BAMBOO-THESIS.docx

Republic of the Philippines CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM Introducton

The trend on the global economy side by side with the growing human population on our planet spells so much of our future. With an increase of consumption per capita, the maret for all most all commodities will be broad less. !nd with huge number of consumers, this could mean scarcity of supply at some point. This could be particularly true in the demand for natural resources such as wood. Rapid e"traction of these resources will deplete the forest whic which h may may caus cause e supp supply ly shor shorta tage ge.. This This scen scenar ario io can can be e#en e#en more more de#astating as climate change comes in limelight. To successfully re#erse the current trend of forest degradation, e"perts continuously search for alternati#e mate materi rial alss that that can be use use asid aside e from from wood wood.. $ne $ne of these these mate materi rial alss is bamboo. %amboo is not an indigenous material well nown to ci#il engineers. &ac of reliable technical information lead this local material as foreign and un#iable. 'n today(s society, recognition of bamboo as con#entional construction materials is growing due to its natural characteristics and good mechanical



) properties. !s a matter of fact, some regions in the world continue to use bamboo structures up to this day *+iao et. al., )-. The many characteristics of bamboo made it an enduring, #ersatile and highly renewable resource, because of its strength, fle"ibility and #ersatility, bamboo culms ha#e been used mainly in housing and for other construction purposes purposes *e.g. bridges, scaffoldings scaffoldings for centuries, centuries, particularly particularly in rural areas. %amboo pro#ides pillars, walls, window frames, rafters, room separators, ceilings ceilings and roofs for houses. $ther $ther uses of bamboo are many and #aried. #aried. 't is used in the maing of furniture, handicrafts, musical instruments, baset ware, matting, rayon and paper, and is used as food *bamboo shoots, fodder and fuel wood. Relati#ely few species of bamboo are, howe#er, currently used on a commercial scale. !part from traditional uses, bamboo has many new applications as a substitute for fast depleting wood and as an alternati#e to more e"pensi#e materials. %amboo/s potential for checing soil erosion and for road embanment stabili0ation are now becoming nown. 't is eually important for pro#iding fast #egetati#e co#er to deforested areas *'nbar. %amboo, as one of the fastest generators of bio2mass, is also becoming important important in the seuestration seuestration of CO2 . 3or construction construction purposes, purposes, bamboo can basically be used in its natural form as round culm or transformed



) properties. !s a matter of fact, some regions in the world continue to use bamboo structures up to this day *+iao et. al., )-. The many characteristics of bamboo made it an enduring, #ersatile and highly renewable resource, because of its strength, fle"ibility and #ersatility, bamboo culms ha#e been used mainly in housing and for other construction purposes purposes *e.g. bridges, scaffoldings scaffoldings for centuries, centuries, particularly particularly in rural areas. %amboo pro#ides pillars, walls, window frames, rafters, room separators, ceilings ceilings and roofs for houses. $ther $ther uses of bamboo are many and #aried. #aried. 't is used in the maing of furniture, handicrafts, musical instruments, baset ware, matting, rayon and paper, and is used as food *bamboo shoots, fodder and fuel wood. Relati#ely few species of bamboo are, howe#er, currently used on a commercial scale. !part from traditional uses, bamboo has many new applications as a substitute for fast depleting wood and as an alternati#e to more e"pensi#e materials. %amboo/s potential for checing soil erosion and for road embanment stabili0ation are now becoming nown. 't is eually important for pro#iding fast #egetati#e co#er to deforested areas *'nbar. %amboo, as one of the fastest generators of bio2mass, is also becoming important important in the seuestration seuestration of CO2 . 3or construction construction purposes, purposes, bamboo can basically be used in its natural form as round culm or transformed



4 thro throug ugh h a manu manual al,, semi semi2i 2ind ndus ustr tria iall or indu indust stri rial al proc proces esss in dif differe ferent nt construction products *3lander. This natural resource has played a ma5or role in the li#elihood of rural people and in rural industry, especially in tropical regions, such as Philippines, bamboo has di#erse and functional and ualified as a good measure against land degradation and use for house hold utilities such as containers, fishing poles, handicrafts, furniture(s, etc. 't has also been widely used in building applications, such as flooring, ceiling, walls, windows, doors, fences, housing roofs, trusses, rafters and purling. 't is also e"tended to different engineering field field in indust industria riall applic applicati ations ons,, constr construct uction ion and struct structura urall materi materials als for bridges, water transportation facilities, panel board, scaffoldings and bamboo is used as mean of transportation. 6espite its many theoretical ad#antages, the widespread engineers use of bamboo is still hindered by many problems, one of those are the percei#ed inadeuate durability. Since bamboo is a natural material of organic origin, unlie #ariety of timber, bamboo has a short ser#ice life of structural made. The presence of starch mae it more attracti#e to micro2organism that will result cracs and degradation that can affect the usage, strength, utility and #alue of the bamboo. Treatment is absolutely necessary when bamboo is used as structural member where safety is one of the ma5or concerns. 't is



7 one way to e"tend its life through processing and construction method that minimi0e the attac of fungi and insect. 8arly 3ilipino used the method of leaching in salt water to deplete the starch content of the bamboo and to reduce insect infection. The purpose of immersion or by any other means is to allow the salt to 9destroy9 or change the composition of the starch material in the bamboo. %y ha#ing salt mi" with it, it becomes unpalatable to the hatched lar#ae, thus inhibiting their growth. The salt water helps remo#e starch and also enhances permeability for future treatment by diffusion and pressure . Treating bamboo using con#entional and chemical methods are intended to increase the life span ser#ice of the bamboo and their products. :owe#er, uestions arise on whether the treatments process will affect the strength properties of the bamboo. Studies on bamboo strength properties in natural condition ha#e been conducted by se#eral researchers. :owe#er, the study on the strength properties of bamboo after preser#ati#e treatment is still lacing. This has led to confusion regarding the effecti#eness of the indi#idual treatments as well as uncertainty about the effect that the treatment methods ha#e on mechanical properties. 3or consideration of bamboo preser#ation, nowledge of a#ailable methods, their ad#antages and disad#antages are concern.



; !ware of these issues, the researchers find it interesting to in#estigate the tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo immersed in salt2water and fresh water. The researcher foresight is an inno#ati#e way to impro#e the indigenous and potential materials using the traditional and con#entional way of treating and preser#ing the bamboo for the benefit of the manind. :owe#er, these materials should undergo necessary e#aluation and obser#ation to now its potential and uses. O!"ect#e

The main ob5ecti#e of this research was to study the tensile strength of con#entional 2treated bamboo *immersed in salt water and immersed in fresh water by in#estigating the properties of bamboo species < bambusa blumeana=. >oreo#er, tensile strength analysis of bamboo was made with an

intention of addressing the feasibility of bamboo in application for structural use. ?enerally the following points were the specific ob5ecti#es of this research@ 1.

To determine the physical properties of < Bambusa blumeana=

bamboo in terms of moisture content, dry density, shrinage and swelling deformation and absorption for the following conditionsA a. Natural air2dried



B b. 'mmersed in 3resh water c. 'mmersed in Salt water ).

To ascertain the tensile strength of Bambusa blumeana bamboo

for the following conditionA a. Natural air2dried b. 'mmersed in 3resh water c. 'mmersed in Salt water 4. 7.

To #erify the p: #alue of saltwater and fresh water. To find out the significant difference in tensile strength among

the air2dried bamboo, immersed in salt water and immersed in fresh water for different curing period. ;.

To

formulate

recommendation

for

the

possible

design

application of con#entional2treated bamboo in construction industry. A$$u%pton

This study is premised and guided by the following assumptionsA 1.

The physical properties of bambusa blumeana bamboo in terms

of moisture content, dry density, shrinage and swelling deformation, and absorption for all conditions are present and conform to the researchers formulated specification.



 ).

Tensile strength of immersed bambusa blumeana bamboo is

stronger and e"pected to be used for any structure whose strength allowed is applicable. 4.

The p: #alue of the fresh water to be used is within B.; to D

while for the saltwater@ the accepted p: #alue must within .; to -.7. 7.

The outcome of this research wor using con#entional2treated

bamboo can be used as potential materials in the construction industry. H&pothe$$

There is no significant difference in the tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo among different condition.

S'n(cance o( the Stud&

The out2come of this thesis is practically rele#ant by contributing to the achie#ement of the abo#e mentioned indirect aim of this research. Transfer of technology benefiting the groups in society such as community for the awareness on the potential of treated bamboo as construction materials substitute to other e"pensi#e materials. This study will help also to lessen the problems on deforestation and forest degradation since bamboo can be used as a substitute for timber. &ess consumption of wood would decrease the de#astating effect to the en#ironment. $f all ad#antages, this study help the bamboo industry to



increase the supply of potential commerciali0e bamboo for worldwide products and e"tended its industrial application. %amboo allows greater fle"ibility in designing and construction. Through this study, engineersEcontractor will be pro#ided with additional information about the ad#antages of con#entional2treated bamboo and the uses as alternati#e for timber and steel. $f all ad#antages of bamboo and the additional information of this study, the go#ernment will boost to set a plan for the increase of bamboo plantation and production within the country. This research has a scientific rele#ance that can be used as a basis for further study, gaining more insight into the different factors in#ol#ed in international technology transfers of bamboo. Scope and )e*%taton o( the Stud&

This study was carried out between No#ember )11 and >arch )1) and has focused in determination of tensile strength of con#entional2treated bamboo, immersed in salt water and fresh water. The sub5ect of the study is on one #arietyEspecie of bamboo, which is the bambusa blumeana taen from plantation located at Santiago $ld, Nabua . This bamboo si0ed into a typical dimension of 1 mm thic " 4 mm wide " 1 m length. Pararao seashore, %alatan, Camarines Sur were the salt water areas for the study and %icol Ri#er along Sto. 6omingo, Nabua, Camarines were the placeElocation for



D fresh water in#estigation area. The study delimited in determination of the physical properties and tensile strength of natural air2dried and immersed bamboo, the parameters of saltwater and fresh water, and its possible outcome.



1

End Note$

1. +iao et. al., )-, < Modern Ba%!oo Structure$=, *published by CRC PressE%alema, The Netherlands, pp 4 2.

'nbar ,www.inbar.int, retrie#ed No#ember 17, )11

4. 6e 3lander, Fatleen. < The ro*e o( Ba%!oo n G*o!a* Modernt&+ (ro% Tradtona* to Inno#at#e Con$tructon Matera* =,pp )



11

Chapter ,

RE-IE. OF THE LITERATURE

This chapter presents literature and studies, both foreign and local, which are related to the present study. The researchers gathered information through reading boos, 5ournals and other published and unpublished materials, maga0ine, internet and other references related to the study. 3urther, synthesis of the state2of2the2art is also presented. Re#e/ o( Re*ated Lterature and Stude$

To gi#e the researchers a wider prospect of the study, the re#iew of the related study and literature were conducted. 3rom the re#iewed materials, the researchers obtained a pre#alent sort of nowledge which was deemed to be related and rele#ance that pro#ide insights in the conduct of present study. Ba%!oo

'n peninsular Philippines, there are B) species of bamboo mostly from the genus of Dendrocalamus and subfamily of Bambusa *Ri#era. %amboo, aptly called the 9poor man(s timber9, is an alternati#e resource that helps deal some of the problems affecting the ma5ority of the countries. !t the same



1) time, it is a significant resource in the en#ironment and plays a great role in habitat protection as well as in country(s economic de#elopment. %amboos, which are perennial woody grasses, can grow in a #ariety of ecological en#ironments, ranging from tropical lowland, highland, from rain forest, deserts, and in many countries throughout the world, especially in !sia, !frica and &atin !merica. %amboo(s material structure is similar to wood, although no rays and other radial cell elements e"ist, and hardly any nots are present. ! bamboo plant consists of a root system and se#eral culms *because bamboo is a grass, its Gstem( is called a culm. 6ifferent from trees, the width of the culm is already determined during its sprouting, and does not increase in diameter afterwards. %amboos can be typified according to their root system into two typesA sympodial *pachymorph, commonly called Gclumper( and monopodial *leptomorph,commonly called Grunner( *de Hos, )1. ! study reported in 'nternational Networ for %amboo and Rattan *'N%!R *)) considered the ad#antages and disad#antages of %amboo used as a structural material. The ad#antages found in their study concluded to be areas of ecological #alue, good mechanical properties, social and economic #alue, and energy consumption. They found disad#antages to be preser#ation, fire ris, and natural growth. !nother ad#antage of this fast growth is its large carbon fi"ation capacity, which is about ) I ). ; times as high as an a#erage production



14 forest. 'n addition to these ma5or ad#antages, bamboo pro#ides an e"cellent protection against erosion due to its large root networ, and has se#eral other en#ironmental ad#antages lie impro#ement soil structure, fertility etc. *de Hos, )1. The study of Fassa *)D discussed the potential of bamboo as an alternati#e building material for low cost housing units suitable for urban 8thiopia. 't is a multipurpose plant used for e#erything from food to fuel and irrigation systems to construction. The rational for the application of bamboo comes from its abundance throughout the country, and its pro#en physical properties that euate it to other building material lie timber, steel and concrete. :is proposed bamboo based design solution concentrates on simplification of construction methods, prefabrication of structural components and #ertical densification of housing units, addressing the lac of silled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respecti#ely. !n understanding of the design solution was established by constructing a full2scale section prototype and performing laboratory tests on ey structural components. The study of Wahab et al. e#aluated the strength properties, particularly the bending and the compression of preser#ati#e treated )2 and 72 year2old ?igantochloa scortechinii ?amble. The preser#ati#es used in the study were the ammoniacal2copper2uarterary *!CJ, copper2chrome2arsenic *CC! and bora"2boric acid *%%!. These preser#ati#es were applied to the



17 bamboo at solution strengths of ) and 7 K through #acuum impregnation process. The results indicated that there were o#erall reductions in strengths of the bamboo. The strength reduction ranged from ;. to 1. K for !CJ, 7.7 to 1.4 K for %%! and 7.4 to D. K for CC! treated bamboo. Reductions in the strengths were found to be dependent on the type of preser#ati#e applied, solution strengths used and their retention in the treated bamboo. The utili0ation of bamboo has a #ery long history in the world, particularly in !sian countries but also in !frica and &atin !merica. 8specially where it was a#ailable as the main plant and was used as a substitute for wood in many cases. The study of >aros !lito *); was prepared to assist field personnel in the design and construction of bamboo reinforced construction mainly for low2cost houses. The information in this study has been compiled from laboratory tests. !s in the case of other timbers, the tensile strength along the grain is two or more times the compressi#e strength. The low strength in compression parallel to the grains as compared to the strength in tension is mainly due to the collapse of the cell walls andEor lateral bending of the cells and fibers. The study also briefs the selection, preparation, placement of bamboo for reinforcing the concrete. The bond between bamboo reinforcement and the surrounding concrete is studied by conducting bending test and pull2out test and found to be satisfactory. Cost comparison between



1; steel and asphalt coated bamboo is presented as per cost breadown referring to the present maret assessment. !s per cost analysis, use of bamboo reinforcement is a better and economical alternati#e in #iew of o#erall cost. %amboo has more than 1,; documented uses, categories as Wood Substitutes and Composites *%amboo %ased Panels, %amboo 3looring, %amboo Stics for %linds and 'ncense 'ndustry, etc, 'ndustrial Lse and Products *%amboo for Paper and Pulp, %amboo Charcoal for 3uel, %amboo %ased ?asified for 8lectricity, etc., 3ood Products *%amboo shoots, and Construction and Structural !pplications*%amboo housing. The history of engineering nowledge with regards to bamboo is surprisingly recent. The first ma5or wor was completed by Manssen *1D-1 of the Lni#ersity of 8indho#en, The Netherlands. 'n his 1D-1 dissertation, Manssen first e"plored the composition of a bamboo culm. :e de#eloped a mathematical model of the culm by considering it to be a structure composed of a number of substructure Gcells(. Manssen then e"plored different mechanical properties of bamboo including bending, shear, tension and compression. 3inally, he e"plored different truss systems and #arious ways to connect bamboo elements. The Lnited States Na#al Ci#il 8ngineering &aboratory *) reported a study pro#iding a set of instructions on how to properly construct a #ariety of



1B structures and structural elements using %amboo. This study suggested not to use green, unseasoned %amboo for general construction, nor to use un2 waterproofed %amboo in concrete. Concerning %amboo reinforced concrete, it was found that the concrete mi" designs may be the same as that used with steel, with a slump as low as worability will allow. 't was recommended that the amount of %amboo reinforcement in concrete be 42 7K of the concrete(s cross2sectional area as the optimum amount. 't concludes that bamboo reinforced concrete is a potential alternati#e light construction method at a low cost. Ph&$ca* and Mechanca* Properte$ o( Ba%!oo

The physical and mechanical properties of bamboo depend on the species, siteEsoil and climatic condition, cultural treatment, har#esting techniue, age, density, and moisture content, position in the culm, nodes or internodes and bio2degradation. >any studies had been carried out in order to highlight and obser#e these fundamental characteristics, as well as to ma"imi0e bamboo utili0ation. Comparing mechanical properties of bamboo fiber with other engineering materials, bamboo possesses e"cellent strength properties that are as good as other building materials lie steel, concrete and timber *Manssen, 1D-;. The strength of bamboos are associated with their



1 anatomical structure and composition particularly the fibers and parenchyma. 't relies to a large e"tend on the uantity and uality of fibers. :owe#er, the strength of bamboo #aries with respect to species, age, moisture content and position along the culm. !n optimum strength occurs when bamboo attained its maturity age of around 427 years. 3or this reason bamboo are har#ested at this age especially for structural or other hea#y2duty uses. Compressi#e strength of the bamboo was found to increase with height. While at the same time the bending strength showed a decrease #alue. The compressi#e and the bending strength also increased from the inner part to the periphery of the culm wall. Treating bamboo with preser#ati#e is intended to increase the life span ser#ice of the bamboo and their products. :owe#er, uestions arise on whether the treatments process will affect the strength properties of the bamboo. 3rom the study of Manssen, the most important mechanical property of bamboo is the mass of the material per unit #olume *which is the density e"pressed usually in gEm4. 3or most bamboos, the density is about 2- g per cu. m. u et.al., *)- noted that the relati#e density of bamboo culm ranged from .;;4 to 1.B g per cm24 and concluded that the tangential shrinage from water saturated to o#en2dry condition ranged from 7.- to .BDK, while the longitudinal shrinage from water saturation to o#en2dry condition



1ranged from .- to .)D-K. u et. al., paper focuses on >oso or Phyllostachys edulis Ri#. The mean longitudinal tensile modulus of elasticity ranged from -.D- to ).4D ?Pa and mean longitudinal tensile strength ranged from 111;.47D to 4D.4)) >pa. !ccording to u et al. in their dissertation, bamboo layer had a significant effect on all of the selected properties. :eight also had a significant effect on all the studied properties e"cept for tensile strength. They discussed the relati#e density, tangential shrinage tensile modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of bamboo increase greatly from the inner layer outwards. >oreo#er, relati#e density, tangential shrinage and tensile modulus of elasticity at 1.4 m were less than those 7. meters. The selection of bamboo species for #arious applications is not only related to physical and mechanical properties but also to the chemical composition. The chemical structure of bamboo fibers is similar to that of wood. The main component is cellulose *about ; 2 B4K with O2cellulose content of 4B 2 71K, lignin(s *)) 2 )BK and penthosans *1B 2 )1K. The most significant components in the bamboo(s chemical constitution are those pro#iding its e"traordinary fungal and bacterial resistance. The one responsible for bamboo(s antibacterial properties is ).B2bimetho"y2p2 ben0ouinone, called G%amboo un(. The highly distincti#e fungal resistance occurs due to a protein.



1D

Character$tc$ o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana

%ambusa blumeana is nati#e to the Philippines and has a leafy branchlet with an enlarged top portion beset with thorns. The base of the clump is densely set with seemingly impenetrable spinybranches and branchlets. The spiny branches hold the plant firmly during strong winds, pre#enting the culms *poles from lodging. The culm is almost solid at the base and thic2walled to the middle portion and can reach a diameter of 1; cm. The internodes range from ; cm long at the base to about 4; cm at the middle and top portions of the pole. ! robust culm can reach ) m long. %ambusa blumeana is one of the se#en ma5or species recommended for shoot production in unan, China, and is still considered as the best species for shoots in the Philippines *Ro5o 1DDD. !s a grass, it regenerates faster than wood, has a #ery short growth cycle, and can be har#ested 7 years after planting. *>alab et al. Ten$*e Stren'th o( Ba%!oo

&eae et al. found that bamboo fiber has eui#alent tensile strength of B;>Pa with tensile strength of steel *;2 1>Pa and much higher fle"ibility determined by lower oung(s modulus #alue of ;?Pa compared to



) steel(s )?Pa. %amboo fiber material has specific strength comparable with engineering alloys, ceramics, and bone. 'n terms of weight2cost relation bamboo fiber pro#ides e#en better #alue than steel. 3or his wor on the composition of bamboo, Manssen concluded that an increase in moisture content decreases compressi#e strength and the compressi#e strength increases with the height along the culm from which the sample was taen *i.e.A compressi#e strength increases from the bottom to the top of a culm. 3or shear stress, Manssen state that the cause of failure for smaller spans, and the limiting in situ shear stress is much lower than a typical shear test would indicate. 'n bending, dry bamboo beha#es better@ strength decreases with the height from which the sample is taen from the culm *i.e.A fle"ural strength decreases from the bottom to the top of a culm@ and there is a possible relationship between ultimate bending stress and density and that shear strength and density are related *6ere Randal >itch. 'n addition here, a few outcomes of the researches is discussed in detail. !ccording to the study of oungsi Mung, *)B, the tensile test done with Solid bamboo, appro"imately 1E- in *4.) mm in thicness, B in *1;) mm in length and with or without node has a ma"imum stress of 4 si *)- >pa which was broen near the grip without crac, and the minimum stress was ) si *14- >pa which happened near a parallel crac on the culm and broe



)1 secondly at the grip. ?enerally, most of the specimens are broen between parallel cracs and at the grip. 3or the Solid bamboos without node, 1E- inches *4.) mm in thicness and 1) inches *47 mm in length, the test results shows a different beha#ior in both stress and strain 0one. The cur#e was shown generally to be linear@ the ma"imum modified tensile strength was 4; si *)77 >pa with a strain appro"imately .1 inEin *mmEmm which occurred at parallel cracs and at the grip. The minimum stress B si *4D >pa with strain appro"imately .)D inEin *mmEmm had failure accruing at the aluminum tab. >oreo#er, the tensile test done with the >oso bamboo, with appro"imately 1 E- inches *4.) mm in thicness, B inches *1;) mm in length and with or without node. The stress2strain cur#e shows to be in general tensile cur#e, the ma"imum stress was 44 si *))D >pa which was broen at parallel cracs without parallel crac, and the minimum stress was 1D si *144 >pa which was broen at a parallel crac on the culm and also broen at the grip. !ccording to the result of the tests, the specimen with no nodes can be broen at points of high stress 44 si *))D >pa and high strain #alue, appro"imate .17 inEin *mmEmm. oungsi Mung concluded that general sample failure was caused by node failure, splitting failure, and failure at the #icinity of the aluminum tab also the bond strength of bamboos was lower than that of steel reinforcing



)) bar, appro"imately - >pa *11B psi. !lso, the bond strength of bamboos was lower when compared to that of the 3RP reinforcing bar, appro"imately ).; >pa *4B4 psi. The study of Qaaria *); was conducted to determine the fracture characteristic and microscopic failure of round bamboo and their relationship to the strength properties of bamboo loaded in compression, bending and shear. 9%uloh %etong9 (Dendrocalamus asper) aged 4 years old was used in this study. Specimens were taen from intemode and node of bottom, middle and top portion. !ll the specimens were tested at 1)K of >C. ?enerally, the fracture characteristics from three different tests shown #ariety of failure mode on each test. The #ariety of strength properties was found between classified failure modes on each test. ?enerally the failure mode occurred at top portion and at internode part posses significantly greater strength properties compared to same or different failure mode from bottom, middle and node part. ! slight #ariation was obser#ed in microscopic failure from all classified failure mode of each test where the crushing occurred mostly at parenchyma cells as compared to #ascular bundles with minimum crushing effect. )#er$t& o( Ba%!oo n Na!ua

!ccording to the $ffice of the >unicipal !griculturist of Nabua, there are , DB total number of groo#es in Nabua. ;7; in >alawag, 1, 41 in



)4 !ngustia, )B4 in San Roue >adawon, 7)B in %ustruc, ) in San 8steban, 1, -) in &a Purisima, 44- in Sta. %arbara, D- in San !ntonio Poblacion, 77 in Sta. &ucia, 1; in &ourdes $ld, )77 in &ourdes oung, 4D in !ntipolo oung, D1 in Santiago oung, )-D in &a $pinion, 1D7 in Santiago $ld, 1B in !ntipolo $ld, )4 in San Mose, 11D in !ro2!ldao, 114 in Sagumay, )) in 6uran, and 114 in San 'sidro 'napatan. S&nthe$$

The different studies re#iewed were similar with the present study in the use of bamboo as materials for construction and in methodology to determine the physical properties and strength of materials, also its possible application. The difference of the present study from the re#iewed studies lies is the fact that the present study made use saltwater and fresh water for treating bamboo. 6etermination of the tensile strength of treated bamboo was its prime concerned. The study of %ewetu Q. Fassa, *)D, was similar to the present study in e"ploration of the potential of bamboo as alternati#e building materials. %ut the pre#ious study concentrate on the base design solution of simplification

of

construction

materials,

prefabrication

of

structural

components and #ertical densification of housing units, addressing the lac of silled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respecti#ely while the



)7 present study deals on the possible application and the use of treated bamboo as construction structural materials. 3urthermore, the study of Wahab et al., was similar with the present study on the method used. %oth in#estigate on the effect of treatment using preser#ati#e on strength properties of bamboo. %ut it differs on the treatment and bamboo specimen used. The research of >aros !lito *);, was similar with the present study in terms of materials and e"perimental method used, but not the same in e"tent of the study@ the aforementioned study focus on the study of the physical and mechanical properties of solid bamboo to be used as reinforcement replacing steel, determination of bond between bamboo reinforcement and the surrounding concrete and deals also with the comparison between the cost of bamboo reinforcement and steel reinforcement in the construction of reinforced concrete houses while the focal point of present study is on the physical properties and tensile strength of con#entional2treated bamboo to be used as possible materials for engineering field and deals also with comparati#e analysis between #ariation of strength of bamboo when immersion taes place. >oreo#er, the study of u et al., *)- is analogous to the current study in the aspect of studying the tensile strength of bamboo. %ut differs in species used@ the present study wor on specie of < kawayan tinik = , or



);


)B End Note$ 10 erlyn N. Ri#era, a#ailableAwww.inbar.intEdocumentsEcountryK)reportEPh*ppne.htm,

accessed No#ember 1), )11. ,0 de Hos, Halentin. )1. Ba%!oo (or Eteror 2oner&. *Thesis,

&arenstein Lni#ersity, Netherlands. 30 Manssen, Mulius Moseph !ntonius. 1D-;. Ba%!oo n Bu*dn' Structure$0 *>aster Thesis, 8indho#en Lni#ersity of Technology,

Netherlands. 40 5Ba%!oo Ren(orced Concrete Con$tructon60 L.S. Na#al Ci#il 8ngineering &aboratory *)7 !#ailableA

httpAEEwww.romanconcrete.comEdocsEbamboo1DBBE%ambooReinforcedConcre te, pp. 121D, accessed No#ember ), )11. 80 u et al., 5Se*ected Ph&$ca* and Mechanca* Properte$ o( Mo$o Ba%!oo 9Phyllostachys pubescens)” , a#ailableA

httpAEEwww.frim.go#.myE#1E5tfsonlineE5tfsE#)n7E);-2)B4.pdf , 6ecember 17, )11.

accessed

:0 >itch, 6ere Randal. )1. Structura* Beha#or o( Grouted;Bar Ba%!oo Co*u% Ba$e$0 *>aster Thesis, Lni#ersity of Pittsburgh. <0 Mung, oungsi. )B. 'n#estigation o( Ba%!oo a$ Ren(orce%ent n Concrete. *>aster Thesis, Lni#ersity of Te"as, !rlington. =0 Fassa, %ewetu Q. )D. Ba%!oo+ An A*ternat#e Bu*dn' Matera* (or Ur!an Ethopa . *>aster Thesis, California State Lni#ersity, San

&uis $bispo >0 Wahab et al., 5Bendn' and Co%pre$$#e $tren'th o( Pre$er#at#e$ Treated Ba%!oo Gigantochloa Scortechinii Ga%!*e6?

a#ailableA httpAEEwwwsst.ums.edu.myEdataEfileEC1TFb'nFg57T.pdf , accessed 6ecember 17, )11



) 1@0 !lito, >aros. ); 0 Ba%!oo Ren(orce%ent a$ Structura* Matera* (or the Con$tructon o( Lo/;Co$t Hou$n' n Ethopa0 *>aster

Thesis, !ddis !baba Lni#ersity, 8thiopia. 110 Qaaria, >ohd Na0arudin. );, Fracture Character$tc$ o( Beton' Ba%!oo Cu*% Loaded n Co%pre$$on? Bendn' and Shear0

* >aster Thesis, Lni#ersiti Tenologi >ara



)Chapter 3

MATERIALS AN) METHO)S

This chapter presents the analysis of the methods together with the research procedures, material uality test and statistical treatment of the data of this study. The study utili0ed the descripti#e and e"perimental methods for the de#elopment of the study. The descripti#e method used in the selection of the indigenous raw materials and adeuate site for treatment. 't will also describe and interprets what the study is all about and the application of procedures, code and processes used in the study. The e"perimental method was carried out by the researchers to in#estigate the #ariation between the beha#ior of the materials in different condition when sub5ected to load as to determine is tensile strength. !ccording to Carpi and 8gger *)-, e"perimentation is a research method in which one or more #ariables are consciously manipulated and the outcome or effect of that manipulation on other #ariables is obser#ed. 8"perimental methods are commonly applied to determine causal relationships or to uantify the magnitude of response of a #ariable. The researchers utili0ed this method because the control #ariable and e"perimental #ariable were applied in e#aluating and comparing the beha#ior



)D of materials in different condition as to determine its tensile strength and application. Matera*$

The researchers made used of the same specie and dimension of bamboo for both e"perimental and control groups. The bamboo material which was tested is described below. See Plate 4.1, 4.) and 4.4 for representati#e pictures of bambusa blumeana bamboo culm, and Table 1 for the physical characteristic of the culm.

P*ate 301 Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo 9a/a&an Tn7



4 Ta!*e 1 Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Cu*% Se$ 9c%7

Ph&$ca* Character$tc$

&ower end Lpper end &ower end Lpper end

Cu*% )a%eter .a** Thcne$$ Tota* Len'th

&ower end Lpper end

Internode$ Len'th

P*ate 30, Ba%!u$a !*u%eana cu*% D *o/er end upper end 

P*ate 303 Ba%!u$a !*u%eana cu*% nternode$ *en'th

D.; 7 7 1 )17 1; 74



41 )ata Gathern' In$tru%ent$

Primary source of information was deri#ed from the results of the e"periment to be conducted. Secondary resources came from #arious related researches conducted by local and foreign researches. Re$earch Procedure Matera*Ste In#e$t'aton0 This stage of the study included the

identification of the prospecti#e source of potential specimen through ocular inspection of bamboo land areas in the locality. !mong the species of bamboo from plantation in the Rinconada area that was #isited by the researchers, bambusa blumeana has been identified as one of the most important and

e"tensi#ely used specie in the bamboo industry and is the one widely distributed in Nabua, Camarines Sur. >ature culm of kawayan tinik or unnamed Bambusa blumeana from the barangay Santiago $ld, in the >unicipality of Nabua, Camarines Sur *see 3igure 4.1 was the based barangay where bamboo were obtained to used in this study. %arangay Pararao seashore, %alatan, Camarines Sur were the sole place and suitable site for saltwater treatment and %icol Ri#er along Sto 6omingo, Nabua, Camarines Sur as site for fresh water treatment *see 3igure 4.). These two



4)

Santa'o O*d Ba%!oo P*antaton

F'ure 301 Locaton Map o( Sa%p*n' Area 9Goo'*e Map7

Bco* R#er

Pararao Sea$hore

F'ure 30, Locaton Map o( Soan' Area 9Goo'*e Map7



44 locations are the nearest, appropriate and accessible site to con#ey the study. Preparaton Pha$e0 This phase include the gathering and selection of

specimen from the identified sources. The researchers considered the following factors in the selection of the bamboo culms to be the sub5ect sample specimen during the conduct of the laboratory. $nly the bamboo showing a pronounced brown2color appearance and no defect were used *%rin and Rush. This will ensure that the plant is on the right stage for har#est and ready for its uses. !utomatic physical characteristic determinations of the sample specimen were being done. Si0e prefabrication using sharp nife was used to split the full bamboo culms into the reuired splits. !fter the desired prefabricated si0es, samples were now being ready for the performance of the reuired and necessary materials testing. The site for immersing of bamboo is Pararao, %alatan Camarines Sur and %icol Ri#er along Sto. 6omingo Section Nabua, Camarines Sur was made ready for treatment. Harious facilities for this purpose were made accordingly. Sample of Salt Water and freshwater were obtained from the site for the determination of the e"pected le#el ph #alue and its turbidity. Sa%p*e and Sa%p*n' Technue0 Sampling method was generally

being accomplished in accordance with !!S:T$ T2), and sampling reduction in accordance with the !!S:T$ T2)7-. 3or this research wor test samples were taen from the bamboo plantation in Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines



47 Sur, the researcher e"amine the bamboo culm for any defect before felling *see Plate 4.7. 3urthermore, the researchers consider that the bamboo specimen for testing or to be accepted for e#aluation under this study.

P*ate 304 Sa%p*n' o( Ba%!oo Cu*%

The researchers labeled important information about the bamboo specimen and stored it for proper preser#ation of the uality it posses that may affect the result of this study. Within a wee after har#esting, the culm sample was prefabricating into desired specimen si0es, and the following sets of sample were in#estigate.



4; Eup%entToo*$Apparatu$

U$ed0

'n sampling bamboo, the

following were the tools used. Fnife, rope, saw glo#es, boots and #ehicle. 'n the performance of &aboratory e"periment, specific apparatus were listed corresponding its test reuirements. The Lni#ersal testing >achine *LT> of 6epartment of Public Wors and :ighway *Region H, &egaspi City was utili0ed in determination of tensile strength of bamboo specimen. Ph #alue was forwarded to nearest water laboratory for testing. Method o( Te$tn'0 Researchers utili0ed the specification and

procedure under 'S$ for materials and guideline for the in#estigation of the study. The physical properties and tensile strength of air2dried, immersed in saltwater and immersed in fresh water bamboo were determined according to 'S$ )7b. 10 Ph&$ca* Propert& Te$t0 a0 Te$t (or Mo$ture Content+ The mechanical property and

durability of bamboos are highly related to the moisture content. >oisture content is the mass of moisture in bamboo e"pressed as the percentage of o#en dry mass. !s the moisture content reduces, the strength of the element increase and less prone to moulds attac *!lito, );. 3or the determination of moisture content, o#en drying method was used. The moisture content of each split bamboo specimen was calculated according to 'S$ 414.



4B The arithmetic mean associated with standard de#iation of the results obtained from the indi#idual test specimen was reported as the mean #alue of moisture content of the test specimen. !. Te$t (or )r& )en$t&0 'S$ 4141 test techniue was used to

determine of density the different bamboo species. The specimens were regular in shape with rectangular cross2section and right angle corners. The surfaces of the specimen were smooth for accurate measurement of dimensions. The specimen length, width and thicness were measured at sufficient number of places to ensure an accurate indication of #olume of the specimen. The dimensions of a typical specimen were 4 mm " 4 mm " 1 mm. The dimensions were measured up to second decimal accuracy. To determine the dry mass of the specimen, o#en2dry method was used because these will not change irrespecti#e of climate condition. The weight of the specimen was measured. %ased on the #olume and the weight of the specimen measured, density of each specimen was calculated. The density was reported at the natural moisture content of the test specimen. The mass was taen as the o#en2dry mass and only the #olume was taen at the natural moisture content of the specimen. The density of each test specimens is calculated using euation for dry density determination.



4 c0 Te$t (or Shrna'e and S/e**n' )e(or%aton+ %amboo,

lie timber changes its dimension when it loses or gain moisture. The determination of shrinage and swelling deformation of the member is one of the areas of concentration in timber construction. Therefore, a method of determining shrinage a d swelling of bamboo for mechanical property is to be applied. To determine the shrinage and swelling deformation, 'S$ ))1;2 1 standard was used. d0 )eter%naton$ o( A!$orpton0 !bsorption is the increase in

weight of bamboo due to water in the fibers of the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles. ,0 Ten$*e Stren'th Te$t0 Tension test was conducted by a method for

tension parallel to the fibers on the specimens made from bamboo culm. The test co#ers on the specimen of bamboo immersed in saltwater, freshwater also natural air2dry bamboo that was conducted to arri#e for the ultimate tensile strength. The test considers factors are moisture content, dry density, shrinage deformation, absorption and position of the culm. 'S$ 447; standard is used to determine the tensile strength. 30 )eter%naton o( pH #a*ue0 p: #alue of both saltwater and

freshwater to be used in this in#estigation is sub5ected for acidity or alalinity



4determination in order to determine if the chosen site is acceptable for immersion under the desired conditions. 40 Pre(a!rcaton Sn' )%en$onn'0 'n order to conduct the

physical properties in#estigation and tensile test, it was necessary to prepare the bamboo specimens. Splits *split culms are generally more desirable than whole culms as test specimens. The test pieces were produced in appropriate worplace, the production process is described below.

P*ate 308 Producton$ o( the Te$t Strp$

3irst the B meters bamboo culm was saw to the proper length with dimension 1m as specified. Ne"t, the culm were split lengthwise into - strips using nife *first in hal#es, then in uarters and finally in eights. 3ollowing this the remaining parts of diaphragms were remo#ed.



4D The shape and si0e of the test specimen loo lie the one shown in *Plate 4.B below. The thicness of the piece #aries throughout its length since it is a natural material whose properties cannot be controlled strictly.

P*ate 30: Te$t Spec%en Eper%enta* Pha$e0 This phase is the in#estigation part of the study@

it includes the determination of different aspect that affects the mechanical properties of bamboo especially its tensile strength. This step was a set of actions and obser#ations performed in the conte"t of sol#ing the particular problem or uestion using methodical procedure.



7 Mo$ture Content Te$t0 The determination of moisture content

was made according to 'S$ 414 standard. The researchers weighed the 4cm part that was taen from different location in sample bamboo culm. !fter weighing, the samples were o#en dry for 4 minutes at a temperature of 11 degree Celsius. The o#en dry sample will be cooled and will be weighing again. The obtained data will be applied to the euation for determination of moisture content. The arithmetic mean associated with standard de#iation of the results obtained from the indi#idual test piece is to be reported as the mean #alue for the moisture content of the test specimens. )r& )en$t&0 The determination of dry density was made

according to 'S$ 4141 standard. The researchers determined the o#en dried mass of 4 cm length test specimen by weighing and of its #olume by measuring its dimensions. $#en dry mass was used@ this was determined by drying the test specimen using o#en for 4 minutes at a temperature of 11 degree Celsius. Calculation for dry density was determined by applying the euation for dry density. %ased on euation for dry density, the a#erage dry density is calculated. Te$t Setup0 'n order to conduct the test for tensile and physical

properties of bamboo specimen under different condition, the prefabricated set of specimen taen from the desired part of the culm were used. The



71 researcher too each sample and ept for sun drying until the specimen loss )2);K moisture content. Shrna'e

)e(or%aton

and

A!$orpton0

3rom the original

dimension of 1 m " 4mm " 1mm, using caliper as measuring tool, the researcher too the initial shrinage at the three points which included the two sides of the ends and the midpoint of each specimen before immersing from different set2up. !fter drying and shrinage deformation determination, the bamboo specimen was immersed for 1 day,  days and 17 days *see Plate 4.. 3irst nine specimens immersed singly in the fresh water within 4m depth at the %icol Ri#er along Sto 6omingo,Nabua !rea. !nother nine pieces of specimen cured under sea water along Pararao Seashore, %alatan, Camarines Sur within 4m depth, from the water le#el. !t the end of each immersing period, the researchers remo#ed the immersed specimen and immediately placed for sun drying until -;2DK of its moisture content was depleted. The absorption and swelling of bamboo test specimen immersed in fresh water and salt water were calculated using euation for absorption and swelling deformation. The calculated test results were obtained as presented in Table 4.). The dried specimens with 121;K remaining moisture content were measured for its final shrinage before sub5ected for tensile strength test.



7)

P*ate 30< Soan' Ba%!oo Spec%en Te$t Stren'th te$t0 Tensile test of dried specimens *see Table 4.)

were conducted in the Lni#ersal testing machine *LT> with model no. );-D. The tensile strength test was performed at the 6epartment of Public Wors and :ighway *6PW:, Region H. !ccording to 'S$ ))1)21 the load should be applied continuously throughout the test *see Plate 4.-. The set of tensile test was conducted on bamboo sample conform to the specification formulated by the researchers which posses 121;K remaining moisture content. %amboo specimens were carefully placed under test machine and tensile load was applied until rupture. 3or con#eying testing data, an electronic de#ice with a model of Q-;T was used to read the data as



74 Spec%en Code ) E I R ) ; R I A L A R U T A N H S E R F N I ) E  A O S R E T A . T L A S N I ) E  A O S R E T A .

N2!21 N2!2) N2!24 N2%21 N2%2) N2%24 N2C21 N2C2) N2C24 3212! 3212% 3212C 322! 322% 322C 32172! 32172% 32172C S212! S212% S212C S22! S22% S22C S2172! S2172% S2172C

Re%an Mc 97

1.D 1).4B 1;.7; D.)) 1). 1.1 D.7 14.14 1.B) D.D11.D 1.14.4D 1;.1 1.); 14.- 1;.41 11.1 1.BD 1.;) 1).B7 1).1; 11.1 17.11 1.1B 17.B 1;.1

L

.

T

Cro$$; Sectona* Area 9$0 %%7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

44.1 4).; 41.B 4.) 44.; 4. 4.-; 4). 4).7 44.D 4).) 4.- 4.) 4).- 4;. 41.- 4).4

D.; 1.4 1.; 11.1 11.7 11.1 D. 1).7 1.; 14.4 14.1; 1).); D.B 11.; 11.4 1).- 1).;

417.7; 447.; 441.- 44;.)) 4-1.D 444. )DD.); 7;.747.) 7;.- 7)4.74 4.4 )-D.D) 4-;.7 4D;.; 7.7 74.;

4).D

17.1

7B4.-D

4).1 47.D ).) )-.D 41.4 )-.D 44. 4).D )D.)

14. 1). 1.; 1).; 1).D 11.D 14.1 1).) 11.-

71.4 774.)4 )-;.B 4B1.); 74. 474.D1 771.7 71.4477.;B

Spec%en Se 9%%7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ta!*e 30, 1

Ten$*e Te$t Spec%en

shown in the preceding chapters. !ll #alue was calibrated to 0ero prior to testing.



77 Researchers measured the elongation of applied tensile load. The determ determina inatio tion n of tensil tensile e streng strength th was based based on the calcul calculati ation on from from the formula in accord to 'S$ 447;.

P*ate 30= Ten$*e Te$t Setu pH )eter%naton0 The researchers too 1& sample of salt water from

Pararao Seashore, %alatan, Camarines Sur and 1& sample of fresh water from from %ico %icoll ri#e ri#err alon along g Sto. Sto. 6omi 6oming ngo, o, Nabu Nabua, a, Cama Camari rine ness Sur Sur for for the the determination of e"pected Ph le#el result for both saltwater and fresh water.



7; !fter obtaining the sample, the researchers brought immediately the water sample to the laboratory of 6epartment of Science and Technology *6$ST, regional office located at &egaspi City for testing.

P*ate 30> pH -a*ue Te$t Setup Stat$tca* Ana*&$$

'n the determination for the acceptability or re5ection of hypothesis, the researchers went through the appropriate test statistics and set of statistical formula de#eloped by Sir Ronald !. 3ischer nown as !N$H! *analysis of #ariance. The researchers used the !N$H! to compare the mean of three independent groups. The researchers were interested to now if there are significant differences between and among the #ariables being analy0ed. The following sets of formulas were used to answer the problems presentedA



7B 2

SS t 

( Ʃ X )

2

2

Ʃ X

N

WhereA SS t  Total sum of suares

X  indi#idual #alue in each column 

 total sample si0e 2

SS w 

( Ʃ X c )

2

2

Ʃ X

n

WhereA SS w  Total sum of suares within column X c

 sum of indi#idual #alue per column

n

 si0e of the sample per column

2

SS c 

( Ʃ X tc ) nT

2

2

( Ʃ X ) N

WhereA SS c  Total sum of suares between columns X tc nT

 Total sum of indi#idual #alue per column  Total si0e of the sample per row SS r 

WhereA

( Ʃ X tr )2 nT

2

2

( Ʃ X ) N



7 SS r  Total sum of suares between rows X tr nT

 Total sum of indi#idual #alue per row  Total si0e of the sample per row SS c .r  SS t 2

SS w 2

SS c 2

SS r

WhereA SS c .r  Total sum of suares between columns and rows

This study also employed the arithmetic mean to statistically determine the central tendency of the bamboo without any treatment and treated in salt water and fresh water as to its tensile strength. 3ormulaA

´  X

∑ x N

WhereA

´  !rithmetic mean X

∑ x

 Sum of all Tensile Strength

N  Total no of Test Specimen T2test was used to determine the significance difference among the bamboo soaed on salt water soaed fresh water and natural air2dried. 3ormulaA



7s2 ¿

2

¿ ¿ n + n −2 [ 1 + 1

2

1

n1 n 2

]

2

+ ( n −1 ) ¿ ( n −1 ) ¿ ¿ √ ¿ X − X t = ¿

s1 ¿

2

1

1

2

WhereA X 1  mean of the first sample

X 2  mean of the second sample s 1  Standard de#iation of the first sample

s 2  Standard de#iation of the second sample n1  number of items in the first sample

n2  number of items in the second sample

´ ¿ X − X

2

¿ ¿

∑¿

¿ S n=√ ¿ WhereA S n  Standard de#iation of the sample

+  indi#idual #alue of the sample

´  !rithmetic mean X



7D N  total number of cases

Endnote$

1. Internatona* Standard *'S$ ))1;21, )7, www.iso.org, accessed No#ember )), )11 ). 5Ba%!oo Ren(orced Concrete Con$tructon= , 3rancis 8. %rin and Paul M. Rush. www.romanconcrete.com, accessed No#ember )), )11( 4. Maro$ A*to? ,@@80 Ba%!oo Ren(orce%ent a$ Structura* Matera* (or the Con$tructon o( Lo/;Co$t Hou$n' n Ethopa0 9Ma$ter The$$? Add$ A!a!a Un#er$t&? Ethopa70



;

Chapter 4

TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONAL;TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO

This chapter presents the results of the physical properties and tensile tests performed with bambusa blumeana bamboo splits specimen for different conditions. The purpose of tensile test was used to in#estigate the tensile capacity of selected bamboo type compare when it is immersed under the salt water and fresh water condition for treatment. Ph&$ca* Properte$ o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana

There are #arious physical properties of bambusa blumeana bamboo namelyA moisture content, dry density, shrinage and swelling deformation and absorption. The moisture content of bamboo #aries #ertically from the bottom to the top portion.



;1 Mo$ure Content+ Table 7.1 shows the result gathered from the

in#estigation of general moisture content of bamboo materials. The first trial mar as specimen ! indicated a mass of moisture e"pressed as 11B.BK of an o#en2dry mass. The second trial mar as specimen B has a moisture Ta!*eas 401specimen " has -.;K thus@ the content of 1K and the third trial mar Mo$ture Content o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo arithmetic mean of moisture content of the result obtained from the three trial

is reported as D-.71K of the dry weight and represented as the actual moisture content of B meters bamboo culm materials. !ccordingly, the obtained moisture content #aries within the accepted ranges of ;K21;K from the top to the bottom.

TRIALS

Spec%en Po$ton a*on' the cu*%

Or'na* .e'ht 9'7

O#en;dred .e'ht 9'7

Mo$ture Content 97

A

%ottom

14 g

B g

11B.BK

B

>iddle

1) g

B g

1K

C

Top

1); g

 g

-.;K

A-ERAGE

>=041

)r& )en$t&0 6ue to the close relationship of dry density and

mechanical properties, the in#estigation on bambusa blumeana bamboo is #ery important. 'n the research wor, bamboo specimen mar as ! had a calculated dry density of ;B. )1; gEcu. m, specimen % has B).4D) gEcu. m dry density while specimen C has a calculated of B44.;B gEcu. m dry



;) density. !#erage dry density of solid bamboo was BD.4D7 gEcu. m *see Table 7.). !ccordingly, the obtained dry density #aries within the accepted ranges of ; to - gEcu. m depending on the anatomical structure, such as the uality and distribution of fibers around the #ascular bundles.

TRIALS

Spec%en Po$ton a*on' the cu*%

)ISPLACEMENT 9%%7 L

.

T

)RY )ENSITY 9' cu0%7

A

%ottom

4

47.7

1.);

;B.)1;

B

>iddle

4

4).)

D.D

B).4D)

C

Top

4

47.1

1.-

B44.;B

A-ERAGE

:@>03>4

Table 7.427 shows the result obtained Ta!*e 40, from the indi#idual test specimen and reported )r& as )en$t& the arithmetic meanB*u%eana of moisture content, dry density, o( Ba%!u$a Ba%!oo shrinage, swelling deformation and absorption. Commonly, it is desirable that the twenty se#en specimens as were seen in the wor e"pressed to ha#e 121;K of remained moisture content to eep the test result consistent. Shrna'e and S/e**n' )e(or%aton0 !s mentioned in the latter

section, bamboo begins to change its dimension as soon as it starts to lose moisture. 6imensional stability as soon bamboo loose or gain water is #ery crucial, this resulted in the setting up of internal stresses between fibers. These stresses e"ceed the cohesion of the fibers leading to warping *!lito, );. 3igure 7.1 e"emplify the induction of water molecules into the cell wall



;4

6

5.47

3.5

3.25 3

5

% g n i l l e w S l a i d a R

Ta!*e 403

S/e**n' )e(or%aton (or Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo

4

3.81

3

2.862.32

3.91

2.51

2

1

5

10

15

20

2 1.5 1 0.5

Length

N1 N) N4 N7 N; NB N NND 31 3 317 S1 S S17

1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Dimension Width

4.; 41.; 44.; 44.4 4. 4).D 47.) 44.- 44. 41.D 4).; 41.-41. )D.44 41.;-

Imm ersed i n Fresh water Immersed in Salt water

0 0

25

0

Moisture Content (%)

Specimen code

2.52 2.55 2.45 1.99 2.07

2.5

Immersed in Fresh water Immersed in Salt water

0 0 0

% g n i l l e w S l a  n e g n a T

5

10

15

20

25


Thickness

11.B 1.); 1. 11. 1.; 11.) 1).1 1).-; 1.; 14.) 1.-1).D4 1).1 1).41).)4

Swelling Tangenal Radial

. . . . . . . . . 1.DD ). 4.); ).7; ).;) ).;;

. . . . . . . . . ).4) ).;1 4.D1 ).-B 4.-1 ;.7

Mc (%)

)).47 )).7D 1D.-; ). )).) )).1B 1D.7 ).D)).77 ).1)1.)) )1. 1D.7 ).D7 )1.7



;7

F'ure 401 Tan'enta* and Rada* S/e**n' o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo

result in radial and tangential swelling, the test #alue that were obtained by use of formula for swelling deformation shows that the bamboo as it immersed in fresh water for 1,  and 17 days had a tangential swelling of 1.DDK, ).K and 4.);K respecti#ely, while it shows to ha#e a radial swelling for 1,  and 17 days of ).4)K, ).;)K and 4.D1K respecti#ely. 'n terms of radial and tangential swelling under saltwater condition, result obtain, present a #alue of ).7;K, ).;)K and ).;;K of radial swelling for duration of 1,  and 17 days respecti#ely. Tangential swelling of specimen under this condition shows to ha#e ).-BK, 4.-1K and ;.7K respecti#ely. The radial and tangential shrinage occurs in proportion to the amount of water loss from the cell wall. 't was obser#ed that the arithmetic mean of radial shrinage and tangential shrinage of bamboo specimen before immersing is ).D)K and 1.K respecti#ely.



;; While for shrinage deformation before applying load for tensile test, the arithmetic mean of radial and tangential shrinage for all specimens is ranging from 1.412.)7K and .27.;4K respecti#ely *see 3igure 7.). A!$orpton0 Table 7.; shows the test results obtain from the indi#idual

test piece under different condition. 3rom the specimen immersed under fresh water for 1 day, the calculated arithmetic mean of three trials was based on the euation reported as -;.7 K, while for  days, the arithmetic mean of Ta!*e 404 Shrna e )e(or%aton (or Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo Specimen code

Dimension (mm)

Shrinkage (%)

RMc (%)

Length

Width

Thickness

Tangenal

Radial

N1

1m

30.20

11.10

1.95

5.93

10.97

N2

1m

30.85

9.70

3.59

5.83

12.36

N3

1m

32.40

9.50

2.07

7.32

15.45

N4

1m

32.70

10.50

4.14

6.67

9.22

N5

1m

30.00

10.50

5.21

5.53

12.7

N6

1m

31.60

11.10

4.24

7.08

10.01

N7

1m

33.10

11.85

3.74

7.32

9.47

N8

1m

33.50

12.40

4.66

6.77

13.13

N9

1m

32.67

10.62

2.99

7.62

10.62

F1

1m

31.40

12.88

0.72

1.31

10.62

F7

1m

31.93

10.69

1.04

2.62

12.88

F14

1m

31.56

12.64

1.06

4.36

13.37

S1

1m

29.75

11.79

0.7

2.78

11.29

S7

1m

29.15

12.15

1.1

3.25

12.42

S14

1m

31.48

12.03

1.27

3.78

13.31



;B 8

Immersed in Fresh water Immersed in Salt water Natural Air-dr6.67

7 6 ) 5 % ( e g a k 4 n i r h S l a i 3 d a R

4.36 3.78 3.25 2.78 2.62

2

1.31

1 0 0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Remaining Moisture C ontent (%)

4 Immersed in Fresh water

3.62

Immersed in Salt water

3.5

Natural Air-dr

3 ) % 2.5 ( e g a k n i 2 r h S l a  n 1.5 e g n a T

1.27 1.1 1.06 0.72 1.04

1

0.7

0.5 0 0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Remaining Moisture Content (%)

14

16



;

F'ure 40, Tan'enta* and Rada* Shrna'e o( Ba%!u$a three trials is reported as -;.;4B*u%eana K and forBa%!oo 17 days, the reported arithmetic

mean of three trials calculated as -.- K. Ta!*e 408 A!$or ton o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo Dimension (mm)

Specimen code

Length

Width

Thickness

F1

1m

31.97

13.02

F7

1m

32.50

10.88

F14

1m

31.88

12.93

S1

1m

31.07

12.10

S7

1m

29.33

12.38

S14

1m

31.58

12.23

!sorpon (%)

"#R$# 100

-;.7 -;.;4 -.-4.D -B -.14

20.18

&'

*'

21.22 21.77 19.74 20.94 21.47

87.8 87.13 86 85.04

90 80

) % ( n o  p r o s ! 

Mc (%)

83.985.53

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

A!s"#$"n

0 0 0

5

10

15


20

25



;-

F'ure 403 A!$orpton o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo

Specimens immersed under saltwater, reported the following absorption for 1 day immersing period, the arithmetic mean of absorption for specimen was reported as -4.D K, then for  days immersing period, the three specimens associated the arithmetic mean of absorption as -B K, while specimen immersed under saltwater condition recorded to ha#e an arithmetic mean of absorption as -.14K. Ten$*e Stren'th o( Ba%!u$a B*u%eana Ba%!oo

Test done in this study was in dry condition specimen parallel to the grain and prepared using bamboo culms taen from Santiago old plantation and the tensile test carried out with LT> machine with model no. );-D and has a constant rate of 1N per

2

mm

. Tensile tests were conducted on

specimens with nodes and where processed through an e"tensi#e, systematic testing method. The test considers factors such as moisture content, density, shrinage and swelling. These tests were performed on



;D twenty se#en specimens with nown dimension and its main purpose was to determine the tensile strength of the specified species bamboo *which is %ambusa %lumeana bamboo. The general tensile test results were summari0ed in the Table 7.B and 7. shown below. 3or this, the tensile strength of the specified species of bamboo was analy0ed. Tensile test were conducted on the set of specimen immersed under fresh water and saltwater for 1,  and 17 days, also for the set of specimen under the condition of natural air dried. 8ach test piece was conducted using three replications. !ll the set of specimen under different condition has moisture content ranging from 121;K before tensile test applied. 'n the e"perimental test failure in most of the specimens occurred at the node. ! few number of test specimens failed by splitting into two parts and the followed by node failure as shown in the Table 7.B.



+

D



B

!2

3ibers of Natural !ir2dry %amboo

62 Splitting 3ailure

%2

3ibers of %amboo 'mmersed in 3resh Water

82 Node 3ailure

'- 3ibers of %amboo 'mmersed in Salt Water

Spec%en Code ) E I R ) ; R I A L A R U T A N H S E R F R N I E T ) A E .  A O S S

N21 N2) N24 N27 N2; N2B N2 N2N2D 3212! 3212% 3212C 322! 322% 322C 32172! 32172% 32172C S212!

No0 o( Node$

P*ate 401 F!er$ Fa*ure o( Ten$*e Te$t E*on'aton 9%%7

4 4 ) ) ) ) ) 4 4 4 ) 4 4 ) ) 4 4 4 4

1)D.1D ;4 4 B7 1) 44 11.; )1 7 B BD )) )7.; 4; 1) 44 17.; D.

T&pe o( Fa*ure N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure



B1 T L A S N I ) E  A O R E T A .

S212% S212C S22! S22% S22C S2172! S2172%

4 ) 4 4 ) 4 4

S2172C

)

1; 1B ;4. 7 7D.  B

N"de Failure and S#li%n&

-.)

N"de Failure

N"de Failure N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure and S#li%n& N"de Failure N"de Failure and S#li%n&

Ta!*e 40:

Ten$*e Te$t Fa*ure

8"amination of bamboo structure shows that the fibers for natural air2 dry specimen were much denser and those of immersed bamboo specimens !lso, the fibers which are straight elsewhere become chaotic in the specimen as the immersed period goes longer. 't seems that constitute relationship of the bamboo fibers *atomic structures differ from immersed sample shows a brittle beha#ior while natural2air dry bamboo e"hibit a more ductile beha#ior. :owe#er, 3igure 7.7 displays the ultimate tensile strength of natural air dries bamboo. This graph shows that strength of bamboo samples were anticipated to increase e"ponentially as the moisture content reduces. Ta!*e 40< Ten$*e Stren'th (or Natura* Ar;dred Ba%!oo Spec%en Code

N;1 N;,

R;Mc 97

Cro$$;$ectona* Area 9$0%%7

Fa*ure Load 9N7

Ten$*e Stren'th 9MPa7

1.D 1).4B

417.7; 447.;

74.D 77.B

14D.B1 144.)4



B) N;3 N;4 N;8 N;: N;< N;= N;>

1;.7; D.)) 1). 1.1 D.7 14.14 1.B)

441.44;.)) 4-1.D 444 )DD.); 7;.747.) "#R$#

7.7-.) 7D.B 7B.D 7).) ;.4 7.D

1)).D 174.D 1)D.-17.-7 171.) 1)7.; 17.,-&',-

3rom Table 7., it was highly obser#ed that all specimens were not of same area since bamboo is a natural material. The tests were conducted as per the outline procedure, and showed that the calculated arithmetic mean #alue of the tensile strength of a specimen parallel to the grain for natural air2 dried condition is determined to be 14;.14>pa.



B4 150

145

) a / M ( h t g n e r t S e l i s n e T e t a m  l .

143.79

141.02

140

140.84 140.8 139.61

135 133.23 129.88 130

125

122.97

124.05

120

115

Natural Air-dr

110 8

9

10

11

12

13


14

15

16



B7

F'ure 404 Natura* Ar;dr& Ba%!oo U*t%ate Ten$*e Stren'th Cur#e

$n the other hand from 3igure 7.;, the tensile strength of the specimen under fresh water condition immersed for 1,  and 17 days ha#e the following data to be 1).77 >Pa, 11.B1 >Pa and 1).- >Pa respecti#ely, while Ta!*e 40= Ten$*e Stren'th (or I%%er$ed Ba%!oo Specimen Code

R0Mc (%)

Cross0Seconal rea ( s1' mm)

2ailure Load (k3)

Tensile Strength

20,

10.62

417.2

50.07

120.44

204

12.88

356.94

41.57

117.61

20,5

13.37

424.89

43.8

102.8

S0,

11.29

382.04

54.77

144.77

S04

12.42

369.64

51.7

139.26

S0,5

13.31

395.8

49.3

124.2



B; 16 0 144.77

14 0

139.26 124.2

120.44

) 12 0 a / M ( 10 0 h t g n e r t 80 S e l i s n e 60 T e t a m  40 l .

117.61 102.8

20 I(()*S)+ I N F*)S, A)* I(()*S)+ IN SA/ A)* 0 10

20


,--',& M/a

13



BB

F'ure 408

tensile strength of specimen immersed under condition for 1,and  and Co%par$on$ o( Ten$*e Stren'th (orsaltwater Sa*t /ater I%%er$ed Fre$h /ater I%%er$ed Ba%!oo Sa%p*e$

17 days determined to ha#e a strength #alue of 177. >Pa, 14D.)B >Pa and 1)7.) >Pa respecti#ely. ?enerally, it was obser#ed that the tensile strength of materials e"hibited higher for immersed bamboo under saltwater with p: #alue of -.14 compare to the cases under fresh water condition. Thus, it seems that the bambusa blumeana reaches the greatest strength when immersed in salt water for )7 hrs. This indicated that the decrease in tensile strength is considerable as the time under saltwater goes longer and as it immersed under fresh water condition. Considering only the result obtained from the tensile strength of aforementioned materials in natural air2dry, immersed in fresh water and immersed in salt water condition, an a#erage tensile strength with standard de#iation was obtained and shows to be 14;.141; >Pa and .--, 114.B) >Pa and 14.1-, 14B.>Pa and 14.4 respecti#ely *see Table 7.-. Possibly this beha#ior could be related to the #ariation of cellulose and starch content at bambusa blumeana bamboo to possible changes or modifications in atomic structure of microscopic fibers.



B !natomical structures such as fiber length, on the other hand influences the tensile strength of materials which are often associated with its worability and durability *see Plate 7.1. Ta!*e 40> Ph&$ca* Properte$ and Ten$*e Stren'th o( Ba%!oo Spec%en

Geo%etrc Properte$

Arth%etc Mean

Standard )e#aton

Lltimate Tensile Strength of Natural !ir2dry %amboo

14;.14 >Pa

.--

Lltimate Tensile Strength of 3resh water 'mmersed %amboo

114.B) >pa

14.1-

Lltimate Tensile Strength of Salt water 'mmersed %amboo

14B. >Pa

14.4

Radial Swelling

4.7- mm

1.7-

Tangential Swelling

).7 mm

.BB

!bsorption

-;.DK

1.DB

Radial Shrinage

7.)4 mm

).4;

Tangential Shrinage

1.-B mm

1.;

pH #a*ue

The result of the water chemistry testing is listed in Table 7.1. 3or p:



B#alue obtain using the laboratory of 6$ST Regional $ffice and S>8WW 7;% method, the results indicated that salt water taen from %rg. Pararao, %alatan, Camarines Sur has a p: #alue eual to -.14, while for the fresh water sample taen from %icol ri#er, the sample illustrated to ha#e a p: #alue of .7B. Ta!*e 401@ Re$u*t (or pH #a*ue )eter%naton

Ite% No0

Sa%p*e

1

Saltwater *SW

)

3reshwate r *3W

Sa%p*e )e$crpton

Clear liuid with sediments in P8T bottle ellowish liuid with sediments in P8T bottle

Para%eter$

Re$u*t $

p: at 1-C

=013

p: at ) C

<04:

Method U$ed

SME. . 48@@B

Stat$tca* Ana*&$$ o( )ata

!N$H! compares means from three independent groups. The analysis considered the tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo species from different condition, or data resources. The results for the !N$H! test for eual means as discussed below and summari0ed in Table 7.11. 3or the tensile strength, the results indicated that the 3stat is greater than 3crit.., thus the finding is significant and the null hypothesis is re5ected.



BD With the computed 32#alue of 1).; compared to the 32tabular #alue of 4.7 at .; le#el of significance with ) and )7 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is re5ected in fa#or of the research hypothesis which means that there is a significant difference in the tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo under 4 different conditions. Ta!*e 4011 Su%%ar& Ta!*e (or the One;.a& Ana*&$$ o( -arance Sources o6 "ariaon

etween '"lumn

Sum o6 S1uares

4287.23

Degrees o6 2reedom

3-12

Mean S1uare

MSB=

Computed F

4,287.23 2

¿ 2,143.615 ithin '"lumn

4036.26

39-124

MSW =

4,036.26 24

F =

2,143.615 168.178

¿ 12.75

¿ 168.178 T7TL

8323.49

27-126

3urther generali0ation, since the 32test used could only say that difference e"ists among the mean, it cannot pinpoint which pair really gi#es significant difference e"ist among means of three groups. The comparison among the means of bamboo specimen for three different conditions could be done through the use of the test for two sample means.



 Considering comparison between the means of natural air2dries and bamboo immersed in fresh water condition@ means of bamboo immersed in fresh water and immersed in salt water@ also bamboo in natural air2dry and immersed under salt water,by applying the t2test formula the mean and #ariance of each sample are shown. Table 7.1) illustrates the summary report for the t2test of three pairs, among the three pairs tested, pairs of bamboo between natural air2dry and immersed in fresh water@ also between immersed in fresh water and immersed under salt water shows a significant difference in meand, since the coputed t #alue of 2 #.$$ and %&.%# is greater than tabulat t #alue of '.' at the .; le#el of significance. Pair of bamboo immersed in salt water and natural air2dry which did not show a significant difference in means. :ence, the Ta!*e 401, Su%%ar& Ta!*e (or the t;te$t Source o( -araton atural airdry and *mmersed in +alt water

t;#a*ue and Stat$tca* $'n(cance t;co%puted

t;crtca* #a*ue

Interpretaton

No Significant difference

.1-

*mmersed in resh water and *mmersed in +alt water

24.--

± ).1)

Significant difference



1 atural airdry and *mmersed in resh water

7.74

Significant difference

a#erage tensile strength result among samples under condition of Natural air2 dry bamboo is not significantly different from the a#erage tensile strength possesses among bamboo samples immersed under salt water conditions. This is true only at the .; le#el of significance with 1B as the degree of freedom.



)

Chapter 8

SUMMARY? CONCLUSIONS AN) RECOMMEN)ATIONS

This chapter gi#es the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. 't is di#ided into three parts, the first part gi#es the summary of the findings, the second part gi#es the conclusions of the study and the third part gi#es the recommendations for possible application of con#entional2 treated bamboo in construction industry. Su%%ar&

This study e#aluated the tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo when sub5ected for con#entional method of treatment I immersed in salt water and fresh water. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following ob5ecti#esA 1.

To determine the physical properties of < Bambusa blumeana=

bamboo in terms of moisture content, dry density, shrinage and swelling deformation and absorption for the following conditionsA a. Natural air2dried b. 'mmersed in 3resh water c. 'mmersed in Salt water



4 B. To ascertain the tensile strength of Bambusa blumeana bamboo for the following conditionA a. Natural air2dried b. 'mmersed in 3resh water c. 'mmersed in Salt water . To #erify the p: #alue of saltwater and fresh water. -. To find out the significant difference in tensile strength among the air2dried bamboo, immersed in salt water and immersed in fresh water for different curing period. D. To formulate recommendations for the possible design application of con#entional2treated bamboo in construction industry. To achie#e this ob5ecti#e a series of tensile test were conducted on immersed bambusa blumeana bamboo in accordance to the test procedures and guideline under 'nternational $rgani0ation for Standardi0ation *'S$. The test results were compared with tensile strength of natural air2dry specimen. Fndn'$

3rom the e"periments and tests conducted, the following results were notedA 1. Physical Properties of %ambusa %lumeana %amboo



7 ?enerally, the moisture content of Bambusa blumeana bamboo is D-.71K and has a dry density of BD.4D7 gEcu. m. The radial shrinage is 7.)4 mm and the tangential shrinages 1.-B mm. The radial swelling is 4.7mm and the tangential swelling is ).7 mm. !nd the absorption is -;.DK. ). Tensile Strength of %ambusa %lumeana %amboo The ultimate strength of Bambusa blumeana bamboo in natural air2dry condition is 14;.14 >Pa, for the immersed in fresh water condition is 114.B) >Pa and for the immersed in salt water condition is 14B. >Pa. The fracture points of the all tensile samples containing nodes occurred at nodes. 4. p: #alue for fresh water is .7B while -.14 for the salt water. 7. There is a significant difference in the tensile strength of Bambusa blumeana bamboo under three different conditions at .; le#el of

significance. Conc*u$on

%ased on the e"perimental study for physical and tensile strength of con#entional2treated bambusa blumeana bamboo, the following conclusions were being drawnA 1. Physical Properties of %ambusa %lumeana %amboo. The moisture content of the bamboo #aries from bottom to the top portion of culm. The shrinage of thicness called radial shrinage is higher



; than that of the tangential shrinage. 6ry density and absorption #aries depending on the moisture content and geometric dimension of the specimen. ). Tensile Strength of %ambusa %lumeana %amboo. The ultimate strength of bamboo increases from 1; to 1K remaining moisture content. 'mmersed bamboo in salt water condition within )7hrs and  days has slightly better tensile strength that those bamboos immersed in fresh water and naturally air2dried. The node of bamboo is wea in tension. 4. Ph #alue for salt water and fresh water conform to the accepted le#el of alalinity and acidity for both salt water and fresh water. 7. 't is implies that immersed bamboo in salt water condition is better than natural air2dry and immersed in fresh water. The presence of salt water particles during immersion process affects the strength properties of the bamboo. Reco%%endaton

%ased on deri#ed physical properties and tensile strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo, the following form is part of recommendations@ 1. The strength of bambusa blumeana bamboo immersed in salt water has a potential to be used as reinforcement either for hori0ontal or for #ertical, masonry or low rise building prior to applicable spacing, but tae into account by the designers.



B ). 3urther test and analysis must be undertaen in determination the effect of salt water on the other mechanical properties and anatomical characteristics of specie bambusa blumeana bamboo and also for other indigenous bamboo species. 4. !dditional micrographics studies must be carried out to loo into the possible reasons for the #ariability in the anatomical characteristic of immersed bamboo fibers.





BIBLIOGRAPHY



A0 Boo$

6e 3lander, Fatleen. < The ro*e o( Ba%!oo n G*o!a* Modernt&+ (ro% Tradtona* to Inno#at#e Con$tructon Matera* =,pp ) +iao et. al., )-, < Modern Ba%!oo Structure$=, *published by CRC PressE%alema, The Netherlands, pp 4

B0 Unpu!*$hed Matera*$

!lito, >aros. ); 0 Ba%!oo Ren(orce%ent a$ Structura* Matera* (or the Con$tructon o( Lo/;Co$t Hou$n' n Ethopa0 *>aster Thesis, !ddis !baba Lni#ersity, 8thiopia. de Hos, Halentin. )1. Ba%!oo (or Eteror 2oner& . *Thesis, &arenstein Lni#ersity, Netherlands, Manssen, Mulius Moseph !ntonius. 1D-;. Ba%!oo n Bu*dn' Structure$0 *>aster Thesis, 8indho#en Lni#ersity of Technology, Netherlands. Mung, oungsi. )B. 'n#estigation o( Ba%!oo a$ Ren(orce%ent n Concrete. *>aster Thesis, Lni#ersity of Te"as, !rlington. Fassa, %ewetu Q. )D. Ba%!oo+ An A*ternat#e Bu*dn' Matera* (or Ur!an Ethopa . *>aster Thesis, California State Lni#ersity, San &uis $bispo >itch, 6ere Randal. )1. Structura* Beha#or o( Grouted;Bar Ba%!oo Co*u% Ba$e$0 *>aster Thesis, Lni#ersity of Pittsburgh.

Qaaria, >ohd Na0arudin %in. );, Fracture Character$tc$ o( Beton' Ba%!oo Cu*% Loaded n Co%pre$$on? Bendn' and Shear0

* >aster Thesis, Lni#ersiti Tenologi >ara,



D C0 Internet

%rin, 3rancis 8. and Rush, Paul M 0 5Ba%!oo Ren(orced Concrete Con$tructon6 ? www.romanconcrete.com, accessed No#ember )), )11( Na#al Ci#il 8ngineering &aboratory *)7 !#ailableA httpAEEwww.romanconcrete.comEdocsEbamboo1DBBE%ambooReinforced Concrete, pp. 121D, accessed No#ember ), )11.

5Ba%!oo

Ren(orced

Concrete

Con$tructon60

L.S.

5In!ar6, www.inbar.int, retrie#ed No#ember 17, )11 5Internatona* Standard 9ISO ,,18<;176, )7, www.'so.org, accessed

No#ember )), )11 Ri#era, >erlyn N. < Ph*ppne Natona* Report on Ba%!oo and Rattan =, a#ailableAwww.inbar.intEdocumentsEcountryK)reportEPh*ppne.htm, accessed No#ember 1), )11. Wahab et al., 5Bendn' and Co%pre$$#e $tren'th o( Pre$er#at#e$ Treated Ba%!oo Gigantochloa Scortechinii Ga%!*e6? a#ailableA httpAEEwwwsst.ums.edu.myEdataEfileEC1TFb'nFg57T.pdf , accessed 6ecember 17, )11 u et al., 5Se*ected Ph&$ca* and Mechanca* Properte$ o( Mo$o Ba%!oo 9Phyllostachys pubescens)” , a#ailableA httpAEEwww.frim.go#.myE#1E5tfsonlineE5tfsE#)n7E);-2)B4.pdf , accessed 6ecember 17, )11.



-

APPEN)ICES



-1 APPEN)I A PERMIT TO CON)UCT RESEARCH

COLLEGE LIBRARIAN

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Nabua, Camarines Sur 6ear >adamA ?reetings The undersigned fourth year %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering Students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are presently woring on their thesis entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONALD TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO 6 in partial fulfillment of the reuirements for the degree of %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering. 'n this regard, may they be allowed to do some research in your prestigious library. This opportunity will help them greatly in reali0ing their research undertaing. >ay this reuest merit your fa#orable consideration and appro#al. Than you and more power. Hery respectfully yours, 9SG)7TORAL)E 2ASON A0 9SG)7MATRICIO ALE C0 9SG)7LOMPERO )REEN PAUL B0

NotedA 9SG)7ENGR0 HENRY P0 TURAL)E

!d#iser 9SG)7 )R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR

'nstructor, 8ngineering Research



-) APPEN)I B LETTER TO THE A)-ISER

T$ 3R$> 6!T8 SL%M8CT

A ENGR0 HENRY P0 TURAL)E A Ci#il 8ngineering Research Students A 6ecember 1), )11 A Research Technical !d#iser

I0 ?reetings II0 The undersigned fourth year Ci#il 8ngineering students are in the process of conducting research entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONAL;TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO6? in

partial fulfillment of the reuirements in 8R7)1, 8ngineering ResearchEPro5ect Study. III0 'n #iew thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be our Technca* Ad#$er0 We belie#e that your immeasurable nowledge

and field and e"pertise will help us reali0e and fulfill the success of our study. I-0 our acceptance shall be greatly acnowledged. -0 Than you #ery much.

Hery respectfully yours, 9SG)7TORAL)E 2ASON A0 9SG)7MATRICIO ALE C0 9SG)7LOMPERO )REEN PAUL B0

NotedA 9SG)7)R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR




-4 APPEN)I C LETTER TO THE E)ITOR


A MRS0 ALICE S0 ALMAJAN A Ci#il 8ngineering Research Students A Manuary ;, )1) A 8ditor

'.

?reetings

''.

The undersigned fourth year Ci#il 8ngineering Students are in the process of conducting research entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONALDTREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO 6 in partial fulfillment of the reuirements in 8R7)1, 8ngineering

ResearchEPro5ect Study. '''.

'n #iew thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be their The$$ Edtor . With your immeasurable nowledge and e"pertise in the field, this study will be a success.

'H.

our acceptance shall be greatly acnowledged.

H.

Than you #ery much.



!d#iser 9SG)7)R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR




-7 APPEN)I ) LETTER TO THE CONSULTANT


A ENGR0 NILO R0 SALAJAR A Ci#il 8ngineering Research Students A Manuary ;, )1) A Consultant

'.

?reetings

''.

The undersigned fourth year Ci#il 8ngineering Students are in the process of conducting research entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONALDTREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO 6 in partial fulfillment of the reuirements in 8R7)1, 8ngineering

ResearchEPro5ect Study. '''.

'n #iew thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be their Con$u*tant. With your immeasurable nowledge and e"pertise in the field, this study will be a success.

'H.

our acceptance shall be greatly acnowledged.

H.

Than you #ery much.



!d#iser 9SG)7)R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR




-; APPEN)I E LETTER TO BORRO. LABORATORY MATERIAL

Manuary -, )1) MRS0 IRENE -ILLARAJA

'nstructor2'n2Charge Testing >aterials This College 6ear >adamA ?reetings The undersigned, are fourth year %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering Students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are presently woring on our thesis entitled, 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONAL; TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO6? as a reuirement for the degree of %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering. 'n #iew of this, we would lie to as permission from you to let us use the following testing materials in the fabrication of the materialA  

Weighing scale $#en

We are looing forward for your fa#orable consideration and appro#al. Than you and more power. Respectfully yours, 9SG)7TORAL)E 2ASON A0 9SG)7MATRICIO ALE C0 9SG)7LOMPERO )REEN PAUL B0

NotedA 9SG)7 ENGR0 HENRY P0 TURAL)E

!d#iser

9SG)7 )R0 LOY) BOTOR




-B APPEN)I F PERMIT TO CON)UCT LABORATORY TEST

>arch ), )1) )IRECTOR )ANILO E0 )EKUITO? CESO I-

Regional 6irector 6PW:, Region H Rawis, &egaspi City !ttentionA ENGR0 FERMIN I0 PETEJA Chief, >JC:6 6ear SirE>adam, ?reetings We undersigned fourth year Ci#il 8ngineering Students are presently woring on our thesis entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONALD TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO6 as a reuirement for the degree of %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering. 'n #iew thereof, we see permission from tour good office to allow us conduct the determination of physical properties and tensile strength in your laboratory, as primary basis of our study. We are hoping for your consideration and appro#al. Than you #ery much and ?od %less. Hery respectfully yours, 9SG)7TORAL)E 2ASON A0 9SG)7MATRICIO ALE C0 9SG)7LOMPERO )REEN PAUL B0


!d#iser

9SG)7 )R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR




- APPEN)I G PERMIT TO CON)UCT LABORATORY TEST

Manuary )B, )1) TOMAS B0 BRI AS

6irector 'H 6$ST, Region H Rawis, &egaspi City 6ear SirE>adam, ?reetings We undersigned fourth year Ci#il 8ngineering Students are presently woring on our thesis entitled 5TENSILE STRENGTH OF CON-ENTIONALD TREATE) BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO6 as a reuirement for the degree of %achelor of Science in Ci#il 8ngineering. 'n #iew thereof, we see permission from tour good office to allow us conduct the determination of the e"act p: #alue of saltwater and fresh water in your laboratory, as primary basis of our study. We are hoping for your consideration and appro#al. Than you #ery much and ?od %less. Hery respectfully yours, 9SG)7TORAL)E 2ASON A0 9SG)7MATRICIO ALE C0 9SG)7LOMPERO )REEN PAUL B0


!d#iser 9SG)7 )R0 LOY) H0 BOTOR




-APPEN)I H )ETERMINATION FOR BAMBOO PHYSICAL PROPERTY AN) TENSILE STRENGTH A07 MOISTURE CONTENT )ETERMINATION Purpo$eA

This laboratory test is performed to determine the moisture of a -Bambusa Blumeana bamboo= for physical and mechanical tests. This laboratory will employ the determination, by weighing, of the loss in mass of the test piece on drying to constant mass. Standard Re(erenceA

'S$ 414, ood / Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests Eup%entA

8lectronic weighing scale, with an accuracy of .1 g. $#en, Caliper. Te$t ProcedureA

Test pieces for determination of moisture content shall be prepared immediately after felling the culm and before each tensile test. The number of test pieces shall be eual to the number of test pieces for the physical or mechanical test. The form shall be lie a rectangular prism, appro"imately 4 mm wide, 4 mm high and as thic as the wall thicness. The test pieces shall be taen in three points, from bottom, middle and top portion of the desired part of the culm, and stored under conditions which ensure that the moisture content remains unchanged. The test pieces shall be weighed to an accuracy of ,1 g, and then dried in an o#en at a temperature of 11 U ) VC. !fter 4 minutes, the mass shall be recorded. ?reat care shall be taen to pre#ent any change in moisture content between remo#al from the o#en and subseuent determinations of the mass. The drying shall be considered to be complete when the difference between the successi#e determinations of the mass does not e"ceed , 1 g.



-D

Ana*&$$A

The moisture content >C of each test piece shall be calculated as the loss in mass, e"pressed as a percentage of the o#en2dry mass, using the following formulaA The >C shall be calculated to an accuracy of one2tenth of a percent. This >C shall be taen as representati#e of the >C of the tested specimen as a whole. The arithmetic mean of the results obtained from the indi#idual test pieces shall be reported as the mean #alue for the moisture content of the test pieces.

M c ( )  {

m −m o mo

}

"

WhereA

M c  moisture content in K m o  the o#en dry mass of the test specimen m 0 the mass of specimen before drying

RM c ( )  M c ( )−{

m− md md

}

" 1

WhereA

RM c  remaining moisture content in K m o  the dry mass of the test specimen m 0 the original mass of specimen

B07 )RY )ENSITY )ETERMINATION Purpo$eA



D This clause specifies a method for determining the mass by #olume *density of bamboo for physical and mechanical tests. 3or accurate comparison between reported #alues, the basic mass by #olume  is the most appropriate one, for the determination of which o#en2dry mass and green #olume will be used because these will not change, irrespecti#e of weather conditions. 'f the mass by #olume is to be reported at the moisture content of the test sample, the mass is taen as the o#en2 dry mass and only the #olume is taen at the >C of the sample. Standard Re(erenceA

'S$ 4141, ood / 6etermination of density for physical and mechanical tests Eup%entA

Caliper, capable of determining the dimensions of the test pieces to an accuracy of ,1 mm. 8lectronic weighing scale, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ,1 g. Te$t Procedure+

>easure the dimensions of the test pieces to the nearest ,1 mm, and calculate the #olume, or determine the #olume using caliper to an accuracy of 1 mm4. 6ry the test pieces to constant mass, but do this gradually to minimi0e their deformation and splitting. Carry out the weighing operations immediately after drying. 6etermine the mass of the test pieces to an accuracy of ,1 g. Ana*&$$A

6

m 6 " 10 Vs

WhereA D density in FgEcu. m m  the dry mass in gm of the test specimens 1s  the dry #olume of the test specimens in

3

mm

C07 SHRINAGE AN) S.ELLING )EFORMATION )ETERMINATION Standard Re(erenceA

'S$ )1;;2 6etermination of Physical and >echanical Properties of bamboo Ana*&$$A

WhereA SH d () 

{ Decrease dimension } Originaldimension

" 1



D1 SH d  shrinage in K SW ( ) 

{ #ncrease dimension } Original dimension

" 1

SW d  swelling in K )07 ABSORPTION )ETERMINATION Ana*&$$A

The following formula was used to obtain the absorption of bambooA WhereA !b  absorption in K

$% () 

{

m a−m o

}

" 1

m a  mass of air dry specimen

mo  mass of sundry specimen E07 TENSILE STRENGTH )ETERMINATION Standard Re(erenceA

'S$ 447;, ood / 6etermination of ultimate tensile tress parallel to grain Ana*&$$A

The ultimate tensile strength is determined by using euation shown. WhereA

 !lt 

"!lt

{

}

 !lt  the ultimate tensile strength in >Pa

"!lt  the ma"imum load at which the test piece fails in N !  the cross sectional area of the specimen in mm2



D)

APPEN)I I Report on Ph&$ca* Properte$ )eter%naton (or Natura* Ar;)r& Ba%!oo Spec%en

Find of >aterialsA Sample atA ?eographical &ocationsA Sample %yA 6ateA Tested %yA Test Method:

ASTM D 143-94 ISO 3131/ ASTM D 2395-93

Computed %yA 6ateA Spec%en Code

N;1 N;, N;3 N;4 N;8 N;: N;<

%amboo *427 years old Bambusa Blumeana  Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur :igh land area with moist soil Researchers 6ecember 1;, )11 Researchers Researchers >arch ), )1)

S/e**n' 97

F;Shrna'e 97

Tan'enta*

Rada*

Tan'enta*

Rada*

A!$orpton 

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1.D; 4.;D ). 7.17 ;.)1 7.)7 4.7

;.D4 ;.-4 .4) B.B ;.;4 ..4)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

)r& )en$t& 9'cu0 %7

7;.1-.7 -.B B;).;B B;1.B; B).D B71.;4



D4 N;= N;>

2 2

2 2

7.BB ).DD

B. .B)

2 2

B1D.) D1.B7

A-ERAGE

2

2

30:,

:0:<4

2

<@@0@:

Note+ Tested bamboo specimen with 121;K of remaining moisture content. Te$ted !&+ LOMPERO? )REEN PAUL B0

MATRICIO? ALE C0

TORAL)E? 2ASON A0

Noted !&+ ENGR0 NILO SALAJAR

APPEN)I 2 Report on Ph&$ca* Properte$ )eter%naton (or I%%er$ed Ba%!oo Spec%en


ASTM D 143-94 ISO 3131/ ASTM D 2395-93

Computed %yA 6ateA Spec%e n

%amboo *427 years old Bambusa Blumeana  Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur :igh land area with moist soil Researchers 6ecember 1;, )11 Researchers Researchers >arch ), )1)

S/e**n' 97

F;Shrna'e 97

A!$orpto n

)r& )en$t& 9'cu0 %7

Code

Tan'enta*

Rada *

Tan'enta*

Rada *

F;1

1.DD

).4)

.)

1.41

-;.7

;-4.D7

F;<

).

).;1

1.7

).B)

-;.;4

-;.D4

F;14

4.);

4.D1

1.B

7.4B

-.-

;77.;4



D7 S;1

).7;

).-B

.

).-

-4.D

B7;.1)

S;<

).;)

4.-1

1.1

4.);

-B

B;.7

S;14

).;;

;.7

1.)

4.-

-.14

B;.;)

Note+ The number from specimen code signifies signifies the immersing immersing period.

S2 'mmersed in saltwater 32 'mmersed in 3resh water Te$ted !&+ LOMPERO? )REEN PAUL B0

MATRICIO? MATRICIO? ALE C0

TORAL)E? 2ASON A0

APPEN)I  Noted !&+ ENGR0 NILO SALAJAR

Report on Ten$*e Stren'th Te$t (or Natura* Ar;dr& Ba%!oo Spec%en Spec %en


ISO 3345

Computed %yA 6ateA

Researchers >arch ), )1)

Spec%en Code

N;1 N;, N;3 N;4 N;8 N;: N;<

%amboo *427 years old Bambusa Blumeana  Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur :igh land area with moist soil Researchers 6ecember 1;, )11 )11 Researchers

R;Mc

Cro$$;$ectona* Area 9$0%%7

Fa*ure Load 9N7

Ten$*e Stren'th 9MPa7

1.D 1).4B 1;.7; D.)) 1). 1.1 D.7

417.7; 447.; 441.44;.)) 4-1.D 444 )DD.);

74.D 77.B 7.7-.) 7D.B 7B.D 7).)

14D.B1 144.)4 1)).D 174.D 1)D.-17.-7 171.)



D; N;= N;>

14.14 1.B)

7;.747.)

;.4 7.D

1)7.; 17.-

Te$ted !&+ LOMPERO? )REEN PAUL B0

MATRICIO? MATRICIO? ALE C0

TORAL)E? 2ASON A0

Noted !&+ ENGR0 FERMIN I0 PETEJA

APPEN)I L

Chief Chief >JC:6 >JC:6

Report on Ten$*e Stren'th Te$t Te$t (or I%%er$ed Ba%!oo Spec%en


%amboo *427 years old Bambusa Blumeana  Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur :igh land area with moist soil Researchers 6ecember 1;, )11 )11 Researchers ISO 3345

Computed %yA 6ateA

Researchers >arch ), )1)

Specimen Code

R0M (%)

Cross0Seconal rea ( s1' mm)

2ailure Load (k3)

Tensile Strength

20,

10.62

417.2

50.07

120.44

204

12.88

356.94

41.57

117.61

20,5

13.37

424.89

43.8

102.8

S0,

11.29

382.04

54.77

144.77

S04

12.42

369.64

51.7

139.26

S0,5

13.31

395.8

49.3

124.2

Note+ Tested Tested bamboo specimen with 121;K of remaining moisture content.



DB Te$ted !&+ LOMPERO? )REEN )REE N PAUL B0

MATRICIO? ALE C0

TORAL)E? 2ASON A0

Noted !&+ ENGR0 FERMIN I0 PETEJA

Chief Chief >JC:6 >JC APPEN)I M:6

Report on .ater Sa%p*e PH )eter%naton



D

APPEN)I N Co%putaton (or the One;.a& Ana*&$$ o( -arance$

Respondent 3um!er

(8)

(8)*

(9)

(9)*

(:)

(:)*

1

14D.B1

19490.9521

131.07

17179.5

133.72

17880.2

2

144.)4

17750.2329

99.64

9927.5

143.72

20654.8

3

1)).D

15121.6209

122.12

14914.2

156.86

24605.9

4

174.D

20675.5641

94.93

9011.2

143.39

20561.0

5

1)D.--

16868.8144

90.22

8138.9

149.34

22303.2

6

17.-7

19835.9056

133.58

17843.8

125.03

15633.2

7

171.)

19886.6404

105.15

11056.4

133.19

17739.9

8

1)7.;

15388.4025

94.61

8951.6

116.35

13537.0

17.-

19824.64

108.65

11804.1

123.06

15142.7

1216.19

164842.77

979.96

108827.21

1224.66

168057.79

9 Total

N  27

&x &' &( &t

1216.19 979.96 1224.66

2

& X 2 &' 2 &(

3420.81

SS T =( 164,842.76 + 108,828.12 + 168,057.83 )−

164842.77 108827.21 168057.79 441727.77

( 3420.81 )2 27

=8,323.49

(1,216.19 )2 (979.96 )2 (1,224.66)2 ( 3420.81 )2 SS B = + + − = 4,287.23 9

9

9

27



DSS W = SS T − SS B= 8,323.49 −4,287.23 =4,036.26

APPEN)I O Co%putaton (or the t;Te$t

∑ x ∑ ' ∑ (

natural

X

1216.19

164842.76

979.96

108828.12

1224.66

168057.83

resh salt

N9

x´ =

1,216.19 9 979.96

(´ =

1224.66 9

SS 2=108,828.12 −

=135.13 SS 3=168,057.83 −

'´ =

9

2

X

( 979.96 )2 9

( 1224.66 )2

=108.88

9

=1,414.26

d) = N + N −2

=136.07

SS 1=164,842.76 −

=2,125.72

( 1216.19 )2 9

d) =9 + 9 −2

= 496.3

d) =16

  and 

t 1 =

135.13 −108.88

√

(

496.3+ 2125.72 9 + 9−2

=40.43

1

1

9

9

)( + )

  and 

t 2 =

√(

108.88 −136.07

2125.72 + 1414.26 9 + 9−2

=−3.88 1

1

9

9

)( + )

  and 

t 3 =

√

(

136.07 −135.13

1414.26 + 496.3 9 + 9 −2

=0.18

1

1

9

9

)( + ) APPEN)I P Re$earcher$ Spec(caton

Ph&$ca* Character$tc

!cceptance Criteria for %amboo Culm Character$tc

L%t$ Mo$ture Content

%amboo 6iameter

- cm 21) cm

The original moisture content of the specimen must contain ;K 2

'nternal Node

1; cm 2 ; cm

Culm :eight

1; m 2 ); m

1;K. Lnder this study, the specific moisture content that will be reuired shall conform to 1I1;K after

soaing and before applying loads. The methods of testing must conform to 'S$ 414. )r& )en$t&

The density of bamboo must #ary from ; to - gEcu. m. The methods for testing must conform to 'S$ 4141.

CURRICULUM -ITAE

Per$ona* In(or%aton

Na%e Addre$$ E%a* )ate o( Brth P*ace o( Brth Cten$hp -$a Statu$ Gender

A Mason !mistas Toralde A Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur 7747 Philippines A 5ason.toraldeXyahoo.com A $ctober 4, 1DD) A San 8steban, Nabua, Camarines Sur A 3ilipino A Single A >ale

Scho*a$tc Attan%ent TERTIARY E)UCATION

+ Ca%arne$ Sur Po*&technc Co**e'e$

San >iguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur )-2)14

COURSE

+ Bache*or o( Scence n C#* En'neern'

SECON)ARY E)UCATION

+ Na!ua Natona* H'h Schoo*

San >iguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur )72)-

ELEMENTARY E)UCATION + Santa'o E*e%entar& Schoo*

Santiago $ld, Nabua, Camarines Sur 1DD-2)7

Pro(e$$ona* A((*aton$

Ph*ppne In$ttute O( C#* En'neer$;C$pc Student Chapter

>ember *)-2)14 PARTICIPATION 13th Natona* Brd'e Bu*dn' Co%petton

Muly 1, )11 ParticipantE %est in !esthetics Loca* Brd'e Bu*dn' Co%petton

$ctober 11, )1 Participant SEMINARS Apprecaton Se%nar on .ater Supp*& )e#e*op%ent

Manuary ), )1) ,@11 Re'ona* PICE Student Su%%t

$ctober 1-, )11 P*e Foundaton and Te$t$? Ad#ance$ n Matera*$ and Te$tn'+ Non; )e$truct#e Apparatu$ and Bddn' Proce$$

$ctober 1, )1 G*o!a* .ar%n'+ The Ir'a Ct& Eperence and Con$tructon Sa(et&

6ecember 11, )D



A 6re"en Paul %allon &ompero A Casugad, %ula, Camarines Sur 774 Philippines A dre"en1lomperoXyahoo.com A !pril 1;, 1DD4 A Casugad, %ula, Camarines Sur A 3ilipino A Single A >ale




COURSE


SECON)ARY E)UCATION

+ Bu*a Natona* H'h Schoo*

Sagrada, %ula, Camarines Sur )72)ELEMENTARY E)UCATION + Ca$u'ad E*e%entar& Schoo*

Casugad, %ula, Camarines Sur 1DD-2)7

Pro(e$$ona* A((*aton$

Ph*ppne In$ttute O( C#* En'neer$;C$pc Student Chapter

>ember *)-2)14 PARTICIPATION 13th Natona* Brd'e Bu*dn' Co%petton

Muly 1, )11 ParticipantE %est in !esthetics Loca* Brd'e Bu*dn' Co%petton

$ctober 11, )1 Participant SEMINARS Apprecaton Se%nar on .ater Supp*& )e#e*op%ent

Manuary ), )1) ,@11 Re'ona* PICE Student Su%%t

$ctober 1-, )11 P*e Foundaton and Te$t$? Ad#ance$ n Matera*$ and Te$tn'+ Non; )e$truct#e Apparatu$ and Bddn' Proce$$

$ctober 1, )1



A !le" Cornelio >atricio A >onte Cal#ario, %uhi, Camarines Sur 7744 Philippines A ale"Y)cymXyahoo.com A 3ebruary ), 1DD) A >onte Cal#ario, %uhi, Camarines Sur A 3ilipino A Single A >ale




COURSE


SECON)ARY E)UCATION

+ St0 Brd'et Schoo* San Roue? %uhi, Camarines Sur

)72)ELEMENTARY E)UCATION + Monte Ca*#aro E*e%entar& Schoo*

>onte Cal#ario, %uhi, Camarines Sur 1DD-2)7 Pro(e$$ona* A((*aton$ Ph*ppne In$ttute O( C#* En'neer$;C$pc Student Chapter

>ember *)-2)14

BAMBOO-THESIS.docx

Recommend Documents