understand understand and explain the principle of superposition of waves
link interference with superposition
understand understand that interference c ould be constructive or destructive
define and explain phase difference and path difference
understand understand that constructive or destructive interference depends on the path difference
learn the equations for path difference for constructive or destructive interference
define coherence
understand understand that the condition for interference is coherence of two or more sources of waves
understand understand what is a diffraction grating
understand understand interference of light waves through diffraction grating
understand understand the effect of more slits on interference patterns
understand understand the effect of monochromatic light on a diffraction grating
and learn the equation for interference and draw conclusions from
understand understand the effect of shining white light through a diffraction grating
define a stationary wave
understand understand the condition for a stationary wave
state the difference between stationary waves and progressive waves
define and understand the terms
learn the experiment demonstrating standing waves with microwaves and sound waves
explain the terms harmonic and overtones in musical instruments such as guitars and air columns
remember where nodes and antinodes form in guitar strings and air columns
nodes and antinodes
Waves – Wave Applications:
Understand ultrasound imaging
Understand how ultrasound waves are reflected and transmitted at interfaces
Understand how reflection of ultrasound is used in ultrasound scans
Understand the term resolution
Understand how shorter wavelengths and shorter pulses produce clearer images
Understand why ultrasound is transmitted in pulses
Understand what is the Doppler effect
Explain how the speed of moving objects can be measured using the Doppler effect
Learn the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum
Learn the variation in properties of the components in the EM Spectrum
Learn the effects of different r adiations on the body
2
DC Electricity – Charge and Current:
Define charge
Understand the types of charge that exists
Describe the nature of charged objects
Learn the unit for charge
Define an electric current
Learn the equation of an electric current
Learn the unit for electric current
Explain the direction of conventional current flow and direction of electron flow
Explain what are charge carriers conducting an electric current [ definition of charge carrier and relevant examples]
Define drift velocity of charge carriers [ explanation of what causes the charge carriers to drift]
Explain why drift velocity is an average velocity and stays the same in a conductor
Explain how the current current depends on the drift velocity velocity using the transport equation
Explain how a light bulb comes on instantly when the switch is turned even when the drift velocity of electrons is only a fraction of a millimetre per second
Understand that different materials materials have different numbers of charge carriers and explain how they conduct using the transport equation
DC Electricity – Potential difference, electromotive force and power:
Define potential difference with formula and units
Define electromotive force with formula and units
Define voltage
Define electrical energy and power in terms of current and voltage with formula and units
DC Electricity – Current-potential difference relationships [I/V Characteristics]:
Explain how rheostat and potentiometer works
Explain how current and voltage can be regulated using a rheostat or potentiometer
Remember the circuit diagrams on making a rheostat or a p otentiometer using a variable resistor and how they can be used to investigate I-V characteristics of conductors
Show the I-V characteristics for :
metallic conductor
tungsten filament
semiconductor semiconductor diode
3
DC Electricity – Resistance and resistivity:
Define resistance
Define Ohm’s law
Understand that for an Ohmic conductor the resistor is constant
Define resistivity
Explain how resistivity and resistance are connected by the equation
Show the R-V characteristics for :
metallic conductor
tungsten filament
semiconductor semiconductor diode
Explain the effect of temperature on the resistivity of a metal using the transport equation
Explain the effect of temperature on the resistivity of a tungsten filament using the transport equation
Explain the effect of temperature on the resistivity of a semiconductor semiconductor using the transport equation
DC Electricity – Electric Circuits:
Explain Kirchhoff’s First law and how it relates to the law of conservation of charge
Explain Kirchhoff’s Second law and how it relates to the law of conservation of energy
Explain internal resistance
Derive the equation connecting emf., terminal p.d., resistance, internal resistance and current using the law of conservation of energy in a circuit
Draw the graph of terminal voltage against current
Explain why a battery runs out of charge
Explain why a voltmeter is placed parallel in a circuit
Explain why an ammeter is placed in series in a circuit
Derive the equation of total resistance in a series circuit
Derive the equation of total resistance in a parallel circuit
Explain how a potential divider works
Derive the equation for getting V out out from a potential divider circuit
Explain what is a NTC thermistors and an LDR (light dependant resistor)
Explain the applications of potential divider using thermistors and LDRs.
4
Nature of Light – Nature of Light:
Understand that radiation flux is the intensity of light [amount of energy landing on a unit area in a unit time]
Learn the formula for radiation flux and its unit
Understand that light behaves like a wave as well as a particle
Understand what is a quantisation of light
Understand that photon is a quantum of light
Understand what is the electron-volt
Understand that photon energies are usually given in electron volts
Understand that photons are released from electrons in atoms when they are excited
Explain what is line spectrum, emission spectrum, continuous spectra and absorption spectra
Understand that the different spectra indicate the energy levels of an atom
Understand the photoelectric effect
Learn why the wave theory of light cannot explain the photoelectric effect
Explain how the photon model of light can explain the photoelectric effect
Learn and explain the photoelectric equation
Understand that the photoelectric equation is a result of the law of conservation of energy
Explain and define each term of the photoelectric equation
Understand how the phototube can be used to find the sopping potential
