Tribology Basics

Balzers Surface Technology

Challenging the Leading Edge

PVD-Technology

A Design Partner

Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

1

PVD Thin Film Technology

A Fast Innovation Cycle Continues •

PVD Technology in Industrial Applications • Coating Technology • Tribology Systems • Surface Engineering

•

Future Trends in Coating-Assisted Surface Engineering

•

Applications as of Today

•

Quality Methods & Analytic


2

Areas of Application


3

C.B1.01 (0303) e

Types of movement

Sliding motion Area contact

Rolling motion Line contact

Rolling motion Point contact

e.g. guide ways, bushings

e.g. gears

e.g. roller bearings


4

C.B5.02 (0204) e

BALINIT® - coating

• Only a few thousandths of a millimetre thin • Fidelity of contours


5

C.B5.01 (0304) e

How big is a micron ? 1 micron 0.001 mm Hard coating 0.003 mm Cigarette paper 0.03 mm Human hair 0.05 mm

Newspaper 0.08 mm

Pig’s bristle 0.1 mm


6

C.B2.01 (0205) e

Schematic presentation of friction: Stribeck curve Friction coefficient µ FN v

FN

FN v

v d

Counterbody Medium Body Surface roughness R

Boundary friction (d < R)

Mixed friction (d  R)

Fluid friction (d >> R)

Viscosity x Sliding speed Normal force Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

7

Wear Mechanisms

•

Adhesive

•

Abrasive

•

Fatigue

•

Tribooxidation Holmberg, Matthews, Coatings Tribology


8

C.B3.02 (0205) e

Adhesive wear

Cause Cold welding with material transfer

Appearance Cavities, galling and material build up


9

C.B3.01 (0205) e

Abrasive wear

Cause Hard particles score the surface

Appearance Scores, scratches


10

C.B3.04 (0303) e

Surface fatigue (pitting)

Cause Material fatigue with crack formation by dynamic or cyclic load

Appearance Cracks, pitting


11

C.B3.03 (0205) e

Tribooxidation

Cause Formation of chemical oxidation reaction products together with oscillating movements

Appearance Fretting corrosion


12

7

Carbon Group

6

CrN Me C:H

Me C:H

TiN TiAlN

2

3

4

5

Non Carbon Group

DLC

0.5 1

Abrasive Wear Resistance

8

PVD- Coatings for Precision Components

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Friction Coefficient Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

13 Adapted from Ullmann, ency.

C.B3.07 (0303) e

Dry running properties of sliding materials Coefficient of friction CuSnPb bronze

0.6

Ni-PTFE

Coating with MoS2

Coating with PTFE

MoS2 PVD

0.5 x

x

x

0.4 0.3

x End of test due to adhesive wear

xx

0.2 BALINIT® C (WC/C) nearly no wear 0.1 0 0

100


200

300

400

500

600 700 Sliding distance [m] 14

C.C1.02 (0205) e

Friction reduction of valve train with carbon coating Friction torque [Nm] 3.0 Method: cylinder head test rig 2.5

2.0

1.5 phosphated 1.0 WC/C 0.5

0

1000

2000


3000

4000

5000 6000 7000 Engine speed [rpm]

Source: Ford, INA 15

C.C1.01 (0205) e

Fuel saving by minimisation of friction in engines Fuel consumption [%] 100 uncoated

98 Valve train coated

96 94

All friction related parts coated

92 90 88 86 70

75


80

85

90

95

100 Theoretical engine friction [%] 16

C.B5.04 (0204) d

Properties of BALINIT® Coatings BALINIT® C Coating Material

WC/C

a-C:H

CrN

CrN

TiN

> 2.000

1.750

1.750

2.300

0.5-1

>7

>7

2-5

1-4

0,5 - 3

1-4

1-4

1-4

0,1 - 0,2

0,1 - 0,2

0,5

0,5

0,4

< 250

< 250

< 250

< 500

< 500

+++

++

++

++

Coating Type

C1000 C1500

Microhardness (HK 0,01) (typical)*

1.000 1.500

Abrasive Wear Coeff.* [10-15 m3 /Nm]

5-8

Typical Thickness (µm)

Friction Coefficient against Steel (dry)* Coating Temperature (°C) Protection against Abrasive Wear

BALINIT® BALINIT® BALINIT® BALINIT® DLC CNI D A

2-5

+

++

Protection against Adhesive Wear

+++

+++

++

++

++

Protection against Tribooxidation

++

++

++

++

++

+

**

**

**

Protection against Surface Fatigue

++

+

Tribology and Applications, 08-2003 *depending on Testing Conditions / **no reliable results available

17

Material - Wear Mechansims Map Abrasive BALINIT® DLC

Adhesive

Fatigue BALINIT® C, C1500

BALINIT®CNI


Tribooxidation

18

BALINIT® C Nanolayers

C Function W, Ti, Nb, Cr, Si, .... C

Adhesion Cr, Ti,... C Substrate

Taylored Amorphous Superstructures Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

19

Number (Date)

DLC for Valvetrain Applications: Motorbike Tappets Tungsten-rich

Coating: Wear:

BALINIT C 2 µm

BALINIT C1500 1 µm

BALINIT-DLC 0,2 µm

, Kawasaki S600 Racebike after 4 Races


20

BALINIT® DLC SEM Cross Section - Fracture

10 µm


21

Coatings in Machine Design ??

Tribo-System

Properties

Environment


Speed Counterbody Loading Lubrication Fatigue

Performance

Design

Geometry Texture Mechanical Motion Strength Fatigue Mechanical Thermal, ....

Material Process Thickness Int. Stress Composition Structure Layersequence Adhesive Abrasive Friction Toughness Electrical Mechanical (elastic plastic)

Type

Architecture

Properties

Coating System 24

Running-In Behaviour


26

C.B3.08 (0204) e

Dry Running Behaviour BALINIT® Carbon Coatings Friction Coefficient 0,8 x Test aborted because of severe adhesive wear

x DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6) uncoated 0,6

0,4 BALINIT® DLC (a-C:H)

0,2 BALINIT® C (WC/C) 0

0

250

500


750

1000

1250

1500

1750

5000 Slidelength [m] 27

Performance of Carbon Coatings

Crossed Cylinder Set-Up •Continuously increased load •Identical contact spots for a specific load

Diploma Thesis, Magnus Hansson, Uppsala University, 2001 Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

28

Lifetime for different running-in cycles N (Running-In Cycles) 0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

8000 7000

N (lifetime)

6000

240-600N RI 800N starved Lubrication BALINIT C

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Insufficient run-in

Diploma Thesis, Magnus Hansson,08-2003 Tribology and Applications, Uppsala University, 2001

Good running-in

Wear in Run-In-Phase 29

Tribometer-Testing Pin on Disk : Load distance Speed radius

30N 2.2km 30.00cm/s 12.00mm

µ

Running-In Layer on a BALINIT® C type Coating

Reference

Running In Layer 0.2

0.1


31

Counterbody Wear in µm

440 420

µm

400

Running In Layer

380

Reference

360 340 320

Coating Variant


32

Coating & Surface Topography


33

How Much Lubricant Does a Coated Surface Keep?

Surface Structuring an old idea...

Cylinder Liner

Sharkskin

Source: UCT, Electron Microscope Unit


Source: GeoScience online

34

C.B5.08 (0303) e

BALINIT® CNI chromium-nitride coating

After coating: Surface roughness BALINIT® CNI untreated

Roughness increase Ra < 0.02 µm

Before coating: Surface roughness carbide polished

1 µm Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

35

Surface Morphology

Coated Structure

coating Structured Surface

Coating Protects Structure

coating

Structured Coating

Structured Coating

Coating Provides Structure


36

Structured Coating


37

Structured Coating

Comparative Test Material: 100 Cr 6, Coating: BALINIT® DLC, 2 µm Structuring: holes after coating; Laser; 10-20 µm deep,

coating

Structured Coating

Coating Provides Structure Testing:

Ball on disc, 100 Cr6, 3 mm ball, 30N a=1500 MPa e=500 MPa dry and starved lubrication 5W30


38

C.B3.05 (0204) d

Pin on Disc test Dry and Starved Lubrication F Method Steel Ball, Ø 3mm DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6), 60 HRC Testring: DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6), 60 HRC coated

Conditions F = 30 N v = 0,3 m/s Dry, Lab air, 40% RH, 23oC or Starved Lubrication v Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

39

Ball on Disc-Test e=500 MPa

Coefficient of Friction Counterbodywear

- 20% - 30%

Ball - on - Disc Test 0,18

0,14

structured not structured

Counterbody Wear

0,12 0,1

Gegenkörperverschleiss Mangelschmierung

700

0,08 Counterbodywear [um]

Friction Coefficient FrictionCoefficient

0,16

0,06 0,04 0,02 0 starved lubrication

Starved Lubrication Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

dry Dry

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Structured

Structured

Unstructured

Not Str.

40

Roleplay Surface •

Role of Surface Structure – Provide favourable Surface Texture – Reservoir for Lubrication – Removal of Particles in Grooves

•

Role of Coating – Protect against Adhesive Wear – Conserve Surface Structure against (abrasive, adhesive) Wear – Reduce Friction

– Wetting Behaviour of the Substrate on the coating

– Modify Surface Energy

– ...

– ...


41

Substrate Influence

Hardness & Hardening Depth

A Supporting Role


42

Substrate Influence

Interference Coating - Substrate Hardness •

The Eggshell-Effect


43

„Plastic Wear“ No abrasive or adhesive Wear of Coating

High „Point-Loads“ Soft Substrates Failure of Tribo-System Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

44

42CrMo4 Nitrided BALINIT® DLC coated


45

Influence of Nitriding Temperature on Scratchload

670K 20-180 min 620-770 K 60 min

Nitriding Temperature [K]

42CrMo4, nitrided 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 20

40

60

80

100

120

Scratchload Lc2 [N] High Temperature = Hard Compound Layer = High Breakthroughload Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Plastic Behaviour Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

Scratchtest 1N-150N Lc2 46

Substrate Influence

Surface Roughness

An Acting Role


47

42CrMo4 Nitrided BALINIT® DLC coated

Nitrided 830K Coated BALINIT® DLC

Nitrided 670K 60min Coated BALINIT® DLC

Ball on Disc Testing 30N, 2200m Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

48

Influence of Surface on Counterbody 42CrMo4, nitrided

0,25

Friction Coeffcient

670K 20-180 min 620-770 K 60 min

0,2

0,15

0,1

0,05

0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Counterbody Wear [µm]

High Roughness = High Friction = High Counterbody Wear Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Shear Stress Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

BOD 30N 30cm/s 100Cr6 Ball 49

Link between Friction and Lifetime

14000 12000

Lifetime [m]

42CrMo4, nitrided 770, 670, 620K 20-180 min

620K

10000

770K 8000 6000

670K

4000

Not nitrided

2000 0 0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

Friction Coefficient High Roughness + Substrate Hardness = High friction + Low lifetime Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Shear Stress Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

BOD 30N 30cm/s 100Cr6 Ball 50

C.B5.11 (0205) e

Good coatable materials

• • • • • • • • • • •

Heat-treatable steels Tool steels Austenitic steels Precipitation-hardened steels Structural steels Nitrided steels (after pre-treatment) Cemented carbides Nickel- and titanium alloys Ball-bearing steels* Case-hardening steels* Hardenable chromium steels*

*only for low temperature coatings suitable (< 250 °C)


51

C.B5.12 (0205) e

Conditionally coatable materials • Cast iron (lamellar graphite favourable) • Chromium- / nickel-plated metals (only for low loads because of rel. poor adhesion between electroplated coating and substrate) • Copper alloys (cleaning could be challenging) • Aluminium alloys (low coating temperature required, substrate has low strength and supporting ability ) • Ceramics (electrical conductivity)


52

C.B5.13 (0205) e

Non coatable materials • Sintered metals with open pores (not suitable for vacuum process) • Polymers (not thermally stable and not electrically conductive)


53


Leading Edge Applications

Designing History by Applications


54

PVD-Applications

Fuel Injection


55

C.C2.02 (0304) e

Common Rail System Injector and high-pressure pump Made possible only with BALINIT® C and BALINIT® DLC coating: • Compliance with narrow system tolerances < 1 µm • Reliable operation at pressures up to 1600 bar

• Long service life combined with minimal wear


56

C.C2.01 (0204) e

BALINIT® coated components in fuel injection pumps Single cylinder or inline pump

Distributor pump with axial piston Roller pin

Unit injector

Plunger Roller pin

Plunger

Bushing

Distributor pump or common rail system with radial piston Roller pin Bushing

Cam shaft

Plunger

Cam ring Roller

Camshaft Shoe Piston


Injector needle

57

PVD-Applications

Tappets


58

C.C1.04 (0205) e

Wrist pins for motorcycles

Wrist pin Aluminium piston Connecting rod Wrist pin uncoated after 150 km

Uncoated Seizure between wrist pin boss (Aluminium) and wrist pin at racing conditions BALINIT® C (WC/C) nearly no wear after the whole racing season

Wrist pin WC/C-coated after 3500 km Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

59

Wear [µm]

Tappets and cam shafts for vehicles Cam 10

8

Tappet

Tappets

Cams made of steel, uncoated Valve

6

Car motor test stand Oil: without additives Testtime: 16 hours

4

Uncoated increased frictional losses of motor

2 0

BALINIT C (WC/C)

Tribology and Applications, 08-2003 25.4 (9507) e

Nitrided

BALINIT C (WC/C) reduces friction and wear compared to nitrided tappets 60

C.C1.03 (0304) e

Wear reduction of valve train with BALINIT® C Wear [µm]

12 Cam Tappets 10

Cams: steel, uncoated

Tappet

8 Valve 6 Cams

4

Tappets

2

0

Auto engine test stand Oil: without additives Test period: 16 hours

Nitrided uncoated


Cams

Uncoated Increased engine friction loss BALINIT® C (WC/C) Reduced friction and wear compared with nitrided tappets

BALINIT® C (WC/C) 61

C.C1.05 (0205) e

BALINIT® DLC coating for motorcycle tappets Uncoated Tappets of racing motorcycles have to be replaced after each race (250 km) due to wear BALINIT® C (WC/C) -coated Slight wear after 4 races (1000 km) Uncoated

BALINIT® C

BALINIT® DLC

BALINIT® DLC -coated Nearly no wear after 4 races (1000 km)

Kawasaki Supersport (600 ccm) Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

62

PVD-Applications

Piston Rings


63

C.C1.06 (0304) e

Wear of liners paired with differently treated piston rings 0,3 0.3

Tribometer (Cameron-Plint TE77) Load: 8 Mpa Temperature: 80 °C Test period: 6 hours Frequency: 10 Hz

Liner wear [mg]

0,2 0.2

0,1 0.1

Liners: grey cast iron Oil: Lubrizol TH 53303 x

00

x

Source: Scania AB

x

0,1 0.1 x no wear detected

Piston ring wear [mg]

0,2 0.2 Plasmasprayed

Nitrided Hard chrome- Chrome plated Ceramic


BALINIT® C WC/C

Piston ring surface 64

PVD-Applications

Bearings


65

C.C3.02 (0204) e

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Life time [hours] 1000 > 250

Temperature: 30 °C Coeff. of friction: 0.004 Roller wear: 5 mg

100

10

1.5 1,5 1

Rings and rollers BALINIT® C - coated


Bearing 81206 Load: 33 kN Cage material: PA 66 Speed: 15 rpm Dry running

uncoated 66

PVD-Applications

Gears


67

Load Bearing Capacity of Gears

Flank and Root of Gears 35

Factor of Lifetime

30

flank root

25 20 15 10

Testing: FVA - Specification 05 Steel: 42CrMo4V

5 0

uncoated

TiCN


TiN

Source: pretreated Balinit C pretreated WZL, RWTH Aachen + TiN + Balinit C

68

C.C4.01 (0204) e

Working limits of gears External stress Abrasive wear limit

Pitting limit

Tooth fracture limit

Seizing limit

Damagefree region

Circumferential velocity Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

69

C.C4.02 (0204) e

Load capacity of the tooth base and flank

18

Service life - progression factor

16

16

Test-rig acc. to FVA -guideline 05

Material Case hardened steel DIN 16MnCr5E

14 12

Uncoated Failure criterion: 4% single tooth wear (pitting)

10 8 6 4

4 2 0

1

1

Flank Base Uncoated


BALINIT® C (WC/C) Increase of service life by: factor 4 for tooth flank factor 16 for tooth base

Source: WZL, RWTH Aachen Flank Base BALINIT® C 70

C.C4.03 (0205) e

Gear wear by seizure

107

Tolerated load changes FZG-Test Interruption after 200,000,000 Test data Speed: 1,000 rpm Surface pressure: 1,000 N/mm²

106

150.000 150,000 105

29.000 29,000

Lubricant: ESSO CL46B (on biological base)

104 1,400 1.400

Source: IMM, TU Dresden

103 102 10 1

Uncoated dry

Uncoated lubricated


BALINIT® C dry

BALINIT® C lubricated

Oil quantity: 1 drop per Minute 71

C.C4.05 (0304) e

Planetary gear for a concrete mixer

600

Total wear of pinion and wheel [mg] Model test: Slow running wear Stress: 2180 MPa (316 KSI) Sliding velocity: 0.04 m/s Teeth characteristics: FZG-C

500

400

300

uncoated

200

Pinion and wheel BALINIT® C - coated

100

0 0

40

80


120

160

200 Time [hours]

Uncoated Seizure of case hardened sun wheels at low speeds and high loads BALINIT® C (WC/C) Prevents seizure and increases load and working range of the planetary gear 72

C.C4.07 (0205) e

High loaded fast running gear Tooth flank stress [N/mm2] 2100

2000 Uncoated 1900

BALINIT® C (WC/C)

1800

Test method: FZG-C-test case hardened steel, 62 HRC, RZ = 3 µm

1700

BALINIT® C (WC/C) increases load carrying capacity (fatigue endurance limit) of • heat treated gears by 30 - 40% • case hardened gears by 10 - 15%

1600

1500

2

4

6

8 107


Uncoated Surface fatigue (Pitting) despite continous oil film

2

4

6

8 108 2 Stress cycles 73

C.C4.08 (0205) e

Spur gears for motorcycles BALINIT® C (WC/C)

Uncoated Seizure due to oil leakage and overloading

uncoated BALINIT® C (WC/C) provides emergency running reserve and higher load carrying capacity

Right Wear on uncoated gear after oil leakage Left No wear on BALINIT® C (WC/C) coated gear after oil leakage Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

74

PVD-Applications

Hydraulic & Compressors


75

C.C8.04 (0205) e

Hydraulic motor with BALINIT® C coated parts

With BALINIT® C (WC/C) coated roller bearings: • no seizure • after 58,000 revolutions nearly no wear • static friction between roller and piston decreased by 40 % • losses at start-up reduced by 18 % • less “Stick-slip”


76

C.C6.01 (0205) e

Wear of PVD coated compressor screws

70 60

Worn surface [%] 60 %

50 40

• Male and female screw coated • Sliding velocity 50m/sec • Test duration 1000 hours • Water injected

30 20 10 3%

0 CrN (PVD)

BALINIT® C (WC/C)

BALINIT® C (WC/C) coated screws: Due to the low wear rate a service life of more than 20,000 hours is expected. Source: University of Dortmund


77

C.C6.02 (0205) e

Chlorine free vane compressors

100

Wear [µm] Vane

15 10

5

Roller

Testing conditions

1

0.1 0,1

0.1 0,1

0.01 0,01

Roller Vane uncoated


0,1 < 0.1

Time: 1000 hours Pressure: 3.5 N/mm2 (500 psi) Temperature: 100 °C (212 °F) Medium: chlorine free refrigerant Roller material: cast iron Vane material: steel

Roller Vane BALINIT® C (WC/C), only vane coated 78

C.C8.07 (0205) e

Axial piston pump - pistons Piston

Nitrided: seizure damage Test conditions Pressure: 400 bar Speed: 3000 rpm Time: 1000 hours

Nitrided + BALINIT® C (WC/C): no seizure damage Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

79

C.C8.08 (0205) e

Axial piston pump - sliding shoes Sliding shoe

Bronze: abrasive wear and deformation Test conditions Max. pressure: 350 bar Max. speed: 2200 rpm Time: 1000 hours

Steel + BALINIT® C (WC/C): wear < 1 µm Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

80

C.C7.01 (0205) e

Pneumatic valves for paper machines

6

Service life [months]

5 4 3

Working conditions Valve material: DIN 1.4112 Rotation 30°, 2 x / min. Pressure: 5 Mpa Dry running

2 1

Uncoated The valves jam at lack of grease

0

BALINIT® C (WC/C) coated The valves operate permanently even at dry running

Uncoated Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

BALINIT® C (WC/C)

81

C.C8.02 (0205) e

Erosion of materials used in hydraulic components Relative factor of wear compared to steel DIN St 52

4

WC/C = BALINIT® C CrN = BALINIT® D

Alu

50 µm

Bronze

3

Medium Particles Sample

2

Particle size: Particle concentration: Pressure: Medium:

Brass

1

GGG 40 St 52

0-20 µm 100 mg/l 150 bar HFA

Ck 45 WC/C

0 Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

CrN

Source: PhD Thesis, St. Lehner, IFAS Aachen (1996) 82

C.C8.09 (0205) e

Wear behaviour of hydraulic valves coated with BALINIT® C (WC/C) Gap increase h [µm] Valve housing h

16 14 12 Medium Particles

Valve stem

10

Standard flow rate: 50 l/min Valve type: 4/3 way proportional valve Valve housing: cast iron Medium: HFA

8 6 4 2

Source: PhD Thesis, St. Lehner, IFAS Aachen (1996)

0 uncoated BALINIT® C (WC/C) Valve stem: Steel Ck 45 / 650 HV Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

83


A QS9000 Company

PVD - Quality Standards


84

C.D3.02 (0205) e

QS9000-Certification for Component Production Cites


85

C.D3.03 (0204) e

Measurement techniques for quality control

Method

Feature

Destructive for:

Requirements Limits

Accuracy Coating

Substrate

Calo test

Coating thickness

Geometry, roughness

0.3 - 0.5 µm

yes

yes

XRF measurement

Coating thickness

Geometry, chem. elements

0.3 - 0.5 µm

no

no

Rockwell hardness HRC

Substrate hardness

Substrate hardness, geometry

+/- 1 HRC

yes

yes

Rockwell test

Coating adhesion


+/- 0.5 HF-classification

yes

yes

Colour measurement

Colour

Plane surface

+/- 1

no

no

Roughness

Geometry

no

no

Profilometer

Destructive measurements are performed outside the functional surfaces if possible Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

86

C.D3.04 (0304) e

Measurement techniques for analysis and specification Method

Feature

Requirements Limits

Cross section

Coating thickness

Microhardness

Coating hardness

Geometry, roughness, coating thickness >1µm

Scratch test

Coating adhesion


Abrasive wear coefficient

Plane surface, roughness

Friction coefficient, life cycle test

Plane surface

Calo-wear test

Tribometer

Destructive for: Accuracy Coating

Substrate

0.1 - 0.3 µm

yes

yes

+/- 10%

yes

no

yes

yes

yes

no

yes

yes

+/- 10%

Destructive measurements are performed outside the functional surfaces if possible Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

87

C.D3.05 (0205) e

Coating thickness measurement by calo test

D

v

r

Polishing sphere Coating Substrate

A B

BALINIT®- coating after calo test (spherical abrasion), top view

Calculation of coating thickness D using A, B, and sphere radius r Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

88

C.D3.06 (0205) e

Rockwell coating adhesion test

Rockwell diamond cone Coating A

F

A

Substrate

BALINIT® -coating with HRC indentation, top view

Comparative assessment of coating adhesion based on deformation geometries in zone A with defined image series. Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

89

C.D3.07 (0205) e

Measurement of coating adhesion with scratch test

F S

Diamond stylus Coating Substrate

v

Scratch in BALINIT® -coated surface, top view Visual assessment of crack formation and coating flaking inside track S dynamically deformed under load F. Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

90

C.D3.08 (0304) e

Measurement of abrasive wear coefficient with calo-wear test v

r

Polishing sphere Coating Substrate

B

Abrasive slurry Test conditions: Humidity and temperature constant

Calculation of grinding mark volume using B and sphere radius r Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

91

C.D3.09 (0304) e

Sliding wear test with tribometer Normal force FN Fixed ball, diam. 3 mm, AISI 52100 (DIN 1.3505), 60 HRC Test ring: AISI 52100 (DIN 1.3505), 60 HRC blasted or ground, N4 coated v Frictional force

FR

v Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

FN = 30 N v = 0.3 m/s dry running

Calculation of friction coefficient µ by measuring the frictional force FR 92

Thank you for listening Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

93

Tribology Basics

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