,

linifolia.

longissima, Wendl.)

Specific

etc.

Tasmania, Victoria and 29.

A

399.

tree yields

implements,

furniture,

ii.,

Mimosa ;

N.O.,

r.

" Sallee."

Wood

soft

and

elastic,

and suitable

and perhaps cabinet purposes. at the centre.

New

It is of

Diameter, 4 to 6in.

;

for axe-handles (Hill)»

a light colour, and reddish

height, 12 to i8ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

TIMBERS. var. typica, (Syn.

Acacia longifolia, Willd.,

30.

Cunn.

A.

;

Mimosa "

359

Tausch.

spathulata,

A. obtusifoHa, A.

A. intertexta,

;

Sieb.

;

longi/olia, Andr.); N.O.,Leguminos3e, B.Fl., ii.,397.

New

Called "Golden Wattle" in Southern

White Sallow."

South

Wales. The W3iv'\ety floribunda sometimes goes by the name of "Sally," or " Sallow," in Southern New South Wales.

Timber Towards

tough, and hard

light,

the outside

Diameter, gin.

streaked with black.

31.

New

and

Victoria

used for tool-handles,

;

pale yellow; the heart-wood

is

it

is

etc.

brown,

height, 20 to 33ft.

;

South Wales.

Acacia longifolia, Wtiid.,vzx. Sophcrse, (Syn. A. Sophorm, N.O., Leguminosse, R. Brown Mimosa Sophorce, Labill.) ;

;

B.Fl.,

ii.,

398. Boobyalla "

"

This wood

is

is

an aboriginal name.

white, hard, tough,

and durable.

an excel-

It is

binding coast-sands.

lent tree for

Sea coast from Southern Queensland

to

South Australia, and

Tasmania. 32. Acacia macradenia, ^^w//^-, N.O.,Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

362.

" Myall," or "Toney."

A

beautiful, hard, blackish, close-grained

Diameter,

a very high polish.

2 to i2in.

;

wood, which takes

height,

30

to 50ft.

Queensland.

Acacia melanoxylcn, R.Br., (Syn. A. arcuata, Sieb.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL, ii., 388.

33.

Called " Blackwood " on account of the very dark colour of the mature

wood.

It

is

sometimes called " Lightwood

name

while the other is

is

an inappropriate name.

with Eucalyptus timbers.

Wales, the " Hickory

It

It

is

This all

is

and

"

South Tasmania,

(chiefly in

" of the

is

in

allusion to

its

weight as compared

the " Black Sally" of Western

New South

southern portion of that colony, and

times called " Silver Wattle." tribe, Victoria,

"

given in North Tasmania and other places), but this

The "Mootchong"

Mooeyang "

of the

of

is

Yarra blacks.

considered by some people to be the most valuable of

Australian timbers.

It is

hard and close-grained

;

much

valued

for furniture, picture-frames, cabinet-work, fencing, bridges,

railway, ribs,

some-

the Ja-jow-er-ong

and other

rudder),

for

carriages, boat-building (stem

tool-handles,

gun-stocks,

and

naves

crutches, parts of organs, pianofortes (sound-boards

etc.,

stern post, of

wheels,

and

actions),

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

360 billiard

tables,

mulga, or club

The Yarra blacks used to use it to make shields. The figured wood is cut into veneers. It etc.

takes a fine polish, and

walnut.

made to

In

fact,

considered almost equal to American

is

when polished

to replace walnut,

be made of walnut are of

bending under steam.

or ebonised,

and no doubt many

It

wood.

this

warps and

It is

might

it

be

easily

of the articles alleged

an excellent wood

for

boards over twelve

twists in

inches wide unless they have been very carefully seasoned.

" This

we have

wood

is

largely used for oil-casks,

we know,

in Australia, as far as

purpose.

(Tenison-Woods.)

that

It

is

wood

the only

is

suitable for the

is

by three inches

It is split into staves, six

feet long."

and

and

thick,

six

often very dark coloured,

thickness of sap-wood, which is sometimes shows a very pretty " broken grain,"

except for about one inch of

almost white.

It

"

which looks well under polish.

'in,

The

i-e-,

Its specific gravity is

from .664

to

weight of a cubic foot of the dried wood 4ilbs. to 481bs.

from the wood

yield of charcoal

wood-vinegar, 40.25; and

tar,

7.062."

is

29.25 per cent.; crude

(Mueller.)

Mr. Gamble gives the weight per cubic foot of an Indian grown

specimen

and

at 361bs.,

states that

was cut from a

it

tree twenty

years old, and ninety feet high, which gave a plank two feet broad. *'

This tree has been

extensively cultivated

in

Madras

for

revenue purposes, but the wood has there been found to possess

few qualities prized by the cabinet-maker and builder. after

many months

of seasoning,

is

not easily worked, and

durable as other timber accessible

The

stations.

where

proved a attacks sp.),

slowness of growth

has been

it

failure.

from a

tried, in

The

to

warps

is

not as

the residents of the hill

much

is

It

against the tree,

two instances, as an avenue

worst feature, however,

is

its

parasitical plant not unlike the mistletoe

tree,

it

and has

liability to

(Loranthus

which spreads rapidly among the branches, and cannot be

easily disengaged.

again, as often as

.

.

it

is

tree

As a

fuel tree

it is

not prized so

(Madras Mail, 1885.)

was introduced on the

completely naturalised.

Punjab,

This parasite appears over and over

removed.

highly as A. dealbata."

This

.

It is also

Kumaun, and Sikkim.

Nilgiris in

1840, and

being grown on the

is

now

hills of the

TIMBERS. With regard

to

its

361

rate of growth, Colonel

Beddome,

in his

report of April, 1878, on the Nilgiri plantations, says that in the

Bleakhouse plantation, Wellington (India), the average girth of the trees in the portion

which

is

twenty-one to twenty-two years old,

taken from the measurement of 30 trees as they came, was 35in. at six feet

from the ground (about four rings per inch

the girth of It

some

does not coppice well, unless very young.

Following of

is

of radius),

and

of the largest trees being 56, 55, 50, 46

44in.

(Gamble.)

Ransome on some samples

a report by Mr. Allen

timber sent from Victoria to the Colonial and Indian " Samples of both old and young trees were sent for

this

Exhibition.

The former were made into joiners' specimens, the latter The figure of the old-growth wood is very fine, and the surface left by the cutters was all that could be desired. The casks also proved a complete success. The wood has already trial.

into casks.

been imported ranging from

into

England

2s. to 3s.

in small quantities,

and sold

at prices

per cubic foot."

Mr. F. A. Campbell (Proc. R.S., Victoria, 1879) examined the tensile strength of this timber.

pounds per square (c/)

20,000.

23,000.

{e)

from the others

;

inch,

much

Following are his

{a) 26,500.

d and

e

{b) 24,000.

were of

lighter in colour,

evidently younger wood, and ill-seasoned,

results, in (r)

32,000.

wood

a different

more open a^ b, c,

grain

in

were from

;

fine,

close-grained, dark coloured wood, well seasoned, and extremely

hard,

c

showed round the fractured part

fibres like threads of silk.

Experiments on the transverse strength of the wood melanoxylon, by Baron Mueller and

specimens were

2ft.

Deflection.

long x 2in. square.

J.

G.

of

Acacia

Luehmann.

The

TIMBERS. Diameter, 18 to

363

height, 60 to looft.

36111.;

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and 34-

Acacia

neriifolia,

New

South Wales.

A. Cufm., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

363-

The duramen darker colour.

It

is

of a light-yellow colour, the rest

is

prettily

Diameter, 6 to i8in,; height, 40

New 35-

of

is

a

marked, close-grained, and tough. to 50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia notabilis, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminos», B.FL,

ii.,

365.

" Hickory."

Timber and

close-grained, tough, strong, durable

probably useful for turnery,

is

;

it

splits freely,

Diameter, 10 to izin.;

etc.

height, 25 to 30ft.

South Australia and 36.

New

South Wales.

Acacia Oswaldi, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., Often called " Umbrella Bush," as

is

" Miljee "

an aboriginal name.

A

small bushy

tree.

very disagreeable smell

is

it is

a

name

The timber when fresh.

Western

in

such

as

clubs,

of

etc.,

384.

it

is

The it.

Wales.

but has a

The heart-wood

for cabinet-work, turnery, etc.

weapons,

New South

faintly scented,

is

hard, heavy, close-grained, and durable;

be useful

ii.,

a capital shade-tree. " Karagata"

is

dark,

not used, but would

make

natives

short

Diameter, 6 to gin.;

height, 15 to 20ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 37-

Acacia pendula, A. Cu?in., (Syn., A. hucophylla, N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., " Weeping," or "

in

Western

New

True Myall."

South Wales.

383.

It is

sometimes called " Bastard Gidgee

"

Nilyah "

further north

Wood fully

it is

is

another

"

Called " Boree " by aboriginals, and often

" Boree," or " Silver-leaf Boree," by the colonists of Western

Wales.

Lindl.);,

ii.,

New South Wales

New South

name. By the aboriginals

called " Balaar."

hard, close-grained, of a rich dark colour, and beauti-

marked.

It

is

used by the aboriginals for boomerangs.

It is heavy,

and

been used

for veneers.

rarely exceeds a foot in diameter,

As long

as

it

and yet has

remains unpolished

it

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

364 preserves

its

peculiar fragrance of violets, which does not occur in

such perfection

any other known substance.

in

remarkable property became known the

wood came

into request for

As soon

to

making

glove, handkerchief,

other fancy boxes, and especially for tobacco-pipes.

wood thus prepared

is

fugacious.

Baron Mueller has kindly named

New

Western

pronounces

this

to the typical

flowers) of logical

" Yarran "

particular

Acacia growing

He

many

possesses

to

be A. pendula,

var.,

of the qualities attributed

Twigs with pods (accompanied by at the Techno-

A. pendula.

A. pendula would be very acceptable

Museum.

New

me an

for

South Wales, and known as "Yarran."

The timber

glabrata.

38.

and

Other Acacia

are often artificially scented to imitate the true Myall, but

woods

the perfume of

in

as this

European manufacturers

Diameter, 6 to i2in.; height, 20 to

30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acacia podalyrisefolia, A. Ctmn., (Syn., A. Fraseri, Hook.; A. Caleyi, A. Cunn.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 374. Sometimes

called " Silver Wattle," as

it

has foliage of a more or less

grey, mealy, or silvery appearance.

Wood of a pinkish colour, nicely marked. New South Wales and Queensland. 39-

Acacia polybotrya, Benth.,

var. foliolosa,

N.O., Leguminosae,

B.FL,

ii.,

Wood

pinkish, close in grain, hard, and beautifully

414.

would be a useful wood

for the cabinet-maker.

marked

;

(Cal. Queensland

Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., London, 1886.)

Queensland and

40.

New

South Wales.

Acacia polystachya, A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii.,

407.

Wood

dark-coloured and close-grained, with pretty markings.

Queensland and Northern Australia,

41-

Acacia

pycnantha,

Benth.,

A. /alcinella, Meissn.)

;

(Syn.

A.

petiolaris,

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

Lehm. ii.,

365

TIMBERS.

365

Called " Golden Wattle " owing to the beautiful mass of bright-yellow flowers which adorn

it.

It is

also called "

Green Wattle," and

sake of distinction between some other tan-bark

also, for the

the " Broad-

Wattles,

leaved Wattle."

This is

is

a tough and close-grained wood.

about .83, that

about 5i|lbs.

is,

specific gravity

wood

is

(Osborne.)

South Australian, Victoria and

42. Acacia retinodes,

The wood 20

Its

the weight of a cubic foot of the

is

*S'f^/(?f^/.,

New

South Wales.

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,ii., 362.

prettily grained,

tough,

and durable.

Height,

to 25ft.

Victoria

43.

and South Australia.

Acacia rigens, A.

Cunn., (Syn. A. chordophylla, F.v.M.)

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

ii.,

;

337.

" Nealie," or " Needle Bush," of the interior.

A

small tree 12 to

The

15ft. in height.

timber

is

exceedingly

hard and tough, and possessed of a very agreeable perfume. natives of the interior

employ

it

in the

South Australia, Victoria and

44-

New

South Wales.

Acacia Salicina, Lindl., (Syn. A. Ugulata, A. Cunn., including

.(4.

varians, Benth.)

The " Cooba,"

New

The

manufacture of weapons.

;

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

367.

or " Koobah," of the aboriginals and colonists of Western " Native

South Wales.

Willow

"

is

another colonial name.

About

(New South Wales) it takes the name of " Motherulnba." " Bremgu" is the name at the Lake Hindmarsh aboriginal station " Bakka" is a Queensland aboriginal name. (Victoria). the Castlereagh River

Timber tables,

close-grained, tough, heavy, dark brown, and nicely

The

marked.

chairs,

aboriginals

make boomerangs, and

and other furniture from

Sydney Iniernatwnal Exhibition, 1879.) yokes in Western New South Wales, and Mr. G.

S.

Home

tells

me

{General Report,

it.

^^ '^

valued for bullock-

also for shafts of carts.

that cheffoniers,

and other

drawing-room furniture, are commonly made from South Wales, as

it

takes such a high polish.

the colonists

it

in

articles of

Western

New

Specific gravity .763,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

366 or

weight of a

cubic foot

;

wood about

dried

the

of

Diameter, 12 to i8in.

(Mueller.)

30

height,

47^1bs.

to 50ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

45-

Acacia saligna, Wendl., (Syn. A. kiopkylla, Benth. saligna, Labill.) N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, in Muell. Cen., p. 44. "

This wood

Weeping Wattle."

46.

and

grained,

prettily

is

if

larger

it

would be

Height, 10 to 30ft.

suitable for cabinet-work.

Western

364.

ii.,

;

A. leiophylla

Mimosa

;

Australia.

Acacia sentis, F.v.M., (Syn. A. Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii., 360.

Victoria, Benth.)

Usually a small, low, spreading

tree.

but very tough, and the young twigs

are

The timber armed with

;

N.O.,

is

soft,

slender,

acute spines or thorns. In Western

New

South Wales the presence of

locality

is

"water.

Mr.

W.

Scott, of Whittabranah,

Grey Ranges,

in sinking wells he has traced the roots of this Acacia

depth of 80 -of

all

any

this tree in

always considered a sure indication of underground

to

90ft.,

and

it

certainly looked

the plants of the district.

states that

down

to a

the freshest green

Height, up to 30 or 40ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

47-

Acacia Spinescens, Benth., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., Specific

gravity

of

the wood,

{^Report,

i.oio.

ii.,

323.

Victorian

Exhibition, 1861.)

South Australia, Victoria and

48.

New

South Wales.

Acacia Stencphylla, ^. Cunn.,N.O., Leguminosae,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

385Called " Ironwood" on account of the hard and heavy timber, and

" Dalby Myall

"

on account of

its

occurrence

in

the vicinity of that Queens-

land town.

This timber fully

is

very hard, heavy, close-grained, dark, beauti-

marked, and takes a

fine

polish.

It

planes excellently,

;;

TIMBERS. showing a very smooth surface. 40

367

Diameter, 15 to 24in.

height,

;

to 60ft.

All the colonies except

49-

Acacia

Stricta,

Mimosa

stricia,

"

Berry-yung

Tasmania and Western

WHld.,

a.

(Syn.

Australia.

Wendl.

emarginata,

Andr.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

name

the aboriginal

"

is

is

of a beautiful texture,

358.

ii.,

the Coranderrk

at

Station

(Victoria).

This wood of

Height, 3 to

New

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

A

wood

valuable elastic

gun-stocks, etc. of

for

ii.,

many

length,

and

5)

It

exceedingly

is

gig-shafts, handles for tools, fit

i8in.

can be obtained

for masts,

in

diameter

(L. Morton).

New

South Wales.

Acacia tetragonophylla, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., ii->

330.

Another Acacia bearing the absurd name

The wood

of this interior species

except whip-handles. to a

maximum

It

is

of "

Dead

grows very crooked as a

rule.

New

anything

Diameter

South Wales.

Acacia tonilosa, Benlh., N.O., Leguminosae,

Wood

Finish."

too small for

of 6 or 8in.

South Australia and 52.

iv.,

40ft.

Victoria and

up

Muell.Fragm.

purposes.

would make good

;

in

382.

Tall, straight spars,

considerable

Height, up to

51-

South Wales.

Acacia subporosa, F.v.M., {supporosa

tough and

It is,

8ft.

Tasmania, Victoria and 50.

sound and durable.

too small to have anything but a very limited use.

course,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

405.

dark brown, tough, and strong.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 53-

AchraS

R.Br.,

aUStralis,

(Syn.

Sideroxylon auslrale, Benth. B.Fl.,

The

iv.,

282.

it

has a

Sapoia ausirahs,

Hook,

f.)

;

A.DC;

N.O., Sapotaceae,

Sideroxylon ausirale in Muell. Cens.,

" Black Apple," "

colonists, as

et

fruit

p. 92.

Brush Apple,' " Wild," or " Native Plum," of the

very like a plum, though of coarse, insipid flavour.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

368

Following are some aboriginal names

(New South Wales)

Brisbane Water Rivers

(New South Wales)

" ;

:

— " ]erra-wa-wah,"

" Wycaulie,"

;

and

Illawarra

Richmond and Clarence

Tchoonboy," Northern

New South Wales

and Southern Queensland.

The wood

close-grained, firm, prettily veined,

is

times be obtained from wood-carvers.

It is

It is

it.

and good

occasionally used by

turners and

and the complicated

of a pale-yellow colour,

grain affords a pattern of a singularly pretty appearance.

probably the unevenness of the grain

(which gives

is

good engraving.

requires very careful seasoning.

Two

slabs of this

wood

Technological

in the

It

is

rise to this

wood being unsuitable

the cause of this

pretty figuring) that It

for

Very handsome planks can some-

(Macarthur.)

cabinet-work.

for

Museum, which

have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited the

at

London

International Exhibition

which correspond cubic foot.

It

to 55lbs. 130Z.

is

building purposes.

New

54-

and

used for staves and Diameter, 24

1862), have weights

of

sylbs. 140Z. respectively per laths,

to 36in.

and

for

general

height, 80 to looft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

Achras

laurifolia,

F.v.M.

;

S.

F.v.M.,

laurifolium,

Sideroxylon

(Syn.

F.v.M.

Sersalisia

;

Richardi, laurt/oltaf

A. Rich.; S. glabra, A. Gray.); N.O., Sapotaceae, B.Fl., Sideroxylon Richardi

282.

Called "

Wood

55-

in

Diameter,

Southern

2 to 4ft.;

iv.,

Muell. Cens., p. 92.

New South

light-grey towards the outside,

grain close.

New

Sycamore"

m

height,

brown

80

Wales. in the

centre;

to 150ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Achras myrsinoides, ^ C«««., fSyn. Sideroxylon myrsinoides, Benth. et Hook, f.) N.O., Sapotaceae, B.Fl., iv., 283. .

;

Sideroxylon myrsinoides

Timber

in Muell. Cens., p. 92.

firm, elastic, hard, but

poles, shafts, timber trucks, etc.

20

easily

worked, used for dray-

Diameter, 12 to i8in.

;

height,

to 30ft.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

;

TIMBERS. 56.

369

AchraS Obovata, F.v.M.^ (Syn. Sideroxylon obovattim, R.Br. S. argenieum, Spreng., (partly)

Sideroxylon Brownii in Muell. Cens.,

Wood

F.v.M.

S. Browtiii,

;

N.O., Sapotaceae, B.Fl,,

R.Br.);

obovata,

salisia

283.

p. 92.

and close

of a yellow colour, hard,

Ser-

;

iv.,

in the grain.

Queensland. 57-

Achras Pohlmaniana, F.v.M., (Syn. Sideroxylon Pohlmanianum, Benth. et Hook. Sapota Pohlmaniana, F.v.M.) N.O., ;

Sapotaceae, B.Fl.,

Muell. Cens.,

p. 91.

"

Wood

Beleam "

of the aboriginals.

bright yellow, hard,

Queensland woods Timbers,

;

Sideroxylon Pohlmanianum in

281.

iv.,

and close-grained

engraving purposes.

for

and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Col.

;

the best of

all

(Cai. Queensland

Diameter,

12

2oin.

to

height, 40 to 70ft.

Queensland, 58.

Acronychia Baueri, Rutaceae, B.FL,

The

" Brush

This wood

is

i.,

Schott., (Syn.

A. HilUi, F.v.M.')

Ash"

of the Illawarra

excellent for mallet

;

New 59.

N.O.,

(New South Wales).

and

chisel handles.

Report, Sydney Ifiternational Exhibition, 1879.) to 3oin.

;

366.

{

General

Diameter, 20

height, 50 to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Acronychia

J. lawina, F.V.M. Lawsonia Cyminosma oblongifolium, A. Cunn.);

laevis, Eorst., (Syn.

Acronychia, Linn.

f.

;

N.O., Rutaceae, B.FL,

i.,

;

366.

" Yellow-wood."

This timber to

is

be durable, but

70

it is

not

much

and close-grained

used.

;

it

Diameter, 24in.

;

is

said

height,

to Soft.

Victoria,

60.

of a light colour

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Adenanthera pavonina, Linn., N.O., Leguminosae, Muell., Cens., p. 43.

The 2

B

" Barricarri" (of India).

"

Red Sandal-wood."

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

370

In India this tree yields a solid useful timber, which, like

another dye-wood, bears the

dye

name

of "

A

Red Sandal-wood."

obtained by simply rubbing the wood against a stone, and

is

this is

used by the Brahmins for marking their foreheads after

Gamble {Manual of

{Treasury of Botany.)

religious bathing.

Indian Timbers) says

this

wood

is

used in South India for house-

building and cabinet-making purposes, and gives the weight at

The wood

561bs. per cubic foot.

follows

:

—

beautiful coral-red colour,

darker shade;

after

Kurz

of

(Flora

differently

:

when fresh cut and sometimes marked with stripes

exposure

turns

it

Burmah),

British

— " Wood rather heavy,

yellowish-grey, turning

by Skinner as

described

is

Heart-wood hard and durable

"

;

purple,

like

describes

of a of a

rosewood."

somewhat

it

coarse, fibrous, light-brown or

brown on exposure, hard and close-grained,

soon attacked by xylophages

the heart-wood dark-brown, solid,

;

hard and durable."

North Queensland.

6i. JEgiceras majUS,

Gcertn.,

(Syn.,

^. fragrans.

corniculata, Blanco); N.O., Myrsineae, B.Fl., " River A.

and

shrub or small

easily

Jessore.

worked.

62.

of light colour, close-grained,

used for firewood and for native huts in

weighs 4olbs. per cubic

It

The

Indian Timbers.)

New

It is

Keen.; yE. 277.

Mangrove."

Wood

tree.

iv.,

foot.

(Gamble, Manual of

flowers are deliciously scented.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Ailanthns imberbiflora, F.v.M.,- N.O., Simarubeae, B.Fl.,

i.,

373

Wood

yellow, porous, soft, and light.

Northern

63.

Akania

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Hillii, Benth., (Syn.

Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

Cupania

Iticens,

F.v.M.)

;

N.O.,

471.

Occasionally called " Turnip wood."

Wood

of a light colour,

warps very much

in

close-grained, and

prettily

marked

;

drying, but this particular log was from a

TIMBERS. young

Queensland

{Cat.

tree.

London, 1886.) Northern

371

Woods,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

64. Albizzia basiltica, Benth.,

N.O., Leguminosoe, B.FL,

(Syn. Acacia basaltica, ii.,

F.v.M.)

;

422.

Another timber graced with the absurd name

A

and Ind. Exh.,

Col.

Height, 30 to 40ft.

of "

Dead

Finish."

shrub which furnishes a useful wood for stock-whip handles.

extremely tough, of a good colour, like pale cedar, and takes

It is

a good polish.

wood

colour has been otherwise described as

Its

with a dark red heart-wood."

bright yellow,

wood

grained, and an excellent

Tenison- Woods says of

and

wood

the

light,

this

is

It

'*

is

sapfine

The Rev. J. E. "Even when cut very thin

for cabinet-work.

timber:

so tough that

it

will

bear an enormous

strain."

Queensland. <35.

Albizzia Canescens, Benth., (Syn. Pithecolobimn canescens, F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl., Called "

Wood

Walkor" by some

423.

ii.,

aboriginals.

close-grained and tough.

It

is

brown,

resembling

walnut, and nicely marked.

The

sap of this

wood

is

of a light

yellow colour

unlike cedar towards the centre, but harder

cabinet-makers.

(Thozet.)

;

very

Diameter, 15 to 2oin

wood not

;

much ;

prized

by

height, 30 to

50ft.

Queensland

F,v.M.,

66. Albizzia Hendersoni,

N.O.,

Leguminosae,

Muell.,

Cens., p. 47.

The

"

Nuggum-nuggum

" of the aboriginals of Northern

New

South

Wales.

This timber

is

to

it,

for

and

said, " It

seems

to

jurors at attention

be remarkably tough, and very suitable

coach-building purposes."

Diameter, 24 to 3oin.

90ft.

New

The

drew special

hard and beautifully streaked.

the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879

South Wales and Queensland.

;

height,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

372

67. Albizzia procera, Benth.,

M.

procera, Roxb.;

N.O., Leguminosje, B.Fl., "

Tee-coma"

is

422.

ii.,

of the aboriginals of the

(Hill.)

It is

Northern Territory.

Weight

of a cubic foot of

timber (seasoned), from 39lbs. to 481bs.

durable.

It

(Brandis.)

is

and

of a dark colour, resembling walnut,

a useful cabinet wood.

weight in drying. is

Mimosa

Roxb.;

elata,

Roxb.; Acacia procera, Willd.);

close-grained, easily worked, and in use for building'

Timber purposes.

A.

(Syn.,

elata,

It

It

Indian-grown

loses nearly half its

seasons well, and the heart-wood

used for sugar-cane crushers, rice-pounders,

wheels, agricultural implements, bridges, and house-posts.

It

used by tea-planters for stakes for laying out tea gardens, as

found

which

to split well, is

it

to 24in.

found

and occasionally to

and charcoal,

for tea-boxes

(Gamble.)

be very good.

is

it

is

for

Diameter, 18

height, 30 to 60ft.

;

Northern Australia. 68. Albizzia Thozetiana, F.v.M., (Syn. Acacia Thozetiana, F.v.M.;

Pithecolobiiim B.Fl.,

ii.,

Thozetiamim,

F.v.M.)

Timber very

hard, heavy, tough, and close-grained.

prove useful for gig-shafts, gun-stocks, (Thozet.)

N.O., Leguminosse,

;

422.

Diameter, 12 to 3oin.

;

etc.

It is

IMay

of a red colour.

height, 40 to 60ft.

Queensland. Albizzia Toona,

^>9-

(Bailey.)

Wood bark

;

poses.

Bail.,

Supp.

to

Syn.

Queensland Flora.

N.O., Leguminosae.

of a light colour for

the rest resembles cedar

;

several inches inwards

a valuable

(Cat. Queenslaiid Timbers,

CoL and

wood Ind.

for

from the

many

pur-

Exh., London^

1886.)

Queensland. Willd.,

70. Aleurites molnCCana,

Ambiniix,

Pers.

;

Euphorbiacese, B.Fl.,

Jatropha vi.,

128.

(Syn. a. triloba, Forst.

moluccana,

A.

p. 20. *'

Candle-nut."

Linn.)

;

triloba in Muell.

;

A.

N.O., Cens.,.

TIMBERS.

Wood sap

is

it

and

of a light colour, soft,

373 light

especially liable to decay, but

in the

cut

if

;

is

when

full of

wood

not a durable

Weight, 381bs. per cubic

under any circumstances.

common

it

foot.

It

is

Eastern Archipelago and South Sea Islands.

Queensland.

71-

Alphitonia excelsa, Reisseck, (Syn. Colubrina excelsa, Fenzl.); N.O., Rhamnese, B.Fl.,

414.

i.,

Variously called "Mountain Ash," " Red Ash," *'

" Leather-jacket,"

called "

the

same

New

Northern

of

" Nono-groyinandie "

district.

(New South Wales)

River

The wood high polish purposes.

it

"

it

The

for this tree.

" Culgera-culgera,"

suitable for gun-stocks,

and a

and

slab

of

old.

It is

near

somewhat pinkish, the inner wood dark-brown, or

parti-coloured

A

take a

will

Wood

valuable for coopers' staves and indoor purposes. outside

some

variety of other

The timber becomes dark when

(Hill.)

aboriginals

while

Mee-a-mee,"

hard, close-grained, durable,

is

it is

;

call

call

is

in

has been given as a Clarence

name

aboriginal

South Wales

Queensland aboriginals

the

and

Wood." In the Illawarra district of New South Wales it Humbug," while " Murr-rung " was formerly an aboriginal name

Coopers'

throughout

wood

this

very

;

in

tough, and

warps

Technological

the

in

drying.

Museum, which

has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

at the

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

which corresponds

to 53lbs. 50Z. per cubic foot.

The Revd.

J. E. Tenison- Woods points out that in Queens" one of the very characteristic trees of the " Brigalow

land this

is

scrubs.

Diameter, 18

New 72.

Alsophila aUStralis,

Cooper i. Hook, it

" it

to 24in.

Height, 45 to 50ft.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

et

R.Br.,

Bak.)

;

(Syn.

A. excelsa,

N.O., Filices, B.Fl.,

vii.,

R.Br.;

A.

710.

A " Tree-fern." By the aboriginals of Illawarra (New South Wales) used to be called " Beeow-wang," and by the aboriginals of Queensland Nanga-nanga."

The

aboriginals at the Coranderrk Station (Victoria), call

" Pooeet."

This timber sticks

and

{i.e.,

articles

the outer hard portion)

of fancy

furniture.

It

is

is

used for walking

nicely veined,

and

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

374 takes a

good

polish.

It is

brown and white

The stem

being very hard.

Charcoal...

yields

...

...

...

29 per cent.

...

...

44

„

6

„

Crude wood vinegar

Tar

in streaks, the

...

Tannic acid

...

...

...

2.9

,,

Gallic acid

...

...

...

.9

„

Diameter, 9 to i2in.

(Mueller.)

brown

:

Height, 30 to

40ft.

All the colonies except South and Western Australia.

73- Alsophila Leichhardtiana,

F.V.M., (Syn., A. Macarthurii,

F.V.M.); N.O., Filices, B.Fl.,

711.

vii.,

" Prickly Tree-fern," called from the circumstance of the stalk being

" Yarrah-wah "

covered with sharp, black prickles.

Wood, the stems of

74-

aboriginals

the

or outer hard portion of stem, black with white streaks,

This description

the black portion being very hard.

New

of

(New South Wales).

of Illawarra

many

apply to

will

Useful for rustic-work.

tree-ferns.

South Wales and Queensland.

Alstonia

N.O., Apocyneae,

F.v.M.,

COnstricta,

B.Fl.,

iv.,

3UCalled " Fever -bark," or " Bitter-bark."

Wood drying.

This

of a pale yellow colour, close

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col.

tree

is

largely

sacrificed for

timber apparently goes

40

in the

grain

;

warps

and Ind. Exhib.,

medicinal bark, and the

its

Diameter, 6 to i5in.

to waste.

in

1886.)

Height,.

to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

75- Alstonia SCholaris,

Apocyneae, B.FL,

R.Br.,

iv.,

coffins.

light

wood

Tree"

of this tree

{Treasury of Botany^

" scholaris "

from the

A. ^««m/a. Wall.)

;

N.O.,

312.

" Devil

The

{?>yn.

fact of its

(of India). is

It

used in Ceylon for making obtained the specific

name

planks being used as school-

boards when covered with sand for tracing

letters.

It is

white and

TIMBERS. close-grained.

The wood

(Drury.)

375 varies

weight from 28

in

Height, up to 80 or 90ft.

to 4olbs. per cubic foot.

Northern Queensland. 76. Alstonia Verticillosa, ^•^'•^^•.

(Syn. Alyxt'a actinophylla, k.

Cunn.); N.O., Apocyneae, B.Fl., iv„ 313.

Wood

of light colour, soft

and easy

to

work.

Queensland and Northern Australia. Alstonia villosa, Blume.'^.O., Apocynese, B.Fl.,

n-

Wood

Height, up

in Australia.

313. easily, is

{Cat. Queens-

for staves.

land Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

endemic

works

of a light colour, close in the grain,

and would probably be suitable

firm,

i\..

This tree

is

not

to 30ft.

Queensland.

Alyxia buxifolia, R.Br., (Syn. A.

78.

Apocyneae, B.Fl., Called " Tonga-bean

iv.,

capitellata, Benth.)

Wood

"

owing

to its scent

;

mottled appearance.

and close-grained wood, It

N.O.,

also" Heath-box."

This straggling sea-side shrub, with a stem three in diameter, has a fine

;

307.

to five

inches

of a lightish-brown

smells strongly of Coumarin.

All the colonies except Queensland. 79-

nitidula, Benth., N.O., Meliaceae, B.Fl.,

Amoora "

A

Wood

tall tree."

i.,

383.

tough, and close in

of a light colour,

the grain.

Northern 80.

New

South Wales and Queensland

Angophora intermedia,

DC,

(Syn. Metrosideros flonbunda.

Smith); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., " Narrow-leaved Apple Tree."

iii.,

184.

Angophoras axq czW^A "Apple Trees"

in

the colonies, from a fancied resemblance to those trees.

This timber defects is

it is

is

cut into boards.

tough.

It

subject to gum-veins, but

when free from those etc., and

used for naves and spokes of wheels, blocks,

burns

It

freely.

bears dampness well, and

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

1 00ft.

Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

;

is

hard and

height, 80 to

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

376 81.

AngOphora

Cav.,

lanceolata,

M.

Gaertn.;

Metro side ros

(Syn.

lanceolata, Pers., Syn.

Salisb.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

iii.,

25

M.

;

CO Stat a,

apocynifolia,

184.

" Mountain Apple Tree," "Orange Gum," in allusion to the bark being stained kino. Some Queensland aboriginals call it

Variously called " Apple Tree,"

Gum,"

"

Red Gum,"

or " Rusty

a rusty-red colour from the " Toolookar."

Timber .893."

gum-veins

strong, heavy, subject to

of wheels, slabs,

rough buildings and

;

used

for

" Specific

fuel.

naves gravity

Diameter, 24 to

{Report, Victorian Exhibition, 1861.)

36in.; height, 70 to 80ft.

New 82.

South Wales and Queenland.

Angophora subvelutina, N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

(Syn. A. velutina, F.v.M.);

^•j'..^/.,

iii.,

184.

The " lUarega " of the Rivers (New South Wales).

" Broad-leaved Apple Tree." the

Richmond and Clarence

aboriginals of

The wood is moderately heavy and tough, soft while green, when dry it is used for wheel-naves, bullock- yokes,

very hard handles,

;

etc.

turns well, and

(Hartmann.)

potash.

It is of

rails.

it

;

It

used for posts and

is

a uniform reddish colour, requires careful seasoning;

A

dresses and polishes well. logical

contains a large proportion of

durable, and

is

Museum, which

(having been exhibited

slab of this

wood

in the

Techno-

has been seasoned over twenty-five years at the

London

International Exhibition of

1862), has a weight which corresponds to

52lbs. 140Z. per cubic

foot.

New 83.

South Wales and Queensland.

Bail,

Angophora Woodsiana, Bailey.)

Wood

;

(Syn.

Queensland

Flora,

N.O., Myrtaceae.

and heavy.

of a pinkish colour, hard

Queensland. 84-

Aphananthe

phillippinensis,

F.v.M.

rectinervis,

Urticeae, B.Fl,, Called by the aborigines of the

vi.,

;

Sponia

Planch., ilici/olia,

(Syn. S.

Taxotropkis

Kurz.)

;

N.O.,

160.

colonists

"

Elm

"

and

Richmond and Clarence

" Tulip-wood,"

Rivers, " Mail,"

and by the

TIMBERS. This timber

is

and Mr. Bailey suggests

is

may be

it

light in

etc.

might do

Diameter,

It

Height,

i8in.

to

15

for stamps.

to 90ft.

Northern 85.

It

that

not endemic in Australia.

80

It

close-grained,

used for linings, ceilings,

is

found a useful wood for turners. colour,

377

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Apophyllum anomalum, F.v.M., N.O.,

Capparideae, B.Fl.,

97.

i.,

Wood

Diameter, 6

hard.

very

to

20

Height,

i6in.

to

30ft.

New 86.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker, N.O., Coniferae, B.Fl., vi., 243. The " Bunya-bunya" of the aboriginals — a name invariably adopted by

he colonists.

The wood beautiful veins,

not only very strong and good, but

is

and capable (Hill.)

the greatest facility.

ment

be

to

It

is

sample of

to the

Exhibition, and examined by Mr, Allen is

often

prettily

seed yielding an

Colonial and Indian

Ransome.

He

Judging by the experiments,

marked.

and

excellent framing,

common

furniture,

Diameter, 30

An

its

a straight-grained, light-coloured, mild-working

"This

make

to

(See " Foods.")

timber was sent

this

as

to 48in.

allied species

;

it

as

height, 100 /i

.

size.

Mechanical Manipulation,

i.,

enormous

inches diameter.

size of

to

warp

or

twist."

to 150ft.

Mr. Holtzapfel (Turning and

had portions of one

which

about four feet long, and four to six

" In substance

and with the same

eccentric or drilled work, etc.

it

is it

tools, ;

it

material for ornamental turning."

Queensland.

inclined

37)

a semi-transparent hazel-brown, and as ivory,

wood, should

("Norfolk Island Pine") some-

^.r^/jfl

times has knots of enormous

attained the

it

states:

planes well could be used for

it

not

is

full of

not allowed by the Govern-

on Crown Lands owing

food to the aborigines.

article of

A

felled

is

it

being polished and worked with

of

is

very compact and solid, of

may be either

cut almost as well

into screws,

or with

an exceedingly appropriate

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

378

N.O., Coniferae, B.Fl.,

Ait.,

Cunninghamii,

87. Araiicaria

vi.,

243Called variously " Moreton Bay Pine," "

is

called "

Hoop

Pine," and " Colonial

Richmond River (New South Wales) it Coorong," by those about Brisbane, " Cumburtu," and by those

By

Pine."

the aboriginals of the

about Wide Bay (Queensland), " Coonam."

The timber is

is

an

article of great

when

strong and durable

exposed

to alternate

mountains

commercial importance.

dry, but

damp and

soon decays when

it

When

dryness.

the interior of Queensland

in

is

procured from the

is

it

It

it

and

fine-grained,

susceptible of a high polish, equal to that of satin-wood or bird's-

eye maple.

The

(Hill.)

pine obtained from the mountains

is

preferred to that obtained from the low lands near the coast.

A

piece of this timber was exhibited

and

national Exhibition of 1862,

specimen, which

is

quincunx order, somewhat

and not

known

It

yields spars

to yield

like

80

io,oooft. of

to

timber.

The

jMint Experiments,

Technological five

years

It

noble

It

at

.763.

Two

by a

set up,

general effect,

tree has

been

pale coloured, and

boards, also for puntapt to get of a dirty

is

specific gravity has

i860)

in

and one

is

lining

bottoms when kept constantly wet. with age.

Inter-

— "A

appears peculiarly liable

looft. long,

extensively used for flooring and

colour

London

clouded knots, arranged

drops of rain

The sap-wood

easily described.

to rot."

the

remarkable for the peculiar figure

series of remote, small, pea-shaped, pale in

at

thus referred to:

is

been given (Sydney

slabs of this

Museum, which have been seasoned London

(having been exhibited at the

wood

in the

over twentyInternational

Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 3olbs. 2oz.

and

33lbs. 120Z. respectively per cubic foot, or, in

a specific gravity of about

round numbers,

.5.

Mr. Allen Ransome thus reports on a sample

of this timber

sent from Queensland to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition

"This

is

a rather harder and better wood than the

{A. Bidwilli).

It

is

and

Diameter, 36 to 66in.

Height, 150 to 200ft.

New

:

mentioned.

of a light colour, with a straight grain,

planes very smooth with a rapid feed."

Northern

last

South Wales and Queensland.

;;

TIMBERS. 88.

379

Archidendron Vaillantii, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosse, Mueli. Cens., p. 47.

Wood

of a red colour, close-grained, strong,

and durable.

Queensland. 89.

Areca Noraianbyi, F.v.M., (Syn. Ptychosperma Normanbyi, F.v.M. Cocos Normanbyi, W. Hill); N.O., Palmeae, B.Fl., ;

142.

vii.,

" Black Palm."

Wood,

marked

beautifully

about

outer part

or

of

stem, very hard and black,

the

used in the manufacture of walking sticks

;

50ft. high.

Queensland. 90.

Lejourdanii, F.v.M., N.O., Saxifragese, B.Fl.,

Argophylhm ii.,

436-

Wood small.

yellow,

A

close-grained,

shrub of 6

and hard,

but, of course, very

to 8ft. high.

Queensland. 91. Atalantia glauca, Hook./., (Syn.

N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl.,

The

The wood

"

is

Tnphasia glauca,

Lindl.)

370. Native Kumquat," or " Desert Lemon." i.,

close-grained, and takes a fine polish.

It is

of

a bright yellow colour, with numerous brown streaks or veins.

Diameter,

New 92.

2 to 6in.

Height, 8 to

15ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Atalaya hemiglauca, F.v.M., (Syn. Ihouinia hemiglauca, F.v.M.); N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

Commonly

A

tall

called "

shrub, or small tree.

i.

463.

Whitewood."

Wood

yellowish, hard,

and of

close grain.

South Australia,

93-

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Atalaya salicifolia, Blume., (Syn. Sapindus salicifoliiis, DC.;Cupania salicifolia, DC; Thouinia ausiralis, A. Rich.); N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

463.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

380

Timber close-grained and (Hill.)

It

hard, and takes a good

not endemic in Australia.

is

polish.

Diameter, I4t0 22in.;

height, 30 to 50ft.

Northern Australia. 94-

Labill., N.O., Monimiaceae, B.FI.,

Atherosperma moschata, v.,

284. " Sassafras."

The wood

is

very suitable for sash and door work.

useful to the cabinet-maker also, for

frequently exhibits a pleasant figure

taking a beautiful polish.

It is said

it

;

to

and also

lasts,

be peculiarly suitable for It is

much esteemed

bench screws.

for carpenters'

is

has also the quality of

the sounding boards of musical instruments.

very tough, easily worked, and

It

has a dark duramen, and

it

close-grained,

shoemakers'

for

Height, up to 100

or 150ft. in Tasmania.

New

South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

95- Avicennia officinalis, ^'ww., (Syn. A.iomenlosa, Jacq.); N.O.,

Verbenaceae, B.FI.,

69.

v.,

The " Mangrove," or " White Mangrove." The " Tchoonchee " of some Queensland aboriginals, and the " Tagon-tagon " of those of Rockhampton (Queensland) Its

and " Egaie

" of those of

Cleveland Bay.

valuable on account of

is

stonemasons' mallets, and

fibre, for

vessels

;

wood, when small,

is

The sawdust

(Macarthur), also yokes for bullocks.

particularly

pungent and

per cubic foot.

and used only mills for

foetid.

In India for fuel.

it

is

(Guilfoyle.)

(Gamble.)

It

oil

both on account of

to dress,

of the coarseness of the grain.

slab of this

wood

its

is

is

581bs.

brittle

wood,

it is

mills,

discolours on keeping, and

and

very carefully.

weight

by some considered a

hard

A

Its

Major Ford, however, says

husking paddy, rice-pounders and

Andamans.

inlocked

its

used for knees of boats and

used for in

the

is

very

chipping under the plane, It

in the

requires to be seasoned

Technological Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the

London

weight which corresponds 2oin.

;

height,

20

to 30ft.

International Exhibition of 1862), has a to 49lbs. 30Z.

per cubic

foot.

Diameter,

In salt-water

TIMBERS.

381

estuaries extending

along the Australian sea-

coast.

96. BackhOTlsia

F.v.M.

Bancroftii,

Cat. Queensland Woods, Col. "

Wood

Bail.,

et

N.O., Myrtaceae,

and Ind. Exh., 1886.

Langdon's Hardwood."

of a light-grey colour, hard, close-grained,

like teak, useful as a building

centre in large trees

timber;

and

splits straight

;

something

rather dark towards the freely.

(Bailey.)

Johnstone River (Queensland).

97-

Backhousia Citriodora, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

270.

The wood

hard, fine-grained,

is

ornamental purposes. 9 to i2in.

It

of a

is

and

be useful for

likely to

light-pink colour.

Diameter,

height, 18 to 20ft.

;

Queensland.

98.

BackhoUSia myrtifolia, Hook, and Haw., (Syn., B. ripariay Hook.) N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii., 269. ;

"Scrub Myrtle," or "Native Myrtle,"

or " Grey Myrtle."

"Lance-

wood."

Wood

close-grained, of a light-yellow colour,

marked with dark walnut mallets,

etc.

engraving. to

It

is

Boys

make bows of

stains.

It

for

turnery,

suitable

(in the early

this

is

used

and often for

prettily

tool handles,

and perhaps

days of the colony

at

for

wood

least)

used

tough and durable wood. Diameter, 9

to i2in.;

height, 20 to 40ft.

New 99-

South Wales and Queensland.

Backhousia SCadiophora, F.v.M.; N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

270. " Myrtle."

Timber hard, used or known, engraving.

New

close-grained, and prettily

but

considered

Diameter, 24in.

;

likely

to

marked

not generally

be useful

height, 80 to 90ft,

South Wales and Queensland.

;

for

wood

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

382 100,

Codiaum lucidum,

Baloghia lucida, E)idl. (Syn.,

Muell.,

Arg.); N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FI., vi., 148. " Scrub," or " Brush Bloodwood." Called also " Roger Gough." to be called " NuUiera " by Brisbane

New

Wood

The

aboriginals.

The

Clarence River,

of the aboriginals of the

Northern

Water

"

"

Dooragan

Used

Nun-naia" "

some

of

South Wales aboriginals.

fine

and close-grained.

It is

impregnated with a resinous

substance, and burns readily in a green

It is of

state.

a buff or

even light reddish-brown colour, apparently evinces no tendency

and

to split,

of

is

Some specimens

probably a very useful timber.

when polished. Two slabs of this wood in Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty(having been exhibited at the London International

are rather pretty

it

the Technological

years

five

Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 44lbs. and 45lbs. 40Z. per cubic

Diameter, 24 to 3oin.;

foot respectively.

height, 70 to Soft.

New loi.

South Wales and Queensland.

Banksia

R.Br., (Syn., B. serrata, Cav. non Linn.

Semilla,

jB. serrati/olia,

B.

Salisb.;

Knight; B.

serrce/olia,

R.Br.; B. undtdata, Lindl.); N.O., Proteaceae, B.FI.,

v,

A

marked,

Wood

shrub.

deep red, coarse-grained,

shrinks unequally in drying

;

New

prettily

an excellent wood

(Cai. Queensland Woods, Col.

maker.

556.

for the cabinet-

and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

South Wales and Queensland.

Banksia dentata, Linn.,/., N.O., Proteaceae,

102.

f.

elatior,

Wood marked.

of a

B.FI., v., 555.

dark-red colour, hard, close grained, and prettily

Height, 15 to

20ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

103.

Banksia B.

integrifolia,

oleifolia,

Cav.

;

B.

Linn.,

R.Br.); N.O., Proteaceae, B.FI.,

The

(Syn.

B.

macrophylla, v.,

spicata,

Link.

;

Gaertn.

;

B. co7npar,

554.

name of a Banksia in the colonies is " Honeysuckle." commonly called " Honeysuckle," or " Coast Honeysuckle,"

ordinary

This species

is

and " Beef-wood," from the colour and texture

of the

wood.

It

is

the

TIMBERS. *'

383

Courridjah " of the aboriginals of Cumberland and

"Pomera"

Wales), and the

Timber tough; It is

Camden (New South

Queensland aboriginals.

of

used for knees of boats, bullock yokes,

etc.

moderately dense, pinkish in colour, and beautifully grained

suitable

work

fancy

for

very

;

when

perishable

atmospheric influences, but otherwise durable.

wood, .799

;

A

;

to

Specific gravity of

weight of a cubic foot of dry wood about 5olbs.

Diameter, 8

(Mueller.)

exposed

Height, 20 to

to i2in.

wood

slab of this

in

30ft.

the Technological

Museum, which

has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

at the

International

which corresponds Victoria,

104.

Banksia

to 39lbs.

New

South Wales and Queensland. R.Br., N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

littoralis,

This wood

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

per cubic foot.

beautifully grained, of a rich

is

suitable for cabinet

and

inlaid work.

brown

Height, 20 to

v.,

547.

and

colour,

40ft.

Western Australia. 105.

Banksia marginata, Cav., (Syn. B. mkrostachya, Cav. oblongifolia, Lodd.

B. australis^ R.Br.

;

B. patula, R.Br.; B. " Honeysuckle."

The "Woreck"

(Queensland).

"

v.,

B.

;

depressa, R.Br.;

553.

Wallum

of the

B.

B. Gunnn, Meissn.);

insularis, R.Br.;

N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

;

" of the aboriginals of

aboriginals of

Wide Bay

Lake Hindmarsh

the

Station (Victoria).

This wood

is

not

remarkably porous,

soft,

newly

cut,

it

is

not

of

much

utilitarian

spongy, and

unlike

importance.

When

light.

uncooked beef

in

full of

It

is

sap and

the centre,

and

towards the surface of a reddish-white colour, hence

it

appearance of well-grown beef, with a quantity of

fat

on the

and warps

to

a great

outside.

In the process of drying

extent, but

it

twists

when thoroughly seasoned

it

and has a very pleasing appearance. purposes and indoor ornamental work. foot of the

wood, when dry, weighs

gravity of .598.

(In the

the specific gravity

is

admits of a It (J.

is

used

has the

fine polish,

for

E. Brown.)

cabinet

A

cubic

381bs., equivalent to a specific

Repor/ 0/ /he Victorian Exhibition, 1861,

given as .610.)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

384

29.5 per cent.

Yield of charcoal

A

Crude wood vinegar

...

40.062

„

Tar

...

6.562

„

ton of dry

...

...

...

wood gave

maximum yield

a

6|lbs. of pure potash.

of I4|^lbs. of pearl-ash, or

Height, 10 to 20ft.

(Mueller.)

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

B. Banksia Serrata, Linn. /., (Syn. B. conchi/era, Gaertn. Knight B. dentata, Wendl. non Linn. f. B. media,

106.

;

mill's.

;

;

Hook,

non R.Br.); N.O.,

f.,

" Honeysuckle."

Proteacese. B.Fl.,

This tree produces a handsome wood, but the

coleopterous

of

larvae

mahogany-coloured wood, grain,

Used

and strong

;

Exhibition,

1862.)

insects.

It

it

It

knees, etc., and would

available split

to

make good

for

figure of

A

mistaken.

woods

it

which has been exhibited at the

is

wood

of this

seasoned

London

used as

is

it

;

{General Report,

furniture.

Specific gravity, .803;

Like

(Mueller.)

requires to be seasoned very carefully.

Banksia timber slab

purplish,

and ship-building

boat

with nailing

weight of cubic foot of dried wood, about 5olbs.

The

a

{Jurors' Reports, London International is

Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.) other Banksia

always bored

is

yields

remarkable colour, of coarse, open

of

being liable

not

purposes,

Cumberland

forms a mottled figure in certain sections.

window frames.

for

556.

of

" Wattung-urree."

and Camden (New South Wales)

by

v.,

Formerly called by the aboriginals

over

and can

rarely be

the Technological

Museum,

quite per in

se,

twenty-five

years (having been

International Exhibition of 1862),

has

a weight which corresponds to 381bs. 140Z. per cubic foot.

Tasmania, Victoria, 107.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Barkleya syringifolia, F.v.M, N.O., Leguminosae, ii.,

B.Fl.,

275.

Wood

hard, close-grained, and of a blackish-grey colour.

It

however,

of

greater value to the horticulturist than to the limber merchant,

its

might be suitable

for

tool handles.

This tree

is,

pleasant foliage and luxuriant yellow flowers rendering object in gardens.

New

Diameter, 12

to I5in.

South Wales and Queensland.

;

height,

40

it

a pretty

to 50ft.

;

TIMBERS. 108.

Bamngtonia rtibrum,

A

aCUtangula,

DC);

large tree

Gaertn.,

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

the

;

385

wood

is

Stravadhim

(Syn. iii.,

hard and of a

288.

-fine grain, red,

equivalent to mahogany, according to Mr. McClelland.

It is

in India for boat-building, well-work, carts, rice-pounders,

cabinet-makers.

Beddome

says

Its

it

weight

turns black

is

461b. per cubic

when buried

in

and

used

and by

(Gamble.)

foot.

mud.

Northern Australia. 109.

Bamngtonia

speciosa, Linn./., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

288.

A

large tree

be useful

wood

;

of a yellow colour, tough,

and firm

;

might

in cabinet-work.

Queensland.

no. Banhinia

F.v.M.,

Carronii,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

ii.,

295. " Queensland Ebony."

Called " Pegunny " by the aboriginals of the

Cloncurry River, Northern Queensland (Myappe

by the Mycoolan

Wood

light-brown, but

and " Thalmera

"

becoming much darker towards the

centre, hard, heavy, close in the grain

(CaL Queensland Timbers, South Australia, 111.

tribe),

tribe.

New

Col.

;

suitable for cabinet-work.

and Ind. Exh.,

i886.)

South Wales and Queensland.

Bauhinia. Hookeri, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

296.

"Mountain," or "Queensland Ebony."

"

Warwor "

of

some Queens-

land aboriginals.

Wood well

30

for

supple and heavy; of a dark-reddish hue. veneers

(Thozet).

Diameter,

10

to

Will answer

2oin.

;

height,

to 40ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 112. Bedfordia

salicina,

Z)C., (Syn.

CacuUa salidna,

Labill.

Senecio Bed/ordii, F.v.M.; Culculitium salicinum, Spreng.)

N.O.,

Compositae, B.Fl.,

Muell. Cens., p. 84. 2

c

iii.,

673.

Senecio Bed/ordii, in

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

386

The " Dog-wood" of Tasmania, and the " Cotton-wood New South Wales, on account of the abundant down on the

A good

gravity of a steam-dried specimen, in

Southern

New

some

It

is

It

little

wood

exceptionally

is

Height, up to 30ft.

difficult to season.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

Miq., (Syn. B. oblongifoUa,

113. Beyeria visCOSa,

Crolon

manner.

be

brittle nature.

that fresh shavings of this

a remarkable

in

its

to

Specific

cut.

(Osborn).

.896

South Wales on account of

Mr. Bauerlen has pointed out change colour

when

emits a foetid smell

It

Southern

leaves.

hard, pale-brown, well-mottled wood, said by

for furniture.

used

" of

viscosum, Labill.

Hook.

f.

Calyplrostigma viscosum.,YAo\.z'S,^.

;

C. oblongifolinm, Klotzsch.)

;

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

vi

64. " Pink-wood " of Tasmania.

"

A

shrub or tree."

tall

and

blocks,

Sometimes

for

uniformity

of

mahogany

hue.

turnery.

It

called "

The wood

Wallaby bush."

used for sheaves of

remarkable for

is

colour and grain

is

is

it

;

hardness and

of a very pale-reddish

All the colonies.

114- Blepharocarya involucrigera, F.v.M., Muell. Cens., p. 25,

N.O., Sapindaceae.

Wood

and easy

of a light-red colour, of a close grain, soft,

to

work.

Queensland.

115.

BombaX malabaricum, DC, (Syn., B, heptaphyllum, Cav.; Salmalia malabarica, Schott.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl., i., 223.

The

A

large tree

" ;

Malabar Silk Cotton Tree " in India this

except under water.

used

for

planking,

fishing-floats,

Burmah

coffins,

the trunk

is

It

is

wood

light,

is

coarse-grained, and

packing-cases,

tea

and the lining of often

(of India).

not considered durable,

boxes, wells.

hollowed out to

toys,

soft.

It is

scabbards,

In Bengal and

make

canoes.

The

TIMBERS.

387

weight of a cubic foot of the wood varies between 20 and

321b.

(Gamble.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. sapindiformis, F.v.M., (Syn., Evodia pentacocca,

116. Bosistoa

F.V.M.); N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl., "

The

Union Nut."

" Daurah,"

i.,

359.

or " Towra," of the

Queensland

aborigines.

Timber

close-grained, yellowish, beautifully marked, easily

wrought, and suitable for cabinet-work. Diameter, 9 to I2in.

split in drying.

New

Northern

It

is,

however, liable to

height, 20 to 3ofl.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

Endl, N.O.,

117- Brassaia actinophylla,

Araliaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

385. "

Umbrella Tree," the large leaves being

Wood

soft,

close-grained,

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

set,

like umbrella-ribs, at the

" Pinankaral " of the aboriginals.

top of numerous stems.

;

and dark in colour.

It is

not durable.

height, 30 to 40ft.

Queensland. 118.

Breynia Oblongifolia, Muell. Arg., Baill.);

Wood

N.O., Euphorbiaceag, B.Fl.,

A

shrub of 10 to

15ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

119. Bridelia

exaltata, F.v.M.,

Muell. Arg. B.Fl..

The

dnerascens,

114.

straw-coloured, close-grained, and firm, but, of course,

quite small.

New

(Syn. B.

vi.,

vi.,

;

Amanoa

B. ovata

(Syn.

ovata, Baill.)

;

var.

exaltata,

N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

119.

" Biggera-biggera " of the aboriginals of Northern

New

South

Wales.

This wood

is

brown, hard, and close in the grain

what resembling walnut, and said work.

Diameter, 24 to 3oin.

Northern

New

;

be as suitable

to

;

some-

for cabinet-

height, 90 to looft.

South Wales.

120. Bridelia faginea, F.v.M.,

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

(Syn. vi.,

Amanoa faginea,

120.

Baill.);

;; ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

388 "

A

tall

Wood

shrub or small tree."

becomes darker towards

centre

the

greyish-brown, mottled,

an easily-worked wood

;

(Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col.

suitable for cabinet-makers.

and

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland. 121. BrugTiiera gymnorrhiza, Lam., N.O., Rhizophoreae, B.Fi.,. ii.,

495.

See 5. Rheedii.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Bniguiera Rheedii, ^/«^
122.

;

B. gymnorrhiza and B. Rheedi are united by some authors. "

Red Mangrove."

This wood

is

The

"

Kowinka"

Queensland aborigines.

of

hard and durable, and of a yellowish colour, or

reddish brown, with the sap-wood lighter coloured.

axe and pick handles.

It

foot,

and

and

states that

it is

a

is

(Manual of Indian Timbers)

It

many purposes, common Indian tree.

grained and coarse-fibrous, useful for

gives

its

is

close-

especially

Gamble

weight as 54lb. per cubic

used for firewood, house posts, planks,

articles of native furniture.

The bows.

used by the Fijians for makings

aerial roots of this tree are

(Seemann, Flora

Vitiensis.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Buchanania mangoides, F.v.M., N.O., Anacardiace», MuelL

123.

Cens.,.p. 25. Called " Plum Tree

Wood work.

" in

Northern Australia.

of a pinkish colour, close in the grain, tough, and easy to

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland. 124. Bursaria spinosa,

Cav., (Syn.

Itea spinosa,

B. spinosa var. incana, Berith.,

N.O., Pittosporeae, B.FI.,

i.,

"Native Olive."

the aboriginals at Coranderrk (Victoria,). (Victoria).

Andr.

B. incana,

Also

Lindl.)

115.

"Native Box," or "Box Thorn."

Hindmarsh Station

(Syn.

"

Geapga

"

of

"Kurwan"

of

those of Lake-

;

TIMBERS.

The wood polish.

It is

is

389

close-grained, wliite in colour,

used for turnery.

Diameter, 6 to gin.

scent

Its

is

and takes a

fine

pleasant, but fleeting.

height, 20 to 30ft.

;

All the colonies. 125. Cadellia

N.O., Simarubeae, B.Fl.,

monostylis, Benlh.,

i.,

375-

Wood

of a yellowish colour,

and satin-wood.

of walnut

It

and

useful for cabinet-work

is

somewhat resembling some kinds pretty grain,

of a

making.

for toy

and would be Queensland

(Cat.

Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

New

South Wales and Queensland. N.O., Saxifrageae, B.Fl.,

Atidr.,

126. Callicoma serratifolia,

ii.,

440. " Native Beech."

This is one of the trees called by the early colonists " Black Wattle," from the fancied resemblance of the flowers to those of

some

of the wattles.

This wood has a reddish Diameter, up to 12 in.

New

C. scaler,

Lodd.

Curtis, Bot.

Red

work.

to

Height, 50 to 60ft.

;

M.

;

DC,

;

DC;

M. citrina,

Mag.; M. lophantha, Vent.; M. marginata,

Bottle-brush."

like bottle-brushes

C. marginatus,

(Syn.

Metrosideros lanceolata. Smith

rugulosa, Sieb.

Myrtaceae, B.Fl., "

and seems easy

South Wales and Queensland.

127. Callistemon lanceolatus,

Cav,

tint,

in

;

M.

semperflorens, Lodd.); N.O.,

120.

iii.,

(The flowers "

shape.)

of

some

species of Callistemon are

Water Gum."

The

Marum

"

" of

some

Queensland aboriginals.

Wood

hard and heavy

wrights' work, will

it

;

is

used for ship-building, wheel-

and many implements, such as

mallets.

Diameter, 12 to i8m.

bind like a ribbon.

Its

shavings

Height, 30 to

40ft.

Victoria,

New

128. Callistemon

C

South Wales and Queensland.

DC,

salignus,

lophanthus,

Lodd,

31. pallida, Bonpl.)

;

;

(Syn.

C

Metrosideros

paindus, saligna,

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

iii.,

120.

DC; Smith

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

390

" Broad-leaved Tea-tree,"

Called

and " River Oak."

It

New

"

South Wales.

Wood

Humbah

"

is

very hard and close-grained

will

be found

Victoria for

page 50

at

;

it

has the reputation of

has been used for engraving,

engraving in which

this

wood

of the Proc. Philosoph. Inst,

from a uniform drab

in colour

^^ varies

1859.

It

An

but with no marked success.

used

River Tea-tree," " Stonewood,"

another aboriginal name.

being very durable underground.

is

*'

the " Unoyie " of the aboriginals of Northern

is

of to

dark red, and some specimens have a very pretty grain which looks well under polish.

Two

slabs

of

It is fairly

this

wood

easy to work, and dresses admirably.

in

Museum, which

the Technological

have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been at

London

the

which

correspond

Specific

foot respectively.

[Report

Victorian

Height, 40 to

561b.

to

130Z.

and

gravity .983

Exhibition,

6olb.

exhibited

have

International Exhibition of 1862),

weights

per

120Z.

cubic

(6iilb. per cubic foot),

Diameter,

1861).

18

to

24in.

50ft.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

129.

Calophyllum inophylkm, Linn,, N.O., i.,

Guttiferse,

B.Fl.,

183. " Ndilo" (of India).

Wood

and

of a reddish colour,

pretty

wavy

figure, strong

and

durable; a useful wood for the joiner and cabinet-maker.

This

tree

is

where

also a native of India,

spars, railway-sleepers, machinery, etc.

cubic

foot,

according

averaged 421b."

to

Kurz

it is

used for masts,

The weight

is

631b. per

" the specimens received by

;

me

(Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers^

Queensland. 130.

Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight, Muell. Gens., N.O. Guttiferae.

C. elatian, Bedd.)

p. 8, (Syn.

;

" Poon Tree" (of India).

This tree yields the Poon Spars of commerce, of which good ones fetch large prices. India,

is

The

timber

of a red colour, strong,

the joiner and cabinet-maker.

is

used for bridge-work in

and durable

;

it

also

" Couch's experiments

is

at

useful to

Plymouth

TIMBERS.

391

Dockyard gave 36 to 431b. per cubic foot, mine gave 351b. per (Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers.) cubic foot." Queensland.

Canarium australasicum, F.v.M., N.O., Burseraceae, B.Fl., i..

131.

377-

Wood

of

grey colour, dark towards the centre

a

and would

easily,

;

works

suit for lining-boards of houses.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Canthium

132-

The

various species of

In

trees.

New

133-

for turnery

are

tall

shrubs or small

of a light colour, close in the

is

and cabinet-work.

South Wales and Queensland.

Canthium COprosmoides, F.v.M., Pledronia barbala, Hook.f. C. odoraia,

Hook,

Muell. Fragm.,

Wood marked

422.

iii.,

Canthium

wood

this species the

and useful

grain,

Pledronia buxifolia,

blixifolium, Benlh., (Syn.

Benth.); N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl.,

Am.)

et

ix.,

;

;

(Syn. C. barbatum, Seem.;

Chiococca barbaia, G. Forst.;

N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

422.

186.

dark yellow, streaked with a brown colour, very prettily

or grained

;

a useful

wood

for turnery

and cabinet-work.

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col, and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

New

134-

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Canthium F.v.M.)

;

latifolium,

" Mogil-Mogil."

A

small tree

seldom used.

F.v.M.,

N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl.,

It

;

is,

"

(Syn. iii.,

the timber

is

nevertheless,

hard and close-grained,

but

somewhat ornamental, being Diameter, 3 to

6in.;

16 to 20ft.

In the interior of Victoria.

latifolia,

Wild Orange," or " Wild Lemon."

pinkish, with streaks of a darker colour. height,

Pledronia

421.

all

the

colonies

except Tasmania and

;;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

392

Canthium lucidum, Hook,

135.

F.v.M.

dubia, Endl.)

;

Am., ;

(Syn. C. lamprophyllum,

Plectronia odorata, F.v.M.

Ixora odorata, Spreng.

N.O., Rubiaceae, B.Fl.,

Hi.,

421

Wood

of a yellow colour, close-grained, tough,

prove useful for cabinet-work.

likely to

;

land Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.) height, 20

New

(

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

South Wales to Northern Australia.

Wood

hard, close-grained, and capable of

Thozet says loin.

;

shrub

this

is

met with

B.Fl.,

422.

iii.,

a high polish.

Diameter,

in poor soil.

5 to

height, 25 to 30ft.

The

New

interior of

Canthmm F.V.M.

South Wales and Queensland.

vacciniifolium, F.v.M., (Syn.

Plectronia vacciniifolia. Hook,

;

iii.,

Wood

close grained

and

of

mkrophyiium,

C.

N.O., Rubiaceae,

f.);

422.

B. Fl.,

tough,

and nicely

Cat. Queens-

to 30ft.

Canthium oleifolmm, Hook., N.O., Rubiaceae,

136.

Pavetta

;

Muell. Cens.,

;

185.

ix,,

marked

;

et

Seem.

C. odoratum,

;

Coffea odoraia, G. Forst.

137-

;

used for walking-sticks.

;

a light-yellowish colour.

(Hill.)

Diameter,

It is

to

i

4in.

height, 20ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

138. Capparis

Lindl.,

Mitchelli,

(Syn.

F.v.M.); N.O., Capparideae, B.Fl.,

i.,

Busbeckia

Mitchelli,

96.

"Small Native Pomegranate," "Native Orange" (from the shape of the

fruit).

size

and

" Karn-doo-thal " of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry

River (Northern Queensland), and "

Mondo "

of the aboriginals of Central

Queensland.

The wood

is

and

whitish, hard, close-grained,

engraving, carving, and similar purposes.

Sir

suitable for

Thomas

discovered this small tree, says {Three Expeditions,

who " The wood

resembles

distinguished from

it."

lancewood

so

much

Diameter, 10 to uin.

All the colonies except

;

as

Mitchell, ii.,

not

137),

to

be

height, 14 to 20ft

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

;

TIMBERS.

393

139- Capparis nobilis, F.v.M., (Syn. Busleckia arborea, F.v.M.;

B.

nobilis, Endl.); " Native

The timber colour, it is

and

N.O., Capparideae, B.Fl.,

Pomegranate." is

likely to

i.,

95.

"Caper Tree."

" Grey Plum."

hard and close-grained, of a hght or whitish

Mr. C. Moore says

prove useful for carving.

occasionally used for whip handles.

Diameter, 6 to i4in.

height, 20 to 25 ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

140. Carallia integerrima,

DC,

C. zeyianica,

(Syn.

lucida, Roxb.); N.O., Rhizophorse, B.Fl.,

Wood Burmah

C.

495.

ii.,

light-coloured, but darkening prettily towards the centre,

close in the grain, easy to work, and polishes well. in

Am.;

for planking, furniture,

for furniture,

and also

for

and rice-pounders

is

Ceylon

in

The sap-wood

building purposes.

perishable, but the heart-wood

used

It is ;

very hard and durable.

is

Weight,

(Gamble.)

471b. per cubic foot.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 141- Cardwellia SUblimis,

N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL,

F.V.M.,

v.,

538.

Wood

of a light colour, prettily

marked

;

perhaps suitable for

Height, 80 or 90ft.

cabinet-work.

Central Queensland. 142.

Careya arborea,

Roxb., var.

C. australis, F.v.M.

Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

;

iii.,

(?)

australis,

F.v.M.,

Barringtonia Careya, F.v.M.)

289.

Careya australis

;

(Syn.

N.O.,

in Muell. Cens.,

p. 60.

"Broad-leaved Apple Tree." originals.

Variously

called

of some Queensland aband " Gunthamarra " by the

"Barror"

" Go-onje "

aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland), and

by the aboriginals of the Mitchell River. " A tree attaining a large size."

Wood

colour, red in the centre, close in the grain, easily, liable to

Of fectly

a light-grey

and tough

;

works

crack unless very carefully seasoned.

the typical C. arborea,

sound

of

"Ootcho"

after

Gamble

says the

wood was

being stored for 50 years in Calcutta.

per-

The

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

394 wood It

used in India except for agricultural implements.

little

is

being tried for railway sleepers on some Bengal railways,

is

but the result of the experiment

Burmah

cabinet-work. of

not yet known.

is

It is

used in

for gun-stocks, house-posts, planking, carts, furniture, It

wood about

Weight

stands well under water.

and

of cubic foot

541b. (Gamble).

Queensland and Northern Australia.

^.

143- Cargillia aUStralis,

5/-.,

{^^yn.

Diospyros Cargillia, F.v.M.)

Maba

Cargillia,Y.v.y[.',

N.O., Ebenaceae, B.Fl.,

;

iv.,

Diospyros Cargillia in Muell. Cens., p. 92. The "Black Plum" of Illawarra (New South Wales), and the " Booreerra " of the aboriginals of the same district. 288.

Wood to

close, very tough,

be useful

and

for

many

and

purposes.

firm, of little beauty, It is

but likely

very apt to get discoloured,

to rend in seasoning (Macarthur).

makes

It

excellent whip-

handles, and other light work.

This forms one of the many

London

International Exhibition of 1862.

timbers exhibited at the

Most

of the original

specimens are

in this

museum, and

in

the Technological

twenty-five years

wood

Museum, which has been seasoned

over

1862),

has a weight which corresponds

per cubic foot, but, as already remarked,

with small holes.

New

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

it

is

riddled

Height, 60 to Soft.

South Wales and Queensland.

144. Cargillia pentamera, F.v.M., (Syn.

Diospyros pentamera, F.v.M.) 288.

this is the

(having been exhibited at the Lontlon Inter-

national Exhibition of to 52lb.

A

slab of this

only timber of them riddled by xylophages.

Diospyros pentamera

in

;

Mabapentamera, F.v.M.

N.O., Ebenaceae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

Muell. Cens., p. 92.

The " Black Myrtle " and " Grey Plum " of Northern New South Wales, and the " Chowan " of the aboriginals of the same district.

Timber

when

reddish,

fresh.

It

and

occasionally, height,

80

to

Northern

1

is

close-grained,

not

much

tough,

used,

for flooring boards.

and durable

Diameter, 24

00ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

;

soft

handles

except for tool to

36in.

;

TIMBERS.

395

R.Br., (Syn. C. Brownii, F.v.M.)

145- Carissa OVata,

Apocyneje, B.Fl.,

C

305.

iv.,

N.O.,

;

in Muell.

Brownii, F.v.M.,

Cens., p. 93. " Karey " of the aboriginals of the

Rockhampton

" Ulorin " of the aboriginals of the Cleveland

Bay

(Queensland). " Kunkerberry "

tribe

tribe.

of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland).

A

moderately hard and heavy wood, very clear, and works

Along the grain

well.

are a

which causes the wood,

in

number

of

narrow white pithy streaks,

transverse section, to have a pretty

dotted appearance. A slab of this wood in the Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862),

has a weight which corresponds to 561b. 140Z. per cubic

South Australia, 146. Caruiribmni

Muell.

New

populifolmm, (and

Arg.,

foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

other

Reinw., sp.)

(Syn.

C. populneum,

Omalanthus {Homalanthus)

populifoUus, Grab.); N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl.,

vi.,

150.

Oryialanthus populi/o litis in Muell. Cens. p. 21. " Queensland Poplar."

Wood

soft,

and

This tree

of a light colour.

is

not endemic

in Australia.

Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

147- Cassia BreWSteri, F.v.M., (Syn. Carthartocarpus Brewsteriy

F.v.M.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

Wood up

to

30 or

New

ii.,

282.

pale-yellow, close-grained, and nicely marked. Height, 40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

148. Cassinia aculeata, R.Br., (Syn. C. affim's, R.Br.

F.v.M. iii.,

A

;

Calea

aciileata,

Labill.)

;

;

C. adunca,

N.O., Compositse, B.FL,

586.

shrub; the

wood

is

white and hard.

All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland. 149- Cassinia Isevis, B.Br., (Syn. C. rosmarinifoUa,

Compositse, B.FL,

iii.,

587.

DC.)

;

N.O.,

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

39^

Called " Wild Rosemary " in parts of Queensland.

A

rather slender shrub.

marked, close-grained

The wood

.

dark and beautifully

is

would be a very valuable wood cut

;

{Cal. Queensland Woods, Col.

veneers for cabinet-work.

in

and Ind.

Exh., 1886.) South Australia,

New

Castanospermum

.150-

South Wales and Queensland.

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

aUStrale,

B.FL, ii., 275. "Bean Tree," or " Moreton Bay Chestnut." The " Irtalie " of the aboriginals of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales), and "

Bogum

" of others of northern

The it is

timber

is soft,

not durable.

It is

and

appearance,

is

New

somewhat

A

grow

older.

slab of this

It is

wood

and takes a good

like walnut, but

used

occasionally

wood

beautiful dark cloudiness of the trees

South Wales.

fine-grained,

sometimes

of

pitted in

The

cabinet-work.

for

young

trees

split for staves.

in the Technological

polish, but

more

as the

is lost

It

dresses well.

Museum, which has

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

at the

London

which

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

corresponds to 391b. 8oz. per cubic

Mr. Allen Ransome

tested

Colonial and Indian Exhibition. fully figured,

was

tried

brown wood.

foot.

some specimens

He

thus reports

The sample

sent,

:

from both

lathe

it,

to

the

beauti-

being very wet,

under somewhat unfavourable circumstances.

was turned from

sent

—" A

A baluster

and some boards and panels planed, the work

and planing-machine being excellent.

The wood

should prove valuable for cabinet-makers, but should be thoroughly

seasoned before being used, as Diameter, 24 to 36in.

Northern 151-

New

it

shrinks very

much

in drying."

height, 80 to 90ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

Casuarina spp, In Mr. Holtzapfel's Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,

Casuarina timber

is

called " Botany Oak,"

and

it is

stated that

shipped in round logs from 9 to i4in. in diameter. colour

it

the grain

resembles a is

more

full

like the

it is

In general

red mahoganj', with darker red veins

evergreen oak than the other European

;

TIMBERS. the

as

varieties,

veins

small,

are

397

.

and closely

curled,

slightly

distributed throughout the whole surface.

used in veneer for

It is

the backs of brushes, Tunbridge-ware, and turnery

some specimens

;

are ver}' pretty.

Throughout the

colonies.

Cunninghamiana, i^%-

152. CasTiarina

N.O., Casuaringe, B.Fi.,

'

198.

vi.,

From

wood

a fancied resemblance of the called " Oaks,"

these trees are

Timber hard,

and

close,

different species

marked.

prettily

It

is

used for

This and other Casuarinas burn well, and Diameter, 24in.

the heat for a long while.

their ashes retain

have

" River Oak."

" Scrub She-oak."

various appellations in various parts.

shingles and staves.

Casuarinas to that of oak,

of

and the same and

height, 60 to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

153- CaSUarina distyla,

Vent., (Syn.,

C. Muelleriana, Miq. B.FI.,

vi.,

;

yokes.

Diameter, 18

it

strong, light,

is

N.O., Casuarineae,

" Stunted She-oak."

and tough.

In young trees the wood

(Hill.)

mature age

;

198. " River Oak."

The wood

C. stn'cta, Miq., non Ait.;

C. rt'gida, Miq.)

is

brown

of a deep-red or

to 24in.

It is is

used for bullock

white, but at a

colour.

(J.

more

E. Brown.)

height, 40 to 60ft.

;

All the colonies except Queensland. 154- CaSUarina equisetifolia, Forst., (Syn., C.

N.O., Casuarineae, B. FL, "

Swamp Oak,"

" Beef -wood."

wood" and upon

it

the

name

Wood fuel,

and

" Forest

of "

197.

Some Queensland

Called also " Iron-

aboriginals have bestowed

Wunna-wunnarumpa."

coarse-grained and beautifully marked also for purposes

employed

(Hill.)

This, tree will live in

In India

railway purposes.

It

it

is

near Madras.

for log

somewhat

this

it

is

fencing,

used for

is

The. ashes

of

tree

and

edge of

.used. as fuel for

purpose plantations of this

gates,

saline soil at the

grows on pure sand, and

For

;

where lightness and toughness are

shingles.

made

murkata, Roxb.);

Oak," and " Bull Oak."

required.

the sea.

vi.,

it

have been

yield a quantity of

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

398 which

name

" Iron-wood,"

account of

is

which

sometimes bears,

it

colour, hardness,

its

and

South Sea Islands make clubs of

from

varies

to 2oin.

551b. to

The

according

631b.,

on

it

natives of the

weight per cubic foot

Gamble.

to

Diameter, 12

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Ait.)

N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.,

;

tall,

199.

The wood

erect shrub, or small tree."

into shingles.

Australia, as

vi.,

It

it

the

is

wood

furniture

best

non

C. toruiosa, Miq.

155. Casuarina Praseriana, Miq., (Syn.

A

given to

The

durability.

it.

is

height, 50 to 70ft.

;

New

"

The

used in some places to produce a coarse soap.

alkali,

easily splits

South-western

of

(Mueller.)

does not rend.

Western Australia. 156. Casuarina glauca, Sieb., (Syn. C. /£?r«/oja, Miq.

N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.,

non

Ait.)

;

196.

vi.,

" River She-oak." " Bull-oak." " Desert She-oak." " Swamp-oak," " or " Billa." "Ngaree" of the aboriginals of Lake Hind-

and " Belah

marsh Station

The

(Victoria).

timber

shingles, etc.

;

is

colour, beautifully

might be

40

strong and

tough, and

is

used for staves,

also for rails, but not for posts.

marked, close

in the grain,

It

is

but very

of

a red

brittle.

It

Diameter, 12 to 24in; height

useful for cabinet-work.

to 50ft.

All the colonies except 157- Casuarina

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

inophloia, F.vJI. et Bail., Muell. Cens., p. 23.

N.O., Casuarineae.

Wood

very beautiful, of a reddish colour, but with numerous

dark marks, the grain close

;

a very desirable wood for cabinet-

work {Cat. Queensland Woods,

New

Col.

and

Lid. Exh., 1886).

South Wales and Queensland.

158. Casuarina Stricta, Labill.

;

C

-A-lt.

non

macrocarpa, A.

Gunnii, Hook,

f.);

N.O.,

quadrivalvis in Muell. Cens.

liliq.,

Cunn

;

(Syn.

C.

C.

Casuarineae, B.Fl., p. 22.

quadrivalvis,

cristata, vi.,

Miq. 195.

;

C C.

—

TIMBERS.

"River-oak," " Salt-water Swamp-

"Shingle-oak," Coast She-oak,"

The

oak."

399

" Worgnal " of the aboriginals of the

Richmond and Clarence

Rivers (New South Wales).

Wood 2']

close, but not durable.

(Hill.)

It is

tough, and yields

per cent, of charcoal, 43 per cent, of crude wood-vinegar, and

7 per cent, of

The wood

tar.

dark bands running through

which gives rendering

it

wood

polished

to the

reddish colour, and has

of a

is

chiefly in a longitudinal direction,

it,

a

also used in turnery,

and

for

such

(Mueller and

E. Brown.)

J.

handsome wood is very difficult to and less handsome than the splendidly.

appearance,

Two

slabs

in

It is

articles as bullock-yokes,

spokes, axe-handles, staves, shingles, etc.

be excelled.

mottled

fine

very suitable for the manufacture of furniture.

describe,

As

fuel,

can hardly

it

The appearance

of this

heart-wood

darker

its

other portions.

It

is

works up

Museum, which

Technological

the

wheel-

have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the

London

which

correspond

International Exhibition of 1862), have weights to

140Z.,

561b.

and

respectively.

gravity of this

wood

given as

is

6o^lb. per cubic foot). is

is

186 1, the specific

1.037 (equivalent to 651b. per

C

cristata

given at .935 and .965

(58I to

cubic foot), while the specific gravity of the (included under this species),

per cubic foot

631b.

In the Report Intercol. Exh.,

The lighter

(of the

wood

Museum

of

samples) wood

also the lightest in colour of any Casuarina timber the author has

seen.

It is

so light, and has so

necessary to be quite sure that

little it

is

William Macarthur, who collected

Swamp-oak," and says

of

of salt-water."

i5in.

height, 20 to 30ft.

Casuarina wood

this variety, calls

it

at

is

Sir

all.

"Salt-water

"Tall growing, found only near the

Wood

margin ;

it:

figure that a second glance

not

much

Diameter, 9 to

valued.

All the colonies except Western Australia and Queensland.

kptodada, Miq.;

159- Casuarina SUberOSa, Otto et Dietr.,{^yn. C.

C. mcBsta, F.v.M.)

On " Erect

this tree

;

N.O., Casuarineae, B.Fl.,

She-oak," " Forest-oak,"

Black-oak,"

vi.,

197.

a number of appellations have been bestowed,

and

Yarra aboriginals.

"Beef-wood."

"Sw imp-oak,"

viz.

:

"Shingle-oak," "River

Formerly called

"

Wayetuck

"

by the

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

400

Timber used It is of

etc.

drying

should be used only in veneers.

it

;

for bullock yokes, mauls, tool handles, shingles,

great beauty for cabinet-work, but very apt to rend in

Yarra (Victoria) blacks used

A

The

(Macarthur.)

make boomerangs

to

wood.

of this

wood

yields about 7ilb. of pearl-ash, or 4|lb. of pure

potash. (Mueller.)

A slab in the Technological Museum, which has

ton of dry

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

corresponds to

40

height,

at the

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

International

iioz. per cubic

591b.

Diameter,

foot.

24in.

to 50ft.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

160. CaSTiarina tonilosa, Ait., (Syn. C. tenuissima, Sieb.)

Casuarineas, B.Fl.,

Called "Mountain-oak"

"River-oak."

"Forest-oak."

N.O.,

;

200.

vi.,

in

Queens-

The " Noo-loi " of the aboriginals of Northern New South Wales, and the "Koondeeba" of those of Southern Queensland. " Beef-wood."

land.

"

Bureutha"

Much

of

some Central Queensland

used for

handsome

yielding

peculiarly

its

The

close,

is

prettily

It

one

is

marked,

demarcation of the heart-wood

line of

produces

woods

of the best

for

oven

is

very fuel.

Museum, which has been seasoned (having been exhibited at the London

slab in the Technological

over twenty-five years International

Exhibition

as

1862,

of

C.

weight which corresponds to 641b. per cubic to 24in.

;

New

The "Cedar," " Polai "

Mumin,"

those about

foot.

has

a

Diameter, 18

South Wales and Queensland.

Meliaceae, B.Fl.,

Called

tenuissima),

height, 60 to 80ft.

161. Cedrela Toona, Roxb., (Syn. C.

"

and

used for cabinet-work, and

It is

superior shingles.

A

aboriginals.

This handsome wood has a marking

veneers.

own.

well-defined.

The wood

fuel.

or "

or

by the

australis, F.V.M.);

N.O.,

C. australis in Muell. Cens., p.

"Red Cedar"

9.

(a universal appellation in Australia).

aboriginals

of

Northern

New

South Wales,

by those about Brisbane, and " Woota" by Bay (Queensland). The " Toon " Tree (of India).

Mugurpul

Wide

387.

i.,

"

worked, and

This timber

is

light,

employed

in

house joinery and furniture making; in fact

largely

very durable,

easily

is

—

TIMBERS.

401

wherever lightness and durability are required. in

New

South Wales and Queensland,

unnecessary to

upon

dilate

is

The

it.

Its use, especially

so well

known

junctions

that

it

is

large

the

of

branches with the stem furnish those beautiful curled pieces of veneers are made. Speaking of this wood the London International Exhibition of 1862 reported sideboard top made of veneers of root-pieces of this timber is

which the

finest

Jurors of the

"A

:

of astonishing

A

and perfect beauty, and resembles a

slab in the Technological

and two inches It

from near the

thick, cut

The

following

is

fork, is of

Toona

The wood also

is

employed

known

is

for

in the

Assam

it is

on account

of

Moulmein

^

Cedar,' and as

In North West India

English market.

the chief

wood

of the

for

pounders.

It is,

making

tea boxes, but

;

it is

it

getting

Bhutias use

they also hollow

it

it

for

out for rice-

or rather used to be, for very large trees are

rather scarce, hollowed out for canoes It is

The

heavy demand.

shingles and for wood-carving

now

Bengal and Assam."

in

one of the " Chittagong woods " of commerce.

Mr. Allen

Ramsome

thus reports on a Queensland specimen

sent to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition

wood

last

:

" This resembles the

mentioned (Dysoxylon FraseriantimJ, but It is softer

inferior.

and

lighter,

is

Moulmein

It

is

Cedar.' "

already

Mr.

somewhat

and considerably coarser

planes and works very well, however, and would do for

cabinet-work. *

From Burmah

door panels and carving.

name

it

kinds,

all

used for furniture, carvings, and other purposes. In Bengal and

scarce,

It

Manual of Indian

" Weight of cubic foot about

durable, and not eaten by white ants;

is

exported under the

is

such is

piece eight feet

highly valued, and universally used for furniture of

and it

:

on

this,

greater beauty.

still

taken from Gamble's

Timbers, speaking of C. 351b.

A

are beautiful parallel markings.

from near a

across, cut

square

feet

root, is of great beauty.

has a beautiful vertical marking, and branching from

either side,

is

rich marble."

Museum, about two

known

Ramsome

in

the

in grain.

common

English market as

could not have been given

an average piece of cedar, but a very inferior one (and the

finest

timber in the world has some of inferior quality belonging to the

same

species), of 2

D

he could not have written so lukewarm, or even

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

402

disparaging, a report on what the most disinterested person in the colonies

knows

to

be a timber of the highest

Campbell (Proc. R.S.,

Vict.,

class.

1879) gives 200olb. to 30001b.

per square inch as the tensile strength of this timber.

36

to 78in.; height,

New

Diameter,

150 to iSoft.

South Wales and Queensland.

CEDAR EXPERIMENTED UPON BY THE VICTORIAN TIMBER BOARD, 1884. The samples

tested

were each

7ft.

in length

distance between the bearings was

6ft.;

by

i|in. square

gradually applied in the centre until the sample broke.

e

u

>^

-J

%

;

the

and the weight was

;;

TIMBERS.

403

164. CelastruS dispermus, F.v.M., N.O., Celastrinece, B.Fl.,

i.,

399-

Wood

close-grained, and capable of a fine polish.

Diameter, 3 to

5in.

(Hill.)

height, 12 to i6ft.

;

Queensland.

165. Celtis

Planch.,

paniculata,

(Syn.

Solenostigma paniculatum, Endl.

N.O., Urticeas, B.FL,

Wood

white, soft,

This species

(Hill.)

to I2in.

is

vi.,

F.v.M.

itigens,

156.

and pliable

used for hoops for casks.

;

not endemic in Australia.

height, 25 to 35ft.

;

C.

brevinerve, Blume.)

S.

;

Diameter, 6

C. ausfralis, the " Nettle Tree*' of

Europe, yields a highly-prized wood.

It is

used for furniture and

carving, and the branches are extensively employed in

coach-whips, ramrods and walking-sticks.

hay-forks,

used for

is

also

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

166. Celtis

philippinensis,

Blanco,

Planch.); N.O., Urticeae, B.FL,

and

making

flutes.

New

"

It

A

tall

shrub or stunted tree."

close-grained.

This species

is

vi.,

(Syn.

C.

strychnioides.

156.

Wood

light-coloured, hard,

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

167. Ceratopetalum apetalum, ii.,

D. Don, N.O.,

Saxifrageae, B.FL,

442.

"Lightwood," " Coachwood," or "Leather-jacket."

Formerly called

" Boola " by the aboriginals of Illawarra, and " Ngnaa-rewing " by those of Brisbane Water.

Wood work, and

light,

in

handles, etc.

exceedingly tough, good for joiners' and cabinet-

much It

request for boat and coach

possesses an agreeable fragrance.

building, too! It is said to

be

peculiarly well adapted for sounding boards for musical instru.ments, stethoscopes,

speak

of.

A

and

similar purposes.

slab in the

been seasoned over

It

has no figure to

Technological Museum, which has

twenty-five years

(having been exhibited at

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

404 London

the

International

which corresponds 24in.

;

Diameter,

18 ta

South Wales.

B.Fl.,

ii.,

" Christmas

Bush " (from being

This wood

is

its

in the

largely used in Christmas decoration).

bright-red appearance).

"

Lightwood."

fine-grained, of a reddish colour,

and

useful for tool handles.

A

occasionally by turners.

It is

is

used

slab of

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned

over twenty-five years

(having been

exhibited

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

at

the

London

which corresponds

Height, up to 30 or

^0 4 lib. 140Z. per cubic foot.

New

Saxifrage®,

N.O.,

442.

" Officer Plant" (from

wood

Smith,

gummifornm,

168. Ceratopetalum

40ft.

South Wales. Gartn., (Syn. C. Manghas,

169. Cerbera Odollam,

N.O., Apocyneae, B.FL, "

a weight

has

1862),

of

per cubic foot.

height, 50 to 70ft.

New

this

Exhibition

421b.

to

An

erect, tall,

iv.,

306.

Wood

shrubby bush, or tree."

soft and spongy, but of no great use.

firewood in India.

BoLMag.); white, very

occasionally used for

It is

Weight, 2ilb. per cubic

foot.

(Gamble.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

170. Ceriops Candolleana,

DC);

"A

tall

Am.,

(Syn. Rhizophora Timoriensis,

N.O., Rhizophoreae, B.Fl.,

shrub or small tree."

the knees of

boats,

ii.,

This wood

and other purposes

house-posts and for firewood.

Its

494-

weight

;

in is

is

used in Sind for

Lower Bengal

for

631b. per cubic foot.

(Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers?) Queensland and Northern Australia.

171.

Chionanthus ramiflora, Roxb., (Syn. C. effmiflora, F.v.M.; Linociera ramiflora,

DC.

ramiflora, F.v.M.)

N.O., Jasminese, B.Fl.,

pea ramiflora

;

;

Z.

effusiflora,

in Muell. Cens., p. 92.

" Eurpa

" of

the aboriginals.

F.v.M, iv.,

;

301.

Mayepea

Maye-

TIMBERS.

Wood

dark grey,

easily worked, yet hard

somewhat mottled, and tough.

Diameter, 6 to i5in.

Australia.

405

;

This

and

grain,

close

of

tree

not endemic in

is

height, 30 to 60ft.

Queensland.

Chrysophylhm prunifenim, F.v.M.,

172.

fera, F.v.M.)

prunifera

Wood ioin.

;

;

Niemeyera

278.

iv.,

in Muell. Cens., p. 91.

of a uniform pale yellow colour

and tough

(Syn. Niemeyera pruni-

N.O., Sapotaceae, B.Fl.,

;

might be suitable

close-grained, hard,

;

Diameter, 12 to

for bent-work.

height, 30 to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Cinnamoimim Tamala, Th. iV.?
173-

;

;

Nees; C. Cassia, Blume.) " Cassia

"A

large tree."

Wood

;

N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

v.,

303.

Cinnamon."

of a

•close-grained, firm, strongly scented,

light

and

brown

or

grey colour,

of a glossy surface.

weight varies from 35 to 4olb. per cubic foot."

(Gamble.)

"Its It is

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland. 174- CitriobatUS multifloniS, A. i.,

"

A

Cunn.

N.O., Pittosporese, B.Fl.,

121.

shrub

;

wood

Orange Thorn."

close in the grain,

and very tough

;

light

coloured.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

175- CitriobatUS pauciflonis, ^. Cunn., (?>yn. cens, F.v.M.); "

N.O., Pittosporeae, B.Fl.,

Orange Thorn."

Wood hard.

"Karry

" of

Ixiospomm

i.,

spines-

122.

some Queensland

aboriginals.

close-grained, of a light uniform yellowish colour,

Takes a good

polish.

•edges of borders in a garden.

Diameter, 4 to

6in.

;

height

to 15ft.

New

and

This shrub has been suggested for

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

up

K ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

406

176- Citrus australasica, F.v.M., N.O., Rutaceae, B.FI., ' Native," or " Finger Lime."

It

The wood is may possibly be

loin.

;

37

and of a yellow colour.

close-grained, hard, useful for

i.,

wood engraving.

Diameter, 6 to

height, 15 to 20ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

177- Citrus

aUStralis,

Limonia

Planch.,

C. Planchonii, F.v.M.

(Syn.

australis, A. Cunn.)

N.O., Rutaceae, B.FI.,

;

i.,

371.

C. Planchonii in Muell. Cens., p. 12. " Native Orange."

The wood

hard, close-grained, and of a fine light yellow

is

It

orange.

Diameter, 9

New

is

same

of the

colour.

texture as the height,

to i2in.;

30

wood

of the

common

to 40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

178. ClaOXylon Bail!.);

Wood

Mercurialis australis^

(Syn.

aUStrals, Baill.,

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FI., of a

light

Victoria,

i

and close-grained;

Queensland Timbers, Col. and

(Ca/.

Diameter,

New

130.

yellow colour, hard,

useful for cabinet-work.

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

vi.,

height, 50 to 60ft.

to 2ft.;

South Wales and Queensland.

Cunninghamii, Mtcell. Arg., (Syn. Lebediera Cunninghamii,MnG\\. Arg.; Amanoa Cunninghamii, h^ixW.);

179- Cleistanthus

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FI.,

vi.,

"A

hard,

tall

Wood

shrub."

122.

close-grained,

and

light

coloured.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

180. Clerodendron v.,

"A

tall

tomentosum, R.Br., N.O., Verbenaceae, B.FI.,

Clerodendrum, Muell. Cens.

62.

shrub or small tree."

so soft and porous that

and warping and timber.

It

it

may be

splitting to

Wood torn

of a light yellow colour,

away with the

such a degree that

finger-nail,

worthless as a

cannot be dressed up for the simplest purpose, except

with the expenditure of labour entirely beyond of this

it is

wood

in

the Technological

its

value.

A

slab

Museum, which has been

TIMBERS.

407

seasoned over twenty-five years (having

London

International Exhibition of

corresponds to 341b. 90Z. per cubic

New

been exhibited

at

the

1862), has a weight which

foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

181. COCOS nucifera,

-^'>^«-,

N.O., Palmese, B.Fl.,

The hard

shells of the fruit of this

into spoons, drinking cups,

to charcoal

143.

vii.,

" Porcupine- wood."

"Cocoa-nut Palm."

well-known palm are made

lamps, and fancy articles

reduced

;

and pulverised, they afford an excellent tooth-powder,

and very good lamp-black

is

The extremely

obtained from them.

hard wood obtained from the outer portion of the trunk

is

used in

In England, the construction of both houses and their furniture. " Porcupine-wood," it is made into workunder the name of

{Treasury of Botany)

boxes, and other fancy articles.

a height of 70 or

80ft.,

Attains

but often only 30ft. in Australia.

Queensland. 182. CodonOCarpUS attenuatiis,

australis,

A.

Cun7t.,

Gyrostemon

(Syn.

Hook.); N.O., Phytolaccacese, B.Fl.,

v.,

148,

" Bell Fruit."

Wood

soft

Northern

and spongy, and

New

183. Coelospernmm

reticnlatum,

reticulatus, F.v.M.);

"

A

Height,

of a light colour.

30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Benth.,

Wood

scrubby shrub."

Pogomlobus

(Syn.

N.O., Rubiaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

425.

of a grey colour.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 184.

Commersonia echinata,

Forst., N.O., Sterculiacese, B.Fl.,

i.,

243" Brown Kurrajong."

A and

tall

light.

shrub or small tree; wood

This species

Northern

185.

New

CordiaMyxa,

DC.

;

is

soft,

close-grained, white,

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales and Queensland.

-^'"/z.,

C.Brownii,

(Syn. C
C. latifolia, Roxb.

;

C. ixiocarpa, F.v.M.

;

C. obliqua.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

408 Willd.

C.polj'gama, Koxh.); N.O., BoragineEe, B.Fl.,

;

iv.,

386.

The "Sebesten Plum"

The wood

is

soft,

and

(of India.)

said to have furnished the timber

is

from which the Egyptian mummy-cases were made. those used for preparing olive-coloured,

by

fire

friction in India.

stocks,

It is

used for boat-building

It is

tried for tea-boxes.

of a cubic foot varies

It is

from 281b.

is

it

readily attacked

in

Bengal for canoes.

an excellent

The

fuel.

to

by

gun

in India, for well curbs,

and agricultural implements, and

might be

one of

greyish, or light brown, coarse-grained, easy

work, and strong, and seasons well, but insects.

It is

(Drury.)

It

weight

(Gamble.)

to 421b.

Queensland.

186. Croton inSTllaris, Baill., (Syn.,

N.O.,Euphorbiaceae, B.FL, "

New

vi,,

"Warrel"

Queensland Cascarilla."

C. phebalioides, A. Cunn.);

124. of the aboriginals of

Northern

South Wales.

A

tall

straggling shrub or small tree.

colour, close-grained, hard,

New

Wood

of a yellow

and very tough.

South Wales and Queensland.

187. Croton phebalioides, F.v.M., (Syn., C.stigmatosus, F.V.M.);

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

vi.,

125.

This timber has a yellowish colour, but very liable to

warp and

dirty-looking with age.

A

split,

is

close-grained and tough,

and has some tendency

slab of this

wood

in the

to get

Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 51 lb. Height, up to

New

20z.

per cubic foot.

50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

188. Croton Verreauxii,

-Brt:^'//.,

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

126. " Native Cascarilla,"

,

.

vi.,

;;

TIMBERS.

A and

wood

small tree;

409 colour, close-grained,

of a yellowish

firm.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

189. CryptOCarya australis, Benth., (Syn.

L. australis, A. Cunn.

;

Laurus Bowiei, Hook.

Oreodaphne Bowiei, Walp.

Caryo-

;

daphne australis, A. Braun); N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl., v., 299. " Laurel," or " Moreton Bay Laurel." and " Grey Sassafras."

Timber

light, easily

Owing

the weather. 12 to 2oin.

New

to

wrought, and useful when not exposed to its

smell, insects

do not

like

Diameter,

it.

height, 80 to looft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

190. OryptOCarya Cinnamomifolia, Benth., N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl., v.,

298.

Wood up

of fine grain, easy to work,

and

of light colour.

Height,

to 40ft.

Queensland. 191 CryptOCarya glaucescens, v.,

Br., N.O.,

Laurineae, B.Fl.,

297.

" Sassafras "

(of the early

called " Black Sassafras."

New

Wood

(Macarthur.)

South Wales)

;

even now

"She-beech," or "Beech." of the aboriginals

of

" of the aboriginals of Illawarra,

Brisbane Water (New South Wales).

not durable, but useful, and not without beauty,

It

is

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

New

Oorawang

" of the aboriginals of

soft,

New

Laurel."

" Urri-burrigundie " "

South Wales.

and " Baa-nung

days of

"White

Called also " Black Beech."

Northern

R-

used ;

only

for

and

staves

inside

work.

height, 70 to 80ft.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

192. CryptOCarya

Meissn.

var.

;

Meissnerii, attenuata.)

;

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

C.

hypoglauca,

N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

v.,

298.

" Leather-jacket."

Timber

white, close-grained,

wood, and said height, 80 to

New

1

to

make good

and tough

staves.

00ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

;

probably a useful

Diameter,

24 to 36in.

4IO

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS. F.v.M., N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

Cryptocarya Murrayi,

193-

v.,

295.

A

wood

large tree;

of a dark colour, hard,

and close-grained.

Queensland.

Cryptocarya obovata, R.Br., (Syn. C. hypospadia, F.v.M.);

194.

N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl., "Sycamore,"

"

v.,

296.

White Sycamore," " Bastard Sycamore," "She-beech,'*

"Flindosa," " Myndee."

This tree produces a cabinet-work

;

it

and useful wood, useful for

soft, whitish,

turns darker with age.

It

be called a good wood

A

it

;

works admirably.

slab of this

wood

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over

in the

twenty-five

years (having

34lb. 150Z. per cubic foot.

New

been exhibited

Inter-

Diameter, 24in.; height, 70 to

Soft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Cryptocarya

R.Br.,

triplinervis,

tall

tree

;

wood

Caryodaphne

(Syn.

Browniana, Nees); N.O., Laurineae, B.FL,

A

London

at the

1862), has a weight which corresponds to

national Exhibition of

195-

durable when may undoubtedly

It is fairly

not exposed to the influence of the weather.

v.,

297.

and

of a grey colour, close in the grain,

tough.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

196. Cudrania javanensis,

Cunn,;

Madura

Trie, (Syn.

Morus cakar-galU, A.

javanica, Miq.); N.O., Urticeae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

179. " Cockspur Thorn."

A

"Fustic."

shrub or small tree; wood dark yellow, and close-grained;

a desirable cabinet wood.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Cupania anacardioides, A. Rich.,^.0., Sapindaceae, B.FL,

197-

L,

458.

"Brush Deal" and "Tuckeroo" arc Queensland names

colonial

and aboriginal

respectively.

A

slender tree;

building purposes, but

the timber it

is

is

occasionally used for house

not generally valued.

(Moore.)

It is

TIMBERS.

411

of a light pinkish colour, close-grained, ^nd tough. well,

and

not an ill-looking timber, but

is

A

handsome.

slab

in

the

it

It

dresses

cannot be called

Technological Museum, which has

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

International

corresponds to 471b. per cubic

New 198.

foot.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Cupania nervosa, F.v.M., N.O., Sapindace^, var. in Muell.

United with C. xylocarpa as a "

A

moderate-sized tree."

centre dark

New 199.

at the

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

Wood

B.FI.,

459.

i.,

Cens.

of a light colour,

but the

the grain close.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

Cupanh

psendorhus, A. Rich., N.O., Sapindacese, B.FI.,

i.,

459" Iccaaya "

and

"

Bunderoo " are aboriginal names on the Richmond

and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales).

Wood tough.

It

what, but does not appear to split and crack.

A

texture.

although

and very

fine-grained, of a light pinkish-brown colour,

would be excellent for pick handles.

It

was

it

It is of

wood-borer commenced boring into left

undisturbed,

abandoned

it

A

making a small and very shallow groove.

shrinks some-

this

very even slab,

but

the enterprise after slab of this

wood

in

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty(having been exhibited at the London International

the Technological five

years

which corresponds

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight 140Z. per cubic foot.

New 200.

Diameter, 14 to 2oin.

;

height,

30

to

431b.

to 40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Cupania SemiflailCa, F.v.M., F.v.M.

;

(Syn.,

B.FI., i., 457. " White Bark."

Muell., Fragm., " Black Ash."

the aboriginals of Northern

The wood

soft,

New

Nephelium semiglaucum,

F.v.M.);

Arytera semiglatica, "

iv.,

N.O.,

Sapindaceae,

158.

Wild Quince."

" Tyal-dyal " of

South Wales.

and, as yet, of no recognised value.

Another authority, however, speaks

of

it

(Hill.)

as toughs close-grained,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

412 and

It is white,

elastic.

and nicely veined by numerous wavy

radiating from the centre.

Diameter,

12

to

isin.

;

lines

height, 50 to

^oft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

201. Cupania serrata, F.v.M., N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

A

ihat wood.

wood

this

over

of beech, but

is

it

well,

and than

A

does not work well on the end-grain.

It

in the

twenty-five

458.

much more porous

which polishes

rather light, clear-working wood,

reminds one very much

i.,

slab

of

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned (having been

years

exhibited

at

the

London

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds

to 361b. 80Z. per cubic foot.

New

South Wales and Queensland. Cunn.,

Cupania Xylocarpa, A.

-202.

i-,

N.O.,

Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

459-

"Marsh Hickory" in Queensland, and "Wootorie" by Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales).

Called

the

aboriginals of the

Timber (Moore.)

close-grained,

It

is

lesembling lance-wood handles.

(Ca/.

and hard,

tough, and ;

it

would be useful

when

dry.

colour, the grain for

making

tool

Queensland Woods, Col. aiid Ind. Exh., 1886.)

The samples under my charge

are of the ordinary pinky-brown

Cupania timber.

colour, peculiar to for

particularly so

of a light-yellow

It is

apparently a useful

wood

ordinary purposes, but seems to have nothing specially to

recommend has been at the

it.

A

;

in

the Technological

Museum, which

seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight

which corresponds 24in.

slab

to 421b. loz.

per cubic foot.

Diameter, 12 to

height, 40 to 50ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

203. Cuttsia viburnea, F.v.M., N.O., Saxifrageae, Muell. Cens., p. 48.

Wood

white, close

in

the

grain,

and very tough.

Queensland Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

{Cat.

;

TIMBERS. 204. Cycas media,

Wood Of no use

415

R.Br., N.O., Cycadeae, B.Fl.,

or outer part stringy

249.

the centre of the stem spongy.

;

for timber purposes, but perhaps

limited extent for rustic-work.

vi.,

might be useful

it

to a

Height, from 10 to 20ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., (Syn.

205.

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

Gamble and

says that this timber

for fuel.

weight

Its

is

C.

Span.)

bi'Juga,

296.

ii.,

is

used in India for native huts

561b. per cubic foot.

Queensland.

Dacrydmm Franklini, Hook/., (Syn. D. Huonense, A. Cunn.);

206.

N.O., Coniferse, B.FL, "

This wood

Huon light

is

For boat-building

it is

In the

house-fittings.

vi.,

245.

Pine," or " Macquarie Pine."

and tough.

Whaleboats are

peculiarly adapted, and

New

of this timber which

same

and was yet thoroughly sound.

had been

so hard and durable that the fallen trees

appreciated that

it

is

The old timber is damp forests for

the

said to etc.,

keep is

off insects.

peculiar,

and

This invaluable wood has been

International Exhibition, 1862.)

now

quite scarce, and

Usually 60 to

sequently, very expensive.

it.

(Jurors Reports, London

quite unrivalled for pale cabinet-work."

much

of

forty-five years in the

lie in

many years without rotting. " The aroma is The beautiful marking of the butt, roots,

so

built

also used for

Zealand Exhibition of 1865 there was

shown a board building,

is

it

80ft. high,

is,

con-

but sometimes

looft.

Tasmania. 207. Dalbergia densa, Benth.^ N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

A

small tree

;

wood

of a light colour,

and close

ii.,

271.

grain.

Queensland. 208.

Lammara name) vi.,

;

244.

robusta,

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Agathis robustSy Salisb.)

;

D. Brownii, (garden N.O.,

Coniferse, B.FL,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

414

"Queensland Kauri," or " Dundathu Pine."

Wood to

work

;

36 to 72in.

and easy

of a light yellow colour, close-grained, soft,

largely used by joiners

and cabinet-makers.

Diameter,

height, 80 to 130ft.

;

Queensland.

Daphnandra aromatica,

209.

Queensland Flora.

Wood form a

Bail.,

N.O., Monimiaceae, Supp.

(Bailey.)

which

of a light colour, not unlike deal, for

substitute,

it

would

(Bailey.)

Johnston River, Queensland. 210.

Daphnandra

;

N.O., Monimiacese, B.Fl.,

" Sassafras," " Light-yellow

The wood

of this tree-climber

value

except for packing

when

fresh,

takes

with age, and

be suitable

is

for

is

and weak, and

soft

(Hill.)

a fine polish, but

285.

" Satin-wood."

Wood,"

cases.

i.,

it

It

is

of

little

quite yellow

becomes dirty-looking

rarely pretty.

It is fragrant,

and might perhaps

cabinet-work,

such

making

drawers, shelves,

etc.

which has been exhibited at the

Atherosperma

(Syn.

Benth.,

micrantha,

micrantha, Tul.)

A

slab

in

as

the

of

cabinet

Museum,

the Technological

seasoned over twenty-five years (having been

London

International Exhibition of

weight which corresponds to 431b, 8oz. per cubic

1862), has a

Diameter,

foot.

18 to 24in.; height, 50 to Soft.

New 211.

South Wales and Queensland.

Daphnandra repandula, F.v.M., N.O., Monimiaceae, Muell. Cens., p.

Wood it

3.

of a light colour, nicely figured, grain close

might serve

for engraving.

(Cal. Queensland Woods Col.

It

;

probably

clesely resembles English holly.

and

Ind. Exh.^ 1886.)

Queensland. 212. Darlingia spectatissittia, F.V.M., (Syn. Helicia Darlingiana,

F.v.M»; Kjiightia I>arltngii,^»\.'M..); N.O.,Proteaceae,B.Fl., v.,

533-

;

TIMBERS.

Wood a

useful

of a light

wood

brown

415

colour, nicely

for both cooper

marked,

and cabinet-maker.

light,

and firm

;

Queens-

{Cat.

land Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.) Northern Queensland.

213- Davidsonia pniriens, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosae, Muell., Cens., p. 48.

Wood

dark-coloured, close-grained, hard, and tough.

Queensland.

214. Daviesia arborea,

fF'.

Queens-

^//Z, N.O., Leguminosse, Cat.

land Timbers, S.I.E., (1879). " Queen-wood."

This wood lines,

hard, close-grained, with beautiful pink streaked

is

and takes a beautiful

polish.

It

is

prominent position with cabinet-makers.

destined {Cat.

to

take a

of Queensland

Timbers, p, 65, No. 141, Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.)

In the absence unable

to say

Scortech,,

in

Diameter, 6

New 215.

of a botanical description of

whether

it

the Proc.

identical with

is

Lifin.

Hill's species, I

D.

Sac, N.S.W.,

am

aborea, F.v.M. et vii.,

221 (1882).

to i2in.; height, 15 to 30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Denhamia obsCTira, -^^
N.O., Celastrinese, B.Fl., Muell. Cens.,

Wood

i.,

401.

Leucocarpon obscurum in

p. 26.

fine-grained

and tough.

Diameter, 3 to 4in.

;

height,

12 to 15ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

316.

Denhamia

pittosporoides,

poroides, F.v.M.)

;

F.vM.,

(Syn. Leucocarpon pittos-

N.O., Celastrineae, B.Fl.,

carpon pittosporoides in'hlvi^X: Cens.,

The (Hill.)

timber

It is of

is

i.,

402.

Leuco-

p. 26.

hard, fine-grained, and takes a good polish.

a uniform pale-yellow colour, resembling English

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

4l6 elder,

and

uses.

Diameter, 6

Northern

New

to Sin.

height, 20 to 30ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

217. Derris uliginosa, -5
N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

The stems

and similar

pattern-making,

suitable for engraving,

ii.,

Pongamia

uliginosa,

DC);

272.

of this scandent shrub are used for tying logs to

boats in parts of India.

(Gamble.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 218. Dicksonia Youngise, C. Moore, N.O., Filices, B.Fl.,

Wood,

713.

or outer part of the stem, black, streaked with white,

the dark very hard.

This description applies more or

trunks of other tree-ferns.

New

vii.,

Diameter, 4in.

less to the

height, 10 to 12ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

219. Liospyros hebecarpa, A. Cunn., N.O., Ebenaceae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

286.

Timber

soft

and

elastic

;

used for pick handles,

etc.

a yellow colour, with numerous small black spots. 12 to i8in.

It is of

Diameter,

height, 30 to 50ft.

;

Queensland and Northern Australia. 220. Diplanthera tetraphylla, R.Br., (Syn.

F.v.M. F.v.M.) "

A

Bulweria

nobih'ssima,

Tecomella Bulweri,Y.vM.; Deplanchea Bulwerii,

;

;

N.O., Bignoniaceae, B.Fl.,

iv.,

540.

moderate-sized, or sometimes lofty tree."

whitish colour, close-grained, and firm. Col. atid Ind.

Exh.,

Wood

of

a

(Cat. Queensland Woods,

l%%(i.)

Queensland.

Cunninghamii, Hook. /., (Syn. Cupania australis, Hook, f.; C. Cunninghamii, Hook, f.; Stadmannia

221. Diploglottis

australis, Don.); N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl., i., 453. "Tamarind-tree," " Burrunedura " of the aboriginals of Illawarra,

and " Acouloby " and " Toonoum " Wales.

of

those of Northern

New South

TIMBERS.

Wood that

if

white, close-grained,

properly cut

{yurors

work."

and

417

firm.

"

(Hill.)

would yield an excellent

it

appears

It

figure for cabinet-

London Inlemaiional Exhibition,

Reports,

This description may be supplemented by saying

1862.)

usual colour

is

something between drab and

a pretty wavy end-grain

it

;

flesh colour

that it

;

its

has

dresses excellently on the face, but

Two

slabs of this wood in the TechnoMuseum, which have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of

not on the end-grain. logical

1862), have weights which corresponds to 381b. 90Z. and 5olb.

These determinations have been

80Z. per cubic foot.

made, and the author has no reason mis-named.

No

suppose that the woods are

to

date as to the respective ages of the trees, or as

whence

the slabs were taken, are in

to the parts

of the tree

possession.

Diameter, 12 to 24in.

New

carefully

my

height, 50 to looft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

222. Dissiliaria baloghioides, F.v.M., N.O., Euphorblaceae, B.Fl., vi.,

"Teak."

Timber

The

" Currungul " of the aboriginals.

hard, close-grained,

and durable; brown

becoming darker towards the centre; purpose

to

which the English apple

thought to resemble.

'

_

90.

{Cat.

Exh., 1886.) Diameter, 18 Queensland.

is

in colour,

might be useful for any

put,

and which the wood

is

Queensland Timbers, Col. and hid. to 3oin.

;

height, 40 to 60ft.

223. Dodonaea attenuata, A. Ctmn., (Syn.

N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

477.

D. Preissiana, Miq.);

Incl.

under D.

viscosa in

(Report,

Victorian

Muell., Cens., p. 25. Specific gravity

the

of

wood,

1.022.

Exhibition, 1861.) All the colonies.

224. Dodonsea triqUQtra, longipes, G. "

Hop Bush

"

Don) (the

;

Andr., (Syn. D.

laurina,

N.O., Sapindacese, B.Fl.,

name

i.,

Sieb.

for all species of Dodoncea).

D.

" Kinjenga-

kilamul " of some Queensland aboriginals, and " Wallam-bunnang

some near Camden. 2 D

;

474. "

by

.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

4l8

Wood

Dodonoeas are shrubs. the centre

of a light colour, except near

close-grained.

;

New

Victoria,

South Wales and Queensland.

225. Dodonsea visCOSa, Linn., (Syn.

folia, Linn, "

The

f.)

Watchupga"

D. dioka, Roxb.

N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

;

D. angusii-

;

475. Lake Hindmarsh Station

of the aboriginals at

i.,

(Victoria)

" Switch-Sorrel" of Jamaica.

Wood

brown

of a

colour, close-grained,

and hard.

It

is

used in India for engraving, turning, tool handles, and walking-

and the branches

sticks,

support

to

earth

the

of

flat

roofs.

(Gamble.) All the colonies.

D. viscom,

226. Lodonsea visCOSa, Benth, var. spathulata, (Syn. var. asplenifoUa,

G. Don)

Hook

is

i.,

often broken

con/erta,

476.

when

much

so that the edge of a well-tempered

comes

it

in contact with this

greenish-black, streaked with rose.

is

D.

;

exceedingly dense, close-grained, and durable,

is

of a very flinty nature, so

heart-wood

D. spathulata^ Smith

;

N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl.,

;

This wood

axe

f.

The

tree. It

is

for

fit

sheaves of ships' blocks, rulers, treenails, turnery, inlaid work, and for

many

other purposes.

(Guilfoyle.)

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and

227.

Loryphora

South Wales.

N.O., Monlmiacese, B.Fl.,

Endl.,

sassafras,

New

v.,

283. " Sassafras."

The

bane Water

The vermin houses,

;

timber

for

:

— " Caalang,"

" Boobin," northern

it is

;

is

soft

fragrant,

It

is

can be durable.

New

of

its

New

South

" Tdjeundegong,"

Bris-

in

to

all

kinds of

suitable for the inside lining of etc.

weight,

figure,

Diameter,

;

and disagreeable

of furniture,

light

sometimes presents a neat

Illawarra

districts.

and weak, yet

some kinds

packing-cases.

some

following are, or were,

Wales aboriginal names

and

It

is

light

also

used for

coloured,

and

but the author does not think

2 to 3ft.

;

height, over 50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

it

;

TIMBERS. 228. Dracaena angustifolia,

Roxb.,

Cordyline Rumphii, F.v.M.)

Wood,

419 D.

(Syn.

F.v.M.

refiexa,

N.O., Liliaccce, B.Fl.,

;

vii.,

or the outer hard portions of the stem, of

and spongy.

colour, the rest very soft

Height, 6

20.

a light

to 12ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia. myoporoides, R.Br., (Syn.

229. Duboisia

Sieb.); N.O., Scrophularinese

Solaneae)

;

B.Fl.,

iv.,

"Corkwood." "Elm." known to the aboriginals "

474. "

of

Onungunabie" the

Clarence

Ngmoo " is another aboriginal name. Timber white or yellowish, soft,

succulent in a green engraving.

Its

Ugustrina,

Nolelcea

Muell. Cens., referred to

(in

state.

It

is

the

is

River

name by which it is (New South Wales).

close-grained, and firm, though

used for carving and wood-

The

bark resembles that of the Cork Oak.

Mr. Macpherson, teacher of wood-carving

in the

late

Technical College,

Sydney, informed the author that he was using large quantities of this

wood, and was much pleased with

gives a clean surface with facility, but

the end-grain.

wood

in the

It

On

it.

it is

the face-grain

it

very difficult to work on

has no figure to speak

of.

Two

slabs of this

Technological Museum, which have been seasoned

over twenty-five years

(having

been

exhibited

at

the

London

International Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 3olb.

and

3olb. 120Z.

respectively per cubic foot.

Diameter,

12 to 24in.; height, 20 to 25ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

230. DySOXylon Fraseriamim, Benth., (Syn. Hartighsea Fraseri-

ana, A. Juss.)

N.O., Meliaceae, B.Fl.,

;

i.,

381.

Dysoxylum

in Muell. Cens,

Called It is called

variously

"

Rosewood," " Pencil Cedar," and " Bog-onion."

" Bullerum " by the aboriginals of Northern

Timber

fragrant,

cabinet-work, turning,

Speaking

and much valued

for

wood engraving, and

New

South Wales.

indoor work, furniture, ship-building.

a Queensland specimen and Indian Exhibition, Mr. Allen Ransome

says:

"This wood

is

of a reddish colour, with a good figure.

worked excellently

in

of

It

sent to the Colonial

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

420

the machines, and planes especially well. at

a reasonable price

Diameter, 36 to 48in.

Northern

New

If

it

can be imported

might take the place

it

of

mahogany."

height, 50 to 70ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

231. DySOXylon Muelleri, Benth., N.O., Meliacese, B.Fl., " Pencil Cedar," or " Turnip-wood."

New

kedgy," of the aboriginals of Northern

Timber

of a rich red

When

window work.

a Swedish turnip.

colour

;

fresh cut the

It

The

easily splits,

" Kidgi-kidgi," or

South Wales.

used

is

cabinet-making and

for

wood has much the smell and

probably an exaggeration.

of

undoubtedly a most

is

valuable wood, though the statement that

mahogany

381. " Kedgyi.,

is

it

equal to Spanish

Diameter, 20 to 4oin.

;:

height, 70 to Soft.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

232. Lysoxylon oppositifolium, F.v.M., N.O., Meliacese. Cens., p.

Wood

Muell.

9.

with a small prettily-marked heart- wood, and a large

wood towards the bark a useful wood for both

quantity of yellow

;

worked, and fragrant

;

grain close, easily joiner and cabinet-

maker.

Queensland. 233.

DysOXylon nifum, Benth., (Syn. Hartighsea N.O., Meliacese, B.Fl.,

i.,

rtifa,

A. Rich.)

,-

382.

" Bastard Pencil Cedar."

The wood

is

nicely grained,

but principally for cabinet-work.

and used

for various purposes,

Diameter, i8 to 24in.

(Hill.)

;

height, 40 to 50ft.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

234. EchinOCarpUS

Betith.,

aUStralis,

F.V.M.); N.O., Liliaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

(Syn.

279.

Sloanea austrah's,. Sloafiea australis in

Muell. Cens., p. 17. " Maiden's Blush."

New

The

" Kerabin," or "

Yaarum,"

of the Northern.

South Wales aboriginals.

Timber

soft

and durable

and ornamental purposes.

;

fine pieces

It is

may be used

for cabinet

of a delicate rosy colour

when

:

TIMBERS.

wood

slab of this

London to

1

Museum, which has been

in the Technological

over twenty-five years

(having been exhibited at the

International Exhibition of

corresponds

80

per cubic foot.

to 391b.

1862), has a weight which

Diameter,

to 4ft.

2

height,

;

00ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Ehretia acuminata, R.Br., N.O., Boragine^, B.Fi., " Brown Cedar."

-235.

Wood

light

brown, grain coarse, firm, easy

resembling English Elm. Ind. Exh., 1886.)

ElseagmiS

{Cat.

Speaking

Liim., (Syn. E. conferta, Roxb.

latifolia, ;

N.O., Eleasagnese, Muell. Cens.,

an Indian-grown

of

weight of

closely

;

Queensland Timbers, Col. and

South Wales and Queensland.

ferrugmea, A, Rich.)

"The

work

to

387.

iv.,

Height, 20 to 30ft.

New

Victoria,

-236.

A

but this soon fades hito light yellowish brown.

freshly cut,

seasoned

421

this

wood

is

Gamble

specimen,

;

p.,

E. 64.

says

451b. per cubic foot."

Queensland. 237- Elseocarpus

F.v.M.

Bancroftii,

Bail,

et

N.O., Tiliacese.

Proc. R.S., Queenslatid, 1885.

Wood centre;

hard and durable,

light,

with a darker colour in the

prove useful for sheaves

likely to

for

Queensland Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

It

considerably

resembles the American lignum vitm, for which, indeed,

form a good over

1

substitute.

(Mueller.)

(Ca/.

blocks.

Diameter, over

2ft.

it

;

might

height,

00ft.

Queensland. 238. Elseocarpus Cyaneus,

N.O., Tiliace^, B.FI., "Native Olive." Ash,"

in

Southern

This wood very tough.

It

New is

Ait., i.,

"White

(Syn.

E.

reticulatus,

Smith);

281. Boree."

"White Bark."

"Blueberry

South Wales.

dark-coloured inside, with white sap-wood, and

makes good handles and

poles.

Sydney Intertiational Exhibition, 1879.)

It

(General Report, is

suggested as a

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

422 wood

and by some

for engraving,

has been likened to English

it

Diameter, 12 to isin.; height, 40

Ash.

Tasmania, Victoria,

New

to 50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

239. Elseocarpus grandis, F.v.M., N.O., Tiliacese, B.Fl., " Blue Fig "

and " Brisbane Quandong

" of the colonists.

i.,

281.

" Callhum,"

" Calhun," or " Cullangun " of the Queensland aboriginals.

The wood

soft,

is

and

worked.

easily

It

serviceable for brakes for railway carriages.

is

likely to

be

Diameter,

(Hill.)

24 to 36in.; height, 90 to looft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

240. Elseocarpus holopetalus, F.v.M., N.O., Tiliaceae, B.FI.,

i.,

281.

"Blueberry Ash."

Bombala to a

district of

New

Called " Madda-gowrie " in the

"Prickly Fig."

New

South Wales, owing to

its

supposed resemblance

Zealand tree bearing that name.

This wood

is

white, close-grained,

Baron

(Macarthur.)

A

cabinet-work."

and good

Mueller speaks of

slab

of

it

wood

this

in

for joiners' work.

as

"exquisite for

the

Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 371b. 70Z. per cubic foot. Diameter, 12 to 24in. Victoria and

;

New

height,

60

to Soft.

South Wales.

241. ElaeocarpUS Kirtoni, F.v.M. inedil., N.O., Tiliaceae;

Supp.

Syn. Queensland Fl. (Bailey). " White Beech."

Ash,"

or "

known

is

as " Illawarra

Mountain Ash."

Wood It

E. reticulata, var. Kirtoni,

light-brown, fine-grained, and

somewhat resembles English Sycamore.

from Southern

New

South Wales

in the

suitable for furniture.

A

specimen

Technological

of timber

Museum

has been pronounced by Baron Mueller to be F. reticulata, var.

Kirtoni

(.'

=

E. Kirtoni).

drying, but will

used for flooring-boards, and

New

It

is

said

it is

being

South Wales and Queensland.

get very hard after

to

not stand for outside work

;

locally

it

is

being

tried for butter-kegs.

;;

TIMBERS.

423

242. ElseOCarpUS longifolia, C. Moore, ined., N.O., Tiliaceae. " Mountain

New

"

Ash

the " Miltary-miltary " of Northern

of Illawarra,

South Wales.

This wood

is

worked

close-grained, elastic, and easily

used by wheelwrights, and for International Exhibition).

It

is

it

;

{General Report, Sydney

oars.

has a white sap-wood and a brown

heart.

New

South Wales.

243- ElseOCarpUS obovatUS, G. Don., (Syn. E. parviflorus, A. Rich.

E. " to

pauciflorus, Walp.)

Ash " (Ash

this

tree),

Island,

;

N.O., Tiliaceae, B.Fl.,

New

Hunter River,

" Pigeon-berry Ash,"

"

281.

i.,

South Wales, owes

its

name

Chereen " of the aboriginals of

New South Wales, and " Woolal " of those of Queensland. This wood is white, hard, tough, and used for oars, etc.

Northern

is

and easy

firm,

to

Diameter, 24

work.

to

3oin.

;

It

height, 80

to 90ft.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

244. Elseodendron aUStrale, Vent., (Syn. Portemchlagia aiistralis,

N.O., Celastrineae, B.Fl.,

Tratt.);

"White Cedar."

Timber

" Blue Ash."

402. is

an aboriginal name.

close-grained, pinkish, and prettily marked, but

apt to split in seasoning.

It is

very valuable for staves, oars,

it

is

and

(General Report, Sydney International Exhibition,

shingles.

A

1879.)

i.,

"Couraivo"

slab of this

wood

in the

Technological Museum, which

has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the

London

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

corresponds to 491b. 8oz. per cubic

foot.

Diameter, 4 to i2in.

height, 20 to 30ft.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

245- Elseodendron B.Fl.,

i.,

melanocarpum,

F.v.M.,

N.O.,

Ceiastrinese,

403. " Korawal " of some Queensland aboriginals.

Wood to loin.

;

tough, of a light colour, and fine grain.

height,

40

to 60ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Diameter, 4

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

424 246.

Emmenospermum B.FL,

alphitonioides, F.v.M., N.O., Rhamneae,

415-

i.,

"

Dogwood," or " Mountain Ash."

Timber durable and

straight-grained

oars, wheelwrights' work, tool handles,

esteemed

excellent for staves,

;

and

for boat-building

;

also

Diameter, 24 to 30in.

for general building purposes.

height, 130 to 170ft.

New 247-

South Wales and Queensland.

Endiandra glauca, R.Br., N.O., Laurinese, B.FL,

" Teak."

"

Murrogun

"

of the aboriginals of

300.

v.,

Brisbane Water, near

Sydney.

The wood

is

hard, close, and fine in grain, the

duramen dark

coloured, and frequently very handsome, with a powerful aromatic

fragrance throughout

when

(Macarthur.)

timber.

fresh.

It is

and ornamental purposes.

It is

be a very valuable

said to

used to a limited extent for cabinet

Diameter, 18

to 2 4in.

;

height,

70 to

Soft.

Queensland and 248.

Endiandra

New

Sieberi, Nees, N.O., Laurineas, B.FL,

"Corkwood."

Timber

South Wales.

light

brown,

v.,

301.

"Till" of the aboriginals. soft,

cabinet-work and tool handles.

and

easily

worked

Diameter, 18 to

suitable for

;

2 4in.

;

height, 80

to 90ft.

New 249-

Endiandra virens, F.V.M., N.O., Laurine^, B.FL,

A of a

South Wales and Queensland.

tall

grey

v.,

colour,

close-grained,

and firm

;

useful

302.

Wood

shrub or tree, attaining a considerable height. for

many

purposes.

Northern 250.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Entada SCandens, Benth., (Syn. E. Purscetha, Linn.); N.O., Leguminos^, B.FL,

sca7idens,

DC; ii.,

Mimosa 298.

£.

PiirscEtha in Muell. Cens., p. 43.

"Queensland Bean."

This climbing plant

is

a native of the tropics of both hemi-

spheres, and the pods often measure six or eight feet in length.

TIMBERS.

The

425

seeds are about two inches across, by half-an-inch thick, and

have a hard woody and beautifully polished

These seeds are converted

or purplish colour.

scent-bottles, spoons, etc.,

the beans of this plant

wood

and

into snuff-boxes,

we

In the colonies

mounted with

itself is soft, fibrous,

dark brown

Indian bazaars they are used

in the

{Treasury of Botany.)

as weights.

shell, of a

silver, as

usually see

The

match-boxes.

and spongy.

Queensland. 251- Eremophila bignoniseflora, F.v.M., (Syn.

SienochUus hig-

nonicEjIorus, Benth.); N.O., Myoporinse, B.FL, " Pombel " of

Wood

fragrant,

yellowish figures

;

it

some Queensland

25.

v.,

aboriginals.

and most elegantly marked with green and takes a high polish.

(Thozet.)

It is

grained and hard, with a pretty green and yellowish figure. cut

it

would produce a good bold

(Jurors

figure.

London International Exhibition, 1862.)

closeIf well

Reports,

Diameter, 6 to I2in.;

height, 20 to 30ft.

All the colonies except

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

252. Eremophila longifolia, F.v.M., (Syn. StenochHus longi/oUus.

R.Br.;

salicinus, Benth,;

-S".

Myoporinese, B.Fl.,

"Emu

v.,

" Berrigan "

Bush."

.S".

pubiflorus, Benth.); N.O.,

23. of aboriginals

of

the

interior of

New

South Wales.

The timber (Report,

is brittle,

Victorian

and not used.

Exhibition,

1861.)

" Specific gravity, .925."

Diameter,

4

to

Bin.;

height, 10 to 15ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

253. Eremophila Mitchelli, v.,

of

"Sandal-wood" some Queensland

Wood fragrant.

Owing

Benth.,

N.O.,

Myoporineae,

B.Fl.,

21.

very It

or " Bastard Sandal-wood." " Rosewood." "Balvory" aboriginals.

hard,

affords

brown,

to a strong aromatic odour,

furniture

made

of insects.

beautifully

handsome veneers

and very

cabinet-maker.

resembling that of sandal-wood,

of this timber is said to

(Thozet.)

grained,

for the

be free from the attacks

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

426 "

billet

cannot confirm

I

will

keep away the Blatta or cock-

this statement.

cut and planed, and the odour from

my

perfume one of roaches treated

trunks in which

it

just as

if

had a good-sized

was so strong as to

was placed, but the cock-

it

They

ran over

had been put there

it

Diameter, 9 to i2in,

New

South Australia,

;

height, 20 to 30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

254. Eremophila Sturtii, R-Br., N.O., Myoporineae, B.Fl., " Scentless Sandal-wood."

A and

tall

and

it

for their

(Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. W.^

accommodation." 574.)

I it

with the utmost disdain.

it

eggs under

laid their

vii.,

wood

said that this

It is

roach.

shrub

wood

;

v.,

2u

a grey colour, hard, close-grained,,

of

nicely marked.

South Australia and

New

South Wales.

E. Corallodendron,

255. Erythrina indica, Lam., (Syn.

non Linn.); N.O., Leguminosae,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

Forst.,.

253.

" Indian Coral Tree."

In India and the Straits Settlements

this tree is

employed

for

supporting the weak stems of the pepper plant, for which purpose it

is

used

kept dwarf. in India for

affords a very soft, porous

It

making

which are usually overlaid with a thick coating (^Treasury of Botany?^

lacquer.

cubic foot (Gamble,

Its

weight

Manual of Indian

wood, greatly

and similar

toys, light boxes,

is

of

articles,

varnish or

about i81b. to the

Timbers).

It

is

soon

attacked by insects.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

256. Erythrina vespertilio, ii.,

"

Wotheugn

The wood

is

" of

"Coral Tree."

some Queensland

soft,

It is

of the greatest difficulty to

surface for polishing.

Museum,

"Cork Tree."

A

" Heilaman

aboriginals.

and used by the aborigines

their " heilamans," or shields.

and

B.Fl.,

253.

"Batswing Coral." Tree."

Bentham, N.O., Leguminosae,

for

making

exceedingly light and spongy,,

work up

slab of this

to get

wood

anything like a

in the

Technological

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having

TIMBERS. been exhibited

London

at the

427

International Exhibition of 1862),

has a weight which corresponds to i61b. 70Z. per cubic foot.

might perhaps be states that the logs

used to be used by the aboriginals for cross-

ing rivers and creeks.

South

It

M. Thozet

useful for floats for fishing-nets.

Diameter, 12 to

Queensland,

Australia,

2 5in.

;

height, 30 to 40ft.

Northern

and

Australia

Western Australia. 257. Erythrophlseum

Laboucherii,

chlorostachys, F.v.M.)

F.v.M.,

Laboucheria

(Syn.

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

;

ii.,

297.

" Ah-pill" of the aboriginals of the Mitchell River (North Queensland).

Probably the " Leguminous Ironbark," frequently mentioned by Leichhardt^

Overland Journey

Wood

to

Port Essington.

red, very hard, the hardest in Australia, close-grained,.

and very durable.

{Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col.

and Ind Exh.,

1886.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 258. Erythroxylon australe, F.v.M., N.O., Lineae, B.Fl.,

Erythroxylum

Wood

in

hard and tough, and takes a good polish

used for cabinet-work 4 to

I

sin.;

284.-

i.,

Muell. Cens.

;

it

is

red,

and

prettily

;

marked.

it

can be

Diameter,.

height, 20 to 30ft.

Queensland.

EUCALYPTUS TIMBERS. [Preliminary Remarks.] Scarcely a branch of Australian economic botany

confused state than that which Eucalypts.

The genus

is

pertains

to

perhaps the most

the

is

in a

more

timber of the

difficult

one

in

the

world, intrinsically, and also because of accidental circumstances,. i.e.,

difficulty of obtaining flowers

seasons

;

and

fruit,

and irregular

flowering-

moreover, the trees vary according to climate and

soil to-

such an extent as to render the definition of a species rather expansive, and as this difference often extends to the wood, timbersof totally different character are

same

species.

sometimes reckoned under the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

428

In consequence, the botanical synonyms are very numerous,

and

this

being

formidable given

at

so, the non-botanist

for his

These names have been

names.

of vernacular

list

some length

must not be upbraided

know-

in the following pages, as a practical

ledge of Eucalyptus timbers cannot be dissociated from them, and surely no other genus has ever been honoured by such a number.

The lar

author believes that

it

will

be found that some of the vernacu-

names given have been assigned

wrong species by some

to

observers, but he offers the notes as a contribution towards the

He would be grateful

compilation of a glossary of Eucalypt names.

and

for corrections

criticisms.

Mr. Bauerlen informs the author

of his belief that species of

Eucalyptus can be unerringly determined by means of the

He made

galls.

the

observation at

subsequent experience seems

The

author

used

to

Museum

is

aware that the

to

late

Mr. W. Sharp Macleay long ago

the variety of Eucalyptus galls

but

much more

but

diffidently,

bear out his view to some extent.

favour a somewhat similar idea.

interesting,

very

first

leaf-

is

evidence

In the Technological

The

great.

requires

to

subject

is

be collected

before an authoritative opinion can be pronounced.

Mr. Henry Deane informs the author that

New

district,

Cooma

in the

South Wales, Eucalyptus timber which assumes a

white or hoary appearance on the outside,

is

considered to be

durable.

Wherever he could, the author has quoted the opinions unbiassed people outside the colonies. late

Timber Inspector

to the Admiralty,

favourable to Eucalyptus timbers.

noticed

seems

liable,

are,

on the whole, not

much all

of the

timber of

felling, so that the trees

" shake" this

kind

do not come

with a crash, and rejection of trees of the largest

to

of

Laslett,

appears to be preventable wholly, or in part, by

The experiments sent

But

in the large logs, and to which

proper seasoning, careful

down

The opinions of Mr.

the Colonial

favourable, but

it is

of

size.

Mr. Allen Ransome on samples

and Indian Exhibition

of

of timber

1886 are more

a pity that the samples at his disposal were so

few and so small, and, consequently,

his reports so brief.

; ;

TIMBERS.

acmenioides, Schaner., (Syn. E. pilularis, var.

259. Eucalyptus

acmetiioides, Benth.

?

E. tn'anthos, Link.j;

;

The "White Mahogany" bark"

The

of

429

New

of

B.FI.,

iii.,

208.

South Wales, and the "Stringy,

Rockingham Bay (Queensland). Called also " Broad-leaved Box." some Richmond River (New South Wales) aboriginals.

" Jundera" of

Timber heavy (Baron Mueller sample of

gives the specific gravity of a

timber as 1.066, which would be about

this

strong and durable;

cubic' foot),

it

6'j\\h.

per

has been found good for

flooring-boards, slabs, rails

and palings

stringybark, but heavier and

more durable.

is

readily fissile like

Its

palings are not apt

it

;

warp when exposed. Dr. Woolls says " It has a satiny lustre when planed, and is sometimes prettily waved." At the London

to

:

Exhibition of 1862, there was exhibited {Cat. No. 45) a sample of timber from Brisbane Water as " White Mahogany," and said to

be " a good building timber." Diameter, 18 to 3oin.

New

South Australia,

It

height,

;

40

probably belonged to

this species.

to 60ft.

South Wales and South Queensland,

but not far inland. 260. Eucalyptus amygdalina,

E. radiata,

Sieb.

E. nitida, Hook,

f.

LabUL,

and perhaps ^.

Gum,

a separate species in B.FI., 202.

iii.,

A

;

E.

i?i'.f^^«/.

variety has

tall

203)

;

Miq.

E. Lindleyana,

;

Hook, f.; (Risdon iii.,

F.v.M.;

tenuriajyiis,

E. longi/olia, Lindl.

;

DC; B.FI.,

(Syn. E.fissiUs,

E. data, Dehn.

;

E.

or

Drooping

dives, Schauer.

been called E.

a?)iyda-

lina var. regnans.

This Eucalypt has even more vernacular names than botanical synonyms. one of the "Peppermint Trees" (and variously "Narrow-leaved Peppermint," " Brown Peppermint," " White Peppermint," and sometimes It

is

"Dandenong Peppermint"), and "Mountain Ashes" Ranges

of

Wales,

Victoria, also

is

It

called

of

the

Dandenong

Tasmania and Southern New South In "Giant Gum" and "White Gum."

and also

of

Red Gums." It is one of the New South Wales " Stringybarks," and a " Manna Gum." Because it is allied to, or

Victoria

it

one

is

of the "

associated with, "Stringybark,"

it is

also

known by the name

of "

Messmate."

* E. amygdalina of the Upper Yarra district (Victoria), and elsewhere, where it attains is called " Mountain Ash ;" the same liind of Eucalyptus in other

gigantic proportions, districts,

where

Timber Board.)

it

is

of

smaller size,

is

designated " Peppermint."

(Report of Carriage

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

430 Allusion

to

name

aboriginal

is also made in the Wangara "=bark. string).

("

at the

same place given

A variety Gum " or

of this

gum

of "

This

A

" Kayer-ro."

New

These

bark, and timber,

is

in

the

A

amygdalina

in

New

further

smooth

Braidwood

the

in

meaning

the

South Wales

of

district.

this

them, quite different

varieties are, several of

aud there

danger

is

in the counties of

variety of E.

in allusion to the very thin, easily detachable,

goes by the name of "Cut-tail" The author has been unable to ascertain

illustrate the

"

South Wales, goes by the name

variety

designation.

name

South Wales " White

name

aboriginal

also E. radiata probably.

is

New

called in

is

The

Gum."

in the south coast district of

Ribbon Gum,"

bark.

Woorun

to the variety formerly called E.fissilis.

(E. radiata)

" River White

Cumberland and Camden was growing

"

Coranderrk Station (Victoria), while " Tirba-twebin "

at

name

the

aboriginal

bark

fibrous

its

Gippsland of the tree

absurd

in leaves,

no species better than the present one to

is

attempting to

botanical

fit

names on Eucalypts when

only the vernacular names are known.

This

is

probably the

Avith the

410ft.,

length of the stem up to the

height of a tree at Mt.

This timber in drying

it

Baw Baw

well adapted for shingles, palings and

295ft.

quoted

at 471ft.

carpentry work

of

" Cut-tail " grows with

and with a diameter

A

it

sample

of

and

in

palings in

as a rule, particularly

is,

and

rails,

a straight 6

to

of this

bole

also for use in

It

split

does not form

is

200ft. fissile

high, in

the

almost to the thinness

timber from is

over

wood

Its

8ft.

can be readily

Delegate, cut in March, 1885,

Haydon's Bog, near

Technological Museum.

in the

very straight in the grain (as might

It is

;

(Mueller.)

a very superior fuel.

of paper.

facility,

five-foot

shipbuilding, especially keelsons and planking.

highest degree, since

The

branch

is

620

split

E. amygdalina

of

420ft.,

forms straight, long stems,

it

one particular instance a labourer

The timber

one case

in

with remarkable

splits

it

first

(Victoria)

When

twist.

and

many kinds

useful for

is

does not

as in rich forest valleys,

one day.

on the globe, individuals

tree

tallest

having been measured up to 400ft.,

be expected), and very

easy to work.

The floats

timber of E. amygdalina

on water.

A

is

comparatively

slab in the Technological

light, as

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited the

London

International Exhibition of 1862

it

Museum, which has as

at

E. radiaia), has

TIMBERS. a weight which corresponds

431 cubic foot.

to 481b. loz. per

Mueller gives the specific gravity of " Messmate " {E. .865 or about 54ilb. per cubic foot.

(Baron as

Jissilis)

(Other determinations of

the specific gravity of timber of this species will be found in the

This particular specimen was collected by Sir William

tables.)

Gum

Macarthur, and called by him " River describes

(No.

it

N.S.

Catal.

109,

1855) as a small, quick-growing

IV.

very elegant

species,

blossom, found only on the immediate sandy banks of

Diameter,

ing remarks in

to 2ft.

i

exactly

tally with

{infra),

yet this

"of no value

tree,

It is

and

and

light in weight,

remarks are based upon a small

it is

is

it

calls

a

it

It

slab.

brittle

N.S. W.,

and

to dress

only right to say that these

wood.

being merged in E. amygdalina

in Proc. Linn. Soc.

good

of a light-buff colour.

Speaking of E. radiata (now merged

of

E. radiata

sample which has been worked up under the

appears to be a useful timber, but

Revd. Dr. Woolls

and

common

for timber,"

those of Dr. Woolls in regard to

author's supervision, works splendidly,

plane up.

in

His disparag-

height, 30 to 50ft.

;

regard to this

when

rivers,

the inner bark used for tying grafts, and for other similar

purposes.

He

Camden."

of

Timbers, Fan's Exh.,

v.,

in

He for

this

the

448, and he

species), the

does not approve given

reasons

is

not

alone

in

says

E.

that opinion.

Mr. radiata

W. Archer is

sawyers

the

(Proc.

R.S.

called " Curly White " Bastard

White

twisted, the timber curly,

Gum "

in

Tasmania, and by

The

Gum."

trunk

and the branches weeping.

not this "weeping" appearance rather variety

Tasmania, 1864)

more

often

is

(But

is

characteristic of the

E. RisdoniF).

Tasmania, South and East Victoria South Wales (not extending

The timber

coastal districts of

;

New

far to either west or north).

of this species, or rather that of the Victorian

"Mountain Ash," called regnans, is one of four colonial timbers recommended by the Victorian Carriage Board for the manufacture of railway carriages. The Board reports as follows: "Lacking the richness it

is

in

of colour of

appearaiKe

less

'

Blackwood

attractive

'

for

(Acacia melanoxylon), carriage-building

(the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

432

Railway Department being not to

with the

practice

passenger consider

but

stock,

second only

paint

respects

other

in

Blackwood

its

we

for

the

it

has

stump height, say between 4 and

5ft.

not equal,

if

it,

but

varnish),

to

to

purpose named. should be felled during the winter months,

It

attained maturity,

For

diameter.

down

and

six

is at

months

it

might so remain before being broken

The Otway

plank for seasoning.

into

and Narbethong were

when

Forest,

Mirboo,

by a contingent of the Board, and

visited

both this timber and Blackwood were found in those localities to

be

superior

very

of

quality,

of

Mountain Ash may be found of the

large

size,

felspar porphyry formation in the

Upper Yarra

those bordering

the

the

valley

of

and abundant. ranges of

finest quality in the

especially

district,

(These

Watts."

are

all

Victorian localities.)

A

slab of the

normal species

obtained from Victoria,

and good

work.

to

is

It is

of a

brown

even pretty figure, disposed in

As

in the

Technological Museum,

a very sound timber, close in the grain, colour,

and has a

neat,

and

stripes.

timber of this species.

illustrative of the durability of the

Dr. Crowther, of Tasmania, showed at the tion of 1865 portions of stumps which

New

Zealand Exhibi-

had been

thirty-two

felled

years (the stumps remaining in the ground), and except on the surface, they were as

sound as

if

they had been freshly felled.

charred fence-post of the same wood thirty-eight years

Island

for

Baron

INIueller

the

stems,

many

in

the

same

very

when

lasting

fallen,

perish

underground

more

in

states .

quickly

But

"It has

:

.

than

A

Burnt

condition.

{Eucalyptographia) expressly

found

not been

was

which had stood

.

indeed those

of

other Eucalypts, and thus the records of individual trees

of marvellous height,

when measured

lying

on the ground, are

often early lost."

There

is

another timber

E. amygdalina) which specimen

(in the

is

(at

present at least included under

very durable, especially under water.

A

Technological Museum), which formed part of

the spoke of a mill-wheel for twenty years, and afterwards for a

year was lying exposed to the weather, shows no signs of decay.

TIMBERS. It is

"White Ironbark,"

called

about Braidvvood,

These

New

or

433

"Mountain Ash," and

is

found

South Wales.

variations in durability will be seen to be

by no means

the only instance of great difference in properties between timbers

now

included

under the same species, and the question must

sooner or later force

itself

—

on botanists

to

what extent

shall the

properties of a timber be taken cognizance of in the determination of

species

.''

Difference in climate and

the

same

A Wales,

are insufficient to

soil

account for the utter diversity of some timbers

now included under

species of Eucalyptus.

New

log of " Messmate " timber, from Adelong, is

in the Technological

a small tree (diameter,

easy to work, and

The timber

15

inches), has

of a rich

is

exhibited

Museum.

It

South

was obtained from

seasoned

fairly well,

is

reddish-brown colour.

by Sir

London

Exhibition of 1862 {Cat.

stated to

be called

in the Illawarra

William

Macarthur

at

the

N.S.W. Woods, No. 40), and " Messmate" and "Warreeah"

by the colonists and aboriginals respectively, belongs without doubt to this species.

It is

described as "

A

fine

stringybark, excepting towards the butt."

diameter, 3 to as

5ft.

appearance

very like 130ft.,

This sample cannot be distinguished

(as far

from the specimen of " Mountain Ash "

used as a mill-wheel, and above alluded

good

tree,

Height, 80 to

goes)

yellowish-brown,

timber

light,

splitting timber.

to.

It

is

of a dirty

easy to work, straight in the grain, and a It

has a few borers.

Experiments on the Transverse Strength, etc, of the OF E. amygdalina, by Baron Mueller and

The specimens were Deflection.

2ft.

J.

long and 2in. square.

Wood

G. I>uehmann. (See p. 344.)

•|3A3|

-B3S SAOqB U0I}1!A3]3

oo oo

Q < o w CQ

< O H U

o D

Z w 5 w a, X w a:

w CQ

;

TIMBERS.

435

Eucalyptus Baileyana, F.v.M., Fragm.,

-261.

A

Wood

xi,,

37.

" Stringybark."

of a light-grey colour, very

tough, suitable for tool

handles and other purposes where toughness very limited occurrence, and

little is

is

required.

known about

it

It is of

at present.

Near Brisbane.

Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith, (Syn. E. platypodos, Cav.)

-262.

B.Fl.,

iii.,

229.

The " Blue Gum " of New South Wales coast districts. " Bastard Mahogany " of Gippsland and New South Wales called also " Swamp Mahogany " in Victoria and New South Wales. It also bears the names Sydney workmen •of " Bastard Jarrah," and occasionally " Woolly Butt." often give it the name "Bangalay,"* by which it was formerly known by ;

the aboriginals of Port Jackson.

It

is

called "

Binnak " by the aboriginals

of East Gippsland.

A

valuable

timber,

felloes of wheels,

and one

When

(Hill.)

streams

the tree has

timber

its

hard,

is

Used

and durable.

tough,

for

of the finest timbers for ship-building.

grown on

regarded

as

among running

rich soil

one

of

the

amongst

best

Eucalypts, and isf then utilised for the manufacture of waggons, trucks, felloes

the heavier kinds of wheelwrights' work, particularly

all

is

it

;

also very eligible for shingles, as

water does not

become discoloured by them. (Mueller.) When the tree grows on coast sands its wood is still useful for sawing and fencing, though the stems are often gnarled. for

also

sound

knees

of

to the centre.

underground

vessels

The

or

boats

(Kirton.) ;

the

It

timber

sought

is

is

usually

various accounts given of the durability

of this timber are contradictory.

(Mueller.)

The

Baron, however, instances a case in which no decay was observable in posts

well.

which had been

in

use fourteen years.

In external appearance and limber

it

It

seems

does not

split

merge

into

to

E. saligna. * Pronounced t

It is

Board ("

for

Bang

alley.

one of four colonial timbers recommended by the Victorian Carriage Timber use in the construction of railway carriages.

Specimens from Gippsland

Gippsland Mahogany ") are spoken of as " a timber of good colour, as strong as

Gum

'

(E. globulus),

but of

less specific

gravity."

'

Blue

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

436

A

"White Gum,"

tree called

Gum,"

or " Scribbly

the

in

neighbourhood of Cambewarra* (between Moss Vale and Shoai-

New

haven, to

of

South Wales), has been pronounced by Baron Mueller

be E. botryoides.

On

2ft.

tree

and a diameter

50ft.,

account of the abundant insect markings, and whitish,

smooth appearance the

has a height of 40 to

It

of the trunk, the author

E. hcemastoma

The

botanical specimens.

the absence

in

outer bark

is

was inclined

think

to

that time)

(at

any

of

deciduous, and varies in

colour from white, through yellow to light grey, and has an appear-

ance which

A

best be described as " soapy."

may

slab of

wood

Museum.

logical

of this species

It is of

a

warm

from Victoria

brown

rich

is

in the

colour,

Techno-

and

of fine

grain, but shows shakes and gum-veins.

According

Bentham (B.Fl.) a sample

to

by Mr. Edward

of timber exhibited

not by Sir William Macarthur (as stated

Hill,

and marked 91, London Exhibition

of

came from Brisbane Water, where

it

in the Flora), at the Paris Exhibition of 1855,

of this species.

was

It

marked

1862, and

18.

Gum "

It

name

bore the aboriginal " Blue

also exhibited at the

of "

is

Couranga," and was also called

of the coast districts.

without natural unsoundness within

It ;

" attains a diameter of

7ft.

considered to be the finest

timber for ship-building, but not so hard, and probably not so Diameter, 40 to 6oin.

durable as the Ironbarks."

;

height, 100 to

(See page 437.)

i6oft.

The author is of opinion N.S.W. Timbers, Paris Exh.,

that

the

1862) should be referred to this species. are in the

The names

given to

"Rough-barked Gum," name

Catalogue

Paris

sample (No. 94, Cat. a^z, Lond. Exh.,

1855, and No.

it

at

name at the same London Catalogue: "Swamp Mahogany" and

lUawarra, and "Burram-burrang," an aboriginal place; and in the

" Bangalay," both in use at Brisbane Water. 36in.

40

height,

;

to

"

(Paris Catal.)

A

80ft.

"

A

Diameter, 30 to

good hardwood timber

crooked-growing

tree,

the

timber

tree.'

much

valued for knees and crooked limbers of coasting vessels. (London Catal.) grain,

It is

of a light, dull red colour, close

and easy * This

to work. is

and

This sample has a shake

straight in the in

it.

the most southern locality yet recorded for this species.

;

{

TIMBERS.

,

No. 25

;

belongs

London Exhibition Catalogue undoubtedly

in the

ignorant of the fact that

Gum"

The

species.

this

to

author

last

48in. in diameter,

and 80

It

has

(No.

It

is

said to yield

is

it

has a red colour,

even grain,

tough, and

is

evidently from a comparatively

somewhat, apparently

split

in the drying.

Exh., 1855, and No. 43

Cat. Paris

136,

London Exh., 1862) should

described as 36 to

is

and

The present sample

in stripes, has a close,

tree.

The timber

tree

to 90ft. in height,

a splendid working timber. free-growing

also be referred to this species.

the former catalogue Sir William Macarthur describes

"Swamp Mahogany" handsome and

Camden, and

many

height, 80 to looft."

"a

Swamp Mahogany," name

is

light in weight,

("up

but

(q.v.)

this

The

In B.Fl.,

iii.,

more

is

like the type

It is of

to

it

a light

is

Camden

stated to

brown

be

colour,

Diameter, 30 to

work.

to lOoft.

upon a piece

of " Blue

Gum"

called E. botryoides in their Report.

is

The Queensland

Gum

Blue

is

E. saligna.

confusion in nomenclature has arisen in this way. 229,

Bentham

puts E. botryoides as indigenous in

Queensland, on the ground that of wood. No. 91, Catalogue of Exhibitioji, 1855, for Brisbane

timber

Mueller); height, 70

also experimented

a mistake.

is

not of such strength

In the 1862 catalogue the

and exceedingly good

from " Queensland," which This

species, with

fine

given as " Burram Murra," and

to 8ft."

The Board

In

as the

36 to 48in. E. robusta has " handsome foliage," and is

useful timber for inside work."

5oin.

"a

it

Diameter,

other kinds.

samples of E. botryoides). aboriginal

as

foliage, yielding fine timber, but

durability as

also a "

of

also

decision

this

at

were also borne by the tree

This

specimen.

a good hardwood timber."

somewhat disposed

arrived

437

vernacular names (" Rough-barked

its

and " Burram-burrang ")

which yielded the

*'

'•

came from

Sir

N.S.

inasmuch

IV., etc.,

Brisbane.

Water, near Sydney.

to this inadvertence,

William Macarthur's sample

Timbers at the Paris

This

It is as

is

a clerical error

well to

draw attention

as (presumably following

Bentham)

Bailey has included this species in his Syn. Queens^land Flora, and it

to

has even caused Baron M.viQ\\Qv{Eucalyptographia),io\iQi\\.dXQ3i^

whether E. botryoides

is

timber specimen referred

found in Queensland or riot. to

by Bentham

is in

The

original

the author's charge.

bo

4>

Q

—

TIMBERS.

439

Eastern Victoria, and in the coastal

263. Eucalyptus

Hook.)

B.Fl.,

;

The wood

R.Br.,

Calophylla,

The

frames,

iii.,

255.

Red

Gum"

"

tough, and

is

rails,

of

Western Australia.

drawn

therefore,

is,

;

into use for naves,

In an

(Mueller.)

is

it

report

official

also useful for

it is

and various building purposes, but

underground.

1

South

E. splachnocarpa,

(Syn.

spokes, harrows, ploughs, shafts, and handles

this

New

districts of

(See page 437.)

Wales.

not durable

is

it

that

stated

Height, up to

Eucalypt covers 800 square miles of country.

50ft.

Found

in

South Western Australia.

264. Eucalyptus Capitellata, Smilh, (Syn. E. piperita, Smith, in

White's Voyage, 216

One

common

of the

By way

and farther south. bark."

In the

of " Spotted

Gum," from

worthy as being the White's Voyage

to

called "

it is

of distinction

New England

district of

It is

often called

New South Wales

New South Wales and

iii.,

of

206.

Sydney,

"White Stringyit bears the name It is

Victoria,

one of the

and

note-

is

Eucalypt so called, at any rate in print,

first

New

it is

B.Fl.,

;

neighbourhood

the bark falling off in patches.

" Peppermints " of

numerous

land

E. piperita, Reichb.)

;

" Stringybarks " of the

South Wales,

lac. cit.)

(See

By

the aboriginals of Gipps-

is

hence much used for

Yangoora."

a good timber for splitting, and

posts, rails, buildings,

and

fuel.

It is

said to be tough, strong,

and

durable.

There was exhibited and

at the

1855 (No. 96),

at the Paris^Exhibition of

London Exhibition

of

1862 (No. 46), a timber which

the author takes to be of this species.

It

is

thus described

"Aboriginal name, *Dtha-dthang;' colonial name,

The

coast variety

woods

for

:

one

of the

house-carpentry;

name growing

differs

further inland " {Paris

"Dthah-dthaang"

coast,"

most prized

5ft. "

Mr. from

Cat.)

tree

of the

same

" Stringybark of

of the Illawarra natives, "

of those of Brisbane Water. to

Stringybark.'

of the colonial hard-

from the

Exh.

'

:

Ngneureung

"

Height, 80 to 120ft.; diameter, 3

{London Exh. Cat.) J.

M. Balfour

George's

River,

{op.

cit.^

near

p.

341) experimented on a timber labelled " Stringybark,"

Sydney,

; ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

440

" Dthah-dthaang," which

timber to

may be

be .838 (or 52.26ib. per cubic

and

of

He

of this species.

He

not very highly prized."

is

finds

E

value of

foot), the

says " this

specific gravity

its

be 175.14?

to

S 212.2,

Further particulars in regard to the timber of this species

Height, up

would be very desirable.

New

Queensland, 265. Eucalyptus

F.v.M.)

;

The wood

A.

clavigera,

B.Fl.,

to 200ft.

South Wales and Eastern Victoria.

iii.,

Cunn.,

E. polysdadia,

(Syn.

250.

of this large shrub or small tree

colour, close in the grain, hard,

and durable.

is

of a

It is

a

dark-brown

little

known

Eucalypt.

Queensland and Northern Australia. LabUl.,

266. Eucalyptus COrnuta,

E. macrocera, Turcz.

(incl.

E. Lehmanni, Preiss

Symphomyrius Lehmmini, Schauer;

;

E. annulata, Benth.; a separate species B.FL,

iii.,

The

" Yate," or " Yeit," of

This hard and

elastic

wood

agricultural implements,

shafts,

in B.Fl.,

234.)

iii.,

234.

Western Australia.

sought particularly for cart-

is

and

boat-ribs,

being

these

for

purposes as useful as E. loxophleba, and approaching in value to

English Ash. well dried,

when

being the heaviest of

air-dried

it

when

a heavy wood, sinking in water even

It is

all

West Australian timbers

has a specific gravity

of

(Mueller.)

1.235.

Height, up to looft.

South Western Australia. 267. Eucalyptus COrymbosa, Smith, (Syn. Metrosideros gunimifera,

Soland.); B.Fl.,

The

"

Bloodwood"

iii.,

of

256.

New South Wales and

aboriginals of Southern Queensland

On

account of being subject

favourite as

sawn timber, but

used for posts and it

suffer

It is

it is

much from

easily

rails,

as

it is

it

to

gum-veins,

very durable, and

does not readily take

white ants, and very

worked when

Queensland.

fresh, but

By

the

called " Boona."

little

is

it

is

fire,

from damp

not

a

principally

nor does

situations.

becomes very hard when

dry.

—

TIMBERS. and

Piles, sleepers, buildings,

Mueller observes that

A New It

South Wales

known

less

it is

than

to artizans

Museum

from a

locality) is

deserves.

it

unknown

diameter of

2ft.

concentric layers

in

shells

Baron

it.

(from an

tree with a

warm brown,

has seasoned to a

use for

jetties, also find

Technological

the

log in

441-

A

following the gum-veins, and dresses very well and readily. slab of Victorian timber

is

of a dark-red colour,

close in the grain, but, as usual with this species,

straight

is

it is

full of

and

gum-

veins.

The timber

under

exhibited

Exhibition of 1862, and called

Camden"

•county of

being

No. 39, London Exhibition, catalogue

referred to as

catalogue no species-name to give

it

50

20ft.

to

1

name

the

"

A

of

"

It is

gum-veins.

"

A

Iviii.

colonists

^'Smooth-barked (Iviii.)

worthless

and

ground.

the

in

lix.

"

bad repute

sort

for

of

timber."

to

work, but

catalogue of

of great strength

Used

They

mere

are

N.S.W.

for the

in

and out of the

(lix.)

"This and

the species, and only to be

distinguished from each other (by the bark.?).

common, and used

latter

described:

a tree of considerable size.

and beams."

varieties of

the former

and the

thus

and very durable, both

principally for posts

the preceding are

Weni Aabie," and

"Rough-barked Bloodwood," Bloodwood."

" Prevailing to a great extent;

Timber

height,

to 3ft.;

2

in

both from " Clarence and Richmond open Forests."

Both were called by the aboriginals

by the

wood

1862 there were exhibited two samples

the Exhibition of

timbers),

Diameter, its

dark reddish-brown, very easy

{.London Catal.)

At

London

in the

;

(These early descriptions are some-

porous, and

timber (marked

In the Paris

be very good when not exposed to the

{Paris Catal.)

full of

in error

and

The Camden aborigines used

given.

Mannen."

times not perfectly correct.)

of

of the

"Blood-

of

to this species.

E. paniculata, is

name

1862) under the

fine-looking tree,

durability, but likely to

weather."

Box

103, Paris Exhibition, 1855,

"Bloodwood" belongs it is

London

the

at

or Yellow

of course, not of this species, the mistake

is,

timber exhibited (No.

tree" and

species

(See E, melliodora.)

clerical,

The

this

"The True

same purposes."

Both are equally

The

author has

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

442

examined these timbers, and

finds

them

belong

to

The former sample is shows gum-veins. The

of a red colour, fairly

in large pieces of as

good

cabinet-work.

fairly

Specimens were:

trees

gravity,

30

The

E,

of

average dimensions of the

1

S,

of

434,200;

Other

2,310.

tree 35ft. to the fork,

Diameter,

1,680.

2

to

and

Value

Specific gravity of wood, .983.

with a diameter of 2iin. of S,

Specific

diameter, 8 to i6in.

specimens from Brisbane were from a

;

for

from Bowenfels, N.S.W., were used

50ft.;

to

Value

of E, 364,700

and

obtainable

easy to work.

of this timber

height,

.853.

;

if

would be well adapted

quality,

Sydney Mint experiments.

in the

to work,

and

of a reddish-brown colour, comparatively light

It is

and

in weight,

a cleaner sample

latter is

E. corymbosa.

to

good

height, 80 to

4ft.;

00ft.

New

Eastern

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

268. Eucalyptus COrjmOCaljrx,

F.V.M.); B.Fl.,

F.vM.,

Sometimes called " Sugar Gum," on account which attracts

of

its

sweetish foliage,

much more so very hard when

remarkably heavy,

is

has great lateral strength,

it

;

cladocalyxr

and sheep.

cattle

This timber rostrata

E.

(Syn.,

218.

iii.,

yellowish-white colour, and

its

is

durability

and power

than E. dry, of a

of resistance

against damp-rot, and the attacks of white ants, are of a high order.

One

of

timbers,

chief recommendations

its it

is

The

timber

joists

and

(J.

the least likely to warp

is

rafters,

circumstances,

been

Diameter,

piles,

of

all

our colonial

to the weather.

This

planking, naves, and felloes of wheels.

tree

when most

grows under the most unfavourable other species have been killed by the

Baron Mueller notes

fifteen

that,

used for fencing purposes generally, railway sleepers,

E. Brown.)

drought.

is

when exposed

years

5 to 6ft.

in ;

the

that a post of this tree

ground showed no signs

which had of

decay.

height, 120ft.

South Australia.

269. EucaljrptUS Crebra, F.v.M., (Syn,

Metrosideros salici/oUum

var.

/3.

E. resim/era, A. Cunn. Solander

(perhaps),

E.

TIMBERS. angusii/olia, B.Fl.,

22

iii.,

" White," "

WooWs] and including^, melanophloia,

Red," or " Narrow-leaved Ironbark," and sometimes " Grey

Gum."

excellent timber

and useful

building,

many

for

railway

fence-posts,

hard, tough, of inlocked

;

building purposes.

bridge

cross-ties,

It

material,

in use for

waggon-

piles,

including spokes of wheels.

etc.,

New

durable

fibre,

much

is

Mr. Allen Ransome examined samples of

from

F.v.M.);

1.

Ironbark," or " Grey

An

443

South Wales "

1886, and reported:

to

timber sent

this

and Indian Exhibition^

the Colonial

spokes were turned from the sample, and

boards planed, the finish of both being excellent."

A

Museum

log of this timber sent to the Technological

is

described as " Grey Ironbark," and no more definite locality than

" Eastern N.S.W." meter,

of a rich

is

is

given.

brown

was cut from a

It

colour,

tree

in dia-

2\{i.

hard to work, and

is

of

full

is

shakes.

This

is

probably the species called

experiments (i860) "Narrow-leaved Ironbark."

and very durable.

as of excellent quality,

The

N.S.W.

trees

were from 20

an average diameter of 10

i2in.

It

70ft.

is

described

came from

Singleton,

It

called " Ironbark "

Mint experiments

(maximum

3ft.)

same gentleman (Mr.

specific gravity at 1.211

A the

was

also

examined

in

slab of

Collett).

of 1862, as

Paris Exhibition of 1855, as 123b),

1

it

00ft.

It

is

hard, tearing

Sydney

same place by

Captain

Ward

gives

the

"Narrow-leaved Ironbark" from Appin, shown

E. crehra above to this

the

the value of E, 417400; and of S, 2288.

;

London Exhibition

refer

exclusive of

This was probably the same species

of 1858.

as the latter, as both samples were collected at the

the

and had

to the fork,

Specific gravity, i.i 19; value of E, 534300; of S, 2688.

the bark.

Timber

to

to

Sydney Mint

the

in

referred to, species.

is

No. 8 (and previously

at

at the

exceedingly like the log of

and the author does not

Diameter, 24 to 48in.

;

hesitate to

height,

60 to

of a dark purplish colour, cross-grained, tough and

much under

Mr. Byerley (see land timber of

p.

the plane.

It is

very heavy.

343) experimented upon some Queens-

this species,

and found a rod

of lin. section

and

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

444 1

Diametef, 20 to

long, to bear g/olbs. before breaking.

2 in.

3610.; height, 70 to 90ft.

New

Coastal districts of Queensland and

South Wales, from

near the Gulf of Carpentaria to Port Jackson. 270. Eucalyptus diversicolor, F.v.M., (Syn. E. colossea, F.v.M.

and

£. goniantha, Turcz. (considered a separate species

incl.

inB.Fl.,

248); B.Fl.,

iii.,

The wood

light-coloured,

is

and tough, but

grain,

(Jarrah)

it

;

—

251. native habitat to a limited

its

bends

freely, is straight in the

not so easily wrought as E. marginata

is

and also

particularly in request for large planks,

is

for spokes, felloes,

building

iii.,

as " Karri," but in

Commonly known •extent as "Blue Gum."

and

planks,

for

rails;

it

come

has also

into use for ship-

rudders, and even masts.

A

case

is

on

record of a baulk of this timber which had been exposed in the

wash

of the tides at

The

^ound.

Cape Leeuwin

durability of

underground yet remains report

is

it

to

this

for twenty-six years, continuing

timber for lengthened

be proved.

periods

In an

(Mueller.)

stated that this Eucalypt covers 2,300 square

official

miles of

•country.

"

The wood

is

wavy or curled

mend

it

red in colour (Baron Mueller speaks of

supra), hard, heavy,

light coloured,

in

the

grain, but

strong, it

has

no

as

recom-

figure to

Six logs of this timber,

for cabinet purposes.

it

tough, and slightly

viz.

:

two of

12 X i2in. X 28ft., one of 12 x I2in. x 34ft., two of 24 x 24in. x 24ft.,

and one

of 24

x 24in. x

32ft.,

were recently shipped

by the Western Australian Government Royal Dockyards

in

England,

for experimental

the colonists being of opinion that

it

will

trial

Fremantle

at

one

for delivery at

in the

navy,

ere long be in great

request for ship-building and other architectural works.

Unfortu-

these logs had the defect of star-shake, which rendered

nately

all

them

unfit

employed

of the

for

almost any purpose except where they could be

in very large scantlings.

It

was also noticed

that the

Karri had the peculiar blistery appearance of the annual layers, also

common

to the Jarrah,

consequently

this

wood

is

sidered to be suitable for any work requiring nicety

not conof finishj

;

TIMBERS. although, no doubt, jetties,

it

445

would be admirably suited

and great strength are required.

scantlings

between wind and earth, though as the action of water.

noble in

its

It

much

is

far as is yet

3ft.

tested in

be

to

the Colonial

by Mr. Allen Ransome.

present a growing tree, was cut

and another log

of the

same

size

ground, by a similar machine. in

ways:

—The

sa

in

its

works

in

and Indian Exhibition, thus

reports

the

"

:

Works

A

log

to

re-

Steam Tree Feller

was cross-cut, as

it

lay

on the

In each case the operation was-

about three minutes.

in the following

resists-

tree

Trees, 1875.)

He

down by

last

has some resemblance,

it

diameter, planted in the yard at Stanley

complete

it

in request for architectural

Timber and Timber

(Laslett,

This timber, sent

was

known,

dimensions should prove so disappointing

not, I think, likely to

England."

not

will

It

for

where large

be regretted that a

to

character, but like the Jarrah, to which it is

for piles

bridges, etc., and generally for heavy structures

The wood was

rail-seatings

and the spike-holes bored, giving

operated upon

were adzed on a sleeper,

satisfactory

results.

A

plank

passed through the vertical frame produced clean sawn boards

spokes and .

.

.

It

hammer does not

handles were also turned out finish

well

in

the planing and moulding

machines."

TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslelt.)

the

of Specimen.

Number

;

satisfactorily.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

446

TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslett.)

Number

of

Specimen.

TIMBERS. '•

KARRI "

{E. diversicolor)

447

EXPERIMENTED UPON BY

THE VICTORIAN TIMBER BOARD,

1884.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

448

273. Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieb., (Syn. E. piperita, var. eugenioides, Benth.

A

and probably E. scabra, Dumont.

;

" Stringybark," and sometimes "

" Broad-

White Stringybark," and

leaved Stringybark."

This wood rails,

and

is

and can also be sawn

slabs,

forms a very

pale-coloured, splits well into shingles, palings,

said to it

grow

It is stated to

inferior fuel.

than other Stringybark

into

trees,

flooring-boards, but

be somewhat

but more lasting.

it

less fissile

(Mueller.)

It

is

as high as 200ft., though the author has never seen

so high.

Eastern Victoria to Southern Queensland, usually at no great distance from the coast.

2 74-

Eucalyptus eximia, Schauer,

By Sydney *'

people this

is

variously

B.Fl.,

known

Yellow Bloodwood," and " Rusty Gum."

hi.,

as " It

258.

Mountain Bloodwood,"

Bloodwood "

called "

is

partly because kino exudes in the concentric circles of the

wood (which

kino, by the way, cannot be mistaken for that of E. corymbosa), a.nd partly

because

its

fruits

Baron von Mueller

name

of "

are in shape very similar to

those of E. corymbosa.

states {Encalyptographia) that

it

Smooth-barked Bloodwood."

The

sometimes goes by the

colour of the bark

is

a dirty

yellow.

This soft

tree

does not afford durable timber, the wood being

and light-coloured

;

it

makes good

fuel.

valuable timber for the formation of waterworks

known

It ;

is

a most

an instance

is

timber was 35 years under water, and no sign of decay was visible {General Report, Sydney Interin

which a piece of

this

national Exhibition, 1879).

Blue Mountains

275- Eucalyptus

of

New

fcecunda,

Height, up to

Soft.

South Wales.

Schauer.

Possibly

including

loxophleba, Benth., (a separate species in B.Fl., (Syn. E. amygdalina, Schauer non Labill.

F.V.M.); B.FL,

iii.,

;

iii.,

E.

252);

E. fruticetorum,

252.

By the aboriginals of Murchison River (Western Australia) this tree known as " Ooragmandee." E. loxophleba is known by the aboriginal name of " Yandee," but usually to the colonists of Western Australia as " York Gum," as it is very abundant near the town of York. is

TIMBERS.

A

shrub or small

E. loxophleha

If

tree.

449 is

a variety,

it

is

a

larger variety.

Tlie aboriginals use the

on account

wood

hardness and

its

of this tree for

making

spears,

Samples of

(Walcott.)

elasticity.

timber were sent to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition under

this

the

of

name

"

Gum

York

" i^E.

"This

reported as follows:

Mr. Allen Ransome

loxophleba).

a light-pink wood, close-grained,

is

The samples submitted, being very small, only made from them; for which purpose the wood

hard, and heavy.

spokes could be

seems eminently adapted." Western Australia.

Fragm.

276. Eucalyptus gamophylla, F.v.M.,

The

missionaries in Central Australia

various utensils,

it

40.

xi.,

employ

this

wood

for

being easily worked, though widths above eight

inches are not obtainable, and only a few kinds of timber are within their reach.

(Mueller.)

Interior of South

and Western

Australia.

277- Eucalyptus globulus, LabUl., (Syn.

diver sifolia, Miq. lenia, Link.

;

;

and perhaps E.

E. DC. E. pulveru-

E. cordata, Miq.

glaiica,

E. per/oliata, Noisette);

;

;

B.Fl.,

iii.,

225.

The "Fever-tree" of the Continent of Europe. In Australia it isuniversally known as " Blue Gum," or rather " Tasmanian " or " Victorian

Gum"

Blue

from the colour of

its foliage.

It is

called " Ballook" by the

aboriginals of Gippsland.

This

Europe

tree

in

has been largely cultivated on the Continent of

some

malarial

localities,

Perhaps the most striking instance planted by the Trappist Monks.

Speaking

of this tree,

is

with

remarkable

that of the

(See "

Oils,'' essential.)

which has been planted

in

thousands

Southern California, Professor Rothrock believes that

more to

in

many

Consul Baker

(^..S".

profitable to cultivate

grow

cereals.

and Dec, 1882,

p.

it

of 2

G

places for

its

it

will

in

be

timber than

Consular Reports, Nov.

403) gives a glowing account of the success

which has attended the planting

hood

success.

Roman Campagna

Buenos Ayres, and

of Eucalypts in the neighbour-

singles out this species for particular

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

450

For a resume

recommendalion.

instances

of

been

utilized

4)/ the

Department of Agriculture, U.S.A., 1873,

The

which

in

has

it

subduing malaria, see the Monthly Reports

for

p. 583.

the Forest Department

experience, however, of

in regard to the acclimatisation of this Eucalypt,

is

in

India,

not so favour-

able.

" all

globulus has been tried at numerous places

The Eucalyptus

over India, chiefly on account of the reports that

prevent malaria, and that

was valuable

it

it

would

marshy

in reclaiming

Whatever may be the truth about these questions, the

land.

tree

has almost universally failed in the plains, and in the Himalayas has only succeeded in a few frost or for

what reason,

it

seems

vigorous shoots to replace the

it

At Simla, whether from

localities.

down

to die

dead stem

;

at

up

yearly, sending

Darjeeling

its

growth

has been slow, and the trees formed merely thin poles, probably the effect of too

much damp

;

while

been

chief success has

its

at

Ranikhetand Abbottabad." {G2imh\Q, Manual 0/ Indian Timbers.)

The

Southern India

tree in

"

following different testimony refers to the planting of this :

Eucalyptus globulus

It thrives in the

Under

to

be met with everywhere (Madras).

and

situations,

may be

ensured, but in forest

growth of from ten

growth,

but

above

growing hardwood

that,

tree

soil

gum

8000ft.,

to

gum

from three

uncommon.

no

finer

for fuel with

infancy.

This

£1

is,

is

more

or

per ton and more

is

rapid-

has

an endless

The

three rupees per thousand pounds."

say, 12s. 4d. per ton,

At an

an energy which

succession of plantations in every stage of growth.

Mail.')

situa-

Private enterprise

in a few years will probably clothe the hill sides with

the timber for fuel

to

has a straggling, stunted

can be found.

taken up the planting of blue

of

and a sheltered

to twelve feet is not

elevation below 4000ft. the blue

in the poorest soils.

annum

adverse conditions a growth per

four feet tion, a

is

most exposed

and the planting

price of

{Madras is

in

its

the cost of Eucalyptus timber

cut to lengths in the large cities of Australia.

En parenthese, are very prone to

it may be remarked that while we in Australia recommend Eucalyptus planting to dwellers in

TIMBERS.

451

we do not

Other countries for sanitary purposes, precepts. artificially

follow our

own

a fact that comparatively very few Eucalypts are

It is

planted in Australia, and yet most of

other towns in having low-lying,

damp

towns are

its

portions,

carries off a terribly sad proportion of their population.

a fact that the orthodox

method

improving

of

suburban land

for purposes

of sale

it

is

It is also

land

(?)

grow upon

the trees (generally Eucalypts) which

like

and typhoid fever

to fell

is

In preparing

it.

object to

usually the

eradicate every trace of vegetable growth, and the idea of leaving

say one Eucalypt to each allotment for the purpose of desiccating the ground seems never to be thought

Baron Mueller

to the following causes:

from the

moisture

of

much

exhalation,

of.

Eucalyptus regions

attributes the salubrity of

—

Their ready and copious absorption

i.

Their corresponding power

2.

soil.

many

greater than that of

3.

Their evolution of a peculiar, highly antiseptic,

4,

The their

Eucalyptus leaves create no noxious

soil.

effluvia

own decomposition.

E. globulus has been introduced experimentally the Nilgiris and Punjab.

20 years.

9ft. girth in

the

volatile oil.

disinfecting action of the fallen leaves on decaying organic

matter in the

by

of

other kinds of trees.

18

Nilgiris,

streaks,

and

frequently

In the former

The wood

(Brandis.)

years old

and

95ft.

moderately hard.

arranged

Medullary rays

fine,

in

hills the

high,

in

of a tree

grown on

grey, with darker

round,

moderate-sized,

Pores

groups or

is

in India, in

growth has been

radial

or

oblique

lines.

very numerous, the intervals between the rays

smaller than the diameter of the pores.

Pores marked

on a

longitudinal section, and medullary rays visible as narrow bands

on a

radial section.

Mr. Gass found years old,

Beddome

is

of opinion

plantations, so

coppice every

Newman

plantation, then five to six

best treatment of

that the

as to get the greatest profit, will five

100 tons per acre.

The

in the

an amount of material of 152 tons per acre> and Colonel

be

Eucalyptus to

cut for

or six years, obtaining at the cuttings at least

(Gamble, Mofiual of Indian Timbers.)

timber of E. globulus

heavy, strong, and durable,

more

is

of a rather pale colour, hard,

twisted than that of E. obliqua,

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

452

E. amygdalina, and many other

kind?, but not so inter-

fissile

locked as that of E. rostrata, E. melliodora, and most of the

"Box

species called

^98 and

108.

1.

between

(See below for Laslett's and other determinations

for comparison.) to

Its specific gravity varies

Trees."

In transverse strain

English Oak.

In durability,

strength

its

is

about equal

medium

occupies a

it

position

amongst Eucalypts.

The wood

following

futtocks,

the

is

E, globulus'.

of

main and

third futtocks

number

— For

of years assigned to the of

floors

rider-keelson,

ships,

years

for

;

stern-posts, transomes,

deadwood, knees,

apron,

sound

and second

beams and hook, 10

and top-timbers, stem and

knight-heads, hawse-timbers,

first

rudder,

windlass, timber and bilge-strakes, and ceilings between, clamps,

and lower deck-waterways, 9 years for light upper deck-waterways,

stringers, shelf-pieces

water-mark

;

to wales, topsides, sheer-strakes,

and plank sheers,

spirkiting

thence to light watermark, extensively

used

implements

;

by

8 years

12

keel to

;

and

carriage-builders*

for instance, for poles

futtock-heads,

first

This wood

years.

and

is

very

also

manufacturers of

shafts of light

and heavy

vehicles, for undercarriage work, swivel-trees, spokes and rims,

axle beds, plough-bars, handles of axes, picks, shovels, forks, hoes,

and hammers, and for telegraph

structures in water.

for planking of bridges

For railway sleepers

employed, but during

E. rostrata

other similar purposes.

all

poles,

late years

for this purpose.

for fencing, especially for

furthur used

jetties,

and

for

was formerly largely

has given way to the wood of

it

Settlers rails

it

It is

and

used the wood of E. globulus

where

is

it

readily obtainable.

(Mueller.)

The

Etigifieeriiig

timber for

Lloyds

Mamial of Civil shows the comparative durability of some kinds of

following table taken from Rankine's

ship-building,

as

estimated

* In the

report of the \'ictorian

Carriage

Board

colonial timbers suited for railway carriage building.

same way as are

by

the

Committee

of

:

"

Mountain Ash"

recommended as suitable

it

is

recommended as one

It

is

recommended

(see E. amygilal!ria),a\\A Corner Inlet

localities for procuring

it.

to treat

and Mirboo,

of four it

in the

Victoria,

TIMBERS. Twelve years: Teak,

453

Oak, Mora, Greenheart, Iron-

British

bark*, Saul; ten years: Bay Mahogany, Cedar {Juniper us Vir-

giniand)

Gumf which

nine years

;

European Continental Oak, Chestnut, Blue

:

down to four years, Hemlock Pine (North

Stringybark {Eucalyptus gigantea)%\

,

the length of time assessed

is

to

America). In Tasmania, this timber

who

sawyers,

makes

the

up the

cut

very

fall

in the forest.

planking for ships' bottoms.

best

of

some

difficulty to find the

in selecting the timber.

The

true

is

required

All pieces that contain heart-wood or

These are both worthless, and soon

sap-wood must be rejected. decay.

becomes

seams when the vessels are

But much judgment

put upon the slips for coppering.

it

It

has the

It

property of swelling under water to such an extent that

a matter

by hand-

procured

usually

is

where they

trees

serviceable

gum must come from

blue

the

circumference of the tree about midway between the bark and the

(Tenison-Woods.)

centre,

In 1865 there was taken out of the old Hobart Courthouse

a beam was

of this

wood which had remained

sound as when fresh

as

between 80 and

90ft.

were shown

length,

in

there for 45 years.

It

Planks from Tasmania,

felled.

the

London

to the

Colonial

at

International Exhibition of 1862.

A

sample

of this timber, sent

and Indian Exhibition, was reported

:

"

By way

of

tested

from Victoria

testing the

sample sent a sleeper was

Both experiments proved

adzed and bored, and a panel planed.

wood was found

very satisfactory, the latter especially so, as the

plane as well against the grain as with

The

will

be

straight growth,

of interest:

and

diameter of from 6

attains

to 25ft.

''Eucalyptus globulus a height of

and vigorous, and continue

the

centre wastes

away near

they are often found hollow for * £. sidtrophloia, Benth.

200

to

is

a tree of

300ft.,

with a

Like the Jarrah {E. marginata),

characteristic of the larger trees, that

healthy

to

it."

following account of this timber by an English expert

(Laslett)

bulk,

He

by Mr. Allen Ransome.

while to

they appear to

it

is

be

increase in height and

the root, and,

when

felled,

some considerable distance up

t E. globulus, Labill.

t E. obliqua,

L'Her.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

454 from the

The dimensions

butt.

of the serviceable logs

depend much upon

trees yield will, therefore,

which the

soundness

its

unquestionably very large scantlings can be procured from

The wood

required.

straw

pale

a

of

is

colour,

;

but it

if

hard, heavy,

moderately strong, tough, and with the grain twisted or curled. In seasoning, deep shakes occur from the surface, aud

it

shrinks

and warps considerabl}'. "I remember

to

have seen

one

in

of timber,

which had been apparently

hollow trees before referred

warped and

for a while,

was impossible

to use

from some

flitched

of the

such an excessive degree that

split to

was found necessary

it

it

any planking purpose whatever.

for

In consequence of this defect

of this description

stuff,

These, after being kept to season

to.

them

Royal Dockyards some

of the

extremely long and broad planks, or thick

planks to very short lengths, in order to

utilize

them

to

reduce the

at all,

and so

they passed to quite inferior services.

"A

specimen log

of

warded with other woods

Blue Gum,

x 24in. x 28in., was for-

31ft.

London

to the

Exhibition of 1862 by the

Tasmanian Commissioners, and this, at the close of the Exhibition, was transferred to the Woolwich Dockyard for trial, experimentally, in ship-building.

was giving place

It

came

in,

however, too

when wood

late, just

branch of architecture, so that no

to iron in this

favourable opportunity ever offered for

its

employment.

This log,

although of very large dimensions, had been cut clear of the centre,

and very probably had formed alluded

been

to,

part of

one of the hollow

consequently the tree to which

A

at the least 6 to 7ft. in diameter.

was cut from

it,

Upon

examination then,

fine shakes, but otherwise

were no signs whatever

been exposed

to

trees before

belonged must have

plank

six inches thick

which quickly warped or twisted two inches, and

ultimately went to three-and-a-half inches,

1870.

it

it

it

and stood

was found

to

be

at

full of

that in

deep,

was not much changed, and there

of decay, although

the weather.

It

it

had

for a long time

seems, therefore, likely to be a

durable wood."

Four samples

of this timber

Campbell {Proc. R.S.,

Vict.,

from Tasmania gave Mr. F. A.

1879) the following values in pounds

per square inch, for the tensile strength

:

— 26,500, 24,000, 29,800,

—

—

; :

TIMBERS.

timber was very good, well seasoned, and beautifully

The

26,700.

/J55

clean and straight in the grain.

Mr.

M. Balfour

J.

perhaps the

A

I.

first

this

species,

:

sample, cut from an old window

well-seasoned

fine,

E, 322.2;

S,

317.

Mean

2.

of cubic foot 71.8711b.);

with

results

Mean

results

with

four

1.078 (67.261b. per cubic foot)

Gum

Blue

mean

\

with

samples

other

samples

five

:

;

E, 312

:

—

E

S,

;

— Specific

E, 259.8; S, 239.

;

per cubic foot); 8,95.8;

(61.571b.

samples:

three

Specific gravity, 1.014 (63.191b. per cubic foot) 3.

several

from Tasmania, except

all

Specific gravity, 1.153 (or weight

sill.

upon

(see p. 341) has experimented

samples of timber of

Curled

4.

gravity,

Specific

269.

gravity,

.988

Summary

not given.

—

General mean of eight experiments, excluding the curled variety Specific S,

gravity,

curled variety S,

all

:

— Specific

The

196.8.

but

1.061

cubic foot);

per

(66.171b.

E, 291.1

General mean of thirteen experiments, including the

260.

gravity,

ordinary Blue

(64.51b. per cubic

1.035

Gum

foot);

broke with a fibrous fracture,

the samples of curled broke nearly straight across, though " Obviously the

tried in all positions of the grain.

'

curl

extends

'

over a considerable thickness, and larger samples would probably

much

give

higher results, as the timber looks well in large pieces."

Attached to Mr. Balfour's result 5t0

3oft.;

is

the following note

average of those felled for use,

Rankine gives the resistance

to

A

tree

of this species,

" Diameter,

height, I50to35oft."

6ft.;

crushing of this timber (in

pounds per square inch crushed along the grain) specific gravity at .843 (i cubic foot

:

8800, and the

at

weighing 52.51b.)

measured

at

Tolosa (Tasmania)

in

1848, had an estimated height of 330ft., and the actual measure-

ments

were

— circumference

above the ground, moist and

In

71ft.

rich

ground

ground,

at

Tasmania

in

diameter of 24 to 3oin. in twenty years. tree

is

greatly increased near the

saw feet.

it

at

;

and

6ft.

V.D. Land, 1851.) this

The

tree

attains

a

diameter of the

ground by the spreading

bole, and, in consequence, the sawyers

stages ten feet and

9in.

78ft.

{Proc. R.S.,

9in.

splitters

have

of the

to erect

more above the ground, and then chop and

through where the diameter

is

much

less,

say ten or twelve

456

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

TASMANIAN BLUE GUM

{E. globulus).

Experiments by Mr. James Mitchell.

(See

p. 338.)

TIMBERS.

457

TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. (Lasletl.)

Number

of

the specimen.

Dimensions

of

Specific gravity.

each piece.

Weight

Direct cohesion

on

the piece

broke with.

I

square inch.

LbiT""

Inches. 997 1079 1037 1 108 1026

Average.

14S60 26600 24360 26600 28840

Lbs. 3640 6650 6090 6650 7210

24192

6048

Vertical or Crushing Strain on Cubes of

Two

Inches. Ditto on

No. 12. Tons.

No. 13. Tons.

12875

13000

No.

No. 15. Tons.

No. 16. Tons.

No. 17. Tons.

Total.

Tons.

Tons.

Average. Tons.

12750

11125

lOjOO

13625

73875

12312

14.

E

Experiments

=

square inch. Tons. 3078

778300.

on the Transverse

Strength

E. globulus, by Baron von Mueller and

The

I

J.

of G.

Wood

of

Luehmann.

pieces were two inches square, two feet long between the

supports, the weight suspended in the middle, both ends free.

The timber was seasoned

nine months.

(See page 344.)

458

P^

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

—

TIMBERS.

459-

Height, up to 300ft.

Tasmania, Southern and Eastern Victoria, and sparingly

New

Southern

South Wales.

DCy

278. Eucalyptus gomphocephala,

The

"Tewart"

"Tourxrt," " Tooart," or

times called " White

This wood

231.

iii.,

Some-

Western Australia.

Gum." is

remarkable for hard-

very heavy, of a close and twisted, and even

is

rendering

grain,

B.Fl., of

of a pale yellowish colour,

is

ness and strength, curled

in

it

and (what

cleave,

to

difficult

in

Eucalyptus timbers must be considered a particularly valuable quality)

shows no aptness

it

the Colonial

A sample sent ta

(Mueller.)

to rend.

and Indian Exhibition was examined by Mr. Allen

Ransome, who thus reported on

" This

it:

wood

From

and tough.

colour, heavy, durable,

is

were shaped, and some spokes turned, the

felloes

machines being

The

all that

some

from both

finish

could be desired."

wood

following information regarding this

Timber and Timber

of a light-brown

the sample sent,

by Thomas

Trees,

is

taken from

Timber

Laslett, late

Inspector to the Admiralty:

"It

is

a very sound wood, possessing few or no defects, with

the exception of a mild

form

of heart

and

shake

star

which would necessitate a small amount

at the centre,

waste,

of

if

required to reduce the logs into thin planks or boards

employed

in

large scantlings,

wood, especially when great strength "

The Tewart

shrinks very

while undergoing that process

this

wood

it

will

is

little

split

that

be found

will

it

;

a

by

it.

fully ten years, all

the

evidence "It

I

is

bear exposure to

and does not

also a characteristic of

the vicissitudes of

all

is

it

newly-felled

of

timber.

required to show that this

used

least

subjected to this severe

and when afterwards converted,

freshness is

have known

in ship-building for

is

if

most valuable

weather for a long time without being in any but the affected

were but

needed.

in seasoning, it

it

;

it

degree test for

opened out with

Possibly

no better

a durable wood.

beams, keelsons, stern-posts,

engine-bearers, and for other works below the line of flotation, for

which great strength

is

required, a weighty material in that position

not being objectionable in a ship's construction.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

460 " In in

civil

architecture the Tewart

England, although

many

purposes.

in bridges,

It

would make good

and be useful

in the

to

be

scarcely,

piles for piers,

is

tried transversely or otherwise.

not to be

split,

of heat without rending.

naves of wheels, is

liable to

and

is

It is

and supports it

with-

in the

But

it

domestic

would arts."

capable of enduring a great amount

used for keels, capstans, windlasses,

etc., also in the

exposure

known

at all

one of the strongest woods

probably be found too heavy for general use It is

if

framing of dock-gates, as

stands the action of water, and

known, whether

is

might be employed with advantage for

it

to great heat.

engine-rooms of

Both

this

vessels,

where

used to a small extent in the construction of H.M.S. Hannibal.

TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslett.)

it

timber and Jarrah were

I I

1

3SBi3.\V

I—

PS

o U W

O oo CO

Z Pi o g I— CQ X

Pi <:

CQ

462

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

VERTICAL EXPERIMENTS. {Lasleti.)

Number

of

the Specimen.

TIMBERS.

^

463

—

464

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. gontocalyx, by Baron Mueller and specimens were

Deflection.

2ft.

long,

and

2in.

J.

Wood

G. Luehmann.

square

:

of

The

TIMBERS.

New

Victoria,

Mallee country

of Eucalyptus, the

Forms, with other species of

465

South Wales, Queensland and South-western

Australia.

281. Eucalyptus Gunnii, Hook./., (Syn. E. Hgustrina, Miq.

acervula, Hook.,

Tasmania

In

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

f.);

as " Cider

known

this is

Australia occasionally as the " Sugar as

"White Gum,"

Swamp Gum,"

"

Noarlunga and Rapid Bay

Gum."

Occasionally

or "

districts of

White Swamp Gum," and

Wales, two varieties go by the name of

Gum," and

"

than

Gum." "

"Foods

" This tree

of too

is

is

only about thirty feet in South Australia.

good weight, but

it

looked upon by the

is

quality for general utilitarian purposes.

work the timber is worthless.

"Flooded Gum,"

considered

and

not

is

is

known

better

its

to

be

average height

The wood

is

hard and

splitter as of very

poor

For posts and underground

however, makes excellent charcoal."

New South Wales, the variety

Gum," The used.

or "Bastard

and

brittle,

has a timber which variety called

"

is

Red

however, considered by most people in the neighbour-

is,

to

It^

In the extreme south of

(J.E.Brown.)

hood

Near Bombala,

crooked a growth

of

Gum "

in the

Bastard White

Flooded," or " Bastard

") of this tree

available as a timber tree to any great extent,

called

E.

Red Gum."

sweetish sap (see

timber.

its

"

South Australia as

New South

The

;

246.

Gum," and in South-eastern In the same part it is known

as " Yellow

known

is

it

Gum."

iii.,

be the very best for standing underground, and

is

therefore

preferred to any other for posts and piles, and especially for house blocks.

It

is

also used

just possible that

"

Gum

Red

The

known. places,

"

it

may

;

" Flooded

the "

A

is

Gum"

Gum "

up

to

from Victoria,

of

in the

H

is

it is

durable properties are well

occurs near creeks and

swampy

timber

(E. Gnnnii) grows in higher and

("

in

colour than the former.

Swamp Gum

Technological Museum,

") is

reddish-brown colour, and has a few gum-veins. 2

therefore,

a pretty high straight trunk, and the

hard to cut and darker

specimen

This timber

etc.

apt to branch out at no great altitude from

is

Red

drier situations, runs

timber

slabs,

have been confused with the ordinary

{E. 7-ostratd), whose

and the trunk

the ground

for fencing,

and has a reddish colour, and,

rather hard to cut,

of this

species,

tough, of a light

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

466

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. Gimnii,

Luehmann. Deflection.

Wood

of

(Swamp Gum), by Baron Mueller and J. G. The specimens were 2ft. long and 2in. square.

var.

TIMBERS.

:^

467

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

468 describes

wood, and

as a short-grained, brittle, reddish

it

states

that the variety

micrantha (which perhaps should be restored

specific rank)

called " Brittle

The

Museum

is

have

was collected

little

for the Exhibition of 1862,

and

bore

number 163

60

was from a

to 80ft. in height.

generally of crooked growth."

smooth

grain,

she-oak

in pattern. 2 Sin.

height, 60 to 120ft.

;

N.O., Wyrtaceas, B.FL, is

a

common it

"

Box

"

Wide Bay (Queensland).

to

iii.,

of

often goes

" Gum-topped Box."

New

An

About Sydney

famous

excellent timber,

durability,

(Hill.)

It is

of great lateral strength,

it

is

mining

slabs,

of

"

Yellow Box."

In

Other

for

it is

White Gum." By the known as " Narulgun."

its

hardness, toughness, and

remarkably heavy, yellow-white in colour,

and

and fence

tendency

E. Brown.)

is

used for such purposes as railway

posts.

A

to

become hollow

It

is

largely used

and bridge

great at a

piles, plankings,

drawback

by coachmakers and wheel-

employed

in ship-building,

and for working

into large screws.

and not

and by wheel-

;

of the best materials for treenails,

wrights for the cogs of wheels.

and forms one

to this tree

comparatively early age.

wrights for the naves of wheels and heavy framing

grain,

Miq.);

called "

sleepers, naves, felloes, scantlings, jetty

(J.

albens,

South Wales and Queensland.

by the name

aboriginals of sub-tropical Eastern Australia

is

E.

(Syn.

216.

names are "Canary Wood," "Grey Box," "White Box," and

colonial

its

and

valued, being

stripy red colour, almost like a

283. Eucalyptus hemiphlcia, F.v.M.,

This

much

beautiful to work; has a close,

It is

(New South Wales)

the latter colony

the

called

is

tree 24 to 40in. in diameter,

and a dark wavy,

Diameter, 24 to

lUawarra

It

described as " not

It is

in

"White names "Caarambuy" and

aboriginal

the

It

It

and bore the number 30,

collection for the Paris Exhibition of 1855.

" Calang-arra."

Technological

the

in

hesitation in referring to this species.

a piece of the same timber bearing the

Gum,"

to

" for obvious reasons.

specimen of timber

following I

Gum

It is

fissile.

It is

pale, strong, hard, of close

It

is

and interlocked

useful for such articles as mauls

handles, which need toughness of

wood

for their

and

manufacture.

Th

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

470 It is

subject to destruction by white ants and dry rot

when

standing-

long in the ground.

Mr. Allen Ransome tested a sample Victoria to the Colonial trials

a sleeper was adzed and bored

wood seems

the

A

very hard.

planing-machine,

owing

but,

of this

wood

sent from

" During

and Indian Exhibition.

the

but for boring especially,

;

panel was also passed through the to

sample being very cross-

the

grained, the results were not good."

The of

Rev. Dr. Woolls points out that this species

is

indicative

good grazing country.

I have assumed that the "Box" timber tested by Captain Ward (Sydney Mint Experiments, 1858) belongs to this species.

It

came from

538,800;

A

Singleton.

specimen called " White Box,"

Museum,

Victoria, in the

and

Specific gravity,

1.230;

value

of a

brown

colour.

is

or

'*

Grey Box,"

from

hard and tough, of very close

A

sample of timber (No.

10,

grain,,

London

Exhibition of 1862, and No. 102, Paris Exhibition of 1855) this

Museum, and

very probably belongs to this species.

light buff coloured timber, heavy, very hard, tough,

In the catalogue

name

is

given

it

called "Illawarra Box,"

is

as

" Gnooroo-warra."

diameter, 48 to 72in., timber,

E,

of

of S, 2,445.

of

first-rate

and described as " a

quality for

and

Height,

a

and durable. aboriginal

its

120 to

tree with

hardness,

size,

in

is

It is

i8oft.

magnificent

and

toughness

durability."

Diameter, 20 to 4oin.; height, 50

to 60ft.

Eastern South Australia, Victoria,

New

South Wales and

Southern Queensland. 284. Eucalyptus largifiorens, F.v.M., (Syn. E. pendula, A. Cunn.^

E.

bicolor,

A. Cunn. (the

name

hamastoma, Miq. non Smith)

;

of

the species in B.Fl.)

E.

;

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

214. This tree bears the names of " Cooburn," " Box,"

" Yellow Box," " Bastard Box between

"Box

"

and " Grey

also called " Slaty

"

(workmen supposing

Gum "),

Gum," from

it

" Black to

Box,"

be a cross

" Grey Box," and " Ironbark."

the grey and white patches on the bark.

It

is

TIMBERS. This timber ground,

and

buildings,

more

and

hard, tough, and durable, very lasting under-

is

red colour.

a

of

used for fencing, rough

is

worked than the generality

easily

height, 100

;

It

also for shafts,

sleepers,

trees are frequently hollow

36in.

471

and cogs.

poles,

and decayed

It

The

of Ironbarks.

is

large

Diameter, 24 to

at heart.

to 120ft.

round Eastern Australia

South Australia,

to

the

Gulf of

Carpentaria.

(Syn. E. sideroxylon, A.

285. Eucalyptus leuCOXylon, F.v.M.,

Cunn.), (see p. 473)

Common

" Ironbark."

and from Sydney

"

It is

occasionally

Mountains as

is

it

called " Black

names

has the following

:

iii.,

209.

known as " Black Ironbark," " Red Ironbark," or " Red-

In the

(E. sideroxylonj.

Bay (New South Wales) it

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

to the Blue

flowering Ironbark

Australia

;

neighbourhood of Twofold

Mountain Ash."

— " White

In South

Gum," " Blue Gum,"

" Bastard Blue ridiculous

known Yarra

Gum," " Scribbly Blue Gum." It occasionally boasts the name of " Fat Cake." By the aboriginals of Gippsland it is

as " Yerrick."

Important Note.

White

Gum

was called

It

(Victoria).

—E.

" Easip " by the aboriginals of the

The "Blue

F.v.M.

leucoxylon,

" of South Australia and Victoria

smooth bark and light-coloured wood (hence the

The

E. leucoxylon (compare

flowers and fruit of

or

a gum-tree with

is

specific

name).

figure in

Brown's

Forest Flora of South Australia) are very similar to those of E. sideroxylon, and in this way two trees have been placed under one

name which

Baron Mueller points out

are really quite distinct.

(Eucalyptographia) that there are two well-marked

That known

leucoxylon in Victoria.

" White

as

greater portion of the stem pale and smooth layers of the bark falling

" Victorian Ironbark,"

off.

The

variety

E.

has the

through the outer

known

chiefly as the

and mostly growing on stony ridges or

mountains of the lower Silurian sandstone and retains the

varieties of

Gum "

whole bark on the stem,

it

thus

slate

formation,

becoming deeply

and furrowed, and very hard and dark coloured. But rugged-barked variety must not be confused with the " Red-

fissured this

flowering Ironbark" (E. sideroxylon) of

New

individual Victorian trees with rugged

bark round the butt are

probably few, and a mere variety.

South Wales.

The

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

472

A

little

allot

confusion has arisen in descriptions of different kinds

under

of timber

them

this species,

but the author has endeavoured to

E. leucoxylon, F.v.M., and E. sideroxylon,

correctly to

A. Cunn.

E.

and when dry

It is is

is

it

hard and tough; in colour,

Amongst

waggon

7 libs, per cubic foot;

per cent,

45

wood-spirit,

wood

It is

called

"Box"

the following statement

colour and closeness

its

grain,

largely used by

and

In

their wheels.

arts."

A

makes

it

its

of

tar.

serviceable

it

" This

:

and

great strength

when placed

is

of a light

;

and forms one

of

it

ground.

for the

and by millwrights

ship-building

and

tenacity,

in the

coachmakers and wheelwrights

its

It

naves of

for the

cogs of

has numerous and important

the best materials for treenails,

and other mechanical

in this

sample, sent from South Australia to the Colonial and

Indian Exhibition, was thus reported on by "

cent,

and straight-grained,

close

made concerning

working into large screws

A

per

6

Report, Vicion'an Exh., 1861, and

in the is

wheels and for heavy framing

for

to

a greasy nature, remarkable for the hardness and

of

applications,

mining

for

from 63I

varies

heavy wheels.

durability both in the water c.nd

and

wood

slightly greasy, but this latter property

to the millwright for the cogs of

is

and slabs

buildings, air-dried

Builders call this

(Mueller.)

and

of

yields 28 per cent, of superior charcoal,

it

crude

of

to

railway sleepers, bridge-

axe handles, bullock yokes, fencing

of

rafters

The weight

operations.

yellowish-white or

it is

planking, naves and felloes of wheels,

jetty

shafts, telegraph poles,

beams and

posts,

of a very

is

more important purposes

the

may be enumerated

applied

and planking,

piles

of this tree

very durable, possesses great lateral strength,

pale pinkish-white.

which

The wood

leiicoxylon, F.v.M.

superior class.

sleeper

was experimented on

machine with

highly

satisfactory

through the planing machine

left

in

.Mr.

the

and

results,

Allen

Ransome

:

and

boring

boards

passed

adzing

the cutters with an excellent

surface."

This species has succeeded admirably India.

(Gamble.)

at

Abbotabad, Punjab,

TIMBERS. Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the

473

Wood

E. leucoxy Ion, hy Baron Mueller and J. G. Luehmann. specimens were 2ft. long and 2in. square. Deflection.

of

The

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

474

and has a pecuharly thick and rugged

heaviest of our native woods,

bark, with deep longitudinal fissures, which It

very characteristic.

is

possesses great strength and tenacity, and has a close and straight

on which account

grain,

is

it

highly useful to the coachmaker and

wheelwright for the poles and shafts of carriages, and the spokes of wheels.

wood

greasy nature also renders this

Its

very service-

able to the millwright for the cogs of heavy wheels.

many purposes

valuable for

It

is

also

and constitutes one of

in ship-building,

the most imperishable of our timbers."

Following are brief descriptions of timbers of this species in

Museum

the Technological

Sydney

of

:

— " Red-flowering

Iron-

bark," or " Black Ironbark :"* Of very dark red colour, close in the grain,

and

fairly

required.

is

It

good

Timbers, Technological

Diameter,

A

useful

wood where

strength

heavy and

hard.

(Victoria.)

(Cai.

to work.

very

is

Colour, dark reddish-brown,

2ft.

heavy, and difficult to dress.

Diameter,

"

Museum, Melbourne.^

"

South Wales.) Full of shakes

Red Ironbark works

;

The

South Wales.)

Red Ironbark:"

Shelling in concentric layers

Very

shakes.

full of

"

:"

difficult to

Diameter,

fairly well,

(New

dress.

Colour, brown..

2ft.

splits tolerably freely.

two samples have been cut

last

:"

shakes, very

full of

(Eastern N.S.W.)

Colour, rich red.

2ft.

near the heart, and

Red Ironbark

at the

(New wrong

season.

The three following timbers (also in Museum) must also be referred to this species Barremma

80

to

"

tough, 2.

hard,

No.

New

"Of

5

It is

and

{Lo7td.,

highest

the

difficult

It

is

of the

{Lojid., 1862);

Bargo Brush.

* This specimen

vernacular

names

was

given.

3

{Lond.,

and

for

work, strong,

strength stripes,

and

heavy,

and very durable.

of

a dirty streaky-brown colour, very

tough,

and not very good

137c {Paris,

to

work.

1855), from the upper part

Diameter, 24 to 36in.; height, 60 to Soft.

received

Yet

to

No.

Illawarra,

No. 137^ {Paris, 1855), from Appin,

1862);

South Wales.

No. 6

reputation

of a dark red colour, figured in

heavy, cross-grained, and 3.

i.

of

Diameter, 36 to 6oin,; height,.

of the aboriginals.

130ft.

durability."

—

"Ironbark"

1862); No. 90 {Paris, 1855). "

the Technological :

it

from Victoria, labelled

cannot be the

New

E. sideroxylon,

South Wales

species.

and with the

p.\3\

-Bag 3A0qB U01JBA313

9 O m

Pi

o H U w X H >^ pq

O Pi P Q

H Z w

Pi Pi >^

w Pi P5

^ <

c 5

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

476

With the exception

that

shade darker,

a

is

it

cannot be

it

distinguished from the preceding.

This species

upon

with very

is,

doubt, the timber experimented

little

of "

Sydney Mint experiments under the name

in the

Ironbark."

It

described

is

close-grained,

hard,

as

Red

great

of

strength and durability, and valuable for ship-building, engineering

works, white

etc.

It

said,

is

The

ant.

however, to be readily attacked by the

New

specimens came from Berrima,

Wales, the tree was

and 3oin.

to the fork,

30ft.

In the

Specific gravity, 1.167; value of E, 521,300; of S, 3951.

the " Smooth-barked Ironbark," from Brisbane,

same experiments must be from

"

A

species, as

this

wood

the

displays no

from authenticated specimens.

differences

South

diameter.

in

It

strong and durable timber, and well-adapted

purposes, shingling,

The

etc."

tree

was

35ft. to

building

for

the fork, and

£,604.800;

Specific gravity, 1.176; value of

25in. in diameter.

important

described as

is

of 3,2898.

Height, up to 200ft., but this

exceptional.

is

Spencer's Gulf (South Australia), through Victoria and

South Wales

to

286. Eucalyptus longifolia, Link,

N.O.,

New

Southern Queensland.

INIyrtacese,

B.FL,

iii.,

E.

(Syn.

F.V.M.);

WoollsH,

226.

This tree commonly bears the names of

"

Woolly Butt" and

" Bastard

Box," but usually the former.

This wood

is in

timber because of

its

request for fuel, but

gum-veins.

for wheelwrights' work.

have referred to

its

When

W.

(Sir

in the

ground

specific

Its

dried

wood

The They are

gravity

is

it

is

valued as a

sought after

Other authorities

Posts are said to have

for twenty years.

for felloes, shafts, spokes, agricultural etc.

much

not

Macarthur.)

durability for fences.

remained undecayed

is

sound,

It

others from

used

1.187, the weight of a cubic foot of

being 68|lb.

following four samples are in the Technological all

is

implements, house-building,

called

New

"Woolly Butt

South Wales

:

;"

the

first is

from

Museum,

Victoria, the

;

TIMBERS. Very

I.

works

Light red

;

districts.)

to work.

1855). 72in. its

;

Called also "Bastard

2.

shakes

full of

in the grain;

colour; close

light

easily.

Dark red;

veins

Diameter,

bad

;

gum

has

Box."

a few gum-veins

;

Diameter, i5in.

3.

477

work.

to

sound;

fairly

;

2ft.

(S.

good

(Shoalhaven.) No. 24 (London, 1862); 89 (Paris, 4. " Gnaoulie " of the Illawarra aboriginals. Diameter, 36 to

"

height, roo to 150ft.

wood much

A

very large and fine timber tree,

work requiring

prized for felloes of wheels and other

strength and toughness."

Diameter, 36 Victoria,

to 48in.

New

;

height, 100 to 130ft.

South Wales, not

much

farther north than Port

Jackson.

287. Eucalyptus macrocarpa, Honk., N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

224. " Morrel."

Some spokes

wood were

of this

Exhibition of Melbourne,

1886.

exhibited at the Intercolonial

It

also used

is

for

shafts

and

such purposes.

Western Australia.

288. Eucalyptus

Miq.)

The It

is

;

F.v.M.,

macrorrhyncha,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

ordinary

" Stringybark " of

the "Ironbark"

Victoria

tall

tree.

and

New

The wood

acervuia,

South Wales.

McAlister River (Victoria).

of the

Gippsland aboriginal name of "Yangoora

A

E.

(Syn.

207.

iii.,

shares the

It

" with E. capitellata.

hard and mostly tinged with a

is

deeper red-brownish colouration, but occurs also pale-coloured it

is

durable and

palings, and

timber

is

is

easily

shingles,

and

purposes for which rough

split

into

fissile

very useful for

all

required above ground

;

it

fence-rails,

is

boards and scantlings, and furnishes a gravity of the seasoned

cubic foot.

Wales,

is

(Mueller.)

wood

A

also

sawn

and capable

chiefly used for fencing

sample from the Monaro,

of

specific

about 1.020, or 63ilbs. to the

is

an excellent furniture wood, being,

close-grained,

into weather-

The

fair fuel.

a

good

polish.

and wheelwrights' work

light, It

New

South

strong, is,

and

however,

in Southern

New

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

478

A

South Wales.

Victorian specimen in the

stripes of a yellow I

and brown colour, and

do not doubt

Museum) belong

following

that the

to this species

is

Museum

figured in

is

close-grained.

specimens (also

the

in

:

No. 48 (Lond., 1862); 124 (Paris, 1855), Camden "Stringybark;" called " Bour-rougne " by the Camden aboriginals. Diameter,

24 to 54in.

timber

much

height, 50 to

;

considerable strength and durability of the coast."

tough nature.

One sample It

A

species yielding

in

no way altered or different

late Sir

ground

in 181 5,

broke

at

to the

of a

The first.

and dug up in

were tested by Mr. F. A.

Victoria, 1879) for tensile strength.

figures (lbs. per square in.) are 23,000, 23,400, inferior piece

and

William Macarthur.

of this timber

Campbell {Proc. R.S.^

from the stringybark

of a light-brown colour,

is

part of a post placed in the

1861; certified to by the

Some specimens

differs

;

up a good deal under the plane.

tears

second sample appears It is

"

looft.

prized for flooring-boards and house-carpentry, of

11,700.

and 20,000.

The specimens broke

His

An

with a very

long fracture. It

Captain species.

is

probable that

the

Ward (Sydney Mint It

came from

"Stringybark"' timber tested experiments,

Singleton,

gravity, .937; value of E,

343900;

New

by

1858) belongs to this

South Wales.

Specific

of S, 1818,

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the Wood of E. macrorrhyncha, by Baron Mueller and

The specimens were

2ft.

J.

long and 2in. square.

G. Luehmann.

TIMBERS.

479

289. Eucalyptus maculata, Hook., (Syn. E. variegata, F.v.M. peltata, Benth.)

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FI.,

iii.,

E.

;

254 and 258.

" Spotted Gum."

There

is

great

demand

which

for this timber,

used for ship-

is

buggy

building, bridges, girders, naves of wheels, cart and

cubes for

street paving, staves, shingles,

where a strong,

poses,

close-grained,

and durable timber

Baron Mueller, however, points out

required.

shafts,

and general building pur-

that

vary in quality according to the locality in which

is

seems

it

grows.

to

It

is

the coarsest-grained timber of the Eucalypts, and the timber

is

A

very readily recognised.

New

eastern

South Wales

sample

may be

contains large gum-veins, and

is

wood

of

it

thus described

inclined to

from

of this species

Dark yellow

:

The

split.

;

figure has

a very pretty wavy appearance, which extends from the heart to

Diameter,

the sap.

The

Rev.

J.

2ft.

E. Tenison-Woods points out that the Queens-

Government

land

not allow this timber

will

be used for

to

telegraph poles.

At the London International Exhibition this

from

timber

the

the

of

hull

With the exception

exhibited.

mere surface

of

of the timber in the

the entire fabric of this vessel

is

some

1862, a piece of

of

steamer

William IV.

slight charring

immediate

was

on the

vicinity of the boilers,

as substantial and

sound as when

she was built in the year 1830.

There

is

no doubt

that

the

" Spotted

Gum

"

timber of

Captain Ward's Sydney Mint Experiments (1858) belongs species.

Specific gravity, 1.035

There

also in the

is

Museum

5

a

value of E, 485,500

;

specimen originally labelled E.

goniocalyx (Spotted Gum), a sample of which was tested

Mint Experiments

of

1861

to this

of S, 2006.

(p. 12).

It

in the

has a specific gravity of

of S, 2604. It is stated to be a 1. 17; value of E, 574,500; " timber of great strength and durability in dry situations, but not

much

prized."

It

came from Brisbane.

It is

a heavy timber, cross-

grained, tough to work, brown, inclining to walnut, and with but little

figure.

The

author has no doubt the timber

E. maculala, which

is

also vernacularly

known

is

the

produce of

as " Spotted

Gum."

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

480

Diameter, 36 to 48in.

diameter reaches

its

Southern

New

290. Eucalyptus

taceae, B.Fl.,

odour of "

f.

var.

Hook,

citriodora,

(Syn.

f.,

E.

E. melissiodora, Lindl.); N.O., Myr-

;

257.

iii.,

or " Lemon-scented

An

leaves.

its

height, 100 to 150ft.

to 6 or 8ft.);

maculata,

The "Citron,"

South Wales

South Wales to Central Queensland.

Hook.

citriodora,

New

Southern

(in parts of

Gum," name is

aboriginal

so called from the delicious " Urara,"

while another

is

Kangar."

Timber hard and durable, used It

used

is

decay

;

it is

furthermore liked for fences, as

the shafts of drays, as

timber, and

W. Ward

E.

for house-carpentry.

studs, which, after twenty years,

for

more

gives

Diameter, 18

experiments.

to 34in.

splits well, also for

Kilner.)

Captain

on an average

of four

(F.

specific gravity as .942,

its

it

of

most other Eucalyptus

pliable than

also used for wheels.

is

it

it is

(Hill.)

show no sign

height, 40 to 70ft.

;

Queensland.

291. Eucalyptus marginata, Smith, (Syn. E. floribunda,Y{.MtgQ\;

E. hypoleuca, Schau. taceae, B.Fl.,

Universally the is

name

of "

known

;

E. Mahagoni, F.v.M.)

N.O., Myr-

;

209.

iii.,

as "Jarrah."

Mahogany," or

"

In

Western Australia

Bastard Mahogany."

The

it

also bears

aboriginal

name

" Jerrile."

(N.B.

— Under E. dtversicolor

be found a table of com-

will

parative experiments with that timber, E. marginata,

E. gomphoce-

phala, English Oak, and Indian Teak.)

At the London International Exhibition

made

exhibited two piles of a bridge

of

1867 there were

of this timber,

which had

— In Brandis' Forest Flora of North-Il^est and Central India occurs the —" The Yarrah wood of Western Australia {E. rostrata, Schlecht)

Foot Note.

ing passage:

is

strong and durable wood, but apt to crack and split unless thoroughly seasoned. to resist white ants

sleepers."

and the

'Teredo na-valis,

and has been imported

to

follow-

a very

It is

said

India for railway-

Dr. Brandis has obviously confused Jarrah {E. marginata, Smith) with Yarrah

{E. rostrata, Schlecht).

fallen into the

same

I

notice that Dr.

error.

It

may just

].

E. Taylor, in his

lent for the timber of E. marginata, is in universal use (E. rostrata) is scarcely, if ever,

book Our Island

Continent,

has

be mentioned that the word Jarrah, as an equiva-

used but

bj'

some

throughout Australia, while Yarrah

interior aboriginals.

TIMBERS. been exposed

4S1

for seventeen years in water

and sand, and

which

of

the morticed ends were wholly untouched by any signs of decay

same

also a noble burr of the

There was

thick.

;

across and seven inches

also exhibited a pile ten feet long

had formed part

that

tree, five feet

by

six thick,

and removed

of a jetty built in 1832,

in 1861.

Neither sap-wood nor heart-wood was injured by the Teredo,^

which had attempted

in vain

bore into

to

In the Western

it.

Australian Court at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, there

was shown a

"

It is

Open

to air

or submerged,

and weather, on wind and

it

summit

water-line,

under the

not materially effected, remaining intact

is

it

The

after nearly fifty years' trial.

the

tide

not perfectly impervious to the Teredo,

but that pest had only got as far as the sap.

is true,

soil

which had been between wind and

pile of Jarrah

for forty-two years.

choicest timber

and ironstone ranges

of the granite

is

obtained from trees

;

grown on

sandy plains near the sea yield a timber of inferior quality, twisted, also shorter

m

much

the grain, and

(H. E, Victor.)

less durable."

"Without sheathing or other protection

it

has proved sound and

enduring to an extent which appears to denote exemption from decay,

so

of timber

far

evidence can

as

piles,

year

1834

or

from

boring marine

ing

with

1835

piles

timber

the

;

mollusca,

In

Teredo.

Fremantle,

thirty years.

which were driven

up

taken

be obtained from observation

exposed for upwards of

the

which

and others only about one

is

but

driven

perfectly

at

for

;

only their bark peeled

oi¥,

free

swarm-

is

the

port

thirty

of

years,

scarcely be distinguished,

large iron-bolts through

entirely corroded away, leaving the holes clean piles with

have recently

a whaling jetty in the

small

jetty-work

been

year, could

'both being equally soimd

I

although the place

old

had

for

them have

and sound.

Round

driven before seasoning,

appear to stand as well as those which were squared and seasoned.

Young,

as well as matured,

of boring

twenty years old, exposed as afloat, is as *

The Tertdo

I

all

effectually resisted the attack

na-valis bores it

A

cargo-boat,

upwards

of

the time, and as often high and dry

sound as when

direction of the grain, unless

2

wood had

sea-worms and Crustacea.

it

was launched.

wood below low-water mark.

meets another

teredo.

It

Coasting always travels

craft, in the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

482

which had been more than ten years are perfectly seaworthy,

A

rotten.

afloat without

copper sheathing,

not a plank perforated, nor a butt end

up

sapling pole, which had been set

to

mark

a shoal

near Fremantle,' sheathed with copper and guyed with iron chains,

was found on inspection exposure knife,

;

and

a chip of

letters cut

twenty years'

line with a pocket-

looked like cedar, but the copper-sheathing and iron

it

show

after

was taken from the water

it

Land boundary

chains had both perished. since,

be uninjured

to

posts, put in forty years

from Termites ;

neither weathering nor rot, nor injury

on them are

still

clean and sharp.

This

the case

is

also with slabs in the cemetery at Perth, bearing inscriptions dating

as far back at 1834.

Flooring of cottages, wet and dry according

on

to the season, laid

ground without

the

joists, after twenty-five

years shows no signs of decay on either side.

As Jarrah has been

the timber used throughout the colony of Western Australia since its

1829, there are numerous examples to refer

foundation in

proving

Properly

durability.

its

cut

and properly

to,

the

dried,

would prove in practice as durable as iron, and under some circumstances would outlive it. The time occupied in drying ought to be one month for every inch of thickness, if the timber is material

sawn

or

ends

to

hewn; but

round

if

be selected

suit particular

to

it

banded at the number of trees can

requires only to be

In the forests any

prevent splitting.

purposes for which the timber

be required, either for round piles or squared

logs,

railway-sleepers, while for furniture special selections

necessary; in the latter case splendid

may

so also for

would be

specimens can be obtained

exhibiting a ray of light across the grain with a variety of mottles

and

lines

when polished

though the wood

is

of the protuberances

immense

highly to

from the trunks and branches are

and furnish

size,

give a very pleasing effect,

too heavy for any but massive designs.

slabs

specimens of walnut or pollard-oak

rivalling ;

6 to

loft. in

;

it

is

lining, foundations,

an

finest

made

up, after being

not unusual to find such protuberances from

diameter.

to timber intended

beauty the

they require, however, a good

deal of time in seasoning before they can be cut into slabs

in

Some of

for

I

have drawn attention more particularly

heavy works, such as sea-facing, dock-

and bed-blocks

for

machinery.

It is,

however,

—

TIMBERS. equally suitable for

building

all

483

purposes, framing,

quartering,

weather-boarding, planking, flooring, ceilings, balusters, railings,

and fencing and paths,

;

forms also durable cross-cut blocks

it

and bedded

easily laid

in

common

gravity of the timber averages about

scantlings will float

Specimens

in

the

from the

direct

specific

saturated will sink.

weigh from 71

(Report of Clerk of Public

foot."

The

well-dried, small

if

;

when

but

sea,

mill

1.12

roadways

for

sand.

to 761b. per cubic

Works, Fremantle,

Western

Australia.)

The Report

"The

purposes

innumerable;

it

fills

to

which Jarrah timber

may be

somewhat

material can be supplied at a price in the log,

employed where for instance

roofing

usually

and

constructed

Jarrah only requires

to

As a

India,

in

be known

to

it

roof, I

;

thin as they are,

and when once

set

I

make

little

At a distance

water-tight in the

hurricane.

32ft. span.

With

6ft.

shingles do not readily catch

fire

;

are

in a in the

all

these

advantages, the

burning charcoal thrown on

a hole, but does not inflame them.

most uninflammable timbers as supplied

houses

They

The saw-bench room at the Rockingham Mills is The heaviest timbers are only 6x2, the rafters i8in.

and the principals

them chars

this material,

downpour, and are not shifted

heaviest

cool

for years.

roof repairs for 25 years.

in

so close

Their lightness admits of a considerable saving

roof-framing.

apart,

£\

lie

a remarkably

or no repairs

have seen here, where many roofs are of

that have not cost

I

am

acquainted with.

from the mills are 24 x 4 x

iin.,

It is

one

The

of the

shingles,

weight less than

ilb.

each, are laid with an overlap of i6in., run about 450 to a square, are

hung with French wire

roof being 45 degrees."

nails

;

for the

believe shingling with

be appreciated.

they

require

should be

substitute

these shingles might be mistaken for grey slates, they

and regularly

as the

been considered undesirable

...

sea-facing.

and

;

than the timbers

less

at half their price in scantling,

hitherto timber has

in

applied are

the place where sal {Shorea robusta) and teak

could not be admitted, as well as where they are used

named,

same

following additional remarks are taken from the

:

on sawn battens, the pitch

of the

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

484

made an

of Jarrah timber,

and as

often referred to in different pamphlets

on the

Professor Abel this analysis

is

subject, I give

it

in exienso

"In accordance

:

—

from

specimens

chemical

its

made a

with instructions received, I have

qualitative analysis of certain

obtaining

analysis

view of

of Jarrah, with the

composition actual

proof

the

of

principle which renders the timber impervious to the action of dry rot,

and proof against the action

gum somewhat

an astringent

of Teredo navalis

duramen contains from

I find that the

ant.

16 to

and the white

20 per

cent, of

resembling the gum-kino of com-

merce, sparingly soluble in alcohol, but completely so in boiling-

Upon

water.

distilled

further

analysis,

gum

was found

almost entirely of colouring matter and a highly astrin-

to consist

may be

gent vegetable acid, which

inasmuch

as

it

possesses

some

called " Jarrah-tannic acid,"

of the characteristics of tannic-acid,.

together with other relations peculiar to " I

this

have failed

discover

to

itself.

an alkaloid or organic

base

(although several different processes have been adopted), since,

gum, albumen and colouring

after the separation of the I

obtain nothing

which

fatty matter,

portance.

Jarrah

more than

It is,

traces of saccharose

in the present

enquiry are of

is

no im-

or

little

therefore, evident that the active principle of the

the powerfully astringent acid, which,

is

any base,

matter,

and glucose with

suspended

in the

uncombined with

gum, and thereby uniformly

throughout the tissues of the wood

in a thin section,

gum may

innumerable translucent particles of the

diffused

of

which

be seen by the

aid of a small convex lens."

Bearing in mind the almost unanimous opinion as

immunity inclined

of to

think that

the

writer of

the following

Darwin) must have been mistaken as which the "

attacks of is

to

piles to

the jetty

refers

trip,

of

took

white ants on

down

(Port Darwin),

to the

were

that the Jarrah

Cobra {Teredo navalis

those

southern

which he

would appear

It

to,

the

Jarrah from attacks by the Teredo navalis, one

or

?

made is

Eucalyptus timber of :

just as susceptible to the

Calobates sp.) in water as

shore.

The

it

Whampoa, on her

a piece cut from one of the

planted

is

(from Port

some months

trial

piles of

ago, which

was

TIMBERS.

485

thoroughly perforated by the sea-worm."

pondent

of

Darwin

(Port

corres-

Tropical Agriculturalist^ Sept., 1885.)

However,

in regard to' the timber

of the following report,

it

is

which formed the subject

not possible that any mistake such as

hinted at in the previous case could have been made.

In the year 1876 there was presented a "Report from the

Engineer

made

he has the

Auckland Harbour Board upon experiments

the

of

with Jarrah, to see whether

waters." I

make

3rd July,

the

really proof against

Auckland

the following extracts from the report (which

Mr. D. E. Macdonald, A.M.I.C.E.)

"On

it is

Teredo (mollusc) which inhabit

attacks of the

1874,

is

by

:—

obtained two squared logs of

I

Jarrah timber from Messrs. Danaher and Lanigan, contractors for the

Mangere

visited

This structure spans the Manukau, and

bridge.

erected on Jarrah

One

Western Australia for that purpose.

had sawn

6x3, and

into pieces of scantling,

A

piles of the Queen-street wharf.

is

Danaher, who

selected by Mr.

piles specially

of these

logs I

spiked to the totara

few days since

these pieces taken up, and found that although they

had two of

I

had only been

in the water for twenty-one months, the teredines were carrying

on

and

2.)

.their

I

destructive operations.

made an examination

of the Jarrah used in the

been attacked by the teredo from

their large

to replace the

in the

growth fear that

Mangere Bridge,

i, 9,

most determined manner, and it

whole of the

were taken from No.

D was

will

piles.

be found necessary ere

(Specimens No. A, B, C,

and 19 row or bay

taken from a Jarrah

upper side of the bridge.)

9x3 It is

of piles.

plank, found on the

July

1880,

6th,

Specimen

mud on

the

about two years since these piles

were driven."

On

i

state that the piles and lower headstocks have

and regret having to

long

(Specimens submitted, Nos.

Mr. Macdonald reports:

— "With

my

report under date 29th March, 1876, I submitted specimens No.

A, B, and C, of Jarrah timber taken from the piles of the Mangere Bridge, and stated

'

that

replace the whole of the

has been

let

it

will

piles.'

be found necessary ere long I

have now

by the General Government

of the Jarrah piles with Totara."

With

to

to state that a contract

for replacing this report

the

whole

Mr. Macdonald

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

486

submitted pieces of the Jarrah piles which had been in use sixteen

he

years, but

them

left

speak for themselves, as the extent of

to

the injury they suffered from the teredo-

is

him

not specified by

in

the papers.

The deep

following lengthy account by Laslett of Jarrah

inasmuch as

interest,

it

has doubtless had

is

of

considerable

influence in forming the opinions of English officials and others as to the value of the timber.

It

must, however, be borne in mind

was published so long back as 1875, and

that Laslett's account

on account of the Western Australian

that,

Government never

losing an opportunity of bringing the merits of this timber before

the world, far

more data

now

are

at

our service for assessing

its

proper value. "

It

is

straight

of

unfortunately

is

growth and

very large dimensions, but

decay

liable to early

The sound

in the centre.

however, yield solid and useful timber of from 20 to 40ft. in

trees,

by

length

11

24in.

to

square, while those with faulty centres

only indifferent squares of

furnish

smaller sizes, or pieces un-

equally sided, called flitches. "

The wood

slightly

give

it

wavy

is

red in colour, hard, heavy, close in texture,

in the grain,

and with occasionally enough

value for ornamental purposes

and takes a good

employ

it

polish.

;

it

Cabinet-makers may, therefore, readily

for furniture, but for architectural,

great strength

is

required,

experiments prove

it

to

it

and other works where

should be used with caution, as the

be somewhat

ment to

in ship-building,

to test its quality

and

The

to

Woolwich

fitness for

employ-

but the sample did not turn out well, owing

the want of care in the selection of the proper

colony.

Some

brittle in character.

few years since a small supply of this wood was sent

Dockyard, with the view

figure to

works up quite smoothly,

wood

in the

shipping officer sent only such small, squares as

might have been produced from logs cut or quartered longitudinally,

which

sending the

left in

each case one weak or shaky angle, instead of

full-sized

compact square log representing

growth of the tree would give.

It is just possible,

may be

all

that the

however, that

from the nature of

this

was unavoidable, since

the

conversions that the trees from which they were cut com-

it

inferred

TIMBERS.

menced

to

decay

become hollow

the root-end

of the Jarrah tree,

it

beyond the medium

follows that size

no compact and

had

logs

length

of

the

was noticed

trees

cut

flitches

clear

spreading from

growth, and

to

One

centre.

some

;

of the

to several inches in

woody

the

of

to 2 in. concentrically,

i

the

of

from one

longitudinal direction

the

full

necessarily restricted to

is

sample referred

in the

cavities or blisters, varying

in

solid square log

can be obtained of the

hence the conversion of the faulty the dimensions

stem long before they

of the

This remarkable defect being characteristic

arrived at maturity.

peculiarity

about mid-life, and they had

at the centre at or at

487

which

layers,

and

occurred like the

cup-shake, at various distances from the pith, and at intervals of a

few

feet

were

along the line of the trunk of the

partially filled with a hard secretion

of,

tree.

These

cavities

gum.

From

resin or

what has been stated respecting the Jarrah timber received

Woolwich,

it

will readily

not look upon

it

with favour, or with any desire to employ

ship-building purposes. services of the yard,

and

at

be supposed that the authorities there did

It it

therefore passed to

some

of the

was while under conversion

for

it

minor

for these

making

ordinary and inferior works that I took the opportunity of

the experiments which are given in detail in the tables to follow. It is all

a noticeable fact in connection with the experiments, that

the specimens tried proved deficient in strength

by breaking

off

and

tenacity,

suddenly with a short fracture, under an average

transverse strain of about 686ib. weight only, or about 171.51b. to

the square inch of sectional area.

pared, I have seen

Since the foregoing was pre-

some correspondence between

the

Home

and

Colonial Governments on the subject of Jarrah timber, and also

between the Governor of Western Australia and the leading shipbuilders and ship-owners, including Lloyd's surveyor at Fremantle,

who had been

upon the merits

severally asked to report

Jarrah, with a view to getting

it

recognised at Lloyd's.

of the

Most

of

the ship-builders and ship-owners have reported very favourably,

and speak of

when used

it

as a

good description

of

They

wood.

with iron fastenings, neither material

injured by the other, and also what

bends well without steaming.

is

a

little

In speaking of

is

in

say that

any way

remarkable, that its

it

merits, however.

— ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

488 they nearly

all

do so under some

the felling being done at a certain time of the year

from some particular

district,

upon

reserve, such as insisting

and so

getting

;

it

Lloyd's agent at

forth.

Fremantle, however, does not report quite so favourably of indeed, he differs so widely from the well to quote his report in extenso

:

perhaps

rest, that

it

it

;

would be

—

" In reply to your letter relative to the qualities of the Jarrah

consider

valuable

of this country as a ship-building timber,

I

wood

the wales, and

planking purposes as high as

for

consider

intended

especially excellent

it

to

worm

better than almost

but

do not consider

I

work, where the sun,

it

wood

it

any other wood, and

is

being, in such conditions, it is

more than

sea-

less liable to foul

must necessarily be much exposed

to shrink and warp; and

resists the

it

suitable timber for top sides,

it

also

I

which are not

for small craft

be sheathed with metal, inasmuch as

it

or deck

to the effects of

ordinarily subject

rather deficient in tenacity of fibre,

so that in situations where eccentric or sudden bends occur

cannot generally be employed with advantage.

may have heard

of the

It is

probable you

Honourable East India Company's

brig Salween, taking in a cargo of Jarrah at Bunbury.

W.

supplied by Mr.

These

Dockyard.

pilot

This ^yas

Pearce Clifton, and the vessel was sent at

wood

instance in order to a series of trials of the trials I

it

in the

my

Kidderpore

regret to say were not favourable to the

character of the wood, and the result was that no further supply

When

was ordered. the

Government

last at Calcutta,

Bengal

of

I

obtained the sanction of

to further tests of the

portion of the Salween' s cargo being then sorry to say that the result was not

The Clerk

of

Works

at

still

wood, the greater

in

store,

more favourable than

but

I

before."

Fremantle, reporting summarily upon

the opinions

expressed by the ship-builders and others, says

"

timber

The sound

white ant.

On

a pungent acid

resists

the attack of the

analysis by Professor th.\t

was

fatal to life.

not found to be present in the therefore necessary in preparing

so as to cut

all

am

Abel

The

unsound

wood

it

was found

portion.

by

Much

was

Great care

is

fiitching the log

the defective portions of the heart out,

only the perfectly sound timber.

to contain

principle, however,

for use

:

Teredo navilis and

and using

has been said about Jarrah

'

TIMBERS. being subject

to split

must be borne and

when exported

mind

in

that

its

to

489 India or England in log.

It

density renders seasoning very slow,

that the inner portions of the larger trees are in a state of decay

A

while the outer portions are in full vigour.

tree

under these

conditions, the inner portions comparatively dry, and the outer full

once

to a hot climate like that of India, or to

•of

sap, shipped at

a

variable one as that of

unequal shrinkage, being also exposed

To

temperature.

to

when

sap

the

very great changes of

and apparent

obviate this peculiarity

the Jarrah be fallen

such

England, very naturally bursts from

at

is

defect, let

and

lowest ebb,

the

ilitched as previously suggested."

From

the foregoing statements

upon

great diversity of opinion

time only

will

show whether,

if

will

it

be seen that there

the merits of Jarrah timber,

imported,

it

find

will

is

and

favour with

ship-builders and others in this country.

"Some Australian

three or four years since (about 1871) the Western

Timber Company were

busily

engaged

professes, I believe, to select only the best trees, at the

best sort the country produces.

true

and

to cut

them

proper season; the deliveries should, therefore, be of the very

of

have earnestly looked for sample

I

London Docks, but up to the present (1875)

•cargoes to arrive in the

none

in the forests

The company

preparing a large quantity of Jarrah for exportation.

any importance has been reported."

The

now.

hardwood

list

price of the timber

Timber

of the

is

Trades

This does not remain

frequently quoted in the

Journal, and especially

during the currency of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, the

shipments of Jarrah

A

sample, sent

tested by Mr. Allen beautifully

to

England have been numerous.

to

the Colonial

Ransome.

He

and Indian Exhibition, was reported as follows

marked, and somewhat resembles mahogany

Railway sleepers, joinery, casks, spokes, and

were made from

it.

The

—"

It is

in colour.

hammer

handles

planed and moulded specimens, unlike

the Karri, which does not

remarkably

:

finish

well,

left

the machines with a

fine surface."

Mr. R. C. Patterson certain Jarrah sleepers,

South Australian railways

states (Proc. Inst.

after

C.E.,

Ivi.,

39) that

having been in the ground in the

for twelve years,

were

in as

good condition

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

490 as

when they were

Sin. wide,

The

and

4in.

seat for the rail

first

laid.

The

sleepers were

deep, and sawn, but not

(^Laslett.)

of the

specimen.

6in. long.

from the log.

was adzed by machinery on the ground.

TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS.

Number

6ft.

split

TIMBERS.

0^

491

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

492 In an

report

oflficial

an

stated that this Eucalypt covers

it is

area of 14,000 square miles.

Exceptional diameter,

10

or

iift.

;

average height,

looft.

exceptionally, 150ft.

South Western Australia. 292. Eucalyptus melanophloia, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., iii.,

220. "Silver-leaved Ironbark," or "Ironbark."

The species

is

Rev.

J.

wood

E. Tenison-Woods states that the

not valued for any purpose, mainly because

of this

so small

it is

and stunted.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Cmm.,

293. Eucalyptus melliodora, A.

Miq., no7i F.v.M.)

The "Yellow Box" interior, the inner-bark

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

;

of

N.S.W. and

Gum," owing to the perfume of it is known as " Dargan,"

is

An

extent by engravers.

of a yellowish colour,

By the aboriginals

remarkable toughness, It

fissile.

is

but

much

of

is

Gippsland

used to

;

extremely hard, very

under the ground, heavy, also of difficult

utilized

framework, and for naves, cogs, and

to

for

work,

and

spokes,

a

as

rails

rule

heavy

rollers,

treenails, also for

kinds of work, such as telegraph and fence posts, It

it

The timber

excellent shade tree.

and when dry

durable both in water and

not

flowers.

hard, tough, durable, and close-grained

Timber

" of the

In parts of Victoria

sometimes called " Honey-scented

It is

its

210.

iii.,

"Yellow Jacket

Victoria.

being of a yellowish colour.

goes by the name of " Red Gum."

some

E. patent iflor a',

(Syn.

rougher

and

slabs.

cannot well be sawn into planks on account of the frequent

occurrence of broad perpendicular

between the

layers,

excellent for fuel.

and thus

The

varies

from about .965

foot.

(Mueller.)

it is

or

cracks

intervening It is

gravity of fully-seasoned

wood

specific to

slits

apt to shell concentrically.

1.125,

or

from 60

to

jolb. per cubic

Mr. Bauerlen, writing from Colombo, Candelo,

New South

Wales, says

round, and

is

:

" It

is

here considered the best timber

used for a variety of purposes, but does not, as

as I can learn,

last

long in the ground."

all

far

TIMBERS.

493

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E, melliodora, by Baron Mueller and specimens were Deflection.

2ft.

long and

J.

Wood

G. Luehmann.

2in. square.

of

The

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

494 North

Port Jackson

of

" Forest

Wales)

Mahogany."

call it

land) call

bears

it

The

" Wangee."

The

aboriginals of the Brisbane River (Queens-

" Tee."

it

its

ball-rooms

;

greasy nature.

The

fresh cut.

those

under

and spokes

for this latter

purpose

This greasiness

The

I.

Full

(Northern

and easy

in diameter are

3^ft.

of

from

logs

Museum

it

is

sound.

New

Its

{General Report, colour

South Wales

is

yellowish-

are

in

the

:

shakes, dark yellow colour, not good to work,

inclined

districts.)

to

selected on account

very large trees are generally hollow, but as a rule

following

•cross-grained,

is

it

also for flooring,

;

most marked where

is

Sydney lnlernatio7ial Exhihiiion, 1879.) brown or yellowish.

Technological

Used

durable, under or above ground.

lay wheelwrights for naves, felloes,

of

Turpentine Tree," and

Richmond River (New Soath

aboriginals of the

Timber strong and e.g., in

of "

name

the

work.

2.

to

wavy

heavy;

grain,

diameter,

2ft.

Pale yellow colour, straight in the grain,

Comparatively

light in

weight; diameter, I5in.

(Macleay River.)

"TALLOW WOOD" (E. microcorys), EXPERIMENTED UPON BY THE VICTORIAN TIMBER BOARD, 1884. The samples

tested were each

the distance between the bearings

7ft.

was

in length 6ft.

;

by

i|-in.

gradually applied in the centre until the sample broke. c

square;

and the weight was

;

TIMBERS. Diameter, 6

to 8ft.

Northern coast

495

height, lOo to 120ft,

;

New

of

districts

South Wales

to

Cleveland

Bay (Queensland). 295. Eucalyptus microtheca, F.v.M., (Syn. E. brevi/olia, F.v.M.

— name

E. brachypoda, B«nth., Myrtaceae, B.FL, Called "Bastard

Box"

Queensland.

This

Box''

in

the Gulf of Carpentaria. "

Dwarf Box."

them:

It

has

It

many

New

Western

in

the

is

is

of species in B.Fl.)

N.O.,

;

(partly).

223

iii.,

South Wales, and "Black

"Flooded Box"

The

aboriginal names.

— "Callaille" and " Yathoo,"

around

of the country

also called " Narrow-leaved

Box

following are

and

"

some

of

Murchison River (Western Australia)"Targoon," Riverina (New South Wales); " Jimbul Kurleah," Cloncurry River,

and otherparts

Northern Queensland; "Coolybah," or "Coolibar,"

of

Western Queensland and about the Darling, or " Goborro," Western

This wood

New South Wales "

;

is

Goborra,"

and remarkably hard, heavy and

grey),

Mons. Thozet speaks

of

it

with figures not unlike walnut,

but darker, heavier, and closer grained.

though perhaps too hard used nor valued.

" ;

Koloneu," Queensland.

reddish-brown or reddish (near the outside,

is

however, the colour elastic.

New South Wales

It

for cabinet-work.

" Piles

made

of the

is

useful in buildino-,

It is

young

neither very

trees have

much

been used

with advantage for the construction of the Great Northern Railway

Queensland." (Thozet.) This and E. terminalis are the only Eucalypts in much of the western desert.

of

Western and Northern Australia, also Australia,

New

296. Eucalyptus Obliqua, L'Hir., (Syn.

E. falct/olia, Miq. phylla, Miq.)

A

in the interior of

Soulh

South Wales and Queensland.

;

" Stringybark."

(partly)

E. gigantea, Hook,

E. nervosa, F.v.M.

;

N.O., Myrtace:», B.FL, It is

called "

Messmate"

iii.,

;

f.,

E. hetero-

204.

in Victoria

because of

its

Other names are "Black Box " and " Ironbark Box," because the wood and bark are very like those of Iron-

resemblance to E. macrorrhyncha.

bark, especially in old trees.

Formerly called "Woolgook," or " Wang-

narra," by the Yarra (Victoria) aboriginals.

This

is

a

most useful

by no means the hardest

Owing

to the length

tree for general purposes, although of

the

Gums.

and straightness

of

its

It

it

is

grows very quickly.

stem, and the unusually

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

496 fissile is

nature of the wood, which enables

be easily worked,

to

it

it

brought into more general use than the timber of most other

For ordinary works

Eucalypts.

extensively used for fencing palings, rafters, posts

it

and scaffolding-poles

has some tendency to warp or

demand, and

in great

is

scantlings, boards,

rails,

E, Brown); but

(J.

The timber

twist.

is

shingles, it

light in

is

appearance, weighs from 50 to 6o|lbs. per cubic foot of dry wood,

be

therefore having a specific gravity of .809 to .990.

It is

somewhat

was, however,

shown

susceptible to dry rot.

in pulling

down

put

in.

It

also

splits well,

when

a

the

be as sound as when

to

Near

yielding palings 2oin. broad.

wood assumes

base the

said to

the old courthouse at Hobart,

timbers, forty years old, were found

the

durability

Its

wavy

beautiful

figure,

which

is

admirably adapted for furniture, and very ornamental. Following are brief descriptions of specimens of

from rather small all

from I.

New

South Wales, except the

Warm

" Stringybark."

very freely, diameter of tree,

surface, moderately

even

" Messmate."

work

Fairly sound

bark."

heavy,

are

from Victoria

is

:

shakes, splits

to

"Stringybark."

2.

to

Warm

\vork to obtain a quite

diameter

Brown

(Southern

2ft. 3in.

(Adelong).

2ft.

3.

district).

"Stringy-

4.

and well-seasoned, light-brown, does not (Macleay River,

diameter loin.

easily,

9in.

difficult

They

Buff or light-brown, wavy grain, works fairly well

a sound log, diameter, bark."

brown, inclined

ift.

brown, free from gum-veins,

which

last,

this timber,

Museum.

Technological

trees, in the

sic.)

" Stringy-

5.

colour, full of gum-veins, coarse grain.

This tree has been introduced extensively in India on the Nilgiris, and,

Punjab,

and

(Brandis.) at

It

Lucknow.

on a smaller scale by way in

several

places in

the

of experiment, in the

north-west

Himalayas.

has also been tried at Changa Manga, but has failed

(Gamble.)

Specimens

of this timber

from Bullarook Forest, Victoria, were

examined by Mr. F. A. Campbell {Proc. R.S.

Vict.,

1879.)

His

values of the tensile strength in pounds per square inch are 8500,

8500, and 8200.

They broke

was well seasoned,

clean,

with a short fracture.

but

not

Mr. Campbell, however, remarks that

quite this

free

The wood

from

shakes.

should not, however.

TIMBERS. affect its tensile strength to

" Messmate."

497

any extent.

It

was known

locally as

Rankin gives the following particulars in regard

to the timber of

pounds on square

E. gigantea (obliqua) modulus of elasticity in inch, 1,709,000; modulus of rupture, 13,000; :

weight, 541b. per cubic foot.

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. obliqua, by Baron Mueller and specimens were Deflection.

2ft.

J.

Wood

G. Luehmann.

long and 2in. square.

of

The

bo

•I3A3I-B3S

SAOqB U0IiBA313

p

-a

a

o w w

o •5

O H O > W ^ c5

Q

(L)

C

>^ pq

o P W H W

»!« '-'

a. at

Pi

w s bo X w p-1

H

S J3

n 'O

TIMBERS. Diameter, 36 to 48in.

;

/|99

100

height,

Mitchell {Proc. U.S., V.D. Land, 185

Tasmania which,

species in

at

to

Mr. James

150ft.

measured a

1)

tree of this

four feet from the ground,

was

64ft. in girth.

Southern coast Victoria,

Eucalyptus

297.

districts

Tasmania and South

spathulata, Hook.

;

is

timber of E. cornuta.

much

B.Fl.,

in

iii., iii.,

235), and E. 235.

" Flat-topped Yate."

hard and strong, and

by wheelwrights.

in

E.

perhaps

including

Endl.,

(a species

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

The

The timber

South Wales, but chiefly

Australia.

OCCidentalis,

macrandra, F.v.M.,

after

New

(Muir.)

(Mueller.)

used for posts, fence

is

for that reason

sought

probably as valuable as the

It is

It is

heavy and durable, and Height, 30 to Soft.

rails, fuel, etc.

South-western Australia.

298. Eucalyptus OChrophloia, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacece, F.V.M.,

Fragm.,

xi.,

36.

Called " Yellow-jacket," from

Wood

Height, about

its

yellowish bark.

a brownish colour, hard, heavy,

of

and close-grained.

50ft.

Near the Warrego and Paroo

Rivers,

New

South Wales and

Queensland.

299. Eucalyptus Odorata, Behr., (Syn. E. porosa, Miq.

putea, Miq.)

One

of the "

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

Peppermint trees."

and about

it

possesses,

"

Red Gum."

It is

fair quality,

is

si.xty

"

has a tough

fibre,

rails, slabs,

and

firewood,

E. caju-

215.

(South Australia)

to seventy

is

;

White Box" are names it

is

known

as

pounds per cubic

very hard, durable, yellowish-white,

naves, felloes, the tree

Box " and

St. Vincent's Gulf

This timber weighs from foot.

"

iii.,

is

considered of

used for such purposes as

and fence

too small to be available for general

posts.

As a

rule

sawing purposes.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

500 since

almost invariably hollow, both in trunk

it is

A

E. Brown.)

(J.

may

be thus described

close, fine

and

and branches.

Victorian sample in the Technological " Peppermint."

:

Museum

Light brown colour,

straight in the grain.

New

South Australia, Victoria and south-east

South Wales.

300. Eucalyptus pallidifolia, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtace«, B.Fl.,

iii.,

236.

The wood

of this small tree

red, hard, close-grained,

and

is

yellow near the bark, the rest

prettily mottled.

Northern Australia.

301. Eucalyptus paniculata,

E. terminalis, Sieb.

(Syn.

'S'7«///z,

E. fasciculosa, F.v.M., including E. paniculaiayzx. fasciculosa, Benth.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, Occasionally called "

New of

South Wales congeners,

its

Bloodwood."

coastal districts,

It

is

the "

Red Ironbark " of the wood is paler than that White Ironbark," or " She

and, because

known

also

is

it

211.

iii.,

"

as

its

Ironbark."

This wood

good repute

is in

for posts for fencing,

also

sleepers, carriages, etc. stores for is

useful for large

Mr. George Hutchinson

Victoria, he has cut

down one

as speedily as possible states that

is

No.

it

1855.

name 80

to

is

from a

N.S.W. It

is

''

20ft.

.

.

tells

in buildings,

me

that at Chiltern,

and

machine.

He

A

log in the

Tech-

little.

the northern districts of

New South

seasons fairly well,

tree i8in. in diameter.

London Exh.,

Cal.

styled

at Illawarra, 1

beams

of these trees, split the timber,

wears well and shrinks but

Museum, from

and

I,

much used

constructed a puddling

of a light-brown colour, heavy,

dress,

It is

heavy goods, and for other purposes where great strength

required.

nological

It is

for durability.

railway works, such as bridges,

for

Wales,

good

is

to

Another sample was

1862, and No. 83, Exh. Paris.

"White," or "Pale Ironbark," and aboriginal

Barremma." .

"The

Ironbarks, remarkable for

its

Diameter, 36 to 48in.

most valuable, perhaps,

;

of

height,

the

all

smooth, uniform outer bark, and

very hard, tough, inlocked, strong wood."

It

is

of a dirty

its

dark

;

TIMBERS. brown

colour, very

36 to 48in.

good

501

work, and a heavy limber.

to

Diameter,

height, 100 to 150ft.

;

Queensland,

New

South Wales and Victoria.

302. Eucalyptus patens, Benth., N.O., Myrtaceas, B.Fl.,

A This timber

is

considered durable

used for wheelwrights' work Diameter, up

to 6ft.

;

247.

iii.,

" Blackbutt."

up

height,

does

it

;

;

tough, and hence

is

it

not

(Mueller.)

split.

to looft.

South-western Australia. Sieh., (Syn.

303. Eucalyptus pauciflora, species

(the

name

in B.Fl.)

submuUiplinervis, Miq.

;

E. coriacea, A. Cunn.,

E. plebophylla, F.v.M.

E. piperita,

;

var.

E.

;

DC.

pauciflora,

and E. procera, Dehn., (perhaps); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL,

iii.,

201. " Mountain White

"Swamp Gum," "Drooping Gum," and "Flooded

Gum." In

Gum "

White Gum." South Wales),

"

New

It

is

Tasmania

the Blue Mountains,

(of

"Mountain Ash" and "Peppermint." Weeping Gum."

occasionally called

it is

known

as "

The wood, which

is

quality, being rather soft

white in colour,

and short-grained

used for fencing purposes.

(J.

is it

;

E. Brown.)

It is

not of is,

first-class

however, often

easy to cut, and of

a lighter colour than the timber from most Eucalypts

but

rarely,

excellent

it

for

;

fuel,

but cannot be used underground.

splits

it

cannot readily be obtained in great lengths

it

;

is

W.

(G.

Robinson).

The Museum:

following two i.

close in grain,

No.

33,

1855;

is

split,

the

in

Warm

and with a gum-vein (Victoria).

London Exh.

Cat., 1862,

described "White

for timber, height of tree, is

specimens are

''Mountain White Gum."

Gum" 40

Technological

brown

colour,

A

sample,

2.

and No. 26^, Paris Exh.

Cat.,

much

value

of Berrima,

to 80ft.

;

"not

of

diameter, 24 to 4oin."

of a yellow or buff colour, beautiful

to

It

work, straight in the

grain, full of gum-veins, but looks exceptionally well under poHsh.

Diameter, up

to 4ft., with height of looft.

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

502

304. Eucalyptus pilularis,

'Sra.,

N.O., Myrtacece, B.Fl.,

DC;

E. persid/oUa,

(Syn.

E. omnia,

semicorticata, F.v.M.;

E.

E. incrassata,S\Qh.)\

Sieb.;

208.

iii.,

The Blackbutt," or " Great Blackbutt." From the great hardness of wood it is often known as " Flintwood." It is a " Mountain Ash " of Illawarra (New South Wales), " Willow," or "White Top," of the country about Berrima (New South Wales). Sometimes it is called "Stringybark. By the aboriginals of South Queensland it is known as " Tcheergun," or •'

its

A New

" Toi."

South Wales aboriginal name

"

is

Benaroon."

Furnishes excellent timber for house carpentry, or any pur-

pose where strength and

required,

are

durability

planking, ships' decks, paving cubes, etc. telegraph

and railway

poles

of this

(Woolls.)

sleepers.

bridge

e.g.,

can be used for It

of

is

a

Captain Ward, R.E., found the deflection of a

yellowish colour.

sample

It

timber from Berrima, N.S.W., to be i.35in., the

material used being

4ft.

long by

2in. square,

loaded in the middle

with a weight of 9801b., while the elasticity remained unimpaired,

breaking under a weight of 12321b.; 14OZ. per cubic foot.)

He

spoke of

specific gravity, .990 (6ilb.

as a very strong timber, but

it

warping and twisting when exposed gradual seasoning

off the

Baron Mueller observes ought

to be.

prejudiced

Its

in

it

ground.

the sun, and requiring

to

{Sydney Mint Expis., i86o.)

that this timber

not so well

is

known

as

it

occasional liability to gum-veins has doubtless

popular favour.

Museum, which has been at the London

A

slab

in

the Technological

seasoned over twenty-five years (having

been exhibited

International Exhibition of

has a weight which corresponds to 61 lb. 70Z. per cubic foot.

Rev. Dr. Woolls observes of it is

one of the most valuable species

land, it

is

this tree

.

.

.

and next

to the

:

"

Though

in the

1862),

The

rapid in growth,

county of Cumber-

White Ironbark {E. siderophloid);

capable of enduring a greater crushing strain than any other

Eucalypt."

Following are some samples I.

in the

"Blackbutt," or "Flintwood."

Technological

Warm

the grain, and very strong; gum-veins. butt."

Light coloured,

but dirty;

full

brown

(Victoria.) of

Museum

:

colour, close in 2.

"Black-

shakes, works

fairly

TIMBERS. well;

diameter,

Veiy

2ft.

light coloured

seasoned,

N.S.W.)

No. 31

well;

" Blackbutt."

4.

well; diameter,

fairly

in the

"

1

rocky the

of

Gums.

It

5.

London

to

straight

is

in

link

shakes, works

of

The

timber marked

Exh., 1862, and No. 85,

"Willow," or

of Illawarra.

rough purposes

form a

well

(Shoalhaven,

i5in.

in

timber are not produced.

and seems

sites,

list,

" Blackbutt."

of timber,

Diameter, 24 to 48in.

INIuch valued for

20ft.

3,

full

(N.S.W.)

Mountain Ash,"

White-top," of Berrima.

better sorts

diameter,

Dark brown,

i8in.

N.S.W, timber

Paris Exh., 1855.

N.S.W.)

gum, a sound piece

for a

very

dresses

(Eastern

3111.

503

;

height, 50 to

districts It

where the occupies

usually

between the Ironbarks and

the grain, moderately heavy, light

reddish-brown, works fairly well, but

is

of a very

gummy

nature

;

adapted for bent work. Diameter, 36

to 48in.

height, 100 to 150ft.

;

Eastern Gippsland to Southern Queensland.

305. Eucalyptus piperita? Smith, in Trans. Linn. Soc, (partly) iii.,

"

;

E. acervula, Sieb.)

(Syn.

286

207. " Peppermint."

White Stringybark" and

A

"Blackbutt" and "Redwood." district

iii.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

;

variety

It

also bears the

growing

(New South Wales) goes by the names

of

in

the

names of

Braidwood

"Messmate" and

" Almond-leaved Stringybark."

This timber

40 years

in

building,

etc.,

(S.

soil

;

;

it

it

is

is

known

to

have kept sound for

used for posts, shingles, house

and W.

Museum

is

Districts of

labelled

N.S.W.)

shakes, works with difficulty; diameter,

In the Sydney

Mint Experiments,

"White Stringybark" {Eucalyptus

sp.),

"Redwood," Timber

It

came from Berrima;

or

log in

"Pepper-

red, a

mass

of

2ft.

i860, a sample of timber,

{E. acervula in the M.S.),

was experimented upon, which doubtless belongs

of S, 2,268.

A

and also for rough indoor housework.

the Technological

mint "

durable

is

damp

to this species.

specific gravity, .922; value of E, 351,600-

p <

o CO

H *^

••=

TIMBERS. Diameter, 24 to 36in.

New

Gippsland,

height,

;

80

505 to looft.

South Wales and Queensland.

306. Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, F.v.M.,

Fragm.,

xi.

This timber

is

sound, heavy, hard and durable, well adapted

for sawing, but not easy to split.

Near Brisbane and

in

New

307. Eucalyptus polyanthema, iii,,

(Bailey.)

South Wales. Schau., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.F!.,

213.

The " Red Box " of South-eastern Australia. Called also " Brown "Poplar-leaved Gum" is "Grey Box," and "Bastard Box." another name, but it is most commonly known as " Lignum Vitse " because of its tough and hard wood. It is the " Den " of the Gippsland aboriginals. Box,"

Great durability often is

become hollow

not readily afforded.

and

felloes

for fuel its

attributed to this

is

in age,

it

;

is

it

is

much

unsurpassed.

general use.

described:

also

"Red

A

It

wood, though the stems

and thus timber is

much

in

demand

(Mueller.)

of large

dimensions

sought after for cogs, naves

Its

for slabs in mines, while

great hardness

Victorian sample in this

is

against

Museum may

be

Box,"' of a brownish-red colour, fine in the grain,

and very tough.

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. polyanthema, by Baron Mueller and specimens were Deflection.

2ft.

J.

long and 2in. square.

Wood

G. Luehmann.

of

The

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

506

338. Eucalyptus populifolia, Hook., (Syn.

and including E. largiflorens platyphylla,Y.vM.);

^. populnea, F.v.M. Benth.

var, parviflora,

N.O., Myrtace^, B.Fl.,

;

E.

;

214 and

iii.,

242. This

tree

is

variously

Box," and " Bimbil Northern Australia,

as "

Bembil)

White Box,"

"

Red Box,"

Called " Nankeen

Box."

" Poplar

Gum "

in

from the peculiar light-brown colour of the bark,

Gum"

and "White

known

(or

" Egolla "

Queensland.

in

the

of

of

natives

Northern Queensland.

The timber for posts

and building purposes, mauls and railway

but at least

a to

fifty

brown

or light

hard, heavy, close-grained, and durable

is

per cent, of the

wood

handsome wood when

A

gum-veins.

is

and

colour, very tough

polished.

unsound.

;

used

sleepers, etc.,

a grey

It is of

strong, hard to work, but

It is

is

sometimes rather subject

variety of this Eucalypt in Northern

Queensland

with enormous leaves, yields a very inferior wood, which, according to the

Rev.

J.

E. Tenison-Woods,

Diameter, 24in.

New

;

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

309. Eucalyptus punctata, folia, Benth., (partly);

DC,

E.

N.O., Myrtaceas, B.Fl.,

The tough bark In the

not used even for burning.

is

height, 50 to 60ft.

244.

iii.,

of this tree earns for

neighbourhood

of

Twofold Bay

About the south-east coast

pentine."

vernacular names are "

The wood

is

(Syn. E. Stuartiana var. longi-

tereticornisvia. brachycorys, Benth.);

it

is

it it is

the

name

called "

often called "

"

and "Tur-

" Bastard

Other

Box."

tough, pale reddish-brown, extremely durable, split,

and

railway sleepers, wheelwrights'

work, and

purposes, in ship-building, etc.

It is

not equal in value to Ironbark It is

" Leather-jacket."

Grey Gum."

Red Gum," "Yellow Gum," and

hard, close-grained, difficult to

(Mueller.)

of

Hickory

remarkable for

;

its

it

in

use for fence posts^

many

other building

durable underground, though affords also a superior fuel.

extreme hardness.

(Woolls.)

Following are particulars of two logs of small diameter in

IMuseum

:

i.

this-

Yellow sap-wood, red heart- wood, sound and well

seasoned; diameter

ift.

(Port Hacking.)

2.

Rich brown, flawed

with gum-veins, not good to work, seasons fairly well; diameter^ loin.

(Macleay River.)

TIMBERS.

A

tree called

bewarra,*

New

Mueller

be of

to

a diameter of

Gum"

"Grey

in the

neighbourhood

has been

South Wales, this species.

The bark

2ft.

507

has a height of 40 to

smooth, deciduous, and usually

in

The

part of a dirty

is

dark reddish-buff, bark

solid,

and one inch

timber

and

heavy,

dries to a

thickness.

50ft.,

The

the trunk not occupied by patches of persistent bark

which

and

It is

looks grey in large patches, hence the local name.

white,

Cam-

of

pronounced by Baron

red,

is

hard,

much

resembling in those characteristics the " Red Ironbark " of the district

to

(?

E. paniculala), and by some bushmen considered equal

much

by others not

it,

Mr. Bauerlen

short.

liked because (they say) the fibre

tells

me he

frequently pronounced to be " Ironbark " by people

good knowledge

New

hardwoods.

of Australian

too is

who have

a

Height, about looft.

South Wales.

310. Eucalyptus pyriformis, Turcz.,

E. erythrocalyx, F.v.M.) Amongst

;

{^yn. E. prjimos a,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL,

the settlers at Fowler's

Bay (South

the " Ooldea Mallee," from the circumstance of (R. Tate, quoted by

A

is

has a cabinet specimen which

it is

Tmcz.; 226.

known

as

occurrence at Ooldea.

E. Brown.)

J.

small tree, but the timber

yellow-white in colour.

Western and South

(J.

is

hard, heavy, durable, and

E. Brown.)

Australia.

311. Eucalyptus Raveretiana,

Fragm.,

Australia) its

iii.,

F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaces, F.v.M.,

x., 99.

"Grey Gum," "Iron Gum," and "Thozet's Box;"

also

"Woolly-

butt."

The wood

is

durable, dark coloured, excessively hard, and

many (Bowman and

valuable for underground piles and railway sleepers, and other purposes

Thozet.)

;

it

will

resist

the heaviest blow.

Baron Mueller expresses the opinion

that this will prove

a useful species in wet tropical countries for the comparatively

speedy production of a hardwood timber. *

The most southern

It is

of a dark

locality yet recorded for this species.

drab

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

508

and

colour, speckled with white,

work.

would be useful

it

for cabinet-

Attains a diameter of loft.; height, 300ft.

Queensland. 312. Eucalyptus redunca, Schau.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

The

name

colonists'

This

"

is

iii.,

i\nc\.

E. xanthonema,Tnxcz.);

253.

White Gum," that

of the aboriginals "

Wandoo."

heavy and

tree furnishes a pale, hard, particularly tough,

durable timber, prized for building purposes, various implements,

and

especially for wheelwrights' work, supplying the best shafts,

spokes, and

cogs, naves,

sample

He

The seasoned wood weighs

felloes.

per cubic foot.

about 7olb.

Mr. Allen Ransome examined a

of this timber sent to the Colonial

"It

reports:

Tuart {E. gofnphocephala).

very similar to

is

and Indian Exhibition.

Felloes were shaped, and spokes were turned from being, 1

anything, superior to that

if

it,

the finish

Height, up to

Tuart."

of

20ft.

Western Australia. 31.3-

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith, (incl. E. spedabiUs, F.v.M.; E. pellita, F.v.M. E. Kirtoniana, F.v.M.; E. hemilampra, ;

F.v.M.)

The

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

These are bad names,

Mahogany.

as the

first

245.

this

individual by being called "

not always

[It is

resemblance to the true

(or

perhaps that of E.

made

Other names

Bay Gum-tree."

Grey Gum," " Hickory," and

have been

real

tree

brought Australian kino into medical notice,

old books called " Botany "

wood bears no

Because the product of

siderophloia)

Gum,"

iii.,

Red," or " Forest Mahogany," of the neighbourhood of Sydney.

"

it

for

perpetuates the

it is it

often in

are "

memory

Red

of

an

Jimmy Low."

possible to reconcile the statements which

in regard to the

timber of E. restni/era, unfortu-

nate confusion having arisen between this species and E. sidero-

phloia (see

p. 5 16),

which has E. resini/era as one

In the colonies the usual equivalent

"Mahogany," and

that for

for

E. resini/era,

of its

synonyms.

E. resinifera, Sm.,

is

A. Cunn. (siderophloia),

" Ironbark."]

This timber is

used for

It is

is

piles, as

much it

is

prized for strength and durability, and

said to resist the action of Cobra.

(Hill.)

used for ships' knees, shingles, posts, and general building

TIMBERS. purposes

The Rev, etc.,

Dr. Woolls speaks of

and says

upwards

not liable to shrink, and

it is

;

that

to

be

lengthened

as for

in 1798),

in

tests,

must not be forgotten

it

remained

intact,

when used E.

durability of such timbers as

wood

But

in 1852,

in

Oak,

British

that

and

speaking of

in buildings, for

for

hundreds

may be

our mind we

in

last for

John's Church,

St,

which were taken down

and however certain

of years,

Rafters of this

instance

in a perfect state of preservation.

instance, has

underground.

lasts well

it

usefulness for fencing, beams,

its

very durable.

it is

of fifty years,

Parramatta (erected

found

509

of the

resifii/era, the period of their

use

has been but short up to the present.

The

description of the timber of the "Ironbark

resinifera), Laslett,

Timber and Timber

E. siderophloia,

which species

to

it

Tree" {E.

Trees, 199 et seq, refers to

has been transferred in the

present work, see p. 516.

The

following brief

Museum

Technological

I,

"Red

They

Smith.

resinifera,

descriptions

allude are

all

Very dark

Mahogany.''

small

of

timbers

in

the

specimens

of

E.

authentic

to

New

from

red,

South

Wales.

work, a sound

difficult to

timber, hardly a trace of a shake, diameter, gin. (Milton, near Ulladulla). fairly well

"Mahogany."

2.

diameter,

;

2ft.

Light-brown, very heavy, seasons

(Eastern N.S.W.)

Dark red colour,

3.

exceedingly good to work, close, smooth grain, a heavy timber, very strong and durable. in the

Church

This specimen was taken from the roof

Parramatta [vide supra). No. 44, London Exh.

at

1862, No. 241, Paris

Cat.,

Exh.

Cat.,

1855.

ordinary

Its

name

was "Mahogany," and the aboriginal name

in

Camden

height, 60 to 130ft.

'*

A

"

Booah."

noble timber

durability."

4.

Diameter, 36 to 6oin. tree,

"A

the

wood

rare variety

;

prized

found

Cumberland and

for

at

its

strength and

Appin;

the timber

apparently a good hard wood, No. 37, London, 254, Paris, certainly

be assigned

gum-vein, otherwise Writing

" This

tree

to

me

to this species. it

It

tears a

little,

cannot be distinguished from

from Oporto, Portugal, Mr.

grows very well

in this country.

W.

It is

may

and has a

(3).

C. Tait says: a hardier tree

than E. globulus, standing both drought and cold better when

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

510 young.

many young,

New

have planted most of the

I

an exception."

be alluded

New

It

is,

is

may

Diameter, 20 to 3oin.; height, 80 to 120ft.

to.

South Wales and Queensland.

SmUh,

This tree

known

is

swampy ground.

names are as follows:

Aboriginal

(according to Leichhardt)

iii.,

228.

"Swamp Mahogany,"

"White," or

as

generally grows in

It is

from the

also called "

— " Dadangba,"

Brown

Queensland

" Gnorpin," " Kimbarra," Queensland;

;

non

(Syn. E. rosirata, Cav.

Schlecht.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Gum."

E. resinifera

however, possible that E. siderophlota

314. Eucalyptus robusta,

it

off,

when

climate

this

degrees of frost killing them

five or six

fact that

South Wales Eucalypts

them, however, are too tender for

of

"Gunn-

ung," Richmond River (New South Wales).

This timber

much

is

valued for shingles, wheelwrights' work,

As a timber

ship-building, and building purposes generally. fuel,

and where no great strength

when we consider

swampy, or marshy

places.

rather brittle

and

;

sleepers,

is

and

is

ascribable

insects,

It

much used

and

split,

posts,

joists,

freedom from destructive

its

The

kino-red.

1.098; absolutely dry, .889.

is

is

adaptability to stagnant,

round and square

the presence of

wood

gravity of air-dried

its

reddish, difficult to

is

for

remarkable for to

required, this species

is

excellent, especially

for

specific

Analysis

gave 19 per cent, of kino-red. This is the largest percentage of kino-red hitherto observed in any wood, E. rosirata and E. marginata ranking next with from 16 to 17 per cent.

How

presence of a greater or lesser quantity of

substance

Eucalyptus timber certainly

out

its

its

predominance

its

durability

in the

the

of

on the wood

usefulness

of

of

furniture,

and inside work, but

durable.

A

to 581b. 90Z.

wood

states that

;

to point

Vide

p. 484. Dr. Woolls

for it

in

proved

is

mallets,

rough

not considered

Museum, which has been

(having

per cubic

be

(Mueller.)

this respect.

this

to

far the

woods seems

E. marginata,

International Exhibition of

corresponds

remains

lasting

slab in the Technological

seasoned over twenty-five years

London

most

being the main factor in

Prof. Abel's report

speaks

affects

this

been exhibited

at

the

1862), has a weight which

foot.

;

TIMBERS.

511

Following are descriptions of some

mens

of this timber:

New

South Wales speci-

"Swamp Mahogany."

i.

Dark

gum-veins, seasons well, works easily; diameter, River.)

2.

"

Swamp Mahogany."

Rich red colour, with a few

from shakes

lighter patches, few gum-veins, comparatively free

corrugate in seasoning;

inclined

to

Gum."

Dark

work; diameter,

I

(Sydney.)

Sin.

From

Mint Experiments, i860. value of E, 403,000;

straight

in the

2ft.

" Stringybark,"

Brisbane.

works

"Brown

3.

cross-grained, difficult to of

Sydney

Specific gravity, .977

;

"Suitable for building and

most prized."

is

it

grain,

4.

1680.

of S,

other purposes, for which fairly

diameter,

of gum-veins,

red, full

red, few

(Macleay

loin.

It

light

is

clear of

free,

gum,

brown, well

is

adapted for shafts of carts and drays, and framework of the same. Diameter, 24 to 48in.

;

height, 100 to T5oft.

Coastal regions of

New

South Wales.

315- Eucalyptus rostrata, SMecht., (Syn. E. longirostris, F.v.M.;

E. acuminata, Hook.

E. brachypoda, Turcz. non Benth.

;

exserta, F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Commonly called of

New

"

A

Red Gum."

"Flooded

South Wales and Queensland.

iii.,

Gum"

;

E.

240.

and " River

Occasionally called " Blue

Gum " Gum "

about Sydney. In South Australia it is called " White Gum." Sometimes it It is the "Yellow-jacket" of the neighbourhood of is called " Forest Gum."

Stanthorpe (Queensland).

By

the aboriginals of the Lower Murrumbidgee

name of " Biall," while to those of the " " Yarrah," however, according known as Yarrah." western interior it is to Dr. Woolls, is a name applied by the aboriginals to almost any tree. In Western New South Wales it is called " Creek Gum," as it is always

(New South Wales)

it

goes by the

found near watercourses.

This timber

is

especially for piles

highly valued

and posts

in

ship-building, railway sleepers,

other purposes.

This timber

therefore most difficult to

In the durability of

E. mai'ginata

its

(Jarrah), of

Chelura, and Termites.

bridges,

is

work

for

;

it is

;

durability,

used also for

wharves, and numerous

exceedingly hard when dry, and this limits its

timber, perhaps,

it

use for furniture, has only a

Western Australia,

When

and

strength

damp ground

resisting

properly seasoned

it is

rival in

Teredo,

well adapted

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

512 for

heavy deck-framing, the beams and knees In Victoria

planking above high-water mark.

and

of vessels, it

for

much

has been

used for railway sleepers, and various articles of furniture (Woolls),

engine buffers,

wheelwrights' work (especially felloes),

should be 'steamed before gravity

from

ranges

A

per cubic foot. 4lb. of pearlash,

dried

wood

worked

is

it

to

.858

°^

1.005,

a^lb. of pure potash.

or

^^'^^

wood has

ton of the dry

etc.

The

for curving.

It

specific

62ilb.

532 to

much as The air-

yielded as

(Mueller.)

species contained, according to one experiment,

of this

4.38 per cent, of kino-tannin, and

16.62 per cent, of kino-red

the latter (allied to Phlobaphene)

soluble in alcohol, but not in

is

;

water; the large percentage of these two substances in E.rostrata is

only rivalled, as far as known, by that of the hardest kind of

Jarrah

margmata).

[E.

invariably chosen

on account

of

durability in

slabs, rails,

and wheelwrights' work.

A

its

sample of "

:

damp

this timber, sent

and Indian Exhibition, was reported

New

Southern

In

South Wales

it

house blocks, and preferred for posts,

for

The sample

tested

sleeper

ground.

It is

from Victoria

is

etc.,

also used for

to the Colonial

by Mr. Allen Ransome, who sent

for

trial,

though a hard

was readily adzed and bored, and a plank passed

specimen,

through the planing machine gave

Some

fair results."

Victorian specimens were examined for tensile strength

by Mr. F. A. Campbell {Proc. R.S. Victoria, 1879). His results are 14,000 to 21,500, 16,200, and i5,70olbs. per square inch. "

The

A of

was

specimen

last

They

perfectly straight.

variety of this tree

New

diameter,

South Wales, i

at

is

a

found

Its

in the

average

to 2ft.

a

local

blacksmith

" excellent."

Some specimens

INIuseum, and

it

article.

is

is

30 to

40ft.,

and

much use, Locally it is not considered But the limbs and branches make excellent

charcoal; a charcoal-burner "prefers

while

extreme Western portion

height

of

except for firewood.

purpose,"

hung

disadvantage, not being

broke with a long fracture."

all

it

to

any other wood

pronounces

of this charcoal

the

for the

product

were sent

to the

well-burnt, clean, and in every respect a

good

TIMBERS.

513

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the wood of E.

Red Gum), by Baron Mueller and J. G. The specimens were 2ft. long and 2in. square.

rosirata var. (Dark

Luehmann. Deflection.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

514 N.S.W.)

Gum."

Red

''

6.

wavy

Very

bright

grain,

work

twisted mucli in drying, full of sliakes, very difficult to

red, this

;

timber cannot be faced with a plane, but has to be finished with a scraper

Gum."

diameter,

;

2ft.

(Southern N.S.W.)

Red, rather pretty wavy appearance

Umbagga"

Called "

in weight.

" Plentiful on the Clarence.

This timber

comparatively light

;

by the blacks

off

"Flooded

7.

in

Northern N.S.W.

extensively used for

is

building purposes, such as scantling, battens, flooring boards, and for posts

and

planks, etc.;

rails, ships'

it

is

often

diameter,

7ft. in

with a stem, without knot or flaw, of from 70 to Soft, in length.

Many trees

yield

from 6,000

to 8,000ft. of timber."

(Cat. N.S. W.

Timbers, London Exh., 1862.)

Diameter, 6 to

8ft.

South Australia

to

height, looft.

;

Northern Queensland.

316. Eucalyptus saligna, Smith, N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

245.

About the Brisbane River, and in New South Wales, it is variously as " Grey Gum," " White Gum," " Blue Gum," and " Flooded

known

Gum."

The two

This timber purposes, as

it

and durable.

common names about Sydney. Other New Box" and " Silky Gum."

latter are its

South Wales names

for

is

it

in

are " Grey

good repute

for rails for fencing

does not readily take (Hill.)

fire

is

it

;

and building

also both "

It is

excellent for railway sleepers.

strong

Accord-

ing to Mr. Fawcett, the straightness of the stem renders for spars, while Dr. it is

WooUs

calls the

largely used for ship-building

an. inferior wood, diversities

taken."

of

and

the

(Mueller.)

wood

other data pronounce

;

discrepancy

this

ground,

may be

is

me

this species possesses the .

of " White," or " Silky

sheen of the bark.

The

that what

names,

is

at Tenterfield,

well at

to

be

trees

were

(Woolls.)

considered to be a variety of

Gum," on account

Grows

it

extensively used for building

purposes, ships' planks, naves and felloes of wheels, qtc.

Mr. H. Deane informs

fit

reconciled by local

which particular

from

This wood

it

splendid, and states that

New

South Wales,

of the satiny lustre or

Lucknow,

India.

(Gamble.)

following specimens of the normal species are in the

Technological

Museum

:

i.

cross-grained, hard to work,

"Grey Gum." Full of shakes, very warm brown, very heavy diameter, ;

TIMBERS. ift.

9in.

.244,

(Northern N.S.W.)

Paris

{aboriginal),

48in.

;

Exh.,

1855.

names

in

No.

2.

515 2.3,

Gum"

"Grey

London Exh., 1862 and " Maandowie"

;

Cumberland and Camden

height, 60 to looft.

"

An

excellent

gum

;

diameter, 24 to

timber."

It is

a brown colour, heavy, cross-grained, and difficult to season. *'

Red Gum,"

Exh., 1855.

of Berrima.

No. 37, London Exh., 1862

Diameter, 24 to 4oin.

produce good timber."

;

of 3,

;

268, Paris

height, 40 to 80ft.

" Said to

Of warm red

colour,

and wavy appear-

ance, close in the grain, and a splendid working timber.

"BLUE GUM" {E. saligna), EXPERIMENTED UPON BY THE VICTORIAN TIMBER BOARD, 1884.

—

5l6

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

318. Eucalyptus

Schauer,

Setosa,

N.O.,

Myrtacese, B.FI.,

iii.,

254.

The wood

of this small or moderate-sized tree

brownish colour, subject

to

in the log; hard, strong,

and durable.

Near the Gulf

of a

fit

dark

for using

of Carpentaria.

319- Eucalyptus

A. Cunn.,

is

gum-veins, therefore only

Benth.,

Siderophloia,

7ton

E.

(Syn.

DC;

Smith.; E. persici/olia,

resini/era,

and prob. E.

fibrosa, F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FI.,

This

and

an " Ironbark," and

is

" Broad-leave'd Ironbark."

it

It is

is

iii., 220. sometimes called " Red Ironbark "

the " Tanderoo " of the aboriginals of

Southern Queensland.

[The unfortunate confusion between resini/era, Smith., has already

This timber has the

and

durability,

is

been alluded

highest

species

this

reputation

for

strength and

used for large beams in stores for heavy goods,

railway sleepers, and other purposes where great strength It

is

also used for dray poles.

difficult to

work.

preference

is

the tree has

The in

It is

given to

it

over almost

become much more

is

Trees,

bark, but

The wood grain,

all

it

For spokes, the

other kinds of wood, but

it

is

under the heading

intended

It

of

E.

resinifera.

:

40ft. in length,

by from

was named "Ironbark" by some

earliest Australian settlers,

extremely

required.

scarce than formerly.

timber of from 20 to

It yields

16 or i8in. square.

its

is

extreme hardness renders

following account of the timber, by Laslett, will be found

present species

"

Its

light-coloured and heavy.

Timber and Timber

The

and E.

See p. 508.]

to.

on account

of the

11 to of the

extreme hardness of

might with equal reason have been called iron-wood. of a

rigid,

deep red

and rather

colour, very

difficult to

work.

hard, It

and the pores, which are very minute, are

white, brittle secretion.

The

tree

is

heavy, strong,

has a plain, straight filled

with a hard,

generally sound, but liable to

the defect of both heart and star-shake, and on this account

not usually very solid

it is

about the centre, consequently the timber

cannot be employed with advantage except in stout planks or large .»;cantlings.

It is

used extensively

in

ship-building and engineering

;

TIMBERS. works

and

in Australia,

in

England

especially below the

of ships,

material

much

request,

its

mercan-

For

it is

where a heavy architecture,

civil

however, likely to be

not,

extreme hardness and great weight precluding

Following are specimens of

London

this

timber in the Technological

1862 137, Paris Cat., "Broad-leaved Rough Ironbark " and "Terri-barri," names

1855.

No.

i.

:

4,

in

Cumberland and Camden.

to

1

"

20ft.

strongest

Cat.,

Diameter, 24 to 48in.

From Appin, common

and most durable

;

in

Cumberland

been proposed as

Of a very dark red

Wales." grain.

"Ironbark

2.

the northern districts in diameter.

strength

and

—upwards Timber

durability

of the

Cat. also

"This

tree has

New

South

and even

to work,

"Algerega"

of the

tree attains a very large size

and

of looft. in height,

very highly valued for

used

it is

;

good

Clarence;"

of the

one

the colonists of

colour, very

"This well-known

aboriginals.

5ft.

emblem by

their

height, 80

;

;

The Paris

of timbers."

"Rough-leaved, rough-barked Ironbark."

states:

as

in the

from general use."

Museum

in

of flotation,

line

not considered objectionable.

is

the ornamental and domestic arts,

it

employed

is

it

navy for beams, keelsons, and in many ways in the construction

tile

in

517

for all

its

as

in

much

unequalled

kinds of fencing, shingles,

beams, dray poles, plough beams, and various other purposes

when

properly seasoned

1862.)

It is of

the grain.

ments,

3.

it

will not shrink."

brown

a dark

The wood

(^Cat.

London Exh.,

colour, heavy, hard,

and close

i860, as " Rough-barked Ironbark, E. resiniferay

siderophloia.

It

Brisbane, and "

came from

building and other purposes."

E, 639,400

;

of S,

2962.

reddish-brown colour.

It

It is

Specimens

examined by Mr.

of

and

has a wavy

twisted in parts."

"

and

for posts.

grain,

The

1.15

and

is

is

E.

prized for

value of

;

of a

of all sorts.

carts It is

dark

grain

His is

New

South

all

lasts

Wales

were

Victoria, 1879), ^^

figures are 2 1,000

not at

It

very heavy.

Campbell (jP/w. U.S.,

regards their tensile strength. per square inch.

much

tough, hard to work, and well adapted

timber from

this

F. A.

is

Specific gravity,

for the felloes of wheels of drays

well for piles in water

in

described in the Sydney Mint Experi-

and 26,5001b.

uniform, being

much

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

5i8

TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslett.)

the

of Specimen.

Number

1

g < o n w

1—1

o H O t— >

pq

O P-.

P

P5

X

r^

^

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

520

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. siderophloia, by Baron Mueller and

The specimens were Deflection.

2ft.

long and

J.

2in. square.

Wood

of

G. Luehmann.

—

TIMBERS. on

521

the subject one can only attribute the

discrepancy

the

to

different circumstances under which the trees

are

growing, as remarked by Baron Mueller in regard

to contradictory

capable

of

evidence respecting the durability of the wood of E. saligna {vide supra).

have received a

I

from Mr. Bauerlen,

letter

whom

to

I

had referred this for the third time for further enquiry. He says " All my enquiries about the timber of E. Sieheriana result exactly :

in

what

I

reported of

a first-rate lies

it

here between

it

formerly.

.

some even

firewood, by

and E.

It is

.

The following

slellulata."

-evidence as to the durability underground

Long Tunnel Mine

limber used in the

generally considered

the very best; in fact, the choice additional

The

of the timber.

damp

(a

is

mine), Walhalla,

Gippsland, " consists chiefly of E. Sieheriana, E. capiteUata, E.

Proc. R.S.,

is

by

far the best

Victoria,

:spokes and naves of

The first many years."

and E. viminalis.

obliqua, E. amygdalina,

E. Sieheriana,

lasts

it

;

(Tisdall,

Used by wheelwrights

1887, p. 43.)

for

Sydney Exh.,

Report,

{^General

wheels.

of these,

1879.)

Following are 'some samples of logical I.

Museum

"Mountain Ash."

^um-veins, tricts,

work

difficult to

N.S.W.)

timber in the Techno-

this

:

2.

"

brown,

Light

diameter

;

full

gin.

2ft.

Cabbage Gum."

of

shakes

and

(S.

and W.

dis-

Reddish colour,

rather

coarse and cross-grained, very tough, moderately heavy, dresses fairly well

on the end grain

(Delegate, N.S.W.)

50ft.

;

3.

diameter, "

r to 2ft.

;

Cabbage Gum."

height, 40 to

good

Fairly

to work, but full of gum-veins, seasons badly; colour, buff; weight, light;

does not dress well on the end grain;

height, 40 to 60ft.

Ash."

New the

South Wales

specimen

work."

tested

samples

to the Colonial

submitted

made, and boards planed. to

i

to

2ft;

"Mountain in

weight;

(Victoria.)

Mr. Allen Ramsome

From

4.

Light brown colour, gum-veins, tough, and light

easy to work.

from

diameter,

(Haydon's Bog, Delegate.)

" In

were

spokes all

cases

of

this

timber sent

and Indian Exhibition.

it

turned,

casks

proved an easy wood

;

522

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

"GUM TOP STRINGYBARK" (E. Sieheriana), EXPERIMENTED UPON BY THE VICTORIAN TIMBER BOARD, The samples

tested were each

the distance between the bearings

1884. 7ft.

in length

was

6ft.

;

by

i-|ln.

square

and the weight was

gradually applied in the centre until the sample broke.

:;

TIMBERS.

Monaro(N.S.W.) have almost no other timber but ^. Sieheriana

the

and

The

this species.

trunk of the

extend to a greater height than

samples

Following are I.

523

12ft.

Diameter,

of a flesh colour.

;

(Haydon's Bog, Delegate, N.S.W.)

Gum"

of

No. 35, London

Berrima,

Diameter, 18 to 3oin.

1855.

Museum

Technological

the

in

to 50ft.

Cat.,

does not there often

"Black Gum," very cross-grained,

"Sally," or

nature, knotty

latter

2 to 3ft.

height, 30

;

"Lead-coloured

2.

Cat.,

a soapy

of

1862;

Paris

266,

"Of no

height, 30 to 40ft.

;

value for timber, but excellent for fuel."

New

Victoria and

South Wales.

323- Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F.v.M., (Syn. E. persicifolia,W\(\.

non Lodd.; E. Baueriana,

E. pulverulenta, Sims,

and

is

it

N.O.,

7ion Schauer.

B.FL, "

called

;

E.falcifolia, Miq.

very closely allied to E. Stiuirtiana,

they ought not to be united)

a question whether

jNIyrtacese,

Frequently

is

iii.,

243

;

(partly).

Turpentine Tree," or " Peppermint Tree."

In

"Apple Tree," "Apple-scented Gum," "White Gum," and " Mountain Ash." It is the " Woolly Butt" of the county of Camden (New South Wales). Occasionally it is known as " Stringybark." Victoria

It is

it

known

is

Box"

called "

as

"Tea Tree

about Stanthorpe (Queensland),

Island (Queensland),

and " Red

Gum "

in

Tasmania.

It is

" at Frazer's

called " But-but

"

by the aboriginals of Gippsland.

This timber

and

said to

is

burn.

It is

The wood

is

considered excellent for ships' planks;

be exceedingly durable underground, and

used for sleepers, and

is

hard, but

it

many

does not

is

other purposes.

split well.

It is

(Hill.)

excellent for

fence posts, though inferior to E. rostrata in this respect.

sometimes employed

for

rough kinds

of furniture, as

hard,.

difficult to

it

It

is

takes the

polish well.

The following samples of this timber are in the Technological Museum: i. "Apple," or "White Gum," sandy-brown colour, coarse in the grain, shaky.

"Box."

1862. to

be good, but certainly not equal

This It

(Victoria.)

is

2.

No.

15, Loridon Cat.y

Diameter, 24 to 48in.; height, 50 to

"Said

90ft.

to the other varieties of

box."

doubtless from the rough-barked variety of E. Sttiartiana.

has a wavy brown colour, tears under the plane, and

is

adapted

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

524 for

flooring-boards.

Exh., 1855.

3.

height, 40 to Soft.

weak and worthless." to

work, but

This 24

is

No. 32, London

1862; 142, Paris

full of

It is of

a light, warm, wavy red colour,

gum-veins, and obviously not of

much

the smooth-barked variety of E. Stuartiana.

to 4oin.;

height,

60

at

Diameter,

Abbottabad, Punjab,

(Gamble.)

E.XPERIMENTS ON THE Tr.A.NSVERSE STRENGTH OF THE

E.

good value.

to 90ft.

This tree has succeeded admirably India.

Cat.,

Gum " of Berrima. Diameter, 24 to 48in. " A tree often of beautiful form, but the timber

" Woolly

Siuariiatia,

specimens were Deflection.

by Baron Mueller and 2ft.

long and

J.

WoOD

G. Luehmann.

2in. square.

OF

The

TIMBERS. This

succeeded admirably

tree has

(Gamble.)

Timber

the Technological

Museum.

India.

N.S.W.)

:

easy to dress,

Following are specimens

seasoned

has

Gum."

only

(Tomerong, near Shoalhaven.)

Dark

very heavy wood,

red,

diameter,

;

g\r\.

Gum."

"Blue

or

medium to work diameter, Dark 3. "Grey Gum." ;

Grey Gum."

brown; the

1

5in.

difficult

to

season,

(Port Hacking.)

4.

"Blue,"

Fairly sound log, slight shakes; colour, reddish-

diameter, species

gum-veins,

of

full

very difficult to work; diameter,

is

well

fairly

(Myall River, near Shoalhaven.)

i8in.

or "

from

(all

Light reddish-brown,

"Slaty,"

2.

few gum-veins, heavy,

red, very

Abbottabad, Punjab,

at

of this species is well represented in

"Slaty," or "Blue

I.

525

(Clarence

2oin.

referred

Catalogue of Woods

at

by

to

Sir

and Richmond.)

This

5.

William Macarthur

his

in

the Paris Exhibition, 1855 (No. 92), and the

London Exhibition of 1862 (No. 19), as the "Blue Gum of Camden." In the catalogues of both exhibitions the native name in the Illawarra

given at "Tdjetlat," or "Tjellat," and also

is

" Barroul-goura," while in the latter catalogue the

" Yarrah " at Camden.

more inlocked

in grain,

"

A

name

is

given as

very valuable timber, harder, tougher,

and more durable than the

(which

last

is

E. botiyoides, vide supra), but not obtainable of nearly such large

one

size;

and Cat^j

wheels,

and

Diameter, 3 to

4ft.

dark red the

of

52.541b.),

is

hard

A

well.

specific gravity

and

92(5,

"Timber

height,

;

and

to

inlocked

sample

E

S, 224.

Exh.,

Paris

to

is

be .843

Of

looft.

of

(or

the

in

a

grain,

but

was ex-

1855).

He

weight of cubic

foot,

(Paris,

6. No. 20, London Exh., "Blue Gum," from Appin.

Diameter, 3610 48in.

height,

;

a reddish-brown colour, heavy, very cross-grained,

but of excellent quality.

dark red

of

It is

timber

this

It

works

freer than

No.

5,

from grub-holes, otherwise they are much the same.

London Exh.,

(1855,

not given.

1855.

of excellent quality."

to looft.

80

naves

for

underground."

upon by Captain Fowke, R.E.

perimented

1862;

It

remarkably

found the

work

for

wavy, has quite a sheen, and has stripes on

colour,

end grain.

works

80

most durable woods known; excellent

of the

felloes

1862.

colour,

Same name and

with

cross,

curly

locality as

grain;

a

and 7.

No. heavy

is

freer

No. 21, 6.

Of

a

timber.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

526 8.

No.

" Said

London Exh., 1862;

22,

Gum,"

be good timber, but not

to

Gum." Of

Blue

varieties of

Gum,"

height,

;

40

to

80ft.

be compared with the other

to

a red colour, straight in the grain, and

a splendid working timber. " Grey

"Blue

265, Paris Exh., 1855.

Diameter, 2410 36in.

of Berrima.

No.

9.

London

103,

dark red colour,

of the Clarence, of a

work, a heavy timber, hard and durable, valuable

1862.

Cat.,

good

fairly

to

building

for

purposes.

Mr. Allen Rinsome tested a sample

New

South Wales

of

this

planing and moulding machines, " and in

were very

be borne in mind that

botanically, to E. 7'ostrata,

common.

in

all

cases the results

satisfactory."

It is to

much

timber sent from

the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, on the

to

height, 60 to 90ft.,

Gippsland,

Eucalypt

this

and the timbers

is

of these

closely allied,

two

and exceptionally up

New

have

trees

Diameter, 18 to 36in. (exceptionally to

6ft.);

to 150ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

325- Eucalyptus terminalis, F.v.M., (Syn. E.polycarpa, F.V.M.);

N.O.,

jNIyrtacese,

"Blood-wood."

B.FL,

iii.,

257.

Called "Arang-mill" by the natives of the

Dawson

River, Queensland.

This

interior species

is,

as far as the flowers go, the

same

the " Blood-wood " {E. corynnbosa) of the coast, but the bark different, as

it is

The

large pieces. that of

far

more

brittle,

and can scarcely be stripped

present species also yields but

obviously a different

character

to

that

little

kino,

as is

in

and

yielded by E.

corymb osa.

Timber joists, etc.

fairly large

very red, used for building purposes, slabs, posts,

It is

not highly spoken

timber available in the

South Australia,

New

of,

but

districts in

it

is

almost the only

which

it

grows.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern

Australia.

326. Eucalyptus teSSelaris, F.v.M., (Syn. E. viminalis, Hook.

E. Hookeri, F.v.M.) N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL, iii., 251. Commonly called " Moreton Bay Ash." By the aboriginals

;

;

McDonnell Range (Central Australia)

it

is

of the

called " Ilumba," by those in

;;,

TIMBERS. the

vicinity

is

This timber purposes.

is

not hard, but tough

Comparing

it is

wood

The Rev.

Accounts of

E. Tenison-Woods

J.

the

etc.,

wood

is

not a

It is of

a dark

this

states

it

timber are that

about

not valued for any purpose

is

about Rockhampton, Mr. O'Shanesy says that the heart-

;

good enough, but the sap-wood soon decays

is

Townsville

and Charters Towers the wood

and employed

way

excellent for building

used for staves and flooring.

Moreton Bay, Gympie, whatever

it is

;

with other Eucalypts

it

colour, except near the bark.

conflicting.

Another

"Carbeen."

(Hill.)

durable timber;

brown

Nogoa River (Queensland), " Corang."

the

of

name

aboriginal

527

is

its

about

Mr. Woods says the only

for all useful purposes.

to account for these various statements

warmer climate

;

highly esteemed,

is

This

proper habitat.

only Eucalyptus timber in regard

is is

by supposing the

by no means the

which statements from

to

{See E. Sieberiana.)

different localities are conflicting.

Mr. G. Moore {Cat. N.S.W. Timbers, Paris E.xh., 1855) states that this tree indicates poor, sterile soil.

the

wood

is

of a perishable nature,

erection of huts.

Diameter, 14 to

and Northern

LabUL,

diversi/olia, Bonpl.

according to F.v.M.)

E. gramdaris, patentiflora,

Sieb.

;

;

(the

E.

height,

30

in the

to 60ft.

South Wales, Queensland

White Gum," or

(Syn. E. mannifera,k. Cunn.;

young

"

state of

E.

sanialifolia

Lodd. non DC.

E. pilularis, DC. non Smith

non Miq.

F.v.M.

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., "

;

persici/olia,

E. Gunnii, Miq. non Hook, The

also states that

Australia.

327. Eucalyptus viminalis,

E.

2 4in.

New

Interior of South Australia,

He

though sometimes used

iii.,

;

;

E.

E. fabrorum, Schlecht.

inch E. dealbata, A. Cunn.)

f.,

;

239.

Swamp Gum

" of Tasmania.

About Sydney

known as " Grey Gum." A manna exudes from the trunk, hence it is known as " Manna Gum." In Southern New South Wales it bears the name of " Ribbony Gum." In Western New South Wales it is known as " Blue Gum," and in various parts of the same colony as " Drooping Gum," " Weeping Gum," and " Woolly Butt." About the

it is

occasionally

—

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

528 Ovens River In Victoria

(Victoria)

as

from

it is

called "

it is

The timber that

;;

known

Binnap

varies

"

from a

straight stems

is

It is

district, so that

be

The

work.

wrights'

to

It

heart-wood

New

South Wales

and wheel-

rails

no use,

at

least in

that

about a foot of the centre of the tree has generally

The Yarra

as useless.

left

make Geeaus

of

is

of

very dutable for

is

In the extreme south of

used for a variety of purposes, including

is

wood

stronger than that of

is

E. amygdalina, and E. obliqua. (Mueller.)

it

and also

for shingles, rails,

not so durable as the

other species of Eucalyptus, but

underground work.

Gum."

light colour to a dull brick colour

employed

rough building material.

many

as " Box," and as " Peppermint

by the aboriginals of the Yarra.

(Victoria) aboriginals used to

shields) out of this

(flat

The Tasmanian wood

species

this

of

wood. said to afford the

is

world (Tenison-

finest split stuff (for palings, shingles, etc.) in the

Woods), but Dr. Woolls says

wood

this

much

not

is

esteemed,

probably with the meaning in Baron Mueller's remarks above, or

because

it is

and

split,

is

only

cent spar of this

and cut

timber

is

be used

whole

in the

gum was shown from loft.

A

about .685.

lengths.

'

at

was

It

gravity

specific

wood

ton of dry

crude potash, or iflb. of pure potash.

ceeded admirably

1862, a magnifi-

Tasmania.

The

apt to

is

it

gum.

International Exhibition of

into

as

log,

usually full of hollows containing

At the London

long,

to

fit

230ft.

of this

yields about 3ilb. of

(Mueller.)

has suc-

It

(Gamble.)

Abbottabad, Punjab, India.

Following are brief descriptions of some timbers of species in the Technological I.

grain.

"

Manna Gum."

(Victoria.)

2.

Warm

" Ribbony

easy to work, coarse in grain height,

60

to

Soft.

Museum

;

brown

colour, buff

(Delegate, N.S.W.)

and coarse

colour,

Gum." ;

diameter,

This

3.

is

it

in every respect from the normal species, " Ribbony

is

to

2

also

Soft.

4.

No.

28,

;

diameter, 2 to 3ft

London Exh., 1S62

;

3ft.

from

quite different

Gum."

Flesh-

good

coloured, moderately heavy, very straight in the grain,

60 to

in

Straight in the grain,

Delegate, but from a variety of the species, as

work, but requires careful seasoning

this

:

;

to

height,

108, Paris Exh.,

TIMBERS. 1855.

"Flooded

Gum"

pronounces

tralieiisis,

Camden.

of

;

height, 80 to

looking, but comparatively worthless sort

not durable."

It is

of a yellowish,

and

colour, beautiful to work,

Bentham, Flora Aus-

sample to

this particular

Diameter, 36 to 48in.

species.

529

belong looft.

to

this

"A

fine-

the timber weak, and

;

or exceedingly pale

brown

straight in the grain.

Following are the results of Mr. James Mitchell's experiments

on samples

of this

Van Diemen 2in. square. S,

1806.

2.

s

wood from Tasmania {Papers and Procs., R.S., Each piece tested was 7ft. long and

Land, 1851). Green piece

:

i.

Specific gravity,

Specific gravity, .967; E,

7655760;

A

1.003; E, 9186912; S, 1968.

seasoned piece, " with a great portion of sap-wood," gave specific gravity .954; E,

10490860; and

the timber " Ash," or "

S,

Mr. Mitchell called

2399,

Swamp Gum."

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the E. vhninalts, by Baron Mueller and specimens were

Deflection.

2ft.

J.

Wood

G. Luehmann.

long and 2in. square.

of

The

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

530

"Acacia"

some of "

Saxifrageae, B.FL,

Eucryphia Moorei, F.v.M., N.O.,

328.

of the larger species of that

New South White

447.

flower the tree resembles " of the

Southern

sometimes called "Acacia Plum."

Wales;

districts

Called also

Sally."

This timber

wood

when not in genus. " Plum

of the colonists, as

ii.,

is

used for

tlie

framework

(New South Wales).

district

It

of buggies in the Braidis

a beautifully

clear,

moderately hard wood, of a warm, light brown colour, and free

Some boards

from knots.

writer's direction, facility

329.

Eugenia

have been worked up under the

it

and the carpenters speak

with which

it

in superlatives as to the

can be dressed.

New

Victoria and

of

South Wales.

COrmiflora,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

F.v.M.,

iii.,

284.

Wood of a dark colour, close-grained and

tough.

The knobby

inequalities noticeable on the bark of the plank-piece are the knots

from which the flowers are produced year

after

Queensla7td Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

{Cat.

year.

Height, 30 to

40ft.

Queensland.

330.

Eugenia grandis, PFr?'^M (Syn.^. 9/w^j^, Roxb.; E. fir ma. Wall.; E.fortis,Y.vM-.\ Syzygitim grandej'WzX^.; Jambosa grandis, Blume.; J. firma, Blume); N.O., Myrtaces, B.Fl., iii.,

285.

Wood

light

it is brittle);

it

brown, close-grained, hard, and tough, (Kurz says

might serve

for

making

suitable also for building purposes. 5olb. per cubic foot.

This species

is

staves for rum-casks Its

weight

is

a

;

little

it is

over

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland.

331.

Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., (Syn. E. Moorei, F.V.M. SyzyJambolanum, DC); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., iii., 283. ;

giiim

E. Moorei

in Muell. Cens., p. 59. "

Durobbi "

of the aboriginals.

;

;

TIMBERS. Timber

much

531

red coloured, firm, and close-grained

flesh, or

used, except for

buiding purposes.

It

used for building, agricultural implements, and

It is

well-work, as

in the

ground

five years,

(Gamble.)

New

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

height,

;

Soto

and

fairly sound-,

foot.

looft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Wall.); N.O., Myrtace^, B.Fl.,

Wood

a

of

dark

Syzygium

Wright, (Syn.

Eugenia leptantha,

332.

be

to

Weight, about 491b. per cubic

not touched by white ants.

this

They had been

railway in 1875.

and were reported

carts, also for

Five sleepers of

action of water.

resists the

it

wood were taken from an Indian

not

:

stands well in drying.

close-grained,

colour,

longifloruvi,

283.

iii.,

worked

easily

suitable for flooring boards of verandahs.

Queensland.

Eugenia Jambosa

333-

myrtifolia,

Sims,

DC.

australis,

;

J. Thozetiana, F.v.M.

australis, Hill); N.O., Myrtaceas, B.Fl.,

"Brush Cherry,"

New Timber

Southern

The

"Native Myrtle."

or

Wendl.;

E. australis,

(Syn.

iii.,

Called

;

Myrtus

286.

"Red Myrtle"

elastic

aboriginals

;

used

for staves,

oars,

make boomerangs and

shields

boat-building, etc.

from

Report, Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.)

(^General

it.

-''

^^

^^ ^ light

reddish or yellowish colour, works splendidly, seasons well, and evidently a valuable wood.

A slab

in the

exhibited at the

London

New

334-

;

1

20Z. per cubic foot.

Diameter,

height 50 to looft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Eugenia Smithii, A.

(having been

International Exhibition of 1862), has a

weight which corresponds to 471b. 2 4in.

elliptica,

Syzygium

var.

Poir.,

G.

(Syn.

Don.;

Acmena fioribunda, DC.

Myrtus

brachynemutn, F.v.M.)

;

Smithii,

iii.,

283.

;

Spreng.

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, '

'

is

Technological Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years

18 to

in

South Wales.

.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

532 " Lilly Pilly " is

and the

close,

this tree is

commonly known. It (New South Wales),

Illawarra

the aboriginals of

1879.)

but apt to

split in

seasoning.

It

makes good

{General Report, Sydney International Exhibition,

axe handles.

;

of

" Coochin-coochin " of those of Queensland.

Wood

3ft.

name by which

the

is

the "Tdgerail"

Specific gravity, .898 to .935.

(Mueller.)

Diameter,

i

to

height, 80 to 120ft. Victoria,

New

Queensland

South Wales,

and

Northern

Australia.

335-

Eugenia snborbicularis, iii.,

Benth., N.O.,

Myrtacese,

B.Fl.,

285.

" Oloorgo " of the Mitchell River (North Queensland) aborigines.

Wood

of a dark grey colour, with peculiar corky concentric

rings several inches asunder.

form

The

natives of the Johnstone River

canoes out of the trunk of

their

this tree.

{Cat. Queensland

Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland.

336.

Eugenia Ventenatii, Vent, non Smith; Myrtacese, B.FL,

Benth.., (Syn.

Metrosideros floribunda^

Syzygitim floribundum, F.v.M.^

iii.,

;

N.O.,

283.

" Drooping Myrtle," or " Large-leaved Water-gum."

Wood is

of a grey or pinkish hue,

and beautifully marked.

close-grained, hard, heavy, and tough;

it

is

It

used for tool handles,

poles of drays, ribs of boats, and the flooring boards of verandahs.

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

Northern

337.

Eugenia

Wood and tough

New

height, 40 to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

"Wilsonii, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

of a ;

;

iii.,

285.

uniform dark brown colour, close-grained, hard,

useful for tool handles.

Queensland.

338.

Eupomatia laurina, R.Br., N.O., Anonacese, B.FL, " Rose-bush," or " Balwarra."

i.,

54.

TIMBERS.

A

The wood

small tree.

a yellowish-brown

colour.

close, coarse-grained,

is soft,

It

533

dresses

well,

not

is

and of

particularly

A

handsome, and requires the most careful seasoning,

slab in

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty(having been exhibited at the London International

the Technological years

five

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 471b. 40Z.

per cubic foot.

New

Victoria,

South Wales and Queensland.

339- Euroschinus falcatus, Hook./., N.O., Anacardiaceoe, B.Fl., i.,

490-

"Jemmy

Called " Maiden's Blush" and

Donnelly."

This timber resembles ordinary cedar {Cedrela australis) appearance, but

on exposure. 48in.

;

It

height,

New

might serve

14010

for

making

in

and soon perishes

woolly, difficult to work,

it is

oars.

Diameter, 36

to

150ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

340. Evodia accedens, Blume., N.O., Rutacece.

Etiodia in Muell.

Cens., p. 13. " Bunnec-walwal " of

Wood

some Queensland

very white, light, and soft

European Lime-tree.

(Ca/.

a

;

Queensland

aboriginals.

good

substitute for the

Woods, Col. and Ind.

Exh., 1886.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

341- Evodia micrococca, F.v.M., N.O., Rutacece, B.FL,

Wood

of a light yellow colour, close in the grain,

Diameter, 6 to i8in.

New

;

height,

20

i.,

361.

and tough.

to 40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

342. Excsecaria

Commia

Linn.,

Agallocha,

(Syn.

E.

affinis,

Endl.;

Cochinchinensis, Lour.; Stillingia Agallocha,^?i\\\.)-,

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl., " River

Poisonous Tree,"

"

vi., 152. Milky Mangrove," " Blind your eyes,"

names alluding to the poisonous juice of the stem. Karping" by some Queensland aboriginals.

Called

" Balavola

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

534

Wood Gamble

(Thozet.)

says

it is

It

soft; is

answer for carving and

will

close-grained, and easily worked.

used for general carpentering purposes in India,

Roxburgh, only

firewood and charcoal.

for

261b. per cubic foot.

New

and

white,

light,

marqueterie.

Diameter, 6 to i8in.

;

weighs

It

40

height,

about

to 50ft.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

343- Excaecaria Dallachyana, Baiii, N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl., vi.,

153-

" Scrub Poisonous Tree."

Wood

yellow, with black heart, close in the grain, and very

tough; might be found suitable for axe handles.

{Cat. Queens-

land Timbers, Col. and hid. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland. 344. Excaecaria parvifolia, B.Fl.,

vi.,

Mnell. Arg., N.O., Euphorbiaceas,

153.

" Gutta-percha

Tree "

of

Landsborough.

"Jil-leer " of

the aboriginals

of the Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland).

Wood

near the outside yellow, the heart dark and

marked, close-grained, and

beautifully

wood

for the cabinet-maker.

easily

worked

very

an excellent

;

Woods, Col. and

{Cat. Quee?island

Lid. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 345- Exocarpus CUpressiformis, R.Br., (Syn. Leptomeria acerha,

non

Sieb.

Exocarpos

R.Br.)

is

(Victoria),

close-grained and

cabinet purposes.

It is

and

229.

of this tree

and

a limited extent for engraving.

South Wales from

this timber.

was formerly used by the Yarra (Victoria) (spear-throwers).

The

Victorian specimens

is

dried) to .845

an air-dried specimen).

(for

natives.

for turning

used for tool handles, spokes, gun stocks,

The wood

gurrecks

Yarra

handsome wood, used

map rollers, and to made in Southern New

for

vi.,

" Ballot " of the aboriginals of

" Bailee " of the

Chairs are

cornice poles,

natives

B.FL,

Santalacese,

another aboriginal name.

Lake Condah Station

A

N.O.,

"Tchimmi-dillen " of some Queensland aboriginals.

" Native Cherry."

" Coo-yie "

;

in Muell. Cens.

specific

gravity of

given by Baron Mueller at .756 (for a steam-

Diameter, 6 to 9in,

;

TIMBERS.

New

(near the Victorian and

grows

535

South Wales border

to nearly 2ft. in diameter)

;

it

exceptionally

height, 10 to i6ft.

All the colonies.

346. ExOCarpus

Presl.

B.FL,

E. ovata,

;

some Queensland

It

is

E.

"Scrub Sandal-wood."

" Oringorin "

of

very hard and fragrant, dark coloured, coarse in

is

and excellent

height, 10 to

;

aboriginals.

The wood polish.

Zipp.

Schnitzl.); N.O., Santalaceas,

228.

vi.,

"Broad-leaved Cherry."

grain,

(Syn. E. viiniata,

R.Br.,

latifolia,

luzo7iiensis,

for cabinet-work,

as

it

not endemic in Australia.

takes an excellent

Diameter, 6 to Qin.

1 6ft.

New

Northern

South

Queensland

Wales,

and Northern

Australia.

347- ExocarpUS

E.

B.FL,

vi.,

Specific

(Syn. E. glandnlacea,

R.Br.,

Spartea,

DC;

spicata,

Miq.;

E. pendula, F.v.M.); N.O., Santalaceae,

229. gravity

the

of

wood,

.813.

{Report,

Victorian

Exhibition, 1861.) All the colonies except Tasmania.

348. Fagrsea

Muelleri,

Benth.,

N.O.,

Loganiacese,

B.Fl.

iv.,

Cupuliferse, B.Fl.,

vi.,

368.

Wood

of a yellow colour, close-grained,

and hard.

Queensland.

349-

FagUS Cunninghamii, Hook., N.O., 210. " Myrtle."

This wood

is

" Evergreen Beech."

kinds of light joinery.

do

almost any quantity. wrights. 1 00ft.

Average

slabs, It

is

all

a hard, richly-coloured furniture wood,

It is

and the warty protuberances on beautiful figure, as

" Negro-head Beech."

prized for sash and door work, and indeed

the trunk of the tree afford a

which may be procured

6ft.

most

long, in

used for the cogs of wheels by mill-

specific gravity, .883.

Exceptional diameter nearly

8ft.,

(Mueller.)

Height, over

with a height of 200ft.

*

TIMBERS. Tasmania and

537

Victoria.

350. FicUS Cunninghamii, Miq., (Syn. F. Eraser i, F.v.M. psychotriixfolia, Miq.

Fraseri, Miq. B.Fl.,

U. psychoiriccfoJia, Miq.)

;

F.

;

;

U.

N.O.. Urticese,

;

165.

vi.,

Wood

Urostigma Cunninghamii, Miq.

;

of a light colour,

soft,

and porous.

Height, about

Soft.

Queensland.

351- FicuS glomerata,

glomerata, Miq.)

IF/7/(/.,

(Syn. F. vesca, F.v.M.

N.O., Urticeas, B.FL,

;

Covellia

;

178.

vi.,

" Clustered Fig," or " Leichhardt's Clustered Fig."

" Parpa " of the

aboriginals.

Wood porous.

of a straw colour, coarse

Weight, 361b. per cubic

for packing-cases.

ing

"

Gamble.

to

grain,

in

light,

mottled on a longitudinal section.

It is

and hence

•under water,

Manual 0/ Indiati

foot,

is

it

used for well frames." Diameter, 12 to 36in.

Timbers.)

and

but 251b. accord-

not a durable wood, though

It is

soft,

may answer

It

;

lasts well

(Gamble, height,

40

to 60ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

macrophylla, Des/., N.O., Urticeae, B.FL,

.352- FiCTlS "

Moreton Bay Fig."

"Karreuaira" and "Waabie"

This noble-looking

though

on

New

the Clarence River,

softish

selected, that

sometimes used,

is

used for packing-cases

It is

South Wales.

(C.

Moore.)

it is

A

it.

This wood

a pity that

slab of this

it

It is

a

is

handsome when properly

so

has not other properties to recom-

wood

in the

Technological Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years exhibited

at

the

London

to 72in.

;

height,

Northern

New

50

(having been

International Exhibition of 1862), has a

•weight which corresponds to 341b.

36

170.

wood, of a pale brown colour, with a beautiful wavy figure

•on a darker brown.

mend

wood which

tree has a

very difficult to season.

it is

vi.,

of the aboriginals.

i

oz.

per cubic foot.

to looft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Diameter,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

538

353- FicUS platypoda, A.

Miq.)

A

;

169.

vi.,

Wood

small robust tree.

with strong

Urostigma platypodum,

Cunn., (Syn.

N.O., Urticeae, B.FL,

of a light yellow colour,

soft,

fibre.

Western and South Australia, Queensland and

Northern

Australia.

354. FicUS pleurocarpa, F.v.M., N.O., Urticese,

Muell.

Cens.,

with very open pores.

{Cat,

p. 22. "

Wood

and

light, soft,

Ribbed Fig." elastic,

Queensland Ti?nbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.) Johnstone River (Queensland).

355- FicuS rubiginosa, Desf., (Syn. F. australis, Willd.; Urosiigtjia

rubiginosum, Caspar.); N.O., Urticeae, B.FL,

" Port Jackson Fig."

Banyan."

"

Dthaaman

This timber

" Narrow-leaved Fig." " of

times used for packing-cases.

and spongy It

in the

spend

it

much

Technological Museum,

twenty-five years (having

;

however, some-

is,

it

light in colour as well as in

is

weight, and although sometimes to

168.

the aboriginals.

is soft, brittle,

be waste of labour

vi.,

" Rusty Fig," or "Native

shows a pretty grain,

time on

it.

A

it

slab of this

would

wood

which has been seasoned over

been exhibited

at the

London

International

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 281b. 8oz.

per cubic foot.

New

Diameter, 4 to

5ft.

;

height, 60 to Soft.

South Wales and Queensland.

356. Ficus SCabra, G. Forst., (Syn. F.aspera, G. Forst.); N.O., Urticeas, Muell.

"Purple Fig."

Cens., p. 22.

" White Fig."

Fig" on the Clarence

River,

"

F. aspera

in

Rough-leaved Fig."

B.FL,

vi.,

174.

Called " Flooded

N.S.W.

Both Bentham and Mueller look upon F, aspera and F. scabra merely as varieties of the same species as to

which name

shall stand.

figures of F. aspera

though

;

they only differ in opinion

Seemann {Flora

and F. scabra which are

his illustrations

may

Viiiensis) gives

clearly distinct,

represent the most extreme forms.

TIMBERS.

539

my

connected by intermediate forms, according to the opinion of

But

Mr. Betche.

friend,

with larger fruits than scabra,

we have only

is

As

incorrect.

far as I

and shape

know, how-

the small-fruited form in Australia (identical

with F. scabra of the Flora Vitiensts, and though in size

may

it

Seemann's statement that F. aspera, as figured by him

also be that

ever,

somewhat uncertain, and

this is

varies greatly

it

any

there does not appear to be

of the leaves,

make

marked

variation in the fruits.

ment

regard to the synonymy of the species, as remarks about

its

in

It is

important to

this state-

timber appear under F. scabra and F. aspera indiscriminately.

Timber

brittle

and spongy

not used.

;

colour, full of cracks, very difiacult to

when

object has been attained,

that

wood

slabs of this

in

work is

it

It

is

of a yellowish

and

to a clean surface,

Two

not very pretty.

the Technological

Museum, which have

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited the

London

correspond

The

latter

wood

is

value,

at

International Exhibition of 1862), have weights which

and

to 271b.

291b.

i

oz.

per cubic foot respectively.

was exhibited under the name F. muntia

similar to ordinary fig timber.

It is

and displays more than an ordinary tendency

Seemann

(Flora

Viliensis)

observes

The

(sic.)

porous, of no apparent to split.

that the leaves of

aspera are used for serving and wrapping food in

Fiji,

and

F.

that

the leaves of F. scabra are used as sandpaper by the natives of Fiji,

New

a use to which they are also put in the Clarence River district.

South Wales.

Height, up to looft.

Victoria to Northern Australia.

357- Flagellaria indica, Z?««., N.O., Liliaceae, B.Fl., "

The stems

vii.,

10.

Lawyer Vine."

of this tall climber are used for walking-sticks.

North and South

Queensland and Northern

New

South

Wales.

358- Flindersia australis, R.Br., N.O., Meiiacece, B.FL, i., 388. " Beech," " Rasp-pod," " Flindosa," " Ash," " Crow's Ash," "

Wyagerie,"

" Cugerie,"

Richmond and Clarence

or

Rivers.

" Cudgerie "

of

the

aboriginals

of

the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

540

The wood It

hard, close, and of great strength

is

known

has long been

hard timber, and reason but It

little

difficult to

been paid

would make excellent timber

discoloured by iron

used for staves

it

;

in the

up with

cut

attention has

durability.

and

the saw,

to

procuring

in drying.

little

Clarence River

district.

(Hill.)

and It

not

it is

largely

is

Its specific gravity

has been given (Sydney Mint Experiments, 1862)

Three slabs

foot.

for that

it.

for railway purposes,

shrinks but

would give 58|lb. per cubic

and

timber merchants as being a very

to the

at .936,

which

wood

of this

in

Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty(having been exhibited at the London International

the Technological years

five

Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 561b. 6oz.,

and 441b. 140Z. per cubic

loz.,

5olb.

These

foot respectively.

determinations have been most carefully made, and of the identity

woods

of the

colour,

there

is

perfectly

It is

has no figure

came from slight

its

described, as

tendency it

1

homogenous,

is

the darkest in

weight

This

to split

is

moderately hard, and

The wood

of

medium weight it

was

the softest of the three,

and but

would be preferred before

that just

is

has a neat grain, very

and looks well under to

is

lightest in

a tree similar to the lightest one, except that

smaller in every respect. for

The

undoubtedly a wood of high

is

dresses well.

it

;

heaviest

to split.

also the lightest in colour, and

excellence.

The

no doubt.

and has some tendency

much

like

oak

in appearance,

Diameter, 36 to 48in.

polish.

height, 80

;

00ft.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland. F.v.M.,

359- Flindersia Bennettiana, i.,

"Teak," " Bulboro,"

New

South Wales.

This timber

"

making. 1879.)

wood

Meliaceae,

is

or " Bulbera " of the aboriginals of

Bogum-Bogum

state,

B.Fl.,

It is

Northern

those of South Queensland.

for staves.

It splits well,

(Moore.)

It

and has been found a most useful timber

(^General Report,

in the

" of

close-grained, but seldom used.

and might probably be valuable a green

N.O.,

389.

Sydney International

probably useful for railway-sleepers.

A

burns in

for

saddle

Exhibition, slab of this

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned

;

TIMBERS.

541

London

over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the national Exhibition of 1862), has a weight 471b. 120Z. per cubic foot.

end-grain, but the figure

a

handsome wood.

New

Northern

360. Flindersia

dresses well, both on the face and

It

not

is

Inter-

which corresponds to

marked enough

Diameter, 18 to 26in.

;

for

to

it

be called

height, 70 to 90ft.

South Wales and Queensland. F.v.M.,

Bourjotiana,

N.O.,

Meliaceae,

Muell.

Cens., p. 9.

Wood

strong, durable, easily worked,

and

of a light colour.

Queensland. 361. Flindersia maculosa, F.v.M., (Syn. F. Strzchckiana, F.V.M.

ElcEodendron maailosum, Lindl. F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Meliace^, B.Fl.,

p. 9, described as " Spotted

Pine"

dissosperma,

Muell. Cens.,

(In

388.

F. Strzeleckiana, F.v.M.)

Tree," or " Leopard Tree."

Sometimes

called " Prickly

Queensland.

in

The timber pick handles.

is

districts

New

of

used for shingles, staves of tallow casks, and

(Hill.)

of

a bright yellow colour, and ex-

many

other timbers in the arid western

It

Unlike

ceedingly tough.

is

South Wales

used for the poles and shafts state

Strzeleckya

;

i.,

with the bark on)

{i.e.,

it

is

very elastic, and

is,

is

it

therefore,

In the rough

of drays, buggies, etc.

used for fencing, but

it

is

useless

for building purposes, as a coleopterous insect soon destroys

About Wilcannia, N.S.W.,

it

is,

by some, when sawn and used

it.

however, considered very durable Diameter, 12 to

for inside work.

i8in.; height, 36 to 40ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland. F.v.M.,

362. Flindersia Oxleyana,

Hook.)

;

N.O., Meliacea, B.Fl.,

" Light Yellow of

Northern

The colour

;

New

389.

Long Jack." The

is

strong,

"

Yeh"

of the aboriginals

durable, fine-grained, and

in boat-building, cabinet-work,

purposes to which cedar for fancy

or "

Oxleya xanthoxyla.

South Wales.

timber

used

Wood,"

(Syn. i.,

is

work on account

applied. of

its

(Hill.)

and

It is

of

good

many

of the

a useful

wood

for

frequently pretty yellow colour.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

542

not easily attacked by ants, and

It is

making and buggy 1

hand screw-

suitable for

is

Diameter, 24 to 42in.

shafts.

80

to

F.v.M., N.O., Meliaceae, B.FI.,

i.,

height,

;

00ft,

New

Northern

South Wales and Queensland.

363. Flindersia Schottiana, 388.

" Flindosy Beech," " Ash," " Stave-wood."

The timber

is

hard, close-grained, prettily marked, and of a

pale yellow colour.

cabinet-work.

It

is

used for shingles and staves, and for

Diameter, 18

From Hastings

to 30in.

New

River,

height, 30 to 60ft.

;

South Wales,

to Central

Queens-

land.

364. Frenela Endlicheri, Parlat., (Syn. F. frutkosa, Endl.

pyramidalis, A. Cunn. calcarata, R.Br. ferse, B.FI., vi.,

;

F. calcarata, A. Cunn.

;

Oloclinis Backhoiisii, Hill)

238.

Referred

to

as

;

IB".

Callitris

;

N.O., Coni-

;

Callitris calcarata in

Muell. Cens., p. 109. " Cypress Pine," " Black Pine," " Red Pine," "Scrub Pine," " Murray Pine."

This timber

is

an

piles of wharves,

attacks of cobra

makers and

and

article of great

importance

of a high polish

;

for sheathing

punts and boats

;

and white

ants,

for veneering purposes.

striped with black, white,

and the root (Hill.)

and yellow

is

It is ;

it

is

it

;

and capable

fine-grained, fragrant,

it is it

durable,

used for

resists the

valued by cabinetbeautifully mottled is

much used and (New South

valued in the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee districts

Wales) for the

interior lining

skirting boards, etc.

Thomas Swamp.

Sir

*'

A

Mitchell

coniferous

and roofing of houses, mantelpieces,

Slabs of the for

wood

wood of when

sleepers

of

crossing

the

Yarran

remarkable character, chiefly for the

great size of the superbly-figured slabs that

conditions of growth.

were used by

this tree

it

yields

under certain

In such specimens the heart-wood extends

nearly across the bole, having a narrow white defined sap-wood.

The

colour

is

a rich brown, with large bold waves of darker brown,

bold cloudiness, and nipples and ribands.

This

is

indeed a superb

;

TIMBERS. and very peculiar wood,"' Exhibition, 1862.)

{Jurors Report, London International

Diameter, 18

Northern Victoria

543

to Central

height, 60 to 90ft.

to 24111.;

Queensland.

Madeayana,

365- Frcnela Macleayana, Parlat., (Syn. CalUtris

F.V.M.; B.Fl.,

Macleayana, F.v.M.);

Otoclinis

vi,,

N.O.,

Coniferre,

235.

" Port Macquarie Pine."

Timber used battens,

and

for indoor purposes, for weatherboards, deals,

small

other

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

Northern

New

;

scantlings.

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

F.V.M.); N.O., Conifers, B.Fl., " Mountain Cypress Pine."

The It is of

easily

is

and

light

useful.

South Wales and Queensland.

366. Prenela Parlatorei,

timber

It

height, 20 to 30ft.

much

is

vi.,

CalUtris

Parlatorei,

235.

" Stringybark Pine."

valued for cabinet purposes or joinery.

a light straw colour, fragrant, close-grained, not hard, and

worked.

Northern

Diameter, 12 to

New

Endl.,

367. Frenela rhomboidea,

F. ausiralis, Endl.

Spach. R.Br.

;

;

F.

2 4in.

height,

;

40

to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

attenuata,

C. cupressiformis. Vent.

Thuya

australis, inch

;

C.

Desf.): N.O., Coniferae, B.FL,

vi.,

237.

Mirb.

F, triquetra,

;

CalUtris

;

australis, Poir.

Ventejiata,

Cunn.

A.

Cunn.

A.

F.

(Syn.

F. arenosa,

;

rhomboidea,

arefiosa.

Sweet.

;

C.

Cupressiis aiistralis,

;

Referred to in Muell.

Cens., p. 109, as CalUtris cupressiformis.

"Light Pine" of Western New South Wales. " I Uawarra Mountain Pine." "Brorogery" of the aboriginals of Queensland. The " Oyster Bay Pine " of Tasmania. "Cypress Pine."

The

timber

is

much used

for building purposes.

grained.

A

slab

for telegraph posts,

(Hill.)

of this

wood

It

in

is

strong,

the

and by

Technological Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years exhibited at the

London

12 to i8in.; height, 40

South Australia

to

(having been

International Exhibition of

weight which corresponds

settlers

durable, and close-

to 391b. 50Z. per

cubic foot.

to 50ft.

Southern Queensland.

1862), has a

Diameter,

; ;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

544

368. Frenela robusta, A. Cunn.,

(Syn.

i^.

F. glauca, R.Br.; F. crasswalvis, Miq. F. GuHelmi, Parlat.

propinqua, A. Cunn. F. canescens, Parlat,

;

Callitris robusta, R.Br.

;

C. propinqua,

;

R.Br.; C. glauca,R.Bx.; C. Preissti,'M\(\.); N.O., Coniferae, B.Fl.,

vi.,

Described in Muell. Cens.,

237.

(See var. verrucosa^

verrucosa.

"Black Pine," or or "

"Common

p. 109, as Callitris^

"

Dark Pine," of Western New South Wales. "White,"

Pine." " Murrumbidgee," or " Lachlan Pine."

Marung

"

Camphor-wood."

" of the aboriginals of

Called

also-

Hindmarsh

the Lake

Station (Victoria).

This wood

New

of

districts

used very generally in the southern and western

is

South Wales for flooring and weatherboards^

joists, ceilings, tables,

and

of furniture.

all sorts

and shows

knots, but polishes well,

It is

to advantage.

having a somewhat camphoraceous odour, varies

from a

light

streaks,

is

to

a dark brown, with

and sheathing

of boats, as

it

of

in colour

very durable,

is

resists, to a

Teredo and white ants.

the attacks of the

much

full

fragrant,

often pinkish longitudinal

often full of beautiful markings,

ase for piles

very

It is

is

in

great extent,

Altogether,

is

it

an

The variation in colouring of the timber is excellent wood. emphasized by the names " Light Pine" and "Black Pine," both of

which are

in use in the western districts, applied to this species.

Some samples

of this timber, sent

and

Exhibition,

Colonial

Indian

Mr. Allen Ransome to

a

brown

dark

figured,

and easy

;

"This wood

:

it

is

to work.

It

to the

on by

from a

light

durable, beautifully

The wood worked admirably under a perfectly

left

shrinks and warps but

" Cypress Pine,

reported

varies in colour

straight-grained,

the action of the cutters, which surface.

from Queensland

were thus

little

smooth and glossy

in seasoning."

— At a meeting of the N.S.W. Commission for

the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, held yesterday, the import-

ance of having the Cypress, or Murray pine timber, prominentlyexhibited in the coming exhibition at Melbourne, was referred to.

A

sample

of black pine,

and the statement made

known

to

quality

it

which takes a beautiful that this timber

fifteen

polish,

was shown,

the only one which is

white ant.

resist the attacks of the

was sent some

is

months ago

For to

this

valuable

Port

Darwin

TIMBERS.

railway residences and stations on the Trans-

for building the

continental Railway between Port

Darwin and Adelaide,

S.A. Government to prove

properly tested by the resisting

545

white-ant

Not only was the timber shipped

qualities.

and casements) and no detriment

in this class of pine is

not

and when the wood

out,

fall

We

some appearance.

is

by one

office furniture

our leading joinery firms here, with good to

for the

made up

frames and flooring of the buildings, but the pine was into joinery (doors

being

after

its

The many

effect.

usefulness, as they

its

polished they give

do

a hand-

it

have learned that what promised

of

knots

to

be an

important trade with the Northern Territory and with the islands in the Straits,

by supplying

this white-ant resisting

large forests near Junee and Narandera,

and

timber from our

also in the north, near

Tamworth, was destroyed by the

cost of the timber being excessive

through high

Sydney, and having

carriage

rail

to

steamers to the northern ports

Darwin Railway,

back upon islands

to the first

24in.

;

height,

Northern

60

is

cost of the timber),,

in the Straits for their supplies."

Evening Neivs, 28th February, 1888. the pine alluded to

send by

to

for the Port

get a reduction in the railway

after trying to

Sydney (almost equal

freight to fell

and the contractors

;

It is

— Sydney

highly probable that

Diameter, 18 to

referable to this species.

to 70ft.

through

Australia,

Queensland,

round

all

the

continent to North-west Australia.

369. Frenela

F.v.M.

laris,

F.v.M.^;

var.

robusta,

?nicrocarpa, A.

Cunn,

microcarpa,

F. Moorei, Parlat.

;

A.

Cunn.,

F. ifilratropica, F.v.M.

;

N.O., Coniferae, B.FL,

vi.,

Callitris

;

;

(Syn.

F.

F. columelcoliuneUaris,

Callitris columel-

237.

laris in INIuell. Cens., p. 109.

"White

Pine,"

"Cypress

aboriginals of Northern

Brisbane.

" Coolooli " of those about

Timber

brittle, soft,

for indoor work,

and

N

" Coorung-coorung "

of

the

Wide Bay

root-stock

the

" Pooragri " of those about

Wales.

(Queensland).

,

dark-coloured, fragrant, and silky

" Used for telegraph poles." 2

Pine,"

New South

for

(Thozet.)

turning and It

is

;

used

veneers.

also used for the

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

546

and the sheathing

of wharves,

piles

Diameter, 18

attacks of the Tei-edo.

New

boats, as

of

to 2oin.

the

resists

it

height, 60 to 70ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

370. Frenela robusta, var. verrucosa, A. Cunn., (Syn. F. verrucosa,

A. Cunn.; F. tuberculata, R.Br.;

Callitris verrucosa, R.Br.

N.O.,

R.Br.);

tuberculata,

C.

Coniferse,

B.Fl.,

Included under Callitris verrucosa, Muell. Cens., " Cypress

wood."

It is

Pine"

known

of the

as "

Richmond and Clarence

Rock Pine"

in

Western

Camphor-

"

Rivers.

New South

237,

vi.,

p. 109.

Wales.

This tree yields a beautiful dark wood, suitable for cabinet-

making.

has a peculiar odour, from which circumstance

It

sometimes called "Camphor-wood," and to insects.

A

sample

of this timber

International Exhibition of 1862,

it is

was exhibited

and the

figure

the Jurors as " of extraordinary beauty." posts.

" Specific

gravity, .691

wood, about 431b.

;

said to be

It is

A

slab

of

is

at the

London

was described by

useful for telegraph

weight of cubic foot of

(Mueller.)

it

obnoxious

this

wood

dried in

the

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the tion of 1862),

weight which corresponds

Northern

London

International Exhibi-

under the name of F. verrucosa

New

to 441b. 70Z.

per cubic

var. loEvis,

has a

foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

FusailUS acnminatUS, R.Br., (Syn. Santalum acuminatum,

n\'

A. DC.

;

S.

Preissianum, Miq.;

Santalaceae, B.Fl., 64, as Saiitaluni

vi.,

215.

6".

Muell. Cens., p.

acuminatum^

"Bitter Quandong," " Native Peach." of the

cognatu7n,M.\(\.); N.O.,

(Described in

Lake Hindmarsh Station

"

Gutchu "

of the aboriginals

(Victoria).

Timber hard and close-grained, and emitting a very pleasant when freshly cut or re-worked, sap-wood of a creamy-pink,

fragance

heart-wood flesh coloured. for cabinet-work.

It

It

works splendidly, and

takes a fine polish.

is

excellent

Specific gravity, .828.

This being one of the woods by which the aboriginals of the interior districts

of

New

South Wales obtain

fire,

an account

of

the method adopted by the natives of the Lachlan River,

New

Two

pegs

South Wales,

to

secure this

may

not be uninteresting.

TI\iBERS.

547

are driven firmly into the ground about a foot apart, a slotted piece of

Quandong wood

wedge finely

rubbed dry grass or bark the native then

slot,

then placed against these pegs, a small

is

tapped lightly into the groove

is

sits

fibre

down on

keep

to

open, and some

it

placed in the groove or

is

the ground,

and placing

heels against the grooved piece opposite the pegs, holds in position,

and with a piece

Quandong wood shaped

of

his

firmly

it

like a

paper-knife, rubs quickly and heavily across the groove where the grass, etc., has

The

been placed.

bustion of the grass

the

;

wedge

friction

then tapped in order to open

is

the groove wider, the smouldering grass of dry grass ready for the purpose,

wards and forwards

shaken out

is

into a ball

and the whole waved back-

minute or two

a

for

soon produces com-

until

flame

the

is

produced.

An

account of a

method

slightly different

Western

as practised by the aboriginals of

given by P. Beveridge {Proc.

ie.^"., iV-.S*. PF.,

of generating fire,

New

South Wales,

is

For an

1883, p. 67).

account of a microscopical examination of the wood, with drawings, see

Pharm. Joiirn. Queensland,

Height, 20 to 30ft.

[3], xvi., 759.

New

South Wales

Western Australia.

to

372. Fusanus persicariuS, F.v.M., (Syn. Santalum persicarittm,

F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Santalacese, B.Fl., "

A

tall

216.

vi.,

Native Sandal-wood."

shrub or small

tree, yielding

a kind of sandal-wood.

Specific gravity, .749, according to one experiment by Mr. Osborne.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 373-

Fusanus

SpicatUS, R.Br., (Syn.,

cygnorum,

S.

Miq.);

N.O.,

(Described in Muell. Cens., " Fragrant Sandal-wood."

Santalum

Santalacese, p.

64, as

Western Australia, the amount exported ;^2 9,960, of

China

is

which

this

in

B.Fl.,

is

217.

but slight.)

article of

export from

1884 being valued

wood formed a considerable

the chief market for

A.DC;

vi.,

Santabim cygnonun.)

(The fragrance

This sandal-wood forms an important

spicatuiii,

at

portion.

it.

In 1849, 1.204 tons of Sandal-wood, valued

shipped from Western Australia.

at

^^10,711, were

The merchants bought

it

for

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

548 shipment trees of

/6

at

any

down, and

£6

to

los.

per

size within a radius of little

Now,

ton.

the Sandal-wood

150 miles of Perth have been cut

In

at a great distance.

can be obtained, except

1876,7,000 tons were exported, of the estimated value of jCjo,ooo. The amount exported in 1879 (chiefly to China and Singapore)

was 4,700

tons, valued at ;^47,ooo.

(See also Fusanus.)

At the London International Exhibition

of 1862, a fine log of

sandal-wood, weighing 4|cwt., was shown from the Blackwood

and another,

River, Western Australia;

3ft.

6in. long,

by

11 in.

Height, up to 30ft.

diameter, from York.

Southern and Western Australia.

Garuga

374-

Wood

fioribunda,

B.Fl.,

tough, close-grained, firm, and easy to work

This plant

grey.

J^C, N.O., Burseracese,

i.,

;

377. colour,

not endemic in Australia.

is

Northern Australia.

F.v.M.)

Bentham,

Muelleri,

375- Qeijera

N.O., Rutacese, B.FL,

;

"Balsam

(Syn. i.,

of Copaiba," or

Coaiesia

pa?iiculaia,.

364. "Capivi Tree."

The timber is nicely marked, and of an agreeable fragrance when green. (Hill.) It has a beautiful, dark-clouded heart-wood, the rest of a light colour, suit well for cutting into

all

hard and close-grained, and would

veneers for cabinet-work.

land Woods, Col. and hid. Exh., 1886.)

{Cat. Queens-

Diameter, 12 to i3in.

;

height, 40 to 6oft.

Queensland. 376. Geijera parviflora, Liiidl, (Syn. G.pendula, Lindl); N.O.,

Rutacese, B.FL,

i.,

364.

" Wilga," adopted by the colonists from the aboriginal name. also "

Dogwood

The

timber

is

light-coloured, hard, close-grained,

agreeable fragrance is

liable to

etc.

the

trees

height, 20

;

it is,

gum-veins.

Mr. G.

Called

" and " Willow."

S.

Home,

however, apt to

It is

split in

and has an

seasoning, and

used for the naves of wheels, blocks,

however, calls

it

a useless timber, and says

cannot be killed by ringing. to 30ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

Diameter, 6 to I2in.

TIMBERS.

549

377- Geijera salicifolia, F.v.M., (Syn. G. laH/oHa, Lindl.) Rutace^e, B.Fl.,

" Balsam of Copaiba Tree" (the

Wilga"

"

the bark).

name given on account of the taste of Called " Koko " by some

common name.

a

is

N.O.,

;

364.

i.,

Queensland aboriginals.

Wood marked.

close, tough, firm, light

It

may be found

dark heart-wood. is

somewhat

polishes fairly well, but

It

and nicely

in colour,

down

difficult to dress

to

It

apt to

it is

has no

and

split,

an absolutely even surface.

rather heavy.

It is

Mr. G. timber

is

Home

S.

me

informs

that in the

Lachlan

tree,

be the only

this

district

not considered to have any economic value, but

handsome to

brown

useful for wood-engraving.

with long leaves and pendent branches.

it

It is said

not climb, conse-

tree in the district that ants will

quently a workman, where possible, always leaves his swag on branches, and

wood

A

remains free from their attacks.

it

a

is

its

slab of this

Museum, which has been seasoned at the London Inter-

in the Technological

over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

national Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to

Diameter, 10 to isin.

591b. 50Z. per cubic foot.

;

height,

30

to

40ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland. F.v.M.,

378- Gmelina Leichhardtii,

F.V.M.

;

and

(?)

(Syn.

Vitex Leichhardta,

Tectona ausiralis, Hill); N.U., Verbenaceae,

B.Fl., v., 66.

"Beech," or "White Beech." Northern

A it

New South Wales

of

the aboriginals of

very useful timber, strong, durable, and easily worked

does not expand in damp,

moderately seasoned, hence vessels is

" Binburra "

" Cullonen " of those of Queensland.

;

and the flooring

commercial purposes." easily attacked

Speaking

by white of this

have just seen a

is

much

of verandahs.

"

useful for turning.

it

or contract

It

is

now

in

weather,

;

if

prized for the decks of It

is

It is

and

light coloured,

cultivated in

(Mueller.)

dry

Queensland

close-grained,

for

and not

ants.

wood, Mr.

staircase,

W.

Bauerlen writes

to

and eleven months ago the

which the wood was taken was growing

in a forest.

me

tree It

**' :

I

from

was cut

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

550 and worked

at

once, green as

of shrinking or cracking

nor in log.

the

and though

most useful

plain,

warps neither

in

plank

of mill wheels.

It

works

and not very ornamental,

it is

one of

It

floats

A

of Australian timbers.

the Technological five

was, and up to the present no sign

used also for

It is

excellently,

it

can be seen."

wood

slab of this

in

Museum, which has been seasoned over twentyexhibited at the London International

(having been

years

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 361b. per

Diameter, 24 to 42in.; height, 80 to 120ft.

cubic foot.

New 379.

South Wales and Queensland.

Gmelina macrophylla, Benth., (Syn. VHex macrophylla, Ephielis simplicifolia. R.Br. V. Dalrympleana, F.v.M. ;

;

Seem.) "

A

N.O., Verbenaceae, B.Fl.,

;

tall tree."

Wood

v.,

65.

close-grained, the outer, or sap-wood,

prominently marked, of a pretty purple colour, the useful timber for flooring boards

;

a

(Cat. Queensland Timbers,

resembling that of G. Leichhardtii. Col. a?id Jfid.

grey

rest

and planking, the timber closely

Exh., 1886.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 380. GraptophyllumEarlii,

{^yn.Earliaexceha, F.v.M.;

^-z^.il/.,

Thyrsacanthus Earlii, F.v.M.)

This

Wood hard,

;

N.O., Acanthacese, B.FL,

551-

iv.,

is

flesh

tough,

probably the largest tree

in

this

natural

order.

coloured, becoming brown towards the centre, very

and close-grained.

Diameter, 3 to

6in.

;

height,

15 to 25ft.

Queensland. 381. Grevillea gibbosa, R.Br., (Syn. G. glauca. Knight); N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL,

v.,

A

variable

tree

of

very

463. size.

marked, close-grained, and hard prevents

it

showing well

when

;

W"ood dark-brown, of

a greasy

polished.

Timbers, Col. aiid Ind. Exh., i886.)

Northern Australia and Queensland.

nature,

(Cat.

prettily

which

Queensland ^

TIMBERS.

551

382. Grevillea Hilliana, F.v.M., N.O., Proteaceoe, B.Fl., " Silky Oak." " White Yiel Yiel."

Timber

durable, and

hard,

used for

beautifully grained;

Diameter,

coopers' work, cabinet-work, veneers, etc.

463.

v.,

to 3ft.;

2

height, 50 to 60ft.

New

Northern

South Wales and Queensland.

383. Grevillea polystachya, R.Br., (Syn. G. paralhla, Knight;

G. polybotrya, F.v.M.); N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

Wood

hard, close-grained, and durable,

red,

{Cat.

suitable for cabinet-work.

v.,

459.

marked,

prettily

Queensland Timbers,

and

Col.

Height, about 30ft.

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 384. Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn., (Syn. G. umbratka, A. Cunn.);

N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl., " Silky Oak."

"

and Clarence Rivers

The wood and

is,

in

is

all

" ;

Tuggan-tuggan "

extensively used

of those of Queensland.

for the staves of tallow casks,

consequence, becoming scarce.

for cabinet-work

The

v., 459. Warra-garria " of the aboriginals of the Richmond

tree resists

and lining

of houses.

It

is

drought in a remarkable degree.

the Australian trees

much

It is elastic

grown on Ceylon

in repute

and durable.

(Mueller.)

Of

estates Grevillea robusta

{Tropical Agriculturalist, Dec,

seems the most promising. 1885.)

Although ness of colour

it

its

light-

many

other Proteaceous timbers.

Where knots

wood, yet on account of

has not the same richness of appearance of

distinctly a pretty

It is

moderately hard, and works well.

are present, they are not " dead " or loose, but are

themselves prettily marked, and add

specimens of the wood.

Two

much

to the

slabs of this

beauty of polished

wood

in the

Techno-

Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of

logical

1862), have weights which correspond to 20Z. respectively per cubic foot.

i860, the specific gravity

is

140Z.

and 361b.

given at .564, equivalent to a weight

of 351b. 40Z. per cubic foot.

Diameter, 24 to 36in.; height, 70

to 80ft.

New

381b.

In the Sydney Mint experiments,

South Wales and Queensland.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

552

R.Br., (Syn, G. Imeafa, R.Er.); N.O.,

385. Grevillea striata, Proteacese, B.Fl.,

462.

v.,

" Beef -wood " and "Silvery Honeysuckle."

The

"

Turraie " of some

Queensland, aboriginals.

The timber

close-grained, and prettily

liard,

is

takes a good polish, and work,. fencing, etc.

takes

It

vernacular

its

About Wilcannia,

blance to raw beef.

considered the very best in the It lasts

posts.

Diameter, 18

to 2oin.

New

South Australia,

name from

New

its

it

;

resem-

South Wales,

district for furniture

ground when

well in the

posts.

marked

used for furniture, cabinet and fancy

is

split,

it

is

and fencing

but not in round

height, 40 to 50ft.

;

South Wales, Queensland and Northern

Australia.

Grewia

386.

N.O.,

Wood 6 to 8in.

;

New

latifolia,

Tiliacese,

R.Br.,

B.FL,

i.,

(Syn.

G. Richardiana, Hook.)

271.

hard, close-grained,

and takes a good

polish. Diameter,

height, 10 to 20ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

387. Guettardella (Guettarda) putaminosa, F.v.M., (Syn. Bohea

puta?ninosa,Y.v.^l.; Timonius puta7ninosus,¥.vM..); N.O., Rubiacese, B.Fl.,

Wood grain

is

419.

iii.,

of a light-yellowish colour, quite equal to

close,

and

it

may

Box; the

prove suitable for engraving.

{Cat.

Queensland Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.) Queensland.

388. Guettardella iGuettarda) speciosa,

jasminiflora, Sonn.) "

with

A a

;

coarse shrub, attaining tinge

of

red.

Lmn.,

N.O., Rubiaceae, B.Fl.,

The

specimen gave 491b. per cubic

Queensland and Northern

5

or 6ft."

weight foot.

of

(Syn. iii.,

Cadamba

419.

The wood

is

yellow,

an Andaman Islands

(Gamble.)

Australia.

389. GyrocarpUS Jacquini, Roxb., (Syn. G. amen'canus, Jacq. asiaticus, Willd.

;

;

G.

G. acuminatiis, Meissn.; G. sphenopterus.

;

TIMBERS. R.Br.;

^'

G.

A

The wood

tree."

tall

Is

much

it

takes paint and varnish well.

woods

Combretace^, B.FL,

N.O.,

R.Br.);

rugosus,

G. ainericaniis in Muell. Cens., p. 51.

505.

ii.,

553

very light,

is

and

soft,

white,

and

used in parts of India for making light boxes and toys

The weight

is

all

other

In old trees the

(Roxburgh.)

found decayed,

iheart of the trunk is often

willows.

preferred before

It is

making catamarans.

for

manner

the

after

of

(Gamble.)

231b. per cubic foot.

•Queensland and Northern Australia.

.390-

Hakea

dactyloides,

ferrugifiea, Lodd. Salisb.

(Syn.

Cav.,

Banksia

;

H.

Concilium dactyloides. Vent.

;

N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl.,

Knight;

7iervosa,

dactyloides, Gsertn. ;

;

B.

H.

oleifolia,

C. nervosum, Smith);

524.

v.,

Occasionally called " Turmeric."

Timber hard and close-grained turnery, but

is

used for cabinet-work and

;

Diameter, Qin.

usually but a shrub.

height, 30

;

to 40ft.

New .391.

South Wales and Queensland.

Hakea 34.)

(For botanical synonyms see

leucoptera, R.Br.

N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl.,

" Pin Bush," " Needle Bush," "

This timber

and

is

is

Water Tree," and " Beef-wood."

for tobacco

Mr. G.

(Mueller.)

p.

515.

coarse-grained and soft

sometimes used

gravity, .818.

v.,

;

it

takes a good polish,

pipes, veneers, S,

Home

etc.

also directs

Specific

my atten-

tion to the use of this timber out west for tobacco pipes, cigarette

holders,

purpose.

etc.,

it

being considered

Diameter, 4

to 6in.

All the colonies except

392.

Hakea

lorea,

height,

up

good

for

Called

"Cork Tree"

This

interior tree

Tasmania and Western

Australia.

v.,

496.

in the interior, in allusion to its is

rather rare, but the timber

rugged bark. is

much

bullock yokes, being very strong and durable.

New

this

to 25ft.

R.Br., (Syn. Grevillea lorea, R.Br.); N.O..

Proteace^, B.FL,

:for

;

particularly

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

prized

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

554

Hakea pedunculata, F.v.M., N.O.,

393.

Chemist and Druggist,

Wood

dark brown,

close

in

the

hard, and

grain,

and

{Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col.

marked.

Melbourne

Proteacese,

1883.

]\x\y,

nicely-

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Endeavour River, Queensland. 394- Halfordia drupifera, F.v.M., N.O., Rutacese, Muell. Cens., p. 12. "

Boogogin"

This wood 18 to 24in.

New

of the aboriginals of

South Wales.

Diameter,

South Wales and Queensland. N.O.,

Pla?ich.,

pendula,

Sapindacese,

B.Fl.,

471-

" Tulip-wood."

New

New

height, 90 to looft.

;

395- Harpullia i.,

Northern

hard, tough, and durable.

yellow,

is

Mogum-mogum"

"

the

of

aboriginals of

Northern

South Wales.

The wood

and beautifully marked

firm,

close-grained,

is

with different shades from black to yellow, and, therefore,

esteemed for cabinet-work.

The

engraving.

and

easily

It

is

396.

to

wood

be the best

is

in

much

wood

for

very tough

Australia for

Diameter, 14 to 24in.; height, 5oto6oft.

lithographers' scrapers.

New

said

a useful

also possibly

outer, or lighter coloured

worked.

Northern

It is

South Wales and Queensland.

Hedycarya angUStifolia, A. Cunn.,(?>yn.H. Cunninghamii, Tulasne H. dentata var. australasica, Sond. ; H. austra;

lasica,

B.FL,

A.DC. v.,

;

291.

H. pseudomorus, F.v.M.) N.O., Monimiaceae, Muell. Cens., p. 3. H. Cunninghamii ;

\x\.

Formerly called "Djelwuck"

"Native Mulberry," "Smooth Holly." by the Yarra (Victoria) aboriginals.

"

A

grained,

tall

shrub or small tree."

and tough.

Bauerlen reports

:

"

It

I

South Wales) that

their

forefathers to

R.S.

quite

for

fit

this

any other

wood was for the

Vol.

very light, close-

preferred by

Mr.

vi.,

186 1-4).

them and

purpose of obtaining

Mr. Brough Smyth has anticipated

Victoria,

is

cabinet-work.

have learnt from some aborigines (Southern

New

friction."

is

The wood

He

this (p. 34,

exhibited

some

fire

by

Proc.

fire-sticks

TIMBERS.

555

from the Western Port Ranges

of Victoria,

produced by laying one piece

wood

angles and thirty

twisting

New

Victoria,

Fire

rapidly.

it

The

seconds."

of

and

against

said

" Fire

:

sometimes obtained

is

aboriginals also use

in

for spear-ends.

it

South Wales and Queensland.

397- Helicia ferniginea, F.v.M., N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl.,

"A

is

other at right

tlie

Wood

moderate-sized tree."

marked, close-grained to cabinet-makers.

will

;

be

405.

of a pinkish colour, nicely

useful

Queensland

(Cat.

v.,

coopers

to

as

well

as

and Lid.

Titnbers, Col.

Exh., 1886.) Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

398- Hemicyclia aUStralasica, atistralasica, F.v.M.)

Timber

and close-grained

hard, firm,

turnery and wood-engraving.

when

greyish-yellow

MneU.Arg., {Syn.Il.

sepiaria var.

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.Fl.,

;

It is

Diameter,

dried.

;

118.

probably of use for

when

yellow

vi.,

fresh, turning to

18 to 24in.

height,

;

40

to 50ft.

Northern

New

399- Heritiera

South Wales and Queensland.

littoralis,

Balanopteris

Dryand.,

Tothtla, Gsertn.

Sterculiaceoe, B.Fl.,

"Red Mangrove"

of

(Syn.

B.

;

H. minor.

7nhior,

Lam.);

Gsertn.)

;

N.O.,

231.

i.,

"Sundri"

Queensland.

The "Looking-

of India.

glass Tree " of English gardeners.

"

A

tree attaining a considerable

light

and loose-grained.)

cubic foot It is

when

dry,

size."

Wood

Gamble

and Schlich

gives

at as

durable, and extremely tough.

variety of purposes, such as

its

much

It is

weight

close-

as rather 651b.

when

per wet.

used in India for a great

beams, buggy

very extensively used in Calcutta,

it

at

as i02lb.

shafts, planking, posts,

furniture, firewood, but chiefly in boat building, for it is

firm,

(Kurz, however, speaks of

grained, of a dark colour.

which purpose

(Gamble.)

Queensland and Northern Australia, 400.

Hernandia bivalvis, Bentk., N.O,, Laurine^e, " Grease Nut."

B,F1,, v., 314,

" Cudjerie" of the aboriginals.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

55^

Wood

a dark grey colour, grain close, light, and soft

of

and similar

:suitable for carriage brakes, lining boards,

{Cat.

uses.

Queensland Timbers, Col. atid Ind. Exh., 1886.) Queensland.

401. Heterodendron diversifolium, F.v.M., B.Fl.,

Wood

a reddish

of

strength renders

colour,

and

Sapindacese,

finely grained.

for pick handles.

it fit

dark rosewood colour.

New

N.O.,

469.

i.,

great

Its

It is of

(Hill.)

Diameter, 3 to 8in.; height, 6 to

a lovely 8ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

402. Heterodendron oleasfolium, Des/., N.O., Sapindaceae, B.Fl., i.,

"

469.

Emu

Wales).

Bush." " Jiggo " of the Murrumbidgee aboriginals (New South " Behreging " of some other aboriginals.

A tall and

Timber very hard and heavy

shrub.

rolling pins.

brown

heart.

It

used for

;

might be suitable for wood-engraving.

gravity of wood, .858.

rollers

a yellowish colour, with a black or dark

It is of

Specific

(Mueller.)

All the colonies except Tasmania.

403. Hibiscus

Vent.,

heterophyllus,

Salisb.); N.O.,

Malvace^, B.Fl.,

H.

(Syn.

grandiflorus,

212. " Dtharang-gange " of some

New South Wales

A tall shrub. Wood a pale yellow colour, and

with open grain,

" Green Kurrajong."

i.,

aboriginals.

smooth, and tough ments, as

it

is

;

suitable, probably, for

Woods, Ind. and Col. Exh., 1886.) ^blackens with age, warps and

has no figure.

A

slab of this

which has been seasoned -exhibited at the

London

weight which corresponds

New

making musical

a good conductor of sound. It is

splits

wood

over

instru-

Queensland

a most inferior wood.

greatly,

in the

{Cat.

is

It

very porous, and

Technological Museum,

twenty-five years

(having been

International Exhibition of 1862), has a to 281b. 70Z. per cubic foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

TIMBERS.

557

404- Hibiscus tilaceUS, Linn., (Syn. Paritiuni tilacetcm, St. Hil.);.

N.O., Malvacece, B.FI., " Cotton Tree."

A

small tree.

i.,

218.

" Talwalpin " of the aboriginals.

Wood

close-grained;

colour,

invisible

{sic)

green; beautifully marked, easy to work, and takes a good polish;

supposed by some Woods, Ind. except for

New

and

resemble Pollard Oak.

to

Exh., 1886.)

Col.

Weight, 35

fuel.

It

to 381bs per

is

(Ca/. Queensland

not used

in

India

(Gamble.)

cubic foot.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

405. Hodgkinsonia

F.v.M., N.O., Rubiaceae,

ovatiflora,

B.Fi.,.

420. "Larribie" of the aboriginals of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers

(New South Wales).

Wood

more dead-looking than

that

but has no figure to speak

exhibited at the

London

New

a very nice

that they

are

wood to work,, Museum,

slab in the Technological

over

to 451b.

years (having been

twenty-five

i

loz. per cubic foot.

1862), has a

Diameter,

South Wales and Queensland. vitiense, Benth., (Syn.

N.O., Samydaceas, B.FI.,

Wood

iii.,

white, close-grained,

wheelwrights' work.

50 to

It is

height, 12 to i6ft.

Homalium

406.

coloured to white.

International Exhibition of

weight which corresponds ;

wood.

A

light

Boxwood, except

of

of.

which has been seasoned

6 to I2in.

and

firm, close-grained, pretty,

Some specimens remind one

(Thozet.)

H.

alnifoUnvi, F.v.M.);.

310.

and durable; may prove useful for Diameter, 12 to 24in.;

height,

70ft.

Queensland.

407.

Hormogyne

COtinifolia,

A.

DC,

F.v.M.); N.O., Sapotaces, B.FI., "

A

straggling,

iv.,

or diffuse shrub."

colour, close in the grain, Col.

(Syn. Sersalisia cotinifoUa,

and very hard,

and Ind. Exh., \^^l.) South Wales and Queensland.

New

284.

Wood

of

a dark yellow

{Cat. Queensland Woods,.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

558 408.

Hovea

A. Cunn., N.O., Leguminosae,

acutifolia,

B.Fl.,

ii.,

174.

A

New 409.

Wood

shrub.

tall

and

firm.

South Wales and Queensland.

Hovea

longipes, Benth., (Syn.

Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

A

close-grained, yellow,

Wood

shrub.

tall

H.

leiocarpa, Benth.)

N.O.,

;

174.

ii.,

of a dark yellow colour, close-grained,

and very hard. Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Hymenanthera

410.

dentata, R.Br., (Syn.

N.O., Violacex, B.FL,

A

shrub.

The wood

exceedingly hard.

It

H.

Ba?iksii, F.v.M.);

104.

i.,

a bright yellowish colour, and

of

is

somewhat resembles ordinary Boxwood

in

appearance.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales.

Hymenosponim flavum, F.v.M.,

411-

Hook.); N.O., Pittosporeas, B.Fl., "

Wollum-woUum

Timber

" of

(Syn. Pittosporum flavum. i.,

114.

the aboriginals of Northern

close-grained,

and

New South

firm, but easily wrought.

perhaps, be useful for wood-engraving.

Wales. It will,

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

height, 50 to 60ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

413. Ixora Timorensis,

Rubiacese, B.FL,

Wood It is

DC,

iii.,

(Syn.

/.

Klanderia7ia, F.v.M.); N.O.,

415.

of a light colour, close in the grain, hard,

and tough.

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 413- Jacksonia SCOparia, R.Br.,

Viminaria

laterifolia. Link.)

(Syn. J. macrocarpa, Benth. ;

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

;

ii.,

59" ginals.

Dogwood."

"

Mountangarra

"

of

some Eastern Australian

abori-

TIMBERS.

559

This wood emits a most offensive odour when burning, hence

Only timber

vernacular name.

its

obtained, and even this

is

Technological Museum,

the

of very small diameter

usually rent

which have been

can be slabs in

seasoned

years (having been exhibited at the

twenty-five

Two

and shaken.

London

over Inter-

national Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to

and

551b. 40Z.

561b. 70Z. respectively per cubic foot.

dark yellowish or brown colour, and polishes very is

an indication of poor

Diameter, 3 to 4in.

soil.

It

is

height,

;

of a

This tree

well.

10 to

12ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

414. Kentia minor, F.v.M., (Syn. Bacularia minor, F.v.M.) Palmge, B.FI.,

The stems height, 5 or

vii.,

;

N.O.,

137.

are in repute for walking-sticks.

Diameter,

-lin.

;

6ft.

Queensland. 415- Kentia monOStachya,

Mart.

;

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Areca

Linospadix motiostachyiis, Wendl.

tachya, F.v.M.)

monostachya

;

N.O., Palmeae, B.FI.,

;

^nonostachya.

Bacularia vionos136.

vii.,

Bacularia

in Muell. Cens., p. 120. " Walking-stick Palm."

This slender palm umbrella handles.

Northern

New

416. Kermadecia

is

much

Diameter,

i

in request for to 2in.

;

walking canes and

height, 6 to 12ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

pinnatifida,

Bail.,

N.O.,

Proteacea?,

Queensland Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.

Wood marked

;

and very

of a pinkish colour, close in grain,

useful to

coopers and cabinet-makers.

Cai.

(Bailey.)

(Cat.

prettily

Queens-

land Woods.) Johnstone River, Queensland, 417. Kibara longipes, Benth., (Syn.

non Benth.) .

;

MolUnedia

N.O., Monimiacege, B.FI.,

longipes in Muell. Cens., p. 3.

v.,

longipes, F.v.M.

289.

MolUnedia

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

560 "

A

Wood

tree of considerable size."

and nicely marked.

in grain, hard,

and In d. Exh.,

straw coloured, close

{Cal. Queensland Woods,

CoL

1886.)

Queensland. 418.

Kunzea F.v.M. B.Fl.,

pedunCTllaris,

F.v.M.,

K. Uptospermoidesr

(Syn.

Boeckea phylicoides, A. Cunn.)

;

N.O., Myrtacese,

;

115,

iii.,

"Mountain Tea-tree."

Formerly

" Burgan " by the Yarra

called

(Victoria) aboriginals.

The wood

was used by the Yarra (Victoria)

of this small tree

goyjums (kangaroo

aboriginals for

spears), breapang or warra-

warras (fighting-sticks with bead-ends), clubs),

wankins

(fighting

New

Victoria and

gudjerons (waddies or

boomerangs).

South Wales.

419. Lagerstroemia Archeriana, Bail, Syn. (Bailey)

Wood

Queensland Flora

N.O., Lythrarieae.

;

firm,

and

of a

brown

colour.

Palmer River, Queensland. 420.

Lagunaria Patersoni, Don., N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL, i., 218. " Tulip Tree." " White Oak." " White Wood." Timber white, close-grained, easily worked, and used for Diameter,

building purposes.

New

1

8 to 3oin.

;

height, 40 to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

421. Laportea

gigas,

Wedd.,

Urera roiundifolia, Wedd. Urticeae,

B.FL,

vi.,

"Giant Nettle Tree."

Urtka gigas, A. Cunn.;

(Syn. ;

U.

excelsa,

Wedd.)

;

N.O.,

191. " Irtaie " of the aboriginals of the

and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales).

"

Goo-mao-mah

Richmond

" of those

of

Queensland.

Wood torn

spongy, brownish,

away with the

soft,

and

of

no use.

finger-nail with the greatest facility,

approaching a smooth surface can be given

remarks apply to Z. photiniphylla.

Two

to

it.

It

can be

and nothing

The same

slabs in the

Techno-

Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of logical

TIMBERS.

561

and

1862), have weights which correspond to i61b. 40Z.

10 oz. respectively per cubic

New

lylb.

Height, 80 to looft.

foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

422. Laportea photiniphylla, Wedd., (Syn. Ur/ica photijiiphylla,

A. Cunn. B.Fl.,

Fleurya phothiiphylla, Kunth);

;

vi,,

192. "

Wood

Small-leaved Nettle."

very soft and brownish.

A

for floats for fishing-nets.

which

might possibly be

It

slab in the Technological

London

the

at

Height,

foot.

60ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

LeptOSpermum

423.

Museum,

International Exhibition of 1862), has a

weight which corresponds to 131b. 140Z. per cubic

about

utilized

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been

has

exhibited

N.O., Urticese,

abnorme,

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

atidra, F.v.M.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL,

A

shrub.

tall

Wood

of a dark

iii.,

Kunzea brachy109.

heavy, and

colour, hard,

close-grained.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

424. Leptosperimim fiavescens, Smith, (Syn. z. poiygaiifoUum, Salisb.

;

L. Thea, Willd.; Z. tuberculatum, Poir.

trinervia,

White;

B.FL,

104.

iii.,

"Tea-tree."

though not to

Wood

A name

this

is

Thea,

Wendl.)

given more or

;

;

N.O.,

less to species

of

Melaleuca Myrtaceae,

this genus,

genus alone.

and

hard

This species

M.

close-grained,

tough,

not endemic in Australia.

and

light coloured.

Diameter,

5 to

8in.;

height, 15 to 20ft. All the colonies except South

425.

and Western Australia.

Leptospernmm lanigenim, Smith,

(Syn. Z. australe, Salisb.;

Melaleuca tri7iervia,^\\\X&); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

iii.,

106.

" Tea-tree " (from the leaves having been used as a substitute for tea

by Captain Cook's of

sailors).

" Woolexp," or " Woolip " of the aboriginals

Coranderrk Station (Victoria). 2

O

"Punnun

" of those of

Lake Condah.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

502

A

shrub or small

tall

when

durable

The wood

tree.

exposed

not

hard, heavy, and

is

atmospheric

to

natives of the Port Lincoln district (S.A.) used to

handles of the stems of species of Leptospermiim.

make spear They would

heat them in hot ashes, then bend and sharpen them.

Proc. R.S.,

used

to

i860, p.

Vict.,

The Yarra

169.)

make goyjums (kangaroo

The

influences.

(Wilhelmi, blacks

(Victoria)

spears) of this wood.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

426.

Leptospermum myrtifolium, A. Cunn.)

Wood 8 to

I

;

close-grained,

muUicauU,

108.

iii.,

and dark

tough,

L.

(Syn.

Sieb.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Height,

colour.

in

oft.

All the colonies except South and Western Australia.

427. LeUCOpOgOn lanceolatUS, R-

non R.Br.

;

Brown,

DC.

Ctmninghamii,

L.

Styphelia lanceolata.

Smith

Epacrideoe, B.FL,

185.

iv.,

S.

;

(Syn. L. auslralis, Sieb.

L.

;

affinis,

R.Br.

affinis,

Spreng.)

;

N.O.,

Styphelia lanceolata in Muell.

Cens., p. 105.

Wood 3 to 6in.

;

hard, close-grained, and beautifully marked.

All the colonies except South

and Western Australia.

428. Leucopogon melaleucoides, A.

A. Cunn.

B.FL,

A

Diameter,

height, 12 to 15ft.

iv.,

shrub.

;

Cimn., (Syn. L.

Styphelia linifolia, F.v.M.)

;

ii?ii/olius,

N.O., Epacridea?,

207.

Styphelia linifolia in Muell. Cens., p. 106.

Wood

of a rather dark colour

and nicely marked,

hard, and close in the grain.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

429. Leucopogon Richei, R.Br., N.O., Epacrideae, B.FL,

For

botanical

synonyms, see

p.

38.

iv.,

186.

Styphelia Richei in

Muell. Cens., p. 105.

The wood

of full-grown shrubs

inclining to red, hard, dense,

used for the knees of boats.

is

of a

deep orange colour,

close-grained, exceedingly heavy

The

torfeuous

;

and rough-barked

TIMBERS. branches are well adapted

4

for rustic

563

work.

Height,

(Guilfoyle.)

to 15ft.

All the colonies.

430. Licuala Muelleri, Wendl.,{Syn.Lwis/ona Ra>nsaj>i,F.v.M.);

N.O., Palmece, B.Fl.,

The is

145.

vii.,

wood, or the outer hard portion of the stem of

marked with narrow black

hard, and

this

palm

lines.

Queensland.

431- LitSSea dealbata, ^^^s, (Syn. Tetranthera dealbata, R.Br.);

N.O., Laurinece, B.Fl,, " Pigeon-berry Tree."

Timber

307.

v.,

"

Native Mulberry."

fragrant, close-grained, tough,

indoor work.

In colour,

it

brown, longitudinal streaks.

yellowish,

is

" Black Ash."

and sound

used for

;

with numerous short,

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

height, 100

;

to 150ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

432. Litssea ferruginea, R.Br., N.O., Laurinese, p. 426, Synop.

Queensland Flora (Bailey).

Wood

pale yellow, light, close-grained, and easily worked.

(Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland.

433- Livistona aUStralis,

Corypha

"

Wood,

Mart.,

australis, R.Br.);

(Syn.

Z.

Cabbage Tree," or

"

Wendl.

inermis,

N.O., Palmeae, B.FL,

vii.,

Cabbage Palm."

or outer part of the stem, moderately hard

light colour.

It is

;

146.

and

of a

occasionally used for walking-sticks, slabs for

buildings, or the trunks are hollowed out for pig troughs.

Diameter,

12 to i8in.; height, 100 to 130ft. Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

434- Livistona humilis, R.Br., (Syn. L.

N.O., Palmes, B.FL,

vii.,

146.

LekhhardtU, F.v.M.);

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

564

The wood,

or the outer portion of the stem,

light colour; the inner portion

and

soft

is

hard, and of a

is

Height, 10 to

useless.

15ft.

Northern Australia. 435- Livistona inermis, R.Br., N.O., Palmae, B.Fl., "

The

outer

beautifully

portion

with

of the trunk

of this tree

darker colour.

a

vii.,

146.

" Partridge-wood."

marked, and takes a good polish.

streaked

grey,

Cabbage Palm."

is

very hard,

In colour,

Diameter,

12

is

it

to

light-

ifin.

height, 14 to 40ft.

Northern Australia. 436.

Lomatia ilicifolia, R.Br., (Syn. L. Frazeri, R.Br.; Embothrium ilicifolitun, Poir.); N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL, v., 536. "

A

Native Holly."

shrub, with a light and very hard wood.

small figure, and works well.

experiment), .678. Victoria and

437-

It

has a beautiful

Specific gravity of dry

wood (one

(Mueller.)

New

South Wales.

Lomatia longifolia, R.Br., Embothrium viyricoides,

Z. angustifoUa, Schnitzl;

(Syn. Gsertn.

v.,

537.

A

light coloured

E. longifolium,

;

Tricondyhis myriccefoUus, Knight)

Poir.;

N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

;

" Mountain Beech."

figure

;

works well

wood, very hard, with a beautiful small

for

Victoria and

New

438. Lonchocarpus P\v.lVI.)

"

A

;

tall

and porous.

New 439-

(Jurors

turnery.

International Exhibition, 1862.)

London

loft.

South Wales.

Blackii,

(Syn.

Be^ith.,

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

woody

Reports,

Height, 8 to

climber.''

Wood

Milhttia

Blackii,

271.

ii.,

very stringy, dark brown,

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col.

and Ltd. Exh.,

1886.)

South Wales and Queensland.

LuCUma

Sericea,

sericeum. Ait.)

;

Benth.

et

Hook.,

N.O., Sapotaceae, B.Fl.,

(Syn. iv.,

279.

Sideroxylqn

TIMBERS.

"A

565

Wood

tree of stunted growth."

and

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col.

work.

somewhat

light yellow,

resembling Birch; close in the grain, and firm

useful for cabinet-

;

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Combretacece, B.FL, "

A

ii.,

It is

used in

////^r^a, Voigt.);

is.o.,

503.

bushy shrub or small

and durable.

(Syn.z.

PF/V/^/,

440. Lumnitzera coccinea,

The wood

tree."

Fiji for various

is

blackish, hard,

purposes.

(Seemann.)

Queensland.

441- Lvunnitzera racemosa, WHld., (Syn. Petaloma altemifoUa,

Roxb.)

;

N.O., Combretaceaj, B.FL,

A ""A prettily

native

name

Wood

tree or tall shrub,"

marked, hard, and close

and durable wood,

is

(Roxburgh.)

504.

ii.,

Karkin."

of a pinkish-grey colour,

"

the grain.

in

It

and

has a strong

used for house posts in India, and in

Calcutta for fuel, of which

supply."

"

is

it

furnishes a large portion of the

Diameter,

Queensland and Northern

2 to 6in.

;

height, 10 to 15ft.

Australia.

442. LysicarpUS ternifolius, F.v.M., (Syn. THstania angustifoUa,

Hook.; Metrosideros B.FL,

iii.,

267.

"Tom Timber

ternifolia,

Metrosideros Russell's

Muell. Cens., p. 59.

Mahogany."

hard, heavy, elastic, and prettily

more

N.O., Myrtaceae,

F.v.M.);

terfiifolia in

cabinet-work,

but

sleepers, etc.

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

particularly ;

marked

for piles,

height,

40

used for

;

bridges,

railway

to 50ft.

Queensland.

443-

Maba

"A

fasciculosa, F.v.M., N.O., Ebenacese, B.FL,

tall tree."

Wood

of a light colour, with

streaks, close-grained, strong,

wood stamps.

and

elastic

{Cat. Queensland Timbers,

1886.)

New

;

South Wales and Queensland.

iv.,

290.

black specks or

suitable for carving or Col.

and Ind. Exh.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

556

Maba geminata, R.Br.,

444.

The wood

N.O., Ebenacese, B.Fl.,

hard and tough, heavy, and

is

elastic.

towards the centre, and bright red towards the bark. takes a high polish, and portion

is

recommended

291.

It is "

black

(Thozet.) It

for veneers.

a fairly good substitute for ebony.

is

iv.,

The

black

Diameter, 9 to I2in.;

height, 50 to 60ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

Maba

445-

R.Br.,

humilis,

Ebenacese, B.FL, "

Ronone

"

iv.,

some

of

M.

(Syn.

291.

obovata, R.Br.)

N.O.,

;

'

Queensland

" Mogiore " are names by which this tree

aboriginals. is

known

"

Thankoin

"

and

to the aboriginals of the

Cloncurry River (North Queensland).

"A

bushy shrub or small

white and pink cabinet wood. 5 to I2in.

;

;

Wood,

tree."

the centre black, hard,

It is

with the outer part,

and very tough

used for mallet and chisel handles.

;

a useful

Diameter,.

height, 20 to 30ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

446.

Macadamia F.v.M.)

;

ternifolia,

F.v.M.,

N.O., Proteacese, B.FL,

Helicia

(Syn. v.,

temifoUay

406.

" Queensland Nut." " Kindal-kindal " of the aborigines.

A

small tree.

polish.

It

is

Wood

firm,

fine-grained,

and takes a good

and used

for staves, cabinet-

of a reddish colour,

work, veneers, shingles, and bullock yokes.

Northern

447-

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Macaranga inamoena, F.v.M., F.V.M.)

A

tall

;

(Syn.

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FL,

shrub or small

tree.

Wood

MalloUis inamoenusy

vi.,

145.

of a light colour, tough,

and close-grained. Queensland.

448^

Macaranga involucrata,

M.

asterolasia, F.v.M.

Euphorbiacese, B.FL,

;

vi.,

Baill., (Syn.

M. mallotoides,

Urtica ifivolucrata, 149.

Roxb.)

F.v.M.; ;

N.O.,

;

TIMBERS.

Wood making

very light and soft

might be found serviceable

not endemic in Australia.

It is

for

(Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh.y

splints.

1886.)

;

567

Height, up to 50 or

60ft.

Queensland.

449.

Macaranga TanariuS, Muell, Arg., {^yn.Ricintis Tanarius,

Mappa

Linn.;

B.FL,

Tanaria, Spreng.);

A

" of

erect shrub."

tall,

Euphorbiacese,

146.

vi.,

" Tumkullum

"

N.O.,

some Queensland

Wood

aborigines.

of a light colour, soft,

and

close-

grained.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

F.v.M.,

450. Macropteranthes Fitzalani,

Rhizophoreae,

N.O.,

Muell, Cens., p- 51.

Wood

with yellow sap-wood, heart-wood dark grey, very close-

grained, and hard

;

perhaps useful for turnery and cabinet-work.

Queensland.

45

i-

Muell.,

MallotUS Claoxyloides, F,v,M,

claoxyloides,

;

Euphorbiacese, B,F1,, "

A

tall

Arg.,

(Syn.

Echinus claoxyloides,

close-grained

N,0,,

Baill.);

140.

vi,,

Wood

straggling shrub or small tree,"

yellow colour,

Echinocroton

;

useful

for

of a bright

cabinet-work.

(Cat.-

Queefisland Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland,

452, MallotuS discolor, F.v.M.,

Macaranga B.FL,

vi,,

{^^yn.

Rottiera

It

of a

uniform white colour,

has a somewhat close grain.

New South

softish,

Diameter,

and

12 to

35 to 45ft.

Northern

Euphorbiaceas,

143.

" Bungaby " of the aboriginals of Northern

Wood

discolor, F,v.M,

mallotoides, F.v.M. var,); N,0,,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Wales.

worked.

easily i8in,

;

height,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

568

MuelL, Arg.,

453- MallotUS phillipensis,

Roxb.

Croton philippensis, Lam.

;

N.O., Euphorbiaceae, B.FL,

Baill.);

The

"

Kamala

The

tree of India.

"

"

Rotthra

(Syn.

tinctoria,

Echinus phillippensis,

;

141.

vi.,

Poodgee-poodgera

"

some

of

Queensland aboriginals.

Wood

grey colour. India.

New

It

warps and shrinks, and

weight

Its

6 to I4in.

and

hard, close-grained, very tough,

481b. per cubic foot.

is

of a light red or

used only for fuel in

is

(Gamble.)

Diameter,

height, 30 to 45ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

454- Marlea Vitiensis, Benth., N.O., Comace^e, B.FL,

Rhytidandra vitiense, in IMuell. Cens., p. 74. " Musk Tree." For botanical synonyms, see

Wood and

;

386,

p. 41.

bright yellow, with a fine undulating appearance, black

at the centre.

scent

iii.,

(Hill.)

not endemic

It

is

close in the grain,

an excellent wood

is

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

in Australia.

has a musk-like

This plant

for cabinet-work. ;

height,

is

20 to

30ft.

Northern

New

South Wales.

MedicOSma Cunninghamii, Hook. /., (Syn. Acronychia Hook.; Evodia Cunninghamii, F.v.jNI.);

455-

Cunningha7?iii,

N.O., Rutaceas,

MuelL

A grain

;

B.FL,

i,,

362.

Eiiodia

Cunnijighatnii, in

Cens., p. 12.

small

Wood

tree.

of a light yellow colour,

close in the

a good cabinet-makers' wood.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

456. Melaleuca acacioides, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceag, B.FL

iii.,

138.

A

small tree,

wood

strong and of a dark colour.

Northern Australia. 457- Melaleuca

angUStifolia,

Gcertneri, Schau.); B.FL,

Wood and

of a

Gaertn., iii.,.

(Syn.

dark colour, hard, and tough.

piles.

Queensland.

Asteromyrtus

139.

Excellent for posts

TIMBERS.

569

M.

458. Melaleuca armillaris, Smith, (Syn. Metrosideros armillaris, iii.,

Gaertn.)

ericce/oUa, Andr.

N.O.,

;

;

B.Fl.,

INIjrtaceae,

146. " Prickly-leaved Tea-tree."

Wood work

hard, and durable for inside, underground, or water-

soon

it

;

when

decays

exposed

Victoria,

New

oligantha, F.v.M.

B.FL,

iii.,

This wood Victoria

M.

Smith;

is

and South

Australia.

Smith,

shrub or

Swamp

potash,

;

e.xtensively

is

etc.

It is

used by the

very hard

when

long time under water, or for inside work,

A

In Tasmania

(Guilfoyle.)

huts.

rafters for

F.v.jNI.)

Tea-tree."

bush fences, sheep hurdles, last a

heliophila,

J/",

;

nodosa, Sieb. non

159.

This wood

tree.

chiefly for turnery.

crude

iii.,

M.

(Syn.

Schau.

Gu7i?iiana,

AT.

seasoned, and will

of

Height, up to 20ft.

hard and tough.

"

such as

N.O., Myrtaceae,

;

133.

N.O., Myrtace«, B.Fl.,

settlers for

atmosphere.

parviflora, Reichb.;

tetragona. Otto)

I\f.

;

460. Melaleuca ericifolia,

A

the

South Wales and Queensland.

459- Melaleuca decussata, R.Br., (Syn.

M.

to

Height, up to 20 or 30ft.

(Guilfoyle.)

ton

of

equal to

dry

4ilb.

wood of

it

chemically pure

used

is

about

yields

i6ilb.

potash.

(Mueller.) All the colonies except Western Australia.

Smith, (Syn.

461. Melaleuca genistifolia,

M.

bracteala,

F.v.^^I.

Myrtacese, B.FL, " Ridge Myrtle."

Wood colour.

New

;

M.

Unceolata, Otto;

Metrosideros decora, Salisb.)

;

N.O.,

143. Called " Ironwood " in parts of Queensland.

iii.,

close-grained, hard, and

Diameter, 20 to

2 4in.

;

durable.

height,

30

It

is

of a greyish

to 40ft,

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

462. Melaleuca leucadendron, Linn., (Syn. viridiflora,

Gcertn.

;

M.

saligna,

M.

minor. Smith;

Blume.

;

M.

Metrosideros

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

570

Sieb.

albida,

;

White Tea Tree,"

*'

coriacea,

Salisb.)

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

;

"

p. 55. Tree," " Broad-leaved Tea Tree,"

Swamp Tea

Called " Milkwood " in the Northern Territory, and

" Paper-bark Tree." "

M.

Melaleuca Leucadendra in Muell. Cens.,

142.

iii.;

Atchoourgo" by the aboriginals

of the Mitchell River (North Queensland),

This wood shows a most beautiful combination of

may be compared

darker shades, which

marks.

It

is

damp ground The papery bark of

underground.

from

and

to ripple

hard, heavy, and close-grained, excellent for ship-

building and posts in

notice

light

appearance

in

it is

;

said to be imperishable

this tree

great durability, and from

its

water, instances being

known where

it

its

is

worthy of

also

being impervious to

has been used for

drainage purposes, in conjunction with timber, and

it

dam and has been

found that the bark was quite sound, although the timber was decayed.

Diameter, 12 to 24in.

Western

New

Australia,

height,

;

40

to 50ft.

Wales, Queensland

South

and

Northern Australia.

463. Melaleuca linariifolia, Smith, (Syn. Metrosideros hyssopifoliay

Cav.)

;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

This wood

where

and

it

it

height,

is

said

40

to 50ft.

New

valuable for piles in

almost imperishable.

is is

iii.,

to

make

It is

first-class

140.

swampy ground

said to be useful for turnery,

Diameter,

fuel.

i^ to 2ft.;

South Wales and Queensland.

464. Melaleuca Preissiana, Schauer, (Syn.

M.

or in water,

ciirvi/olia

Schlecht.

Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

;

145,

M.

parviflora, Lindl.

M. ptibescens, M. parviflora

Schauer.) in

;

N.O.,

Muell. Cens.,

P- 55-

A

tall

shrub or

tree.

This

wood

is

heavy, white, close-

grained, hard, tough, and durable. Specific gravity, .993. (Mueller.*) All the colonies except Victoria.

465. Melaleuca squarrosa, Smith, (Syn.

N.O., MyrtaceK, B.Fl.,

iii.,

139.

M.

myrtifoUa, Vent.);

TIMBERS. This wood

exposed

is

when under water or

hard, dense, and durable

atmospheric

to

571

"Specific

influences.

All the colonies except

.713."

gravity,

Height, up to

(Report Victorian Exhibition, 186 1.)

loft.

Western Australia and Queensland.

466. Melaleuca Styphelioides, Smith, N.O., Myrtace*, B.Fl.,

lii,,

144. "Prickly-leaved

" Naambaar

"Black

Tea-tree,"

much

very

it

has never been

Being hard

in seasoning.

Two

with sawyers.

known

called

(New South Wales).

Hard, close-grained wood, stands well It is said that

Formerly

Tea-tree."

" by the aboriginals of Illawarra

damp

in

to decay.

work,

to

situations.

(Hill.)

it is

It

rends

not a favourite

Museum, which

slabs in the Technological

have been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at

the

London

New

to 731b. 6oz.

and 661b. 120Z. respectively per

Diameter, 9 to i2in.

cubic foot.

;

height, 20 to 30ft.

South Wales and Queensland, N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

467- Melaleuca symphyocarpa, F.v.M., iii.,

1862), have weights

International Exhibition of

which correspond

138.

Wood

dark coloured, close-grained, hard, and

(Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col.

and Ind. Exh.,

marked.

prettily

1886.)

Northern Australia. 468. Melaleuca Uncinata,

Gard., S.Pl.

;

M.

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL, "

Common

Smith, (Syn.

M.

Driiminondii, Schau.; iii.,

hamata, Field and Schau.);

iJ/. j
150.

" Yaang-arra" of the aboriginals of Illawarra

Tea-tree."

(New South Wales).

A

very hard, close, durable wood, but liable to split or open

when exposed

to the air in drying.

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

;

height,

']o to 90ft.

All the colonies except Victoria.

469. Melia COmpOSita, WHld., (Syn.

Azedarach, Linn.)

" Persian Lilac" of India.

Queensland.

Called also

M.

anstralasica,k. Juss.;

N.O., Meliacese, B.FL,

;

"

White Cedar"

"Cape Lilac"

of

i.,

M.

380.

New South Wales and

in Australia.

"Dygal"

of the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

572 aboriginals

New

Northern

of

South

Wales.

"

Dtheerah "

another

is

aboriginal name.

This timber

tree

found

is

and Kurz

and

worked, but not

easily

be very durable.

to

say

all

writes to say

mens

is soft,

it

it is

warps and

polishes well.

Beddome, Brandis,

but Mr. Halsey, of Madhopur,

equally useful green or seasoned.

supposed

it is

"

(Hill.)

splits,

only very slightly, and

split

better than

to be.

weight

Its

is

we It

Our

is

exhibited

best

a

in

yellowish-brown, which

Two

polish.

to

is

381b. per cubic foot."

a-rich,

distinct,

wavy appearance, which

The wood is a pale warm brown under Technological Museum, which have

vertical

section.

appears of a rich

slabs in the

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

it

handsomely marked, and

is

from 30

markings give the timber

their

speci-

are inclined to think

(Gamble, Majiual of Indian Timbers.) The rings in New South Wales specimens are very

and

good

in very

though undeservedly, as the timber from a well-matured

repute,

International Exhibition of

1862),

at the

have weights which

correspond to 331b, 50Z. and 351b. 40Z. per cubic foot respectively. Diameter, 15

New .470.

to 24in.

height, 40 to 50ft.

;

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Melicope erythrOCOCCa, Benth., (Syn. Evodia erythrococca, F.v.M.)

N.O., Rutacese, B.Fl.,

;

360.

i.,

Evodia erythrococca

in Muell. Gens., p. 12.

A

rather heavy

what resembles. Its

would

weight

A

purposes.

seasoned

London

It

wood, paler than Boxwood, which has a pretty grain, and

be

against

it

over

twenty-five

years

some-

of a delicate tint.

ordinary

for

slab in the Technological

is

it

cabinet-making

Museum, which has been

(having been exhibited at the

International Exhibition of

1862), has a weight which

corresponds to 501b. 6oz. per cubic foot.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

471- Melicope F.v.]\I.

B.FL, p. 12.

;

i.,

neurOCOCCa,

Benlh.,

(Syn.

Evodia neurococca,

Bouchardatia neurococca, Baill.); 360.

Bouchardatia

N.O., Rutaceae,

netirococca in

Muell. Gens.,

TIMBERS.

A

small

uniform

light

New

Wood

tree.

very

573

hard,

and

close-grained,

of a

yellow colour.

South Wales and Queensland.

Wistaria megasperma,

472- Millettia megasperma, F.v.M., (Syn. F.v.INI.)

;

N.O.,

LeguminosK,

B.Fl.,

Wistaria

211.

ii.,

inegaspervia in Muell. Cens., p. 39.

This plant

which

a climber, with a stem

is

rather a heavy

wood,

foot in

diameter.

colour,

and a grain resembling cedar, but

It is

seasoning, and to clog the plane.

been overcome

it

is

When

is

of a

it

is

sometimes

z,

warm brown

apt to

split

in

these difficulties have

A

a nice, clean-looking, useful wood.

slab

in.

the Technological INIuseum, which has been seasoned over twentyfive

(having been

years

exhibited at

London

the

International

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 551b. loz.

per cubic foot.

New 473-

South Wales and Queensland.

MimUSOpS BrOWniana, Linn.

B.FL, " easy

A to

M.

;

iv.,

Kauki,

var.

Benth., (Syn.

M. Kauki,

Browniana, A. DC); N.O.,

R.Br,

non

Sapotacese,.

285,

tree of irregular

work.

{Cat.

growth." Quee7island

Wood

red, fine-grained,

Timbers,

Col.

and

and Ind.

Exh., 1886.) Queensland.

474-

Mimusops

The wood to

work.

parvifolia, Linn., N.O., Sapotacese, B.FL,

is

close-grained, firm, of a pinkish colour,

Diameter, 12 to 2oin.

;

height,

40

iv.,

284.

and easy

to 60ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 475- Mollinedia v.,

287.

A

shrub.

loxocarya,

Wood

marked. Queensland.

Benth.,

N.O.,

Monimiaceae,

yellowish, close in the grain,

and

B.FL,.

prettil)"

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

574

476. MonotOCa elliptica, R-Br., (Syn. 31. albens, R.Br.

Smith); N.O., Epacrideae, B.Fl.,

elliptica.

iv.,

;

Styphelia Styphelia

230.

elliptica in Muell. Cens., p. 107, " Beech," "

Wallang-unda "

Boxwood

substitute for it

it

of

some New South Wales

aboriginals.

has been experimented upon in England as a

This wood

though

in engraving, but

to all

appearances

an excellent wood, yet Mr. Worthington Smith reported upon

is

as having a bad surface, and readily breaking away, so that the

much

cuts require

retouching after engraving.

and other carpentry

excellent for planes

tools,

The wood

works

indeed superior to English Beech for such purposes.

London International Exhibition 0/1862.) grain, and some planks are of great beauty,

when

They cannot be planed

polished.

grain, but across

and finished

it,

the direction of the

with the scraper.

years (having been exhibited at the

twenty-five

national Exhibition of

wood homogeneous lighter

London

oz.

slabs

over Inter-

The

per cubic foot respectively.

the softer, has an interlocked grain, and

is ;

Two

1862), have weights which correspond to

and 44lb. 10

130Z.

20 or

in

has a

It

especially

INIuseum, which have been seasoned

in the Technological

361b.

off

is

[jFurors

Reports, silvery

is

and

well,

the heavier one

is

full

of knots.

is

very

Height, up to

30ft.

All the colonies except South and Western Australia.

M.

477- MonotOCa SCOparia, ^.^/'., (Syn.

propinqua, A. Cunn. Epacrideae, B.FL,

;

Styphelia 230.

iv.,

patens, A.

Cunn;

scoparia. Smith)

;

Styphelia scoparia in

AI.

N.O., Muell.

Cens., p. 107.

A nicely Col.

Wood

small shrub.

marked, and

and Ind. Exh.,

of a pale yellow colour, close-grained,

1886.)

All the colonies except South

478. Morinda p.' 45),

Citrifolia,

N.O.,

(Cat. Queensland Timbers,

easily worked.

Linn.,

and Western Australia. (For

Rubiaceae, B.Fl.,

botanical

iii.,

synonyms

402 and 423.

see

Muell.

Cens., p. 74 and 75. " Leichhardt's

"Oolpanje "

Tree,"

of the aboriginals

"Canary-wood," of the

"Indian

Mulberry."

Mitchell River, and " Coobiaby " of

TIMBERS.

575

those on the Cloncurry River, both in Northern Australia. "Toka" of those of Rockhampton. " Taberol " of those of Cleveland Bay.

The wood odour when

is

of a yellow colour,

freshly cut.

the cabinet-maker.

It

is

It is soft,

and has a strong musk-like

useful both to the carpenter and to

but close in the grain.

have a beautiful wavy grain, surpassing satin-wood

worked, and takes a good polish.

It is easily

It is

purposes, and has the peculiarity of being very

The

trees

appearance.

used for building difficult to ignite.

should be cut in winter, when deprived of their leaves,

andsubmerged, (Thozet.)

or the timber will besubject to the attacks of insects.

The weight

of

some Indian-grown timber

3olb. per cubic foot (Skinner),

24

Some varieties in

to 3oin.

;

is

but 4ilb. (Gamble).

given

at

Diameter,

height, 50 to 70ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

479- Morinda jasminoides, A. Cimn., N.O., Rubiace^, B.Fl.,

iii.,

424.

Wood

and

yellow,

prettily

A

marked.

shrub.

Height, up

to

20ft.

Victoria,

480.

New

Murraya

South Wales and Queensland.

exotica, Linn., (Syn.

Rutacese, B.FL,

i.,

M.

pankulata, Jack.)

;

N.O.,

369. " China Box."

The wood crack.

It

is

light yellow, close-grained, very hard,

Boxwood, and has been

resembles

engraving, for which

it

seems

suitable,

used for the handles of implements. 631b. per cubic foot.

shrub or small

if

Its

tried

well seasoned

and apt for ;

to

wood-

it is

also

weight varies from 61 to

(Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers.)

A

tree.

Queensland.

481.

Myoporum acTiminatum, M. Cunnifighamii, Benth. therum, A. Cunn. M.

;

;

var.,

M

angustifolium, R.Br., (Syn.

montanum, R.Br.

.Dampieri,

A.

;

M.

Cunn.)

;

cyanati-

N.O.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

576

Myoporinex, B.Fl.,

v.,

M. montanum

3.

in Muell. 'Cens.,

p. 104. "

"

Dogwood."

Mee-mee"

of

some Queensland aboriginals.

"

Nymoo"

another aboriginal name. It is called " Waterbush " and " Native " Daphne in Western New South Wales. is

Timber

soft

and moderately

building purposes. but

yet tough.

light,

dresses well, and

is

It is

used for

straight in the grain,

A slab in the Technological

no particular comment.

calls for

it

It

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (havingbeen exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

corresponds to 471b. 30Z.

Diameter, 9

height, 30 to 40ft.

to 15 in.;

per cubic foot.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

Myoporum platycarpum,

482.

F.v.M.)

R.Br.,

{?>yn.

N.O., Myoporinese, B.Fl.,

;

Disoon plaiycarpus,

v. 7.

" Dogwood." " Sandal-wood," or " Bastard SandalNgural " of the aboriginals of Lake Hindmarsh Station (Victoria).

" Sugar-tree."

wood."

"

This wood possesses a very pleasant perfume when freshly worked.

It is

fine grain, fine polish.

Wood

and cabinet-work, having a

suitable for veneering

and being beautifully mottled and grained

;

" Specific gravity (one experiment), .840.''

it

takes a

(Mueller.)

cut from a natural excrescence or burr of this tree

A

singular beauty.

specimen

in the

Technological

is

of

Museum shows

groups of birds'-eye knots, and these, with the general grain of the

The

wood, form a very rich combination.

colour

and the markings are suggestive (though not

The

eye maple.

dry

wood

is

light walnut,

in colour) of birds'-

of this tree, split into laths,

and

tied

with bark by the natives, led Mr. Lockhart INIorton (Proc. R.S., Vict.,

i860, p. 132) to conclude that

qualities.

He

like a candle.

A

tall

shrub or small

All the colonies except

483.

it

possesses good burning

put the end of a piece into the

Myoporum

fire,

when

it

burnt

tree.

Tasmania and Queensland.

Serratum, R.Br., (Syn. 31. insulare, R.Br.;

tasmanicum, A.DC.)

;

N.O., Myoporinece, B.FL,

insulare in Muell. Cens., p. 104.

v.

4.

M, M.

TIMBERS.

577 "Native Juniper," " Native

" Blueberry Tree," " Native Currant Tree," "

Myrtle,"

Cockatoo Bush," are names used

" Palberry "

A

chiefly

in

South Australia.

used by natives of the Coorong (South Australia).

is

shrub or small

when unexposed

The wood

tree.

is

hard, white, and durable

atmospheric influences.

to

It

has been used for

" Specific gravity, .809 for an air-dried specimen, and

inlaying.

.819 for a steam-dried one."

(Report, Victorian Exhibition, 1861.)

All the colonies except Queensland.

M. cimidfera,

484- Myristica insipida, R.Br., (Syn. Myristicece, B.Fi.,

v.

R.Br.); N.O.,

281.

"Queensland Nutmeg."

Wood

of a pinkish-grey colour, tough,

60 or

tree of

and

easily worked.'

Queensland and Northern

Australia.

485. Myrsine variabilis, R.Br., N.O., Myrsineas, B.FI.,

Another

The wood in grain

of the trees absurdly called is

yellowish, hard,

something

is

"Jemmy

and tough.

like the British

Oak.

iv.,

275.

Donnelly." It is

durable, and

" Specific gravity (one

Diameter, 12 to isin.

(Osborne.)

experiment), .714." 45

A

70ft.

;

height,

to 50ft.

New

Victoria,

486.

South Wales and Queensland.

MyrtUS acmenioides, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl., iii., 276. " White Myrtle " of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South

Wales).

"

Lignum-Vita;."

Wood

close-grained, very hard, durable,

coach-builders, etc.

This wood

of others of this genus. surface,

but

it

is

It is

is

and tough; used by

rather lighter in colour than that

homogeneous, with a good clean

not ornamental.

A

slab in the Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 6 lib. per cubic foot. 12 to i8in.

;

Northern

Myrtus

487. " '*

2

P

is

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Beckleri, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Ginugal"

Kaarin "

Diameter,

height, 60 to 70ft.

is

an aboriginal name

another aboriginal name.

in

use on the

iii.,

Richmond

275. River.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

578

A tall

The

shrub.

becoming paler when durable.

but

it is

A

wood.

It

much

very

It is

more

timber

dry.

is

like the

difficult to get a

when

of a reddish colour

has a black heart, and

wood

of

Eugoiia

vivrtifolia,

good face surface than with

slab in the Technological

the

at

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

London

corresponds to 441b. 6oz. per cubic

New

Northern

foot.

South Wales.

MyrtUS gonoclada, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, Called "

The Rev.

Ironwood"

in

for

B.FI.,

wood

E. Tenison-Woods states that this

J.

iii.,

275.

Northern Queensland.

extraordinary hardness, and surmises that

Box

that

Museum, which has been

seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

488.

fresh,

said to be

is

it

is

of

would be superior to

wood-engraving.

Queensland.

489.

Hillii, Benth.,

Myrtus

"

A

shrub or small

Timbers, Col.

and

Wood

tree.

the grain, and very hard;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl.,

iii.,

275.

Scrub Ironwood."

it

warps

of a light grey colour, close in in drying.

{Cat. Qtieetisland

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland. 490.

MyrtuS racemulosa, Benth. ,Y^.O., Myrtacese,

A

small tree.

Wood

of a close grain,

B.Fl.,

and tough

;

it

iii.,

276-.

warps

in

drying,

Queensland.

491-

Nephelium divaricatum, F.v.M., F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Sapindace^e, B.Fl., "

The timber Diameter,

2ft.

;

is

Coogera

(Syn. Arytera divaricata, i.,

467.

" of the aboriginals.

hard, has a yellow heart, and white sap-wood.

height, 70 to 80ft.

Queensland. 492.

F.v.M., Spanoghea

Nephelium leiocarpum, N.O., Sapindace;^, B.FL,

i.,

467.

nephelioides^

;

TIMBERS.

A

579

timber, sometimes ornamental, of which nothing seems to

be known

A

at present.

Technological ^Museum.

log

process of seasoning in the

in

is

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

height, 20 to 30ft.

;

Victoria to Queensland.

493.

Nephelium tomentosnm,

Wood 20 or

i^.y.J/.,

Sapindace^,

B.Fl.,i., 466.

and hard.

of a yellow colour, close-grained,

Height,

and more.

30ft.,

New

Northern

South Wales and Queensland.

494. NeSOdaphne obtUSifolia, Benth., (Syn. Beihchmiedia folia, Benth.

Hook., Cryptocarya

et

N.O. Laurine^, B.FL, Muell. Cens., p.

v.,

299, Beihchmiedia ohtusifolia in

3.

Called "Sassafras," from

"A

and handsome

large

its

(Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col.

New

aromatic tonic bark.

Wood

tree."

in the grain, firm, easy to work,

Northern

obtiisi-

F.v.M.);

ohtusifolia,

and

pale coloured, close

suitable for joiners' work.

and Lid. Exh..

1886.)

South Wales and Queensland.

495- Notelsea ligUStrina, Vent., N.O., Jasmineae, B.Fl., iv., 300. " Ironvvood" and "Heart-wood" of Tasmania. "Spurious Olive." " White Plum " of- Gippsland.

An

exceedingly hard, close-grained wood, used for mallets,

sheaves of blocks, turnery, peculiar figure

it

;

"Specific gravity,

Diameter, 12

is

.925."'

to i4in.

;

The heart-wood

etc.

a very

substitute

fair

for

Victorian Exhibition,

(^Report

496. NotelcSa longifolia,

Vent.,

ovata, Endl., non R.Br.;

N.

New

South Wales.

(Syn. ^V.

reticulata,

venosa, F.v.]\I.; iV.

Olea apetala, Andr.); N.O., Jasminese, B.FL, Northern

New

Wood emphasises

"

1861.)

height, 30ft.

Tasmania, Victoria and Southern

"Axe-breaker."

yields a ^very

Lignum-Vitae.

Mock

Olive."

"

Coobagum

DC.

/v>/c/c7,

iv.,

;

A''.

Sieb.

299.

" of the aboriginals of

South Wales.

hard, its

close-grained,

hardness.

and

Diameter,

firm.

Its

vernacular

name

12

iSin.; height,

48 to

50ft.

Gippsland

to

Southern Queensland.

to

AUSTRAL-IAN NATIVE PLANTS.

5So

497- Notelsea microcarpa,

R.Br., N.O., Jasminese, B.FL,

iv.,

300.

A

"

Wood

small tree."

New

of light colour, dark towards the

and very hard.

centre, close-grained,

South Wales and Queensland.

498. Notelsea OVata, R.Br., N.O., Jasminese, B.FL, "

" Native Olive."

"

Dunga-runga

iv.,

of the aboriginals of

299.

New South

Wales.

This small

crooked growth, but

tree has a

hard, and firm.

(Macarthur.)

It

requires to be seasoned carefully.

and end-grain, and, while

It

is

its

wood

is close,,

used for tool handles, but

dresses well both on the face

of a rather light colour as a whole,

often coloured

in

patches or blotches of a dark-brown

which increase

its

beauty under polish.

logical

A

slab in the

it

is

colour,

Techno-

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years at the London International Exhibition

(having been exhibited

which corresponds

of 1862), has a weight

to 6olb. 50Z.

per cubic

foot.

New

South Wales and Southern Queensland.

499. Olea paniculata, R.Br., N.O., Jasmineae, B.FL, iv., 297. " Marvey " "Ironwood," "Marble-wood." "Native Olive," the aboriginals of Northern aboriginals of the

The

New South

Bunya Mountains (Queensland).

heart-wood

is

nicely mottled.

darkening towards the centre, and

It

is

of a whitish colour,

prettily figured.

tough, close-grained, and durable.

and possibly

It

is

It is

used for

turning,

newly cut

has a rose-like fragrance.

hard and

staves,

for wood-engraving.

suitable for it

of

" Billan-billan " of the

Wales.

and

is

When

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

•

height, 50 to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

500. Olearia argophylla, F.v.M., (Syn. Euryhia argophylla, Cass.;

Aster argophylhis, Labill.) 470. "

Musk-wood."

(Victoria).

;

N.O., Compositse, B.FL,

Aster argophylhis in Muell. Cens., "

Daal"

p.

of the aboriginals of the

iii.,

78.

Coranderrk Station

TIMBERS.

581

This timber has a pleasant fragrance and a beautiful mottled colour, well adapted for turnery, cabinet-work,

poses.

works

It

well,

and may be had

of 1862.) The wood

natio7ial Exhibilion

roots of the tree are beautifully mottled,

in

of the gnarled butt

and

and consequently much

about .642, the weight of a cubic

Its specific gravity is

prized.

and perfumery pur-

any quantity, and

(Jurors Reports, London Inter-

18 to 36in. diameter.

slabs of

in

Height, 20 to 30ft.

foot being about 40lb.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

South Wales. •

501. Orites excelsa, R.Br., N.O., Proteaceis, B.Fl.,

"Red

Timber polish.

It

New

hard, durable, nicely marked, and capable of a is

;

height, 70 to Soft.

South Wales and Queensland. 385.

i.,

Mooley Apple," "Sour Plum," "Native Peach," "Emu Rancooran," " Warrongan," and " Gruie-colaine " are aboriginal names. Apple,"

"

good

used for shingles, farm implements, and various

Owenia acidula, F.v.M., N.O., Meliace^, B.FL,

502.

411.

Ash." "Silky Oak."

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

purposes.

v.,

The wood

close-grained,

is

furniture making.

It is

New

South Australia,

" Sour Plum."

"

suitable is

it

for

easy to

height, 30 to 40ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

Owenia venosa, F.v.M., N.O.,

503.

and

handsome,

reddish, and although hard,

Diameter, 12 to iSin.

work.

"

Tulip-wood."

JMeliacese, B.Fl.,

i.,

386.

" Mouliibie " of the aboriginals of the

Clarence River (New South Wales); "Pyddharr" of those of Queensland.

Wood It It

is

durable, and easily worked.

is

of great strength.

highly coloured, with different shades, from yellow to black.

takes a

good

polish,

and

is

used for cabinetwork.

weight and hardness are against to tear with the plane,

give

It

it

a high value

but

its

as an

its

bold,

common

handsome

and

figure

ornamental timber.

suggested for use by the wheelwright. logical

use,

A

Its

excessive

it is

inclined

must always It

slab in the

has

been

Techno-

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years London International Exhibition of

(having been exhibited at the

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

582

1862), has a weight which corresponds to

Diameter, 9 to 36in.

foot.

;

30

height,

621b.

per cubic

loz.

to 40ft.

Queensland.

504.

elegans, F.v.M., (Syn. Nothopatiax elegans, Seem.);

Panax

N.O., Araliaceae, B.Fl., " Laurel,"

Whitewood Northern

" Light

New

Mountains (Queensland).

Wood

light,

splits well,

might

lining boards

;

it

At one time

soft,

and

of very

It

the

Technological

twenty- five years

Bunya

" Merring-arra"

by the

little

(Cat.

durability.

12 to i6in.

New

;

if

cut for effect

have been

is

Two

slabs in

seasoned

London

over Inter-

which correspond

to

Diameter,

(Syn. Nothopa7iax Mjirrayt,S>Qtva..);

iii.,

381.

lightest

wood

New

South Wales.

trunk simple to the height of 50 or

tree, the

in

becomes very dense outside

wood

show

will

it

height, 30 to 40ft.

splendid

The

60ft."

to the

South Wales and Queensland.

Called " Pencil-wood " in Southern

A

wood

Soz. per cubic foot respectively.

N.O., Araliaceae, B.FL,

"

It

Queensland Woods, Col. and

(having been exhibited at the

Panax Murrayi, F.v.M.,

505.

(Hill.)

apt to get dirty looking with age.

it is

Museum, which

and 31 lb.

of

and would form excellent

national Exhibition of 1862), have weights 3olb. 140Z.

of

the

warps and cracks unless very carefully treated.

the

Mowbulan

aboriginals

those

of

called

cleans well, and

a neat and pretty grain, but It

of

possibly prove a most useful

musical instrument makers.

Ind.Exh., 1886.)

"

(New South Wales).

suit for cricket bats,

will

"

White Sycamore."

" Greyangee "

South Wales.

aboriginals of Illawarra

"

"Tchoonberee

(Queensland).

"

383.

iii.,

Sycamore,"

Victoria, cuts well,

as the

wood

dries,

often harder than the heart-wood.

It

is

soft

inside,

whence the

sap-

has a large pith.

"Wood of a light Of some Queensland specimens it was said colour, soft, and light; would make good lining boards." Specific :

gravity, .348, according to

New

one experiment.

South Wales and Queensland.

(Mueller.)

;

TIMBERS.

Panax Sambucifolius,

506.

P. dendroides, F.v.M.

Sieber, (?>yn.F.angusti/olius, F.v.M.; ;

N.O., Araliacece, B.FL,

Noihopanax sambucifolius, Seem.) iii.,

" Elderberry

A

shrub or

tall

and very tough splitters in the

382.

Ash

" (Victoria).

This wood

is

prettily streaked,

bush.

(Guilfoyle.)

All the colonies except Southern

and Western

Australia.

Pandanus pedunculatus, R-Br., N.O., Pandane^,

507.

sound,

extensively used for axe handles, etc., by

is

it

;

tree.

583

B.Fl.,

vii.,

149. "

" Bread-fruit."

Screw Pine."

"

Wynnum

"

of the aboriginals of

Queensland.

and

Wood,

or the firm outer part of the stem, of a light colour,

prettily

marked.

New

Height, 20 or

30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

508. Parinarium Nonda, F.v.M., N.O., Rosacese, B.FL,

The "Nonda Tree" Leichhardt at

p.

Timber

315 of

soft,

Australia.

Overland Journey

to

and very strong.

ii.,

Referred

426. to

by

Port Essington.

close-grained, and easily worked.

light yellow colour,

50

his

of North-eastern

It

Diameter, 18 to 24in.

is ;

of a

height,

to 60ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

509.

Peltophonim ferrugineum, Benth., (Syn. Cmalpinia ferruginea, ii.,

DC.

The timber is

;

C. arborea, Zoll.)

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

is

much

in request for cabinet-work.

(Hill.)

blackish, the sap-wood whitish, coarse, fibrous, light.

Forest Flora 0/ British Bitrmah.)

40

;

279.

Diameter, 24 to 3oin.

It

(Kurz., ;

height,

to 80ft.

Northern Australia.

510. Pennantia Cunninghamii, Miers., N.O., Oiacine^, B.FL, L,

395-

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

584

A

timber of the Beech class, which seems always to be found

most irregular

A

in section.

Technological Museum.

log

in process of seasoning in the

is

Height, 50 to 80ft.; diameter.

to

lin.

2ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

511. Pentaceras australis,

^f^^-^'.,

(Syn. Hookia australis, F.v.M.;

Aila?ithus punctata, F.v.M.); N.O., Rutaceae, B.Fl., " Scrub

New

Northern

The to 24in.

"

White Cedar."

Wobbul-wobbul

"

of

i.,

365.

aboriginals

the

of

South Wales.

timber

is

close-grained, tough, and firm.

Diameter, 12

height, 40 to 60ft.

;

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

512. PerSOOnia falcata, R.Br., (Syn. P. mimusoides, A. Cunn.);

N.O., Proteacete, B.FL,

A

"

Geebung"

(the

to the trees themselves).

385.

v.,

name given

and hence

to the fruits of Persoonias,

" Nanchee " and "Booral" of the aboriginals of

the Mitchell River (North Queensland).

A

small

tree.

Wood

with a reddish centre, hard, and

light,

close-grained.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 513. Persoona

Ugustrina, Knight;

{P.

Audi-.,

lanceolata,

glaucescetis, Sieb.); N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl.,

Called " Bonewood," on account of

A

fine timber,

New

much

its

395.

hardness and light colour.

sought after for tool handles.

Afidr.,

linearis,

{P. angustifoUa, Knight;

pmifolia, Sieb.; P.Jili/olia^ Dietr. pentadactylon,

Steud.

;

" Geebung."

;

p.

P. pruinosa, A. Cunn.;

Pentadactylon

Gaertn.); N.O., Proteaceas, B.Fl.,

A

p.

South Wales.

514- Persoonia

P.

v.,

augusti/olium,

v.,

397. Formerly called " Naam-burra " by the aboriginals

of

Cumberland and Camden (New South Wales).

A

tall

timber as lack

shrub or small

many

tree.

others of the

homogeneity,

being

This

same

traversed

coloured, decayed wood, which

is,

is

not such a

natural order,

by

large

and

patches

handsome it is

apt to

of

dark

however, so durable in ordinary

TIMBERS. circumstances that

it

does not

leave holes, but, of course,

A

slab in the Technological

fall

away from the sound timber and

utterly incapable of standing wear.

is

it

585

Museum, which has been seasoned been exhibited at the London

(having

over twenty-five years

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 5olb. 10 oz. per cubic foot.

New

Victoria,

South Wales and Queensland.

515. Persoonia media, R.Br., N.O., Proteacece, B.FL, "

" grain,

A

tall,

Koombarra

;

391.

of a light colour, close in the

might prove useful for

it

v.,

an aboriginal name.

is

Wood

erect shrub."

and firm

"

tool handles.

It

some-

what resembles the English Beech, and may prove as serviceable (Cat. Queensland Woods, Col.

to musical instrument makers.

and

Ind. Exh., 1886.)

New

South Wales and Queensland.

516. Petalostigma quadriloculare, F.v.M., (Syn. P. triloculare,

Muell. Arg.

P. aiistralianum,

;

Baill.

R.Br,); N.O.. Euphorbiacese, B.FL, " Crab

" Native

Tree,"

" Quinine Tree."

The wood

is

in drying,

of the

" .

Emu

92.

Apple,"

" Bitter

Bark,"

Queensland aboriginals.

hard, fine-grained, and promises to be useful to

the cabinet-maker.

much

Quince,"

Muntenpen"

"

Hylococciis sericeus,

;

vi.,

(Hill.)

It

is

of a

brownish colour, shrinks

and resembles the English laburnum.

(Cat.

The large wavy when polished. It

Queensland Woods, Col. and Lid. Exh., 1886.) appearance of the grain has a nice dresses well, especially on the face.

A

effect

slab in the Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 481b. per cubic 12 to i8in.

;

height,

Northern

New

40

Diameter,

foot.

to 50ft.

South Wales,

Queensland

and

Northern

Australia.

517-

Phebalium

Billardieri,

p. elatum, A. Cunn,

;

A. yuss., (Syn. P. retusum, Hook.; P. elczagnoides, Sieb.

;

Eriostemon

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

586

sqjiameus, Labill.^; N.O., Rutacese, B.Fl.,

" Bobie-bobie "

" this

An

£. squameus

was an aboriginal name

in use

south of Sydney.

The general appearance of Red Cedar, but it is rather heavier

erect shrub, or small tree."

wood

much

very

is

than that wood,

A

344.

i.,

Muell, Cens., p. 11.

in

a

is

little

like

and has a larger

lighter in colour,

figure.

Museum, which has been seasoned (having been exhibited at the London Inter-

slab in the Technological

over twenty-five years

national Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 42lb. per cubic foot.

Tasmania, Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

518. Phyllanthus Ferdinandi, Mnell. Arg., N.O., Euphorbiaceae,

B.FL, vi., 96. "White Beech."

Called "Pencil

New South

"

Wales.

Timber used

for staves

and buildings;

in the grain, of a grey colour,

I

Southern

in

Sin.

New

;

it is

New

South

easy to work, close

and warps a good deal

{Cat. Queensland Timbers, Col. 12 to

Cedar"

"Chow-way" of the aboriginals of Northern Tow-war" of the Queensland aboriginals.

Lignum -Vitse."

"

Wales.

and Lid. Exh.,

i886.)

in drying.

Diameter,

height, 70 to Soft.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

519- Phyllocladias rhomlDOidalis,

Hook. f. Podocarpiis ;

folia, Spreng.)

Rich.,

(Syn.

asplenifolia, Labill.

N.O., Coniferae, B.FL,

;

P. asplemfoUa,

Thalamia aspleni-

;

vi.,

246.

Thalamia

asplenifolia in Muell. Cens., p. 109. " Celery-topped Pine" (from the appearance of the upper part of the branchlets).

The timber

is

valuable

slender tree, attaining

60ft.,

for

ships'

masts and spars.

"

A

but reduced to a shrub on the summits

of mountains."

Tasmania. 520. Pimelea microcephala, R-Br., (Syn. P.dislitidissima, F.V.M.;

Calyptrostegia

B.FL,

vi.,

27.

microcephala,

End!.);

N.O.,

Thymeleae,

TIMBERS. gravity

Specific

wood,

the

of

587 Victorian

{^Report,

.883.

Exhibition, i86i.) All the colonies except Tasmania.

521. Piper Novse-Hollandise, Miq., N.O., Piperacese, B.Fl.,vi., 204. " Native Pepper Vine." " Climbing Pepper."

"

A

newly

dichotomous plant, climbing against

tall

Wood

forests."

Urtica argentea,

P. propinquus

IF^^/^/.,

Forst.)

1886.)

;

of the

tree usually small, but

brown, close-grained, and

New

P. propinquus, Wedd.;

(Syn.

N.O.,

Urticese,

B.Fl.,

Wood

50ft."

soft.

South Wales and Queensland.

P. Mooriana, F.v.M.)

A

185.

Queensland aboriginals.

sometimes attaining

523. Pisonia Bninoniana, Endl., (Syn. P. Sindairii,

"

vi.,

in Muell. Cens., p. 22.

Coomeroo-coomeroo "

"

A

when

and Ind. Exh.,

South Wales and Queensland.

522. PiptuniS argenteus,

"

dense

trees in

pungently scented

{Cat. Queejisland Woods, Col.

cut.

New

coarse-grained, and

tree attaining

;

N.O., Nyctagineae, B.FL,

sometimes a great height."

Hook,

f.;

280.

v.,

Wood

soft

and

light, of a light colour.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

524- Pithecolobium pniinOSUm, Penth., (Syn. Albizzia prtiinosa,

F.v.M. B.Fl.,

Acacia sapindoides, F.v.M.)

;

N.O., Leguminosse,

Albizzia prtiinosa in Muell. Cens., p. 47. some Queensland aboriginals.

423.

ii.,

;

" Talingora " of

Wood centre soft,

;

of

of a

a light yellow colour,

very disagreeable

not durable.

New

becoming brown near the

odour when newly

Diameter, 4 to i5in.

;

Wood

cut.

height, 30 to 50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

525. Pithecolobium

F.V.M.

;

(?)

Albizzia

Soland, M.S.)

;

grandifionim, Benth., (Syn. P. Tozeri Tozeri,

F.v.M.

;

Mimosa

N.O., Leguminosoe, B.FL,

Tozeri in Muell. Cens., p. 47.

ii.,

grandiflora,

424.

Albizzia

_

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

588

Wood

light yellow, red,

and nicely marked towards the

close in the grain, light, and easy to work

when newly

disagreeable scent

and Ind. Exh.,

Col.

New

Whitewood

This wood

is

"

It

Vutierl.)

It

cf 1862.)

It is

Kegel.;

discolor,

"

113.

i.,

(Victoria).

very hard, and of uniform

was once used

for clubs

turns well, and should be

by the aboriginals tested

wood-

for

London International Exhibition

much esteemed

Specific gravity, .874.

20

P.

" Cheesewood

(Tasmania).

{Jurors' Reports,

engraving.

(Syn.

N.O., Pittosporeae, B.Fl.,

;

yellowish-white,

and colour.

Tasmania.

of

Hook.,

biCOlor,

P. Huegelianum,

texture

Height, up to 30ft.

1886.)

South Wales and Queensland.

526. PittOSporum "

Queensland Woods,

{Cat.

cut.

centre,

possessing a most

;

for

(Mueller.)

axe handles, billiard cues, Diameter, 6 to i2in.

;

etc.

height,

to 40ft.

Tasmania, Victoria and

New

527- PittOSporum phillyrseoides,

South Wales.

DC,

(for

botanical

synonyms

see p. 136) ; N.O., Pittosporeoe, B.Fl., i., 113. "Willow Tree" of York "Butter Bush" of Northern Australia.

"Native Willow," "Poison-berry Tree" (South

Peninsula.

The

berries are not poisonous

Wood

—only

close-grained, light in colour,

and very hard.

6in.

;

(Report, Victorian Exhibition,

Useful

" Specific gravity,

or turnery, and possibly for wood-engraving.

.767."

Australia).

bitter.

Diameter, 4 to

1861.)

height, 20 to 25ft.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

528. Pittosporum rhombifolium, A.

B.FL,

i.,

1

"Diamond-leaf rawingee

" of

Wood

Ctmn., N.O., Pittosporeae,

10.

Laurel"

of

Northern

New South

and

close-grained

white,

useful

for

turnery,

possibly as a substitute for Box-wood in wood-engraving. fresh cut

it

"Bur-

Wales.

the aboriginals.

emits a very

mignonette.

Northern

(Thozet.)

New

agreeable

Diameter, 6

delicate odour, to i2in.

;

height,

South Wales and Queensland.

and

When

not unlike

40

to 55ft

;

TIMBERS. undulatum,

529. Pittosporum

Ve7t{.,

589 N.O., Pittosporeas, B.Fl.,

i.,

III. " Native Laurel."

"

Mock Orange."

" Wallundun-deyren " of

name.

A

New

"Cheesewood"

small tree, with very close-grained, hard, white, or whity-

brown wood, which, when seasoned and promises

turning,

transverse

sections

have,

carefully,

more than lo

this is

one of the most homogeneous wood s

of grains of sand),

which would cause

under the graving

tool.

A

which has been seasoned the

at

London

International Exhibition of 1862), has a

been introduced

Azores, where

height,

30

the

into it

has

It

protects the orange

it

Diameter,

ift.

to 50ft.

530. PodocarpUS

B.FL,

247.

vi.,

"Pine."

Nageia

;

Nageia

" White Pine."

elata,

P, ensifoUa, R.Br.

F.v.M.)

"She Pine

Goongum

;

;

P,

N.O., Coniferae,

" in

Queensland.

"Native

" of the aboriginals of Northern

" Kidney-wallum "

South Wales, and

Australia.

elata in Muell. Cens., p. 109.

Called

"

" Pencil Cedar."

and Western (Syn.

I^.Br.,

elata,

falcata, A. Cunn.

New

per cubic foot.

40Z.

withstands the highest gales.

All the colonies except South

Deal."

Museum,

years (having been

twenty-five

over

to 61 lb.

from wind, as

fancy, to tear slightly

I

it,

slab in the Technological

weight which corresponds

trees

rare.

has a fine grain (comparable in appearance to a mosaic

it

exhibited

sound

;

would be

i6in.

to

for

excellent

is

be good for wood-engraving

to

of

While

(Macarthur.)

we

common

a

is

South Wales aboriginals.

of

those

Queensland.

of

" Dyrren-dyrren " of the aboriginals of Illawarra.

This tree has an elongated trunk, rarely cylindrical

from knots,

work

;

soft, close, easily

some

trees afford planks of great beauty.

Fine specimens of

this

timber have a peculiar mottled appearance

tough, the fibre being

fine shakes.

It is silky

vvood free

fMacarthur.)

not easily described, and often of surpassing beauty. is

;

worked, good for joiners' and cabinet-

much

and

The wood

interlocked, and rather liable to very

fine in the grain, lasting,

and not readily

attacked by white ants or Teredo.

Through inadvertence,

this

timber

is

erroneously described in

the N.S. W. Catalogue of the 1862 Exhibition as belonging to P.

spinuloses.

It

may be mentioned

that

P. spinulosus

is

never more

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

590

A

than a small shrub.

slab in the Technological

Museum, which

has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

the

at

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

corresponds to 451b. iioz. per cubic

Diameter, 24 to 36in.

foot.

height, 50 to looft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Podopetalum Ormondi, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosse, Muell.

531.

Cens., p. 42.

Wood

of a pinkish-grey colour,

strong,

firm,

(Syn.

Umtia

and easy

to

work.

Queensland. Benth.,

532. Polyalthia nitidissima,

Dun.;

U. fulgens,

Anonacese, B.FL,

i.,

Labill.

U.

;

nitidissima.

F.v.M.);

niiens.

N.O.,

51.

" Pankalville" of some Queensland aboriginals.

Wood

white, soft,

loin.; height,

New 533-

and

Diameter, 4 to

(Thozet.)

pliable.

to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Polyosma Cunninghamii, 7^ y. Be^m., N.O., B.FL,

"

30

ii.,

Saxifragese,

438-

" Wineberry," and " Feather-wood" in Southern New South Wales. Hickory " in the northern part of the colony. " Yeralia," or " Yaralla,"

about Mount Illawarra.

The wood

is

close-grained,

drying.

(Macarthur.)

used for

levers, ladders,

logical

It

is

soft,

and

very apt to rend in

yellow, tough, and

hand

spikes, etc.

A

very hard, and

slab in the

is

Techno-

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years at the London International Exhibition of

(having been exhibited

1862), has a weight which corresponds to 491b. foot.

Diameter,

New 534-

i

to 3ft.

;

height,

40

50Z.

per cubic

to 60ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Pomaderris apetala, LabUl., (Syn. P. aspem, Sieb.) Rhamnece, B.FI., i., 419.

Called

"Hazel"

in

Victoria.

Coranderrk Station (Victoria).

" Kalertiwan "

of

;

N.O.,

the aboriginals of

TIMBERS. "

A

and adapted

Dr. Bennett suggests that

it

" Specific gravity, .772."

Pongamia

glabra,

may

for carvers'

excellent, of a

is

and

turners' work.

be useful for wood-engravino-.

(Mueller.)

Western Australia and Queensland.

All the colonies except

535-

This wood

shrub, or small tree."

tall

beautiful satiny texture,

591

(Syn.

Venl.,

N.O., Leguminosae, B.Fl.,

GaUdupa

Lam.);

indica.

273.

ii.,

" Indian Beech."

Wood

yellow,

might be useful

close-grained,

for chair-making,

and

tough, as

marked;

prettily

bears bending.

it

(Cat.

Queensland Woods, Col. and Ltd. Exh., 1886.)

It

hard, white, and turns yellow on exposure.

not durable, and

is

readily eaten by insects, but

In Lower Bengal

it

is

It is

is

improved by seasoning

is

used for oilmills and firewood Weight, 40

India for solid cart wheels.

moderately

421b.

to

;

in water.

South

in

per cubic foot.

(Gamble!)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 536.

Premna

"A

obtusifolia, R.Br., N.O., Verbenacece, B.Fl.,

shrub of

v.,

58.

brownish wood."

3 to 6ft., with

Queensland and Northern Australia. 537. Prostanthera lasianthos, Lahill.,

N.O., Labiateas, B.Fl.,

v.,

93"

A

Mint Tree."

Called "

shrub, sometimes

tall

moderate-sized

Dogwood"

attaining

in Victoria.

dimensions

the

The wood is hard and The saplings are used .809.

tree.

specific gravity of

of

tough, and of

a a

for fishing rods.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

538.

PseudomoniS Bmnoniana, ^wr^'^", (Syn. Endl.

P.

;

F.v.M.

;

6".

pejidulina,

F.

Bauer.;

Moms Bmnoniana,

Streblus

Bmnoniana,

pendulina, F.v.M.); N.O., Urtice^, B.Fl.,

Called " Whalebone Tree of the aboriginals of the

" in

Southern

New

Richmond and Clarence

South Wales.

Rivers.

181. Mail "

vi.,

"

" Lagaulbie "

is

another aboriginal name.

Wood

light

brown, close-grained, hard, and tough. Used by the

aboriginals for boomerangs.

(Mueller.)

It

dresses well, and

when

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

592

cut at right angles to the medullary rays like

Oak.

When dressed

has a figure remarkably

way

A

which looks pretty under polish.

grain,

it

in the ordinary

it

has a bold, straight

slab in the Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to

Diameter, 6 to i5in.

New 539-

;

height,

up

to

561b.

30 or

loz.

per cubic foot.

40ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Ptychosperma Alexandras, F.v.M., (Syn. Archontophoenix Alexandra, Wendl.) N.O., Palmse, B.Fl., vii., 140. ;

" Alexandra Palm."

This wood

beautifully

is

marked, and

is

much

in favour for

walking-sticks, the outer portion being cut into suitable thicknesses

Height, 70 or Soft.

for this purpose.

Queensland. 540.

Ptychosperma elegans, Blume, (Syn. SeafortMa elegans, R.Br.); N.O., Palmese, B.FL, vii., 141. " Bangalow."

The stems

are used for the rails of fences.

It is

The

small stems

of "

Moreton Bay Canes."

a very ornamental, feathery-leaved palm.

Diameter, 6 to I2in.;

used sometimes to go under the

name

height, 60 to Soft.

Queensland. 541.

Ptychosperma li^Z
iralasicus,

;

N.O., Palmese, B.Fl.,

vii.,

140.

" Black Palm."

The sticks.

outer portion of the

Diameter, 6 to Sin.

;

wood

is

used for making walking-

height, 12 to i6ft.

Queensland. 542. Quintinia Sieberi,

A.DC, "

The and

it

timber

seems

to

is

N.O., Saxifrageae, B.FL,

ii.,

438.

Opossum Tree."

heavy, and close-grained; of a yellowish shade,

be of good quality.

{General Report, Sydney

TIMBERS. Diameter, 24 to

Internatio7ial Exhibition, 1879.)

60

593 height,

30111.;

to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Eandia

543.

densiflora,

Cupia

(Syn.

Benth.,

densiflora,

Ixora Thozetiana, F.v.M.); N.O., RubiaceK,

Wood tough

of a light colour, very close in the grain,

might prove suitable

;

for

wood stamps.

New 544.

8 to i2in.

;

DC;

iii.,

412.

hard, and

(Cat. Queensland

Not endemic

Timbers, Col. and Ind. Exh.. 1886.)

Diameter,

B.Fl.,

in Australia.

height, 20 to 30ft.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Eandia Fitzalani, F.v.M., (Syn. Gardenia Fiizalani, F.v.M.); N.O., Rubiaceas, B.Fl.,

The wood

of this tree

411.

iii.,

is

straw coloured, close

in,

the grain,

hard, and tough.

Queensland. 545- Hatonia anodonta, Benth., (Syn.

Schmidelia anodonta, F.v.M.) .

461."

slab in the

the

last

Sapindaceae, B.FL,

of the aboriginals of

Museum

of

Northern

New

South Wales.

moderate weight, and of a pinkish colour.

appears to have absolutely unaltered during

quarter of a century,' but

it

has been judiciously cut.

A

dresses excellently, but has no remarkable figure.

twenty-five years

(having been exhibited

at

the

national Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

Diameter, 20 to 36in.

491b. 30Z. per cubic foot.

;

It

second slab

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned

in the

i.,

Cupattia anodonta in Muell. Cens., p. 24.

Cumgun "

A valuable wood, A

;

Cupania anodonta, F.v.M.;

N.O.,

London

over Inter-

corresponds to height, Soft.

Queensland. 546. Eatonia

F.v.M. B.Fl.,

;

i.,

461.

Cupania pyriformis "

Wood Q

;

N.O., Sapindacese,

in Muell. Cens., p. 461.

Brush Apple."

flesh coloured, firm,

as suitable for axe handles. 2

Schmidelia pyriformis,

pyriformis, Benth., (Syn.

Cupa?iia pyriformis, F.v.M.)

and tough.

The sample

It

has been suggested

in the

Museum

has

split

;;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

594

somewhat, but no slab

of timber

dresses excellently, both a

little

liable to splinter

could have been more

on the face and end-grain.

A

under the saw.

ill

It is

slab in the

cut.

It

perhaps

Techno-

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of

logical

1862), has a weight which corresponds

Diameter, 10 to I5in.

foot.

New

to

531b.

loz.

per cubic

height, 30 to 40ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

547- Ratonia tenax, Benth., (Syn.

N.O., Sapindacege, B.Fl.,

i.,

Cupania tenax, A. Cunn.)

Cupania tenax

461.

in Muell.

Cens., p. 24.

"

A

Wood light in colour, dark towards

moderate-sized tree."

the centre, very tough, and close-grained.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Ehizophora mUCronata, Lam., (Syn. R. Mangle, Roxb. R. Candelaria, Wight et Arn.) N.O., Rhizophoreae, B.FL,

548-

;

;

ii.,

493. " Mangrove."

Wood

of a light colour, with a reddish centre, or heart-wood

grain close, tough.

The

aerial

Its

weight

being very

roots,

bows, of which the Fijians

is

70.51b. per cubic foot.

elastic,

afford

avail themselves.

(Gamble.)

good materials

(Seemann.)

for

Height,

15 to 25ft.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Hhodamnia argentea,

549-

Hill); N.O.,

"White

New

"

Myrtle."

iii.,

Muggle-muggle"

278. of the aboriginals of Northern

South Wales.

Timber hard, Diameter, 24

New 550.

Benth., (Syn. (?) Myrtus argentea,

Myrtace^, B.Fl.,

close-grained, and durable, but seldom used.

to 36in.

;

height, 80 to looft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Rhodamnia

sessiliflora, Benth.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

277.

Wood

of a

dark colour, close-grained, and tough.

Queensland.

iii.,

TIMBERS. 551-

Ehodamnia Smith

;

Blume,

trinervia,

Benth.); N.O., Myrtace?e, B.Fl., "

Bummung "

;

iii.,

Called " Black-eye " in the Illawarra

" Brush Turpentine."

Myrtus Monoxora

(Syn.

F.v.M.

melaslomoides,

J/,

595 trinervia,

rubescens,

278.

district

(New South Wales).

of the aboriginals of

Northern

New

South Wales.

This wood

is

of a reddish-brown colour,

close-grained, and firm, but the tree It is

and moderately hard,

when

always hollow

is

large.

a good, useful, plain timber for ordinary purposes, but

Two

inclined to chip while being dressed. logical

slabs in the

it

is

Techno-

Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty-five years at the London International Exhibition of

{having been exhibited

1862), have weights which correspond

501b.

to

and

Diameter, 20 up to 3oin.

per cubic foot respectively.

521b. iioz. ;

height, 70

to 80ft.

New 552.

South Wales and Queensland.

Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa, Benlh., N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl,,

273" Native Loquat."

The wood

of this

tall

shrub

is

of a

light

grey colour, hard,

and tough. Queensland. 553-

Rhodomyrtus

psidioides,

Ben^i., (Syn. Nelitris psidiodes,

G. Don; Myrtiis Tozerli, F.v.M.);

N.O., Myrtaces, B.FL,

272.

A

tree

" attaining

sometimes a great

size."

Wood

light

coloured, close-grained, and tough.

New 554-

South Wales and Queensland.

HhuS rhodanthema, F.v.M., Anacardiacese, B.Fl., " Dark Yellow-wood."

Cedar."

iii.,

(Syn. R. elegans, Hill); N.O.,

489.

Called also

" Jango-jango " of the

"

Light Yellow-wood,"

"

Yellow

Queensland aboriginals.

The wood is soft, fine-grained, and beautifully marked it much esteemed for cabinet-work, as it is one of the handsomest ;

is

of timJDers. polish.

It

It is

has

sound and durable, and

will

take an excellent

a brownish or yellowish-bronze colour, with a

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

596

When

silky lustre. is

older, but

the

name

is

it

" Light

fresh, the colour

lighter than

is

"

Yellow-wood

the

wood

very inappropriate, and should

is

A

only be used for Flindersia Oxleyana. logical

when

always inclined to a rich brown, and, therefore,

(having been exhibited

London

at the

in the

slab

Museum, which has been seasoned over

Techno-

twenty-five years

International Exhibition of

1862), has a weight which corresponds to 471b. loz. per cubic

Diameter, 18

foot.

Northern

New

to 24in.

height, 60 to 70ft.

;

South Wales and Queensland.

555. HicinOCarpUS pinifolius, Desf., (Syn. R. sid(2/ormis,Y.vM.;

Spreng.

RcBperia pinifolia, Sieb.)

A

;

mere shrub

usually, but

Wood

circumstances.

and works

Echinosphcera rosmarinoides,

;

N.O., Euphorbiacese, B.Fl.,

grows larger under very favourable

coloured,

light

70.

vi.,

soft,

close in the grain,

easily.

New

Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria,

South Wales and

Queensland. 556. Eulingia pannosa,

Andr.

;

R.Br., (Syn. Commersom'a dasyphylla,

Buetlnena dasyphylla,

N.O., Sterculiacese, B.FL, in

i.,

Gay

;

B. pannosa, DC.)

;

Covimersonia dasyphylla

Muell. Cens., p. 16, " Black Kurrajong."

The liaceous

"

Kerrawah "

quality of this timber

woods.

hardness, but

it

It is

is

of

fairly well, but,

is

is

an aboriginal name.

%bove the average

comparatively close

excessively difficult to season,

attacks of a coleopterous insect,

up

J.

238.

of course,

it

and is

is

of

of Stercu-

grain

no beauty.

A

rather porous.

and

fair

liable to the

is

It

dresses

slab in the

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over twentyfive

years (having been

exhibited

at the

London

International

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 3

per cubic

foot.

Victoria,

557-

Height, up

New

SambuCUS

to

about

lib. 20z.

30ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

XanthccarpUS,

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Tripetelus

iralasicus, Lindl.)',; N.O., Caprifoliacese, B.Fl., "

Native Elderberry."

iii.,

398.

aus-

TIMBERS.

A

shrub

tall

small

or

597

Wood

tree.

and pale

light,

soft,

coloured. Victoria,

558-

New

South Wales and Queensland,

Santalum lanceolatum, R.Br., (Syn. N.O., Santalacese, B.Fl., " Sandal-wood."

vi.,

S. oblongatum, R.Br,);

214.

" Tharra-gibberah "

the

of

aboriginals

of

the

Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland).

The wood

close-grained, and takes a

is

firm, yellowish in colour,

3 to 6in.

and useful

Tasmania and

Santalum obtusifolium, R.Br., R.Br.); N.O., Santalacese, B.Fl., "

These

species, with

sandal-wood for the

polish.

It is

Diameter,

height, 15 to 25ft.

;

All the colonies except

559-

good

for cabinet-work.

Sandal-wood."

of

Fusanus

is,

however, yielded

(q.v.),

which Baron

be a Santalum.

to

New

214-5.

This kind of sandal-wood

in part.

Victoria,

Santalum ovatum,

(Syn. vi.,

the preceding ;one, produce Australian

most part by a species

Mueller considers

Victoria.

South Wales and Northern Australia.

560. Schizomeria OVata, D.

Don, N.O., Saxifrage®, B.FL,

ii.,

443*'

This wood bears the various names of " Cork-wood," Coach-wood," " Beech," and " White Cherry."

This wood has a reddish or brownish various purposes,

e.g.,

particularly

recommend

Diameter,

to 2ft,

New

i

;

tint,

coach-building, although it.

It

is

"

and it

Light-wood,"

is

used for

has nothing to

very light as regards weight.

height, 50 to 60ft,

South Wales and Queensland.

561. SemecarpUS Anacardium,

Linn.,

(Syn.

6".

australaskus,

Engl.); N.O., Anacardiaceae, B.FL, L, 491. "

Wood useless. for

some

Marking-nut Tree " of India.

yellow, with

brown markings, easy

Woodcutters object time, as

it

to fell

it,

unless

to work, it

but soft and

has been ringed

contains an acrid juice, which causes swelling

AUSTR4LIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

59^ and

Weight, about 371b. per cubic

irritation.

Height, about

(Gamble.)

foot.

30ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 562. Sersalisia sericea, ^. Br., (Syn

Lncuma

F.v.M.);

aniilogtim,

Sideroxylon sericeum, Ait.;

and Hook.

Benth.

sericea,

N.O.,

f.

Amorphospermum

;

Sapotaceae,

B.FI.,

iv.,

279.

Lucuma

sericea in Muell. Cens., p. 91. Called " Berryarrah " and " Roomal " by Queensland aboriginals.

Wood 20in.

hard, close-grained, tough, and firm.

60

height,

;

Diameter, 12 to

to 70ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 563. Sesbania Segyptica, Pers., (Syn.

N.O., Leguminos3S, B.FI.,

^schynomene Sesban, Linn.)

;.

212.

ii.,

" Ngeen-jerry " of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry River (North Queensland).

This shrub or small the

bamboo.

Its

(Cyclop, of Lidia.)

It is

used in India as a substitute for

is

excellent

not durable, and

Good

(Gamble.)

cubic foot.

tree

wood makes

gunpowder its

weight

for children's toys.

is

charcoal.

per

271b.

(Kurz.)

Northern Australia.

Siphonodon australe, Benth., N.O., Celastrine^, B.FI.,

564.

i.,.

403. " Ivory-wood."

South Wales.

Wood

"

"

Currayelbum "

Umpurr

" of those of

of the aboriginals of

Northern New-

Queensland.

white,* very close in the grain, firm, and easily worked;

an excellent wood for the cabinet-maker, and probably suitable for engraving. 1886.)

(Cat.

Queensland Timbers,

Diameter, 10

New

to 24in.

;

This tree or shrub

wood light.

is

and Ind. Exh.y

South Wales and Queensland.

Solanum verbascifolhm,

565.

Col.

height, 40 to 50ft.

is

Ait., N.O., Solaneae, B.FI.,

iv.,

perhaps the largest of the genus.

449. Its

of a yellow colour, easily worked, of a close grain, and It is,

however, of very

Northern *

New

little

use.

South Wales and Queensland.

Of a uniform yellowish

colour, according to Thozet,

;

TIMBERS.

F.v.M., N.O., Anacardiacese, Muell.

pleiogyna,

566. Spondias

599

Cens., p. 26.

Sweet Plum," or " Burdekin Plum."

"

Wood

dark brown, with

hard,

wood

excellent

for the joiner or cabinet-maker,

(Cat. Queensland Ti?7ibers, Col.

turnery.

markings, resembUng

red

pretty close, splits quite straight

American walnut; the grain

an

;

also suitable for

and In d. Exh.,

1886.)

Queensland.

567. Spondias Solandri,

Bentham, (Syn.

Anacardiacese, B.FL,

A

moderate-sized

tree,

the trunk occasionally acquiring a very

Timber

thickness.

great

becomes hard and tough. 40

acida, Soland.); N.O.,

6".

492.

i.,

when

soft

though

cut,

it

afterwards

Diameter, 24 to 36in.; height,

(Hill.)

to 60ft.

Queensland. 568. Stenocarpus salignUS, R.Br., ,

Hakea

riibricaulis, Colla.

N.O., Proteacese, B.FL, " Silky

" Silvery

Oak,"

;

v.,

(Syn.

F.v.M.

S. acacioides,

Emhothrium

rubricaule,G\oxA.);

539. " Beef-wood."

"

Melyn

"

of

the

of a reddish colour, close in the grain, hard,

and

Oak,"

aboriginals.

This timber splits easily.

(Hill.) sticks,

It is

is

valuable for the finer kinds of coopers' work.

It is

used for making furniture, picture frames, walking-

and veneers.

It

is

Proteaceous tree

common

of this timber

of

is

worthy of note that

this is the only

(Macarthur.)

in cedar brushes.

A

slab

extreme beauty for the uniformity of the pale

red-brown mottled colour, with an undulating figure perfectly uniform, of hard texture, easily worked.

most beautiful woods

Altogether one of the

and

in the Exhibition,

of the highest merit.

(Jurors Reports, London International Exhibition of has been so it

sobers

Proteaceous this

is

much

appreciated that

down with

it is

getting scarce.

i'&6 2.)

As

it

It

ages

a tendency to uniformity of colour throughout.

timbers are very characteristic in appearance, and

no exception.

A

slab

in

the

Technological

Museum,

which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been

6oO

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

exhibited at the

London

International Exhibition of

weight which corresponds 18 to 24in.

New

height,

;

per cubic

1862), has a

foot.

Diameter,

to 50ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

569. StenOCarpUS

Hook. B.FI.,

Endl,

sinuatUS,

Agnostus

;

v.,

" Tulip flowers).

30

to 441b. 40Z.

(Syn.

A.

sijiuatus,

Cunninghamii,

^.

Cunn.)

N.O., Proteaceae,

;

539. " Fire

Tree."

Tree

"

account of the brilliancy of

(on

" Yiel-yiel," or " Yill-gill " of the aborigines of Northern

its

New

South Wales.

The wood

nicely marked, and admits of a

is

close-grained, hard, and durable,

is

and

is

suitable

Diameter, 24in.

Northern 5 70.

for

cabinet-work.

height,

;

New

60

It

not

is

A

.

other

so

it

large tree.

woods

It

a

plentiful

tree.

Cunn., (Syn. Brachychitoti aceri/olium, i.,

acerifoliiim in Muell. Cens., p. 15. Called " Flame Tree " on account of its flowers.

A

polish.

to 70ft.

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.FI.,

;

good

used for staves and veneers,

South Wales and Queensland.

Sterculia acerifolia,

F.v.M.)

is

Wood

of this genus

soft, light, it

and

229.

Brachychiion

" Lace Bark Tree."

of a light colour.

Like

can be torn away by the tinger-nail,

can have but a very limited use.

A slab

in the

Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862),, has a weight which corresponds to 271b. 40Z. per cubic foot.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

57i« Sterculia

F.v.M.)

discolor,

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

N.O., Sterculiaceoe, B.FI.,

;

Brachychiion discolor, i.,

228.

Brachychiion

discolor in Muell. Cens., p. 15.

"Stunga"

A

tall

of the aboriginals of the

This timber

tree.

becomes hard

in

drying.

It

is

Richmond and Clarence white and soft

makes good

when

shingles.

Rivers.

cut,

but

(General

Jieporl, Sydfiey Inter7ialional Exhibilion, 1879.)

Northern Australia.

New

South

Wales,

Queensland and Northern

;

TIMBERS. 572. Sterculia diversifolia, G-

601

Don, (Syn. Pcccilodermis popubua,

Schott.; Brachychiton poptilneuTtijK.'Ev.); N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

Brachychiton populneum in Muell. Cens.,

229.

i.,

" Black Kurrajong."

Timber There

tree.

and

soft,

this is

librous,

Called " Bottle Tree" in Victoria.

and

useless.

a family likeness

is

a most ornamental

is

amongst

all

StercuUa timbers,

one of the coarsest and most open-grained of the genus.

Like other timbers belonging

A

geneous.

It

to

genus,

this

slab in the Technological

it

is

fairly

Museum, which

seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited

London

International Exhibition of

corresponds

to 291b. 40Z.

Victoria,

New

homo-

has been at

the

1862), has a weight which

Height, from 20 to 60ft.

per cubic foot.

South Wales and Queensland.

573- Sterculia lurida, F.v.M., {?>yn.Brachychiio}i luridum, F.v.M. )

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

228.

Brachychiton luridum in

Muell. Cens., p. 15. "

This timber

is

Sycamore."

1

Hat Tree." is

easily split,

and

is

Diameter, 36 to 48in.; height, 80

occasionally used for shingles. to

"

white, soft, not durable,

00ft.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

574- Sterculia quadrifida, R.Br., N.O.,

Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

227. " Kurrajong."

Wales.

" Calool " of the aborigines of

" Convavola

Timber

soft,

" of

some Queensland

spongy, and

grained, and easily worked.

little

Northern

New South

aboriginals.

used.

It is light

Diameter, 12 to i8in.

;

grey, close-

height, 50 to

80ft.

Northern

New

South

Wales,

Queensland

and Northern

Australia.

575- Strychnos psilosperma, F.v.M., N.O., Loganiaceae, B.FL,

iv.,

369-

A

glabrous shrub.

Wood

light yellow, with

numerous white

longitudinal streaks, the centre black or dark, the grain close

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

602

very hard, and tough.

(Cat. Queensland Woods,

and Ind.

Col.

Exh., 1886.) Queensland. Roxb.,

SymploCOS Spicata,

576.

N.O., Styraceae, B.Fl., "

A

Wood

moderate-sized tree."

but apt to warp and

New

Northern

(Syn.

^.

StawelUi,

F.v.M.);.

292.

iv.,

white and close-grained,

split.

South Wales.

577- SymploCOS Thwaitesii, F.v.M., N.O., Styraceae, B.Fl.,

iv.,.

293.

"

Wood

A

shrub or

tree, attaining

sometimes a considerable

light in colour, fine in grain,

New

Northern

size."

and tough.

South Wales and Queensland.

578. Syncarpia Hillii, Bail, N.O., Myrtaceae.

R.S., Queensland,

(Bailey, in Proc,

86.)

i.,

"Turpentine Tree " and

"

Peebeen " of the colonists and aboriginals of

Frazer's Island (North Queensland).

Wood

of a dark pink colour, close in the grain,

useful building wood.

and tough

;

a

(Bailey.)

Frazer's Island (Queensland).

579- Syncarpia laurifolia, Ten., (Syn. Metrosideros glomulifera,.

Smith

;

AI. procera, Salisb.

albens, A. B.Fl.,

Cunn.

Kampizia

;

M.

propinqua, Salisb.

aliens, Nees)

;

;

Tristajiia

N.O., Myrtaceae,

Metrosideros glomulifera in Muell. Cens.,.

265.

iii.,

;

p. 59.

"Turpentine

"Booreea"

Tree."

of

aboriginals

Sydney,

near

" Pearbbie" of the aborigines of Frazer's Island (Queensland).

Timber valuable underground,

and

said

and the white

ant,

owing

It is

and posts

for piles to

resist

the

for fences, very durable

Teredo

navalis,

damp

to the resinous matter contained in

it.

used for ship-building and other purposes requiring a durable

timber, but

experience timber, and

it is

is is

said to be comparatively soft

against this,

not brittle

it is

when

and

brittle.

My own

as hard as the average Myrtaceous

the sap-wood

is

removed.

It takes-

TIMBERS.

When employed

a high polish.

as

only char, and

will

it

useful

property in

unless

it

buildings.

It

"

It

apt

is

wood

the best

is

and posts

Reports,

London International Exhibition 0/

was exhibited

at

taken from

jetty

had been Pacific

a

the

it

action

the

to

years.

had

It

through

been

was found

it

from decay and from the attacks of the

free

wharves

in

Sydney are constructed on

The sap-wood

piles

pile

1886,

be perfectly

Many

of this timber.

A

dark brown.

is

it

un-

entirely

to

Teredo.

made

of a light colour, all the rest

is

A

waves of the

the

of

a

(Jiwors

1862.)

Brisbane Water, near Sydney, where

at

twelve

for

;

warp

and Indian Exhibition,

Colonial

on cutting

protected, yet

burn,

to

for railway

have stood for twenty years."

exposed

fully

Ocean

it

is

it

and

shrink

to

sleepers,

of

wood

a difficult

It is

consequently easily extinguished

is

seasoned.

well

is

uprights in buildings

for

warp when much exposed.

liable to

603

Museum, which has been seasoned over (having been exhibited at the London Inter-

slab in the Technological twenty-five years

national Exhibition of

1862), has a weight which corresponds to

631b. 20Z. per cubic foot.

Diameter, 48

to 60ft.

height, 100 to

;

150ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Syncarpia leptopetala, F.v.M., (Syn. Metrosideros leptopetala,

5 80.

F.v.M.)

N.O.,

;

Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

Metrosideros

266.

leptopetala in Muell. Cens., p. 59. "

Timber

hard,

" Myrtle."

Brush Turpentine."

heavy, and

durable;

used for

turnery,

etc.

Diameter, 24in.; height, 50 to 60ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

SynOUm glanduloSUm, a.

581.

Smith); "

N.O., Meliace£e, B.FL,

Dogwood."

" Brush Bloodvvood."

the aboriginals of the aboriginal

name

Timber

Juss., (Syn. TrichHia glandulosa,

"'

384.

Rosewood."

Richmond and Clarence

in the Illawarra district

firm,

i.,

and

easily

Rivers.

"

Mocondie

" Wallaon "

" of

is

an

(New South Wales).

worked.

When

red colour, and emits a scent like that of the

used for cabinet purposes, for which

it

has

fresh

it

is

common long

of

a deep

rose

;

it

is

been highly

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6o4

houses and ship-building.

valued, as well as for the inside of

This wood reminds one of Cedar, but rather a deader colour, and it

is

it

a

is

it

little

heavier,

is

of

apt to tear under the plane, hence

Cedar

fetches only about half the price of

polishes well, and has a sheen which

in

But

Sydney.

very pretty.

is

Two

it

slabs in

Museum, which have been seasoned over twentyLondon International

the Technological

years (having been exhibited at the

five

Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 4ilb. 50Z.

and 44lb. 150Z. per cubic

foot respectively.

Diameter, 18

to 24in.;

height, 40 to 60ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

582. Tarrietia

tall tree.

Wood

it

;

out as a suitable

axe handles,

Sterculiacese,

Syn.

"

Stavewood."

very tough, of a stringy, straight grain,

resembling English Ash points

N.O.,

(Bailey.)

A

A

Bail,

actinophylla,

Queensland Flora.

will

bend

wood

better than that

for chair

wood, which

making, carriage work,

(Cat. Queensland Woods, Col. and Ltd. Exh.,

etc.

1886.)

South Queensland.

Argyrodendron

583- Tarrietia argyrodendron, Benth., (Syn.

/oliolatum, F.v.M.)

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

;

i.,

tri-

230.

" Silver Tree," " Black Stavewood," " Stonewood," and " Ironwood." " Boyung," " Byong," or " Boiong" of the aboriginals of Northern

New

South Wales.

This timber

is

useful for piles in

grained, tough, and firm, and

English Beech. 36in.

;

It is

(General Report,

water.

Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.)

white, hard, close-

^^ is

may be used

as a substitute for

a valuable coopers' wood.

Diameter, 24 to

height, 70 to 90ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

584. Tarrietia trifoliata, F.v.M., (Syn. T.actinodendron, F.v.M.)j

N.O., Sterculiacese, Muell. Cens., " It is

Red Beech"

not unlike

of

p.

common Red Cedar

harder than that wood.

15.

Johnstone River (Queensland).

It is

in

appearance, but

it

is

used for building purposes, but soon

TIMBERS. decays

if

exposed

New

to

bad weather

W.

(H.

indoor work.

it

;

605

is,

therefore, better suited for"

Miskin.)

South Wales and Queensland.

585. Telopea oreades, F.v.M., N.O., Proteaceae, B.FL, "

The miners

wood

prefer this

on account

handles,

v.,

534.

Gippsland Waratah."

of

to

any other

elasticity.

its

It

for their pick

requires most careful

The young shoots or suckers are sometimes used for making. The New South Wales Waratah timber (T.

seasoning.

basket

speciosissima)

employed. height,

30

is

too small for use, but

(See

"Fibres.")

its

Diameter,

shoots are sometimes

\\

up

to

Victoria (Gippsland), and Southern

New

South Wales.

586. Terminalia bursarina, F.v.M., N.O., Combretacese, ii.,

A

and

2ft,;

(Biiuerlen.)

to 40ft.

B.FL,

499.

shrub or small

hard, and prettily

Wood

tree.

marked

;

of a dark colour, close-grained,

useful for cabinet-work.

Northern Australia. 587. Terminalia

Lmn.,

Catappa,

N.O.,

Combretacea^,

Muell.

Cens., p. 50. " Indian

A rather

close-grained

Indian

specimens,

;

takes

321b.

Almond."

Wood

large deciduous tree.

brown, waved, rather heavy, (Kurz.)

a fine polish.'

per

cubic

foot.

Weight

(Skinner.)

of

4ilb.

(Gamble.)

Queensland. 588. Terminalia discolor, F.v.M., N.O., Combretaceoe, B.Fl.,

ii.,

501.

Wood 10 to

close-grained and tough.

Diameter, 3

to 6in.

;

height,

15ft.

Northern Australia. 589. Terminalia B.Fl.,

ii.,

500

melanocarpa,

F.vJf.,

N.O.,

Combretaceae,

6oG

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS. Timber hard and tough, spUtting

and

of

a

yellow colour.

light

freely.

It is

Diameter,

6

to

close-grained, i2in.

;

height,

15 to 25ft.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

590- Terminalia Muelleri, Benth., (Syn. T. mkrocarpa, F.v.M.j;

N.O., Combretacese, B.Fl., "

A

ii.,

500.

small tree in the scrub, growing to a considerable height

Wood

in the ranges."

tough, and light

Timbers, Col.

yellow, but pinkish towards the centre,

suitable for

;

and

axe

handles.

(Cat.

Queensland

hid. Exh., 1886.)

Queensland.

591. Terminalia oblongata, F.v.M., N.O., Combretaceae, B.Fl., ii.,

499.

A

small

Wood

tree.

light

coloured,

nicely marked,

and

suitable for cabinet-work.

Queensland. 592. Terminalia platyphylla, F.v.M., N.O., Combretaceae, B.Fl., 502.

ii.,

"

A

Durin "

of the aboriginals of the Flinders River.

moderate-sized

Wood

tree.

and

grain, tough, hard,

prettily

dark coloured, close in the

marked.

Northern Australia.

593- Terminalia B.Fl.,

"A

ii.,

porphyrocarpa,

F.v.M.,

N.O.,

Combretacese,

501.

handsome

tree."

Wood

and cabinet-work.

a

of

marked, close-grained, hard, and tough

;

yellow colour,

nicely

useful for house building

{Cal. Queensland Woods, Col.and Ind. Exh.,

1886.)

Queensland.

594- Terminalia sericocarpa, Cens., p. 50.

/^.z'.^/.,

N.O., Combretaceae, Muell. .

;

TIMBERS.

The sap-wood

light yellow, with

wood; the wood generally for chair

607

is

a darker coloured heart-

hard and tough; might be suitable

making.

Queensland. 595- Terminalia Thozetii, Benth., N.O., Combretaceae, B.Fl.,

ii.,

500.

Wood

close grained

and tough,

of a

pale

yellow

Diameter, 12 to 36in.; height, 50 to

splitting freely.

colour,

90ft.

Central Queensland.

596. Tetranthera

Meissn.,

reticulata,

Fawcdtiana,

T.

(Syn.

F.V.M.; Litsoea reliculata,'QQni\\.] Cylicodaphne Fawcettiana, F.V.M.); N.O., Laurineae, B.Fl.,

Muell. Cens.,

v.,

306.

Litscea reliculata in

p. 4.

" Cudgerie" of the Bunya Mountains (Queensland)!

"

A

Wood

tree of considerable size."

in the grain, light,

and easy

to

work

of a grey colour, close '

suitable for flooring boards.

;

Queensland. 597- Thespesia populnea, Con-., (Syn. Hibiscus populneus, Willd.)

N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl,

i.

221.

This moderate-sized evergreen

tree

is

common on

considered almost indestructible under water, and for boat-building, besides it

which

its

the shores

The wood

of most tropical countries of both hemispheres. is,

therefore,

is

used

hardness and durability render

valuable for cabinet-making and building purposes, while in

Ceylon

it is

used for gunstocks.

(Treasury 0/ Botany.)

Seemann (Flora Vitiensis). The decay in the way European Elms

do,

part presents a deep claret colour.

cubic

foot.

See also

centre of the old stems generally

and the wood towards

Its

weight

is

that

about 501b. per

(Gamble.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

598.

Timonius Eumphii, Desf. B.Fl.,

;

DC,

(Syn.

Polyphragmon

sericeum,

Guetiarda polyphragmoides, F.v.M.); N.O., Rubiaceae, iii.,

417-

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6o8

Wood boards;

light in colour, close in the grain, suitable for lining

worked, and resembling somewhat the English

easily

Sycamore.

takes a good polish.

It

Diameter, 6 to isin.; height, 20 to

Queensland and Northern

not endemic in Australia.

Australia.

aspera, ^^«w^, (?)yn. Celtis aspera,'Brongn.; Spom'a

Trema

599-

It is

40ft.

aspera, Planch.); N.O'., 'Urticese, B.FL,

" Elm." "

Rough

"

Included

158.

in T. cannahina, Lour. Cens., p. 21.

by Baron Mueller Bush

vi.,

Fig."

(from the impression that

A

" Kurrajong."

it is

" Peach-leaved

Poison

poisonous to stock).

This shrub, so abundant on the borders of scrubs, might be advantageously turned to account for making gunpowder charcoal.

For

purpose stems and branches should be collected from

this

when

fin. in diameter, taking care to cut the plant

Char

in a

water.

close vessel, extinguish

Victoria,

600.

The

(Bailey.)

and durable.

Trema

timber

New

firm, close-grained, 70ft.

South Wales and Queensland.

Orientalis,

Included

up

hard, tough,

in full sap.

of air, not with

Diameter, 24 to 36in.; height, 50 to

Sponia orientalis,

Wood

is

by exclusion

in T.

Blume, (Syn.

Celtis

cannahina. Lour., Muell. Cens.,

of a red colour, soft,

Linn.;

orientalis,

N.O., Urticese, B.FL,

YX-dXicYi.);

vi.,

158.

p. 21.

and resembling Cedar.

Height,

to 40ft.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

601. Tristania COnferta, R.Br., (Syn. T. subvertidllata, Wendl.; T. macrophylla, A. Cunn.

;

Lophostemon arborescens, Schott.

L. macrophylhim, of nurserymen, non R.Br.); tacese,

B.FL,

In Northern

iii.,

New

N.O., Myr-

263.

—

South Wales

it has the following names: " White Box," " Red Box," " Brush Box," " Bastard Box," " Brisbane Box," and

"

Mahogany." T.his

qualities.

tree

It is

timber It

is

the " Tubbil-pulla " of the Queensland aboriginals. is

used

much

prized for

in ship-building.

have remained unimpaired for

It is also

used

in

its

strength

and durable

Ribs of vessels from

thirty years

and more.

this

(Hill.)

the construction of wharves and bridges, since

it

;

TIMBERS. is

609

not likely to be attacked by white ants.

some specimens show, when

It

dresses well, and

polished, a very pretty grain.

All

species of Tristania timber are difficult to season, planks and slabs

wood

of the

crack, warp, twist, and shell in the most extraordinary

manner, unless the greatest care be exercised both the timber

cutting of

in the time of

Three slabs

and the seasoning.

in

the

Technological Museum, which have been seasoned over twenty-

been exhibited

years (having

five

at

London

the

International

Exhibition of 1862), have weights which correspond to 591b. 20z., 6 lib.

40Z.,

and 641b.

height, 80 to

New

1

loz. per cubic

Diameter,

foot.

i

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

602. Tristania exiliflora, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

Wood elastic

;

to 3ft.;

20ft.

of

a dark colour, close in the

hi.,

grain, very tough

264.

and

useful for tool handles.

Queensland. 603. Tristania laurina, R.Br.,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL, Called

Mahogany" Wales).

"

" in

Timber dark

in

Gum

"

South Wales.

etc.

adapted for

all

(Sir

W,

machinery

London International Exhibition,

Swamp

and close-grained, used

It is

very difficult to season, but

"

Camden (New South

" Beech."

and

colour, hard, tough,

cogs of wheels,

closeness and toughness. well

New

Northern

Other names are " Water

It is

Melaleuca laurtna, Smith);

264.

the counties of Cunnberland and

for tool handles,

centre.

Box

Bastard in

{?)yx\.

iii.,

generally sound to the

when dry

Macarthur.)

purposes. 1862.)

it

It

is

of singular

is

apparently

(Jurors

Diameter, 12

ReporfSy to 24in.

height, 50 to 60ft. Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

604. Tristania macrosperma, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtacese.

Papuan

Wood

(Notes on

Plants, p. 104, Mueller.)

of a straw colour, close-grained, very hard,

and tough,

stands well in drying, and will likely prove valuable for building

purposes.

(Baifey.)

Thursday Island (Torres 2

R

Straits).

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6iO

605. Tristania neriifolia, R.Br., (Syn. T. salidna, A. Cunn. Melaleuca neriifolia, Bot. Mag.; M. salicifolia, Andr.); ;

N.O., Myrtaceae, B.Fl., Called " Water also "

Timber and

Gum

Water Myrtle."

262.

" in the Illawarra district

very close and elastic

Much

season without

(New South Wales),

the " Ooramilly " of the Illawarra aboriginals.

It is

used for carpenters' mallets

;

machinery

the cogs of wheels in

handles.

iii.,

valued for rending.

(Hill)

(Sir

W.

and other

also for axe

;

boat-building,

but very

A

Macarthur.)

difficult to

slab in the

Technological Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five

London

years (having been exhibited at the

International Exhibi-

tion of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 661b. 90Z. per

Diameter, 18

cubic foot.

New

to 24in.;

height, 80 to looft.

South Wales.

606. Tristania SUaveolenS, Smith, (Syn. T. depressa, A. Cunn.; T. rhytiphloia, F.v.M.;

Myrtaceae, B.FL,

iii.,

"Bastard Peppermint" are "Broad-leaved *'

Kibbera"

of

Water

Melaleuca

N.O.,

stiaveoletis,G-cQxin.);

262.

of

Northern

Gum"

and

the aboriginals of the

New South Wales. Other names "Swamp Mahogany." It is the

Richmond and Clarence

Rivers,

and

the " Boolerchu" of those of Queensland.

Timber used

for

buggy and coach frames,

mallets, cogs of wheels, posts, etc. elastic,

tough, close-grained, and durable, but "

in seasoning.

any.

It is

ravages of the Teredo longer than any {Cat. Queensland Woods,

colony."

Exhibition.

New

South Wales

Although not

planed with remarkably good

and leaving an 50

it

to

is

wood

Col.

Mr. Allen Ransome experimented timber sent from

it

to

liable

is

found

resist the

as yet tried in the

and Bid. Exh., 1886.) upon a sample

the Colonial

thoroughly seasoned, results, the cutters

excellent surface.

to

of this

and Indian were

boards

working

Diameter, 12 to i8in.

;

freely,

height,

to 60ft.

New

rend

mahog-

of a red colour, resembling Spanish

extensively used for piles, as

It is

handles,

tool

remarkably strong and

It is

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

TIMBERS. 607. Trochocarpa

Rudge)

laurina,

Brush Cherry," and

"

iv.,

166,

By

Brush Myrtle."

the aboriginals

called " Barranduna."

Wood

hard, close-grained, tough, useful for turnery, and other

purposes demanding a tough, fine-grained wood

seasoned carefully.

The wood

ment. grain, it

(Macarthur.)

warm brown

of a

is

which would cause

it

to

;

it

under the plane.

A

requires to be

can confirm the

I

colour,

last

state-

and has a pretty

be very ornamental when polished,

were not of such a uniform colour throughout.

It is

London

corresponds

20

to

30

apt to tear

per cubic foot.

to 481b.

Diameter, 6 to i2in.

;

T. concinna, Benn.)

shrub or small

centre very dark,

Wood

tree.

is

T.

Billardieri, k. ]n^s.;

N.O., Meliaceoe, B.Fl.,

;

the outer part

This species

New

i.,

379.

close-grained, and

somewhat

hard, the

a bright yellow

of

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

609. VentilagO Viminalis, Hook., N.O., Rhamnese, B.FL, "

height,

South Wales and Queensland.

608. Tlirrsea pubescens, -^^Z/^^-, (Syn.

colour.

at

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

feet.

New

A

if

Museum, which

slab in the Technological

has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited the

I

laurina

Cyathodes

(Syn.

N.O., Epacridese, B.Fl.,

;

" Beech," " it is

R.Br.,

6)

Supple Jack."

"

Thandorah "

of the aboriginals of the

i.,

411.

Cloncurry

River (North Queensland).

Timber of

hard, heavy, close-grained,

a dark-brown colour.

It

is

20

to 30ft.

South Australia,

New

and takes a good

Diameter,

6

to

I2in.

;

polish.

height,

South Wales, Queensland and Northern

Australia.

610. Villaresia Moorei,

F.v.M.); {Cat. Qlacinese, B.Fl., " Maple," or

"

F.v.M.,

(Syn.

Mooria campylosperma,

N.S.W. Woods, Land. Exh„ i.,

1862), N.O.,

396.

Scrub Silky Oak."

Called " Belbil " by the aboriginals.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6l2

A

most

wood,

excellent

white

in

colour,

and durable.

(General Report, Sydney International Exhibition, 1879.) close-grained and prettily marked,

room

furniture.

A

It is

and would make nice bed-

slab in the Technological

Museum, which has

been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited the

London

at

International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which

corresponds to 4ilb. 6oz. per cubic height, 80 to

1

New

Northern

foot.

Diameter, 3 to

6ft.;

20ft.

South Wales.

611. Viminaria denudata, Smith, (Syn. Sophora juncea, Schrad.; Pulte7ieajtincea,'^^\\\A.; Daviesia de7mdata,Ytx\l.

Pers.)

N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

;

"

Wood

soft

Height, up to

ii.,

D.juncea,

;

68.

Native Broom."

and spongy.

Specific gravity, .623.

(Osborne.)

20ft.

All the colonies.

612. Vitex acuminata, R.Br., (Syn. V. melicopea, F.V.M.); N.O.,

VerbenaceK, B.FL, "

A

v.,

67.

Wood

small or large tree."

close grained

brown, with darker streaks,

suitable for cabinet-work.

;

Queensland and Northern Australia.

613. Vitex lignum-vitse, v.,

''

The wood It is

A.

Cunn., N.O., Verbenaceae, B.FL,

67.

is

Lignum-Vitse."

hard, close-grained, and of a blackish colour.

a useful timber for the cabinet-maker.

Diameter, 20 to 24in.;

height, 50 to 70ft.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

614. Vitis hypoglanca, F.v.M., (Syn. Cissus hypoglaucaj A. Gray; C. australasica, F.v.M.) " Native Grape."

A

small

Victoria,

tree.

New

;

N.O., Ampelideae, B.FL,

i.-,

450.

Called " Gippsland Grape " in Victoria,

Wood

soft

and spongy, of a grey colour,

South Wales and Queensland.

TIMBERS.

613

615. Vitis Sterculifolia, F.v.M., N.O., Ampelideae, B.Fl.,

A

New 616.

Wood

small tree.

light

brown,

and spongy.

soft,

South Wales and Queensland.

Weinmannia Benthamii, F.v.M., F.V.M.)

in B.FL,

Vide Muell. Fragm.,

446.

ii.,

or

" Marrara."

aboriginals of the northern part of

The timber

is

Geissois sp.,

180.

v.,

by the

South Wales.

and

firm, close-grained,

and inside work.

p. 48.

"Chum-chum"

Called

New

BenthamU,

(Syn. Geissots

N.O., Saxifrageae, Muell. Cens.,

;

"Leather-jacket,"

for staves

450.

i.,

easily

wrought

used

;

Diameter, 18 to 24in.; height, 50 to

60ft.

New 617.

South Wales and Queensland.

Weinmannia lachnocarpa,

^•z'.^/.,

N.O., Saxifrageae, Muell.

Cens., p. 48.

"Marrara" and "Scrub Redwood."

Wood making

light

planes,

pink, close in the grain; mallets,

might be used

for

(Cat. Queensland

and chisel handles.

Woods, Col. atid Ind. Exh., 1886.)

New 618.

South Wales and Queensland.

Weinmannia

F.v.M.,

rubifolia,

F.v.M.); N.O., Saxifragese, B.FL, "

Timber to

Corkwood

"

and

"

{^yn. iL,

Geissois

rubifoUa,

445.

Marrara."

close-grained, tough, and easily wrought; considered

be an excellent timber, but not much used.

Diameter, 24 to

36in.; height, 80 to looft.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

619. Wikstroemia indica,

Gray; Meiss.

W. ;

A

vi.,

Meyer, (Syn.

Meiss.;

W.viridiflora,^\.^\^'&.;

Thymeleae, B.FL, "

C. A.

Shuttleworihii,

Daph?ie indica, lAnn.); N.O.,

37.

shrub, sometimes almost arborescent."

red colour,

New

W. foetida, A.

W. Shuttleworthiana,

and coarse-grained.

It is

Wood

of a

deep

not endemic in Australia.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6l4

Wormia

620.

Wood

alata, R.Br., N.O., Dilleniaceae, B.Fl.,

of a

dark colour, cut one way

"clash," differing in colour,

English Oak.

It is

makers' wood.

The

but

to

that of

work a good cabinet;

Woods, Col. and Ind. Exh.^

Queeyisland

(Cat.

shows a pretty red

somewhat resembling

and easy

close in grain,

it

16.

i.,

E. Tenison- Woods points out that there

is

a

prejudice amongst the northern settlers against this tree, which

is

1886.)

supposed laid

Rev.

J.

be the cause of fever, but the blame should rather be

to

on the places where

grows.

it

Queensland.

Wrightia saligna, F.v.M., (Syn. Balfotiria

621.

N.O., Apocynece, B.FL,

A

"

;

Wood

might be useful

of a

uniform pale yellow

for cabinet-work, carving,

English

resemble

thought to

engraving;

saligna, R.Br.),;

316.

shrub or small tree."

tall

colour, the grain close

and

iv.,

(Cat.

Elder.

and Ind. Exh., 1886.)

Quee?island Woods, Col.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 622.

Xanthostemon pachyspermus, F.v.M.

N.O., Lyth-

et Bail.,

Occasional Papers, Queensland Flora, No.

rarieae.

1

(May,

1886), Bailey. " Yellow-wood."

Wood

of a grey, or yellowish colour, fine in the grain, tough,

and strong. Johnstone River (Queensland). 623.

Ximenia americana, Linn., (Syn. laurina, Delile.;

B.FL,

"

A

grained,

X.

A', eiuptica,

exarviata, F.v.M.);

N.O.,

prevent

01acinea&,

L, 391.

Wood close-

glabrous shrub, or sometimes a small tree." tough,

hard,

and yellowish

in

colour.

English Box, and might be suitable for engraving.

making

Forst.; A'.

It

works like

It is

used for

those peculiar pillows (kali) which the Fijians invented the

(Seemann.)

derangement

Roxburgh

of

laboriously

their

says that

it

is

dressed

sometimes used

as a substitute for Sandal-wood.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

in

to-

hair.

India

G15

TIMBERS.

Xylomelum pyriforme, Knight, (Syn. Bmiksia pyri/ormis, Conchium pyriforme, Hakea pyriformis, Cav.

624.

Gcertn.;

;

Willd.): N.O., Proteacese, B.Fl., *'

courroo

"

Wooden

"

Native Pear."

408.

v.,

Used

Pear."

This moderate-sized

marked wood.

produces a dark-coloured,

tree

There

is,

however,

colour throughout the wood.

When

has a beautiful, rich,

it

difference in the shade

little

A

prettily-

picture-frames,

and walking-sticks.

cut at right-angles to the medullary rays

sober marking.

making

occasionally used for

It is

for ornamental cabinet-work, for veneers,

of

be called " Meridja-

to

by the aboriginals near Sydney.

in the

slab

Technological

Museum, which has been seasoned over twenty-five years (having been exhibited at the London International Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 461b. per cubic foot.

New

South Wales.

Xylomehm

625.

Salicinum, A. Cunn., (Syn. X. pyriforme var.

salicinum, R.Br.;

F.v.M,)

A

small

X. Scotlianum, F.v.M.

N.O., Proteaceae, B.Fl.,

;

Wood

tree.

of a

v.,

;

Helicia ScottianUy

408.

dark red colour, close in the grain,

tough, and durable.

Queensland.

626.

brachyacanthum, F.v.M., N.O.,

Santhoxylum B.FL,

Xanthoxylujii

363.

i.,

"Satin-wood."

"

in

Rutaceae,

Muell. Cens.

Thorny Yellow-wood,"

" Merrivi " of

some

of the

Queensland aboriginals.

Timber wrought

;

engraving. it is

bright yellow, soft, silky, close-grained, and easily

used for cabinet-work, and possibly suitable for wood-^

under the name

40

and Col. Exh., I'&^b'; wood used in England

In Cat. Queensland Woods, Ind.

alleged that this of

wood

is

superior to the

"Satin-wood."

Diameter, 12 to

isin.;

height,

to 50ft.

Northern

627.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Zanthoxylum veneficum,

Bail., N.O., Rutaceas; Cat. Queens-

land Woods, Ind. and Col. Exh., 1886.

(Bailey.)

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6l6

This wood has

been found by Dr.

poisonous properties.

and easy

It is of

Bancroft to

possess

a yellow colour, close in the grain,

work.

to

Johnstone River (Queensland). 628. Sieria Smithii, Andr., (Syn., Z. lanceolata, R.Br.

N.O., Rutacese, B.Fl.,

arborescefis, F.v.M.);

" in

Stinkwood

Wood

It

also

is

Tasmania.

yellowish, toughish, requires careful seasoning.

Has

A

slab in

a neat figure, though with no pretensions to beauty. the Technological five

Boronia

;

306.

Bush" and "Turmeric."

Colonial names are "Sandfly called "

i.,

years (having

Museum, which has been seasoned over twentybeen exhibited at the London International

Exhibition of 1862), has a weight which corresponds to 381b. per cubic foot.

Important Note.

—The

slab

described and weighed

is

tion Catalogue, but the

wood

and

this

timber

F.v.M. (B.Fl.,

may turn

of

timber which

is

remarkably

like that of

361.)

i.,

and Western Australia.

629. Sizyphus Jujuba, Lam., N.O., Rhamnese, B.FL,

The

wood

is

an Evodia,

out to have been yielded by E. micrococca,

All the colonies except South

A

have thus

I

labelled Zieria lanceolata in the Exhibi-

" Jujube

Tree

moderate-sized deciduous

" of

yellowish sap-wood, and heart-wood dark brown. Its

The

almost evergreen.

tree,

hard and reddish (Gamble), but Kurz describes

charcoal.

412.

i.,

India.

It

is

it

as with

good

for

weight varies between 43 and 521b. per cubic foot.

(Gamble.)

In India

implements,

oil mills,

it

is

used for saddle trees and agricultural

and other purposes.

Queensland. 630.

Zizyphus celtidifolia, i.,

ffinoplia,

DC.

;

Mill.;

(Syn., Z.

Z. ru/ula, Miq.)

;

Napeca, Roxb.

412.

This straggling shrub

Northern Australia.

is

;

Z.

N.O., Rhamneae, B.Fl.,

cultivated for hedges in India.

Fibres. The

list

of indigenous Australian fibre-plants could

almost ad infinitum. ation of

some

Valuable information in regard

the fibres

of

for

paper-making

a paper on the subject by Baron Mueller, Intercolonial Exhibition,

will

be extended to the utiliz-

be found in

Report of the For some further

in the

Melbourne, 1886.

references to colonial fibres^ see a paper by Mr. C,

the

" Fibre

Plants

New

of

South Wales."

Moore, on

(Trans.

Philos.

Soc. JV.S.W., 1862-5.)

At present no export trade

is

done

in

fibres,

none

as

of

excellence have been found abundantly available.

The plants to

obtain fibre for

worn down

teeth to be

characteristics of

I-

Abroma The

which aboriginals adopt of

practice

making to a

an aboriginal

chewing fibrous

fishing-nets, etc., causes their

dead

level.

This

is

one

of

i.,

236.

the

skull.

fastUOSa, R.Br., N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods says this plant was pointed

out to him by Mr. Stuart as being of great value for the length

and strength

of

its fibre.

It is

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland.

2.

Abntilon OXycarpum, F.v.M., (Syn. Sida oxycarpa, F.V.M.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

The bark

of

i.,

204.

this tree yields a useful fibre.

This

is

a fibre-

yielding genus. All the colonies except

3.

Tasmania and

Victoria.

Acacia decurrens, var. mollis, wnid., (Syn. A. moiUsdma, Willd.); N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL, ii., 415. " Silver Wattle."

South Wales).

"

"

Black Wattle "

Garrong

(of

the older

colonists of

" of the aboriginals of Victoria.

New

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

6l8

A

sample

International

of the

bark of

Exhibition,

this tree

exhibited at the

1862, seemed

the

to

London "to be

jurors

admirably adapted for the manufacture of paper." All the colonies except Western Australia.

4.

Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

362.

ii.,

"

The bark

A. impressa, Lindl); N.O.,

Sieb., (Syn.

Acacia penninervis,

Blackwood."

of this tree yields material

which can be worked up

Many

other species of Acacia

into the coarser kinds of paper.

yield a bark similar in this respect.

Tasmania, Victoria,

5-

Bedfordia

New

South Wales and Queensland.

DC,

Salicina,

Cacalia salicina,

N.O., Compositae, B.FL, Muell. Cens.,

leaves.

tree

The

It is easily

"

Dogwood

" of

yield

is

about loz. from

ilb,

of the

of the green leaves.

brush, or, preferably, a

stif¥

Paper could be made from

it

in

Tasmania.

from the under part

yields a white flock

paper material on a commercial scale of

Spreng.)

Bedfordii

Senecio

673.

iii.,

obtained by means of a

blunt knife.

Amass

salicinum,

Culcititim

p. 84.

The This

Senedo BedfordU, F.V.M.;

(Syn.

Labill.;

it

it,

but as a source of

would be

insignificant.

bears a remakable resemblance to scoured merino

wool.

New

Tasmania, Victoria and

6.

BombaX malabaricum, DC, Salmalia malaharica,

South Wales.

fSyn.

Schott.)

;

B. heptaphyllum, Cav.;

N.O., Malvaceae, B.FI.,

i.,

223.

The

The

"

Simool Tree," or " Malabar Silk-cotton Tree"

silk-cotton of

this

tree,

other silk-cottons, not adapted for spinning. for

stuffing cushions,

manufactured from

it

and a kind in

Assam.

of India.

though very beautiful,

of

quilt

It

or

is

chiefly

thick

(Treasury of Botany.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

like

is

used

cloth

is

619

FIBRES.

Careya arborea, Roxb.,

7-

var.

N.O.,

F.v.M.);

australis,

australis, F.v.M.,

(?)

B.FL,

Myrtacese,

(Syn. C. C.

289.

iii.,

ausiralis in Muell. Cens., p. 60. "

Go-onje

"

"

and

Gunthamarrah " "

River (North Queensland).

Ootcho

of the aboriginals of the Cloncurry

" of the aboriginals of the

Mitchell

River.

Of

the inner bark

of the typical C. arhorea, fuses for

locks are

made

twisting

into a thin cord.

it

These

match-

drying, and

are said to burn at the rate of

Coarse strong cordage

I2in. per hour.

bark.

by pounding, cleaning,

India,

in

is

made from

also

the

(Brandis.)

Queensland and Northern Australia.

COCUS nucifera, LUm., N.O., Palmes, B.FL,

8.

vii.,

143.

" Cocoanut Palm."

The

palm

following account of this well-known

—

is

taken from

Treasury of Botany: "The uses of this palm are very numerous. The outside rind or husk of the fruit yields the fibre

the

from which the well-known cocoanut matting In order to obtain

when

twelve months, is

made up

the fibre

into a coarse kind

matting,

for

it

manufactured.

is

the husks are soaked in salt water for six or

it

is

e-Ktensively

is

by beating, and

easily separated

Besides

of yarn, called coir.

employed

in

its

use

the manufacture of

cordage^ being greatly valued for ships' cables, and although these

made some now made of

cables are rough to handle, and not so neat looking as those of

hemp,

their greater

Other

purposes. this fibre,

elasticity

makes them superior

minor importance are

articles of

for

such as clothes and other brushes, brooms, mats,

and when curled and dried

it

is

etc.;

used for stuffing cushions, mat-

tresses, etc., as a substitute for horsehair.

The

leaves are greatly

used for thatching houses, for plaiting into mats, baskets, hats,

and neat

similar articles

combs

;

and from

for the hair are

from the base

of the leaves

into fishermen's

garments

Queensland.

is

strips

made.

of the hard footstalk very

The brown

fibrous network

substituted for sieves,

in the tropics."

and

also

made

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

620 9.

Commersonia echinata,

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

Forst.,

i.,

243"

The

Brown Kurrajong."

A

fishing nets.

great deal of crushing

necessary to extract the

is

the bark contains a very large quantity of mucilaginous

fibre, as

matter, which

exceedingly

is

remove

difficult to

and not interlaced

fibre is very long,

very strong

readily

when

remains in

it

when

dry;

moist, but

this

and

is

to the glutinous

matter, which

A

thorough and

(H, Lardner.)

complete crushing seems absolutely necessary before This plant

cleaned.

Northern 10.

New

South Wales and Queensland. (For

386.

iv.,

p. 19.)

Sebesten Plum " of India.

The

"

In India the bark

is

The

caulking boats.

can be

it

not endemic in Australia.

is

Cordia Myxa, Linti., N.O., Borraglneae, B.Fl.,

synonyms, see

The

alkalis.

from Laportea gtgas

becomes hard and breaks more

owing

hard,

dries

like that

by hot or

either

cold water, but which, however, can be removed by

it is

and

aboriginals use the fibre of the bark for kangaroo

made

into ropes,

and the

leaves are used as plates,

cover Burmese cheroots.

fibre is

and

in

used for

Pegu

to

(Gamble.)

Queensland. 11.

•^''««-,

Crotalaria juncea,

(Syn.

oblongi/oUa, Hook.; C.

C.

Miichelli, F.v.M.); N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL, Tfie

This plant

is

"Sunn Hemp"

ii.,

179.

of India.

extensively cultivated in various parts of Southern

Asia, particularly in India, on account of the valuable fibre yielded

by

its

inner bark.

The

stems, after being cut, are steeped in water

for two or three days in order to loosen the bark

;

they are then

taken out in handfuls and bent so as to break the interior wood without

injuring

the

fibre;

the

operator

surface of the water until the fibrous part

when

it is

is

to separate the filaments

obtained

is

very strong, and

not superior, to some kinds of Russian

is

upon the

entirely separated,

washed and hung upon bamboo poles

wards combed fibre thus

then beats

and

after-

other.

The

to dry,

from each

considered to be equal,

hemp

;

it

is

employed

if

for

FIBRES. cordage, canvas, and

all

the ordinary purposes of

of Botany.) Queensland and Northern 12.

621 hemp.

Australia.

CypeniS vaginatUS, R.Br., N.O., Cyperaceas, This plant yields

many

for fishing nets

fibre

others of this genus.

aboriginals,

and

is still,

It

used

some

to

(Treasury

B.Fl.,

vii.,

and cordage,

273.

as

do

be very largely used by the

to

extent.

All the colonies except Tasmania. 13-

Dianella laevis var. aspera, R.Br., (Syn. D. elegans, Kunth)

N.O.,

Liliaceae,

B.FL,

vii.,

Included

15.

in

D.

;

lofigifolia,

R.Br., in Muell. Cens., p. 117. " Flax Lily."

The

fibre is strong,

formerly used

it

and

making

for

The

of a silky texture.

aboriginals

baskets, etc.

All the colonies except Western Australia. 14-

Dodonsea visCOSa, Linn., (Syn. D. folia, Linn,

f.)

;

Roxb.

dioica,

N.O., Sapindacese, B.Fl.,

i.,

;

D. angusti-

475.

Called " Switch Sorrel " in Jamaica, and according to Dr. Bennett, " Apiri " in Tahiti. "

Hop Bush."

" Fillets of

and waists

it

were once used for binding round the heads

of Tahitian

victors

after

a

battle,

and during the

pursuit of the vanquished." Bennett (Gatherings of a Naturalist)'

Found 15-

in all the colonies.

Doryanthes excelsa, Corr., N.O., Amarylhdeas, "Spear

The admits

leaves

are a

preparation

of

Lily."

mass

of

either

B.Fl.,

vi.,

452.

" Giant Lily." fibre,

by

of

great

boiling

or

strength,

which

maceration,

no

perceptible difference as to quality or colour being apparent after

heckling.

New 16.

Suitable for brush making, matting, etc.

South Wales and Queensland.

Doryanthes Palmeri, Hill, N.O., Amaryllideas, 452.

A See D.

e.xcelsa.

Queensland.

"

Spear Lily."

B.Fl.,

vi.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

622 17-

Myrtacese,

B.Fl.,

202.

iii.,

"

amygdalina, LabUL, N.O.,

Eucalyptus

(For other botanical and vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

Messmate."

The

inner bark

a more or

is

adapted for the preparation of

kinds of

all

Following are a few of the Eucalypts which have

coarse paper.

less stringy bark,

but they by no means exhaust the

list.

Tasmania, Victoria and

18.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus Capitellata, Smith, N.O., Myrtaceae,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

206. " Stringybark."

(For other botanical and vernacular synonyms, see

" Timbers.")

The bark Southern

19.

of this tree

New

makes very

door mats.

Eucalyptus globulus, LabUL, N.O., Myrtaces, B.Fl., (For synonyms, see p. 449.) 225. "Blue Gum." "Ballook" of the Gippsland aboriginals. It

has been suggested that the bark-fibre of this tree

prove useful for

making

New

"

INIyrtacese,

Mountain Ash."

This

is

may

South Wales.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F.v.M., (Syn. E. eiczophora, N.O.,

iii.,

the coarser kinds of paper.

Tasmania, Victoria and

20.

fair

South Wales and Eastern Victoria.

B.FL,

iii.,

F.v.:\r.)

;

229.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

makes very good

another Eucalypt whose bark

packing paper. Victoria and Southern

21.

New

South Wales.

Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., (Syn. E. acervula, Miq.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

The

iii.,

207.

ordinary " Stringybark " of Victoria.

(For other vernacular names,

see " Timbers.")

The

thick fibrous bark, which

as well as the stem,

and dried under some huts, sheds,

and

is

when removed

stables

pressure,

where the

is

persistent

on the branches

in large sheets

and

levelled

extensively used for roofing

tree occurs

;

for this

purpose

it

FIBRES. will last

about twenty years.

tough, and

may be

*'

" Stringybark."

New

South Wales.

L Her., N.O.,

Eucalyptus obliqua,

A

inner layers of the bark are

used for tying material.

Victoria and Southern

22.

The

623

Myrtaceae,

204.

13.F1., iii.,

(For other vernacular names and synonyms, see

Timbers.")

In the bush the bark from the stems of old trees

used for

is

thatching buildings, and for door mats, and Baron Mueller has

made good paper and packing,

out of the bark, suitable for writing, printing,

New

southern portion of

and

nets

and paste boards.

also mill

lines,

and

South Wales use

also baskets.

South Wales also make

e.xcellent

they put to a variety of purposes, hay,

and

etc.,

it

is

very durable.

The

The

blacks

for

making

it

the

in

fishing

New

farmers in parts of

rope from this material, which leg ropes for cows,

e.g.,

One

bands

of these leg ropes,

for

which

has been constantly in use for two years by a farmer near Braid-

wood,

and

New

it is

New 23. "

South Wales,

is

by no means worn

now

the Technological

in

Museum,

out.

South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia,

FicUS macrophylla, Desf., N.O., Urticese, B.FL, vi., 170. " Karreuaira" and " Waabie" of the aboriginals.

Moreton Bay Fig."

The

The

nets.

in the fabrication

inner bark forms a loose fabric

Northern

New

of their if

is

scoop fishing

taken off carefully.

South Wales and Queensland,

24. Flagellaria indica, Liuji., N,0., Liliacese, B.Fl., "

The

and

fibre of the root of this tree is of great durability,

used by the aborigines

vii.,

10.

Lawyer Vine."

leaves are used for cordage.

This plant

is

not endemic

in Australia.

North and South Queensland, and

Northern

New

South

Wales. 25.

Gymnostachyus anceps, R.Br., N.O., Aroides,

B.Fl.,

157. " Travellers' Grass."

"Settlers' Twine."

A

" Sword-sedge."

viii.,

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

624

Yields a coarse, strong

When

fibre.

purpose where particular strength

is

farmers use

any

for

it

required, such as sewing

up

bags, or tying the legs of pigs, etc., to take to market, they usually singe the leaves by drawing them through the

fire

or through hot

ashes.

New 26.

South Wales and Queensland.

Hibiscus heterophyllus, Vent., {Syn. H.grandiflorus, S^Wsh.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl., " Green Kurrajong."

i.,

212.

" Dtharange-gange " of some

New

South Wales

aboriginals.

The

and

fibre is white, strong, of fine texture,

This

maceration.

is

one

commonly make their dilly-bags. It is difficult the great amount of mucilage in the bark.

New 27.

Fraser,

Splendens,

"

fine texture.

213.

Hollyhock Tree." is

very strong and of

South Wales and Queensland.

Lmn., (Syn. Paritiinn

N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL, "

Cotton Tree."

bark

fibre of the

aborigines.

Some

fibre

i.,

tion of 1862 to

be only

(Fibrosis Plants

matting from

it,

fit

tiliaceiim, St. Hil.);

218.

" Talwalpin " of the aboriginals. is

used for nets and fishing lines by the

from

was pronounced by the jurors for

this tree

produced

in this colony

London

International Exhibi-

paper making.

Nevertheless, Royle

of the

of India) says:

"The

and likewise manufacture

Hawaiians make it

into ropes

cordage, even for the rigging of vessels, but rope thus

when

tarred.

West Indies used

to

fine

and cords.

these filaments are adapted to any kind of

relate that

nearly so strong as that prepared from hemp.. strength

owing to

prepared by maceration.

It is

28. Hibiscus tiliaceuS,

Voyagers

i.,

obtained from the inner bark

fibre

The

to clean,

Abelmoschus splendens,

(Syn.

Walp.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL,

New

prepared by

South Wales and Queensland.

Hibiscus

The

is

the fibres of which the aborigines

of

The whips

It is

made

is

not

said to gain in

with which the negroes in the

be punished are said

to

have been

made

with

625

FIBRES. In Fiji the bark of this tree

the bark of this species."

the manufacture of the waistband (liku) of the

Diameter, 6 to 8in.; height, 20 to

New

women.

is

50ft.

R.Br.

,-

(Syn.,

7. vaginahis, E. Mey. non

R.Br.; J. correcfus, Steud.); N.O., Juncacese, B.Fl.,

Toolim

The

in

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

29. JunCTlS pallidus,

"

used

(Seemann.)

" of the aboriginals of the

pith

vii.,

130.

Coranderrk Station (Victoria).

of this rush used to

be made

into head-dresses in

Hobart. All the colonies.

30.

Lagunaria Patersoni, Don, N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL,

The

prepared by maceration of the bark.

fibre is

i.,

218.

It is

very

beautiful.

New

31-

South Wales and Queensland.

Laportea gigas, Wedd.,rotundifolia, B.Fl., "

vi.,

Wedd.

Ur/ua

(Syn.,

gigas, A. Cunn.; Urera

Wedd.)

N.O.,

Urticeae,

" Irtaie " of the aboriginals of the

Richmond

;

U. exceha,

;

191.

Giant Nettle Tree."

Goo-mao-mah

"

and Clarence Rivers.

"

is

another aboriginal name.

The bark of this tree yields an excellent fibre, of good colour. The inner bark can be beaten into a kind of coarse cloth, similar to the Tapa cloth made by the South Sea Islanders from Broussonetia papyri/era. The tree is abundant, and the fibre could, if necesThe best and strongest sary, be produced in large quantities. libre is

to

will

of separating the fibre

;

steeping in water

not succeed, as the whole of the bark mats together.

aborigines

with this

them

Crushing and beating seems

obtained from the root-bark.

be the only method

is

fibre, the

chewing

pulped up

New 2

make most

s

of their nets

and

only further preparation that

it.

The wood

is

soft

and

for paper.

South Wales and Queensland.

The

lines (Clarence district) it

fibrous,

receives

from

and might be

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

626

Laportea photiniphylla, Wedd., (Syn. Urtka photiniophylla, A. Cunn.; Fleurya photiniphylla, Kunth) N.O., Urticese,

32.

;

B.Fl.,

192.

vi.,

" Small-leaved Nettle."

The

inner-bark yields a good description of

used by the aborigines for various fishing nets,

New

and

fibre,

which

dilly bags.

South Wales and Queensland.

Lavatera plebeia, Sims, (Syn. Z. Behriana, Schlecht.

33-

Behriana, Schlecht. B.FL,

i.,

M.

;

Preissiana, Miq.)

"

hung up alkali to

may be and

Malva

N.O., Malvaceae,

;

Tree Mallow."

In the latter case to

;

185.

This plant has been successfully

making.

is

purposes, such as cordage,,

dry

when

;

remove the

dry,

used like rags.

fishing lines.

tried for

pulled up

rope and paper

by the roots and

chopped up small,

is

it

gummy

is

it

treated with

matter, and after ordinary bleaching,

It is

used by the aboriginals for baskets

(Guilfoyle.)

All the colonies except Western Australia.

34-

Labill., (Syn. L. ensatum, Nees);

Lepidosperma gladiatum, N.O., Cyperacese, B.Fl.,

387. " Sword-sedge."

A

vii.,

This plant yields an excellent paper material.

on

its

For remarks

applicability as a fibre, see Proc. R.S., Vict., i860, p. 208.

All the colonies except Queensland.

35.

Cunn., (Syn. L. angusti/oUum,

Limam marginale, A. N.O., Line», B.FL,

i.,

DC);

283.

" Native Flax."

Although a smaller plant than the true fibre of excellent quality.

fishing nets

It

is

flax, this

used by the blacks

plant yields for

making

and cordage.

Throughout the 36. Livistona

Corpyha

colonies.

aUStralis,

R.Br.,

australis, R.Br.)

;

"Palm Cabbage,"

(Syn.

L.

inermis,

N.O., Palmae, B.FL, or

"Cabbage Palm."

vii.,

WendL; 146.

FIBRES.

The

627

The unexpanded

leaves are used for baskets.

fronds,

prepared by being immersed in boiling water, are dried, and the thus obtained

fibre

is

much

valued for the manufacture of hats,

which much resemble the celebrated Panama Victoria,

37-

New

Lyonsia straminea, R.Br., N.O., Apocynes, B.FL,

The

fibre of the

bark

fine

is

Tasmania, Victoria and 38.

hats.

South Wales and Queensland. 321.

iv.,

and strong.

New

South Wales.

LysicarpUS ternifolius, F.v.M., (Syn. Tristania angustifolia.

Hook.);

Myrtace^,

N.O.,

B.Fl.,

iii.,

M'etrosideros

267.

ternifolia,'Y .vM.. in Muell. Cens., p. 59. Called " Stringybark is "

" in

Northern Queensland.

Tom Russell's Mahogany." The fibre of the bark

has been sought

for

is

Another

local

of such a superior quality

name

that

it

by rope and paper makers, but hitherto the

price offered has not been sufficient inducement for

its

collection.

(Tenison- Woods.)

Queensland. 39-

MacrOZamia

Miq.,

spiralis,

(Syn.

Encephalartos spiralis, Lehm.) 25

which

kind of " Pulu is

"'

is

R.Br.

N.O., Cycadese, B.FL,

lying exposed to sun ofT quite easily,

plentiful

p. 110.

Burrawang."

obtained from the leaves of this plant,

to collect,

and wind

but for a

if

the fronds are cut

and

It left

few days, the " pulu" comes

and often can be found loose on the ground.

enough

;

vi.,

occasionally used for mattress and couch stuffing.

would seem tedious

is

spiralis,

Encephalartos spiralis in Muell. Cens.,

T.

"

A

;

Zamia

in certain districts for children to

collect

It it

profitably.

New 40.

South Wales and Queensland.

Melaleuca spp., N.O., Myrtaceae. Several species of Melaleuca have a thin papery bark which

tears off in several layers.

by the aboriginal

women

It

to

was used, amongst other purposes,

wrap

their children in.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

628 4^.

Melaleuca

tree

ericifolia,

M.

Smith;

Smith,

(Syn.

nodosa,

71/.

M.

Schau.;

Gtinttiana,

N.O., Myrtacese, B.Fl.,

iii.,

Baron Mueller suggests

that the friable lamellar

may be

Sleb.

non

F.v.M.)

heliophila,

^

159.

bark of

converted into blotting-paper, and even into

this

filtering-

paper. All the colonies except Western Australia. 42.

Melaleuca Styphelicides, Smith, N.O., Myrtaceas, B.Fl.,

iii..

144. "

" Black, or Prickly-leaved Tea-tree."

The bark

is

Naambaar"

of the aboriginals

(New South Wales).

of the Illawarra district

used for packing, and for caulking boats and

other purposes.

New 43-

South Wales and Queensland.

PandanUS odoratissimus, Linn, vii.,

fil.,

N.O., Pandaneae, B.Fl.,

148.

" Screw Pine."

The

leaves of this tree are in India, Ceylon, etc., extensively

manufactured into mats, baskets, and is

The

hats.

white, soft, glossy, ill-suited for cordage, but

well adapted for the preparation of a for

good sacking.

The

paint brushes.

good

Its fibrous aerial roots

it

fibre of

quality of paper, also

are

much employed

which basket-makers

split

and spongy

Mauritius,

its

leaves

and use

to tie their

work with

are

employed

for

package bags

As soon

operation

for

straight knife

When

hours to dry.

In the

;

for

the

off,

and the

breadth proper for the use they are

leaf divided into strips of the

common

they are

as gathered, the

spines on their edges and dorsal nerve are stripped

required

;

as to serve the natives for corks.

transport of coffee, sugar, and grain.

this

as

fusiform roots are composed of tough fibres,

also so soft

;

the leaf

has been found

is

performed with the blade of a

they are then laid in the sun for a few

required for working into mats, the slips are

passed under the blade of a knife, applied with moderate pressure, to

remove

polish,

The

all

asperities

on their surface, which gives them a

and makes them plain and more convenient

leaves

are

also

made

into

to the

a kind of sleeping

hands.

mat by the

629

FIBRES. natives of Southern India also used to

make

They

and the South Sea Islands.

common

the

are

umbrellas used by the Tamils.

{Cyclop, of India.)

Northern Australia.

44-

Philydnim lanuginosum, Banks,

The

leaves used

women.

B.Fi.,

vii.,

74.

be used for the girdles of aboriginal

to

(Hooker.)

New

Victoria,

Wales, Queensland

South

and

Northern

Australia.

45-

Phragmites

Amndo

(Syn.

Trin.,

communis,

Linn.); N.O., Graminese, B.FI.,

636.

vii.,

Phragmites.,

Artindo Phrag-

mites in Muell. Cens., p. 135.

much

This rush was formerly Victoria for

making bags

agricultural purposes, but

«arth on river banks with plant

is

or

it is

its

utilised

baskets.

of great

It

by the aboriginals of is

not valuable for

importance for binding the

extensively creeping root-stocks.

The

not endemic in Australia.

The

dry plant yields 4.7 per cent, of ash, which, according to

Schulz-Fleeth, contains in 100 parts

:

Potash (anhydrous)

...

...

...

8.6

Lime

...

...

...

...

5.9

...

...

...

...

1.2

...

...

...

...

0.2

Sulphuric Acid (anhydride) Silica

...

Magnesia Ferric

Oxide

...

Carbonic Acid

...

...

2.8

...

...

...

...

71.5

...

...

...

...

6.6

...

...

2.0

salt)

...

0.4

Phosphoric Acid (P2O5)

Sodium Chloride (common (Watts Diet.,

\.,

413.)

All the colonies.

46. Pimelea ligUStrina, R.Br., (Syn. P. elata, F.v.M.; tegia ligustrina, vi.,

C. A.

Mey.)

;

Calyptros-

N.O., Thymelaceae, B.FI.,

18; P. axiflora, F.v.M., B.FI.,

vi.,

26.

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

630

The bark

yielded from every portion of each of these plants

That

furnishes an excellent fibre of great strength.

axiflora

is

Other species of Pinielea,

preferable.

e.g.,

and P. microcephala, are used by the aboriginals South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and (Pimelea ligustrina) ; Tasmania, Victoria and

from P.

P. pauciflora

for fibre.

New New

South Wales South Wales

(P. axiflora).

Pimelea Clavata, LahUl.,

47.

Thymelese, B.Fl.,

vi.,

This plant yields a

(Syn.,

P. virtdu/a,'Lind\.); N.O.,

25.

used by the aboriginals for fishing

fibre

and cordage.

nets

Western Australia. 48.

Piptums argenteuS, Wedd., (Syn. P. propinquus, Wedd. Urt ica gigantea,Y ors\..)] N.O., Urticeae, B.FL, vi., 185. P. propinquus in Muell. Cens., p. 22. "Queensland Grass-cloth Plant," or " Native Mulberry."

and

"

Coomeroo-coomeroo "

The strength

inner bark ;

endemic

it is,

Kongangu

"

a

affords

however, rather

fibre

of

fine

texture

difficult of preparation.

and great It

is

not

in Australia.

New 49-

"

of the aboriginals.

South Wales and Queensland.

Plagianthus pulchellus, A. Gray, (Syn., Sida pulchella, Bonpl. Ahutilon puhhellmn, G. Don); N.O., Malvaceae, ;

B.Fl.,

i.,

189.

"Hemp The

Hemp

fibre

from

this plant

(Sida rhombifolia),

a good warp yarn, either by

is

is

Bush."

longer in staple than Queensland

soft

itself,

and

glossy,

and should form

or as a mixture \vith

some other

material.

Tasmania, Victoria and

50.

New

South Wales.

PlagianthuS sidoides, Hook., (Syn., P. Lampenii, Lindl.; Sida N.O., Asterotrichon sidoides, Klotzsch) discolor, Hook. ;

Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

;

i.,

"

188.

Tasmanian Kurrajong."

FIBRES.

631

This shrub grows quickly, and the

The bark may be

fibre

from

it is

very strong.

stripped off very readily, even to the points of

the smallest twigs, by cutting round the stem.

Tasmania.

51.

Poa

CSespitOSa, Forst.,

P. ausiralts, R.Br.; P.

(Syn.,

R.Br.; P.plel>eia,'R.Bv.; P. ajim's, 'R.Bt.) B.Fl.,

vii.,

651. Called " Bowat " by the Yarra (Victoria) aboriginals.

" Wiry.grass."

The their net

this grass

different varieties of

material.

afford

excellent paper

was formerly used by the Yarra blacks

It

Icevis,

N.O., Gramineae,

;

bags (BaUang-coivat).

This species

is

for

making

not endemic in

Australia.

All the colonies.

52.

Psoralea Archeri, F.v.M., N.O., Leguminosse, B.Fl.,

"Wommo"

of the natives of the

This plant this

is

ii.,

190.

Cloncurry River (Northern Queensland).

used by the natives in making cordage.

For

purpose the plants are pulled up and soaked some hours in

water, after which they are taken out of the water and

left to

when

into strong

the bark

is

peeled

twine and cordage.

off,

and the

fibre

manufactured

dry,

(E. Palmer.)

Northern Australia.

53-

Ptychosperma elegans, Blume, R.Br.); N.O., Palmese, B.FL,

(Syn.,

vii.,

Sea/ortMa eleganSy

141.

" Bangalow."

The

leaves are used by the aboriginals for water baskets.

Queensland.

54-

Hulingia pannosa, R.Br. Andr.

;

Biiettiieria

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.FL, in

;

(Syn.,

dasyphylla, i.,

J.

238.

Covimersonia dasyphylla,

Gay; B. paimosa, DC); Commersonia dasyphylla

Muell. Cens., p. 16. "

This

Black Kurrajong."

" Kerrawah " of the aboriginals.

tree yields a very useful fibre.

Victoria,

New

South Wales and Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

632 55-

Scirpus

laCTlStris,

Cypeiaceae, B.Fl.,

Linn., (Syn., S. Meyenii, Nees) vii.,

made

In 1875 ^" application was Ofifice,

"This

cut by a series of knives.

the rush in

flat

^

pieces

and

-^

and rushes are then spun

built

up

This plant

.

.

.

The

first

this

rush.

cut leaves

an inch thick, and a second cut leaves

of

the pith of the rush in lengths piths

(but lapsed) at the Patent

Melbourne, for the manufacture of hats from is

N.O.,

;

333.

These cut

an inch square.

of

into a rope in a paper envelope,

into a helmet hat, or sun-shade, in the usual

manner."

not endemic in Australia.

is

All the colonies. 56.

Sesbania acnleata, Pers., (Syn. ^. auslralis, F.v.M.) Leguminosas, B.Fl., "

Nardoo

"

Queensland).

is

aboriginals

Danchi "

This plant coarse,

the

of

."

is

fishing nets, etc.

Indies,

very

and

;

Norman

the

of

cultivated in India for

but

is, it

N.O.,

River

(Northern

fibre,

which, though

in water or

when

consequently, valuable for the ropes of

cordage, as

not suitable for ships'

is

wet.

It

is

found also

in

the

it

West

f Treasury 0/ Botany.)

in tropical Africa,

New

its

and very durable

much when

South Australia,

;

.

of India.

of great strength,

repeatedly wetted, and

contracts

213.

ii.,

South Wales

to

Northern Australia.

Sida rhombifolia, Lmn., (Syn. S. retusa, Linn.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL, i., 196. "Queensland Hemp." Called "Paddy Lucerne" on the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales). 57-

This

the

is

Queensland and fibre,

greatest

New

pest

in

and could be produced

in

lands

cultivated

South Wales.

It

yields

any quantity.

in

parts of

a long splendid

It

is

not endemic

in Australia.

South Australia,

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern

Australia.

58. Sterculia acerifolia, -A.

F.v.M.)

;

Cunn., (Syn. Brachychiton acerifolium,

N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.Fl.,

i.,

229.

acerifolium in Muell. Cens., p. 15. " Flame-tree."

" Lacebark-tree."

Brachychiton

FIBRES.

The bark

is

fully

thick

2111.

when

the tree

very simply prepared by steeping, and

and

The tow

of a very elastic nature,

is

is

The

fibre is

suitable for cordage

and

useful as a paper material.

is

and

is

suitable for upholstering

purposes, such as stuffing mattresses or pillows.

New

grown, and

is full

furnishes bast of a most beautiful lace-like texture.

nets, ropes, mats, baskets, etc.,

633

.

(Guilfoyle.)

South Wales and Queensland.

G. Don., (^yn.PcecUodermis populnea,

59- Sterculia diversifolia,

Schott.; Brachychiton populneiim, R.Bt.) B.Fl.,

N.O., Sterculiacese,

;

Brachychiton populneufu

229.

i.,

in

Muell. Cens.,

p. 15"

A

Black Kurrajong." " Bottle-tree " of Victoria.

strong fibre

aboriginals Australia.

for

obtained from the bark.

is

making

Almost,

fishing

not

if

nets,

both

It is

in

used by the

East and West

the species of Sterculia are used by

all,

the aboriginals for a similar purpose.

New

Victoria,

60. Sterculia

F.v.M.,

lurida,

F.V.M.);

luridum

South Wales and Queensland.

Brachychiton

(Syn.

N.O., Sterculiacege, B.FL, in

Muell. Cens., p. "

The bark

Sycamore."

yields a strong

i.,

228.

luridum,

Brachychiton

15. " Hat-tree."

and valuable

fibre, similar to

bass or

Russia matting.

Northern

New

South Wales and Queensland.

61. Sterculia quadrifida, I^.Br., N.O., Sterculiaceae, B.FL,

A

" Kurrajong."

"

Calool " of the aborigines of Northern

i.,

New

227.

South

Wales.

The

fibre

of the bark

is

used for making nets and fishing

lines.

Northern

New

South

Wales,

Queensland

and

Northern

Australia.

62. Telopea speciosissima, R.Br., N.O., Proteace^, b.fl,

(For synonyms, see

p. 62.)

" Waratah," or " Warratau."

"Native Tulip."

v.,

534.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

634

In the early days of the colony the smiths used to give the aborigines

used

trifles for

working heated

New 63.

their

punches and other implements while

iron.

South Wales.

Thespesia populnea, Corr., (Syn. Hibiscus populneus, Willd.); N.O., Malvaceae, B.FL,

The fit

which they

a supply of stems of this plant,

round

for twisting

221.

i.,

inner bark of the young branches yields a tough fibre,

for cordage,

and used

the finer pieces of

it

in

Demerara

for

making

and

coffee bags,

(Treasury of Botany.)

for cigar envelopes.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

64.

Typha

A

N.C.Typhaceae, B.FL,

angUStifolia, Linn.,

" Bullrush."

vii.,

159.

(For other vernacular names and synonyms, see

"Foods.")

The like

soft

woolly inflorescence of the male spadix

cotton to

wounds and

leaves are used for

ulcers

making mats.

-in

India.

This plant

is

The

used

con-

struction of buoyant mattresses in the Italian navy,

the subject before the Royal p.

Society of

in the

and

in bringing

Tasmania (Proc. 1882,

Mr. James Barnard gives a very

163),

applied

is

(Dymock.)

full

account of

all

the numerous uses recorded of the species.

Throughout the

65.

Urena

The

colonies.

lobata, Liftn., N.O., Malvaceae, B.Fl.,

bark of

inner

this

resembling jute rather than

This plant

is

i.,

206.

plant yields abundance

flax or

hemp.

of

fibre,

(Treasury 0/ Botany.)

not endemic in Australia.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

66. Xerotes Spp, especially X. longifolia, R.Br., (Syn. longifolia, Labill.) Called "

The

;

Karawun

N.O., Juncaceae, B.Fl., " by the

Throughout

Lomandra

97.

Yarra (Victoria) aboriginals.

leaves are used for basket

the colonies.

vii.,

work by the

aboriginals.

FIBRES.

635

^1- Sostera nana, Roth., (Syn. Z. marina,

Irmisch)

;

N.O., Naiadeas, B.FI., " Grass

Wrack"

vii.,

Hook

sea-weed

Europe

was used

this plant

is

for

;

Z. Muelleri,

of England.

In the early days of the colonization of this

f.

176.

stuffing

New

mattresses.

South Wales (Woolls.)

In

collected and used as a substitute for hay in

packing.

Coasts of South

South Wales.

Australia,

Tasmania,

Victoria

and

New

;

Plamts having Miscellaneous Uses NOT BEFORE ENUMERATED.

I.

AbrUS

A.

(Syn.

Linji.,

precatorius,

A. sqiiamulosus, E. Mey.)

;

Desv.

paudfloms,

N.O., Leguminosae, B.FL,

ii.,

270. "Crabs' Eyes."

This plant

is

" Jequirity Seeds."

a native of most tropical regions.

The

seeds are

highly ornamental, being of a brilliant scarlet, with a black scar indicating where they were attached to the pods.

They weigh

uniformly one and a half to two grains each, and are used by Indian jewellers as a standard

"My

translated:

goldsmith, shall

(Dymock.) seeds.

I

It is

They

rank

implements

is

a

couplet,

of the

highest,

in

said that the Koh-i-noor

are

formed

into

They

are called " Crabs' Eyes

"'

purpose

said

the gold to the seed.?'"

was measured by these

necklaces, bracelets, and other

often enter into the decoration of

New Guinea and

of

this

which may thus be

be weighed against that black-faced

adornment.

articles of

Their use for

of weight.

commemorated

has been

South Sea Island natives.

They

from a fancied resemblance to those

objects.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

2.

Acacia longifolia R.

Brown

B.Fl.,

This

Mimosa

Sophorse,

WHld., (Syn. A. Sophorce,

SophorcE, Labill.)

;

N.O., Leguminosae,

398.

ii.,

tree

;

var.

grows very quickly, and

is

excellent for preventing

the encroachments of coast sand.

Sea-coast from Southern Queensland to South Australia and

Tasmania. 3-

Acsena Ovina, Schlecht.)

;

^^-

Cumi., (Syn. A. echinata, Nees., A. Behriana,

N.O., Rosaceae, B.FL,

ii.,

433.

;

MISCELLANEOUS. This weed

is

very troublesome in

bristles of the fruit getting it is

to

dry on the grass

some

from

their

owing

to the

adhering to linen exposed

many

and, as well as

;

districts,

entangled in the wool of the sheep

also a pest to housewives

common annoyance

637

of the

species,

a

through catching in their clothes.

to travellers

(Treasury of Botany.) All the colonies.

4-

Adenanthera pavonina, Linn.,

N.O.,

Leguminosce,

Muell.

Cens., p. 43. " Barricarri " of India.

The

seeds are of a brilliant scarlet colour, and are strung

together to form ornaments for personal

advantage

is

adornment.

In

India

taken of their uniformity of weight (about 4 grains

Powdered, and mixed with borax,

each) to use them as weights.

they form an adhesive substance.

(Treasury of Botany.)

Northern Queensland.

5-

JEgiceraS majUS,

Gaertn.;

corniciilata, Blanco)

;

(Syn., jE.

fragrans, Keen.;

N.O., Myrsineae, B.FL,

iv.,

yE*.

277.

" River Mangrove."

Other

Useful for consolidating sea shores liable to floods.

mangroves

are useful for this purpose.

This plant

is

not endemic

in Australia.

New 6.

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

Albizzia lophantha, Be nth.,- (Syn., Acacia

Mimosa

B.FL,

inosse,

The

distac/iya, Vent.

dry

ii.,

root

;

top/iant/ia, V^iWd.;,

3f. elegans, Andr.); N.O.,

Legum-

421. contains

about

10 per

cent,

of saponin.

(Rummel.) Western Australia. 7-

Ardisia pseudo-jambosa, F.v.Af., N.O., Myrsineae, B.FL,

iv.,

276. "

This tree,

Gaon-Gaon" is

of

some Central Queensland

aboriginals.

but a shrub, and, therefore, insignificant as a timber-

but Mons. Thozet points out that

it

well deserves a place in

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

638

every garden, on account of

its

globular, crimson

handsome

fruit,

the size of a cherry.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

Avicennia

8.

Linn., (Syn., A. tomentosa, Jacq.); N.O.,

officinalis,

Verbenaceae, B.Fl., " Mangrove."

The

v.,

69.

(For other vernacular names, see " Timbers.")

ashes of this' tree are used in the rhanufacture of soap.

This plant

is

not endemic in Australia.

In salt-water estuaries entirely round the coast. 9.

Banksia

The fat

spp., N.O., Proteaceae. " Honeysuckle."

smaller and barren cones, being porous, were used with

by the bushmen

in the early

days of the colony as night

lights.

(Melville.)

Throughout the

colonies.

Boronia megastigma, Nees, (Syn. B.

10.

Rutacece, B.FL,

i.,

Turcz.); N.O.,

315.

Baron Mueller suggests decoration, on

tristis,

account of

that this plant

be cultivated

for grave

blackish flowers.

external

its

flowers have also been suggested as a flavouring agent for as

they

somewhat

resemble

aroma those

in

of

The tea,

Chloranihus

inconspicuus used in China for that purpose.

Western Australia. 11.

Cassytha

filiformis,

Linn.,

N.O., Laurineae, B.FL,

A

"

Crushed with gingelly head wash

v.,

(Syn.

C.

guineensis,

Schum.);

311.

Dodder Laurel." oil, this

plant -is used in India as a

for strengthening the hair.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 12.

Ceriops Candolleana,

DC); N.O., This plant

The

Am.,

(Syn.

Rhizophorege, B.FL, is

Rhizophora Tiinoriensis,

ii.,

also a native of the

494.

shores of tropical Asia.

seed has the curious habit of germinating and

protruding

;

MISCELLANEOUS. from the

while

fruit

attached to the bough.

still

The bark

Botany.)

639

of this tree

used as a

is

(Treasury of for cattle in

litter

(Brandis.)

India.

Queensland and Northern Australia. 13-

Colubrina asiatica, Brongn., (Syn. Ceanothus asiatkus^ Linn. C.

capsularis,

Rhamnese,

The

Forst.

B.Fl.,

i.,

Rhamnus

;

Icsvigatus,

Sol.)

413.

washing

natives of Fiji use the leaves of this shrub for

their hair, to clean

it

and

N.O.,

;

to

(Seemann.)

destroy the vermin.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

1

4-

Linn.,

Cordia Myxa,

(For synonyms, see

The

The

N.O.,

Plum "

" Sebesten

viscid pulp of the fruit

the kernel

is

Borragineae,

B.Fl-.,

386.

iv.,

p. 19.) of India.

used as bird lime in India, and

is

used for making linen, but the mark

is

fugacious.

Queensland. 15.

D'Urvillea potatorum,

Aresch,

N.O.,

Alg».

Plate

CCC,

Harvey's Phycologia Aiistralasica. Labillardiere observed that the

portions of

its

natives

of

Tasmania used

great leaves, folded in the form of a pouch, for the

purpose of keeping fresh water. South coast of Australia and Tasmania. 16.

Entada SCandenS, Benlh., (Syn. E. PurscEtha, DC. scandens, Linn?);

N.O., Leguminosse, B.FL,

PurscBtha in Muell. Cens., "

The and

in

ii.,

;

Mimosa 298.

E.

p. 43.

Queensland Bean."

"

Leichhardt Bean."

kernels are used by the Nepalese for washing their hair,

Bengal by washermen

Manual of Indian

crimping

for

linen.

(Gamble,

Ti77ibers.)

Queensland. 17.

Eucalyptus corymbosa, Hook., f., (Spotted bark), B.Fl.,

iii.,

(Bloodwood);

StJiith,

Gum);

E. maculata,

E. sidorophloia, Benth., .

254 and 456, N.O., Myrtaceae.

(Iron-

;

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

640

Occasionally the concentric shells which form in the timber of

these trees

apparently

Europe.

more

filled

is

the

same

or "

the

as

chamois leather

and general appearance.

in texture

obtained in pieces two or three feet wide.

from the two first-mentioned

a fungus

(Amadou)

"

of

and frequently closely resembles

beautifully soft,

It is

completely by

less

German Tinder

trees,

but

in

I

It

has been

have seen the fungus

communicating with the

Rev. Dr. Woolls, that gentleman points out that not only has he seen large pieces of

is

me

last

tree,

"The

the following information:

but

fungus

Xylostroina giganUum, Fries, which possesses no pileus, and

destroys

the

wood

Dr. Woolls found it

taken from the wood of the

it

he also kindly gives

to

me

it

New

18.

character."

Since the above was written also.

to

Queensland (E. maculata) ;

New

South

Queensland (E. siderophloia).

lucalyptns COSmophylla, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtace^,

B.Fl.,

225.

A From fore,

solid

Mr. Bauerlen has brought

South Wales to Northern Australia (E. corymhosa)

to

iii.,

of a

and most

firmest

from E. amygdalina

it

South Wales

Wales

the

from near Cambewarra.

the author has seen

New

of

near Parramatta.

its

more than slow

to

"

Scrub Gum."

ha.ndsome and ornamental leaves, which, being ordinarily thick fade.

and

fleshy character, and, there-

Baron Mueller has suggested

this

gum

as

highly suitable for decorative purposes.

South Australia. 19.

Eucalyptus Sepulcralis, F.v.M., N.O., Myrtaceae, Eucalyptograpliia.

This willow

;

(INIueller.)

tree has a

pendulous

hence, Baron

habit,

something

Mueller suggests

its

like a

weeping-

for

cemetery

fitness

cultivation.

Western Australia. 20.

Euphorbia Lrummondii, E. Ferdinandi, Baill,;

Boiss., (Syn. E. chamcesgee, Baill.;

Euphorbiaceae, B.FL,

49.

vi.,

E.

Dallachyana,

Baill.);

N.O.,

MISCELLANEOUS. It

is

641

Euphorbia

said the blacks use this

for sticking small

may be

feathers on native bees, in order that they

followed to

their nests to obtain the honey.

AH

21.

the colonies.

WHId., (Syn. F. vesca, F.v.M.

Ficus glomerata, glo?nerata, Miq.)

;

N.O., Urticece, B.FL,

vi.,

;

Covellia

178.

" Clustered Fig."

Bird lime

is

made

in India of the

milky juice of

this tree.

Queensland and Northern Australia.

R.Br., N.O., Meliacese, B.FL,

22. Flindersia australis, " Crow's

The

Ash,"

" Ash,"

names

aboriginal

on

" Beech,"

" Rasp-pod,"

Richmond

the

and

i.,

388.

" Flindosa."

and

Clarence

Rivers

are

" Wyagerie" and " Cugerie," or " Cudgerie."

A and the

noble tree for avenues.

It is

also found in the Moluccas,

natives of those islands use the rough, tuberculated fruits

as rasps for preparing roots, etc., for food. It

is

very

possible

(Treasury of Botany.)

the aboriginals here put

them

to a similar

purpose.

Northern

23.

New

South Wales and Queensland.

rusanus aCUminatllS, R.Br., A.

DC.

;

(Syn.

S. Preissianum, Miq.;

Santalacese, B.FL,

vi.,

216.

Santalum acuminatum,

S. cognatum,^Y\(\^; N.O.,

Saiitahwi acuniinatuin in Muell.

Cens., p. 64. " Quandong."

The

seeds

are

" Native Peach."

used for necklaces,

bracelets,

and

other

ornaments.

New

South Wales

24. Grevillea

to

Western Australia.

chrysodendron, R.Br., (Syn. G. pteridifoiia,\\m%\iv,

G. Mitchell a, Hook.)

The

foliage

;

furnishes

N.O., Proteacese, B.FL,

an

elastic

(Bailey.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 2

T

stuffing

v.,

434.

for mattresses.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

642 25.

Guettarda Speciosa,

The

iii.,

419.

make necklaces

Fijians

Cadainha jasminijlora, Sonn.);

-Linn., (Syn.

N.O., Rubiaceae, B.FL,

of the

corollas

of this plant.

(Seemann.)

Queensland and Northern Australia. 26.

Gyrocarpus Jacquini, Roxb., N.O., Combretacese, B.Fl., ii., 505. G. americanus in Muell. Cens., p. 51. (For synonyms, seep. 552.)

Necklaces and rosaries are made of the seeds of

this

tree in

India.

Queensland and Northern Australia. ^i'

HelichrysTim bracteatum, wuid., (Syn. H. luddum, Henck. ; H. chrysanthum, Pers. H. viscosum, Sieb. H. Banksii, A. ;

Cunn.

H.

;

;

bicolor, Lindl.

Cunn.

cephalum, A.

H. acuminatum, DC.

;

Xeranthemum

;

N.O., Compositse, B.FL,

iii.,

;

H. macro-

bracteatum.

Vent.)

;

621.

" Everlasting Flower."

This plant might be cultivated, as the flowers are valuable for funeral wreaths,

and other purposes of decoration.

many

perhaps the showiest of the genus, but

This

is

species are very

pretty.

All the colonies. 28.

Ipomsea Pes-caprse, Swartz, N.O., Convolvulacese, B.Fl., (For synonyms, see p. 191.) 419.

The

leaves are roasted

29.

for caulking

Australia,

New

South Wales

iii.,

;

L. myrtifolia,

Sieb.);

to

Northern Australia.

(Syn. Fahricia lavigata,

Leptospormum laevigatum, F.v.M., Gaertn.

canoes by the

(Seemann.)

natives of Fiji.

Western

and used

iv.,

-N.O.,

Myrtacese,

B.Fl.,

103. " Sandstay."

This shrub

is

" Coast Tea-tree."

the most effectual of

gress of drift sand in a

warm

climate.

all It is

for

arresting the pro-

most

easily raised

by

simply scattering in autumn the seeds on the sand, and covering

them

loosely with boughs, or, better

still,

by spreading lopped-off

MISCELLANEOUS. branches of the shrub

643

bearing ripe

itself,

seed,

on the sand.

(Mueller.)

and Queensland.

All the colonies except Western Australia

Cunninghamii, Planch.;

30. Malaisia tortUOSa, Blanco, (Syn., ]\L

M.

scandens, Planch.;

M. viridescens,

Dumartroya

Planch.;

Planch.;

Gaudich.

/agi/olia,

javanica, Blume); N.O., Urticeoe, B.Fl.,

vi.,

M. acuminata, Cephalolropis

;

180.

"Crow Ash."

The

fruit,

which

ripe

is

and

plentiful about Christmas time,

forms a good substitute for the holly is

in decorations.

(Bailey.)

It

not endemic in Australia.

New

South Wales, Queensland and Northern Australia.

31. Melaleuca ericifolia, Smith, (Syn.

M.

Gunniana,

Schau.

Myrtaceas, B.FL,

This shrub

M.

consolidating

for

will live in very salt

ground, and in water.

planted whenever

is

it

nodosa, Sieb. non Smith;

F.v.M.);

heliophila,

N.O.,

159.

iii.,

useful

is

M.

;

muddy shores, as it may be easily trans-

It

(Mueller.)

large.

All the colonies except Western Australia.

Melaleuca leucadendron, Linn., N.O., Myrtace®, B.FL, Melaleuca Leucadendra in Muell. Cens., p. 55. 142.

32.

"White River.

"

(For synonyms, see

Atchoourgo"

live.

Its

will

it

grow

bark protects

Tea-tree."

of the aboriginals of the Mitchell

p. 276.)

Baron Mueller recommends vapours, as

"Swamp

Tea-tree."" "Broad-leaved Tea-tree."

" Paper-barked Tea-tree."

iii.,

in salt

it

Western Australia,

subduing malarial

this plant for

swamps where, no Eucalyptus

will

against conflagrations.

New

South

Queensland

Wales,

and

Northern Australia. 33.

var.

Melaleuca Preissiana,

leiosbachya,

Schau.,

parviflora, Lindl.); N.O., Myrtaceae, B.FL,

Baron Mueller draws attention stay

moving

coast sands.

Many

to this

iii.,

(Syn.

M.

145.

bush as being useful

to

other species of Melaleuca are

also useful for this purpose.

All the colonies except Tasmania.

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANTS.

644 34-

M. M.

Smith, (Syn.

linariifolia, var. trichostachya,

Melaleuca

trichostachya, Lindl.); N.O., Myrtacese, B.FL,

iii.,

141.

trichostachya in Muell. Cens., p. 55.

This tree sea shores, as

is

another of the Melaleucas suitable for growing by

M. Thozet has seen

it

growing

in places

the tide, and says that large saplings without roots

bathed by

may be

trans-

planted, and will take root.

South Australia, Queensland and Northern Australia,

35-

Piper hederaceum, A. Cz^««., N.O.,Piperace^, B.Fl.,vi., 205.

This climbing plant

is

considered by a local bee-keeper to

be

very valuable as a honey yielder.

New 36.

South Wales.

SemecarpUS Anacardium, Liyin.;

(Syn.,

Engl.); N.O., Anacardiaceae, B.Fl., " Marking-ink

The

unripe

fruit,

Nut Tree"

leaves are used

Typha

used in India in the

is

(Treasury of Botany.)

The

as plates in parts of India.

Queensland and Norihern 37-

aicstralasicus^

of India.

when pounded,

formation of a kind of bird lime.

6".

491.

i.,

Australia.

angUStifolia, Linn., N.O., Typhaceae, B.FL,

vii.,

159.

" Bullrush."

The the

spikes of this 'bullrush, or cat's

Murray River

This plant

is

at

one time, and sold

tail,

were collected on

for stuffing pillows, etc.

not endemic in Australia.

All the colonies. 38. Vitis

saponaria, Seevi.; (Syn., Cissus geniculata, A. Gray,.

non Blume); N.O., Ampelidese,

The

from a foot

The

to eighteen inches long, soft

almost equal to that of soap.

Queensland]

448.

washing

their hair to

stem, especially the thicker part,

and when thus rendered quite lather,

i.,

natives of Fiji used this creeper for

destroy the vermin. in pieces

B.Fl.,

it

is

cut

cooked on hot stones,

produces, in water, a rich

(Seemann.)

INDEX.

—

MEMORANDUM. Hitherto

the

difficulties

1.

in

assigning aboriginal

The

species has been immense.

Different people express

following are in different

some

names

to

particular

of the difficulties

:

English characters what

is

obviously the same aboriginal name. 2.

name,

In i.e.,

many

cases

whether

or an appellation

we

it is

of

are in doubt as to the value of an aboriginal's

actually a

some

name

for the particular plant alluded to,

characteristic this plant 'possesses in

common

with others. 3.

Aboriginals are sometimes so

traveller, that rather than disappoint

occasion.

very willing to give names to a

him they

will

prepare a few for the

INDEX. MISCELLANEOUS. PAOB

Kooliman

Aboriginal Method of Obtaining

546

Fire

Aboriginal Method of Obtaining

Water

i

Aboriginal Beverages Alstonidine ... Alstonin ... ... Anoplognathus cereus Atherospermine...

...

...

2

...

...

154

...

...

151

... ...

Beal

69 157

25, ...

••

3

Black Cicada, Great Bool

•

3

Bowar-dakoneh

•••

43

28,

...

69

Cajputene (and other Products from Cajeput Oil) ... ... 279 ... Calobates australis ... 345 ... ... 289 Cassie ... ... ... ... 345 Chelura terebrans ... Chlorogenine ... ... 154 Cicada mcsrens ... ... 28, 69 Cobra 345

50

Lerp-amylum

...

...

Manna Cicada Midama ...

...

...

...

...

..."

...

Mill

Nausitoria Saulii

Ootacamund

(India),

...

...

69 9

43 345

Wattles at 352

Pea Eaters Peechee

452

28,

...

Nardoo Stone, or

25

...

Lloyds and Australian Timbers

...

...

140 43 199

... Pittosporine ... ... Pituria 171 ... ... 172 Piturine ... ... Planting of Eucalyptus Forests 180

Porphyrine Porphyrosine

...

...

...

...

154 154 ... 123 25, 69 ... ...

Preonodura Newtoniana Psylla Eucalypti Rottlerin...

Drumine

...

Duboisine

Enemies

of

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Timber

... ... Eucalyn, or Eucalin Eucalyptene ... ... 260, ... Eucalyptol ... ... ... Eucalyptolene ... ... Planting of ... Eucalyptus, ... ... Eudoxyla Eucalypti Experiments on the Strength of Australian Timber ... ...

Fire,

Aboriginal

Method

182 172

345 28 261

259 260 180 347

Salubrity of Eucalyptus Regions 451

Seasoning of Timber

...

Ship-worm

...

...

...

Sycoretin...

...

...

...

of

Tall Trees

Wallarie

...

178

Wallong

...

203 347

Water, Aboriginal Obtaining Wattle Goat Moth

Glycyphylline ... Goat Moth (Wattle)

...

...

Indigo Eaters ... ... ... 140 Insects Destructive tg Timber 345

Japanese Potatoes Jarrah Tannic-acid

...

...

18

...

...

484

Kondola

...

...

19

...

...

304 345 346 640 19

43

Method

of

Wattles, Planting of Insects Injurious to „

White Ants Wood Fungus

226

430, 447

...

Teredo navalis ... Termites {white ants) ... Tinder from Gum Trees

Obtaining ... ... ... 546 Fowls, Gum-leaves for Diseases in

330

345 Sirop de Capillaire ... ... 151 Strength of Australian Timber 337 226 Sycoceryl acetate ... ...

Tannage 337

...

...

347 303 347 346

640

Xylophages

345

Zeuzera (Eudoxyla) Eiicalypti

347

.

VERNACULAR NAMES. P.\GE

Acacia

327:

Blue-leaved ,, Acouloby... Ah-pill

S30 293 416 427 592

Alexandra Palm... Alexandrian Laurel 160 Algerega 517 Country (India) Almond, 62, 287, 300 Indian ... ... ... 605 ,, Stringybark leaved 246, „ 323. 503 Amulla 46 .

621

Apiri (Tahiti)

Apple-berry Apple, Black

...

Brush

,,

Emu

,,

Kangaroo

,,

...

Mammee Oak

,,

Rose

Apple-scented

10

49, 198, 581 ...

(American)

Mooley Mulga

M „

...

4 4.367-503

„

,,

...

...

58

...

159

49, 581

...

...

Gum

...

...

,,

,,

„

464 Narrow-leaved 116, 235, 375

Aquaie ... Arangmill

ArangnuUa Arnurna ... ... Ash

526 524 48 ...423. 539. 542,

Black Black Mountain Blue Blueberry

Brush Crow's Elderberry

...

Illawarra

Moreton Bay

...

,,

641

4^1,563 471

423 421, 422 369 539. 641, 643 583 ... 422 251, 526

Mountain. (See Mountain Ash.) Pigeonberry ... 423 ... Red 315,373. 581 Asparagus of the Cossacks ... 64 Asthma Herb (Queensland) ... 183

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

23 7

97

Spinach „ Axe-breaker

...

Baa-lunn...

143 16

579

9 409 213 365 "5. 363 ••• 533 ...

Baa-nung Badjong ...

... ...

-

Bakka Balaar Balavola-Karping

Balemo

...

...

Ballat Bailee

... •••

30 30 534

449, 622 13, 161

Ballook Balloon Vine Ballot

Balvory

,,

Mountain

Millet

Shamrock

49

376, 393 236, 376, 462,

...

„

Balsam Tree

,,

,,

276, 570, 643

...

Australian Celery

3 IS

250, 523 ... 236, 375, 376, 523 Broad-leaved 13, 116,

Apple Tree

Atchoourgo Aucoloby

534 or Capivi

of Copaiba,

188, 548, ...

...

...

...

Balwarra...

...

...

...

...

...

90,

...

...

Balyan

549 425 532

65,^68

Bamboo Grass Banga Bangalay

no 41

435.436

Bangalow Banganga Banyan, Native Barbaddah Barcoo Grass Bargadga

...

..'.

...

...

...

...

•

592, 631 ...

225,

...

...

...

165

538 24

76 18 Bark, Bitter 151,198,204,299,374,585 Barnyard Grass ... ... ... 96 Barranduna ... ... ... 611

Barremma

...

...

...

...

...

..

...

...

Barricarri

...

...

Barror Barroul-goura

...

...

...

...

Bart-bart...

Bastard Blue Box, ,,

Gum

...

5,

474, 500 369, 637

13.393 ... 525 ... 292 ...

471

25, 330, 462, 470, 476,

495. 50s, 506, 524, 608, 609 ,.

Gidga

,,

Gum

..

Jarrah

...

Mahogany Myall

...

363 27,270,321,465 435 ... 435, 480 306, 351, 355

INDEX (vernacular NAMES). Bastard Pencil Cedar

Peppermint

,,

Sandalwood Sycamore White Gum

,,

,,

„

Batham

...

Batswing Coral

...

...

Black Box

...

Black-butt

420 610 425. 576 ... 410 27 .431.465 35 426

Baveu

21

Bean, Leichhardt „ -Molucca ...

Queensland

,,

Bean-tree...

Bedgery Beech

175. 639

189 24, 175, 424. 639 14, 121, 396

...

...

409, 539, 549, 574. 597. 609, 611, 641

Black Evergreen

,, ,,

,,

Flindosy... Indian

„

Mountain

,,

Native

,,

Negro-head

,,

...

Red She

„

White

,,

Beef-wood

...

409 535 542 591

564 389 535 604 409,410 422, 549. 586

122, 229, 315, 317. 328,

3^2, 397. 399. 400, 552, 553, 599

Beeow-wang

6,

Behreging Belah

132,

373 556

"^

Belar

316, 398

)

Belbil

Beleam

...

Bell-fruit

611

...

369 407

...

Bembil ) Bembil Box j Benarqon Bent Grass, Slender Berrigan

...

...

...

273.

506

...

502

...

71

425 ... 367 44, 194 ... 598

125, 317.

Berry-yung Berudur ... Berryarrah Biall

...

5"

B'ggGra-biggera...

...

387

BiUa

316, 398

Billan-billan

...

Bimbil Box Bimburra...

...

Binkey Binnak Binnap

...

... ...

Bitter-bark

580

273. 506

549 60 435 528

151. 198, 204,

299 374, 585 ... 546 ,

,,

Quandong

Black Apple „ Ash „ Beech

4,367

4". 563 ...

409

649

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

650 Boobin ... Boobyalla

...

...

...

...

...

...

418 359 554

...

4,

Boogogin Bool ... Boola ... Boolerchu

Boomarrah Boona ... Boonderoo. Booral Boorrea ... Booreerra Boree ...

403

...

...

...

...

...

..

610

...

20, 124 ...

Cherry

584 ... 602 14, 394 115, 363 ... 363

... ...

...

...

...

...

...

Silver-leaf...

...

,,

White

Gum ...

...

...

421

...

...

...

...

508 396 389

Bottle-brush, Red Bottle Gourd .:. ... ... 192 Bottle-tree 59, 60, 140, 221, 601, 633 Bowat ... ... 631 ... ...

Bourrayero-gourroo Bour-rougne ...

Box ,,

,,

...

...

...

...

493 478

323, 326, 468, 470, 472, ^ 499. 522, 523. 528 Bastard. (See Bastard Box.) Bembil, or Bimbil... 273, 506 ...

,,

Black ... Brisbane ... Broad-leaved

272,470,495 ... 330, 608 ... ... 429

,,

Brown

...

...

Brush

...

...

505 330, 608

...

291,575 ... 470

,, ,,

,,

,,

China Cooburn Dwarf

„

Flooded

,,

Grey.

.. ,,

...

,,

...

.

...

...

,,

Ironbark ... ... Narrow-leaved ... Native ... ... ... Poplar ... Red. (See Red Box.) Thozet's ... ...

,,

True

,, ,,

,, ,,

„

495 495

(See Grey Box.)

Gum-topped Heath

,,

321, 468

375 272, 495 ... 495 121, 388 ... 273 507

White. Yellow „ Box-thorn

(See White Box.) 322, 441, 468, 470, 492

...

...

...

Bracken

...

...

...

...

604

Brake-fern

54, 201 54, 201

Bread-fruit

50,

Bread, Native

Bremgu Bricklow .

,

/

(

)

,0

s (See r> Brigalow.) ' s

^

•

1

583 46 365

535

516

Kangaroo Grass Rough Ironbark

74 S17 448

Gum

Water Wattle

Brome

610

214, 290, 312,

365 78 189 280 306 543

Grass, Seaside

Brooklime Broom, Native ... Wattle ... Brorogery Broughton Willow

"5

Brown Box ,,

Cedar

,,

Gum

505 421 510

Kurrajong Peppermint Brush Apple

407,

,,

,,

620 429

„

Ash

•••4.367,593 369

,,

Blood wood

236, 294, 382,

„

Box

603 ,,

330, 608 •29, 531. 611

„

410

Cherry Deal Myrtle ,, Turpentine ,, Bulbera? Bulboro) Bulla-bulla Bull Oak .

6n 595,

...

603

540 48, 197

162, 294, 316, 397,

BuUerum ...

...

64,

398

419 205, 634,644

Bummung

595 •

••

4"

•

Bungaby Bunkerman Bunnec-walwal

Boyung

429

Stringybark ... Tea-tree 276, 390, 570, 643

Bullrush 27,

...

30,

Ironbark...

Bunderoo

„

o Brigaloe

376, 393

Box

440

(See Bunderoo.)

„

Botany Bay Botany Oak

3

...

...

Brigalow 115, 212, 293, 309, 354, 356 Mountain 356 Brisbane Box 330, 608 Brisbane Quandong 317, 422 Brittle Gum 466, 468 Broad-leaved Apple Tree 13- "6,

Bunurduk Bunya-bunya Burdekin Plum Vine ,,

Bureutha ... Burgan ... Burr Burram-bufrang

567 ••• 354 ••• 533 26, 267 223, 377 ••• 599 ... 67 ... 400 ... 560 ... 4

297,

,

7.

...

43^

.

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

65^

652

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

653 PACK

Easip

471

Ebony, Mountain Queensland „ Egaie

...

Egolla

Egyptian Finger-grass

...

Elderberry Ash Native ... ,, Ellangowan Poison Bush

Elm

Emu „

Apple Bush

...

9,

...

135

143, 172, 376, 419 49, 198, 581

125,132,317,318,425.

538

Gum

„

...

...

...

385 ... 385 120, 380 506 ... 85 583 56, 596

Flooded Fig

Gum Gum

Fluted Forest

27, 248, 321, 465, 495,

501, 511, 514, 524,

529

...

...

...

51-5

...

...

...

511

Mahogany Oak

247, 324, 494, 508 122, 162, 294, 317, ,, 397, 399, 400 Fox-tail Grass, knee jointed ... 71 ,,

Fragrant Sandalwood Fuchsia, Native ... Fustic

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

295,

547 126

41a

556, 585

Erect She-oak

Eurpa

...

... ...

Evergreen Beech Everlasting Flower

False Jequirity Fat-cake... Fat-hen ...

122, 317, 294,

... ...

...

...

...

Gaoloowurrah

535'

Garrong

642

Geapga ... Geebung ... Ghohona Grass

...

...

...

5

...

...

...

...

...

471 16

Feather-wood ... Feathery Wattle Fern, Clover ... Maiden-hair ,, ,,

Prickly-tree

>.

Tree

... ... ...

...

...

...

590 210, 352 ...

42, 135 ... 151 ...

6,

Fescue, Sheep's

...

...

Fever-bark

...

151, 293, ... 267,

Fever-tree (Europe) Fig, Blue ... ,,

399 404

...

,.

374 373 89

374 449 317,422

,,

,,

,,

105 621

192, 560, 625

Gidgee Gidia

357

Gidga Bastard

„

363 51S 577

Gimlet Gum Ginugal ... Gippsland Grape

66,

Mahogany Waratah

,, ,,

Gnooro-warra

Gnorpin ... Goborra "^ Goborro 3 Goitcho ... Golden Wattle

...

388 584

429

Gnaoulie...

...

...

Gum

Flooded

...

51, (India).

Lily Nettle-tree

Giant „

637 307. 353. 617

...

Clustered 31, 128, 187, 537, 641

538 Leichhardt's Clustered ... 537 Moreton Bay ,, 225, 537, 623 Narrow-leaved ... 225, 538 ,, Port Jackson ... 225,538 ,, Prickly ... ... ... 422 ,, Purple ... ... 30, 538 Ribbed „ 538 Rough 143, 608 ,, Rough-leaved ... 30, 538 ,, Rusty ... „ 538 White ... ... 30, 538 ,, Finger-grass, Hairy ... ... 102 Finger-lime ... ... ... 406 Fire-tree ... ... ... ... 600 Five Corners ... ... 61 ... Flame Tree ... 220, 300, 632 Flat-topped Yate ... ... 499 Flax Lily ... ... ... 621 Flax, Native ... ... 39, 626 ... Flindosa ... 410, 539, 641 Flindosy Beech ... ... ... 542 Flintwood ... ... 502 ... Flooded Box 495 ,,

138, 201

Gaon-Gaon

...

612

435, 438 ...

...

605 470 477 510 495

...

214,

190,

12a

310, 312, 359. 365

Goobang

150

...

Goongum

589

Goo-mao-mah

192, 560, 625 Go-onie ... 13, 161, 393, 619 Gooseberry Tree, Little Gourd, Bottle ... ... 192 Sour ,, 4, 214 Gouty-stem 60, 221 Grape, Gippsland ... 66 Macquarie Harbour ... 46 ,, Native ... ... 66, 612 ,,

Grass, ,, ,,

,,

,, ,,

Bamboo

...

...

90,

Barcoo ... Barnyard Blady

no 76

96 92

Blue. (See Blue Grass.) Blue-star ... 72, 73, 74

Broad-leaved Kangaroo

74

^54 Grass

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

INDEX (vernacular NAMES). PAGE

Gum, Peppermint ,, ,,

,, ,,

,,

,, ,, ,,

„ ,,

,, ,, ,,

n ,, ,,

Poplar-leaved ... Red. (See Red Gum.)

Ribbon Ribbony Risdon

...

528 505

273,429

...

River River White

431.

5"

430 436 236, 376, 448 Scribbly ... 242, 321, 436, 466 Scribbly Blue 471 Scrub ... ... ... 640 Silky 514 Slaty 470,524 Spotted. (See Spotted Gum.) Sugar 27, 126, 127, 442, 465

Rough-barked Rusty ...

...

,, ,,

White.

,,

White Swamp

„

Yellow

,,

...

239. 319, 430 326, 527

...

Swamp. Water Weeping

,,

...

...

(See

Swamp Gum.) 389, 609, 610

...

...

...

...

27, 126,

27, 465, 493,

...

...

... ...

Gunnung...

...

Gunthamarra

...

... ...

Gutta-percha Tree

13,

465 506 448 '520

321, 468

...

...

Hairy Grass

...

Stringybark

Gunamalary

Gunyang... Gutchu ...

501,527

(See White Gum.)

York ,, Gum-top ... ... Gum-topped Box "„

...

522 274 ... 510 ... 161, 393, 619 ... ... 58 ... ... 546 ... 534 ...

655

.

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

656

PAGE 144, 611

Jack, Supple

Jango-jango Jarrah Bastard ... ,, Jasmine, Native... Jelly Leaf ,,

595 446, 480 ...

Plant

Jemmy

Donnelly

Jequirity

••

„ Jerra-wa-wah

...

636 5

368 480 132, 556 4,

Jerrile

Jiggo

••

Jil-crow-a-berry

533> 577 114,

...

False

435 286 203 28

...

...

109

Jil-leer

534 495 ... Jimmy Low 247, 508 Jujube Tree (India) 68, 144, 207, 616 ... Jundera ... 319,429 Jungle Rice Juniper, Native ... 47. 577 jimbul

Kaarin Kaarrewan, or Kaareewan

Kadolo

577 212, 356 •••

51

...

Kalertiwan

590 568 ... 480 Kangaroo Apple 58 Kangaroo Grass 73 74 Broad-leaved. ,, 74 „ Thorn 349 ,,

Kamala Kangar

(India)

...

192, 29

Kaooroo

Karambi Karawun Karey

...

,..

Karkalla Karkin Karn-doo-thal

44

Karoom Karreuaira Karri

...

363 48 634 14 395

...

565 392 34 225, 537 623

444

Karro Karry

22 405

Karum

13

Katwort Kauri, Queensland

44 414

Kavor-Kavor

63 35 430

Kaya Kayer-ro...

Kedgy-kedgy

Kerrawah Ketey Kibbera

420 420

...

...

Kidgi-kidgi

...

...

59^ 631 60 610 420

589 510 40, 566 417 49

...

Kindal-kindal Kinjenga-kilamul

Kineyah

...

Knee-jointed Fox-tail

Kodah Koko

71

Millet (India)

104

549 495

Koloneu...

Komin Kondo Kongangu Koobah ... Kooline

51

15.

...

Korawal

Koubah Kowar

40 52, 630 314, 365 34 585 400 58 423 314 •

Koombarra Koondeeba Koonyang

•

.

.

...

•

...

•

•

Kowarkul

23

306, 351 316, 388

Kowinka... Kumquat, Native Kunkerberry Kurleah ... Kurra-gurra Kurrajong 59, 60,

8,

I4> •••

379 395 495 466

140, 143, 220, 221,

601, 608, 638

Black. Kurrajong.)

Kurrajong, Brown

...

Green

Laap.

...

407, 620

35, 132, 556,

Tasmanian

Kurwan

Black

(See

,,

„

Karagata.

Kerabin

PAGE

Kidney-wallum Kimbarra

...

...

...

...

...

624 630 388

(See Lerp.)

Laburnum, Sea-coast ... ... 204 Lace-bark Tree ... 220, 300, 600, 632 Lachlan Pine 544 Ladj's Smock Lagaulbie

13 591 381

...

Lancewood Landsborough Grass Langdon's Hardwood Larap. (See Lerp.) Large-leaved Water Larribie ... Larp. (See Lerp.) Laurel

76 381

Gum

Native

White Lawyer Vine Lead Gum

582 1 60 588 162, 638

165, 409,

Alexandrian Diamond-leaf

Dodder ... Moreton Bay

532 557

! . .

14, ..

165,409

(See Native Laurel.) 128, 188, 539...

409 623 522

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

657

PAGE

Leather-jacket

246, 315, 373, 403, 409, 506, 613 121

Leek, Native

Leguminous Ironbark Leichhardt Bean

...

...

175,

...

... Clustered Fig ,, Leichhardt's Tree 45, 298, ... Lemon, Desert ... 8,

Lemon-scented

Gum

271, 2go, Ironbark 274,

,,

Lemon, Wild Leopard Tree

...

Lerp

...

427 639 537 574 379 480 522 391

...

129, 216, 541 ... 25, 69

... ... Lesser Star Grass 79 Light Pine 543, 544 ... ... 582 Light Sycamore... Light-wood 311, 359, 403, 404, 597 Light Yellow-wood 167, 296, 414, 541, 595 Lignum-VitiE 47, 149, 309, 355, 505, 577. 586, 612 Lilac, Cape ... ... 193, 571 Persian ... ... 193, 571 „ Lilly Pilly ... 29, 327, 532

Darling Flax Giant

Lily,

„ „

...

Spear

,,

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

20 621 621 621

Lime, Finger ... Native ... ,, Native Scrub ,,

...

16,

...

...

Liquorice, Indian

...

...

14 148

Gooseberry Tree... Long-hair Plume Grass ... Long Jack ...

...

11

Little

406 406

83 296, 541 Yam 23 ,, ... ... Loquat, Native ... 595 Looking-glass Tree (England) 555 ... ... Lotus, Sacred ... 48 Lucerne, Native... 139.203 Paddy ... 139, 203, 632 ,, ...

Macquarie Harbour Grape Vine ,, Macquarie Pine ... ... Maddagovvrie .. ... Madder, Indian ... ,,

.

Mahogany

...

Bastard

„

... ...

... ...

46 46 413 422

...

...

330, 480 435, 480

,,

247, 324, 494, 508 Gippsland ... 435, 438 Red ... 247, 324, 508 (See " Swamp Swamp.

„

Tom

,,

Russell's White (see "

„

U

II, 160, 237, 386, 618

.Malla-waundie ... ••• 350 Mallee ... 267, 269, 270, 272, 274, 447. 464

Ooldea ... White „ Mallow Tree Mammee Apple (America) ,,

Mangrove

9, 120,

,,

...

River

...

White ,,

...

...

... .. ...

Marble-wood Marking-nut Tree ...

Marsh Hickory

...

Marum Marung Marvey Mayakich

Meadow

380 89 527 441 198 611

580 286 597. 644 ... 613 ... 412 ... 389 544 ... 580 ... 58 ... 94 ... 58 ...

57, 203, 220,

-

... ...

Rice-grass

Meakitch Medicine Tree

533

316, 388, 555 370. 637

27, 275, 326, 429,

Mao-warang Maple ...

Marrara

159

120,

Manna Grass Mannen

...

...

187,

Red

Gum

37,

507 26 626

•••

201, 299, 329, 380 594, 638

Milky

...

Mee-a-mee Mee-mee... Melyn Menindie Clover... Merangara

164 373 ... 576 •• 599 •• 143 ...

...

...

44

Meridja-courroo...

...

Meroan-gange

...

615 350 66 582 615 323 622 363 182 570 533 97 104 104

...

Merrin Merring-arra

...

Merrivi

...

...

Messmate

246, 272, 296, 319. 429, 430, 433, 495: 503,

3"

Miljee Milk Plant

127

Milk-wood Milky Mangrove... Millet, Australian

..

187, ...

„

Ditch

...

...

...

...

„

Kodah

,,

Native

White Ma-

,,

Sea-side

,,

Shama

hogany.") 2

Mail

565, 627

Mahogany.")

420, 533 ... 151 376, 591

Malabar Silk-cotton Tree

.

Forest

,,

Maiden's Blush Maiden-hair Fern

...

...

51

...

104 95

...

658

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

659

66o

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

1

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

66

INDEX (vernacular NAMES)

662

Ridge Myrtle

...

INDEX (vernacular NAMES)

663.

PAOE

Silvery Honeysuckle

Oak

,,

...

Simool Tree (India) Sirpoon (India) ... Slaty

Gum

...

552 599 1, 160, 237, 618 ... ... 215 ... 470, 524 ...

1

...

... Slender Bent Grass ... 71 Panic Grass ... ... „ 95 Small-leaved Nettle ... 561, 626 Stringybark ... 466 ,, Small Native Pomegranate 12, 392 Salt-bush... ... ... 117 „ Smooth-barked Bloodwood 441, 448 Ironbark 476 Smooth Holly ... 554

Sneezeweed Sorrel, Clover

...

Sour Grass

Gourd Plum

,,

„ ,,

Thistle

...

Orchid

Grass

...

...

...

...

621

...

...

Oak

,,

,,

122, 162, 294, 317, 397. 398. 399 Tea-tree 276 569, 570,

,,

,,

White

Tea

,,

Taberol

Tagon-tagon

11

Tallow-wood

16

Talwalpin

Gum

,,

Tree

242, 243, 269, 271, 320, 322, 439, 462, 466, 639 ... 129, 216, 541

Spurious Olive

...

...

Stave-wood

...

...

Black

...

,,

Stink-wood Stone-wood

...

...

...

...

579

542, 604

604 282, 301, 616 ... 390, 604 ...

Stringy-bark 243, 245, 266, 272, 296, 319, 322, 323, 429, 435, 439. 448, 477- 495. 502, 511, 520, 523, 622, 623

,,

627 Almond-leaved 246 323. 503 Broad-leaved ... 448

,,

Narrow-leaved... 246,

,,

323 Pine ,. 543 Rough ... 319, 466 ,, Small-leaved ... 466 ,, White 439, 448, 503 Stunga ... ... ... ... 600 Stunted She-oak ... ... 397 Sugar Grass ... ... ... 106 Gum 27, 126, 127, 442, 465 ,,

...

...

...

Tamarind Tree Tanderoo Tangnan ...

...

54

Tchimmi-dillen Tchoonberie

...

Tchoonboy Tchoonchee ...

Tdjetlat ...

Teak Tea, Cape Barren

Sweet

,,

Tea -tree ,, ,,

,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

...

9, 120,

189 495

Taro Tasmanian Blue Gum Kurrajong ,, Tcheergun

Tdjeundegong

410,

380 587 245, 271, 322, 493 35, 557. 624 23, 416 516

Tangoon... Tara

Tdgerail

...

643 465 599 203 621 626 633 410 582 582

45. 575 ...

Talingora

62 108

Spotted

...

...

447 98

...

...

...

...

418, ... 623, 368, 410, 601,

White

,,

...

...

New

...

Bastard Light

„

...

Spinach, Australian

27, 126, 49,

...

Sword Sedge Sycamore

Zealand... ,, Spiny Rolling-grass ...

„

...

102

,,

Switch-sorrel (Jamaica)

no

...

...

,,

Sweet Plum

90,

229,576

295 Sundri 555 Sunn Hemp (India) ... ... 620 Supplejack ... ... 144,611 Swamp Gum 27, 242, 465, 501, 527 Mahogany 240,324,435, „ ,, 436, 510, 609, 610 ...

...

50 50 214

115, 212, 320, 354, 357,

Spider Grass

Summer Sun-dew

35 418, 621 ••• 59

Lily

,,

...

-

Spear Grass

Spear-wood

...

195

49. 581

Queensland Switch ...

Sorrel,

Sow

4,

PAGE

Sugar Tree

17

449 630 502 30, 534 582 4. 368 ... 9, 120, 380 29. 327> 532 525 418 417, 424, 540 20 203

38, 193, 280, 523, 561

Black ... ... 571.628 Broad-leaved 276, 448, 390, 570, 643 Coast 642 Mountain 560 Paper-barked ... 276, 643 Prickly-leaved 569. 571. 628 River 390

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

664

PAGE

Tea-tree,

Swamp. (See

"

Swamp

Tea-tree.";

White „ Tee Tee-coma

276, 570, 643 .. 322, 494 ••

215,372

...' Turnip-wood ... 370, 420 Turpentine, Brush ... 595, 603 Tree 230, 245, 250, 271, 506, 322, 330, 494, 523, 602 Turraie ... ... ... 552 ... Twine, Settlers'... ... ... 623 ,,

Terrat

131

Terri-barri

517 459 59 385

Tyal-dyal

6n

Umbrella-bush Grass ,, Tree „

Tewart ... Thalaak ... Thalmera Thandorah Thankoin

144,

Tharra-gibberah Thistle,

566 597 59 295, 410 56,

Sow

Thorn, Cockspur

..

Orange ... Thorny Yellow-wood ,,

... ..

Box Thukouro Thozet's

300, 61S 27, 507 53>

Tiger's Milk (India)

...

Till

Tindil

...

Ulorin ...

51. 97

387 598 ... 387 390 291 480 ... 409

Umpurr ... Union Nut

..•

Unoyie Urara Urri-burrigundie

187

Vandyke Grass

424

Victorian Blue Vine, Balloon

430

Burdekin

...

...

Gum

...

...

67 138 ... 295 128, 188 539> 623 ...

525

••

135

Lawyer

...

502 575 627 359 375 459 625 376 416 400 83 459 3«7 586 623

Macquarie Harbour Native Pepper ...

565. ••• •••

Tooart Toolim ... Toolookar

236,

Toonoum Toon Tree

23, 123,

••• ...

(India)

Toothed Bent Grass Touart

Towra Tow-war

...

••

...

...

Travellers' Grass Tree-fern...

...

6,373

„

Black-stemmed

...

,,

Prickly

•

Tree Mallow True Mitchell Grass True Myall Truffles

Tuart Tubbil-puUa Tuckeroo ...

62,

Tulip Tree

Tulip-wood

•

Tumkullum Turmeric...

...

77

"5. 363 46 446 boo 330, ... 410

...

"T^uggan-tuggan Tulip, Native

21

374 37, 626

.

551 633

560. 600 49> 376, 554, 581

567 282,301, 553, 616

Waabie

...

...

...

46

-

587

225, 537. 623

...

Wait-a-while

306 58 559

Walga Walking-stick Palm

Walkor Wallaby Bush

99 449

13, 161

...

•••

Russell's Mahogany Toney Tonga-beanwood

395 514 363

...

...

Tobacco, Native Toi

Tom

14,

•••

Tjellat

45.

411

•

Umbagga

Caustic Cockspur...

Toka

...

200

5', 97

Tirba-twebin Ti-tree, (See " Tea-tree.")

...

...

...

37^ 225, 386

82 417 Wallang-unda ... 574 Wallaon ... 603 Wall-flowered Poison Bush 130 Wallowa... ... 306 Wallang ... ••• 383 Wallundun-deyren 281, 589 ... 508 Wandoo ... Waneu ... 3- 350 ... 430 Wangara... ... 494 Wangee ... Wangnarra •• 495 Wappoo-wappoo ... 67 Warabi (Japanese) ••• 54 Waratah ... 62, 605, 633 ... Gippsland 605 ,, ,,

Grass

...

Wallam-bunnang

.

Wargnal

...

Warra-garria

Warratau Warra-worup Warreeah

...

122

-

551

•'• ...

••

633 307 433

INDEX (VERNACULAR NAMES). Warre

665

666

INDEX (vernacular NAMES).

j

BOTANICAL NAMES. PACE

Abehnoschus splendens, Walp.

Abroma

fastuosa, R.Br.

624 617

Abrus

Acacia excelsa, Benth. falcata, Willd.

114, 148, 636 panciflorus, Desv. precatorius, Linn. 114, 148, squamulosus, E. Mey. 114, 148,

636 Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don indicum, G. Don oxycarpum, F.v.M. pulchelliini, G. Don Acacia

148 148

617 630

...

abietina, Willd.

acuminata, Benth. ... 289, adenophora, Spreng. 352, aneura, F.v.M. 114,305, angulata, Desv. apicidata, Meissn. arcuata, Sieb. ... 31 1 armata, R.Br. aulacocarpa, A. Cunn. 305, basaltica, F.v.M. ... 116, ... Bidwilli, Benth. 212, binervata,

DC.

371

350

210, 305, 350

brachybotrya, Benth. calamifolia, Sweet. ... Caleyiy A. Cunn. ... calyculata, A. Cunn. chordophylla, F.v.M. cibaria, F.v.M. cinerascens, Sieb.

358 349 353 34y 352 293 359 349 350

351

306 312, 364 351 314, 365 3

212, 309, 356

Cunn. conferta, A. Cunn. crassicarpa, A. Cunn. Cunninghami, Hook. Daintreana, F.v.M. ... colletioides, A.

306 289 351 306, 351

,,

,,

307. 353. 617 normalis, Benth. 352

Cunn.

...

dictyocarpa, Benth. ... doratoxylon, A. Cunn.

echimda, DC. elata, A. Cunn. emarginata, Wendl.

149 351 115, 289,

354 358 211 ...

367

354 355

falcinella, Meissn.

214, 290, 312,

farnesiana, Willd.

212, 289, 3SS

364 fasciculifera,

F.v.M.

flavescens, A. Cunn. Fraseri, Hook. furrifera, Lindl.

355

glaucescens, Willd.

Gnidium, Benth. harpophylla, F.v.M.

309. 356

•••

212,

312,364 349 309, 356 356

212, 289, 293, 309. 356

Benth. homalophylla, A. Cunn.

heniiteles,

••

293

212, 309,

357

homomalla, Wendl.

212, 309, 356 149. 310, 357 149, 312, 618

implexa, Benth. impressa, Lindl

intertexta, Sieb. 359 irrorata, Sieb. 210, 306, 351 juniperina, Willd 358 leiophylla, Benth 214. 314, 366 leiophylla, var. viicrocephala,

Meissn.

...

...

lenticillata, F.v.M.

leptocarpa, A. leprosa, Sieb.

...

212, 289, 310,

Cunn.

...

...

213 355 358 358

leucadendron, A. Cunn. 212, 309, 356 leucophylla, Lindl •• 115.363 ligulata, A. Cunn 115,314, 365 linearis, linifolia,

Sims Willd.

213.

longifolia var., typica,

358 358

Willd 310, 359

354

daphnifolia, Meissn. 213 dealbata, Link. 210, 306, 351 decurrens, Willd. 210, 307, 352 decurrens var. mollis, Willd. 211,

delibrata, A.

149. 309,

longifolia var., Sophor?e, Willd.

310, 359, 636

longissima, Wendl. lophantha, Willd. macradenia, Benth.

marginata, Wendl. melanoxylon, R. Br microbotrya, Benth. mollissima, Willd.

358 116, 315,

3"

637 359 367 359 213

307i 353.

617 myriobotrya, Meissn.. neriifolia, A. Cunn. notabilis, F.v.M.

...

2I3'

—

363

INDEX (botanical NAMES)

668

Achras

Acacia obtusifolia, A. Cunn. Oldfieldii, F.v.M,

359 349 ... 311, 363 115,289,363

Oswaldi, F.v.M. pendula, A. Cunn. „

...

213, 311 penninervis, Sieb. 149, 312, 618 petiolaris, Lehm. 214, 290, 312, 364 plagiophylla, Spreng. 149, 309, 355 podalyriaefolia, A. Cunn. 312, 364 ...

polybotrya, var. foliosa, Benth. 364 polystachya, A. Cunn. 312, 364 ... procera, Willd. 215, 372 ... pterigoidea, Seem. ... 213 ... 306 pulverulenta, A. Cunn.

pungens, Spreng. pycnantha, Benth.

...

358

...

148, 214, 290,

312, 364 reclinata, F.v.M retinodes, Schlecht. rigens, A. Cunn. rostellifera.

358 214, 313, 365 ... 314, 365 ... 213 ... 115, 314, 365

Seem.

salicina, Lindl. salicina var. varians, Lindl.

saligna,

Wendl. or Benth.

150 214,

...

314,366 sapindoides, A. Cunn. sentis, F.v.M.

Sophorce, R.Br. spathulata, Tausch. ... ... spinescens, Benth. stenophylla, A. Cunn. stricla, Willd.

subcoerulea, Lindl. siibfalcata, Meissn.

subporosa, F.v.M.

...

... ...

*...

sulcipes, Sieb.

...

359 ... 366 ... 366 367 ... 293 ... 213 314,367 ... 352 ...

supporosa. (See subporosa). tetragonophylla, F.v.M. ... Thozetiana, F.v.M torulosa, Benth. ... ... umbrosa, A. Cunn. 210, 305, ... varians, Benth. 150, veriicillaia, Sieb. vestita,

Ker

...

Victoria, Benth.

spp Acsena Behriana, Schlecht. echinata, Nees ovina, A. Cunn. sanguisorbse, Vahl.

367 372 367 350 365 ... ... 358 ... 314 ... 214, 314, 366 148, 208, 302 ...

...

...

...

...

...

...

sarmentosa, Carmich.

...

636 636 636 4 4

Achras austr.-ilis,

laurifolia,

R.Br. F.v.M.

australis, R.Br. aspera, Linn. ...

...

4,367

...

150, 368

...

...

canescens, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

150 150 150 150

Acniena elliptica,

Don

floribunda,

29, 531

...

DC.

Acratherum miliaceum, Acronychia Baueri, Schott

29, 329, 531 Link... 77

...

...

Cunninghaniii, Hook.

...

Hillii, F.v.M....

...

...

...

...

L-Evis,

Forst.

...

lanrina, F.v.M. ... Adansonia Gregorii, F.v.M. Adenanthera pavonina, Linn.

369 568 369 369 369 214

...

4, 5,

369,

637

Adianthum sethiopicum, Linn.

...

...

assimile, Schwartz.

...

...

trigonum,

...

...

Labill.

151 151 151

JE-giceras cornicidata, Blanco.

587

214, 314, 366 310, 359, 636

...

368 369 369

...

Achyranthes argentea, Lam.

var. glabrata,

,,

F.v.M.

myrsinoides, A. Cunn. obovata, F.v.M. ... Pohlmanniana, F.v.M.

fragrans. Keen. majus, Giertn.

...

...

370. 637 370, 637 370, 637

ALgopogon st rictus, Beauv. .^schynomene Sesban, Linn.

...

72

...

139,

202,

5^

Agaricus campestris, Linn. ... 5 Agathis robiista, Salisb. ... 413 Agnostus sinuatus, A. Cunn. ... 600 Agropyron. (See Agropyrum.) Agropyrum scabrum, Beauv. ... 70 ... velutinum, Nees ... 71 Agrostis actinoclada, F.v.M. ceniula, R.Br.... crinita, R.Br ...

...

...

...

...

...

...

108

82 83 82 82

debilis, Poir. ... ... Forsteri, Rcem. et Schult. intricata, Nees ...

...

laxiflora, Rich. ovata, Forst. ...

...

...

71 71

...

...

85

...

...

71

...

...

84 82

parviflora, R.Br. rara, Nees ... retrofracta, Willd. rigida, A. Rich. scabra, Willd... scinrea, R.Br. semibarbata, Trin.

Solandri, F.v.M virginica, Linn.

... ...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

ill 71

84 82 82 109

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

669

PAGE

Ailanthus imberbiflora, F.v.M. punctata, F.v.M. ,, Aira sqtiarrosa, SpTeng.

Akania

Hillii,

370 584 88 370

Benth

Albizzia

Roxb.

...

371

...

...

Hendersoni, F.v.M. lophantha, Benth. procera, Benih. pruinosa, F.v.M. Thozetiana, F.v.M.

Toona,

Bail.

116, 371

371

116, 315, ...

...

...

Tozeri, F.v.M. Vaillantii, F.v.M Aleurites Ambinux, Pers.

215, 372

...

637 215, 372 587 372 372 587 155

223, 283, 372 5, 223, 283, 372 5, 223, 283, 372 5,

moluccana, Willd. triloba, Forst.

Allophyllus ternatus. Lour. 56, 201 Alocasia macrorrhiza, Schott 18, 165

Alopecurus australis,

Nees

71 71 71

geniculatus, Linn. paniceus, CEder. Alphitonia excelsa, Reissecl<.

315-

373 Alsophila australis, R.Br.

Hook, R.Br

Cooperi, excelsa,

...

et

Bak. ...

6, 6,

6,

Leichhardtiana, F.v.M.

Macarthuri, F.v.M.

...

373 373 373 374 374

Alstonia constricta, F.v.M.

cuneata. Wall. scholaris, R.Br. verticillosa, F.v.M. villosa,

151, 293, 154,

... ...

...

Blume.

374 374 154, 374 375 375

7'

72

72

R.Br.

Aiiathenim

72

parvijlortitn, Spreng.

Aitdreusia debilis, Vent.

80 46

Andropogon affinis, R.Br. ... annulatus, Forst, annidatits, F.v.M.

...

bombycinus, R.Br. chrysatheriis, F.v.M

...

72

...

74

citratum,

...

...

DC.

citreus, R.Br.

echinatiis, Heyne erianthoides, F.v.M....

...

86

...

90

...

74 77

...

falcatiLS, Steud.

•••

73

•••

92,

filipendulinus, Hoch. Grylliis, Linn. halepense, Sibth. intermedins, R.Br.

...

inundatns, F.v.M. ... lachnatherus, Benth. Martini, Roxb.

Kunth

...

montanns, Roxb. Nardiis, Linn. nervosus, Rottb. pertusus, Willd. procerus, F.v.M. refractus, R.Br. rottbcellioides, Steud. schoenanthus, Linn. ... sericeus, R.Br. striatus, R.Br. triticeiis, R.Br. tropicus, Spreng. Angiopteris evecta,

74

253. 290

...

contortus, Linn. cryptatherus, Steud.

micrantliiis,

72 72

...

73 80

...

108

•••

73

73 73 253. 290 ... 80 ... 80 ... 290 •••

•••

...

92

••

73

•••

73 73 106

•• ...

253, ... ...

Hoffm.

290 74 90

...

90

...

107

7.

253

Angophora

Alyxia actinophylla, A. Cunn. buxifolia, R.Br. capitellata, Benth.

375 375 375 20

...

Amaryllis australasica, Ker

A7nanoa Cunninghamii, faginea,

Neesii, Steud.

BroTvnei, F.v.M. caricimts, F.v.M. strictus,

basaltica, Benth. canescens, Benth. elata,

PAGK

Amphibromus Amphipogon

Baill.

Baill-.

ovaia, Baill.

...

... ...

Amarantus viridis, Linn. Ammattnia indica. Lam. ... ...

...

406 387 387

...

6

... ...

154 154 Amoora nitidula, Benth. ... 375 Amorphospernmvi antilogum, F.v.M. vesicntoria, Roxb.

...

...

...

598

intermedia,

DC.

lanceolata, Cav. subvelutina, F.v.M. velntina, F.v.M.

116, 235, ... 235, ... ...

375 376 116,376 116,376 236, 376

Woodsiana, Bail. ... Anisacantha bicornis, F.v.M. Anisomeles salvifolia, R.Br. Anthericum btilbosum, R. Br.

...

138

...

290

... 121 seviibarbatitm. Hook... 121 Anthosachne australasica, Steud 70 Anthistiria australis, R. Br. 74

avenacea, F.v.M. basisericea, F.v.M. caipitosa, Anders.

...

74 74 74

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

670

Anthistiria eiliata, Linn. ... ... cuspidata, Anders. ... frondosa, R. Br. ... membranacea, Lindl.

Asparagus ... ...

... ...

Anthocercis Hopwoodii, F.v.M. Anthoscanthum crlnitmn, Linn.

74 74 75 76 168 83

Antidesma Dallachyanum, Bail!. 155 Apera crinita, Palisot. ... ... 83 Aphananthe phillipinensis, Planch. 376

Apium

australe,

Thou.

...

leptophyllum, F.v.M.

prostratum,

•

Labill.

...

...

7

..'.

116

...

Aponogeton elongatus, F.v.M. monostachyus, Linn.

f.

...

7

7 7

Apophyllum anomalum, F'.v.M. 377 Araucaria BidwilHi, Hook. 7, 223, 377 Cunninghamii, Ait. 224, 378 excelsa, A. Cunn. ... ... 377 Archidendron Vaillantii, F.v.M. 155,

379 Wend!.... ... ... ... Ardisia pseudojambosa, F.v.M. Areca nionostachya, Mart. ... Normanbyi, F.v.M. ... ... Arf;yrodendroii trifoliolatuni,

592 637 559

379

604 Argophyllum Lejourdanii^F.v.M. 379 Aristida ...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

leptopoda, Benth. parvijiora, Steud.

...

...

...

...

ramosa,

...

...

stipoides, R. Br.

vagans, Cav. ... vulgaris, Trin.

...

...

...

...

...

Astroloma humifusum, R.Br. pallidum, Sond.

Atalaya hemiglauca, F.v.M.

...

315.

76 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 76

Asparagopsis Brownei, Kunth Decaisnci, floribunda,

Kunth Kunth

...

...

...

...

...

.,,

...

...

9 117

...

...

...

...

...

...

9 9 118 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 119

...

...

71

...

holocarpum, F.v.M. inflata, F.v.M. Lindleyi,

Moq.

...

...

...

...

nummularia, Lindl.

...

...

semibaccata, R.Br.

...

seniihaccata, Moq. spoiigiosa, F.v.M. vesicaria,

Hew.

nervosa, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

...

scadiophora, F.v.M. Bacularia minor, F.v.M.

156

mojiostachya, F.v.M. Bceckea phylrcoides, A. Cunn.

Linn. tomentosa, Jacq. officinalis,

117 117

...

... f.

haiimoides, Lindl.

...

...

77 164 66 77 629 106 107 578 411 156 156 156

Asparagus fasciculatus, R.Br.

f.

cinerea, Poir. ... crystaliina, Hook. elcBagnoides, Moq. haliinus, R.Br.

Avicennia

...

Colocasia, Linn. ... 17, orixense, R.Br. ... ... Arundinella Nepalensis, Trin. Arundo Phragmites, Linn, ... poaforniis, Labill. ... ... ... triodioides, Trin. ... Arytera divaricata, F.v.M. ... semiglaiica, F.v.M. ... ...

Hook.

campanulata, Benth.

Arthraxon

Arum

380

Atriplex

Avena

Beauv.

379

...

micrantha, Tulasne 167, 414 moschata, Labill. 9, 156, 224, 253,

Artemisia minima, Thunb. ... 195 Arthratherum arenarium, Nees 76 ciliare,

8,

...

116,215,379 ... 379

Blume

salicifolia,

...

8 8 8

...

...

pinifolium, Benth. ... Atalantia glauca, Hook.

Billardieri,

F.v.M

Sieb....

93 Astelia alpina, R.Br. ... ... 8 Aster argophyllus, Labill. 299, 580 Asterotnyrtus Gcertneri, Schau. 568 Asterotrichon sidoides, Klotzsch. 630 Astrebia elymoides, Bail, et F.v.M. ... 77 pectinata, F.v.M. ... ... 78 triticoides, F.v.M. ... ... 78 triticoides, var. lappacea, F.v.M. 78

Atherosperma

Archontophcenix Alexandrce,

arenaria, Gaud. calycina, R. Br. contorta, F.v.M. depressa, Retz.

racemosus, Willd. ... ... 156 Asprella australis, Roem. et Schult.

380, 638 120, 380, 638

9, 120, 9,

Backhousia Bancroftii, F.v.M. et Bail. ... 381 citriodora, F".v.M. 254, 290, 381 myrtifolia, Hook, et Harv. ... 381 riparia, Hook. ... ... 381 ...

...

...

381

...

559 559 560

... ...

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

671

PAGE

Balanopteris minor, Gsertn.

555 555 Balfouria saligna, R.Br. ... 614 Baloghia lucida, Endl. 236, 294, 382 Banksia aemula, R.Br. ... ... ... 382 aiistralis, R.Br. ... ... 383 collina, R.Br. ... ... ... 10 ... compare R.Br. 315, 382 coiichifera, Gsertn. ... 316, 384 dactyloides, Gaertn. ... ... 553 dentata, Linn. f. ... ... 382 dentnta, Wendl. ... ... 382 depressa, R.Br. ... ... 383 elatior, R.Br. ... ... 382 „

Tothila, Gasrtn.

ericifolia, Linn.

.

.,

f.

...

insularis, R.Br. integrifolia, Linn.

...

littoralis, R.Br. macrophylla, Link. marginata, Cav. media. Hook. f. microstachya, Cav.

mitis, Kn\g\\i ... cblongifolia, Lodd.

^leifolia,CKV. ... Salisb

patula, R.Br pyriformis, Gaertn. serroefolia, Knight. serrata, Linn. f. serrata, Cav. ... serratifolia, Salisb. spicata. Gaertn. teniiifolia, Salisb. undulata, Lindl. spp. ...

...

...

Gunnii, Meissn.

...

383 ... 383 315, 382 383 315, 382 ... 383 316, 384 ... 383 315,384 ... 383 ..

...

... ...

...

... ... ...

315,382

...

...

...

...

...

553 383 615 382

316,

... ... ... ...

... ...

384 382 ... 382 315, 382 ...

... ...

10,

Barklya syringifolia, F.v.M. Barringtonia acutangula, Gjertn. butonica, Forst. Careya, F.v.M.

10

...

217 382 638 384

120, 159, 385

159 393 racemosa, Gaud. ... ... 159 speciosa, Linn. f. ... 159, 385 Bassia biconiis, F.v.M. ... ... 138 Batratheriim echinatum, Nees 77 Bauhinia Carronii, F.v.M. ... 385 Bedfordia salicina, DC. 385, 618 Beilschmiedia obtiisifolia, Benth. ...

...

13, 161,

Billardiera canariensis, Wendl. grandiflora, Putterl. latifolia, Putterl.

...

...

...

...

...

...

mutabilis, Salisb. ... ... scandens, Smith ... ... Blepharocarya involucrigera,

F.v.M Bobea putaminosa, F.v.M.

386 296,552

Bcerhaavia diffusa, Linn. ... procuinbens, Roxb. pubescens, R.Br.

...

...

..

...

...

...

heptaphyllujn, Cav. 11, 160, 237,

386,618 malabaricum, DC. 160, 237,386,618 Boronia arborescens, F.v.M. 282, 301, 616 megastigma, Nees ... ... 638 rhomboidea. Hook. ... ... 160 ^^/'s^/5, Turc. ... ... ... 638 Bosistoa sapindiformis, F.v.M. 387 Bouchardatia neiirococca, Baill. 572

Bowenia spectabilis, Hook. Brachy chiton ...

220, 300, 600, 632

Delabechii, F.v.M.

...

60, 221

discolor, F.v.M. Ittridtim, F.v.M.

...

platanoides, R.Br. populneicm, R.Br. iiidica,

Lam.

59, 140,220,

11,

190 160

...

387

...

387 387

...

...

...

Bridelia exaltata, F.v.M 387 faginea, F.v.M. ... ... 387 ovata,vax. exaltata, Muell. Arg. 387 Brizopyrum spicatiim, Hook.et

Am

84

Bromus arenarius, Labill. aitstralis,

R.Br

...

...

...

...

Bruguiera australis, A. Cunn.

Rheedii, ...

...

DC.

...

386 225, 386 lO

78 78 316,

388

Blume

Rumphii, Blume Buchanania arborescens,

...

60

...

...

Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Brassaia actinophylla, Endl. Breynia cinerascens, BaiU. ... oblongifolia, Muell. Arg.

Beyeria ...

600

...

601, 633

...

601,633

Bramia

gymnorrhiza, Lam.

f.

11

...

acerifolium, F.v.M.

Hook, ... 281, 328, 579 Bertya Cunninghamii, Planch. 225

Hook.

120 120 120

Bombax,

et

oblongifolia, viscosa, Miq. Billardiera angustifolia,

10 10 10 10 10

Blume

mangoides, F.v.M.

... ...

...

316, 388 316, 388 316, 388

...

...

...

...

ij

383

672 Buettneria

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Casuarina

Careya Roxb.

arborea,

australis,

var.

F.v.M.

...

393, 619 161 ...

arborescens, Leichh. ... ausiralis, F.v.M. 13, 161, 393, 619 Cargillia australis, R.Br.

pentamera, F.vM. Carissa Brownii, R.Br.

...

14,

...

...

CarthartocarpiiS

394 394

...

14,

395 395 195

Brewsteri,

F.v.M

395

Carumbium populifolium, Reinvv. populneutH, Muell. Arg.

... ...

395 395

Cafyodaphne australis, A.

Brown

409 41O

...

...

...

...

...

...

162

...

...

395

...

...

121

...

121

...

...

121

aculeata, R.Br.

...

...

adunca, F.v.M.

...

...

395 395 395 395 395

Browniaiia, Nees Cassia Absus, Linn. ... Brewsteri, F.v.M. caiialicidata, R.Br. eremobhila, ) a /^

A

f, neinopniLa, ) heteroloba, LindL .,

Cunn.

Cassinia

affinis,

R.Br. R.Br.

...

...

...

...

...

...

DC...

...

rosmarinifolia,

Cassytha filiformis, Linn. guineensls, Schum.

Castanospermum A. Cunn.

14,

162,

14, 162,

638 638

australe,

396 Casuarina cristata, Miq. 15, 122, 398 Cunninghamiana, Miq. .. 397 distyla, Vent. ... ... ... 397 equisetifolia, Forst. 162, 294, 397 Fraseriana, Miq. ... ... 398 glauca, Sieb ... ... 316, 398 Guiinii, Hook. f. 15, 122, 398 inophioia, F.v.M. et Baill. ... 398 leptoclada, Miq. 122, 317, 399 macrocarpa, A. Cunn. 15, 122, 398 meBsta, F.M.^A. ... 122,317,399 Muelleriana, Miq. ... ... 397 niuricata, Roxb 162, 397 quadrivalvis, Labili. 15, 122, 398 rigida, Miq. ... ... ... 397 striata, Ait.... ... 15, 122, 398 stricta, Miq. ... ... ... 397 suberosa Otto, et Dietr. 122, 317 399 2

X

...

400 400 ... 316, 388 spp. ... ... 396 Catha Cunninghamii, Hook, ... 402 ... 639 Ceanothiis asiaticus, Linn. capsiilaris, Forst. ... 639 ientiissinia, Sieb. torulosa, Ait. .. torulosa, Miq.

...

...

...

...

.

Cedrela australis, F.v.M.

ovata, R.Br ... ... 14, Carpopogon giganteum, Roxb.

Isevis,

^73

14, 121,

Toona, Roxb.

123, 163,

216, 294, 317, 40J 123, 163, 216, 294,

317,400 Celastrus bilocularis, F.v.M. ... ... Cunninghamii, F.v.M. ... dispermus, F.v.M. ... Celtis aspera, Brongn. ... 136, australis (Europe) ... ... ... ingeus, F.v.M. ... ... orieiitalis, Linn. ... ... paniculata, Planch. ... Philippinensis, Blanco. ... ... strychnioides, Planch. Cenchrus australis, R.Br. ... ... echinatus var., Trin.

402 402

403 608 403 403 608 403 403 403 79 79

Centipeda

Cunninghamii F.v.M.

...

orbicularis, Lour.

...

...

195 195

Cephalotropis javanica, Blume 643 Ceratopetalum ... 403 ... apelatum, D. Don gummiferum, Smith ... 237, 404 Cerbera Manghas, Bot. Mag. 163, 285,404 Odoflam, Gtertn. 163, 285, 404 Ceriops Candolleana, Arn. 404, 638 •• 13^ ... Chenolea bicornis

Chenopodium auricomum, Lindl. australe, R.Br. baccatuni, Labill. erosuDi, R.Br... murale, Linn. ...

...

I5i 61

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Chiococca barbata, G. Forst. ... odorata. Hook, et Arn.

61 137 16 16

39' 391 Chionachne cyathopoda, F.v.M. 79 ...

...

Chionanthus effusifiora,

F.v.^L

picrophloia, F.v.M. ramiflora, Roxb.

123, 294, 163,

... ...

123,

404 294 404

Chloris acicularis, Lindl.

divaricata,

...

...

R.Br

Moorei, F.v.M. scariosa, F.v.M. sclerantha, Lindl.

truncata,

R.Br

...

•.

...

•••

79 79 79 80

80 80

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

674

Colubrina

Chlorls ventricosa, R.Br.

...

...

Chrysophyllum pruniferum, F.v.M Chrysopogon

405

...

...

80 80 80 80

...

...

85

Gryllus, Trin montantis, Tr\n. parviflorus, Benth.

... ... ...

violascens, Trin. Ci 1117 a ovata, K.unth

80

... ...

Cinnamomum albiflorum, Nees Cassia, Blume Laubatii, F.v.M.

... ...

163, 405

Tamala, Nees

...

163,405

...

163, 405 •••

163

Cissus aiistralasica, F.v.M....

geniculata, A. Gray ... hypoglanca, A. Gray... opaca, F.v.M Citriobatus multiflorus, A. Cunn. pauciflorus, A.

Claoxylon australe, Ciaytonia

...

...

Cunn.

Citrullus ainarus Citrus ausiralasica, F.v.M. australis, Planch. Planchonii, F.v.M.

612 644 66, 612 66

66,

16,

...

...

...

...

...

16,

...

16,

Baill.

...

405 405 166

406 406 406 406

... 17, 123 ... polyandra, F.v.M. 17, 123 Cleistanthus Cunninghamii, Arg. 406 Muell

balonensis, Lindl.

Cleovie ... 200 ... flava, Banks ... ... 200 viscosa, Linn.... ... Clerodendron {CI e rode nd rum) tomentosum, R..Br. (see Clero-

dendron)

...

Coatesia paniculata,Y.v.y[.

... ...

406 548

Cocos Normanbyi,

W. Hill 379 nucifera, Linn. 17, 164,285,407,619 Codiceum lucidum, Muell., Arg. 236, 294, 382

Codonocarpus australis, A.

Cunn.

...

...

cotinifolius,

F.v.M.

...

...

407 164

Coelospermum reticulatum, Benth. 294, 407 ... 392

Coffea odorata, G. Forst.

Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. macrorrhiza, Schott. Colubrina asiatica, Brongn.

...

17,

...

18,

164 165

...

...

639

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Crotalaria juncea, Linn.

...

...

MitchelU, F.v.M. oblongifolia,

...

Hook.

..

...

620 620 620

Croton 295, 408 phebalioides, F.v.M. .. 165, 408 phebalioides, A. Cunn 29s, 408 pkilippeiisis, Lam. 192, 298, 568 insularis, Baill.

stigmatosus, F.v.M. Verreauxii, Baiil. viscosum, Labill.

...

165, ...

408 408 386

Cryptocarya australis, Benth.

165,

409

cinnamomifolia, Benth ... 409 glaucescens, R.Br. 409 hypoglauca, var. attenuata, Meissn. .. hypospadia, F.v.M. Meissnerii. F.v.M. Murray!, F.v.M. obovata, R.Br. ohtusifoUa, F.v.M. triplinervis, R.Br.

Cucumis juciindns, F.v.M. picrocarpus, F.v.M piibescens, Hook. trigonus, Roxb. Cudrania javanensis, Tree. 295, Culculitium saliciiium, Spreng.

410

385, 618

Cupania anarcardioides, A. Rich.

anodonta, F.v.M. australis,

Hook.

f.

...

Cunninghatnii, Hook. lucens, F.v.M. nervosa, F.v.M. pseudorhus, A. Rich... pyriformis, F.v.M. salicifolia,

DC.

semiglauca, F.v.M. serrata, F.v.M. tenax, A. Cunn. xylocarpa, A. Cunn;

...

...

Cupia densifolia, DC. ... Cupressus australis, Desf. Curculigo orchioides, Ga;rtn Cuttsia viburnea, F.v.M. Cyathea medullaris, Swartz Cyathodes laurina, Rudge Cybotium Billardieri ...

Cycas media, R.Br

413 217 Cy I icodapkne Fawcettiana^F. v.M. 607 Reidlei,

Gaud.

21,

...

...

675

676 Daviesia

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Echinocrotonclaoxyloides,Y.v.M. 567

Echinopogon ... 85 ovatus, Beauv. ... ... ... Sieberi, Steud. 85 Echinosphcera rosmariiioides, Sieb 286, 596 Echinus claoxyloides, Baill. ... 5^7 phillippensis, Baill. 192, 298,

568 Ectrosia ... ... leporina, R.Br. leporina, var. micrantha, R. B.

Ehretia acuminata, R.Br.

...

85 85 421

Ehrharta

...

94

stipoides, Labill.

Elaeagnus ... conferta, Roxb. ferruginea, A. Rich.

24, 421

24, 421

Linn. ... 24, Eljeocarpus Bancroftii, F.v.M. et Bail 24, cyaneus, Ait. ... ... ... grandis, F.v.M. ... 317, holopetalus, F.v.M. ... ... Kirtoni, F.v.M. ... longifolius, C. Moore obovatus, G. Don. ... ... ... parviflorus^ A. Rich ... latifolia,

paucifloriis. reticulatiis,

Walp. Smith

421 421 421

...

...

422 422 422 423 423 423 423

...

...

421

Kirtoni,

reticulatiis, var.

F.v.M

422

Elseodendron australe, Vent.

...

423

(See Heliocharis.) Elephantopus scaber, Linn. ... 175 Eleusine

Eleocharis.

aegyptica, Pers. chinensis, F.v.M.

Lam.

...

...

85

...

...

85

digit at a, Spreng.

...

...

indica, Gjertn... marginata, Lindl. polysttichya, F.v.M.

...

...

...

...

radulans, R.Br. Elionurus citreus,

...

...

94 86 86 94

...

...

85

Munro

...

86

...

...

564 564 564 599

Emhothrium ilicifolium, Poir.

longifolium, Poir. myricoides, Gsertn. rubricaule, Giord.

...

...

...

...

...

...

spathidatum, Cav.

...

...

speciosa, Salisb. speciosissimuvi,

Emmenospermum F.v.M

Encephalartos Denisonii, F.v.M. Eraser i, Miq. ... Miqiielii, F.v.M. Preissii, F.v.M.

218 217

41,217 ...

Lehm.

spiralis,

41, 218,

Lehm

tridentatus,

...

...

Smith

...

62 62 62

alphitonioides,

424

217 627 41

40

SPP

Endiandra glauca, R.Br.

...

Nees

...

Sieberi,

424 424 424

virens, F.v.M.

Entada Purscetha, DC. 24, 175, 424, scandens, Benth. 24, 175, 424, Ephielis siniplicifolia, Seem. ... Epilobium tetragonum, Linn. Eragrostis Brownii, Nees

Brownii var. interrupta, chsetophylla, Steud. decipiens, Steud. eriopoda, Benth. falcata, Gaud.... interrupta, Steud. lacunaria, F.v.M. laniflora,

'75

87 93 87 87 86 87 87

Benth.

87-

leptostachya, Steud, parviflora, Trin. pellucida, Steud. pilosa, Beauv.... tenella,

639 639 550

Nees

87

Nees. Beauv.

setifolia, ...

macidosum, Lindl. 129, 216, 541 melanocarpum, F.v.M. ... 423

criiciata,

677

Eremodendron Cunninghamii,

A.DC 318 Eremophila arborescens, A. Cunn. 318 ... 425 bignoniseflora, F.v.M. ... 318 Cunninghamii, R.Br. longifolia, F.v.M 125, 317. 425 maculata, F.v.M. Mitchelli, Benth. oppositifolia, R.Br. Sturtii,

...

.

R.Br

...

...

Eriachne obtusa, R.Br.. squarrosa, R.Br. Erianthiis fidvus, Kunth Erigeron liatroides, Turcz. Eriochloa annulata, Kunth punctata, Hamilt.

Eriostemon squavieus

,

126

126, 425

Labill.

318 426

106 292

88 89 S86

Erythrjea australis, R.Br.

chlorccfulia,

Lehm.

Erythrina Corallodendron, Forst.

175

202

426

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

678

Erythrina

Eucalyptus

indica, Lam. 24, 175, 216, vespertilio, Benth, ... ...

426 426

dumosa, A. Cunn.

25, 26, 59, 267,

Erythrophlfeum Laboucherii, F.v.M. 427 Erythroxylon australe, F.v.M. 176, 295. 427 Eucalyptus

el(Bophora, F.v.M.

270, 447 268, 320, 462,

acervula, Hook,

f,

...

27, 126,

320, 465 acervula, Miq. 243, 322, 477, 622 acervula, Sieb. 246, 323, 503 acmenioides, Schauer. 239,318, 429 acuminata, Hook. ... 248, 511 albens,M\(i. ... ... 321,468 amygdalina, LabilL 239, 263, 295, 318, 319, 429, 622

amygdalina, Schauer.

amygdalina

var. regnajis

•

Smith

brachypoda, Benth. .brarhypoda, Ilutcz. brevifolia, F.v.M. cajiiputea, Miq. calophylla, R.Br. calycogona, Turc. capitellata,

Smith

celasiroides, TuTcz. citriodora, Hook. f.

cladocalyx, F.v.M. clavigera, A. Cunn. colossea, F.v.M.

cordata, Miq. ... coriacea, A. Cunn. cornuta, Labill.

corymbosa, Smith

448 429,

...

43 1' 434 ... 440 ... 443 ... 270 319, 435 326, 523 ... 470 435, 515 ... 495 248,511 ... 495 323, 499 240, 439 269, 464 439, 622 269,464 290, 480 126, 442 ... 440 ... 444 ... 449

...

127, 501

annulata, Benth. ... angustifolia, Woolls. angiilosa, Schau. ... Baileyana, F.v.M. 266, Baueriana, non Schauer. hicolor, A. Cunn. ... botryoides.

...

240, ... ...

...

272, ... ...

266, ... ...

... ... ...

...

...

440

24, 240, 266,

296, 319, 440, 639 126, 268,

corynocalyx, F.v.M.

442 cosmophylla, F.v.M. ... costata, Behr. et F.v.M. crebra, F.v.M. ... Cun7iingharni, Don. ... ciispidata, Turcz. ... dealbata, A. Cunn. ... diversicolor, F.v.M. ... diversifolia, Bompl. diversifolia, Miq. dives, Schauer

doratoxylon, F.v.M.

... ... ...

...

320, 640

270 442 ... 522 ... 270 ... 527 ... 444 ... 527 ... 449 ... 429 320, 447 ...

...

elata,

Dehn.

...

..

erythrocalyx, F.v.M eugenioides, Sieb. eximia, Schauer

...

exserta,Y.w.M.

...

622 429 507 ... 448 241, 448 248,511 27, 527 ...

...

...

fabroriim, Schlecht. ... falcifolia, Miq. 242, 269, 321, 323, 326, 466, 495, 523 fasciculosa, F.v.M. ... ... 500 fibrosa, F.v.M.... fissilis, F.v.M....

249, 325, 516 429^ 430, 431

floribunda, Huegel. ... ... 480 foecunda, Schauer. ... ... 448 friiticetorum, F.v.M. 267, 269,270, 447, 448, 464 gamophylla, F.v.M. ... ... 449 gigantea, Hook. f. ... 323, 495 glauca, DC. ... ... ... 449

241,267,320, 435, 449. 622

globulus, Labill.

gomphocephala, DC. goniocalyx, F.v.M.

446, 459 318, 320, 462, 479. 622

goniantha, Turcz. gracilis, F.v.M. ... granulans, Sieb. Gunnii, Hook.

f.

...

...

25, 269, ...

...

'\'\'\

464 527

27, 126, 242, 318,

320, 465

Gunnii, Miq.

527 470

...

...

hestnastonia, Miq.

...

...

hamastoma, Smith

242, 269, 321,

...

466 hemilampra, F.v.M. 247, 324, 508 hemiphloia, F.v.M. ... 321, 468 heterophylla, Miq. ... 323, 495 Hookeri, F.v.M. ... 251, 526 ... 480 hypoleuca, Schauer ... incrassata, Labill. ... 25, 270 incrassata, Sieb. ... ... 502 Kirtoniana, F.v.M. 247, 324, 508 lamprocarpa, F.v.M. 267, 270, 447 ... 470 largiflorens, F.v.M. ... largifiorens var. parviflora, Benth 273, 506 Lehmanni, Preiss ... ... 440 leptophylla, Miq 274

leucoxylon, F.v.M.

242, 270, 318,

321,471,472 ligustrina, Miq. 27, 126, 320, 465

Lindleyana, DC.

...

longifolia. Link.

...

longifolia, Lindl.

...

...

270, ...

429 476 429

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

679

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus longiyostyis, F.v.M.

piperita, var. pauciflora,

DC.

Planchoniana, F.v.M.

246. 273,

248,511 loxophleba, Benth. ... 440, 44S macrocarpa Hook. ... ... 477 macrocera, Turcz. ... 440 ... macrorrhyncha, F.v.M. 243, 318 322, 477, 622

platyphylla, F.v.M platypodos, Cav.

maculata, Hook.

plebopliylla, F.v.M.

...

243, 271, 322,

479. 639

maculata var. citriodora, Hook.

480 480 ... 527 446, 480 443,492

271, 290,

mahagoni, F.v.M. ... mannifera, A. Cunn... marginata, Smith ...

...

melanophlota, F.v.M... melliodora, A. Cunn. 318, 322, 441, 466, 492

127, 501

populifolia,

.

patens, Benth... patentiflora, F.v.M. patentiflora, Miq. pauciflora, Sieb.

... ...

... ...

...

501

527 322, 492 ...

Hook.

127, 501

508 479 ... 470 pendula, A. Cunn. ... ... 449 perfoliata, Noisette ... persicifolia, DC. 249, 325, 516 ... ... 527 persicifolia, Lodd. persicifolia, Miq. 326, 502, 523 ... pilularis. Smith 246, 502 pilularis (var.

Benth. piperita.

?)

...

Smith

acmenoides, 239, 318, 429 246, 323, 439, 503

piperita, Reichb. ... piperita var. eugenioides,

Benth

...

439

...

populnea, F.v.M. porosa, Miq. ...

...

...

440

273, 506 273, 506

...

...

...

Sims punctata, DC. pyriformis, Turcz.

... ...

5°? 449 523 246, 506 ... 5^7 ..

...

429,430,431

radiata,?^\%\i....

27, 507 Raveretiana, F.v.M. ... ... 508 ... redunca, Schauer regnans. (See E. amygdalina.) resinifera,

Smith 247, 324, 508 Cunn. 249, 325, 442,

resinifera, A.

Risdoni, Hook,

S16 429 324, 437, 519

f

robusta. Smith, rostrata, Schlect.

248, 273, 324,

5" rostrata, Cav. saligna, Smith. salubris, F.v.M

...

santalifolia, F.v.M.

Miq.

...

...

... scahra, Dumort semicorticata, F.v.M.

sepulcralis,

324, 510

5'4 51S 270, 527 267, 447 ... 44^ ... $01 640 ... 51O

248, 435, 437,

F.v.M

setosa, Schauer.

..

siderophloia, Benth. 247, 249, 325, 453, 508, 516, 639 sideroxylon, A. Cunn. 242, 270,

321,471,473 Sieberiana, F.v.M. 249, 325, 520 signata, F.v.M. 242, 269, 321, 466

272 429 508 247, 324, 274,522 Staigeriana, F.v.M. ... stellulata, Sieb. 250, 326, 521, 522 522 stricta, A. Cunn Stuartiana, F.v.M. 250, 326, 523 social is, F.v.M. spatltulata, Hook. spcctabilis, F.v.M.

Stuartiaiia,

var.,

...

...

longifolia,

506

Benth siibmultipilinervis, Miq.

448

323, 505 251, 526

272, 323, 499 127, 501

procera, Dehn. priiinosa, Turcz. piilverulenta. Link.

pellita, F.v.M.

247, 324, peltata, Benth. 243, 271, 322,

505 506 240, 435

127, 273, 501

polyanthema, Schauer. ... pulycarpa, F.v.M. polysciadia, F.v.M. ...

mellissiodora,

Lindl. 480 micrandra, F.v.M. 499 micrantha, DC. 242 269, 321, 466 468 microcorys, F.v.M. 244, 271, 322 493 tnicrophylla, A. Cunn ... 522 microtheca, F.v.M. ^5, 495 ... Mueller!, Miq... 270 fiervosa, F.v.M. 323. 495 nitida, Hook. f. 429 obliqua, L'Her. 245, 272, 318, 323 453. 495. 623 occidentalis, Endl. ... ... 499 ochrophloia, F.v.M. ... ... 499 odorata, Behr. 245, 272, 323, 499 oleosa, F.v.M... 25, 272, 274 ornata, Sieb. ... ... ... 502 pallidifolia, F.v.M 500 paniculata. Smith 245, 441, 500 paniculata var. fasciculosa, Benth. ... 500

...

subulatum, A. Cunn.

127, 501 ...

5^4

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

68o

Eucalyptus tenuiramis, Miq.

Smith

tereticornis,

...

429 250, 524

tereticornis, var. brachycorys,

Benth

506 terminalis, Sieb. 251, 500, 526 tesselaris, F.v.M. ... 251, 526 trachyphloia, F.v.M. ... 252 triaiithos, Link. 239, 318, 429 turbinata, F.v.M. et Beiir. ... 272 uncinata, Turcz. 274 variegata, F.v.M. 243, 271, 322 479 viminalis, Labill.,

27, 59, 252, 274,

3i«, 326, 527 viminalis, Hook. •• 251, 526 virgata, Sieb. 249- 325. 520 xanthonema, Turcz. 508 .

Woollsii, F.v.M.

spp

Eucheuma

270, 476 176, 237. 25s, 318 speciosa, J. Agardh. 28

Eucryphia Moorei, F.v. M. Eugenia aastralix, Wendi. cormiflora, F.v.M.

29, 531

cymosn, Roxb... elliptica. Smith. firtna,

WalL

...

fort is, F.v.M

_

grandis,

Wight

Jambolana, Lam. .

leptantha,

28,

530 530 327 530 530 530 182, 530

Wight

531

Moorei, F.v.M. myrtifolia,

327, 530

BailL

127: 182 ,

Lam.

chamcBsgee, Baill.

Dallachyana, Baill. deserticola, F.v.M.

.

.

Drummondii, Boiss.

Kunth

pilulifera, Linn. hirta, Linn.

verticillata, Vellox

...

spp

Eupomatia

laurina, R. Br. Euroschinus falcatus, Hook.

Eurybia argophylla, Cass.

... ... ...

Linn.

...

pilosus, Roxb. villosus, R.Br.

Exaciim ovatum,

...

...

Labill.

187, 533 187, 533 Dallachyana, Baill. ... ••• 534 parvifolia, Muell. Arg. 534 Exidia aiiricida-jiidae. Fries.... 36

Exocarpus cupressiformis, R.Br.

glandulacen, Miq.

30, 327, ..

...

latifolia,

R.Br. luzoniensis, Presl.

... ...

30,

...

30,

...

spicata, DC. spartea, R.Br.

...

...

'

...

...

535 535 535 535 535 535

Fabricia Icevigata, Gaertn. myrtifolia, Sieb.

Billardieri, Steud. Br07vniaiia, Steud. ... distichophylla, Hook. f. dives, F.v.M. ...

532 f. 5^3 299, 580

...

...

128

183 183 183 183 182

30,

...

Fagrsea Muelleri, Benth.

128

534 535

30, 535

Fagus Cunninghamii, Hook.

640

187 187 187 187 187 187

Excjecaria affinis, Endl. ... Agallocha, Linn.

183

640

globulifera,

.. ..,

640 640 127, 182,

eremophila, A. Cunn. Ferdinandi, Baill.

..

..

heterophylliis, Labill. linifoliiis,

pendula, F.v.M.

^uphorbia capitata,

erythrococca, F.v.M. micrococca, F.v.M. neiirococca, F.v.M. pentacocca, F.v.M. Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. decuntbens, R.Br.

531

.

533 568 ... 572 533. 616 ... 572 ... 387 •••

...

,

29,

.

..

Blume Cunninghamii F.v.M

29> 327..531

532 29 532 532

..

accedens,

tniniata, Zipp... ovata, .Schnitzl.

.

alsinseflora,

Watsonianus, Miq. Euxolus viridis, Moq. Evodia

530

Benth

Tierneyana, F.v.M. Ventenatii, Benth. Wilsonii, F.v.M.

latifolius, R. Br.

28, 182,

Sims

Smithii, Poir suborbicularis,

Eustrephus Brownii, F.v.M.

21,

642 642 535 535

Festuca

70 70 85

duriuscula, Linn. fusca, Linn. ... fliiitaiis, Linn...

Hookeriana, F.v.M.

...

107 107

...

84 89 70 70

littoralis, Labill.

loliiformis, F.v.M.

ovina, Linn.

...

rectiseta, Steud.

scabra, Labill.

1

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Fusanus

Ficus aspera, Forst.

30,

aiistralis, Willd.

225,

Cunninghamii, Miq. Eraser i, F.v.M. glomerata, Willd.

•••

•••

538 538

acuminatus, R.Br.

537 537

persicarius, F.v.M. spicatus, R.Br.

...

Galega

537. 641 225, 537. 623

littoralis, Forst. piscatoria, Sol. Galedupa indica, Lam... Gardenia Fitsalani, F.v.M. Garuga floribunda, DC.

539 3I) 538 53S psychotricBfolia, Miq 537 rubiginosa, Desf. 225, 538 scabra, Forst. ... 30, 538 vesca, F.v.M. 31, 128, 187,537 641 Fiagellaria indica, Linn.

Gastrodia sesamoides, R.Br

Gastrolobium

128, 188, 539. 623

Fleuryn photiniphylla, Kunth

561

626 Flindersia australis, R.Br.

539, 641 Bennettiana, F.v.M. ... ... 540 Bourjotiana, F.v.M. ... ... 541 maculosa, F.v.M. 129, 216, 541 Oxleyana, F.v.M. 296, 541 Schottiana, F.v.M. ... ... 542 Strzeleckiana, F.v.M. 129 ,215,541 Frenela arenosa, A. Cunn. ... 543 attenuata, A. Cunn ... 543 australis, Endl. ... 543 calcarata, h. Cunn. ... 227, 542 canescens, Parlat. ... 544 coliitnellaris, F.v.M. ••• 545 crassivalvis, Miq. ... 544 Endlicheri, Parlat. 188 227, 542 fruticosa, Endl. 227, 542 glauca, R.Br. ... 544 Gidiehni, Parlat. ... 544

F.v.M. ... Macleayana, Parlat. ... microcarpa, A. Cunn. ititratropica,

Moorei, Parlat. Parlatorei, F.v.M.

...

... ...

•••

...

Cunn. pyramidalis, A Cunn. propinqita,' Pi..

...

545 543 545 545 543

544 227,542 ...

•••

543

robusta, A. Cunn. ... 544 robusta, var. microcarpa, A. Cunn. ••• 545 robusta, var. verrucosa, A. Cunn. 227, 546 triquetra, Spach. ... 543 tuberctdata, R.Br. 227, 546 Ventenatii, Mirb. ... 543 verrucosa, A. Cunn. ... 227, 546

SPP

31, 285, 328, 546, 641 ... 32, 547

31. I2S,

macrophylla, Desf. miintia, platypoda, A. Cunn. pleurocarpa, F.v.M.

rhomboidea, Endl.

68

...

226

!

i

\

!

'

bilobum, R.Br. Callistachys, Meissn. calycinum, Benth. grandiflorum, F.v.M lineare, Meissn. obovatum, Benth. oxylobioides, Benth. ... Preissii, Meissn. spinosum, Benth. trilobum, Benth. spp Gaultheria antipoda, Forst. depress a, Hook. f. hispida, R.Br. Geijera Muelleri, Benth. latifolia, Lindl.

parviflora, Lindl.

pendida, Lindl. salicifolia, F.v.M. Geissois

'

j

i

!

Benthamii, F.v.M. ... rubifolia, F.v.M Geitonoplesium angustifolium, A. Koch. asperunt, A. Cunn. ... cymosum, A. Cunn. ..: montaniim, A. Cunn.

Geranium aitstrale,

Nees

carolinianum, Linn dissectum, Linn. parviflorum, Willd. ... philonothuni, DC. pilosum, Forst. potentilloides, L'Her.

Gigartina speciosa, Sond. Gleichenia dichotoma, Hook. Hermanni, R.Br. Glyceria dives,

F.v.M.

...

...

...

547

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

682

Glyceria

Gyrocarpus

R.Br. Fordeana, F.v.M. ramigera, F.v.M. Glycine bimactdata, Curt. Bot fluitans,

90 90

549 550

...

...

Gompholobium uncinatum, A. Cunn. Goodenia spp. ... Gossypium Sturtii, F.v.M.

188 131

33

...

sphenopterus, R.Br.

...

...

552, 642

553 552

acaciafoiviis, F.v.M. atteniiatus, Hook. ... cotinifolius Desf. ... pitngens, Lindl. ...

... ...

164 407

164 164 Gymnothrix compressa, Brongn. 105 ...

...

Hsemodorum edtde, End!.

...

spicatum, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

34 34

Hakea

Gra7!gea ciineifolia, Poir.

195 195 195

(iecumbens, Desf. viimita, Poir

Graptophyllum

F.v.M.

Earlii,

550

Grntiola

Walk

latifolia,

189 189 189

R.Br

pedunculata, R.Br. ... peruviana, Linn. piibescens, R.Br. Grevillea annulifera, F.v.M. chrysodendron, R.Br. gibbosa, R.Br. glauca, Knight

33 641

550 550

Hilliana, F.v.M

551 33

Kennedyana, F.v.M lineata, R.Br.

229,

lorea, R.Br.

641 551 551 551 641 228, 551

polybotrya, F.V..M. polystachya, R.Br pteridijolin. Knight robusta, A. Cunn.

R.Br.

tivibratica, A.

552

35. 553

Mitchellii, Hook pnrallela^ Knight

-Striata,

...

131

Gracillaria confervoides, Grev.

^/«6r(7,

...

rugostis, R.Br.

Gyrostemon

Mag. Gmelina Leichhardtii, F.v.M. macrophylla, Benth.

Jacquini, Roxb.

... ...

...

Cunn.

229, 328, 552 ... 228, 551

Grewia helicterifoUa, Wall. latifolia, R Br.

polygama, Roxb Richard i an a. Hook.

34 552 34 552

...

...

Guettardella (Guettarda) polyphrag7noides,F.\'.'M.

putaminosa, F.v.M.

36,

607

296, 552 speciosa, Linn. 291, 552, 642 Guilandina Bonducella, Linn.... 189 ...

Gymnostachys anceps, R.Br.

...

623

Gyrocarpus acuminattis, Meissn americaniis, jacq. a5/W/cM5, Willd.

552 552, 642

552

acicularis, R.Br.

217 553 ... 217 ... ... 553 ... ... 34 34, 328, 553 longiciispis., Hook. .. ... 34 lorea, R.Br. 35, 553 nervosa, Knight. ... ... 553 pedunculata, F.v.M. ... ... 554 pyriformis, Cav. ... ... 615 rttbricaiilis, Colla. ... 599 ... sericea, Schrad. ... ... 217 stricta, F.v.M. ... ... 34 tephrosperma, R.Br. ... ... 34 virgata, R.Br. ... ... 34 Halfordia drupifera, F.v.M. ... 554 Hardenbergia cordnta, Benth. ... 1S9 ... monophylla, Benth. ... ... 189 dactyloides, Cav. R Br. ferriiginea, Lodd. /eucocep/ia/a, Dietr. lencuptera, R.Br.

decurrens,

...

...

...

...

...

ovata, Benth. ... ... Harpullia pendula. Planch.

...

189

...

554

...

...

...

...

419 420

Hartighsea Fraseriana, A. ]uss. rti/a, A. Rich.

Hedycarya angustifolia, A.

Cunn.

...

australasica, A. DC.

...

Ciinninghamii, Tulasne

...

dentata,

var.

554 554 554

australasica

Sond. ... ... ... 544 psetidomorus, F.v.M. ... 554 Hekaterosachne elatior, Steud. 95 Heleocharis plantaginea, F.v.M. ... ... 35 sphacelata, R.Br. ... ... 35 Helichrysum acurninatiirn, DC. ... ... 642 Banksii, A. Cunn. ... ... 642 bicolor, Lindl. ... ... 642 ... 642 brncteatiim, Willd. ... ... 642 chrysanthutn, Pers, ...

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Holcus

Helichrysum lucidicm, Henck.

642 642 642

ntacrocephnlntn, A. Cunn. viscosum, Sieb. Helicia

Darlingiana, F.v. M.

414

ferruginea, F. v. M. Scotiiana, F. v. M. terni/olia, F.v.M. ... Hehnia bidbifera, Kunth Helopus annulatus, Nees

555 615 40 566 22

australe,

Bunge

7

116 ...

7

90 90

parvifloriis,

R.Br.

redoiens, Forst.

F.v.M

Hormogyne Hovea acutifolia,

555 555 286, 296 555 Herpestis Monnieria, H.B. et K. 190 Heterodendron diversifolium, F.v.M. 556 oleaefolium, Desf. ... 132, 556

Heteropogon contortus, Roem. et Schult hirtus, Pers. ...

...

Thw...

90 90

A. Cunn.

...

80

...

...

108

...

...

80

...

...

91

557 557 A. DC. 557

...

...

...

...

558 558 26, 558 ...

...

36,

...

...

...

...

291 191

Linn.

cordifolia.

Dryand.

...

enneaspernius,

asiatic.i,

Lam. ... Hernandia bivalvis, Benth.

80 107

cotinifolia,

leiocarpa, Benth. longipes, Benth. Humea elegans, Smith

555

tninor.

...

...

Homalium

F.v.M Hydrocotyle

Heritiera

...

...

Hologamiuni nervosum, Nees 92 Honialanthus popidifoliiis, Grab. 395

555

separia var. australasica,

insignis,

...

Giyllns, Trin. halepensis, Linn.

Hybanthus

australasica, Muell. Arg.

littoralis,

Gaud.

ccerulescens.

fulvus, R.Br.

ahtifoluim,¥.v.M. vitiense, Benth.

Helosciadum leptophyllum,YiQ. prostratwn, Bunge Hem.irthria compressa, R.Br. uncinata, R. Br. Hemicyclia

68'

Hook,

f,

...

...

...

...

repanda, Pers. ... Hydropeltis purpurea Mich. Hylococcus sericeus, R.Br. .

...

II, ...

190 190 igo 160 198,

299, 585

Hylogyne speciosa,Y^v\'^'i. Hynienachne 7nyuriis, Beauv. Hymenanthera

...

...

62 loi

Banksii, F.v.M. ... 297, 558 dentata, R.Br 297, 558 Hymenosporum flavum, F.v.M. 558 Hystericina alopecurioides, Steud 85

Hibiscus diversifolius, Jacq.

grandiflorus, Salisb. heterophyllus, Vent.

populneus, Willd.

35, 132, 35, 132, 190, 205,

607,

splendens, Fraser tiiiaceus, Linn.

35, 557,

Hierochloa alpina, Roem.

et Schult. antarctica, R.Br.

borealis, Schroeder

Fraseri, Hook. odoratus, Linn, redoiens, R.Br.

SPP Hirneola

...

190 556 624 556 624 300 634 624 624 91 91 91 91 91 91

291

auricula-Judse, Fries.... 36 polytricha, Fries. 36 Hodgkinsonia ovatifiora, F.v.M, 557

Imperata arundinacea, Cyr.

...

92

Indigofera enneaphylla, Linn. 191 tinctoria, Linn. ... 297 ... lonidium suffruticosum, Ging. 191

Ipomasa biloba, Forsk....

...

...

maritima, R.Br.

...

...

Pes-caprse, Roth. ... spp Isachne australis, R.Br.

191, ...

191 191

642 36 92

Ischsemum australe, R.Br.

92 92 ... ... 93 106 rottbcellioides, R.Br. ... Iseilenia Mitchellii, Anders. ... 76 Ilea spinosa, Andr. ... 121, 388 ...

...

...

-..

inernie, Forst....

...

laxum, R.Br. ... pectinatum, Trin.

Ixalum

Ixiosporum spinescens, F.v.M.

108 16,

405

684

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

Ixora

KLandierana, F.v.M.

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Leptospermum multiflorum, Cav. myrtifolium, Sieb. oxycedriis, Schau.

Reichb

persicifloriim,

polygalifoliiim, Salisb. recurvifolium, Salisb. rubricaule. Link. scoparium, Forst. squarrosu7n, Sieb. styphelioides, Schau... Thea, Willd

tuberculatum, Poir.

..

U7nbellatutn, Gsertn...

Lencocarpon obsciirum, A. Rich. .. pittosporoides, F.v.M,

Leucopogon affi.nis,

R.Br.

...

australis, Sieb.

Cunninghaiiiii, DC. lanceolatus, R.Br. lanceolatus, Sieb. linifolius, A.

Cunn.

..

..

melaleucoides, A. Cun parviflorus, Lindl. polystachyus, Lodd. .. Richei,

R.Br

Licuala Muelleri,

Wendl

Limonia australis, A. Cunn.

16,

406

123, 294, 123, 294,

404 404

Linociera effusiflora,

raniiflora,

F.v.M.

DC.

Linospadixfnonostachyus,V\lend\.^^g

Linum angustifolium, DC. marginale, A. Cunn... Lissanthe Hookeri, Sond. intertnedia, A. Cunn. montana, R.Br. sapida, R.Br. ... strigosa, R.Br. subulata, R.Br. Lits2ea

dealbata, Nees ferruginea, R.Br. reticulata, Benth.

Livistona australis, Mart.

humilis, R.Br. inermis, R.Br. inermis, Wendl. Leichhardtii, F.v.M..

Ramsayi, F.v.M

685

.

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

686

PAGE

Maireana

tomeiitosa,

Moq.

Melaleuca

Gunniana, Schau.

Malaisia

acuminata, Planch. ... Cunninghatnii, Planch.

643 643 643 643 643

scandens, Planch. tortuosa, Blanco. viridescens, Planch.

.

.

Mallotus claoxyloides, Muell. Arg. discolor, F.v. M. 297: 567

inamoenus, F.v.M.

566

...

phillipensis, Muell. Arg.

192, 298,

568

Malva Behriana.^ Schlecht.

...

brachystachya, F.v.M. ovata, Cav. Preissiana, Miq. ...

37,

37,

spicata, Linn. tinwrensis, DC.

Malvastrum spicatum, A. Gray Maintnea americana, Linn.

626 134 134 626 134 134 134 159

Mappa Tanaria, Spreng. Marrattia fraxinea, Smith 41 salicina, Smith 41 Marlea Vitiensis, Benth. 41, 568 Marquisia Billardieri, A. Rich. 19

Marsdenia Leichhardtiana,

F.v.M

42

Marsilea angustifolia, R.Br. ... Brownii, A. Braun Drummondii, A. Braun hirsuta, R.Br. quadrifolia, Linn.

135 135 135 13s

42

Mayepea picrophloia, F.v.M. ... 163 ramiflora, F.v.M. ... 123, 404 Mazeiitoxeron riifum, Labill. 20

Medicosma Cunninghamii, Hook, f 568 Megastachya polyniorpha, Beauv Melaleuca acacioides, F.v.M. angustifolia, Gsertn. armillaris, Smith bracteata, ¥.v.y[.

cajuputi, Roxb.

... ... ... ... ...

curvifolia, Schlecht.... decussata, E,Br. ... Driimntojidii, Schau.

Andr. Smith

568 568 569 276,569 ... 276 ... 570 275, 569 ...

... ...

280, 571

569

ericeefolia,

...

ericifolia,

275, 565, 569, 628, 643

genistifolia,

Smith

...

...

276,569

275, 569, 628,

643

hamata, F. and G. Pts. 280, 571 heliophila, F.v.M. 275, 569, 628, 643 569 laiirina. Smith ... ... 609 Leucadendra. (See leucadendron.) leucadendron, Linn. 276, 569, 643 linariifolia. Smith ... 279, 570 lanceolata, Otto.

...

276,

linariifolia, var. trichostachya,

Smith

644

minor, Smith niyrtifolia, Vent. neriifolia, Bot.

Mag

... ...

276, 569 279, 570 ,..

nodosa, Sieb. 275, 569, 628, oligantha, F.v.M. ... 275, ... parviflora, Lindl. Sl^t pnrviflora, Reichb. ... 275, Preissiana, Schau.

610 643 569 ^43 569

INDEX (botanical NAMES) Mimosa

Mentha Benth satureioides, R.Br

281

laxiflora,

194

Mercurialis aiistralis, Baill. Meriensia dichotoma, Willd.

...

...

acindcifornie, Linn.

Haw. Haw. nigrescens, Haw. prtBcox, Haw. ... Rossi, Haw. ...

...

...

aequilaterale,

...

44,

glaiicescerts,

...

44,

...

44,

...

44, 44,

...

grandiflora, Soland. juniperina. Vent.

Wendl.

...

...

...

...

406 33

linearis,

...

...

Vent. longifolia, Andr.

...

...

...

...

194 194 194 194 194 194

obliqua, Wendl. procera, Roxb. saligna, Labill. scandens, Linn. SophorcB, Labill.

149, 309, ... 2i5i

Mesembryanthemum

linifolia,

214, 314, 24, 175, 424, 4,

ulicifulia, Salisb.

310, 359, ..

...

5^7 358 358 358 359 355 372 366 639 635 358

Mimusops

Metrosideros albida, Sieb

276, 570 apocynifolia, Salisb. ... 235, 376 ... 569 ... armillaris, Gsertn. ... citr-ina, Curt., Bot. Mag. 389 ... coriacea, Salisb. 276, 570 ... costata, Gsertn. 235, 376 ... decora, Salisb. 276, 569 116, 235, 375 floribunda. Smith ... ... floribunda. Vent. 532

Browniana, Benth. ... 45, 573 Kauki, R.Br 45, 573 var. Bro7vniana, A. DC. „ 45, 573 ... parvifolia, Linn. 45, 573 159 Mitraria Commersonia, Gmel.

glomulifera. Smith

Monachather paradoxus, Steud. (See Scorzonera Monermios.

... 230, 602 ^WOTrnZ/e^-AjSoland. 24,240,266,266, 296, 319, 440 ... hyssopifolia, Cav. 279, 570 ... lanceolnta, Pers. 235, 376 ... ... lanceolata, Smith 389 leptopetala, F.v.M 603

lophantha, Vent. marginata, Cav. pallida, Bonpl.

.

687

389 389 389 ... ... 602 procera, Salisb. ... ... 6o2 propinqua, Salisb. ... 389 ... 7-ugnlosa, Sieb. salicifolia, var. p., Soland ... 442 ... 389 ... saligna, Smith ... 389 semperflorens, Lodd. ... ... 565, 627 ternifolia, F.v.M. ...

...

...

..

Microlsena Giinnii,

Hook.

f.

stipoides, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

94 94

Micromeria ... australis, Benth. ... gracilis, Benth. satureioides, Benth. ... Microseris Forsteri, Hook. Milium punctatiini, V.\nr\.

280 194, 280 ... 1 94 ... 45 ... 89 ...

longipes, F.v.M loxocarya, Benth

Laurencii.J

F.v.M megasperma, F.v.M. Blackii,

...

...

564 573

Mimosa binervis, Wendl. dectcrrens, Wendl.

distachya, Vent.

Roxb

elegans, Andr.

212, 309, 356 ... 352 116,315,637 215, 372 ... 116,315

...

559 573

...

..

...

81

45

Monotoca albens,

R.Br

R.Br. patens, A. Cunn propinqua, A. C\inn scoparia, R.Br. Monoxora rubescens, Benth. eliiptica,

...

Mooria campylosperma, F.v.M. Morinda

574 574 574 574 574 595 611

citrifolia, Linn. 45, 194, 298, 574 ... 575 jasminoides, A. Cunn.

Don

quadrangularis,

194,

298

Morus Brunoniana, Endl. ... calcar-galli, A. Cunn. pendulina, F. Bauer. Muehlenbergia

...

295,

59'

410

...

591

crinita, Trin. ... molliconia, Nees

...

...

...

•••

83 83

sciurea, Tr'in.

...

...

84

...

Muhlenbeckia adpressa, var.hastifolia, Meissn. 46

Gnnnii, Hook,

Mucuna

Millettia

elaia,

Moliinedia

46

f

gigantea,

DC.

...

45> ^95

Murraya •••

291, 575

... paniculata, ]2ick Mylitta australis, Berk.

291,575 ••• 46

exotica, Linn.

...

Myoporum angustivar. acuminatum, 575 folium, R.Br ... 575 Cunninghamii, Benth.

—

.

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

688

Myoporuin cyanantherum, A. Cunn. Dampieri, A. Cunn, ... debile, R.Br deserti, A. Cunn, diffusitm, R.Br. dulce, Renth, ... insiilare, R.Br.

montanum, R.Br. patens, A. Cunn. platycarpum, R.Br.

47,

riigtdosu77i, F.v.M. serratum, R.Br. styictum, A. Cunn. tasnianictun, A. DC.

...

... ...

Myriogyne Ctinninghamii, DC minuta, Less. ... Myristica cimicifera, R.Br. insipida, R.Br. Myrsine variabilis, R.Br.

Myrtus acmenioides. F.v.M. argentea, Hill

...

aiistralis, Hill

Beckleri, F.v.M, fragrantissima, F.v.M.

gonoclada, F.v.M. Hillii,

Benth

melasiomoides, F.v.M. racemulosa, Benth. ... Smithti, Spreng. 29, Tozerii, F.v.M.triiiervia.

Smith

Nageia elata, F.v.M spiniilosa, F.v.M.

Nasturtium palustre, DC. ... seniipinnatifidu7n,

Hook.

terrestre, R.Br.

Nancle a coadunata, Smith cordnta, Roxb. Leichhardtii, F.v.M.... undulcita, Roxb. Nelitris psidioides, G. Don ...

Nelumbium niicifera, Gsertn.

speciosum, WHld. Nehimbo = I\' eliimbiuvi

.

.

Nephelium .divaricatum, F.v.M.

...

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

689

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

690 Pennisetum

Pimelea

glaticum, R.Br. italicum, R.Br. Pentaceras australis, Hook. Perotis rara, R.Br. Persoonia angustifolia. Knight falcata,

107 107

584 105

584 584 584 584 584 584 584

R.Br

fiUfolia, Dietr. glaucescens, Sieb. lanceolata, Andr. ligustrina, Knight linearis, Andr...

media, R.Br, ... mimusoides, A. Cunn. pentadactylon, Steud.

585

584 584 584 584

pinifolia, Sieb.

pruinosa, A. Cunn. ... SPP Petalonia alternifolia, Roxb. Petalostigma

australianum,

SI ...

56s

Baill. 198, 299,

585

quadnloculare, F.v.M.

198, 299,

triloculare, Muell. Arg,

198, 299.

585

Petroselenium prostratum, Phaseolus

Max, Linn. Mungo, Linn.

DC

585 7 5 51

...

Phebalium Billardieri, A. Juss.

...

elcBUgnoides, Sieb. elatuvi, A. Cunn. refusuni, Hook.

...

585 585 58.S

585

Philydrum lanuginosum. Banks. 629 Phragmites communis, Trin. ... 629 Phyllanthus Ferdinandi,

IVIuell

Arg

586

Phyliocladus asplenifolia.

Hook.

586 rhomboidalis, Rich 586 Phyllopappus lanceolatus, Walp. 45 f.

,

Physalis

minima, Linn. parviflora, R.Br. Picris angustifolia, DC. asperrima, Lindl. attenuata, A. Cunn.... barbaroru?n, Lindl. hamulosa. Wall. hieracioides, Linn.

Pigea Banksiana, DC... Pimelea axiflora, F.v.M clavata, Labill.

52 52

52 52 52 52 52 52 191

629 630

distinct issima, F.v.M.

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

6gi

PAGE

Pleopeltis phymatodes, T. Moore 282 Pluchea ligulata, F.v.M. 292 Plumbago Zeylanica, Linn. 199

Poa affinis,

R.Br.

...

australis, R.Br. var. aiistralis,

io6, 631 io6, 631 Billardieri, ...

...

Hook Billardieri, Steud. Brownii, Kunth.

casspitosa, Fort.

...

106 106 86 io6, 631

ckinensis, Keen. decipiens, R.Br.

93

93 87 94 84 89 87 89 90

diandra, F.v.M. digitata, R.Br. distichophylla, R.Br.... dives, F.v.M falcata, Gaud. flicitans, Scopol.

Fordeana, F.v.M. Hookeriana, F.v.M. interriipta, R.Br. IcBvis, R.Br leptostachya, R.Br.

107

...

86 io6, 631

87 85

...

Michauxi, Kunth paradoxa, Roem.et Schult. parviflora,YL.^T. pellucida, R.Br. pilosa, Linn. ... plebeia, R.Br

...

I06, 631

86 90 88 85

polymorpha, R.Br. raniigera, F.v.M. tenella, Linn thalassica,

84

Kunth

verticillata, Cav.

Podocarpus asplenifolia, Labill. elata,

...

53'

R.Br

ensifolia, R.Br.

falcata, A. Cunn. piingens, Caley. spinulosa, R.Br.

...

53,

debilis,

Andr.

...

.

phymatodes, Linn. Pomaderris

282

.

apetala, Labill. aspera, Sieb. ...

racemosa, Hook.

137

Pongamia glabra, Vent.

200, 286, 590 168

...

Wight ulignosa, DC. religiosa,

168,

,

.

Pseudalangium polyostnoides, F.v.M.

41

Pseudomorus Brunoniana, Bureau. 591

Pterigeron adscandens, Benth. liatroides, Benth.

137 292

...

53 589 590

Ptychosperma

Pogonolobiis reticulatus, F.v.M. 294,

416

Portenschlagia australis, Tratt. 423 Portulaca oleracea, Linn. S3. 200 napiformis, F.v.M. 53 Premna obtusifolia, R.Br. 591 Prostanthera ... 282 cotinifolia, A. Cunn. lasianthos, Labill. 282, 591 282 retusa, R.Br ... rotundifolia, R.Br. ... 282 Protea nectarina, Wendl. •• 37 Psalliota. (See Agaricus.) Psoralea Archeri, F.v.M. 631 tenax, Lindl. ... 137

Pteris aquilina, var. esculenta,

46

590 590

.

586 589 589 589

Podopetalum Ormondi, F.v.M. Pcecilndermis populnea, Schott. 59. 140, 220, 601, 633

Pogonia

Polyosma Cunninghamii, J. J. Benn 590 Polyphragmon sericeiim, Desf. 63 607 Polypodium dichotomuni, Thunb. 33

Hook

54.

201 54, 201

esculenta, Forst.

Alexandra;, F.v.M.

...

elegans, Blume.

...

592

592, 631

Laccospadix, Benth...

...

Normanbyi, F.v.M.

..

•••

Pultenea juncea, Willd.

...

592 379 612

407 Polanisia icosandra, Linn. viscosa,

DC.

...

200 200

Quintinia Sieberi, A.

DC.

Pollichia zeylanica, F.v.M. 143, 205 106 PoUinia fulva, Benth. ... Polyalthia nitidissima, Benth.... 590

RcBperia pinifolia, Spreng.

Polygonum

Randia

adpressum, Hook. plebejum, R.Br.

46 329

densiflora, Benth.

Fitzalani,

F.v.M

...

592

286, 596 ...

593 593

6gi

Ratonia

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

INDEX (botanical NAMES) Solanum

Scorgonera scapigera, Forst. ... Laurencii, Hook. f. ... Seaforthia elegans, R.Br. Sebsea ovata, R.Br. ...

Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.

... ...

45 45

592, 631 ...

202

57, 202, 220,

286, 299, 597, 644 australasictis, Engl. 57, 202, 220, 286, 299, 597, 644

Senecio Bedfordii, F.v M.

385, 618

Sersalisia cotinifolia,

F.v.M

glabra, A. Gray laurifolia, A. Rich. obovata, R.Br. sericea, R.Br. ...

557 368 150, 368 ... 369 ... 598

150,

...

...

... ...

Sesbania aculeata, Pers. aegyptiaca, Pers. aiistralis,

693

F.v.M.

Setaria compressa, Kunth glauca, Palisot.

macrostachya, H.B. Sida asiatica, Linn. discolor, Hook. indica, Linn. ...

632 598 57, 632

42, 57, 139, 202,

...

...

...

... ...

et

...

K.

...

105 95 107

...

...

148

...

...

630

... ... 148 oxycarpa, F.v.M. ... ... 617 pulchella, Bonpl. ... ... 630 ... retusa, Linn. ... 203, 632 rhombifolia, Linn. 139, 203, 632 Sideroxylon argentetim, Spreng. ... ... 369 australe, Benth. et Hook. f. 4, 367 Brownii, F.v.M. ... ... 369 ... 368 laurifolium, F.v.M. ... myrsinoides, Benth. et Hook. f.

obovatum, R.Br.

...

...

Pohlmaniannin, Benth. Hook, f

368 369

et

369 368 ... 564, 598 Siphonodon australe, Benth, ... 598 Sloanea australis, F.v.M. ... 420 Smilax glycyphylla, Smith ... 203 Richardi, F.v.M. sericeum, Ait

...

150,

Solanum aviculare, Forst.

...

eremophilum, F.v.M. esuriale, Lindl.

...

fasciculatum, F.v.M. hystrix, R.Br. lacinatum, Ait. pulchellum, F.v.M. reclinatum, L'Her.

...

57 139

...

58

...

59, 140

58 ...

57, 59, 140

...

...

...

...

58 57

simile,

F.v.M.

59. 140

verbascifolium. Ait.

...

598

...

57

...

...

...

...

403 403

...

vescnm, F.v.M. Solenostignia brevinerve, Blume. paniculatum, Endl.

Sonchus asper, Fiichs

...

•••

...

•••

fallax, Wallr.... oleraceus, Linn.

-

Lam.

ciliatus,

59 59 59 59

Sophora jimcea, Schrad. tomentosa, Linn.

... ...

612 204

Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.

... ... 107 108 ... halepense, Pers. ... ... ... 80 parviflorum, Beauv. Spanoghea nephelioidcs, F.v.M. 578

Sphceroinorphma centipeda, DC. Riisselliana, DC.

...

...

...

...

hirsutus, Labill. inerfnis, Bks. et Sol longifolius, R.Br

...

...

sericeus, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

195 195

Spinifex fragilis,

R.Br ...

108 108 108 108 108

Spondias acida, Soland... pleiogyna, F.v.M. Solandri, Benth. Sp07iia asper a, Planch

...

143,

Kurz.

...

...

orientalis, Planch.

...

...

ilicifolia, S.

599 599 599

608 376 608

Sporobolus 108 109 ... indicus, R.Br 109 ... ... Lindleyi, Benth. 109 pallidus, Lindl. 109 pulchellus, R.Br 109 109 subtil is, F.v.M ... 109 tenacissimus, Beauv. virginicus, var. pallida, Kunth 109 actinocladus, F.v.M. elongatiis, R.Br.

...

...

...

...

Stadniannia australis, Don 123, 416 8 Stenanthera pinifolia, R.Br. ... Stenocarpus ... ... acaciodes, F.v.M. 599 ... 600 Cunninghamii, Hook. ... 220, 599 salignus, R.Br. ... ... 600 sinuatus, Endl. Stenochilus ... curvipes, Benth. bignonieBflorus, Benth.

...

126

...

425

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

694 Stenochilus longifoliiis, R.Br.

125, 317, 425

niaciilatzis, Ker.

pubiflorus, Benth. racetnosiis, Endl. salicinus, Benth. Sterculia acerifolia, A.

125, 317, ...

126

scoparia,

425

strigosa,

126

triflora,

125, 317. 425

Andr.

...

...

...

...

...

39 574 39

...

...

...

...

61

61 61

Suseda australis,

Moq.

...

...

maritima,

Dumort

...

...

632 600

Swainsonia ...

...

140

...

...

141

...

...

...

...

140 140

F.v.M. diversifolia, G. Don.

...

59, 140, 220,

60 I, 633 F.v.M. ... ... 601,633 quadrifida, R.Br. ...59,601,633 rupestris, Benth. 59,221 trichosiphon, Benth. ... 60 Stillingia Agallocha, Bail. 187, 533 Stipa aristiglumis, F.v.M. ... ... no lurida,

commntata, Trin.

...

...

Dicheliichne, Steud. ... elegantissima, Labill.

...

micrantha, Cav. pubescens, R.Br. ramosissima, S'l&h. rudis, S^reng. scabra, Lindl. ... setacea, R.Br.... verticillata,

Smith Smith

Cunn. 220, 300, 600,

discolor,

teretifolia,

Styphelia sapida, F.v.M.

...

in 84

...

...

no no

...

...

in

...

...

110

...

...

...

...

...

...

Steud.

...

...

Nees

...

...

spp.

Stravadium rubnini, DC.

in in in in

no no

120, 159,

galegifolia, R.Br.

Greyana, Lindl. Osbornii, spp. ...

Moore ...

Symphlocos spicata, Roxb....

F.v.M. Thwaitesii, F.v.M.

Staiiiellii,

... ...

...

300, 602 300, 602 ...

602

..

440

...

603

Syniphyomyrtus Lehmanni,

Schau

...

...

Synoum glandulosum, A. Juss. Syncarpia

330,602

Hillii, Baill

Ten. ... 230, 602 leptopetala, F.v.M. ... ... 603 Syntherisma vulgare, Schrad. 102 Syzygiutn brachyneviinn, F.v.M. 29,327,531 grande. Walk. ... ... 530 Jamholaniim, DC. 28, 182, 530 Wall. ... longiflorum, ... 531 ... 532 floribundum, F.v.M. laurifolia,

385 Strehlus

Brunoniana, F.v.M.... pendula, F.v.M. Streptachne raniosissima, Trin.

591 591

Tabernjemontana

no no

Tacca pinnatifida, Forst. 61, 204 Talinnm polyandruni, Hook. 17,

204 ...

verticillata, Tx\n. Streptoglossa Steetzii,

F.v.M. 292 Strychnos psilosperma, F.v.M 601 Strzcleckya dissospertna, F.v.M. 129, Sturtia gossypioides, R.Br. Styphelia adscendens, R.Br. affinis, Spreng. elliptica,

Smith

glaucescens, Sieb. gnidiiim, Vent. huviifusa, Pers. lanceolata, Smith linifolia,

F.v.M.

montana, F.v.M. parviflora, Andr. pinifolia, Spreng. Richei, Labill.

orientalis, R.Br.

216, 541 ... 131 61

562 574 61

38 8

562 562 39 38

38

123 Tarrietia

actinodendron, F.v.M.

...

604

actinophylla, Bail.

...

604 604 604

...

argyrodendron, Benth.

...

trifoliata, F.v.M Tasniannia aromatica, R.Br. 23, Taxotrophis rectinervis, F.v.M. Tccomella Buhveri, F.v.M. ... ... Tectona australis, Hill... Telopea oreades, F.v.M.

speciosissima, R.Br.

168

376 416 549 605

62, 605, 6:^2

Tephrosia Baueri, Benth. toxicaria. Gaud, piscatoria, Pers. purpurea, Pers.

... ...

142, 142,

204 204 204 204

INDEX (botanical NAMES). Tephorsia rosea, F.v.M. ... 142 Terminalia bursarina, F.v.M. 60s Catappa, Linn. 62, 287, 300, 60s discolor, F.v.M. 60s melanocarpa, F.v.M.... 60s microcarpa, F.v.M. ... ... 606 Muelleri, Benlh. 606 oblongata, F.v.M. 62, 606 platyphylla, F.v.M. ... 606 porphyrocarpa, F.v.M. ... 606 sericocarpa, F.v.M. ... 606 ... Thozetii, Benth. ... 607 62, 221 SPP Teiragonella implexicoma, Miq. 63 Tetragonia expansa, Murr. ... ... 62 implexicoma, Hook. f. ... 63 inermis, F.v.M. ... ... 62 Tetranthera dealbata, R.Br. ... ... 563 Fawcettiana, F.v.M. ... 607 reticulata, Meissn. ... ... 607 Thalamia asplenifolia, Spreng. 586 Theleophyton Billardieri, Moq. 117 Theshim drupnceum, Labill. ... 38 Thespesia populnea, Corr. 20S, 300, 607, 634 Thoiiinia

610 609 ... 609 330, 608 ... 609 ... 610 ...

R.Br

niacrophylla, A. Cunn. macrosperma, F.v.M...

R.Br.

neriifolia,

rhytiphloia, F.v.M. ... salicina, A. Cunn. suaveolens, Smith subverticillata, Wendl. Triticuin

610 610 ... 610 330, 608 ...

...

scabrum, R.Br. velutinum, Hook, f Trochocarpa laurina, R.Br. Turrsea Billardieri, A. Juss.

379 379 S43 S50

Timonius

602

S65. 627 330, 608 ...

F.v.M.

exiliflora,

laurina,

...

...

...

...

concinna, Benn. pubescens, Hellen.

70

...

71

...

611

...

611 611 611

...

...

Typha angustifolia, Linn.64, 20S, 634, Bru7viiii,

Kunth

latifolia, G. Forst.

...

Typhonium Brownii, Schott

644 64 64 66

Uniola distichophylla, Labill Uiiona fulgens, Labill.

australis, A. Rich. ... .. heniiglaiica, F.v.M. 116, 21S, Thuya australis, Poir. ... ... Thyrsacanthus Earlii, F.v.M.

Leichhardtii, F.v.M niiens, F.v.M.

590 44 590 590

..

nitidissitna, Dun. Urachne ramosissima, Trin.

no

Uralepis

putaniinosus, F.v.M.

Rumphii, DC.

...

296, SS2 63, 607 ... 91

Torresia redolens, R.Br. Trachymene australis, Benth. Tragus racemosus, Desf.

...

...

142 93

Trema

Druminondii, Steud... fusca, Steud. ... Urena lobata, Linn.

Blume.

...

143,

...

143,

...

...

Trichilia glandulosa, Smith.

...

608 608 608 603

Trichodesma zeylanicum, R.Br. 71

Trichosiphon australe, Schott. 60 Tricondylus myriccefolius. Knight. 564 Trigonella suavissima, Lindl. 63, 143 Triodia ambigua, R.Br. ... 84 Tripetelus australasicus, Lindl.

Triphasia glauca, Lindl.

...

205, 634

excelsa,

Wedd.

192, s6o, 62s 192, s6o. 625

Wedd,

Urorhloa panicoides, Beauv, pubescens, Beauv. seniialata,

99 99

Kunth

103

Urostigina

143. 20s

Trichodium laxiflorum, Mich.

..

Urera rotundifolia,

aspera, Blume. cannabina, Lour. orientalis,

Tristania albens, A. Cunn. augustifolia, Hook conferta, R.Br. depressa, A. Cunn.

^95

56,

596 379

Cunningliamii, Miq.. Fraseri, Miq.

...

platypodum, Miq. psychotricBfolia, Miq.

rubiginosum, Caspar Urtica argentea, Forst. gigantea, Forst, gigas, A. Cunn. involucrata, Roxb.

537 537 31. 538 ••• 537 225, 538

52,

587 630

192, 560, 62 e .

566

INDEX (botanical NAMES).

696

PA&K

Urtica photiniphylla, A. Cunn.

Wormia

alata, R.Br.

614 614

Wrightia saligna, F.v.M.

561, 626

Ventilago viminalis, Hook. 144, 611 8 ... ... 140 Vigna lanceolata, Benth. ... 66

Xanthorrhzea

Vilfa actinoclada, F.v.M. ... capensis, Beauv. ... elongata, Beauv. ... Lindleyi, Steud. ... pulchella, Trin. ... teiiasissinia, Trin. ... ... virginica, Beauv. Villaresia Moorei, F.v.M.

spp 67, Tateana, F.v.M. ... ... Xanthostemon pachyspermus, F.v.M. et Bail XerantKemum. bracteatum. Vent. Xerotes longifolia, R.Br. ...

Ventinatia, Humifusa, Cav. Vicia galegifoHa, Andr.

... ...

... ... ... ... ...

...

arborea, R.Br. australis, R.Br. hastilis...

108 109 109 109 109 109 109 611

67,

Leichhardtii, F.v.M lignum-vitae, A. Cunn. macrophylla, R.Br. ... melicopea, F.v.M. ... Vitis

hypoglauca, F.v.M.

... ...

...

... ...

... ...

...

66,

...

...

saponaria, Seem.

...

...

Vulpia Brauniana, Nees

...

...

Browniana, Nees

...

...

rectiseta,''^ees

...

...

scabra, Nees

...

...

ppaca, F.v.M.

F.v.M.

...

612 558

elliptica, Forst.

exarmata, F.v.M. laiirina, Delile

...

231

234

614 642 634 634

68, 68, 68, 68,

614 614 614 614

Ximenia americana, Linn.

denudata, Smith ... ... laterifolia, Link. Vitex acuminata, R.Br. ... Dalryrnpleana, F.v.M.

233 233 234

...

SPP-_

Viminaria

sterculifolia,

...

Xylomeium

612 550 549 612 550 612

pyriforme, Knight

pyriforme R.Br

var.

salicinum, A. Cunn. Scottianuni, F.v.M.

612 66 613 644

222, 615

salicinum, ...

...

615 615 61S 640

Xylostroma giganteum,

Fries.

Zaniia spiralis, R.Br.

41, 217, 218,

627

Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum, F.v ,M. veneficum, Bail.

70 70 70 70

...

Zieria lanceolata, R.Br. Smithii, Andr.

300, 615 206, 615

282, 301, 616 282, 301, 616

Zizyphus

Weinmannia Benthami, F.v.M lachnocarpa, F.v.M. rubifolia, F.v.M Wikstrcemia fcetida, A. Gray indica, C. A. Meyer

celtidifolia,

...

...

613 613 Skuttle-worthiana, Meiss. ... 613 ShiUtleworthii, Meiss. ... 613 ... ... 613 viridiflora, Meiss. Wistaria tnegasperma, F.v.M... 573 ...

...

...

...

DC.

Jujuba, Lam.,

613 613 613

Napeca, Roxb.

CEnoplia, Mill. rupiita, Miq. ... Zostera marina.. Hook. f. Muelleri, Irmisch. nana, Roth.

;

68,616 616 616 616 68, 616

68, 144, 207, 68, 68,

635 ^3S 635 Zoysia pungens, \yilld. ... 112 Zygophyllutn austrnlasi cnin,M\(\. 48

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