There are many aspects to security and many applications, Ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for Secure c…Full description
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Rhetoric of Gaming: Spring 2013 CONSTRUCTING A SOPHISTICATED SOPHISTICATED AND NUANCED RESEARCH-BASED ARGUMENT As you start to develop your claim for your research-based argument you might find it helpful to focus not only on what you you !ant to argue but how you how you !ant to argue argue it" #hat is you might might !ant to evaluate !hat sort of claim !ould best suit your topic and the argument you !ant to ma$e"
Five Types of Claims According to author %ancy &ood ' Perspectives ' Perspectives on Argumen Argumentt (th ed" %): *earson 200+:1(,-1+2 !e can categori.e almost all arguments as belonging to one of the follo!ing types: claims of definition/ claims claims of cause/ claims of value/ claims of policy/ and claims of fact" &ood suggests that !e get a better sense of !hich type of argument it is 'or that !e !ant to construct by loo$ing at the uestions that it ans!ers 'or that !e !ant to ans!er about it" any times the claim defines the structure of the entire paper/ on occasion it functions as a supporting claim for the larger argument 'so more than one claim might operate in the same essay" CLAIMS OF DEFINITION 1 &hat hat is it 2 &hat &hat is it li$e li$e 3 o! should should it be clas classif sified ied 4 o! should should it be be inter interpre preted ted ( o! does does its usual usual meanin meaning g change change in a particul particular ar conte5t conte5t CLAIMS OF CAUSE ! &hat caused it "! &here did it come from #! &hat are the effects $! &hat probably !ill be the results on a short or long term basis CLAIMS OF %ALUE ! o! bad is is it o! good "! o! moral or immoral #! 6f !hat !orth is it $! &ho says so &! &hat do these people value '! &hat values or criteria should 7 use to determine its goodness or badness CLAIMS OF POLIC( ! &hat should !e do "! o! should !e act #! o! can !e solve this problem $! &hat course of action should !e pursue
CLAIMS OF FACT ! 8id it happen "! 7s it #rue ) #! o! do !e $no! this
** adapted from handouts by PWR instructors Donna Hunter and Scott Herndon **
Mo*es of A+alysis Another !ay to fashion a sophisticated claim is to thin$ about different !ays that you might structure your analysis 'that is in a nuanced argument you might not be arguing a pro-con position but instead might be performing a type of analysis that enriches your reader9s understanding of your subect based on the claims you are ma$ing" #hese can be more challenging types of structures but also can yield more interesting essays" 1" Demys,ifia,io+. #o reveal the inner !or$ings of a tradition event product or social value" #he $ey here is to distinguish bet!een the e5plicit;stated purpose of the event and the deep structure;implicit purpose of the event" #hat is !hat does the e5ample you are using say it9s about and !hat can you see happening that isn9t discussed openly #his techniue !or$s best !hen it reveals something une5pected/ it succeeds by digging deeper into your topic than most people !ould to e5pose something ne! and unanticipated" 2" Co+,/a*i,io+ o/ Pa/a*o0. #o analy.e a social practice in terms of t!o opposing problems !ithin a topic or specific e5ample derived from your topic" #his can be e5pressed directly 'e5plicit in an e5ample9s rhetoric or it can be hidden 'tacit !ithin its o!n structure or operation" 6ften this mode of argumentation suggests that the e5ample is significant because its salient or conspicuous contradictions are hidden and abstracted in the !orld around us" '7n this regard it is a variant of <1=" >or e5ample ?!e have children play violent video games to sho! that having children play violent video games are !rong"@ 3" Pa/a*o0: A variant of '2 parado5 is a contradiction that offers no clean analytic solution" 7n other !ords !e are caught in the critical !eb that !e are trying to situate ourselves above or beyond" o! is it possible that !e can see a problem so clearly and be so unable even in our o!n lives to escape or change it #his argumentative method !or$s in many !ays but often it is most effective in doling out the blame in a surprisingly eual !ay esche!ing partisanship" ere9s one e5ample: *arado5 of Success: the more successful a policy is in !arding off some un!anted condition the less necessary it !ill be thought to maintain it" 7f a threat is successfully suppressed people naturally !onder !hy !e should any longer bother !ith it" 'Bames *iereson 6n the *arado5 of Success Real Clear *olitics September 11 200D 4" From 8onna on parado5 E you can do this mode of analysis on a small scale in a paper or on a larger scale governing the !hole paper" Sometimes it9s ust in the conclusion" )ou might come to the conclusion through analysis that something is a parado5" 6r you might e5plore the implications of the fact that something is a parado5" 6r you might loo$ for a solution for a parado5" er e5ample is the legal defense of guilty by reason of insanity" 6n the one hand !e don9t !ant to stigmati.e the mentally insane by having a plea li$e this" 6n the other hand if !e don9t have a plea li$e this the mentally unstable !ill end up in mainstream prisons" o! to resolve this parado5 (" 120,aposi,io+: #his method combines tactics by comparing t!o e5amples;case studies" #he tric$ to !riting and delivering analyses through u5taposition is in recogni.ing the differences bet!een the u5taposed obects or events and ma$ing it implicitly clear that you recogni.e them"
** Slightly adapted from handouts by Donna Hunter and Scott Herndon **
** Slightly adapted from handouts by Donna Hunter and Scott Herndon **
