TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY May 2016

SOCIETY OF TRIBOL TRIBOLOGISTS OGISTS UBRICA RICA ATION T AND L LUBRICATION ENGINEERS 71st Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 15-19, 2016 • Las Vegas, Nevada

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Contents 02 Message from STLE President Martin Webster

25

Sunday/Monday Overview

26

Time Grid: Monday Technical Sessions

32

Monday Technical Sessions & Commercial Marketing Forum

10 Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel Floor Plans

57

Tuesday Overview

12 Trade Show Floor Plan with Exhibitor Names

58

Time Grid: Tuesday Technical Sessions

62

Tuesday Technical Sessions & Commercial Marketing Forum

04 Daily Schedule at a Glance/Business Meetings 08 Index to Technical Sessions & Education Courses

14 General Information & Policies – Exhibit Hours – Registration Information

105 Wednesday Overview

– Annual Meeting & Education Course Policies

106 Time Grid: Wednesday Technical Sessions

– Recording Policy

110 Wednesday Technical Sessions & Commercial Marketing Forum

– Photo Policy – Cell Phone Policy

149 Thursday Overview

– Future STLE Meeting Dates

150 Time Grid: Thursday Technical Sessions

16 Special Events & Networking – Golf Tournament (Sunday afternoon) – Hoover Dam Tour (Sunday afternoon) – Early Careerists Networking Event (Sunday night) – Speakers Breakfast (Monday-Thursday) – STEM Program (Monday morning)

154 Thursday Technical Sessions & Commercial Marketing Forum 178 Student Poster Abstracts 194 Participants Index 206 2015-2016 STLE Board of Directors

– Opening General Session (Monday morning)

– Annual Meeting Program Committee

– NLGI Certification Exam (Monday morning)

– Exhibitor Advisory Committee

– Welcoming Party (Monday evening)

– Annual Meeting Education Committee

– Presidents Luncheon (Tuesday afternoon)

– Education Course Chairs

– STLE Certification Exams (Thursday morning)

– Technical Committees

18 Education Course Descriptions & Instructors 21 Nanotribology Special Session (Sunday afternoon) 22 Keynote Address: “Lubrication Challenges in an 850-hp NASCAR Sprint Cup Engine,” Dr. Andrew L. Randolph, Earnhardt-Childress Racing (ECR) Engines

– Industry Councils 211 STLE Award Winners & Fellows 212 Advertisers Index 213 Notes

23 Annual Meeting Exhibitors 24 Annual Meeting Sponsors

The 2016 STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition is sponsored by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, an international organization headquartered at 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois (USA) 60068-2376. Telephone: (847) 825-5536. Fax: (847) 825-1456. Email: [email protected]. Web: www.stle.org. STLE is a not-for-profit professional society founded in 1944 to advance the science of tribology and best practices in lubrication engineering.

www.stle.org

71st Annual Meeting & Exhibition Program Guide

1

LAS VEGAS

Message from STLE’s President Welcome to five days of world-class education, training and networking Dear Members, Friends and Guests,

WELCOME TO STLE’S 71ST ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION! Two key STLE committees, the Annual Meeting Program Committee and the

Education Committee, have assembled a challenging technical program featuring more than 500 technical presentations. You can look forward to an outstanding week of professional development here in Las Vegas. In addition to the technical sessions, the meeting’s program includes 12 one-day education courses taught by the leading technical experts in their respected fields and many chances to network with and learn from your peers in the tribologyresearch and lubricant communities. I also encourage you to take time out of your annual meeting schedule to visit with some 100 companies displaying in the trade show. This is an opportunity to get an early look at the newest technologies the lubricants industry has to offer.

Martin Webster, STLE President ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, New Jersey

With so many events and activities to choose from, the only problem with STLE’s annual meeting might be planning your personal itinerary. This Program Guide and the Annual Meeting Mobile App will help you navigate an event that grows each year. Remember, also take advantage of the social events, including Monday evening’s Welcoming Party and the Presidents Luncheon Tuesday at noon. You’ll reconnect with the entire STLE community and have a chance to recognize the many volunteers who generously donated their service in the last 12 months to create new programs for all of us involved in the science of tribology and best practices in lubrication engineering. During your time in Las Vegas, be sure to put your networking skills to work, whether it involves initiating a conversation with a colleague at an education course, technical session or during one of the scheduled refreshment breaks. By popular demand, we’ve brought back the STLE Lounge, adjacent to the trade show. The lounge is a great place to relax and conduct business with personnel from exhibiting companies. I also urge you to take advantage of the Commercial Marketing Forum, where you can hear commercial presentations from the lubricant industry’s most innovative companies. The forum sessions are listed with the technical tracks in this program guide. STLE’s 2016 Annual Meeting & Exhibition is a singular opportunity to discover technical concepts and make personal contacts that will help you better serve your employer and customers and advance your career. In just five days you’ll have access to a wealth of technical information that would take you months to find on your own. Please say hello if you see me in the hallways or meeting rooms. I look forward to taking this journey with you.

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Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers

www.stle.org

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LAS VEGAS

Daily Schedule at a Glance SUNDAY, MAY 15 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum Education Courses (8 am – 5 pm) • Advanced Lubrication 301: Advanced Additives – Las Vegas 6/7 • Basic Lubrication 101: Lubrication Fundamentals – Jubilee 2 • Condition Monitoring 101 – Jubilee 1 • Gears 101: Fundamentals of Gears – Las Vegas 1 • Metalworking Fluids 130: Metal Treatment Chemical – Las Vegas 3

2A Commercial Marketing Forum II – Bronze 4 2B Lubrication Fundamentals II: Surface Coatings – Bronze 3 2C Engine & Drivetrain II – Bronze 2 2D Grease/Rolling Element Bearings Joint Session I – Gold 2E Metalworking II – Silver 2G Gears I – Palace 4/5 2H Fluid Film Bearings II – Las Vegas 1 2I Biotribology II – Las Vegas 2 2J Power Generation I: Power Gen Lubricants – Las Vegas 3 2L Synthetics & Hydraulics I – Las Vegas 5

• NLGI Grease 101 – Las Vegas 2

2M Seals II – Las Vegas 6/7

• Synthetics 203: Non-Petroleum Fluids & Their Uses – Las Vegas 1

2N Surface Engineering II – Jubilee 1

• Nanotribology Special Session (1:30 – 5 pm) – Palace 3

2P Nanotribology II: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis – Jubilee 3

Golf Outing (1 – 7 pm)

2O Materials Tribology II – Jubilee 2

Hoover Dam Tour (1 – 5 pm)

Exhibitor Appreciation Break (3 – 4 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

Student Networking Event (7 – 9 pm) – Liaison Lounge

Welcoming Party (6:30 – 8 pm) – Platinum

MONDAY, MAY 16 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum Technical Sessions (8 – 10 am)

TUESDAY, MAY 17 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum

1A Commercial Marketing Forum I – Bronze 4

Commercial Exhibits & Student Posters (9:30 am – Noon & 2 – 5:30 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

1B Lubrication Fundamentals I: Rheology – Bronze 3

Technical Sessions (8 am – Noon)

1C Engine & Drivetrain I – Bronze 2

3A Commercial Marketing Forum III – Bronze 4

1D Grease I – Gold 1E Metalworking I – Silver

3B Lubrication Fundamentals III: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication – Bronze 3

1H Fluid Film Bearings I – Las Vegas 1

3C Engine & Drivetrain III – Bronze 2

1I Biotribology I – Las Vegas 2

3D Rolling Element Bearings I – Skyview 3

1K Ceramics & Composites I – Las Vegas 5

3E Metalworking III – Silver

1M Seals I – Las Vegas 6/7

3F Grease II – Palace 3

1N Surface Engineering I – Jubilee 1

3G Gears II – Palace 4/5

1O Materials Tribology I – Jubilee 2

3H Fluid Film Bearings III – Las Vegas 1

1P Nanotribology I: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis – Jubilee 3

3I Biotribology III – Las Vegas 2

NLGI Certification Exam (10 am – Noon) – Skyview 4

3K Ceramics and Composites II – Las Vegas 4

Opening General Session (10:30 am – Noon)

3L Synthetics & Hydraulics II – Las Vegas 5

Keynote Address (Dr. Andrew L. Randolph, Technical Director, Earnhardt-Childress Racing Engines, Welcome, NC) – Platinum

3M Seals III – Las Vegas 6/7

Lunch (Noon – 1:30 pm) – On your own Commercial Exhibits & Student Posters (Noon – 5 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

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Technical Sessions (1:30 – 6 pm)


3J Power Generation II: Controlling Varnish – Las Vegas 3

3N Surface Engineering III – Jubilee 1 3O Materials Tribology III –Jubilee 2 3P Nanotribology III: Nanoparticle Additives – Jubilee 3

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Daily Schedule at a Glance Presidents Luncheon/Business Meeting (Noon – 2 pm) – Platinum

4H • Las Vegas 1 – Fluid Film Bearings IV (5:30 – 6 pm) Fluid Film Bearings Business Meeting

Technical Sessions (2 – 6 pm)

4J • Las Vegas 3 – Power Generation III: Contamination Control (5 – 5:30 pm) Power Generation Business Meeting

4A Commercial Marketing Forum IV – Bronze 4 4B Lubrication Fundamentals IV: Computational EHL – Bronze 3 4C Engine & Drivetrain IV – Special Session – Advances in Lubricants and Automotive Tribology for Fuel Economy – Bronze 2 4D Rolling Element Bearings II – Skyview 3 4E Metalworking IV – Silver 4F Non-Ferrous Metals I: Additives – Palace 3 4G Gears III – Palace 4/5 4H Fluid Film Bearings IV – Las Vegas 1 4I Biotribology IV – Las Vegas 2 4J Power Generation III: Contamination Control – Las Vegas 3

4L • Las Vegas 5 – Synthetics & Hydraulics III (5:30 – 6 pm) Synthetics & Hydraulics Business Meeting 4M • Las Vegas 6/7 – Seals IV (4 – 4:30 pm) Seals Business Meeting 4O • Jubilee 2 – Materials Tribology IV (6 – 6:30 pm) Materials Tribology Business Meeting 4P • Jubilee 3 – Nanotribology IV: Nanoparticle Additives (6 – 6:30 pm) Nanotribology Business Meeting

WEDNESDAY, MAY 18

4K Wear I: Experimental Study of Wear – Las Vegas 4

Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon

4L Synthetics & Hydraulics III – Las Vegas 5

Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum

4M Seals IV – Las Vegas 6/7

Commercial Exhibits (9:30 am – Noon) – Bally’s Event Center

4N Surface Engineering IV – Jubilee 1

Education Courses (8 am – 5 pm)

4O Materials Tribology IV – Jubilee 2 4P Nanotribology IV: Nanoparticle Additives – Jubilee 3 Exhibitor Appreciation Break (3 – 4 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

TUESDAY BUSINESS MEETINGS 3F • Palace 3 – Grease II (11:30 am – Noon) Grease Business Meeting

• Advanced Lubrication 302: Advanced Lubrication Regimes – Skyview 1 • Automotive Lubrication 202: Gasoline – Skyview 2 • Basic Lubrication 102: Basic Applications – Skyview 3 • Metalworking Fluids 105: Introduction to Metal Forming Fluids – Skyview 4 • Synthetic Lubricants 204: Fluid Formation & Application – Skyview 6

3K • Las Vegas 4 – Ceramics and Composites II (11:30 am – Noon) Ceramics and Composites Business Meeting


4B • Bronze 3 – Lubrication Fundamentals IV – Computational EHL (5 – 5:30 pm) Lubrication Fundamentals Business Meeting

5C Engine & Drivetrain V – Bronze 2

4C • Bronze 2 – Engine & Drivetrain IV – Special Session: Advances in Lubricants and Automotive Tribology for Fuel Economy (5:30 – 6 pm) Engine and Drivetrain Business Meeting

5A Commercial Marketing Forum V – Bronze 4 5B Lubrication Fundamentals V – Additives – Bronze 3 5E Rolling Element Bearings III – Gold 5F Non-Ferrous Metals II: Bio-Based Lubricants – Palace 3 5G Wind Turbine Technology I – Palace 4/5 5H Fluid Film Bearings V – Las Vegas 1 5I Environmentally Friendly Fluids I – Las Vegas 2

4D • Skyview 3 – Rolling Element Bearings II (6 – 6:30 pm) Rolling Element Bearings Business Meeting

5K Wear II: Analysis of Friction and Wear – Las Vegas 4

4E • Silver – Metalworking IV (6 – 6:30 pm) Metalworking Business Meeting

5M Condition Monitoring I – Las Vegas 6/7

4F • Palace 3 – Non-Ferrous Metals I: Additives (5 – 5:30 pm) Non-Ferrous Business Meeting

5O Materials Tribology V – Jubilee 2

4G • Palace 4/5 – Gears III (5 – 5:30 pm) Gears Business Meeting

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5L Tribotesting I – Las Vegas 5 5N Surface Engineering V – Jubilee 1 5P Nanotribology V: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms – Jubilee 3


5

LAS VEGAS

Daily Schedule at a Glance WEDNESDAY, MAY 18

THURSDAY, MAY 19

Technical Sessions (1:30 – 6 pm)

Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon

6A Commercial Marketing Forum VI – Bronze 4


6B Lubrication Fundamentals VI: Tribofilms – Bronze 3

STLE Certification Exams (8:30 am – Noon) – Palace 3

6C Engine & Drivetrain VI – Bronze 2


6D Rolling Element Bearings IV – Gold

7B Lubrication Fundamentals VII: Lubricant Properties – Bronze 2

6F Non-Ferrous Metals III: Tribology – Palace 3

7C Engine & Drivetrain VII – Bronze 3

6G Wind Turbine Technology II – Palace 4/5

7D Rolling Element Bearings V – Gold

6H Fluid Film Bearings VI – Las Vegas 1

7E Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology I – Silver

6I Environmentally Friendly Fluids II – Las Vegas 2

7H Fluid Film Bearings VII – Las Vegas 1

6K Wear III – Las Vegas 4

7K Wear IV – Las Vegas 4

6L Tribotesting II – Las Vegas 5

7L Tribotesting III – Las Vegas 5

6M Condition Monitoring II – Las Vegas 6/7

7M Condition Monitoring III – Las Vegas 6/7

6N Surface Engineering VI – Jubilee 1

7N Surface Engineering VII – Jubilee 1

6O Materials Tribology VI – Jubilee 2

7O Materials Tribology VII – Jubilee 2

6P Nanotribology VI: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms – Jubilee 3 (1:30 – 3 pm)

7P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session II: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3

6Q Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session I: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3 (3:30 – 6:30 pm)

Technical Sessions (1:30 – 5:30 pm) 8B Lubrication Fundamentals VIII: Modeling – Bronze 2 8D Rolling Element Bearings VI – Gold

Beverage Breaks are scheduled at 10 am and 3 pm daily.

8E Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology II – Silver 8K Wear V: Wear Mitigation – Las Vegas 4

WEDNESDAY BUSINESS MEETINGS

8L Tribotesting IV – Las Vegas 5

6G • Palace 4/5 – Wind Turbine Technology II (6 – 6:30 pm) Wind Turbine Technology Business Meeting

8M Condition Monitoring IV – Las Vegas 6/7

6I • Las Vegas 2 – Environmentally Friendly Fluids II (5 – 6 pm) Environmentally Friendly Fluids Business Meeting

8N Surface Engineering VIII – Jubilee 1 8P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session III: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3 Beverage Breaks are scheduled at 10 am and 3 pm daily.

6K • Las Vegas 4 – Wear III (5:30 – 6 pm) Wear-Biotribology Business Meeting

THURSDAY BUSINESS MEETINGS

6L • Las Vegas 5 – Tribotesting II (5 – 5:30 pm) Tribotesting Business Meeting

8M • Las Vegas 6/7 – Condition Monitoring IV (3:30 – 4:40 pm) Condition Monitoring Business Meeting 8N • Jubilee 1 – Surface Engineering VIII (4 – 5 pm) Surface Engineering Business Meeting

6


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LAS VEGAS

Index

Technical Sessions and Education Courses SUNDAY, MAY 15

TUESDAY, MAY 17

Education Courses (All Day)

Technical Sessions – am

Advanced Lubrication 301: Advanced Additives..........................18

3A – Commercial Marketing Forum III .............................................62

Basic Lubrication 101: Lubrication Fundamentals .......................18 Condition Monitoring 101....................................................................18

3B – Lubrication Fundamentals III: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication .................................................................................................62

Gears 101: Fundamentals of Gears ....................................................19

3C – Engine & Drivetrain III...................................................................66

Metalworking Fluids 130: Metal Treatment Chemical ................19

3D – Rolling Element Bearings I .........................................................68

NLGI Grease 101 .......................................................................................19

3E – Metalworking III ..............................................................................69

Synthetic Lubricants 203: Non-Petroleum Fluids & Their Uses....................................................................................................19

3F– Grease II...............................................................................................70

Nanotribology Special Session ...........................................................21

3H – Fluid Film Bearings III ...................................................................74

MONDAY, MAY 16 Technical Sessions – am 1A – Commercial Marketing Forum I................................................32 1B – Lubrication Fundamentals I: Rheology...................................32 1C – Engine & Drivetrain I.....................................................................33 1D – Grease I..............................................................................................34 1E – Metalworking I ................................................................................34 1H – Fluid Film Bearings I......................................................................36

3G – Gears II ...............................................................................................72 3I – Biotribology III ..................................................................................76 3J – Power Generation II: Controlling Varnish ...............................77 3K – Ceramics & Composites I.............................................................78 3L – Synthetics & Hydraulics II ............................................................79 3M – Seals III ..............................................................................................80 3N – Surface Engineering III.................................................................82 3O – Materials Tribology III...................................................................84 3P – Nanotribology III: Nanoparticle Additives.............................86

1I – Biotribology I.....................................................................................37

Technical Sessions – pm

1K – Ceramics & Composites I.............................................................37

4A – Commercial Marketing Forum IV.............................................87

1M – Seals I.................................................................................................38

4B – Lubrication Fundamentals IV: Computational EHL ............88

1N – Surface Engineering I...................................................................39

4C – Engine & Drivetrain IV – Special Session: Advances in Lubricants and Automotive Tribology for Fuel Economy .........88

1O – Materials Tribology I .....................................................................40 1P – Nanotribology I: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis........................................................................................................40

4D – Rolling Element Bearings II ........................................................89


4F – Non-Ferrous Metals I: Additives ................................................92

2A – Commercial Marketing Forum II ..............................................41

4G – Gears III..............................................................................................93

2B – Lubrication Fundamentals II: Surface Coatings...................42

4H – Fluid Film Bearings IV...................................................................94

2C – Engine & Drivetrain II....................................................................43

4I – Biotribology IV ..................................................................................96

2D – Grease/Rolling Element Bearings Joint Session I...............44

4J – Power Generation III: Contamination Control ......................98

2E – Metalworking I ................................................................................45

4K – Wear I: Experimental Study of Wear ........................................98

2G – Gears I ................................................................................................46

4L – Synthetics & Hydraulics III ...........................................................99

2H – Fluid Film Bearings II ....................................................................48

4M – Seals IV ...........................................................................................100

2I – Biotribology II....................................................................................49

4N – Surface Engineering IV..............................................................102

2J – Power Generation I: Power Gen Lubricants...........................50

4O – Materials Tribology IV................................................................102

2L – Synthetics & Hydraulics I..............................................................51

4P – Nanotribology IV: Nanoparticle Additives ..........................104

4E – Metalworking IV..............................................................................90

2M – Seals II................................................................................................52 2N – Surface Engineering II..................................................................53 2O – Materials Tribology II ....................................................................54 2P – Nanotribology II: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis........................................................................................................55

8


www.stle.org

Index

Technical Sessions and Education Courses WEDNESDAY, MAY 18

THURSDAY, MAY 19

Education Courses (All Day)


Advanced Lubrication 302: Advanced Lubrication Regimes ...20

7B – Lubrication Fundamentals VII: Lubricant Properties.......154

Automotive Lubrication 202: Gasoline.............................................20

7C – Engine & Drivetrain VII...............................................................155

Basic Lubrication 102: Basic Application .........................................20

7D – Rolling Element Bearings V .....................................................156

Metalworking Fluids 105: Introduction to Metal Forming Fluids ..........................................................................................20

7E – Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology I ...............158

Synthetic Lubricants 204: Fluid Formation & Application.........21

7K – Wear IV.............................................................................................160


7L – Tribotesting III................................................................................162

5A – Commercial Marketing Forum V............................................110

7M – Condition Monitoring III ..........................................................163

5B – Lubrication Fundamentals V: Additives ...............................112

7N – Surface Engineering VII.............................................................164

5C – Engine & Drivetrain V .................................................................113

7O – Materials Tribology VII ...............................................................165

5E – Rolling Element Bearings III .....................................................114

7P – Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session II: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale......................166

5F – Non-Ferrous Metals II: Bio-Based Lubricants......................115

7H – Fluid Film Bearings VII ...............................................................159

5G – Wind Turbine Technology I ......................................................116


5H – Fluid Film Bearings V..................................................................117

8B – Lubrication Fundamentals VIII: Modeling ...........................168

5I – Environmentally Friendly Fluids I ............................................118

8D – Rolling Element Bearings VI ....................................................170

5K – Wear II: Analysis of Friction and Wear...................................120

8E – Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology II..............171

5L – Tribotesting I..................................................................................121

8K – Wear V: Wear Mitigation ............................................................171

5M – Condition Monitoring I.............................................................122

8L – Tribotesting IV ...............................................................................174

5N – Surface Engineering V ...............................................................124

8M – Condition Monitoring IV..........................................................175

5O – Materials Tribology V .................................................................125

8N – Surface Engineering VIII............................................................176

5P – Nanotribology V: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms.............................................................................................126

8P – Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session III: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale......................177

Technical Sessions – pm 6A – Commercial Marketing Forum VI...........................................128 6B – Lubrication Fundamentals VI: Tribofilms .............................129 6C – Engine & Drivetrain VI................................................................130 6D – Rolling Element Bearings IV ....................................................131 6F – Non-Ferrous Metals III: Tribology............................................134 6G – Wind Turbine Technology II.....................................................135 6H – Fluid Film Bearings VI.................................................................136 6I – Environmentally Friendly Fluids II...........................................137 6K – Wear III .............................................................................................137 6L – Tribotesting II.................................................................................138 6M – Condition Monitoring II ...........................................................140

Exhibit Hours Monday (Noon – 5 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) Evonik Raffle (3:30 pm). You must be present to win. Tuesday (9:30 am – Noon) & (2 – 5:30 pm) Closed for Presidents Luncheon (Noon – 2 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) Wednesday (9:30 am – Noon) The exhibition is in the Bally’s Event Center.

6N – Surface Engineering VI..............................................................142 6O – Materials Tribology VI ................................................................144 6P – Nanotribology VI: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms ..146 6Q – Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session I: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale:.....................146

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9

LAS VEGAS

Bally’s Hotel and Casino Indigo Tower

Main Floor – Casino Level

26th Floor 10


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Bally’s Hotel and Casino Jubilee Tower

2nd Floor

3rd Floor

Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel & Casino

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11

EXHIBITORS

12

71st STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition • May 15-19, 2016 • Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)


www.stle.org

Now fit STLE’s Entire 2016 Annual Meeting Schedule—in the Palm of Your Hand! Available Now: STLE Annual Meeting App

71st STLE LE Annual Meeting & Exhibition Bally’s Las V Vegas egas Hotel & Casino o Las V Vegas, ega Nevada (USA) egas, STLE’s Annual Meeting offers so much programming that keeping track of what’s happening when and where can be a challenge. Our new mobile app lets you plan your itinerary neraryy,, schedule appointments and stay on top of fast-breaking meeting updates every minute of the day. Download the app—and don’t miss a thing! STLE’s 2016 Annual Meeting mobile app lets you track, schedule and connect with: • 500 technical session abstracts—push a button and it’s on your itinerary! • Paper presenters—easily find your favorite authors • 12 education courses • 100-exhibitor trade show • Special events and networking opportunities • Floor plans of Bally’s and exhibition • 1,600 other attendees • Meeting sponsors • Local dining • Meeting updates—stay on top of late-breaking news.

Download the app— don’t miss a thing! and don’t You acquire You can acquir e the app four different diffferent ways: 1. Download at: www.tripbuildermedia.com/apps/stle 2. Scan the QR code on this page 3. Download from The App Store (Apple products) 4. Download from The Play Store (Android products)

Sponsored by Sea-Land Chemical

Society of T Tribologists ribologists r and an Lubrication Engineers • 840 Busse Highway Highway,, Park Ridge, IL 60068 Phone: 847-825-5536 • Fax: 847-825-1456 • [email protected] [email protected] g • www www.stle.org .stle.org

LAS VEGAS

General Information and Policies 71st STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition • May 15-19, 2016 • Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)

Exhibit Hours Monday (Noon – 5 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) Evonik Raffle (3:30 pm). You must be present to win. Tuesday (9:30 am – Noon) & (2 – 5:30 pm) Closed for Presidents Luncheon (Noon – 2 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) Wednesday (9:30 am – Noon) The exhibition is in the Bally’s Event Center.

REGISTRATION INFORMATION Attendees may register beginning on Saturday, May 14, from Noon to 6 pm at the Grand Salon (located in Bally’s Indigo Tower). The STLE registration desk is open daily thereafter through Thursday beginning at 7 am.

RECORDING POLICY Audio or video recording is not permitted in any of the annual meeting technical sessions or Commercial Marketing Forum presentations. Audio recording is permitted in the education courses with advance permission of the instructor. No video of any kind is permitted in the education courses.

PHOTO POLICY STLE’s official photographer is taking photographs of technical sessions, education courses, social events and the trade show on Monday and Tuesday. These images will be used in print materials promoting STLE’s 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition at the Hyatt Regency in Atlanta. If you do not want your photo to appear in these materials, please step out of the picture frame or advise the photographer after your photo is taken so they can delete the image.

Registration for the annual meeting entitles you to attend the technical sessions, Welcoming Party on Monday evening, Presidents Luncheon on Tuesday afternoon, and the trade show Monday through Wednesday and most other sanctioned annual meeting events.

CELLULAR TELEPHONES

Presidents Luncheon guest tickets are $50 (two tickets are free to STLE Corporate Members) and can be purchased at the registration desk at the Grand Salon.

FUTURE STLE MEETING DATES

Attendance at business meetings of technical committees and industry councils is open to anyone who is registered for the meeting. See condensed schedule (pgs. 5-6) for time and location of individual technical committee and industry council meetings.

ANNUAL MEETING AND EDUCATION COURSE POLICIES • All attendees must register. • A badge is required for admittance to any session or education course. • Education course registration includes admittance to the selected education course or courses, all technical sessions and admittance to the trade show. • Handouts are not permitted in any technical session.

In order to not disturb speakers or follow attendees, please keep cellular telephones on vibrate and leave the room to talk.

• STLE Tribology Frontiers Conference Nov. 13-15, 2016 – The Drake Hotel Chicago Chicago, Illinois • STLE 72nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 21-25, 2017 – Hyatt Regency Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia • STLE 73rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 20-24, 2018 – Minneapolis Convention Center with Minneapolis Hilton and Hyatt Regency Minneapolis Minneapolis, Minnesota • STLE 74th Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 19-23, 2019 – Omni Nashville Hotel Nashville, Tennessee • STLE 75th Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 3-7, 2020 – Hyatt Regency Chicago Chicago, Illinois

• Handouts will be given to education course attendees. • Registration is not necessary to attend the trade show.

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www.stle.org

Visit Us At STLE Booths 113 and 115

LAS VEGAS

Special Events and Networking 71st STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition • May 15-19, 2016 • Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)

GOLF TOURNAMENT: LAS VEGAS NATIONAL GOLF COURSE

Sunday, May 15 1 pm shotgun (arrive at noon for scheduling and practice) $120 (includes green fees, golf cart rental, range balls, box lunch and one drink ticket at the 19th Hole. Clubs can be rented for $30. No transportation is provided.) The National, as it’s usually called, has a long history in the Las Vegas Valley. Just after completion in 1961, the National, then called the Stardust Country Club, hosted its first professional golf event, the LPGA Championship. Over the years, the National has played host to celebrities from around the world. Professional athletes, including members of the NFL, NBA, NASCAR and PBA have held events here. The course, with its mature landscaping and proximity to the Las Vegas Strip, make it a truly unique and historic site.

HOOVER DAM TOUR

Sunday, May 15 (1 – 5 pm) $120 (includes transportation, guide, tour and box lunch) Visit one of the most inspiring man-made wonders of the world. Hoover Dam is the gateway to beautiful Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in America. This engineering marvel will be sure to amaze all of its visitors. Your guide will provide visitors with facts about Las Vegas and points of interest as you embark on your 45-minute journey to Hoover Dam. You will enjoy spectacular views of the entire Las Vegas Valley as you wind through the mountains to your destination. Once at the Dam, you will be invited to take an in-depth tour of this mighty wonder. Your guide will take you through the inside of the Dam and provide interesting facts about the facility. You will learn how it was built and how the Dam provides services today. In addition, the new and improved Visitors Center provides a breathtaking view of the Dam and the Black Canyon below, where the mighty Colorado River starts its journey.

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EARLY CAREERIST NETWORKING EVENT

Sunday, May 15 This year’s Early Careerist Networking Event is 7-9 pm in the Liaison Lounge at Bally’s Las Vegas. Come join other students and early careerists, as well as other STLE members for an evening of networking and great food. If you would like more information, please stop by the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon.

SPEAKERS BREAKFAST

Monday through Thursday, May 16-19 (7 – 8 am) – Platinum Lead authors and course presenters are invited to meet with Session and Paper Solicitation Chairs for a continental breakfast on the days of their presentations. This is a great time to review the session schedule and note any last-minute changes. Speakers should plan on attending.

STLE HOSTS STEM PROGRAM FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Monday, May 16 (9 am – Noon) – Bally’s Event Center During STLE’s 2016 Annual Meeting, the society is hosting high school students for its 4th Annual STEM Tribology Camp. Students, and their teachers, will have the opportunity to see demonstrations and participate in hands-on experiments, led by engineers and scientists, to learn about areas of research within the fields of tribology and lubrication engineering such as friction, viscosity, wear, and grease. STLE’s goal is to reach high school students who have an interest in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and to educate them about future career opportunities in the fields of tribology and lubrication engineering.

www.stle.org

Special Events and Networking 71st STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition • May 15-19, 2016 • Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)

OPENING GENERAL SESSION

NLGI CERTIFICATION EXAM

Monday, May 16 (10:30 am – Noon) – Platinum

Monday, May 16 (10 am – Noon) – Skyview 4

STLE honors many of its most distinguished volunteers and achievers. You’ll also hear a presentation from Dr. Andrew Randolph, technical director for Earnhardt-Childress Racing (ECR) Engines, titled “Lubrication Challenges in an 850-hp NASCAR Sprint Cup Engine.”

NLGI’s Certified Lubrication Grease Specialist (CLGS) program identifies those individuals who have true expertise in lubricating greases. NLGI is proud to announce that the CLGS will be offered during STLE’s 2016 STLE Annual Meeting. Advanced registration is required with NLGI to take the exam. The exam starts promptly at 10 am and takes approximately two hours to complete.

WELCOMING PARTY

STLE CERTIFICATION EXAMS

Monday, May 16 (6:30 – 8 pm) – Platinum

Thursday, May 19 (9 am – Noon) – Palace 3

This is the annual meeting’s central networking event and a way for you to reconnect with old friends while making new ones. Since people come to STLE’s Annual Meeting & Exhibition from around the world, this truly is an international event. Relax, socialize and add to your list of professional contacts through this outstanding networking event. The Welcoming Party is a “can’t miss” annual meeting tradition.

All four exams – Certified Lubrication Specialist, Oil Monitoring Analyst I and II and Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist – are conducted concurrently. Must be registered for the exams in advance, however, onsite registration is available on a limited basis. For more information, stop by the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon. Registration and sign-in starts at 8:30 am. The exams start promptly at 9 am and takes approximately three hours to complete.

PRESIDENTS LUNCHEON AND STLE 71ST ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING

Tuesday, May 17 (Noon – 2 pm) – Platinum The annual meeting’s major business function draws virtually all attendees for a two-hour event honoring STLE’s incoming and outgoing presidents, award winners and top volunteers. Come honor 2015-2016 President Martin Webster with ExxonMobil Research & Engineering and 2016-2017 President Ali Erdemir with Argonne National Laboratory. Tickets to the luncheon are included with annual meeting registration and free to Corporate Member representatives (two tickets) and students. Additional tickets may be purchased for $50 per person at the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon.

www.stle.org

Fees: • First exam: $380/STLE member, $510/Non-member • Retake exam: $190/STLE member, $255/Non-member

STAY CONNECTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND TWEET #STLE2016 If you’d like to be more involved during the annual meeting and share information with fellow attendees, STLE encourages you to use Twitter to tweet noteworthy sessions, photos, questions and other valuable resources. We’re also encouraging exhibitors, sponsors and companies to use it as a way to share useful information with attendees. Log on to Twitter (www.twitter.com) and just tweet using the #STLE2016 hashtag. And be sure to follow STLE’s twitter handle (@STLE_Tribology) for the latest updates throughout the week regarding the annual meeting.


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LAS VEGAS

Education Program Synopsis The 2016 STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition features 12 education courses offered on two days of the conference: Sunday, May 15, and Wednesday, May 18. If you have not yet signed up for a course but would like to, please go to the STLE Registration Desk at the Grand Salon (located in Bally’s Indigo Tower) to check on availability. Note: Courses start at 8 am and end at 5 pm, but please check the errata included in your registration bag to verify. Some times might change slightly.

• Metalworking Fluids 130: Metal Treatment Chemical

degree or background, although many technical terms and concepts are covered. Experienced people attend the course to be kept up to date on the latest developments, especially in those areas not directly related to their job function or area of expertise. Thus, Basic Lubrication 101 is usually attended by a broad cross section of people such as technical, technical service, sales, marketing, manufacturing, maintenance and managers who in some way are involved in the industry.

• NLGI Grease 101 (Presented in cooperation with NLGI)

Modules and Instructors include:

SUNDAY, MAY 15 • Advanced Lubrication 301: Advanced Additives (NEW!) • Basic Lubrication 101: Lubrication Fundamentals • Condition Monitoring 101 • Gears 101: Fundamentals of Gears

• Synthetic Lubricants 203: Non-Petroleum Fluids & Their Uses

ADVANCED LUBRICATION 301: ADVANCED ADDITIVES

• Base Oil Fundamentals: Jim Arner, Pirr Tribology Solutions • Additives: Chris Schmid, The Lubrizol Corp. • Lubrication Fundamentals: Dan Holdmeyer, Chevron Lubricants

Course Chair: Galen Greene, BASF Corp.

• Fundamentals of Hydraulics: Nathan Knotts, Chevron

Advanced Lubrication 301 covers the molecular structures and chemistries of lubricant additive types. Additives examined will include antioxidants, rust inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, antiwear additives, extreme pressure additives, friction modifiers and rheology and viscosity modifiers.

• Lubricant Test Methods: Mike Holloway, ALS Tribology

CONDITION MONITORING 101


Course Chair: Jack Poley, Condition Monitoring International

• Antioxidants and Rust Inhibitors: Mary Dery, BASF Corp.

• Synthetics: Ken Hope, Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP

BASIC LUBRICATION 101: LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS

Condition Monitoring 101 is targeted to individuals who are new to Condition Monitoring (CM), helping to prepare them to be effective participants in CM processes in a variety of roles. CM 101 begins with justification for condition-based monitoring, followed by an introduction to historically established maintenance strategies, providing understanding of the differences and benefits of each, continuing with an overview of the steps to implement and execute a program and concludes with instrumentation and test methods for Condition Monitoring.

Course Chair: Dan Holdmeyer, Chevron Lubricants


• Detergents and Dispersants: Anil Agiral, Chevron Oronite • Extreme Pressure and Friction Modifiers: Gene Scanlon, BASF Corp. • Rheology and Viscosity Modifiers: Sona Slocum, The Lubrizol Corp.

Basic Lubrication 101 is primarily for the person entering the lubrication field who needs a broad introduction to the field of lubrication, lubrication principles and lubricating materials. This course is also for individuals not directly involved but who need a broad overview of lubricants and basic lubricating components. This course does not require a formal scientific

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• Condition Monitoring Technologies: Khalid Malik, Ontario Power Generation • Committing to and Managing an ISFA Program; Evaluating Your Program: Evan Zabawski, Consultant • Fluid Contamination and Degradation Tests for Condition Monitoring: Heather Vercillo, TestOil

www.stle.org

Education Program Synopsis GEARS 101: FUNDAMENTALS OF GEARS

NLGI GREASE 101

Course Chair: Toby Hlade, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties

(Presented in cooperation with NLGI)

Gears 101 is designed to provide a general understanding of industrial gearing. This course was prepared as a guide for the user to establish a base knowledge of gears, supporting components, lubricants, condition monitoring, wear modes and failure analysis methodology.

Course Chair: Chuck Coe, Grease Technology Solutions, LLC

Modules and Instructors include: • Gear Function; Gear Terminology; Action Between Gear Teeth; Gear Tooth Film Formation: Kurt Thompson, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties

Grease 101 is a comprehensive overview of all aspects of lubricating grease. Grease formulation components are thoroughly covered, including base oils and the many different thickener types. Manufacturing technologies are reviewed, as well as grease testing significance and methods. This course includes discussion and examples of selecting the proper grease for different industrial and automotive applications. Modules and Instructors include:

• Gear Manufacturing; Gearbox Supporting Components: Dave Pelletier, ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants

• Introduction to Greases: Chuck Coe, Grease Technology Solutions, LLC

• Factors Affecting Lubrication; Lubricant Characteristics; Oil Requirements and Tests: David Scheetz, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties

• Base Oils: Valentina Serra-Holm, Nynas AB

• Gear Wear Patterns; Failure Mode and Effects Analysis; Gear Condition Monitoring; Gear Root Cause Failure Analysis: Toby Hlade, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties

• Grease Manufacturing Overview and Open Kettle Manufacture; Grease Manufacturing Contractor/Kettle and Continuous Manufacture: David Turner, CITGO Petroleum Corp. • Grease Testing: Jaime Spagnoli, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering

METALWORKING FLUIDS 130: METAL TREATMENT CHEMICAL

• Grease Selection: Paul Shiller, University of Akron

Course Chair: Frederick Passman, BCA, Inc.

• Automotive Applications: Gareth Fish, The Lubrizol Corp.

While processing parts using metalworking fluids, there is a need for treating, cleaning and protecting chemicals and/or coatings. Substrates either are immersed in these chemicals or have them applied during some point of the processing. This course covers heat treating including oil and polymer quenching, cleaning parts and protecting parts from rust and corrosion. Individuals learn the basics of metallurgy as it applies to heat treating and quenching. This course is intended for chemists, engineers, technical support staff and field service technicians working with and using metalworking fluids.

• Application Problem Solving: Alex Dabrowski, Total Lubricants USA, INC.

• Industrial Applications: Glenn Lutz, Dow Corning Corp.

SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS 203: NON-PETROLEUM FLUIDS & THEIR USES Course Chair: Thomas Blunt, Krytox Performance Lubricants

• Metal Treating Fluids I and II: John Duggan, DuBois Chemicals, Inc.

Synthetic Lubricants 203 is designed primarily for formulators and users of lubricating materials. This course provides an overview of non-petroleum-based lubricants, their comparison to each other and to petroleum oil. Each section covers the chemistry, strength and weaknesses of each material and basic application.

• Metal Cleaning Fluids I: Neil Canter, Chemical Solutions



• Metal Cleaning Fluids II: Suresh Patel, Chemetall • Metal Cleaning Fluids III: Dave Morrison, Castrol Industrial North America, Inc.

• Introduction to Synthetic Fluids: Michael T. Costello, BASF Corp. • Polyalkylene Glycols: Martin Greaves, Dow Europe GmbH

• Metal Protecting Fluids I; Dry Films: Richard Butler, Chemtool Inc.

• Silicones: Glenn Lutz, Dow Corning Corp.

• Metal Protecting Fluids II: Ted McClure, Sea-Land Chemical Co.

• Esters: Gene Zehler, BASF Corp.

• Polyalphaolefins: Ken Hope, Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP • Fluorocarbons: Thomas Blunt, Krytox Performance Lubricants • Alkylated Aromatics: Kyle Lewis, ExxonMobil Chemical Co. • Phosphates: Sal Rea, Anderol Co., Inc.

www.stle.org


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LAS VEGAS

Education Program Synopsis WEDNESDAY, MAY 18 • Advanced Lubrication 302: Advanced Lubrication Regimes (NEW!) • Automotive Lubrication 202: Gasoline

• Automatic Transmission Fluid: Scott Deskin, Chevron • Surface Texture Measurement and Analysis: Donald Cohen, Michigan Metrology

• Basic Lubrication 102: Basic Applications

BASIC LUBRICATION 102: BASIC APPLICATIONS

• Metalworking Fluids 105: Introduction to Metal Forming Fluids

Course Chair: Dan Holdmeyer, Chevron Lubricants

• Synthetic Lubricants 204: Fluid Formation & Applications

ADVANCED LUBRICATION 302: ADVANCED LUBRICATION REGIMES Course Chair: Galen Greene, BASF Corp.

This course goes more in-depth on lubrication regimes, wear and wear mechanisms, as well as lubricant failure analysis. Includes a series of lubricant failure analysis case studies on automotive engines, gears and bearings. Modules and Instructors include: • Lubrication Regimes: Brendan Miller, Chevron Oronite Co., LLC • Wear and Wear Mechanisms; Automotive Engines Case Study: Ramoun Mourhatch, Chevron Oronite Co., LLC • Lubricant Failure Analysis: Walt Huysman, Clark Testing • Gears Case Study: Toby Hlade, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties • Bearings Case Study: Paul Shiller, University of Akron

AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION 202: GASOLINE

Basic Lubrication 102 is an overview of equipment systems (gears, bearings, seals, compressors and engines) and their lubrication requirements, including a module on grease. Like Basic Lubrication 101, this course does not require a formal scientific degree or background, although many technical terms and concepts related to the use of lubricants in various mechanical devices are covered. This course is intended for a diverse group, including people involved in technical service, sales, marketing, manufacturing, maintenance and managers who want to know more about how lubricants work in service. This course assumes fundamental knowledge of lubricants and lubrication principles, as presented in the Basic Lubrication 101 course. Modules and Instructors include: • Gears and Coupling Fundamentals: John Hermann, ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants • Grease Fundamentals: Chris Decker, ExxonMobil • Seals: Hongmei Zhao, The Lubrizol Corp. • Compressors: Ravi Shah, Chevron Global Lubricants • Bearings and Lubrication Systems: Paul Shiller, University of Akron • Automatic Transmission Fluids; Basic Engine: Sam Vallas, Chevron Global Lubricants

Course Chair: Edward Becker, Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC

Automotive Lubrication 202 provides a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of a typical automotive tribological system, including engine, transmission, driveline and other powertrain components. Lubrication and surface engineering principles will be applied to provide a unified approach to practical automotive powertrain systems. Modules and Instructors include: • Principles of the Automotive Engine; The Future of Automotive Propulsion: Edward Becker, Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC • Automotive Engine and Transmission Hardware Overview: Arup Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co. • Engine and Vehicle Bearings: William Hannon, The Timken Co. • Engine Oils: Nicolas Rivera, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering

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METALWORKING FLUIDS 105: INTRODUCTION TO METAL FORMING FLUIDS Course Chair: Richard Butler, Chemtool Inc.

Metalworking Fluids 105 is designed for those involved in developing, working with and using metal forming fluids in the manufacturing environment. This course is very useful for formulators, technical service representatives, shop floor personnel and coolant service managers who need to know more about the fundamental concepts of metal forming fluids. This course is divided into modules covering metal forming operations, metal forming fluid chemistry, metal forming fluid failure mechanisms, controlling contamination and microbial growth, waste treatment and operator acceptance. By the end of the course, participants will have gained a good understanding of metal forming operations, formulation of

www.stle.org

Education Program Synopsis metal forming fluids, tools for identifying and correcting metal forming fluid failures and waste treatment of metal forming fluids.

NANOTRIBOLOGY SPECIAL SESSION

Sunday, May 15 – 1:30-5 pm • Palace 3

Modules and Instructors include: • Introduction to Processes, Applications and Fluid/ Lubrication Requirements; Metal Forming Fluid Failure Mechanisms: Water Quality, Corrosion, Foam, Emulsion Size, Residue and Cleanability: Richard Butler, Chemtool Inc. • Stamping and Blanking; Metal Forming Failure Mechanisms: Lubrication, Concentration Control, Compatibility and Filtration: Neil Canter, Chemical Solutions • Rolling, Forging, Heading, and Wire Drawing: Ted McClure, Sea-Land Chemical Co. • Controlling Contamination and Microbial Growth in Metal Forming Fluids: Frederick Passman, BCA, Inc. • Waste Treatment of Metalworking Fluids: John Burke, Houghton International Inc. • Operator Acceptance – All Instructors

SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS 204: FLUID FORMATION & APPLICATIONS Instructors: Thomas Blunt, Krytox Performance Lubricants

This course provides an introduction to synthetic lubricant formulations and applications. It compares the use of these synthetic lubricants to petroleum-based products and compares between types of synthetic lubricants. Synthetic Lubricants 204 is a continuation from the Synthetic Lubricants 203 (Non-Petroleum Fluids and their Uses) course, however, attendance of the Synthetic Lubricants 203 course is not a prerequisite. Modules and Instructors include: • Industrial Application/Compressors: Glenn D. Short, BVA Inc. • Synthetic Lubricants in Transportation Applications: Michael T. Costello, BASF Corp. • Synthetic Lubricants in Gear Applications: Kevin Hunter, ExxonMobil Products Technology Deployment • Synthetic Lubricants in Food Grade Applications: Tyler Housel, INOLEX Inc.

www.stle.org

The Nanotribology special session is organized by STLE’s Nanotribology Technical Committee. The objective is to provide an opportunity for graduate student researchers, early career scientists and industry professionals to learn, review and discuss fundamentals, as well as the cutting edge of nanotribology. In previous years, topics have included Dr. Hong Liang basics to intermediate education on fundamentals of nanotribology, nanotribological characterization techniques and analysis of friction, wear and lubrication at the nanoscale and applications and examples in research and manufacturing. Participants will learn about nanoscale contact, surface properties such as surface energy, morphology, electrical and thermal conductivity, and hardness and how they affect nanomeasurement, principles of probe-based atomic force microscopes, nanoscale friction and wear fundamentals. In areas of nanomeasurement, pros and cons of the methodology, tool selection strategy, artifacts and data analysis will be discussed. Additional topics that will be covered include applications of nanotribology such as in chemical-mechanical planarization, lubricants and thin films, as well as biomedical applications. Instructor: Dr. Hong Liang Dr. Liang is a professor of mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University. Her research group has been investigating fundamentals in nanotribology, nanomaterials, nanomanufacturing, and surface engineering. She has authored 14 book chapters and over 160 peer-reviewed journal articles. Dr. Liang has been actively involved with STLE and the tribology community for almost three decades since she was a graduate student. She has served as an associate editor of Tribology Transactions, Tribology International and the Journal of Tribology, and is a former member of STLE’s board of directors. She also previously served as chair of the STLE Annual Meeting Program and Ceramics and Composites Technical Committees. She is a fellow of STLE and ASME.


21

LAS VEGAS

Keynote Address Monday, May 16 • 10:30 am – Noon • Platinum

Dr. Andrew L. Randolph Technical Director, Earnhardt-Childress Racing (ECR) Engines, Welcome, NC STLE is fortunate to have Dr. Andrew L. Randolph, technical director for Earnhardt-Childress Racing (ECR) Engines, as the keynote speaker for our 71st Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Randolph received his doctorate in chemical engineering from Northwestern University in 1985, specializing in the combustion properties of alcohol/diesel and alcohol/oil blends. During a 30-year career at General Motors and in NASCAR, his work has ranged from fundamental engine research to mass-production engine development, including Wankel rotaries to Pro Stock drag engines. Randolph’s presentation is titled “Lubrication Challenges in an 850-hp NASCAR Sprint Cup Engine.” Topics include: • Differences between race engines and production engines • Energy audit of a NASCAR Sprint Cup Engine, including all rotating and reciprocating losses • Challenging lubrication regimes (materials, coating, forces) • Opportunities for improvement. A strong advocate of applying scientific principles to engine development, Randolph is widely regarded as one of the foremost applied-combustion experts in the world. He has contributed to five NASCAR Cup championships with three different teams. Since 2008, Randolph has served as technical director for ECR Engines in Welcome, N.C., where he leads a development team that defines the engine architecture for the Chevy engines supplied by ECR to NASCAR and a variety of other racing series. He has authored more than 20 technical publications and received five oral presentation awards from the Society of Automotive Engineers.

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www.stle.org

*Welcome New STLE 2016 Exhibitors

Annual Meeting Exhibitors Company Name

Booth

Company Name

Booth

Company Name

Booth

Acme-Hardesty..........................................106

*FlackTech, Inc.........................................613

Adeka USA Corp........................................601

*Fluid Transfer Technologies............227

Rhein Chemie Additives/.......................319 LANXESS Corp.

Afton Chemical Corp......................213, 215

Formulaction, Inc. .....................................611

Rtec-Instruments, Inc. .............................513

ALS Tribology .............................................310

Functional Products, Inc.........................210

Rudolph Research Analytical ...............520

American Petroleum Institute .............708

GasTops, Inc. ...............................................322

Sasol Performance Chemicals ....412, 414

ANGUS Chemical Co................................415

Savant Labs.................................................212

Anton Paar, USA ........................................401

Gehring-Montgomery, Inc./ ..................518 Metall-Chemie

*Applied Graphene Materials ..........514

Halocarbon .................................................503

*AquaPhoenix Scientific.....................728

*Hangzhou Runze Chemical Co. .....521

Shanghai NACO Lubrication, ......127, 226 Co.

*Argonne National Laboratory .......706

Hangzhou Sungate Trading Co. ..........321

*Shanghai Starry Chemical Co. .......607

*Auburn University Tribology .........108 Minor and Program

Houghton International, Inc. ................419

*Shell............................................................501

Huntsman Petrochemical......................112

SKF .................................................................223

Ayalytical Instruments, Inc. ..........120, 122

Industrial Quimica Lasem......................511

Soltex...................................................312, 314

BASF .....................................................700, 702

*Ingevity.....................................................125

Solvay ..................................................507, 509

*Beckman Coulter..................................126

INEOS ............................................................410

Southwest Research Institute ..............413

Bruker ..................................................606, 608

Inolex ............................................................218

Spectro Analytical Instruments...........211

*BYK..............................................................609

KH Neochem Americas, Inc...................421

Spectro Scientific......................................320

Calumet Specialty Products ........219, 221 Partners, LP

King Industries, Inc..........................207, 209

*Sun Chemical Advanced...................423 Materials

Cannon Instrument Co. ..........................110

Lawler Manufacturing Corp..................522

Cargill Industrial Specialties .................323

Lonza.............................................................111

*C.C. Jennsen, Inc. ..................................524

Microtap USA, Inc. ....................................510

ChemCeed ..................................................512 Chemours....................................................420

Monson – An Azelis........................107, 109 Americas Co.

Chemtura Corp.................................102, 104

Münzing.......................................................306

Chevron Phillips Chemical Co..............710

Nanotech Industrial Solutions .............425

*CINRG.........................................................605

*Nanovea ...................................................311

Clariant .........................................................411

Napoleon Engineering Services..........418

*Colonial Chemical, Inc. ......................614

Nexeo Solutions........................................220

Compass Instruments/ ..................407, 409 Falex Corp.

NSF International......................................610

CRC Press.....................................................718

Koehler Instrument Co. Inc. .........313, 315

Nye Lubricants, Inc. ..................................602

Sea-Land Chemical Co...................206, 208

Taminco – A Subsidiary of Eastman Chemical Co................................................123 Tannas Co. ...................................................214 Taylor & Francis .........................................716 Taylor Hobson............................................704 Teknor Apex Co.........................................308 *Temix Oleo, SrL......................................523 The Dow Chemical Co. ...........................301 The Elco Corp....................................307, 309 The Lubrizol Corp............................406, 408 Tianhe Chemicals ............................119, 121 *Tin Cans Unlimited..............................714 Univar............................................................422

Dover Chemical Corp..............................118

Oil Filtration Systems –...........................603 A Clark-Reliance Co.

*Ducom Instruments...................327, 426

*Pall Corp. ..................................................326

Vantage Specialties, Inc..........................424

*Ele Corp.....................................................124

PCC Chemax...............................................515

VHG Labs/LGC Standards ......................615

Emery Oleochemicals....................113, 115

PCS Instruments ..............................114, 116

*Werner G. Smith Co. Inc.....................222

EPT .................................................................600

Perkin Elmer ...............................................612

Wincom........................................................224

Ergon.............................................................225

Phoenix Tribology ....................................519

*Zschimmer & Schwarz Inc................525

Evonik Oil Additives.................................201

Pilot Chemical Co. ....................................318

Zygo Corp....................................................712

ExxonMobil Chemical Co.......................101

PMC Crystal.................................................325

FedChem, LLC ............................................324

Qualice, LLC .......................................506, 508

www.stle.org

Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC .....................100


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Annual Meeting Sponsors STLE wishes to thank the following sponsors for their generous support of the 2016 Annual Meeting & Exhibition. This list is complete through April 4. Please see signage in Bally’s Las Vegas and the Mobile App for the most up-to-date list.

Palladium Plus: More than $4,000 Afton Chemical Corp. Registration Bags Emery Oleochemicals Welcoming Party Monson Co. Directional Floor Decals Palmer Holland Wi-Fi/Cyber Cafe PMC Crystal Refreshment Breaks plus Water Stations Sea-Land Chemical Co. Annual Meeting Mobile App

Titanium Plus: More than $3,000 Evonik Oil Additives Exhibitor Appreciation Hour Raffle Pilot Chemical Co. Relaxation/Re-Charging Lounge Münzing Badge Lanyards

Titanium: $3,000 CRODA Education Course Materials ExxonMobil Chemical Presidents Luncheon ExxonMobil Fuels, Lubricants & Specialties Welcoming Party Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC Welcoming Party

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Platinum: $2,000

Bronze: $500

Calumet Specialty Products Partners Welcoming Party

Acme-Hardesty Welcoming Party

Chemtura Welcoming Party

AJM Additives, Inc. Welcoming Party

Inolex Speakers Breakfast Series

Colonial Chemical Welcoming Party

Gold: $1,000

FedChem Welcoming Party

Dow Corning Welcoming Party

Huntsman Welcoming Party

Ideas, Inc. Welcoming Party

ICL-IP America, Inc. Welcoming Party

Lonza Welcoming Party

Lockhart Chemical Co. Welcoming Party

STLE Chicago Section Welcoming Party

Lubricor, Inc. Welcoming Party

STLE Cleveland Section Welcoming Party

Polaris Laboratories Welcoming Party

STLE Hamilton Section Welcoming Party

Royal Manufacturing Welcoming Party

The Timken Co. Welcoming Party

Shanghai NACO Lubrication Co., Ltd. Welcoming Party

Silver: $750

STLE Houston Section Welcoming Party

ChemCeed LLC Welcoming Party

TH Hilson Co. Welcoming Party

Compass Instruments Welcoming Party Falex Corp. Welcoming Party Integrilube Welcoming Party King Industries Inc. Welcoming Party


www.stle.org

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Overview Please check the errata in your registration bag to verify course times. Some times might change slightly.

SUNDAY, MAY 15 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon

NLGI Certification Exam (10 am – Noon) – Skyview 4 Opening General Session (10:30 am – Noon)


Keynote Address (Dr. Andrew L. Randolph, Technical Director, Earnhardt-Childress Racing Engines, Welcome, NC) – Platinum

Education Courses (8 am – 5 pm)

Lunch (Noon – 1:30 pm) – On your own

• Advanced Lubrication 301: Advanced Additives – Las Vegas 6/7 • Basic Lubrication 101: Lubrication Fundamentals – Jubilee 2 • Condition Monitoring 101 – Jubilee 1 • Gears 101: Fundamentals of Gears – Las Vegas 1 • Metalworking Fluids 130: Metal Treatment Chemical – Las Vegas 3 • NLGI Grease 101 – Las Vegas 2 • Synthetics 203: Non-Petroleum Fluids & Their Uses – Las Vegas 1 • Nanotribology Special Session (1:30 – 5 pm) – Palace 3 Golf Outing (1 – 7 pm) Hoover Dam Tour (1 – 5 pm) Student Networking Event (7 – 9 pm) – Liaison Lounge

Commercial Exhibits & Student Posters (Noon – 5 pm) – Bally’s Event Center Technical Sessions (1:30 – 6 pm) 2A Commercial Marketing Forum II – Bronze 4 2B Lubrication Fundamentals II: Surface Coatings – Bronze 3 2C Engine & Drivetrain II – Bronze 2 2D Grease/Rolling Element Bearings Joint Session I – Gold 2E Metalworking II – Silver 2G Gears I – Palace 4/5 2H Fluid Film Bearings II – Las Vegas 1 2I Biotribology II – Las Vegas 2 2J Power Generation I: Power Gen Lubricants – Las Vegas 3 2L Synthetics & Hydraulics I – Las Vegas 5 2M Seals II – Las Vegas 6/7

MONDAY, MAY 16 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon

2N Surface Engineering II – Jubilee 1 2O Materials Tribology II – Jubilee 2


2P Nanotribology II: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis – Jubilee 3

Technical Sessions (8 – 10 am)

Welcoming Party (6:30 – 8 pm) – Platinum

1A Commercial Marketing Forum I – Bronze 4 1B Lubrication Fundamentals I: Rheology – Bronze 3 1C Engine & Drivetrain I – Bronze 2 1D Grease I – Gold

Exhibit Hours

1H Fluid Film Bearings I – Las Vegas 1

Monday (Noon – 5 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) Evonik Raffle (3:30 pm). You must be present to win.

1I Biotribology I – Las Vegas 2

The exhibition is in the Bally’s Event Center.

1E Metalworking I – Silver

1K Ceramics & Composites I – Las Vegas 4 1M Seals I – Las Vegas 6/7


1N Surface Engineering I – Jubilee 1 1O Materials Tribology I – Jubilee 2 1P Nanotribology I: Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Analysis – Jubilee 3

www.stle.org


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MONDAY, MAY 16, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 1A Commercial Marketing Forum I

SESSION 1B Lubrication Fundamentals I

Bronze 4

Bronze 3

SESSION 1C Engine & Drivetrain I Bronze 2

8 – 8:30 am

Addressing Key Lubricant Formulating Challenges of an Evoloving World with Novel Technologies and Superior Technical Expertise, C. Walker, p. 32

High Pressure Viscosity and Tribology of Lubricants with Viscosity Modifiers Additives, B. LotfizadehDehkordi, p. 32

Thermal Behaviour of an Axle Gear Set, C. Fossier, p. 33

8:30 – 9 am

Introducing Novitas’ Innovative Additives, P. Levy, Novitas Chem Solutions, p. 32

Influence of Polymer Shear Thinning on Friction and Film Thickness in Hydrodynamic Lubricated Contacts, H. Spikes, p. 32

The Influence of Repeated High Energy Engagements on the Permeability of a Paper-Based Wet Clutch Friction Material, P. Marklund, p. 33

9 – 9:30 am

New Group V Liquid Amide Base Stock, S. Swaminathan, Croda, p. 32

Enhancing Rheological Properties of Base oil with Novel Viscosity Modifier Analyzed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, J. Lu, p. 33

Effect of Organic Friction Modifiers on Friction Properties and Surface Film Formation at Steel and Paper Clutch Materials, Y. Onumata, p. 33

The ExxonMobil Chemical Metallocene PAO Family is Expanding, M. Calzada, ExxonMobil Chemical Co., p. 32

Temperature-Induced Changes in Viscosity Index Improvers and How to Quantify Them, L. Cosimbescu, p. 33

Lubricant Role in Shift Performance of Manual Transmissions, J. Mills, p. 33

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

SESSION 2A Commercial Marketing Forum II

SESSION 2B Lubrication Fundamentals II

Bronze 4

Bronze 3

Break

SESSION 2C Engine & Drivetrain II Bronze 2

1:30 – 2 pm

Multi-Functional Primary Amine for Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids, A. Rubio, p. 41

In-Situ AFM Measurements of the Interaction between Conventional Lubricant Additives with a Novel Anti-Wear Nanomaterial, H. Khare, p. 42

Effects of VI Improver on Passenger Car Fuel Economy in Chassis Dynamometer Tests, D. Smolenski, p. 43

2 – 2:30 pm

Wetting Agents for Metalworking Fluids, J. Sullivan, p. 41

Friction Reduction by Thin-Layer Thermal Insulation in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts, M. Björling, p. 42

Engine Oils Formulated for Improved Deposit Control, A. Flamberg, p. 43

2:30 – 3 pm

Metallocene PAO 300, Delivering Flexibility to Formulate Innovative Lubricants, M. Sheehan, p. 41

Carbon Allotropes as an Oil Additives, Which One Is More Effective?, E. Omrani, p. 42

Pour Point Depressant (PPD) Selection for GF-6 – One Size Does Not Fit All, J. Ellington, p. 43

3 – 4 pm

Exhibitor Appreciation Break



4 – 4:30 pm

Meeting the Lubrication Challenges of Modern High Performance Hydraulic Systems, Y. Wang, p. 41

Tribological Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets as Friction-Reducing and Anti-Wear Agents, H. Xiao, p. 42

Valvetrain Friction and Wear Performance of Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils, A. Gangopadhyay, p. 43

4:30 – 5 pm

An Innovative and Non-Conventional Approach to Commercial Engine, L. Wei, p. 41

Effect of the Molecular Orientation of Liquid Crystal on Friction Controlled by Electric Field, Y. Gao, p. 42

Engine Friction and Wear Performances with Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils, A. Gangopadhyay, p. 43

5 – 5:30 pm

Selection of Synthetic Base Stocks for Industrial Lubricant Applications, D. Stonecipher, p. 41

Superlubricity between Sapphire and PTFE Achieved by Acid, M. Deng, p. 43

Interactions of Ethanol with Friction Modifiers in Car Engine Lubricants, H. Costa, p. 44

5:30 – 6 pm

New Innovations in Metalworking Additives, F. Lochel, p. 42

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SESSION 1D Grease I Gold

SESSION 1E Metalworking I Silver

Extreme Pressure Effect of Solid Lubricant Additives, Namely MoS2 and PTFE, in Lithium 12-Hydroxy Greases, R. Mulkern, p. 34

Study of Mineral Oil-Free Metalworking Fluids Based on Polyglycols Lubricant for Aluminum Alloys with Extreme Pressure Properties, E. Lima, p. 34

8 – 8:30 am

Fullerene-Like Inorganic Nanoparticles of Tungsten Disulfide (IF-WS2) as Antiwear and EP Additive in LiX Greases, E. McDaniel, p. 34

Controlling Friction and Avoiding Stick-Slip Behaviour in Hydrodynamic Slideways, M. Ingram, p. 34

8:30 – 9 am

Polymers to Enhance the Performance of Inorganic Grease, D. Vargo, p. 34

Friction and Wear Performance of Titanium Alloy against Tungsten Carbide Lubricated with Phosphate Ester, Y. Yang, p. 36

9 – 9:30 am

Improved Tribological Performance Through Yttrium Oxide as Additives in Grease, C. Kim, p. 34

IF-WS2 Nanoparticles Water Dispersion is a Multifunctional Additive for EP, Antiwear, Antifriction and Heat Transferring Properties Improvement: Potential Replacement for Chlorinated Paraffin, G. Chaubey, p. 36

9:30 –10 am

Break

SESSION 2D Grease/Rolling Element Bearings I Gold

Break

Break

SESSION 2E Metalworking II

SESSION 2G

Silver

Palace 4/5

10 – 10:30 am

Gears I

Requirements from the Bearing Industry for Lubricating Grease Technology, P. Lugt, p. 44

Alternatives to Chlorinated Paraffins in Metalworking Fluids: A Case Study, S. Beesabathuni, p. 45

Formulating the Right Industrial Gear Oil for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Temperature Reduction, S. Basu, p. 46

1:30 – 2 pm

Extended Bearing Life Greases – Tried and True or New Technology?, G. Aguilar, p. 44

Base Oil and Emulsifier Selection Principles – A Metalworking Fluid Emulsion Stability Study, T. Norrby, p. 45

Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycol (OSP) as an Additive/Co-Base Stock for Gear Oils, A. Kotnis, p. 46

2 – 2:30 pm

(2:30 pm) Grease Testing – Past, Present and Future, J. Spagnoli, p. 44

New Emulsifiers for Metalworking Fluids: Balancing Performance, Regulation and Economics, C. Hedoire, p. 45

Environmentally Acceptable Gear Oils; The New Frontier in Performance and Durability Improved: Mircopitting and Scuffing Protection, Long-Term Durability, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection, M. Miller, p. 46

2:30 – 3 pm

(2:45 pm) Emerging Greases Based on Trends from Grease Production and Usage Survey, C. Coe, p. 44




3 – 4 pm

Grease Additive Influences on Bearing Lubrication ,G. Fish, p. 44

High HLB Emulsifiers Generate More Foam: True or False? Case Studies of Foam Properties of Emulsifiers in Metalworking Fluid Formulas by DOE, Y. Zhao, p. 45

On the Influence of Viscosity Formulation in CFD Simulation when Predicting Churning Power Losses Generated by Partly Immersed Gears, Y. Marchesse, p. 46

4 – 4:30 pm

Mapping of Grease Migration in High-Speed Bearings Using a Technique Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy, M. Franken, p. 44

Influence of Combination of Multi-Jet Nozzle and Low Flow Rate of Coolant in Geometrical Deviation during Centerless Grinding of SAE 52100 Steel, L. Gonçalves Neto, p. 45

Churning Power Losses of Bevel Gears, S. Laruelle, p. 48

4:30 – 5 pm

New Developments in Ashless Rust Preventive Technologies, G. Moran, p. 46

Improving Lubrication and Reliability of Open Gears, A. Cardenas, p. 48

5 – 5:30 pm

Next Generation 3-Dimensional (3D) Siloxane Defoamer Technology for Aqueous Metalworking Fluids, E. Galgoci, p. 46

Open Gear Lubrication: Condition Monitoring, R. Camalli, p. 48

5:30 – 6 pm

Panel Discussion

MONDAY >> www.stle.org


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SESSION 1H Fluid Film Bearings I

SESSION 1I Biotribology I

Las Vegas 1

Las Vegas 2

8 – 8:30 am

Modified Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Design Utilizing Magnetorheological Fluids, M. Braun, p. 36

8:30 – 9 am

Measurement of the Permeability of Polyurethane Foams: Application to XPHD Lubrication, S. Kunik, p. 36

Tribological Properties of the Liposomes on the Surface of Artificial Joint, Y. Duan, p. 37

9 – 9:30 am

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the XPHD Lubrication, J. Bouyer, p. 36

Characterizing the Lubricating Properties of Model Synovial Fluids, H. Stevenson, p. 37

Introduction of Poroviscoelasticity in Hydrodynamically Lubricated Bearings, P. Smyth, p. 37

Bio-Lubricant Behavior Under Reciprocating Motion in Mini-Channel, A. Safari, p. 37

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

SESSION 2H Fluid Film Bearings II

SESSION 2I Biotribology II

Las Vegas 1

Las Vegas 2

1:30 – 2 pm

Break

SESSION 2J Power Generation I Las Vegas 3

Conducting Tribological Expertise in Living Environment: Case of Knee Implants, M. Sava, , p. 49

A Study of Steam Turbine Oil Replacement Options for a Nuclear Station, G. Pereira, p. 50

2 – 2:30 pm

About the Influence of the Asperity Contact and Flow Factor Models on the Stribeck Curve of a Steady-State Journal Bearing Functioning in Mixed Lubrication, R. Fatu, p. 48

Damnum ab Initio: Incipient Damage of Metal-on-Metal Contacts, S. Niemi, p. 49

Evaluations of Hydraulic Fluids via the Hot Manifold Ignition Test (ISO 20823), E. Burkhardt, p. 51

2:30 – 3 pm

Influence of Surface Texturing on the Performance of Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings, D. Gropper, p. 48

Tribological Security and Toxicity of Wear Airborne Particles: Design of Tribo-Bio-Compatibles Particles, B. Munteanu, p. 50

New Management Approach for Turbine Oils, Y. Shirakura, p. 51

3 – 4 pm




4 – 4:30 pm

A Study of Transient Lubrication in the Process of Start Up and Shut Down of the Thrust Bearing, Z. Wang, p. 49

Tribocorrosion Behavior and Metal Ion Release of Ion Nitriding CoCrMo Orthopedic Implant Material, W. Qingliang, p. 50

Considerations When Blending Co-Solubilizing Agents into In-Service Turbine Oils, C. Soto, p. 51

4:30 – 5 pm

Analysis of a Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing Using MultiPhysical Modeling Technique, M. Wodtke, p. 49

Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of Nano-Cellulose Fibers Reinforced Bio-Epoxy Composites, B. Barari, p. 50

MOV Grease Evaluations With a Modified 4-Ball Wear Test, K. Brown, p. 51

5 – 5:30 pm

Efficiency Study of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Solvers: A Comparison Between Multigrid and Semi-Analytical Methods, J. Zhao, p. 49

Characterization of PEEK and its Composite Coatings on Substrate of Titanium Alloy for Bioimplant Applications, J. Song, p. 50

5:30 – 6 pm

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SESSION 1K Ceramics & Composities I

SESSION 1M Seals I

Las Vegas 5

Las Vegas 6/7

Topology Optimization of a Composite Surface to Minimize Run-In Wear Volume, M. Sidebottom, p. 37

The World in 3D – New Surface Parameters for Hydraulic Rod Sealing Systems, M. Stoll,p. 38

8 – 8:30 am

Design and Synthesis of a Superhydrophobic PVDF-Based Composite, H. Choi, p. 38

Investigation of Local Friction Maxima in Mixed Seal Friction Combining Different Friction Models, M. Zimmermann, p. 38

8:30 – 9 am

Grain Texture Manipulation & its Effect on the Tribological Response of Carbides, S. Patel, p. 38

Lead Explained – Impact on Tribology, Lubrication and Leakage, M. Baumann, p. 38

9 – 9:30 am

Tribochemical Wear of Duplex Stainless Steels, H. Liang, p. 38

Predicting the Contact Temperature in Radial Lip Seal Systems using a Multi-Scale Simulation Model, S. Feldmeth, p. 39

9:30 –10 am

Break

Break

Break

SESSION 2L Synthetics & Hydraulics I

SESSION 2M Seals II

Las Vegas 5

Las Vegas 6/7

10 – 10:30 am

1:30 – 2 pm


Sludge and Varnish in Hydraulic Fluid on Injection Molding Machines, A. Cardenas, p. 51

Numerical Study of the Effect of Coatings in Static Metal-toMetal Seals, F. Pérez-Ràfols, p. 52

2 – 2:30 pm

Breaking Through the Barrier to Industrial HF System Efficiency, T. Schimmel, p. 51

Dynamic Performance of Radial Lip Seals – Impacts of Operating Conditions and Lubricant Types, p. 52

2:30 – 3 pm



3 – 4 pm

High Performance Marine Gear Oil and Hydraulic Fluid Formulated with Renewable Group III Base Oil That Meets Requirements of Vessel General Permit (VGP) 2013, H. Hahn, p. 52

Dynamic Performance of Elastomer Seal and the HighAccuracy In-line Inspection Robots in Oil and Gas Pipelines, G. Tan, p. 52

4 – 4:30 pm

Development and Characteristics of High Bulk Modulus Oil, S. Aoki, p. 52

Application of Particle-Laden Flow Modeling to Annular Seals, C.E. Watson, p. 53

4:30 – 5 pm

Enhanced Lubricant Technology to Manage Entrained Air, S. Gullapalli, p. 52

5 – 5:30 pm

MONDAY >> www.stle.org


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SESSION 1N Surface Engineering I

SESSION 1O Materials Tribology I

Jubilee 1

Jubilee 2

SESSION 1P Nanotribology I Jubilee 3

8 – 8:30 am

Prevention of Spreading of Lubricant on Silicon Surfaces, J. Leong, p. 39

Quasicrystal-Based Multi-Phase Alloys for Improved Wear Resistance, K. Lee, p. 40

8:30 – 9 am

Effect of Laser Surface Texture on Lubricant Replenishment and Wear Behaviour in Lubricated Reciprocating Line Contact, S. Vladescu, p. 39

Effect of Stirring and Modifier on Wear Behaviour of A356 Tirring, J. Menghani, p. 40

9 – 9:30 am

The Role of Adhesive Forces Due to Surface Separation from Liquid Menisci, S. Cai, p. 39

Friction Stir Processing of A-286 Stainless Steel: Microstructural Evolution During Wear, T. Scharf, p. 40

Experimentally Investigating the Effect of Angstrom-Scale Surface Topography on the Mechanics of Large-Scale Contact, T. Jacobs, p. 40

9:30 –10 am

Superlubricity of Thermally Annealed DLC Films on the Si3N4 Ceramic Ball, Q. Zeng, p. 39

Sequence of Microstructure Evolution Processes in Fine-Pearlitic Steel Under Unidirectional Lubricated Tribological Loading, C. Greiner, p. 40

Tailoring Graphene-Substrate Adhesion by Controlling Surface Interactions, M. Elinski, p. 41

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

SESSION 2N Surface Engineering II

SESSION 2O Materials Tribology II

Jubilee 1

Jubilee 2

The Amazing Friction Properties of Graphene and Water, M. Salmeron, p. 40

Break

SESSION 2P Nanotribology II Jubilee 3

1:30 – 2 pm

Effect of Laser Treatment with Different Scanning Velocity and Shielding Gas Environment on Surface Modification of AISI 8620 Steel, S. Roy, p. 53

The Tribological and Liquid Aluminum Adhesion Properties of AlCrN Coatings Deposited using Modulated Pulsed Power Magnetron Sputtering Technologies Combined with Femtosecond Laser Surface Texture Treatment, B. Wang, p. 54

Effect of Load and Wear Track Spacing on the Strain Field Produced during Nanowear, B. Schultz, p. 55

2 – 2:30 pm

Continuous Approach for the Experimental Estimation of Surface Contact Stiffness, F. Massi, p. 53

Current Progress in the Development of MAX Phase-Based Solid Lubricant Materials, S. Gupta, p. 54

Controllable Triboluminenscence in Crystals, L. Ma, p. 55

2:30 – 3 pm

Tribological Investigate of Waxy Oil Gel, Z. Lan, p. 53

Wear Mechanism of III-Nitride Semiconductor Material, G. Zeng, p. 54

Effects of Sliding Speed on the Intensity of Triboluminescence in Slide Contact: Experimental Measurements and Theoretical Analyses, X. Xu, p. 55

3 – 4 pm




4 – 4:30 pm

Contact Area and Maximum Equivalent Stress in Elastic Spherical Contact with Thin Hard Coating, R. Goltsberg, p. 53

Electrical Behavior of Mechano-Chemical Deposits on Sliding Contacts, M. Dugger, p. 54

Load Dependent Friction Hysteresis on Graphene, Z. Ye, p. 56

4:30 – 5 pm

Nanostructured Composite Ni-P Electrodeposits as Alternative to Hard Chrome Coatings, D. Drees, p. 53

Origin of Sustained and Reproducible Macroscale Superlubricity in Graphene-Nanodiamond Ensembles, D. Berman, p. 55

Synthesis and Tribological Properties of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives in Water, H. Wang, p. 56

5 – 5:30 pm

Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication of Nano-and MicroStructured Surface Coatings, S. Giasson, p. 54

Predicting Friction Regimes in Metallic Contacts, M. Chandross, p. 55

Tribological Behavior of Halloysite Clay Nanotubes as Extreme-Pressure Additives in Metal-Forming Lubricants, L. Peña-Parás, p. 56

5:30 – 6 pm

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Slippery Physics: Soft Matter Tribology, W. Sawyer, p. 55


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Monday, May 16 Session 1A

• Bronze 4

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM I 8 – 8:30 am Addressing Key Lubricant Formulating Challenges of an Evoloving World with Novel Technologies and Superior Technical Expertise C. Walker, Dow Chemical, Midland, MI, B. Liang, Dow Chemical (China) Investment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China In today’s rapidly evolving world the need for new lubricants which satisfy the changing demands of today’s applications is placing immense pressure on formulators and marketers. Safer for our environment, more efficient, longer life, and improved equipment reliability are just a few examples of the challenges that lubricant formulators and marketers are facing. Dow’s technology specializes in energy efficiency, enhancing durability, food grade solutions, and environmental acceptability among others. Come learn how we are enabling the success of our customers!

8:30 – 9 am Introducing Novitas’ Innovative Additives P. Levy, Novitas Chem Solutions, LLC, Bellaire, OH Today, Novitas Chem Solutions is a major manufacturer of additives and a distributor of synthetic base oils. But, Novitas in 2006 as a consulting company servicing the lubricant and grease industries and over these last 10 years we determined a need existed for new and different additives. Fluids and greases were being asked to work in tougher, more demanding environments, but the additives available had not kept pace. R&D has been reduced at major additives companies and new product develop has lagged. This presentation will focus on new products developed by Novitas for some of the most demanding applications, while also reviewing some of our more wellknown products where we have taken quality to the next level.

9 – 9:30 am New Group V Liquid Amide Base Stock S. Swaminathan, Croda, New Castle, DE Croda has introduced a new-to-the-industry Group V base stock. Priolube HS 1000 delivers outstanding hydrolytic and oxidative stability while providing exceptional additive solvency in demanding applications. This liquid amide technology can be used in applications where ester performance may be limited. We will discuss this innovative technology as well as briefly discuss some novel replacements for chlorinated paraffins in light and medium duty metalworking applications.

9:30 – 10 am The ExxonMobil Chemical Metallocene PAO Family is Expanding M. Calzada, ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Baytown, TX Automotive and industrial lubricants can help to increase fuel economy and prolong equipment service life, which in turn can play a significant role in improving energy efficiency and lowering GHG emissions. ExxonMobil Chemical’s metallocene PAO 300 is the latest addition to our synthetic base stock product portfolio developed in response to lubricant formulators’ desires to achieve maximum protection at higher operating temperatures, while maintaining excellent low temperature performance and shear stability. Science-based estimates show that one third of the world’s total energy is lost due to friction1. New equipment with higher energy density and smaller sumps will subject lubricants to higher operating temperatures resulting in higher

32


oxidative and thermal degradation. Join us to learn how metallocene PAO 300 helps formulators enhance lubricant performance to meet and surpass challenging OEM standards. [1]. Introduction to Tribology, B. Bhushan, New York; Wiley and Sons Inc., 2002.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS I – VII RHEOLOGY Session Chair: B. Miller, Chevron Oronite Co. LLC, Richmond, CA Session Vice Chair: B. Sharma, University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, IL

8 – 8:30 am High Pressure Viscosity and Tribology of Lubricants with Viscosity Modifiers Additives B. LotfizadehDehkordi, Schaeffler Group USA, Wooster, OH, G. Doll, P. Shiller, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, K. Mistry, The Timken Co., Canton, OH Previously we presented the sharp pressure induced viscosity and pressure viscosity coefficient increase for some commercial lubricants and laboratory synthesized lubricants with mineral and synthetic base oils. Polymer viscosity modifiers characterization for laboratory synthesized lubricants illustrated that the one set of sharp increase in viscosity is associated to phase change of polymer viscosity modifiers. In this study EHL film formation and tribological properties were measured dynamically using WAM6 to evaluate wear and friction at contact stresses and temperature similar to viscosity measurements. Results demonstrated a significant amount of wear on the ball and glass disc consistent with the dramatic sharp increase in viscosity. Moreover, film thickness measurements for synthetic oil blended with polymeric additives demonstrated collapse of lubricant film in the contact zone at pressure and temperature consistent with sharp increase in viscosity.

8:30 – 9 am Influence of Polymer Shear Thinning on Friction and Film Thickness in Hydrodynamic Lubricated Contacts H. Spikes, N. Marx, Tribology Group, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, R. Taylor, Shell Global Solutions UK, London, United Kingdom Viscosity modifier (VM) polymers are added to engine lubricants primarily to reduce the viscosity-temperature dependence of their blends. It is now widely recognised that temporary shear thinning can make a valuable contribution to fuel economy by reducing hydrodynamic friction. This presentation describes an experimental study of the impact of polymer solution shear thinning on hydrodynamic film thickness and friction. The shear thinning behaviour of polymer solutions is measured over a wide shear rate range. Film thickness and friction measurements are then made in low pressure, sliding lubricated contacts using a compliant ball on flat contact. Flow curves are then compared via hydrodynamic theory with friction and film thickness measurements in order to quantify the impact of shear thinning on hydrodynamic friction.

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Technical Sessions 9 – 9:30 am Enhancing Rheological Properties of Base oil with Novel Viscosity Modifier Analyzed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations J. Lu, P. Liu, X. He, M. Desanker, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, N. Ren, Ashland Inc., Lexington, KY, M. Delferro, T. Marks, Y. Chung, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Viscosity modifiers (VM) are specially designed polymers to improve the viscosity index (VI) of the lubricant, and may also help improve fuel efficiency at high-shear conditions with a properly designed shear thinning behavior. Predicting the rheological properties of a VMenhanced lubricant during the molecule design stage without available samples for direct test is always an interesting and challenging topic. This paper reports a research on viscosity prediction for a PAO with a novel VM by means of a newly developed MD simulation that correlates the shear-thinning phenomenon with the change of the radius of gyration of mixed molecules. The predictions and experimental measurements of known VM-contained lubricants are used to prove the feasibility and accuracy of this method. The shear thinning behavior of the novel VM in the PAO is analyzed and its effect on the nonNewtonian transition is determined.

9:30 – 10 am Temperature-Induced Changes in Viscosity Index Improvers and How to Quantify Them L. Cosimbescu, B. Tarasevich, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, U. Ramasamy, University of CaliforniaMerced, Merced, CA, S. Krueger, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, J. Robinson, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Benton City, WA, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, P. Bhattacharya, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Benton City, WA It is universally recognized that a low-viscosity engine oil will lead to greater fuel economy. In order to mitigate the inherent thinning tendency of these oils with increasing temperature, polymers of various topologies and compositions are added. These additives are known as viscosity index improvers (VII) or viscosity modifiers. Experimental data suggests that temperature-driven conformational changes at a molecular level or intermolecular interactions, must be taking place. To date, there is little to no fundamental studies to provide insight into the molecular changes of viscosity modifiers with temperature. Towards designing future generation viscosity index improvers, a fundamental understanding of how various topologies behave in oil would be of benefit to those working in this field. Though it is a challenging task to glimpse into molecular-level temperature-induced changes, DLS, SANS, and simulations were conducted to investigate such events.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1C

• Bronze 2

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN I Session Chair: D. Uy, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI Session Vice Chair: S. Bagi, Paccar, Inc., Mt. Vernon, WA

8 – 8:30 am Thermal Behaviour of an Axle Gear Set C. Fossier, INSA de LYON – LaMCoS, Villeurbanne, France, C. Changenet, ECAM Lyon – LabECAM, Lyon, France, F. Ville, INSA de LYON – LaMCoS, Villeurbanne, France, D. Barday, V. Berier, Volvo Group – Renault Trucks, St. Priest, France Fuel consumption is a major issue for the truck industry. Powertrain being a source of power losses, studies are conducted to improve its efficiency. As the trend is to have compact systems, their cooling becomes harder and bulk temperatures may increase. The thermal

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exchanges inside and outside the system have to be managed or at least understood. In the present study, a truck axle and its gear set are analysed. As the gear set is an hypoid or a spiral bevel one, sliding and so tooth friction are important. Other losses are mainly due to rolling element bearings and oil churning. The power losses are calculated on a classical basis. Two methods to obtain the bulk temperatures of the gear set are then compared: a classical approach which focuses on the gear set only and a global approach which considers the complete axle using the thermal-network method.

8:30 – 9 am The Influence of Repeated High Energy Engagements on the Permeability of a PaperBased Wet Clutch Friction Material P. Marklund, N. Lingesten, E. Höglund, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden The behavior of a wet clutch during clutch engagement is of great importance both for the drivability of the vehicle and the durability of the clutch. While many different factors influence this behavior, the focus in this work is to investigate how the permeability of the wet clutch friction material influences the engagement and how the permeability is changing when the wet clutch is ageing through repeated high energy engagements in a wet clutch test rig. A test cell for measuring the permeability of friction material mounted on clutch discs has been developed. The oil flow through both the friction surface and the bulk material was measured. The results indicate that repeated clutch engagements will increase the material’s bulk permeability and decrease its surface permeability. This contradictory behavior could be explained by a change in pore structure through repeated compression of the friction material and surface glazing clogging surface pores.

9 – 9:30 am Effect of Organic Friction Modifiers on Friction Properties and Surface Film Formation at Steel and Paper Clutch Materials Y. Onumata, H. Zhao, C. Wang, A. Morina, A. Neville, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom The effect of organic friction modifiers (FMs) on friction properties at steel and paper clutch materials was investigated, and their working mechanism was estimated by the observation of reaction and adsorption films formed on the surface. The FMs are essential additives for drivetrain lubricants to manage friction properties, so that it is highly demanded to elucidate their detailed behaviour on the substrates. In this study, friction properties of organic friction modifiers, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol and glycerol mono-oleate, were measured by TE77 and MTM using steel and paper specimens. The surface films on the post-test materials were studied by EDX, XPS and ATR-FTIR to assess the influence of the FMs. The results indicated that the friction properties were highly affected by the substrate material and test temperature as well as the chemical structure of the FM. The relationship between the friction and the surface films was also considered.

9:30 – 10 am Lubricant Role in Shift Performance of Manual Transmissions J. Mills, D. Shakhvorostov, A. Smirnov, C. Wincierz, Evonik Oil Additives, Horsham, PA The lubricating oil in a manual transmission has many different tasks. In the bearings and gears one of its more important functions is to reduce friction. By contrast, in the synchronizer it’s required to maintain high and stable friction for smoother gear shifting at shorter shifting times. The viscosity-temperature profile of the oil and its composition can influence shifting performance. We utilized a fully instrumented manual transmission operated with a robotic arm to measure shifting times as


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we varied oil composition, shift force, type of synchronizer, rotational speed, and temperature. We were able to control the input shaft speed and oil temperature and evaluated shaft speeds between 1000 and 5000 rpm and oil temperatures between 0 and 80°C. In addition low temperatures down to -40°C were applied to see how the oils properties might influence the minimum temperature at which the gears could be engaged.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1D

• Gold

9 – 9:30 am Polymers to Enhance the Performance of Inorganic Grease D. Vargo, B. Lipowski, Functional Products Inc., Macedonia, OH A selection of polymers including PIB, SEBS, OCP/EPDM, EVA, PIP, and SBR was added to inorganic greases. The greases studied were Bentonite clay-based and Silica-based grease. The grease base oils were either mineral oil or vegetable oil. The addition of polymers into grease changes the greases ability to resist water spray-off as measured by ASTM D4049. Water spray-off performance can be related to the adhesive property of the grease to the metal surface. The effect of low temperatures on greases containing polymer additives was measured by the US Steel mobility test.

GREASE I Session Chair: B. Tuszynski, Unami Group, Quakertown, PA Session Vice Chair: P. Shiller, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

8 – 8:30 am Extreme Pressure Effect of Solid Lubricant Additives, Namely MoS2 and PTFE, in Lithium 12-Hydroxy Greases R. Mulkern, Nye Lubricants, Fairhaven, MA The use of solid lubricant additives as extreme pressure properties for lithium 12-hydroxy stearate greases has been well documented over the years. This 4-Ball EP study shows the effect of MoS2 and PTFE in tandem, as well as on their own, with respect to lithium based greases over a wide variety of synthetic hydrocarbon base oil viscosities. Of these two additives, MoS2 is known for its high load carrying capabilities, while PTFE is recognized for its low coefficient of friction properties. Both additives on their own serve as proficient performance enhancing additives, but together have the ability to increase the load wear index (LWI) by 100%. In a synthetic hydrocarbon base oil this effect is further influenced by base oil viscosity. The goal of this study was to learn about the influences of base oil viscosity, PTFE, and MoS2, on the 4-Ball EP properties of lithium 12-hydroxy stearate greases.

8:30 – 9 am Fullerene-Like Inorganic Nanoparticles of Tungsten Disulfide (IF-WS2) as Antiwear and EP Additive in LiX Greases E. McDaniel, G. Diloyan, Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Avenel, NJ There is a great demand for durable greases that can operate at a variety of temperatures, environments, and loads while maintaining excellent performance over time. High load carrying capacity greases are used in almost all industries including mining, steel mills, paper mill industries, automotive, etc. Fullerene-like nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (IF-WS2) are considered to be excellent antiwear, antifriction and EP additives. Due to their unique spherical shape they outperform 2H MoS2 platelets in applications where temperature variation, high loads, and constant metal to metal contact are factors. Due to the Nano sized range of IF-WS2 vs. the micron size particles of 2H MoS2 the treat rate can be significantly reduced while keeping the same performance properties. By using 4-ball EP and 4-Ball Wear, it has been shown that IF-WS2 nanoparticles significantly increase EP properties of LiX grease from 250kg to 1000kg and reduce wear up to 24%.

9:30 am – 10 am Improved Tribological Performance Through Yttrium Oxide as Additives in Grease C. Kim, W. Dai, C. Sanchez, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX The tribological performance of yettrium oxide microparticles added in grease was investigated. Pin-on-disk experiments showed that a small amount addition of such particles could reduce friction coefficient and wear. Detailed surface characterization of particles and wear debris lead us to believe that the particles displayed roles of load bearing. In this presentation, roles of the oxide additives are discussed. Strategy for alternative design and development of lubricants will be discussed.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1E

• Silver

METALWORKING I Session Chair: M. Pearce, W.S. Dodge Oil Co., Fountain Valley, CA Session Vice Chair: A. Cross, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA

8 – 8:30 am Study of Mineral Oil-Free Metalworking Fluids Based on Polyglycols Lubricant for Aluminum Alloys with Extreme Pressure Properties E. Lima, Dow Chemical, São Paulo, Brazil Extreme pressure properties in metalworking fluid for aluminum alloys are coming a subject of recent searching and with a strong development evolution. Also focused on main properties of metalworking fluids as Heat Removal, Lubrication, Transport of metal chips produced and Non staining and corrosion generation has been considered on this study development. Considering main critical points, this paper is proposed for bringing new technology and synergisms between extreme pressure additives and Polyglycols base with differential technology and putting together unique vantages from Polyglycols use and understanding possibilities from different functionality Polyglycols chemistries structures of extreme pressure additives in mineral oil free.

8:30 – 9 am Controlling Friction and Avoiding Stick-Slip Behaviour in Hydrodynamic Slideways M. Ingram, P. Norris, D. Atkinson, Afton Chemical Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom Slideways/guideways are used in manufacturing machines to ensure the accurate positioning and movement of a tool relative to a work piece. Any inconsistencies in the straightness or flatness of the slideway,

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Monday, May 16 1E

or its movement, will be transferred to the work piece resulting in errors in the manufactured part. Thus the slideways must be consistently straight and flat and the speed that the tool platform is translated along its axis must be predictable. Stick-slip effects, which are known to occur in slideways, must be avoided to ensure predictable movement and thus precise manufacture. In this paper we discuss the fundamental concepts of lubricating a slideway and how the friction can be controlled through varying lubricant viscosity and by use of surface active additives.

9 – 9:30 am Friction and Wear Performance of Titanium Alloy against Tungsten Carbide Lubricated with Phosphate Ester Y. Yang, C. Zhang, J. Luo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Titanium alloys are desirable engineering materials widely used in aeroengine and manufacturing fields due to their outstanding characteristics. As a difficult-to-cut material, Cutting fluid is considered as an accessory in a machining process. However few reaches have been done to investigate the effective cutting fluid additives with titanium alloys considering the lubricating and anti-adhesion properties. This work investigated the tribologcal properties of some water-based additives on titanium alloys. It was found that nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate ester (PPE) solution can drop the friction coefficient, decrease the wear rate, enhance the quality of finishing surface. The mechanism was further investigated. The experimental results indicate that PPE presents excellent tribological properties even better than the commercial emulsion selected in this work, which makes it a candidate additive in developing cutting fluid of titanium alloys.

9:30 am – 10 am IF-WS2 Nanoparticles Water Dispersion is a Multifunctional Additive for EP, Antiwear, Antifriction and Heat Transferring Properties Improvement: Potential Replacement for Chlorinated Paraffin G. Chaubey, G. Diloyan, Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Avenel, NJ Inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (IF-WS2) are known as an excellent extreme pressure, antiwear and antifriction additive in various industrial applications. Being on a nanoscale IF-WS2 particles can be dispersed in various oils (Group I- Group V) and greases avoiding sedimentation. In this presentation, we report a stable water base dispersion of IF-WS2 nanoparticles that besides unique tribological properties also provided excellent heat conductivity properties, showing 20% increase in heat transfer. IF-WS2 nanoparticles dispersed in water at low treat rates (0.2 wt% up to 1.4 wt%) showed excellent EP properties reaching 1000 kg four ball weld load, 0.5 mm wear scar diameter and 0.05 CoF. There is ongoing research studying synergistic effect of IF-WS2 nanoparticles with other chemistries leading to further significant improvements in tribological properties.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1H

• Las Vegas 1

FLUID FILM BEARINGS I Session Chair: F. Horvat, Duramax Marine, Hiram, OH Session Vice Chair: M. Fillon, Universite De Poitiers, Chasseneuil du Poitiers, France

8 – 8:30 am Modified Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Design Utilizing Magnetorheological Fluids M. Braun, N. Moles, The University of Akron, Akron, OH A modified hydrodynamic journal bearing design with capability to be actively controlled through the use of magnetorheological fluids is presented. An arrangement of electromagnets was integrated with the bearing for controlling fluid viscosity. A modified Reynolds equation is used for bearing design and performance prediction. An experimental facility is used for proof of performance and comparison and validation with numerical; results. Testing results indicate that eccentricity ratio control through active change in working fluid viscosity is achievable when compared to the baseline when no magnetic field was applied. The results validated and confirm both the advantages and disadvantages of this bearing design having the expected positive consequence of eccentricity and orbit control, but paying a penalty in increased heat generation and torque, as well as power consumption from the electromagnets. Optimization may succeed in improving the positives at the expense of the negatives.

8:30 – 9 am Measurement of the Permeability of Polyurethane Foams: Application to XPHD Lubrication S. Kunik, Institut pPrime, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France, A. Fatu, Institut pPrime, Angouleme, France, J. Bouyer, Institute Pprime, Futuroscope Cedex, France This work was done in the context of the investigation of a new lubrication mechanism, named eX-Poro-Hydro-Dynamic (XPHD) lubrication that consists of self-sustained fluid films generated within highly compressible porous layers imbibed with liquids and subjected to external normal or tangential forces. In this study, the flow of a Newtonian liquid through a porous medium is described, at low Reynolds numbers, using the Darcy-Brinkman law that is strongly dependent on the medium porosity and permeability. The in-plane permeability has been measured experimentally for open-cell PUR foams. The measurement method is based on parallel flow, taking into account boundary effects to ensure a uniform flow. The liquid (water) is drive-in at a constant pressure drop and the measurement process was performed under various compression ratios.The results obtained in this study indicate that measurements yield accurate and reproducible results that can be later used to model the XPHD lubrication.

9 – 9:30 am An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the XPHD Lubrication J. Bouyer, Institute Pprime, Futuroscope Cedex, France, S. Kunik, Institut Pprime, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France, A. Fatu, Institut Pprime, Angouleme, France The present work addresses a new lubrication mechanism of biomimetic inspiration, named eX-Poro-Hydro-Dynamic (XPHD) lubrication. It consists of self-sustained fluid films generated within highly compressible porous layers imbibed with liquids. An experimental test rig is used to investigate the performance of a pocketed thrustbearing with a polyurethane foam slider imbibed with water or with several non-Newtonian liquids. The test rig allows the measurement of friction torque, temperature and pressure. A numerical model is also proposed: starting from the Darcy-Brinkman equation and using the

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Technical Sessions classical lubrication hypothesis, the flow within the thin porous media is predicted with a new form of the Reynolds equation. The comparisons between the experimental and numerical results conclude this work.

investigate the lubricating film properties of model synovial fluid, particularly proteins, under simulated physiological conditions. Novel in-contact visualization techniques were employed to characterize lubricant behavior using thin film interferometry and laser induced fluorescence. This allowed us to measure film thickness, possible protein/surface interactions and observe protein flow. Earlier work showed the existence of a new protein-rich inlet phase which determined film formation in the contact and this will be studied further in the current research. Results will be presented and discussed on lubricating film thickness under gait-like transient loads and motion as well as protein flow and behavior.

9:30 – 10 am Introduction of Poroviscoelasticity in Hydrodynamically Lubricated Bearings P. Smyth, I. Green, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA A potential advancement in triboelement design comes from introducing a poroviscoelastic material at the solid-fluid interface. It is hypothesized that poroviscoelasticity can improve triboelement properties such as damping and wear resistance without sacrificing significant load support and stiffness. A poroviscoelastic material has multiple features that make it interesting for study: porous structure for lubricant storage, a built-in dissipation mechanism, and adaptive stiffness and damping characteristics. The current poroviscoelastic models are based on a Zener-type material structure; however, a novel model for viscoelasticity will be introduced. This model is based on fractional calculus that simplifies the description of viscoelasticity while retaining model robustness. A hydrodynamic thrust bearing will serve as the test-bed for analysis. The proposed work has application to: mechanical seals, biomechanics, flexible rotordynamic bearings, and biomimetic dampers, among others.

9:30 – 10 am Bio-Lubricant Behavior Under Reciprocating Motion in Mini-Channel A. Safari, M. Cervantes, N. Emami, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden Synovial fluid (SF) is articular joint lubrication. It contains a linear biopolymer called Hyaluronic acid (HA), which causes the viscoelastic behavior. Several studies on viscoelasticity of synovial fluid or different HA solutions have been carried out with rheometers. However, there are very few studies investigating the effect of viscoelasticity on SF movement and velocity distribution inside the joint gap. In this study, HA solutions with different concentrations were studied under a sinusoidal reciprocating movement inside a rectangular mini-channel. The study focuses on deriving velocity distribution along channel width with Micro Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV). Very high viscosity of the HA solutions suggests a quasi-steady behavior for this solution under investigated sinusoidal movement. However, the results indicated that the steady state laws are not applicable for estimating the HA behavior because of special polymeric behavior of the HA chains inside the solutions.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1I

• Las Vegas 2

BIOTRIBOLOGY I Session Chair: M. Varenberg, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session Vice Chair: A. Pitenis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Session 1K

8:30 – 9 am Tribological Properties of the Liposomes on the Surface of Artificial Joint

• Las Vegas 5

CERAMICS & COMPOSITES I

Y. Duan, Y. Liu, H. Shi, J. Song, S. Wen, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Session Chair: H. Xiao, China Universtiy of Petroleum, Beijing, China

The natural synovial joints of human have very low friction coefficient under large loads, which is closely related to the composition of synovial fluid such as phospholipid. In the study, we studied the lubricating properties of liposomes (lipid vesicles) under macroconditions and found its highly efficient lubricating behavior under certain conditions, which can significantly reduce the friction coefficient, up by 69%. In addition, liposomes can maintain a stable friction coefficient under different speeds and loads. As we have seen, the excellent lubrication behavior of liposomes has a close relationship with hydration mechanism by highly-hydrated phosphocholine headgroups and morphology of liposomes adsorbing on titanium alloy, which shows a multilayer structure. In addition, the closer to the basement liposomes are, the stronger the interaction force and the resistance to shear capacity are, which provides favorable conditions for macroscopic lubrication of liposomes.

Session Vice Chair: H. Choi, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

9 – 9:30 am Characterizing the Lubricating Properties of Model Synovial Fluids H. Stevenson, M. Parkes, C. Myant, P. Cann, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Hip joint arthroplasty is one of the most common orthopedic procedures, however it remains one of the most challenging tribological problems. Artificial hips are lubricated by synovial fluid which contains proteins, lipids and hyaluronic acid. In this study we

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8 – 8:30 am Topology Optimization of a Composite Surface to Minimize Run-In Wear Volume M. Sidebottom, M. Goldstein, X. Jia, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, F. Feppon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, N. Vermaak, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Composites combine materials with favorable properties to create optimal systems. Previously, the tribological performance of composite surfaces has been improved by parametrically rearranging, modifying, and testing the distribution of materials within the surface. Experimental testing has been used to evaluate the wear of composite surfaces, which is expensive and time consuming. Recently, a continuous wear formulation has been developed in a finite difference framework combining Archard’s wear law and Pasternak foundation models to predict wear of composite surfaces. A continuous formulation allows for rapid computation of the final surface topography and run-in wear volume required to reach a steady-state wear rate. This method has been integrated within a topology optimization framework to minimize run-in wear volume and lessen dependence on expensive tests. Optimized surfaces were manufactured, experimentally tested, and compared to their predicted wear performance.


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8:30 – 9 am Design and Synthesis of a Superhydrophobic PVDF-Based Composite

Session 1M

• Las Vegas 6/7

SEALS I

H. Choi, K. Lee, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX The ability to design, control, and synthesize a material surface with superhydrophobicity is of great interests in many engineering applications. Here we report a cost-effective process to fabricate Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/Zirconium(IV) oxide (ZrO2) composites with superhydrophobicity. This is achieved by combining an antisolvent that induces phase separation, i.e., the precipitation of PVDF from the solution through a spray-on method on various liquids. The material surfaces possess wrinkled micron-sized beads which displayed superhydrophobicity in water without any chemical treatment. The process developed in this research presented is a fast and simple approach in making hydrophobic surfaces.

9 – 9:30 am Grain Texture Manipulation & its Effect on the Tribological Response of Carbides S. Patel, M. Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Manipulating the grain texture has potential to enable some level of control of the mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt composites. The objective of this presentation is to detail and evaluate two procedures for controlling the surface texture of sintered carbides starting from powder, and to evaluate the tribological response. The first mixture consists of WC and Co powders, a binder, a plasticizer and lubricant. The second mixture consists of WC and Co powders with another binder. Both mixtures were rolled into sheets using highpressure rollers and then laser cut into thin discs. These discs were stacked and then subjected to high pressure in a die. This green compact was then thermally debound and then spark plasma sintered to obtain bulk WC-Co. The relationships between the degree of orientation texture and the fabrication process conditions were studied. Pin-on-disc tests were rhen conducted to ascertain the effect of orientation texture on the tribological response.

9:30 – 10 am Tribochemical Wear of Duplex Stainless Steels H. Liang, Z. Huang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Duplex stainless steels are widely used in energy production. Understanding their wear mechanisms in corrosive environments is important for safe manufacturing. This research investigates the wear mechanisms metals in a salt solution. Tribological experiments were conducted using a flat-on-flat configuration with applied electrical potential. Results showed that passivation and wear are competing mechanisms under various conditions. This presentation discusses the principles behind the behavior observed.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session Chair: H. Zhao, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Session Vice Chair: N. Brunetiere, Institut Pprime, Futuroscope Chasseneuil cedex, France

8 – 8:30 am The World in 3D – New Surface Parameters for Hydraulic Rod Sealing Systems M. Stoll, L. Hörl, W. Haas, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Machine Components, Stuttgart, Germany In theory, leakage and friction of hydraulic rod sealing systems are estimated by the inverse Reynolds equation assuming a smooth counter surface. In fact, the rod surface has an important influence both on leakage and friction. Two-dimensional surface specifications are well known and widely used for several decades but unable to describe the complete rod surface. In order to distinguish surface characteristics like for example pores or grooves, the rod surface must be measured three-dimensional. For this purpose, 3D surface parameters were standardized in ISO 25178. Test runs with PU U-cup seals are performed measuring friction and leakage for differently manufactured rods. The surfaces topography of the rods are measured in order to calculate the 2D and 3D parameters. These parameters are analyzed regarding their potential to predict friction and leakage of the sealing system.

8:30 – 9 am Investigation of Local Friction Maxima in Mixed Seal Friction Combining Different Friction Models M. Zimmermann, M. Wangenheim, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany, R. Bactavatchalou, Freudenberg New Technologies SE & Co. KG, Weinheim, Germany Sometimes friction force tests on lubricated rubber or elastomer seals do not follow a regular Stribeck curve. Local maxima occur. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests with seal materials and lubricants show similar behaviour. The local maxima can be explained with the viscoelastic material behaviour of rubber. Damping properties of rubber cause friction when it is excited during sliding. Local maxima occur due to the frequency dependency of the damping properties. Two effects cause the excitation of the material. Rupturing of adhesive bonds induces movement of single polymer chains on the surface of the rubber material causing viscoelastic behaviour of the adhesion friction. In addition, excitation of the material by the rough counter surface causes hysteresis friction. Simulation tools which describe adhesion and hysteresis friction exist. However, these models are predominately used for dry friction. We combine such models to explain local maxima in lubricated pin-on-disc tribometer tests.

9 – 9:30 am Lead Explained – Impact on Tribology, Lubrication and Leakage M. Baumann, F. Bauer, W. Haas, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany The quality of a shaft counterface is one of the critical aspects for the proper function of a dynamic sealing system. As part of a tribological system (radial lip seal, shaft counterface and the fluid to be sealed) the shaft counterface is primarily responsible for friction, wear and most important fluid tightness within a sealing system. Anisotropic, oriented surface structures deviating from the circumferential direction of the shaft, commonly referred to as lead, are causing a fluid pumping effect which has a negative impact on the sealing system. Sealing failure due to dry run, thermal damage or instant leakage are the result. This paper

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Technical Sessions presents results of three research projects combined with the longstanding experience of the Institute in terms of lead analysis. The functional behavior of surface structure characteristics and how leakage can be prevented will be discussed.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Laser Surface Texture on Lubricant Replenishment and Wear Behaviour in Lubricated Reciprocating Line Contact

9:30 – 10 am Predicting the Contact Temperature in Radial Lip Seal Systems using a Multi-Scale Simulation Model

S. Vladescu, T. Reddyhoff, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

S. Feldmeth, F. Bauer, W. Haas, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Machine Components, Stuttgart, Germany During operation of radial lip seals, frictional heat is generated in the contact area between the radial lip seal and the rotating shaft. The frictional heat results in a rise of the contact temperature, which strongly affects the life time of the sealing system. Therefore it is very important to know the contact temperature for designing reliable sealing systems. At the University of Stuttgart, a multi scale simulation model is developed, which predicts the contact temperature and consists of three coupled parts: The meso model comprises a FEA simulating the pressure in the contact area. In the micro model, the fluid film in that contact area is simulated using the EHL theory to obtain the amount of generated heat. The macro model describes the heat dissipation by a conjugate heat transfer simulation and provides the contact temperature as the final result. The simulation results are validated with friction torque and temperature measurements performed during test runs at a test rig.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING I Session Chair: Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: H. Nazir, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom

8 – 8:30 am Prevention of Spreading of Lubricant on Silicon Surfaces

This research, conducted in collaboration with Ford Motor Company, aims to help understand the interactions between laser-produced surface texture and wear behaviour in an automotive piston-liner pairing. A recently developed, reciprocating, test apparatus was used to conduct tests under highly loaded conditions. Specimens with a range of pocket geometries were assessed and the resulting friction and wear data were compared with those from a non-texture reference. These tests showed that, as the specimens became worn and surface roughness increased, the contact progressed further into the mixed and boundary regime. This lead to a significant improvement in the relative performance of the textured specimens, showing reductions in friction of up to 70%, compared to the non-texture case. Surface texture also reduced the volume of wear, by up to 53%, and the nature of the results suggests that pockets reduce wear and friction via separate mechanisms, as will be discussed.

9 – 9:30 am The Role of Adhesive Forces Due to Surface Separation from Liquid Menisci S. Cai, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, Y. Zhao, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, P. Dhital, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN Liquid (i.e., liquid lubricant or water) can form menisci at the interface of contacting surfaces. Different type of forces such as meniscus and viscous forces contribute to an adhesive force when two surfaces are separated. The adhesion may result in stiction, high friction and possibly high wear. The situation may become more pronounced dependent on the physical contact configuration and the operation conditions such as ultra-smooth surfaces in contact, fast separation, and small normal load, as is common for micro-/nano devices. In this study, meniscus and viscous forces due to water and liquid lubricants during separation of two flat surfaces are studies. The roles of the involved forces at various meniscus areas are analyzed. The factors affecting the role change of the forces are investigated. The study provides a fundamental understanding of the forces of separation process and it is valuable for the design of the interfaces.

J. Leong, SIM University, Singapore, Singapore, J. Zhang, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, S. Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, A. Holmes, H. Spikes, T. Reddyhoff, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

9:30 – 10 am Superlubricity of Thermally Annealed DLC Films on the Si3N4 Ceramic Ball

Liquid lubrication is thought to one approach toward mitigating friction and wear in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). One of the practical constraints of this approach is the positioning and application of lubricant on a silicon surface to limit both spreading and evaporation – a volatility/viscosity tradeoff. Modification of liquids can alter their behaviour – additives can be introduced to promote autophobic behaviour. In our experiments, we have used two amine additives, known for their friction reduction properties, as well as a commercially available multiply-alkylated cyclopentane, obtained from Dulub. Experiments show a variety of spreading outcomes as a result of the additives, showing a varying effectiveness in halting the spread of the lubricant, correlated to concentration and type of additive, and in one case, cause the hexadecane to retract. The mechanisms are then explored for their practical use.

Q. Zeng, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, O. Erylimaz, A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL DLC films were deposited on the Si3N4 ceramic ball to improve the bearing performance of high speed ball bearing. Recently, DLC films are treated by an annealing process under different annealing temperatures to reduce the residual stress of DLC films. And superlubricity (0.009) of DLC films has been evidenced at the temperature of 100oC, which is the operating extreme temperature of high speed ball bearing under high speed. In this work, we have studied the origin of COF values well below 0.01 that have been obtained in certain conditions (see figure 1).Our results show that the graphitization of DLC films and oxidation reactions are the origin of superlubricity behavior. Moreover, the experimental data suggest that self-generated graphite oxide after the graphitization of DLC films during the annealing process and the doping of silicon in DLC films could be involved in a series of tribochemical reactions leading to the transferred films with shearing strength.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

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Monday, May 16 Session 1O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY I Session Chair: T. Scharf, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX Session Vice Chair: G. Zeng, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

8 – 8:30 am Quasicrystal-Based Multi-Phase Alloys for Improved Wear Resistance K. Lee, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Quasicrystals are known for their unique physical and mechanical properties. We have developed a new quasicrystal-based alloy that improves wear resistance. This alloy has multiphases with combined strength, ductility, and hardness. Experiments in wear evaluation showed that the quasicrystal is a hard phase while a phase containing AlCu is more ductile. This combination enables effective block of cracks and wear.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Stirring and Modifier on Wear Behaviour of A356 Tirring J. Menghani, B. Bhushan, B. Singh, D. Suthat, D. Shah, S.V.N.I.T, Surat, India The mechanical properties of Al–Si alloys are strongly related to the size, shape and distribution of eutectic silicon present in the microstructure.Rare earth addition to hyper eutectic Al-Si alloy is known but studies on effect of rae earth on A356 are limited. In present research work effect of rare earth and stirring on microstructural and tribological properties on cast A36 has been studied.Alloy has been casted by addition of 0%,0.5wt%,1.5wt% rare earth along with stirring at 0,400 and 600 rpm of stirring speed. Microstructural characterisation of cast modified and nonmodified A356 is done by optical microscopyand phases were detected by XRD.Wear characterisation was done by Pin on disc wear tribometer.The parameters selected were 45N load,240rpm and distance of 6m.The microstructural and wear behaviour is discussed.

9 – 9:30 am Friction Stir Processing of A-286 Stainless Steel: Microstructural Evolution During Wear T. Scharf, O. Tinubu, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX The effect of FSP on mechanical and wear behavior was investigated for A-286 stainless steel, an Fe-Ni-Cr-based alloy. The alloy was characterized in as rolled (AR) + aged and FSP + aged conditions. High frequency reciprocating sliding wear behavior and wear mechanisms were investigated at room temperature. It was determined that along with increasing microhardness in the stir zone, FSP resulted in improved wear resistance. Specifically, the wear rate in the stir zone was reduced from 1 x 10-6 to 6 x 10-7 mm3/N.m due to FSP. SEM revealed increased coarse abrasion with the AR + aged alloy as compared to much finer-scale microabrasion with the FSP + aged alloy. Furthermore, cross-sectional FIB microscopy studies inside the stir zone of the FSP + aged alloy determined that increased microhardness was due to FSP-induced microscopic grain refinement resulting in Hall-Petch strengthening, and the corresponding wear rate decrease was due to even finer wear-induced grain refinement.

9:30 – 10 am Sequence of Microstructure Evolution Processes in Fine-Pearlitic Steel Under Unidirectional Lubricated Tribological Loading C. Greiner, J. Schneider, K. Wolff, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany The exact evolution of a material’s microstructure under tribological loading is of great importance for both materials science and tribology. Therefore, the microstructure evolution of steel C85 pellets sliding against steel 100Cr6 disks is characterized after different numbers of acceleration-deceleration cycles. Focused ion beam cross-sections are prepared along the sliding direction. Two tribologically modified surface layers are found: One with bent grain boundaries and one of nanocrystalline nature. We hypothesize that the second layer is formed by breaking down the most bent regions of the first one when a critical grain boundary bending angle is reached and then consumes it from the top. A model originally developed for High Pressure Torsion (HPT) was successfully applied to estimate the thickness of the fine-grained layer and the applied shear strain.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 1P

• Jubilee 3

NANOTRIBOLOGY I: NANOMATERIALS AND NANOSCALE ANALYSIS Session Chair: H. Ghaednia, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI Session Vice Chair: C. Korach, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH

8 – 9 am The Amazing Friction Properties of Graphene and Water M. Salmeron, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, J. Park, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea Graphene has not only unique electronic properties that arise from its peculiar electronic structure, but also unique mechanical and chemical properties. I will present and discuss some of these, including: a) Formation of friction domains on exfoliated monolayer graphene deposited on SiO2-Si wafers, due to ripple distortions along preferentially crystallographic directions. Within each domain the friction is anisotropic; b) Graphene layers grown on reactive substrates like Ru(0001) can be split along grain boundaries by reaction with water. Subsequently the water intercalates between graphene and the Ru metal and changes the friction of graphene; c) Graphene flakes exhibit superlubric properties when sliding over large graphene layers, even at emperatures of 5K. d) Water intercalated between graphene and mica or SiO2/Si increases friction. With the help of DFT phonon spectra calculations we can explain the role of water in increasing friction energy dissipation.

9 – 9:30 am Experimentally Investigating the Effect of Angstrom-Scale Surface Topography on the Mechanics of Large-Scale Contact T. Jacobs, A. Gujrati, S. Khanal, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Continuum analytical theories based on the statistics of self-affine surfaces have been applied to quantitatively describe the adhesion and contact mechanics of randomly rough surfaces. In particular, they predict that large-scale behavior depends strongly on Angstrom-scale surface features. Yet these theories are not sufficiently validated experimentally and cannot be straightforwardly applied to real-world surfaces, due to

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Technical Sessions resolution limits of conventional surface measurement techniques. In this work, the topography of silicon and carbon-based surfaces has been characterized across an unprecedented nine orders of magnitude – using profilometry (cm- m), atomic force microscopy ( m-nm), and a novel transmission electron microscopy approach (nm-Å). Together, these enable a complete spectral analysis of the surface and quantitative comparison against analytical theories. Large-scale mechanical behavior of the same surfaces was investigated using a micromechanical tester.

9:30 – 10 am Tailoring Graphene-Substrate Adhesion by Controlling Surface Interactions M. Elinski, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Minimizing friction and wear in devices is a ubiquitous challenge that impacts a number of applications. At interfaces, regions of high shear strain between nanoscopic asperities of surfaces in sliding contact present a demanding environment to lubricate. Recent studies have shown that the exceptional mechanical properties of 2D nanomaterials such as graphene renders it a strong candidate as a solid lubricant. However, the use of graphene for oxide surfaces can be limited by its low adhesion to such surfaces. Here, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and aromatic functionalities have been used to tailor the surface interactions between SiO2 and graphene. The interaction strength of the various SAMs with graphene have been measured by AFM to investigate how the tailored surface chemistry modulates the adhesive strength of the top graphene contact.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 2A

• Bronze 4

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM II 1:30 – 2 pm Multi-Functional Primary Amine for WaterMiscible Metalworking Fluids A. Rubio, Huntsman Corp., The Woodlands, TX Huntsman Corp. offers a wide range of formulation components to the metalworking industry. Our SURFONIC® surfactant products provide emulsification and lubricity to a formulation. We manufacture several types of amines ranging from traditional ethanolamines and ethyleneamines, as well as specialty products such as our JEFFAMINE® polyetheramine products, DGA® Agent, and our multi-functional JEFFADD™ MW-781 etheramine.JEFFADD™ MW-781 etheramine is a low molecular weight, strong primary amine for the metalworking fluid industry. Due to increasingly stringent regulations around fuel efficiency and automobile emissions, automobile manufacturers have increased the use of aluminum thus challenging formulators to create metalworking fluids that are low staining on aluminum. JEFFADD™ MW-781 etheramine and its salts were found to be low staining on different aluminum alloys when compared to other aminoalcohols.

2 – 2:30 pm Wetting Agents for Metalworking Fluids J. Sullivan, Munzing, Bloomfield, NJ The METOLAT® 4000 series wetting agents are specially formulated to give a strong reduction in dynamic surface tension, little to no foam generation, and broad system compatibility. A low dynamic surface tension results in rapid spreading on the metal surface during high speed processes. This allows the fluid to get to the contact point between the tool and the work piece to provide proper lubrication and cooling. The METOLAT® 4000 series also has the ability to accelerate metal fines dropping and improve the cleanliness during operation by eliminating the residue remaining on the metal surface.

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2:30 – 3 pm Metallocene PAO 300, Delivering Flexibility to Formulate Innovative Lubricants M. Sheehan, ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Baytown, TX ExxonMobil Chemical continues to expand our synthetic fluid and lubricant base stock portfolio to meet our customer’s needs. Metallocene PAO 300 is the latest addition to our portfolio of high performance base stocks providing enhanced performance in industrial and automotive applications to meet the increasingly stringent requirements of these markets. Join us to hear how metallocene PAO 300 can help provide you higher performing lubricants.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Meeting the Lubrication Challenges of Modern High Performance Hydraulic Systems Y. Wang, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Hydraulic systems frequently work under increased speed and pressure to perform in the toughest environments, yet surprisingly, hydraulic fluid specifications have remained relatively stagnant, until now. In 2014, Bosch Rexroth, a leading global equipment manufacturer, released their new RDE 90235 specification, having previously announced that their RDE 90220 specification was no longer sufficient to guarantee protection in today’s high performance mobile and stationary systems. This new specification, with a host of upgraded technical requirements, now represents one of the highest tiers for hydraulic fluid performance and has become an important target for today’s lubricant suppliers. This presentation will compare the new Bosch Rexroth RDE 90235 specification with Parker Denison’s wellknown HF-0 specification and introduce Lubrizol® AH94NA, a new technology developed to provide the robust performance required to meet the lubrication challenges of modern high performance systems.

4:30 – 5 pm An Innovative and Non-Conventional Approach to Commercial Engine L. Wei, Novitas Chem Solutions, LLC, Bellaire, TX This talk discloses a novel approach to formulate heavy diesel engine oils by combing high performance additives and synthetic base oils without the use of VI improvers. This unique combination, via extensive fleet testing, gives an ultra-stable oil with outstanding driving experience, enhanced fuel economy and unexpected benefits far exceed to the traditional API candidates.

5 – 5:30 pm Selection of Synthetic Base Stocks for Industrial Lubricant Applications D. Stonecipher, Chemtura Corp., Philadelphia, PA Formulators of industrial lubricants are faced with a unique challenge given the wide variety of end application possibilities. How do they select the right base stock for each application? Applications range from compressors & vacuum pumps to gear boxes & bearings, from turbines & hydraulic systems to refrigeration & metal working. These applications can be found across several industries including thermal power generation, wind power generation, oil & gas, mining, cement, food & beverage, pulp & paper, textiles, plastic extrusion, steel, & chemical plant processing. Industrial lubricants must be designed to handle specific ambient & operating condition variability in temperatures, pressures, loads, & moisture levels. While additive packages can manage some of these requirements, proper base stock selection is critical to meeting application performance objectives such as long equipment life, extended oil drain intervals, reduced maintenance costs & minimal energy consumption.


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Monday, May 16 2A

5:30 – 6 pm New Innovations in Metalworking Additives F. Lochel, Cargill Industrial Solutions, Minneaoplis, MN In response to the major industry challanges presented at the 2015 STLE conference, Cargill Industrial Specialties is pleased to present a summary of their research into bio-renewable metalworking additives that meet current and proposed regulatory mandates.

Session 2B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS II – SURFACE COATINGS Session Chair: J. Qu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Session Vice Chair: M. Dube, NASA Engineering & Safety Center, Dartmouth, MA

1:30 – 2 pm In-Situ AFM Measurements of the Interaction between Conventional Lubricant Additives with a Novel Anti-Wear Nanomaterial H. Khare, I. Lahouij, A. Jackson, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Z. Chen, G. Cooper, Pixelligent Technologies LLC, Baltimore, MD, R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA The tendency of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) to suppress catalytic converter efficiency has motivated the development of several anti-wear additive substitutes, most notably nanoparticles with sizes between 20-100 nm. We previously reported on the in-situ growth of anti-wear tribofilms formed in an AFM with a novel zirconia nanoparticle in oil. Here, we first review the properties of these tribofilms and discuss possible consequences of these properties for applying the nanoparticles as an anti-wear additive. The commercial viability and efficacy as a drop-in additive of this nanoparticle depends greatly on nanoparticle interactions with other additives, such as friction modifiers as well as existing anti-wear additives such as ZDDP. This work reports on the tribological and mechanical properties of zirconia tribofilms generated in-situ at the lubricated contact of an AFM in mixtures of zirconia with friction modifiers and ZDDP, as well as in fully formulated lubricants.

2:30 – 3 pm Carbon Allotropes as an Oil Additives, Which One Is More Effective? E. Omrani, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, P. Menezes, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, P. Rohatgi, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI In the present investigation, a pin-on-disk apparatus was employed to investigate the influence of carbonous solid lubricant (graphite, graphene, CNTs, and nano-fibers) on the tribological behavior of lubricants containing particulate additives. The size of additives in a lubricant influences their friction and wear performance during sliding contact. In the experiments, aluminum pin slide against aluminum disk in the presence of oil containing carbonous additives. A scanning electron microscope and optical profilometer were used for topographical studies to evaluate the influence of additive on wear damage and surface roughness. When graphite, graphene, and CNTs dispersed, they reduced both friction and wear rate while nano-fibers increase COF and wear rate. In particular, the reduction in wear is due to the formation of carbon-rich boundary film, the formation of which is attributed to tribochemical interactions between the carbon particles and sliding contact surfaces.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Tribological Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets as Friction-Reducing and Anti-Wear Agents H. Xiao, China Universtiy of Petroleum, Beijing, China, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, S. Liu, China Universtiy of Petroleum, Beijing, China, X. He, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

2 – 2:30 pm Friction Reduction by Thin-Layer Thermal Insulation in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts

Two-dimensional nanosheets are used to reduce friction and wear in the field of tribology. Solid lubricants, lubricant additives, and surface coatings made from nanosheets have attracted great attention. In this study, the tribological performance of three types of two-dimensional nanosheets, namely graphene, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and -zirconium phosphate ( -ZrP), were evaluated. Graphene was deposited on alumina and diamond surfaces as protective coating. Y2O3 and -ZrP were mixed into mineral oiland served as lubricant additives. Results from tribological experiments illustrates that deposition of several layers of graphene effectively reduces friction and wear on alumina and diamond surfaces. Y2O3 and -ZrP are able to improve lubricating performance of mineral oil. Viscosity of mineral oil is effectively reduced after the addition of Y2O3 and -ZrP nanosheets. Physical models were built to describe the friction- and wear-reducing mechanisms of those two dimensional nanosheets.

M. Björling, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, W. Habchi, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon, S. Bair, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, R. Larsson, P. Marklund, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

4:30 – 5 pm Effect of the Molecular Orientation of Liquid Crystal on Friction Controlled by Electric Field

Friction reduction in many applications is necessary for increased efficiency, lower emissions and conservation of natural resources. Thin hard coatings like diamond-like carbon (DLC) have been shown to reduce friction in full film lubricated contacts. In this work, it is shown that contrary to common belief, the friction reduction stems mainly from a thermal phenomenon and not only a chemical/surface interaction one. A series of experiments has shown that a DLC coating of a few micrometers can significantly reduce friction in an elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact. The hypothesis presented is that the insulating coating will influence the thermal behavior and lead to a reduction in friction. A numerical simulation shows that applying a thin DLC coating to metal surfaces creates an insulating effect that due to the increased liquid lubricant film temperature at the center of the contact, locally reduces lubricant viscosity and thus friction.

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Y. Gao, L. Ma, J. Luo, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China How do lubricants act in between two rubbing surfaces? A deep insight into the molecular behavior should be taken during the rubbing process, which is the so-called in situ detection. We employ a polarized Raman spectrometer to study the alignment of a typical nematic liquid crystal in the nano-gap of a ball-on-disc tribology test platform. In sliding contact, shear and flow yield an anisotropy planar orientation and turn the long axes of the molecules along the sliding direction. Further, an electric field which applied across the lubrication film will drive the liquid crystal arranged vertical to the friction surfaces. We measured friction coefficient at different applied voltage. We find that the molecular orientation of liquid crystal significantly influence the friction coefficient, especially in the low-speed range. These results will, we believe, be useful to gain a better understanding of the thin film lubrication model.

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Technical Sessions 5 – 5:30 pm Superlubricity between Sapphire and PTFE Achieved by Acid

2:30 – 3 pm Pour Point Depressant (PPD) Selection for GF-6 – One Size Does Not Fit All

M. Deng, C. Zhang, J. Li, J. Luo, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

J. Ellington, J. Souchik, J. Wang, A. Tsay, J. Mills, B. Zweitzig, Evonik Industries, Horsham, PA

In the present work, a super-low friction coefficient of about 0.004 was achieved between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and sapphire under the lubrication of acidic solutions (pH 1.5). Such superlubricity state was extremely stable for more than 1 hour and the wear loss can be negligible. Moreover, the experimental results show the super-low friction was independent of the sliding velocity and load but closely dependent of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the contact region. With the hydrogen ions, an asymmetrical electric double layer was generated between the two sliding surface, which would alter the properties of the lubricant and the interaction between the lubricant moleculars and sliding surfaces. The superlubricity of acidic solution is mainly attributed to the increase in viscosity due to the electrical double layer and low shearing strength due to the easy slip in the water layer close to PTFE.

Session 2C

• Bronze 2

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN II Session Chair: S. Tung, Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC, Norwalk, CT Session Vice Chair: D. Uy, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI

1:30 – 2 pm Effects of VI Improver on Passenger Car Fuel Economy in Chassis Dynamometer Tests D. Smolenski, T. Bartels, J. Liu, Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc., Horsham, PA At the 2015 STLE Annual Meeting, Evonik presented data on fuel economy improvements obtained in engine dynamometer tests in the US Federal Test Procedure (FTP), the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), the WLTC Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP) and the Japanese fuel economy test, JC08. Some of these cycles have been repeated in chassis dynamometer tests. The results of this new work will be reported, as well as lessons learned regarding the challenges of running fuel economy tests.

2 – 2:30 pm Engine Oils Formulated for Improved Deposit Control A. Flamberg, J. Langston, Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc., Horsham, PA Engine cleanliness is critical to the operation of a vehicle. Lubricants, exposed to high temperatures in particular areas of the engine, form deposits. Therefore, it is critical to understand the deposit formation tendencies of a lubricant formulation. Modern oils are required to pass several deposits tests for certification. One of these requirements is the TEOST® 33C test. In this work, we will review our previous TEOST® 33C test findings on the effects of engine oil formulations using different viscosity modifiers, base oils, additive packages and other additives, on deposit formation. Additional data will be presented on our extended work with deposits in other tests and formulations.

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Control of oil viscosity increase under low temperatures remains a crucial performance criterion. Failure to manage cold temperature viscosity can lead to lubricant starvation, reduction in oil pumpability, and eventually lead to catastrophic engine failure. Low temperature viscosity standards have continued to evolve over the years and gained further attention when ILSAC GF-4 specified an aged oil low temperature viscosity limit to guarantee performance retention during operation. This requirement, a key benchmark of modern passenger car engine oils, plans to remain for ILSAC GF-6. In this paper, we will examine a comprehensive set of engine oils in various low temperature tests and highlight the importance of low temperature performance. We will then consider the use of PPDs in engine oil formulations and discuss selection guidelines to meet the stringent engine oil cold flow standard including the aged oil viscosity bench test for low temperature property evaluation.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Valvetrain Friction and Wear Performance of Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils A. Gangopadhyay, D. McWatt, R. Zdrodowski, S. Simko, Ford Motor Co., Novi, MI, J. Cuthbert, E. Hock, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI The application of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) as a base stock for engine oil formulation has been explored. Various PAG chemistries were explored by varying the feed stock material. Most of the formulations have the same additive package. The friction performance of these oils were evaluated in a motored valvetrain rig in the temperature range 40C-100C and in the speed range 300 RPM-2500 RPM. PAG formulations showed up to 50% friction reduction over GF-5 SAE 5W-20 oil depending on temperature, speed, and oil chemistry. The wear protection capability was evaluated using radiotracer technique. The wear profile of some PAG oils were equal to or better than GF-5 SAE 5W-20 oil while others showed high initial wear. The wear rate of the PAG oils was not that different from GF-5 oil. The bucket tappet surfaces were analyzed using SEM, Auger, XPS, and ToF-SIMS to characterize tribo-film formation and help explain the friction and wear performance.

4:30 – 5 pm Engine Friction and Wear Performances with Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils A. Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co., Novi, MI, D. McWatt, Ford Motor Co. (Retired), Livonia, MI, L. Elie, Z. Liu, Ford Motor Co., Novi, MI, E. Hock, J. Cuthbert, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI The application of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) as a base stock for engine oil formulation has been explored for substantial fuel economy gain over traditional formulations with mineral oils. Various PAG chemistries were explored depending on feed stock material used for manufacturing. Most of the formulations have the same additive package. The friction performance of these oils were evaluated in a motored single cylinder engine with current production engine hardware in the temperature range 40C-120C and in the speed range 500 RPM-2500 RPM. PAG formulations showed up to 50% friction reduction over GF-5 SAE 5W-20 oil depending on temperature, speed, and oil chemistry. Friction evaluation in motored I-4 engine showed up to 11% friction reduction in the temperature range 40C-100C over GF-5 oil. The presentation will share results on ASTM Sequence VID fuel economy and Sequence IVA wear tests. Chassis roll fuel economy data will also be shared.


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Monday, May 16 2C

5 – 5:30 pm Interactions of Ethanol with Friction Modifiers in Car Engine Lubricants

2:30 – 2:45 pm Grease Testing – Past, Present and Future J. Spagnoli, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering, Paulsboro, NJ

H. Costa, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, Brazil, H. Spikes, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom When used as an engine fuel, ethanol can accumulate in the lubricant during use. Previous work has shown that this ethanol contamination affects friction and EHL film formation, and also the growth and stability of anti-wear tribofilms. The present work uses spacer-layer ultrathin interferometry and MTM tests to investigate how ethanol (both hydrated and anhydrous) interacts with friction modifiers in engine lubricants. Small amounts (5%wt.) of ethanol were added to solutions of friction modifier (one Mo-DTC and three organic friction modifiers) in a Group I base oil. For the three organic friction modifiers, the presence of ethanol promoted the formation of thick viscous boundary films so that very low friction coefficients were measured at low entrainment speeds. For the Mo-DTC additive, the presence of ethanol prevented the formation of a low friction film at low speeds at 70oC, but this effect disappeared at 100oC, probably due to ethanol evaporation.

Session 2D

• Gold

GREASE/ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS JOINT SESSION I Session Chair: G. Fish, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Session Vice Chair: K. Mistry, The Timken Co., Canton, OH

1:30 – 2 pm Requirements from the Bearing Industry for Lubricating Grease Technology P. Lugt, SKF Engineering and Research Centre, Nieuwegein, Netherlands Lubricating greases have been used since the invention of the wheel and have developed into high performance machine elements. Advancements are lying in the area of reduced friction torque and extended life/relubrication intervals. In this talk the existing greases for rolling bearings will be critically reviewed and the needs for future development will be outlined. Since both bearing and grease life are very long, modern test and analytical methods are required that can relate the properties of the grease to the performance of the grease. Some existing methods will be reviewed and the needs for improved methods listed. Particularly grease rheology will be addressed which has been given much attention by the grease industry and academia in the last decades.

2 – 2:30 pm Extended Bearing Life Greases – Tried and True or New Technology? G. Aguilar, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA As the demand for longer life / higher temperature bearing greases has grown, the production volumes of lithium complex (Li-Cx) and calcium sulfonate complex (CSC) have also increased. For this study, Li-Cx grease using a common thickener system and proprietary CSC base grease were prepared in the same base oil. The base greases were formulated with additive systems to enhance oxidation stability, frictional and antiwear properties. The formulated greases were then evaluated in laboratory tests designed to measure changes in physical, chemical and lubricating properties of the greases before and after thermal stressing. Grease life determinations using FAG FE-9 and ASTM D3527 (high temperature wheel bearing test) rigs were also done. The paper will compare performance characteristics of the Li-Cx and CSC greases and will discuss the properties that are most critical in extending grease life in these high temperature bearing tests.

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2:45 pm – 3 pm Emerging Greases Based on Trends from Grease Production and Usage Survey C. Coe, Grease Technology Solutions LLC, Manassas, VA

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Grease Additive Influences on Bearing Lubrication G. Fish, W. Ward, Jr, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Lubricating grease represents a critical component in the lubrication of rolling element bearings. The grease functions by providing a film of lubricant to separate the moving surfaces of the rolling elements and raceways. The bearing operating conditions degrade the lubricating grease and reduce its life. By properly formulating the grease with additives, the useful life of the rolling element bearing can be extended. Physical additives used in greases include solid lubricants for load carrying properties, organic polymer additives to improve the viscometrics of the oil phase, and high molecular weight polymer for water resistance or tackiness. Chemically active additives include rust and corrosion inhibitors, friction modifiers, antiwear and extreme pressure agents and antioxidants. This presentation will demonstrate that to formulate greases for good bearing lubrication, the correct selection of additives to improve grease stability and reduced thickener degradation is necessary.

4:30 – 5 pm Mapping of Grease Migration in High-Speed Bearings using a Technique Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy M. Franken, J. Wang, SKF Engineering & Research Centre, Nieuwegein, Netherlands, F. Greco, SKF Product Development Super Precision Bearings, Villar Perosa, Italy, M. van Drogen, SKF Engineering & Research Centre, Nieuwegein, Netherlands A novel approach that allowed the identification of active grease reservoirs in high-speed super precision angular contact ball bearings for spindle applications is described. To improve the design of these grease lubricated bearings, it is necessary to measure grease migration and determine the lubrication role of internal grease reservoirs. Hence, a technique based on fluorescence spectroscopy is successfully applied that allowed the identification of grease migration in such a bearing. The results demonstrate that grease migration in these high speed bearings is largely affected by the geometry of the bearing. Therefore, this technique provides a new way to further improve the grease migration in critical bearing locations in order to attain even higher speeds and longer life.

5:30 – 6 pm – Panel Discussion

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Technical Sessions Session 2E

2:30 – 3 pm New Emulsifiers for Metalworking Fluids: Balancing Performance, Regulation and Economics

• Silver

METALWORKING II Session Chair: D. Lindsay, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

C. Hedoire, Solvay, Aubervilliers, France

Session Vice Chair: A. Cross, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA

Metalworking fluid formulators and emulsifier suppliers are facing numerous challenges with regard to performance demands, regulatory issues and commercial pressures. Today’s new generation of high-speed machine tools require much improved foam control. Emulsifiers used for metalworking fluids for these newer machines must provide ultralow foam and enhanced defoaming, without the need to add a separate defoamer. Also, the worldwide strong regulatory context with Globally Harmonised System (GHS) for substances and mixtures, but also specific local requirements like European Biocidal Product Regulation, trigger more stringent classification and labeling for some emulsifiers. Solvay wishes to develop emulsifiers with milder labeling as well as biostable emulsifier. Finally, some raw materials are not available globally, and end users are demanding more cost-effective fluids. “As a result, new generations of emulsifiers should be based on commonly and globally available raw materials.

1:30 – 2 pm Alternatives to Chlorinated Paraffins in Metalworking Fluids: A Case Study S. Beesabathuni, Y. Zhao, Houghton International, Norristown, PA Extreme pressure (EP) additives are widely used in metal working fluid formulations to boost performance. There is a growing demand for EP additives to cater to severe machining conditions for higher throughout. Long chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCP) are the most popular EP additives as they are versatile and inexpensive. However, with the EPA regulation restricting the use of LCCP, there is an urgent need to move towards alternative environmentally friendly EP additives. In this study, we investigate the performance of a soluble oil metal cutting fluid by replacing its LCCP with four alternative EP additives: chlorinated additives, sulfur additives, phosphorous additives and esters. The presentation will report the test results of lubricity, emulsion stability, foam, and corrosion protection of these new formulas. The results show it is possible to choose alternative EP additives that offer comparable or improved performance depending on the application.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm High HLB Emulsifiers Generate More Foam: True or False? Case Studies of Foam Properties of Emulsifiers in Metalworking Fluid Formulas by DOE

2 – 2:30 pm Base Oil and Emulsifier Selection Principles – A Metalworking Fluid Emulsion Stability Study

Y. Zhao, Houghton International, Norristown, PA

T. Norrby, P. Wedin, Nynas AB, Nynashamn, Sweden There is an intimate relationship between the formulation and the performance of metal working fluids. To investigate how the formulation parameters and water hardness affect the emulsion stability, a series of emulsions have been formulated where the base oil, the emulsifier package and water hardness were parameters changed independently, in order to investigate how these parameters affect properties like the droplet size distribution and emulsion stability. Results were obtained and analysed for naphthenic, Group I and Group II base oils. The conclusions of this study will hopefully find use as a component selection guide to metalworking fluid formulator across geographical regions, with varying water hardness, and different access to base oils suitable for metalworking emulsion formulations.

Exhibition Appreciation Hour and Evonik Raffle Two hours of dedicated exhibit time will occur at this year’s trade show: Monday, May 16 and Tuesday, May 17 from 3-4 pm in the Bally’s Event Center. All other annual meeting activities will be closed during this time. On Monday, May 16, at 3:30 pm Evonik is hosting a raffle at Booth 201. The ticket for the drawing is included in your registration bag. Just drop it in the bin by Booth 201. You must be present in the exhibit hall at 3:30 pm Monday to win.

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In water-based metalworking fluids, surfactants are an important component to ensure emulsions remain stable. However, excessive use of surfactants may cause foam problems, especially in soft water with nonionic surfactants. Thus it is important to carefully select surfactants in the formulation of metalworking fluids. It is common knowledge that surfactants with high HLB values can generate high foam levels. This presentation will report the investigation of foam characteristics in using surfactants with a range of HLB in typical metalworking fluid formulas using a DOE (Design of Experiment) matrix. DOE analysis results show foam properties will depend on HLB and molecular structures.

4:30 – 5 pm Influence of Combination of Multi-Jet Nozzle and Low Flow Rate of Coolant in Geometrical Deviation during Centerless Grinding of SAE 52100 Steel L. Gonçalves Neto, Schaeffler América do Sul – INA, Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, R. Da Silva, R. De Paiva, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E. Bianchi, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Bauru, Brazil The use of cutting fluid in grinding operations is indispensable to avoid thermal damages on the workpiece. Usually a great amount of cutting fluid is used, but industries are currently searching for more ecofriendly alternatives and more energy-efficient process. Solution can be encountered in geometry of nozzles. This work presents results of finishing and cilindricity deviations on hardened SAE 52100 steel recorded after centerless grinding with coolant delivered via multi jet nozzle at reduced flow rates. The results showed that tribological interactions on grinding zone were improved when machining with multi jet nozzle and flow rates up to 30 L/min.


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Monday, May 16 2E

5 – 5:30 pm New Developments in Ashless Rust Preventive Technologies

2 – 2:30 pm Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycol (OSP) as an Additive/Co-Base Stock for Gear Oils

G. Moran, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH

A. Kotnis, The Dow Chemical Co., Troy, MI

Rust preventives protect metal components from a wide variety of industrial applications. There have been many changes in manufacturing processes and requirements over the last 10 years, but not all end users have upgraded their rust preventives to meet these new challenges. New technologies are being developed that can deliver excellent corrosion protection as well as other key performance properties to allow end users to meet current and future challenges. Industry leaders have been asking for ashless technology in hydraulics and other applications. This work will highlight new developments in ashless rust preventive technology that will enable end users to meet challenging performance targets in an ever-changing manufacturing environment.

Oil-soluble polyalkylene glycol (OSP), a new group V base fluid has low traction coefficients, high viscosity index (VI), good low temperature properties and low aniline point. Different group III and group IV base oils in combination with OSP’s and certain additives were evaluated for their tribological performance. This work highlights certain synergistic mechanisms when OSP’s are included in group III and IV oil which contain these additives. Author will present the benefits of using OSP’s in gear oil applications where the durability can be improved using OSP’s in these formulations. The presentation will highlight the durability and friction reduction benefits in simple to complex formulations that include OSP.

5:30 – 6 pm Next Generation 3-Dimensional (3D) Siloxane Defoamer Technology for Aqueous Metalworking Fluids E. Galgoci, K. Parekh, J. Mykietyn, J. Panzariello, L. Smith, Münzing, Bloomfield, NJ Excessive foam generation during use of aqueous metal working fluids is undesirable for reasons such as the reduction of lubrication and heat removal. In order to minimize the foam, the antifoam/defoamer is a critical component of the fluid. The proven state-of-the-art antifoams are based on 3-dimensional (3D) siloxane technology, which utilizes crosslinked-siloxane moieties and advanced formulation methods to meet demanding requirements. Next generation products have now been developed that provide enhanced performance compared to competitive and previous 3D technologies. While maintaining excellent washability (i.e., no coating defects), the new 3D technology offers enhanced compatibility, excellent initial defoaming and persistence, and superior filterability. In addition to discussing the latest innovations of the 3D technology, this paper will also review the fundamentals of foam stabilization and the general formulation and thermodynamic considerations of the action of antifoams.

Session 2G

• Palace 4/5

GEARS I Session Chair: A. Clarke, Cardiff Univesity, Cardiff, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: S. Berkebile, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

1:30 – 2 pm Formulating the Right Industrial Gear Oil for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Temperature Reduction S. Basu, D. Wilkerson, J. Vinci, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Reducing energy consumption has become a mandate for our national manufacturing economy; industrial gearboxes are recognized as important sources of lost power. Heavy loading, increased throughput, high temperatures and long periods of continuous operation contribute to energy losses and shortened equipment life. Higher levels of efficiency can be achieved by two major routes: improved equipment design and superior lubrication. Our investigation focuses upon the lubrication route. Tests were conducted in an industrial scale worm gear efficiency rig designed in our laboratory and operating under a wide range of speeds and loading. Sharp differentiation was observed among fluids for their impact on power loss and operating temperature.

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2:30 – 3 pm Environmentally Acceptable Gear Oils; The New Frontier in Performance and Durability Improved: Mircopitting and Scuffing Protection, Long-Term Durability, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection M. Miller, RSC Bio Solutions, Upper Saddle River, NJ This session will demonstrate the proven performance of environmentally acceptable gear oils. Improved mircopitting, scuffing and gray staining protection in extreme pressure gear applications will be demonstrated through rig and field testing. It will show piston and vane pump performance testing of fluids with Eaton Vickers and Parker Denison hydraulic pumps. The session will review the extreme pressure, antiwear and frictional qualities of EALs. Environmentally Acceptable Gear Oil performance will be compared to petroleum-based analogs in FE8 bearing wear testing, clutch friction and FZG variants testing. Long term durability, energy efficiency and cost effectiveness will be studied though field application case studies. Finally, the benefit of reduced environmental impact will be discussed.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm On the Influence of Viscosity Formulation in CFD Simulation when Predicting Churning Power Losses Generated by Partly Immersed Gears Y. Marchesse, ECAM LYON, Lyon, France, C. Changenet, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France, F. Ville, LaMCoS, Villeurbanne, France When considering dip-lubricated gears oil churning due to fluid circulation generated by partly immersed rotating gears is usually considered as the major source of power loss. Since accurate loss predictions are needed at the design stage, numerical method as CFD may be used for studying churning effects. This has been done recently by many authors using volume of fluid method that is able to model few immiscible fluids by solving a single set of equations throughout the domain. Physical properties are determined by the presence of the component phases in each control volume. Usually the same volumefraction-averaged for density and viscosity formulations are used which is surprising since they represent different physical concepts and other viscosity formulations exist. A numerical model is build here to study the effect of fraction-averaged viscosity formulation on both the fluid flow circulation and the churning loss considering disks or gears rotating in an oil bath.

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Monday, May 16 2G

4:30 – 5 pm Churning Power Losses of Bevel Gears

Session 2H

S. Laruelle, LaMCoS, Lyon, France, C. Changenet, LabECAM, Lyon, France, F. Ville, LaMCoS, Villeurbanne, France, S. Koechlin, Leroy Somer, Emerson Corp., Angoulême, France

FLUID FILM BEARINGS II

Increasing power density and efficiency of lubricated system is the topic of research nowadays. In fact, thermal losses has become the critical point as far as mechanical sizing is ensured. Churning lubrication which is the low cost and highly used solution, for example in reducers, gearboxes… is studied in terms of prediction and modeling the behavior of mechanical systems to limit thermal losses. Models for spur and helical gears are already available from literature for different kind of standard applications. Bevel gear churning behavior have not already been fully understood, so this study focusses on providing a churning losses model for low speed applications based on dimensional analysis. Churning experiments on several geometries of bevel gears and two oils have been conducted to establish and validate the model proposed.

Session Vice Chair: J. Bouyer, Institute Pprime – CNRSUniversité De Poitiers-ISAE ENSMA, Futuroscope Cedex, France

5 – 5:30 pm Improving Lubrication and Reliability of Open Gears A. Cardenas, GIGATEC, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico, G. Andrade, Tritech, Mexico, Mexico Maintenance and preserving of assets in the industry is nowadays one of the main concerns for reliability, and the optimization of the lubrication systems has proved to be one of the best ways to preserve machinery and ensure reliability in operation. This is the case of the maintenance of open gears. The operation under harsh conditions such as extremely high loads, dust, humidity, contamination from the process, shock loads, etc. are a real challenge to preserve them. That is the reason we often find premature wear in these systems. The lifespan of open gears can be extended with a proper maintenance, and this often means proper lubrication. An optimal lubrication includes the right lubricant, the proper application system, and the right viscosity, among other factors. In this case, we are going to analyze the failure mode and the right maintenance to prevent damages in open gears of sugar mills.

5:30 – 6 pm Open Gear Lubrication: Condition Monitoring R. Camalli, Klüber Lubrication Argentina S.A., Villa Tesei, Buenos Aires, Argentina An open gear is one of the most difficult mechanisms lubricate because tribológicamente has one of the worst working conditions for lubricating: combination of low speeds, high loads, high temperatures, conditions misalignments by design or operation, improper lubrication systems and contamination among other there is a high possibility mixed lubrication of metallic contact surfaces and the lubricant may fail if any of the above conditions occurs. That is why we must be vigilant and identify mechanical problems that may cause breakage of the lubricant film to avoid or prevent premature damage. This presentation seeks to raise a simple and practical way from the theoretical concept of gear and through the observation and analysis of variables diagnosing causes of damage and its relationship with lubrication

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• Las Vegas 1

Session Chair: M. Braun, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

2 – 2:30 pm About the Influence of the Asperity Contact and Flow Factor Models on the Stribeck Curve of a Steady-State Journal Bearing Functioning in Mixed Lubrication R. Fatu, CESI Angouleme, Angouleme, France, A. Fatu, Institut Pprime, Angouleme, France In many situations, the lubricant regime of journal bearings is not purely hydrodynamic, which implies mixed and even boundary lubrication. To correctly predict mixed lubrication conditions, a numerical algorithm must integrate an asperity contact model coupled with a hydrodynamic model of the thin film. When deterministic solutions are not possible in acceptable amounts of computing time, the modelling of mixed lubrication conditions is made with so-called stochastic methods: the Reynolds equation is modified by the introduction of flow factors and a contact model is used in order to precompute the asperity contact pressure as a function of the relative distance between the surfaces delimiting the film. In this work it is shown the influence of several flow factor and asperity contact models over the friction coefficient of a steady-state journal bearing. The model takes into account the bearing elasticity and two different specific pressures are considered: 1 and 10 MPa.

2:30 – 3 pm Influence of Surface Texturing on the Performance of Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings D. Gropper, L. Wang, T. Harvey, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, K. Meck, D. Nhin Ha, John Crane UK Ltd., Slough, United Kingdom Surface textures have been shown to have the potential of enhancing the performance of hydrodynamic bearings and many other applications. However, a comprehensive literature review by the authors has revealed that the application of surface texturing is still limited due to major challenges, such as the complexity of computational models and the large variety of operating conditions encountered in conventional industrial applications. In the present work, the potential of surface texturing for tilting pad thrust bearings is investigated through the development of a numerical model based on the Reynolds equation incorporating an iterative and mass-conserving cavitation algorithm. The influence of texturing parameters on the main bearing characteristics is explored and the interaction between optimal texturing parameters and operating conditions is analysed. Experimental work on a purposely designed thrust bearing test rig will be carried out to validate and improve the numerical model.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break

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Technical Sessions 4 – 4:30 pm A Study of Transient Lubrication in the Process of Start Up and Shut Down of the Thrust Bearing

Session 2I

• Las Vegas 2

BIOTRIBOLOGY II

Z. Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Session Chair: S. Franklin, Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands

The transient coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) model of thrust bearing are formulated, research the lubrication condition in the process of start up and shut down of the thrust bearing, and study the affect of different rotating speed, load, surface roughness and other factors in the process of start up and Shut down of the thrust bearing. Study the wear rate of thrust bearing under different start up and shut down parameters, concluded that the trend of the thrust bearing life change with the start up and shut down parameters, accordance with the result of relevant experimental, deduce the computing method of the times of thrust bearing start up and shut down.

Session Vice Chair: H. Stevenson, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

1:30 – 2 pm Conducting Tribological Expertise in Living Environment: Case of Knee Implants M. Sava, Y. Berthier, A. Trunfio-Sfarghiu, LaMCoS, INSA de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France

4:30 – 5 pm Analysis of a Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing Using Multi-Physical Modeling Technique M. Wodtke, M. Wasilczuk, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland In the proposed paper the results of properties predictions for hydrodynamic thrust bearing obtained with the use of multi-physical modeling technique (FSI – Fluid Structure Interaction) are presented. Calculations comprised fluid film flow in the oil gap and pad surroundings (CFD), thermo – elastic deformations of the bearing system (FEM) and pad tilting. This method allowed to analyse a set of phenomena important for tilting-pad thrust bearing in one task, limiting the necessity of defining boundary conditions, such as oil inlet temperature or heat exchange coefficient at pad side walls, which has an influence on the results of analysis. Calculations were carried out for different bearing operating conditions, allowing to investigate the changes of the bearing parameters with load and speed. Proposed methodology can be interesting and valuable alternative for theoretical evaluation of tilting-pad thrust bearing properties based on separate solution of film and solid domains.

5 – 5:30 pm Efficiency Study of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Solvers: A Comparison Between Multigrid and Semi-Analytical Methods J. Zhao, H. Qin, G. Doll, C. Ye, Y. Dong, The University of Akron, Akron, OH It is challenging to numerically study tribological phenomena in the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime due to the coupling of dry contact and lubricant dynamics. We systematically compare two popular numerical methods for EHL in terms of memory requirement, converging speed, accuracy and robustness. In this first method, we used the iterative method combined with multigrid technique to accelerate the converging speed. The second solver is a semi-analytical approach based on an analytical model, the Amplitude Reduced model, and a fast Fourier transform. Compared with the conventional iterative method, the semi-analytical method has much faster computation speeds. Three different EHL cases, i.e., smooth surface, sinusoidal surface and a Gaussian rough surface were studied. Both numerical and physical results were compared and evaluated. This study should provide a framework for the numerical development of an EHL model, and provide a better understanding to EHL problems.

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This study focuses on the understanding of the tribological behavior of two retrieved medial unicompartimental knee implants in order to reconstruct the in vivo contact life. The first knee implant shows high wear rate at 7 years follow-up, while the second one shows good performances at 11 years follow-up with a minimal wear rate. The origin of their different performances is related to the velocity accommodation mechanism. This mechanism was identified analyzing the surface features of the implants components. Results are correlated with histological and biochemical analysis of adjacent tissues and fluids (synovial membrane and synovial fluid). Thus, the UHMWPE tibial implants at 7 years follow-up is described by an abrasive/adhesive wear and a volumetric wear rate of 20 mm3/year. On the other side, the UHMWPE at 11 years follow-up is described by plastic deformation, the wear rate being ten times lower reporting to the UHMWPE at 7 years follow-up.

2 – 2:30 pm Damnum ab Initio: Incipient Damage of Metal-on-Metal Contacts S. Niemi, S. Marshall, A. Pitenis, K. Harris, J. Uruena, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, N. Argibay, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL In recent years, the number of joint replacement surgeries performed in the US has reached upwards of 770,000, and is expected to increase to 4 million annually by 2030. Unfortunately, most replacement joints wear out after 10-15 years, leading to a high number of surgeries being revisions. With this expected increase in failures, there has been renewed interest in the fundamentals of metal-on-metal surface wear. A series of pin-on-disk experiments were conducted with self-mated CoCrMo alloys at loads from 10 mN to over 17 N (40-700 MPa). We show that even in the presence of 100% fetal bovine serum at 37°C wear occurs immediately upon sliding, and is evident through the entire wear track on the first pass. Coefficient of friction measurements ranged from µ=0.08 to µ=0.15. These friction coefficients are not indicative of a mixed or fluid film lubrication regime, and are shown to be characteristic of metal-on-metal sliding in the absence of aggressive oxidation and adhesion.


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Monday, May 16 2I

2:30 – 3 pm Tribological Security and Toxicity of Wear Airborne Particles: Design of Tribo-BioCompatibles Particles B. Munteanu, LaMCoS, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, J. Rieu, ILM, UCBL, Villeurbanne, France, A. Trunfio-Sfarghiu, LaMCoS, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, Y. Berthier, LaMCoS, INSA De Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Paradoxically, the safety of transportation is assured by the detachment of wear particles! For example, adherence tire/pavement is “regenerated” by the detachment of tire wear particles, efficiency of car breaking is ensured by the detachment of brake lining particles. For example, in France, almost 20 000 tons of car brake linings are worn each year, of which 9 000 tons in the form of airborne wear particles. These particles will interact with the alveolar wall, altering the pulmonary surfactant films causing severe pathologies because the pulmonary surfactant film controls the pulmonary capacity. This study focuses on the interaction of wear airborne particles with the pulmonary surfactant film. This will allow to identify the significant parameters of wear airborne particles that control their interactions with the pulmonary surfactant films. At longer term will allow to change the materials in contact and their friction conditions to generate tribo-bio-compatibles particles.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Tribocorrosion Behavior and Metal Ion Release of Ion Nitriding CoCrMo Orthopedic Implant Material W. Qingliang, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China CoCrMo alloy (ISO5832-12) has been subjected to ion nitriding treatment in a NH3 (ammonia) atmosphere. The materials were tested for tribocorrosion performance in calf serum solution. And the static immersion tests were performed to investigate metal ion release into the SBF by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Experimental results showed that the friction coefficient decreased with an increase of applied load. But the friction coefficient of tribocorrosion was much higher than pure friction, due to the combined action of corrosion products and wear debris. The material loss caused by the mechanical wear and synergistic effect of friction and corrosion occupied a very large proportion in total loss amount of material. The analysis of metal ion release indicated the large size of nitride particle phases and lots of micropore defects formed in ion nitriding layers, directly led to the great increase of metal ion release in SBF solution.

4:30 – 5 pm Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of Nano-Cellulose Fibers Reinforced Bio-Epoxy Composites B. Barari, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI Plant-derived cellulose nano-fibers (CNFs) are a new class of materials that have been used very recently to develop bio-based composites having remarkable mechanical and micro-structural properties. In this study, CNF preforms prepared through freeze drying process were used as reinforcement with bio-based epoxy in an Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) process to manufacture the CNF/epoxy composites. The curing kinetics of the composites were studied using isothermal and dynamic DSC methods. Micro-structural studies as well as mechanical and tribological characterization were performed on the cured composites in order to understand the structure of the composites. Enhanced tensile strength of the composites reinforced by CNFs confirmed that the surface modification is effective to improve the

50


mechanical properties. Finally, tribological properties of CNF composites were investigated using pin-on-disk apparatus and tribosurfaces were characterized using SEM method.

5 – 5:30 pm Characterization of PEEK and its Composite Coatings on Substrate of Titanium Alloy for Bioimplant Applications J. Song, Z. Liao, Y. Liu, Y. Duan, W. Liu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Poly(ether–ether–ketone) is a type of polymers which may be used for modifying the surface of bio-implant materials. In this study, the wettability and tribological behaviors of PEEK and its composites coatings based on Ti6Al4V alloys articulated with ZrO2 were studied in order to assess the potential of such PEEK composite coatings for being used as bearing materials of artificial cervical disc. The micro-structure, contact angles, micro-hardness and tribological characteristics have been studied. It was indicated that these coatings were mainly orthorhombic crystalline form with 70 m thickness values on average. Compared with bare titanium alloy, the contact angle values of PEEK and its composite coatings increased, while micro-hardness values, average friction coefficients and wear loss decreased significantly. After comprehensive evaluation, the PEEK/Al2O3 coating demonstrated optimum performances and could be applied as bearing materials of artificial cervical disc.

Session 2J

• Las Vegas 3

POWER GENERATION I: POWER GEN LUBRICANTS Session Chair: J. Hannon, ExxonMobil Fuels Lubricants & Specialties, Allentown, NJ Session Vice Chair: W. Needelman, Filtration Science Solutions, Huntington Bay, NY

1:30 – 2 pm A Study of Steam Turbine Oil Replacement Options for a Nuclear Station G. Pereira, Kinectrics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, K. Malik, Ontario Power Generation, Pickering, Ontario, Canada This study will investigate the selection for replacement steam turbine oil (STO) used in Canadian CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) stations.Steam turbine oil is used to lubricate most of the moving components within a nuclear station, specifically the turbines responsible for moving the generator shaft.Eight different oils from varying suppliers were chosen and tested to compare their baseline chemical and physical parameters. The 8 different oils were exposed to a catalyst, heat and oxygen to promote accelerated oxidation for several weeks. Each sample was evaluated against various performance parameters. A report card matrix was generated to score all the oils tested, which eventually led to a chosen candidate.The compatibility and lifetime of the equipment will be discussed, as well as the various types of lubrication required to operate a safe nuclear plant. A brief overview of CANDU reactors will be discussed; as will the difference between US and Canadian nuclear facilities.

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Technical Sessions 2 – 2:30 pm Evaluations of Hydraulic Fluids via the Hot Manifold Ignition Test (ISO 20823)

4:30 – 5 pm MOV Grease Evaluations With a Modified 4-Ball Wear Test

E. Burkhardt, ICL Industrial Products, Ardsley, NY

K. Brown, Eco Fluid Center Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, W. Mackwood, S. Wilson, Chemtura Canada, West Hill, Ontario, Canada, T. Austin, Canoil Canada Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Among the many fire tests which have been developed to evaluate the fire properties of hydraulic fluids in different fire scenarios, the Hot Manifold Ignition Test (ISO 20823) is useful as a predictor of not only the approximate temperature required for a hot surface to ignite a fluid but also whether the fluid could potentially support a vertical burn or a pool fire.ISO 20823 clearly distinguishes between HFD-R (phosphate ester) fluids and HFD-U fluids (polyol esters and polyalkalene glycols), with differences between these classes of fluids reported to be 200 C or more. Accurate temperature measurement and control for the test apparatus is not as critical when comparing HFD-R to HFD-U fluids. Temperature control and measurement issues become more critical when trying to compare different types of HFD-R fluids. Results of our evaluations with various phosphate esters will be presented.

MOVs (motor operated valves) are used by the hundreds in power stations because they can be remotely operated. Some of these can be on safety related systems at nuclear power stations so they have to work right. The gearboxes can be grease lubricated and this grease can also be used to lubricate the valve stems. A few of the important components, including the worm and stem nut, are made of copper alloys and stations had reported OEs (operating events) because of excessive stem nut wear. One question was whether the greases and the testing was both adequate. Unfortunately many standard wear tests use steel specimens which might not be suitable for bronze stem nuts and stainless steel stems. Consequently the 52100 steel balls in ASTM D2266 4-Ball Wear Test were replaced with bronze and stainless steel balls. Testing showed that some of the antiseize pastes and some non EP greases did not do well. Calcium sulfonate thickened greases are used by some MOV OEMs and these did quite well.

2:30 – 3 pm New Management Approach for Turbine Oils Y. Shirakura, S. Aoki, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, R. Yamada, Idemitsu Lubricants America Corp., Detroit, MI Current high efficiency turbines like gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) for LNG thermal power generation and advanced ultra-supercritical system for coal fired power generation are pushing their lubricants to temperatures and conditions that have never been seen in the market. Further, for large power plants generating megawatts of electricity, long-term stable operation is required, which means management of turbine oils is important. It is therefore the mission of oil manufacturers to develop management technologies that enable prompt assessments of the status of turbine oils. We introduce new management methods for turbine oils using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and a colorimeter that allow easy and prompt measurements.

Session 2L


Injection Molding Machines have been used for many years in the industry of plastics due to its advantages, which include: longevity in operation, low maintenance required and above all, precision. Almost all of these benefits come from the hydraulic system. The hydraulic system works near the machine parts that are very hot, since some plastics have to be heated up to 400 F or more to be able to be injected. Therefore, if any part of the hydraulic system fails, the whole machine will shut down causing loss of production. So, it is crucial that the hydraulic fluid is reliable even under these conditions. In this case, we will analyze the failure mode and the solution for valves affected by Sludge and Varnish in this type of machines.

4 – 4:30 pm Considerations When Blending Co-Solubilizing Agents into In-Service Turbine Oils C. Soto, J. Mehta, Fluitec International, Jersey City, NJ The use of Group II and III base oil formulations often require the addition of Group V oils as co-solubilizing agents. Sometimes, similar co-solubilizing agents are added to in-service oils at treat rates of 315% to improve the deposit characteristics and assist in dissolving organic deposits in the system. More knowledge is needed however on the properties of such field blends. Key topics explored in this investigation include the impact that high treat rates of co-solubilizing agents will have on the lubricant properties including aniline point, oxidation resistance, hydrolytic stability, demulsification and foaming characteristics.

• Las Vegas 5

SYNTHETICS & HYDRAULICS I Session Chair: R. Davidson, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

2 – 2:30 pm Sludge and Varnish in Hydraulic Fluid on Injection Molding Machines A. Cardenas, GIGATEC, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico

2:30 – 3 pm Breaking Through the Barrier to Industrial HF System Efficiency T. Schimmel, Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc., Horsham, PA, M. Alibert, F. Maehling, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Within the construction and off-highway equipment markets, the efficiency benefits of high Viscosity Index (VI) hydraulic fluids (HF) are common knowledge. These heavy-duty and demanding HF applications make-up around 60 percent of the HF market. The remaining 40 percent is a mix of industrial applications, including hydraulic presses, elevators, metal-forming machinery and plastics injection molding equipment. For many of these industrial HF systems, fluid viscosity has not been considered as a design parameter by the anufacturers. In doing so, extensive field testing suggests that they are ignoring as much as a five percent improvement in efficiency, a significant gain from equipment that typically runs 24/7. In test design collaboration with major injection molding OEMs, and subsequently performing field tests supervised by these same OEMs, Evonik specialists have verified this level of efficiency improvement.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break www.stle.org


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Monday, May 16 2L

4 – 4:30 pm High Performance Marine Gear Oil and Hydraulic Fluid Formulated with Renewable Group III Base Oil That Meets Requirements of Vessel General Permit (VGP) 2013

Session 2M

H. Hahn, P. Vettel, J. Brown, J. Wells, Novvi LLC, Emeryville, CA

Session Vice Chair: K. Malik, Ontario Power Generation, Pickering, Ontario, Canada

The Vessel General Permit (VGP) regulation issued in December 2013 is driving radical changes in the choice of gear and hydraulic oil used on ships around the world. Environmental requirements of VGP 2013 on lubricants are defined by bioaccumulation, biodegradability, and aquatic toxicity. At the same time, constant advancement of hydraulic pump and gear design imposes increased thermal and mechanical stresses on lubricants. Therefore, modern day marine lubricants need to provide enhanced technical and environmental performance while maintaining compatibility with elastomers, coatings, and other parts. Renewable Group III base oils manufactured from naturally engineered farnesene were used to formulate synthetic marine gear oil and hydraulic fluid that meets requirements of VGP 2013 regulation. Their unique combination of synthetic performance and environmental benefits will be compared to other lubricants while discussing various formulation strategies to meet the VGP regulation.

4:30 – 5 pm Development and Characteristics of High Bulk Modulus Oil S. Aoki, T. Nagai, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, R. Yamada, Idemitsu Lubricants America Corp., Detroit, MI The most important role of a hydraulic fluid is transmission of power among various roles. Although hydraulic drives have an advantage of high power density, volumetric shrinkage of hydraulic fluids due to pressure causes various disadvantages such as delay of hydraulic response and compression energy loss. Hydraulic fluids of new concept, high bulk modulus oils, have been developed as a new approach to improve the performance of a hydraulic servo system. The high bulk modulus oil differs from conventional mineral and synthetic oils, and is characterized by its high bulk modulus. This means that the oil resists compression even under pressure, reducing compression loss during use and giving it superior efficiency, responsiveness, and locational accuracy. Accordingly, this oil is expected to become new generation lubricating oil. The new oil has sufficient practical performances, such as oxidation stability and anti-wear property.

5 – 5:30 pm Enhanced Lubricant Technology to Manage Entrained Air S. Gullapalli, Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., Houston, TX Lubricants such as hydraulic oils are often used in environments wherein air is introduced into the oil through mechanical agitation, leaky seals, sharp bends and unoptimized reservoir/baffle designs. Air entrainment refers to dispersed air bubbles within the oil of diameters less than 1mm. Air entrainment is an industry wide issue that results in increased energy consumption, higher equipment maintenance, reduced equipment life and safety concerns. Some of the negative consequences of air in the lubricant are increased oil oxidation, spongy operation, wasted horsepower, microdieseling and cavitation. At Shell, in the Lubricants Discovery Hub – our innovation team has developed enhanced lubricant technology to manage entrained air effectively by fundamentally understanding its bad actors. Through the use of innovative feedstocks and optimized formulation techniques, it is possible to create premium fast air-release lubricants that can protect equipment from hazards of air entrainment.

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• Las Vegas 6/7

SEALS II Session Chair: H. Zhao, The Lubrizol Corp, Wickliffe, OH

2 – 2:30 pm Numerical Study of the Effect of Coatings in Static Metal-to-Metal Seals F. Pérez-Ràfols, S. Lundström, R. Larsson, P. Wall, A. Almqvist, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden In a static metal-to-metal seal, the fluid percolates through the network of channels constituting the aperture between the two contacting rough surfaces. For the percolation to cease the flow must not seep through even the very smallest constrictions. Obviously, the surface topography has a particularly strong influence on the leakage through a metal-to-metal seal. This is connected to the conformability, which can also be controlled by means of a coating. Therefore, it is important to understand how a coated surface topography deforms under normal loading and to include this in the mathematical model of the seal. In this work, a contact mechanics model for rough surfaces exhibiting multi layered properties is adopted in order to assess the effect of the coating on deformation. By means of numerical simulations answers to questions such as “how thick a hard coating can be” and “how soft a coating can be”, before it significantly affects the plastic deformation and the sealability.

2:30 – 3 pm Dynamic Performance of Radial Lip Seals – Impacts of Operating Conditions and Lubricant Types T. Haque, ExxonMobil, Paulsboro, NJ Radial lip seals are used in many mechanical systems operating industrial equipment to prevent lubricant contamination and leakage. A thin coherent lubricant film is formed at the shaft/seal interface as a result of shaft rotation that provides sealing between the lubricant and the environment. The performance of a radial lip seal depends on many factors including lubricant/elastomer interactions, operating conditions, and material properties. With the growing demand of higher power and machine reliability, OEMs are gradually pushing the operational limits (speed, temperature, etc.), which pose greater challenges to the existing lubricant-seal systems. This paper will focus on the influence of base stock and additive on the wettability and sealing performance of radial lip seals.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Dynamic Performance of Elastomer Seal and the High-Accuracy In-line Inspection Robots in Oil and Gas Pipelines G. Tan, Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd., Huangpu District, Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China, D. Wang, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Changping District, Beijing, China, H. Xing, F. Qing, Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd., Huangpu District, Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China In the petroleum industry, in-line inspection robot used for pigging is usually driven by the rubber sealing-cup, and due to the characteristics of the wax-debris and elastomer sealing-cup, the in-pipe robot is found to be hard to regulating in the pipelines with a stable state, especially in the waxy oil&gas pipelines. Large diameter pipelines are being used in China in last decade, in-pipe robots tribology get more and more

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Technical Sessions attentions and the world was shocked by its hard wax-debris enviroment. Two different mechanisms was presented by which the elastomer in contact area between pipe and debris in sliding contact. Based on this, it carries out a discussion on the dynamic sealing model. Research results show that self-regulating seals can improve the wholelife reliability of robots, and more thorough the tribological study is, the smaller the oscillation is; the broader the theoretical and testing researches are, the less the plug-risk is. Finally, an application example is given.

4:30 – 5 pm Application of Particle-Laden Flow Modeling to Annular Seals C.E. Watson, B. Weaver, H. Wood, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA This presentation explores the application of particle-laden flow models to computational modeling of annular seals. Particle laden flow is a two-phase flow model where one phase is a continuous fluid and the other phase is a collection of small immiscible particles. In this presentation, two case studies are used to illustrate the application of this multiphase fluid dynamic model to annular seals. The first application is a windback seal used in oil lubricated machinery in conjunction with a gas face seal to separate the lubricant and the face seal. The second application is to follow the trajectory of dust in a labyrinth seal used in conjunction with a bearing to prevent the dust from damaging the bearing.

Session 2N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING II Session Chair: Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: H. Nazir, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom

1:30 – 2 pm Effect of Laser Treatment with Different Scanning Velocity and Shielding Gas Environment on Surface Modification of AISI 8620 Steel S. Roy, S. Sundararajan, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Laser heat treatment is a very well-known technique for surface modification of a material leaving the properties of bulk material unaffected.The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different shielding gas(nitrogen,argon and air) and scanning velocity (70-110 inch/min) on the surface modification of AISI 8620 steel.In terms of surface modification,the study focused on observing retained austenite (RA) content using XRD technique,surface micro-hardness and cross sectional microstructure using optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.There was no significant correlation observed between scanning velocity and RA% on surface.The max RA was below 20% in all samples.The hardness of sample surface decreased with increasing scanning velocity for nitrogen and argon shielded experiments due to varied heat input.The laser treated top layer was composed of needle like martensite and retained austenite whereas the base metal was of pearlite and ferrite.

2 – 2:30 pm Continuous Approach for the Experimental Estimation of Surface Contact Stiffness F. Massi, D. Tonazzi, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, Y. Berthier, LaMCoS CNRS INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Simulations involving contact problems are affected by several key parameters, which are not yet completely understood. In contact mechanics several issues are largely affected by the value of the

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contact stiffness between the contact pairs, which can modify both the local stress distribution and the system dynamics. This work is aimed to estimate the contact stiffness by comparison between experiments and simulations. A test bench has been developed in order to measure, by dynamic tests, the contact stiffness both in sticking and sliding conditions, for different surface topographies, third body layers and materials. With respect to the existing approaches, the continuous modelling of the system allows for accounting for the effective area of the contact, while the system design allows for introducing the relative sliding velocity, with different contact pressures and roughness. Results show the dependence of the contact stiffness with different parameters.

2:30 – 3 pm Tribological Investigate of Waxy Oil Gel Z. Lan, S. Liu, H. Xiao, D. Wang, China University of PetroleumBeijing, Beijing, China Frictional resistance force produced by wax plug plays a dominant role in pipeline pigging. In order to calculate the frictional resistance force, frictional behavior of waxy oil gel was investigated using a home-made tribometer. Effects of several impact factors, including wax concentration of waxy oil gel, sliding velocity, and normal force, on tribological behaviors of the wax plug were discussed in this study. The results show that the maximum static friction and the coefficient of sliding friction are negatively related to wax concentration. Coefficient of sliding friction increases with velocity at the concentration of 20%wt wax in the waxy oil gel. Sliding friction force was found to increase with normal force. A physical model describing the contact of two waxy oil gel surfaces was built based on the experimental results.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Contact Area and Maximum Equivalent Stress in Elastic Spherical Contact with Thin Hard Coating R. Goltsberg, I. Etsion, Technion, Haifa, Israel A finite element analysis was used in order to investigate the elastic contact of a sphere with a thin hard coating compressed by a rigid flat. A proper normalization of the dimensional contact parameters, such as the contact area, load, interference and maximum equivalent von Mises stresses in the coating and in the substrate was used to obtain a universal model of the elastic contact. This model provides empirical relations between these contact parameters for a wide range of mechanical and geometrical properties, which are different from the classical Hertz solution for a homogeneous sphere compressed by a rigid flat. The model also introduces a new approach for calculating the limit of elasticity in the coated system.

4:30 – 5 pm Nanostructured Composite Ni-P Electrodeposits as Alternative to Hard Chrome Coatings D. Drees, E. Georgiou, Falex Tribology NV, Rotselaar, Belgium, A. Zoikis-Karathanasis, T. Kosanovic Milickovic, I. Deligkiozi, Centre for Technology Research and Innovation, Limassol , Cyprus, J. Celis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Ni-P nanocomposites have attracted the scientific and industrial interest mainly due to their mechanical and chemical characteristics. A potential application, is as a replacement for hard chrome coatings, as chromium plating poses serious environmental and hazard issues. This study presents the synthesis, characterization and tribological properties of nanostructured electrodeposited Ni-P coatings containing dispersed SiC and CNT nanoparticles. The microstructure-property relationship for these nanocomposites, as well as their tribological performance are compared to existing industrially applied hard chrome coatings and state-of-the-art benchmark materials. The results clearly illustrate that Ni-P nanocomposite coatings can be used to replace hard


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chrome coatings. Furthermore, it should be pointed out, that electrodeposition is a very flexible technique that can be easily implemented on the industrial scale.

5 – 5:30 pm Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication of Nanoand Micro-Structured Surface Coatings S. Giasson, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada We investigated the effect of structure and elasticity of coatings on friction using soft and hard nano- and micro-particles covalently attached on silica-based substrates into monolayers of heterogeneous coverage but equivalent surface patterns. All structured surfaces exhibited weak adhesion and the friction coefficients (10-3<µ<10-2) were similar or even lower than that measured on smooth coated surfaces. In addition, the structured surfaces could sustain higher loads (with low µ and without surface damage) than the smooth ones. The lowest friction coefficient was measured between hard structured surfaces most probably due to the negligible elastic contribution and the effect of asperities on reducing the real contact area. Soft patterned surfaces provide elastic effects that can be tuned via change in pH which induce changes in the swelling. The friction coefficient decreased (from 10-1 to 10-2) with increasing swelling of immobilized NPs.

Session 2O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY II Session Chair: A. Pitenis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Session Vice Chair: M. Sidebottom, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

1:30 – 2 pm The Tribological and Liquid Aluminum Adhesion Properties of AlCrN Coatings Deposited using Modulated Pulsed Power Magnetron Sputtering Technologies Combined with Femtosecond Laser Surface Texture Treatment B. Wang, E. Block, N. Worts, A. Korenyi-Both, J. Squier, G. Bourne, S. Midson, M. Kaufman, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO It has been established that femtosecond laser patterning of surfaces can be used to make them either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. However, it has not been determined whether wetting of liquid metals are effected in the same manner or how such patterning affects wear properties. In this study, we attempt to answer these questions by producing an H13 steel surface that has been modified by a femtosecond laser to create various surface textures followed by deposition of an oxidation-resistant AlCrN coating using modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering (MPPMS). The MPPMS technique has the ability to produce fully dense, smooth coatings. The structural and tribological properties of the resulting surfaces as well as their wetting behavior with a liquid aluminum alloy were characterized by Xray diffraction, pin-on-disk wear tests, and a recently- developed aluminum adhesion test and the results of these studies will be presented and discussed.

highly damage tolerant, thermal shock resistant, readily machinable, and with Vickers hardness values of 2–8 GPa, are anomalously soft for transition metal carbides and nitrides. Previously it was shown that MAX Phase-based composites can be used as shafts against SA (Super Alloys) foils for different foil bearing applications at 50,000 rpm from RT till 550oC during thermal cycling. In this paper, I will present some of the recent studies of MAX Phase based solid lubricant materials.

2:30 – 3 pm Wear Mechanism of III-Nitride Semiconductor Material G. Zeng, N. Tansu, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA III-nitride materials have been extensively applied to solar cells, thermoelectricity, power electronics, etc. due to their remarkable electronic properties. Particularly, III-nitride-based multi-quantum well cover wide spectral range from near infrared down to ultraviolet and make III-nitride irreplaceable in our modern LED industry. However, when compared with research for III-nitrides’ optoelectronic properties, there is still lack of their mechanical properties study, especially the wear performance when subjected to harsh environments. GaN coating have remarkably low wear rate of ~ 8×10-9mm3/Nm. Here, we aim to understand this low wear rate through multiscale characterization techniques to analyze the wear performance of GaN and try to find out the controlling factor and wear mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that GaN has an ultra-low wear rate, approaching diamond and this property highly depends on several factors, including crystallographic direction and humidity.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Electrical Behavior of Mechano-Chemical Deposits on Sliding Contacts M. Dugger, B. Nation, R. Colbert, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM Reactions between damping fluids and electrical contact surfaces containing copper have previously been shown to lead to the formation of a high molecular weight insulating deposit at room temperature, due to mechanical contact alone in the absence of electrical signals. These films can reduce friction, but also increase electrical contact resistance. In the present work, the conditions required for passage of current through the deposit and the resulting impact of that current on the deposit and the electrical contact materials has been investigated. It has been found that at sufficiently high electrical potential and/or current values, current will flow through the insulating deposits created by surface reactions, resulting in a subsequent lowering of electrical contact resistance at that location. The fundamental mechanisms associated with these changes in contact resistance of surface deposits will be discussed.

2 – 2:30 pm Current Progress in the Development of MAX Phase-Based Solid Lubricant Materials S. Gupta, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND It is well known that Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases (over 60+ phases) are thermodynamically stable nanolaminates. These phases display unusual, and sometimes unique, properties. These phases possess a Mn+1AXn chemistry, where n is 1, 2, or 3, M is an early transition metal element, A is an A-group element, and X is C or N. These phases are

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Technical Sessions 4:30 – 5 pm Origin of Sustained and Reproducible Macroscale Superlubricity in Graphene-Nanodiamond Ensembles

Session 2P

NANOTRIBOLOGY II: NANOMATERIALS AND NANOSCALE ANALYSIS

D. Berman, S. Deshmukh, S. Sankaranarayanan, A. Erdemir, A. Sumant, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Maintaining sustained superlubricity at macro and engineering scales, has been challenging so far. Earlier efforts were focused on realizing the structural superlubricity at nanoscale, where near zero friction originates from perfect incommensurability of sliding lattice planes in graphite. We experimentally demonstrate that superlubricity can be realized at macroscale by combined uses of graphene and nanodiamonds sliding against a DLC surface (Science 348(2015)). During sliding graphene patches wrap around nanodiamonds and form nanoscrolls with reduced contact area, while DLC provides a perfect incommensurate surface to achieve superlubricity (COF of 0.004) for extended duration. Our large-scale molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the mesoscopic link that bridges the nanoscale mechanics and macroscopic experimental observations. This discovery provides a fundamental basis for developing a universal friction mechanism that could predict frictional behavior of 2D materials systems.

5 – 5:30 pm Predicting Friction Regimes in Metallic Contacts M. Chandross, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuqueruqe, NM, S. Cheng, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, N. Argibay, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM Tribologists often rely on phenomenological models to describe the various regimes of metal wear. Pure metals such as gold exhibit high friction/wear, while nanocrystalline metals often show lower friction/wear. A connection between hardness and friction is often used to explain this response and to guide designs. We present simulations and experiments that demonstrate a general framework for connecting materials properties to tribological response. We show that competition between grain refinement and coarsening explains the transient and steady state tribology of metals and leads to the different tribological behaviors. This will enable the engineering of tribological contacts based on grain boundary kinetics. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000

5:30 – 6 pm Slippery Physics: Soft Matter Tribology W. Sawyer, A. Pitenis, J. Uruena, K. Schulze, R. Nixon, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Recent experiments with polyacrylamide (pAAm) hydrogels in a selfmated (i.e. twinned) Gemini sliding contact have shown friction behavior contrary to the classic Stribeck curve. This surprising behavior could be described by soft condensed matter physics, where thermal fluctuations are known to dominate polymer networks. Soft matter tribology studies similarly suggest a molecular view of a blurred (thermal) potential surface with minimal energy barriers to sliding. The resulting shear stresses during sliding are likely related to the shearing of solvent (water) through the thermally fluctuating polymer chains at the surface. The amplitude of their thermal vibrations is therefore directly related to the mesh size, and any mechanism that increases the fluctuating amplitudes or decreases the polymer concentration will drastically decrease the surface shear stresses and result in lower friction coefficients.

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• Jubilee 3

Session Chair: C. Wen, Petronas Group Technical Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Session Vice Chair: K. Sinha, Chevron Oronite LLC, Bellaire, TX

1:30 – 2 pm Effect of Load and Wear Track Spacing on the Strain Field Produced during Nanowear B. Schultz, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, N. Mara, N. Li, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, M. Kennedy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC Many studies have characterized the wear mechanisms and change in mechanical properties of thin films produced when worn using nanoindenter systems. Understanding the extent of the strain field produced for each parallel linear pass is essential in understanding the limitations and sensitivities when using a nanoindenter for wear. While empirical models indicate that the strain across these wear boxes can be either uniform or heterogeneous, depending on the load and pass spacing with a conispherical tip, this experiment will show how these strain changes are distinct enough to change the measured hardness. To determine a potential strain field change, nanoindentation was performed inside the boxes at altered loads to determine if a strain field alteration could be observed in changes in hardness and modulus in a copper thin film. 10-step indents (200-2000 µN) were indented into 40x40, 60x60, and 80x80 µm wear boxes with single pass normal wear loads ranging from 25-800 µN.

2 – 2:30 pm Controllable Triboluminenscence in Crystals L. Ma, K. Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, X. Xu, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, J. Luo, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Triboluminescence, a historic phenomenon, has been drawing much attention in the past several decades. The rupture of the material, the triboelectrification, as well as other mechanisms have been invoked to account for the origin of triboluminescence, but which is still not well understood. Here we report facile approaches to control the triboluminescence intensity with a spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared, in particular, identify the properties of such luminescence under different conditions, by rubbing sapphire against silica. This will shed new light on both the origins of applications of triboluminescence in crystals.

2:30 – 3 pm Effects of Sliding Speed on the Intensity of Triboluminescence in Slide Contact: Experimental Measurements and Theoretical Analyses X. Xu, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, L. Ma, J. Luo, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Triboluminescence (TL) is the emission of light produced by rubbing or striking two materials together. Here, the light emission has been observed from the sliding contact between two disks under dry condition. The effects of the sliding speed on the intensity of TL have been experimentally investigated. The results show that the intensity of the emission light increases significantly with the sliding speed. A theoretical model is also proposed and an analytical expression is deduced for the intensity of TL in the slide contact. The theoretical prediction is found consistent with the experimental results. The present work may be helpful to the understanding of the mechanism of light emission when friction.


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3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4:30 – 5 pm Load Dependent Friction Hysteresis on Graphene Z. Ye, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, P. Egberts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, G. Han, A. Johnson, R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA A hysteresis between the loading and unloading segments of nanoscale friction versus load measurements has been observed on a variety of substrates, including graphene, polymers, silica and mica. This friction hysteresis is manifested by increasing friction with increasing load (loading) and then decreasing friction with decreasing load (unloading), where friction measured at a given load is less during loading than during unloading. Here, we probe the origins of load dependent friction hysteresis for friction between atomic force microscope (AFM) tips and graphene using experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations are used to examine and compare the load-dependent friction hysteresis in both vacuum and humid air conditions. The simulations are then used to explore variations of the surface topography and the water meniscus, both of which determine the contact area and adhesion at interface, and in turn, influence the measured frictional behavior.

5 – 5:30 pm Synthesis and Tribological Properties of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives in Water H. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Luo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Surface-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplatelets were synthesized and well dispersed in water. Tribological evaluation with a ball-on-disk tribometer shows that both friction-reducing and antiwear property of LDH nanoplatelets as water-based lubricant additives under high contact pressure can be dramatically improved because of exhibiting a good lubricating layer between asperities, owing to their small lateral size and excellent dispersion. Compared with the pure water, the friction coefficient, scar diameter, depth, and width of the wear track with the addition of LDH decreased by 83.1%, 43.2%, 88.5%, and 59.5%, respectively. Our investigations enrich the research about water-based lubricants and has potential value in energy saving, machining, equipment operation and other practical industrialization.

5:30 – 6 pm Tribological Behavior of Halloysite Clay Nanotubes as Extreme-Pressure Additives in Metal-Forming Lubricants L. Peña-Parás, M. Irigoyen, D. Maldonado, P. García-Pineda, J. Guerra, J. Taha-Tijerina, Universidad de Monterrey, Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Nanoparticles have been recently used as additives for improving tribological performance of lubricants. Halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally-occurring, low-cost, and non-toxic, making them attractive as eco-friendly EP additives. In this study, HNTs were homogeneously dispersed with varying concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.10 wt%) into a polymeric lubricant for metal-forming applications and tested under extreme pressure (EP) conditions. The tribological properties of nanolubricants were characterized with two different methods. The ITeE-PIB Polish method for testing lubricants under scuffing conditions on a four-ball-tribotester was conducted in order to obtain the loadcarrying capacity (poz); a block-on-ring test at extreme-pressures was used to obtain wear volume loss and coefficient of friction (COF). Results showed that 0.10 wt% HNTs successfully improved the scuffing load and the load-carrying capacity of the lubricant by 40% and ~30%, respectively.

Registration available for STLE Certification Exams All four of STLE’s certification exams: Certified Lubrication Specialist, Oil Monitoring Analyst I and II and Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist will be conducted concurrently on Thursday, May 19 from 9 am to Noon in Palace 3. Individuals must be registered for the exams in advance, however, onsite registration is available on a limited basis. For more information, stop by the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon. Registration and sign-in starts at 8:30 am. Fees: First exam: $380 (STLE member), $510 (Non-member), Retake exam: $190 (STLE member), $255 (Non-member).

Share your STLE 2016 Annual Meeting Presentation with Submission of an Extended Abstract Each year, STLE’s annual meeting is known for its exceptional technical content. With more than 500 papers to choose from, a major concern for attendees is scheduling conflicts, as they sometimes miss presentations that they would like to hear or cannot share materials with their colleagues who are unable to attend the meeting. In an effort to provide attendees with the opportunity of not missing a presentation, STLE encourages speakers to submit either a 2-3 page extended abstract or provide digital PDF copies of their annual meeting presentation slides. For more information, visit www.stle.org or email Karl Phipps, [email protected] to submit materials. *Please note: Attendees can download STLE 2016 Annual Meeting presentations online at www.stle.org during and immediately following the meeting. Also, presentations can be accessed through the STLE Annual Meeting Mobile App. Be sure to check both the STLE website and Mobile App for the latest updates on presentations that have been added by speakers, as they become available.

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GO FARTHER, GO MORE EFFICIENTLY, GO WITH US. Rigorously challenged in the most extreme environments. Dow teamed up with Richard Childress Racing to test and develop premium greases and gear lubricants that can endure the punishing conditions of the race track. The result? Improved lubrication, reduced fluid migration, and increased efficiency. Now it’s your turn in the driver’s seat.

Your project is our project. Your focus is our focus. We at Dow are fully committed to collaborating with you to enable your formulating success. Our experts will share that knowledge in groundbreaking technical presentations. Join the conversation online or at STLE 2016. Booth 301 | www.dowatstle.com Join us at www.linkedin.com/company/dow-performance-lubricants ®™The DOW Diamond Logo is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company The stylized No. 3 and the RCR checkered flag logo are registered trademarks of RCR Enterprises, LLC. Austin Dillon’s name, likeness, signature, and the AD stylized logo are registered trademarks of Austin Dillon. All trademarks and the likeness of the No.3 race car are used under license from their owners. LinkedIn, the LinkedIn logo, the IN logo and InMail are registered trademarks or trademarks of LinkedIn Corporation and its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries.


TUESDAY, MAY 17 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum

Technical Sessions (2 – 6 pm) 4A Commercial Marketing Forum IV – Bronze 4 4B Lubrication Fundamentals IV: Computational EHL – Bronze 3

Commercial Exhibits & Student Posters (9:30 am – Noon & 2 – 5:30 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

4C Engine & Drivetrain IV – Special Session – Advances in Lubricants and Automotive Tribology for Fuel Economy – Bronze 2


4D Rolling Element Bearings II – Skyview 3

3A Commercial Marketing Forum III – Bronze 4

4E Metalworking IV – Silver

3B Lubrication Fundamentals III: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication – Bronze 3

4F Non-Ferrous Metals I: Additives – Palace 3

3C Engine & Drivetrain III – Bronze 2 3D Rolling Element Bearings I – Skyview 3 3E Metalworking III – Silver 3F Grease II – Palace 3 3G Gears II – Palace 4/5 3H Fluid Film Bearings III – Las Vegas 1 3I Biotribology III – Las Vegas 2 3J Power Generation II: Controlling Varnish – Las Vegas 3 3K Ceramics and Composites II – Las Vegas 4 3L Synthetics & Hydraulics II – Las Vegas 5 3M Seals III – Las Vegas 6/7

4G Gears III – Palace 4/5 4H Fluid Film Bearings IV – Las Vegas 1 4I Biotribology IV – Las Vegas 2 4J Power Generation III: Contamination Control – Las Vegas 3 4L Synthetics & Hydraulics III – Las Vegas 5 4K Wear I: Experimental Study of Wear – Las Vegas 4 4M Seals IV – Las Vegas 6/7 4N Surface Engineering IV – Jubilee 1 4O Materials Tribology IV – Jubilee 2 4P Nanotribology IV: Nanoparticle Additives – Jubilee 3 Exhibitor Appreciation Break (3 – 4 pm) – Bally’s Event Center

3N Surface Engineering III – Jubilee 1 3O Materials Tribology III –Jubilee 2 3P Nanotribology III: Nanoparticle Additives – Jubilee 3 Presidents Luncheon/Business Meeting (Noon – 2 pm) – Platinum

Exhibit Hours Tuesday (9:30 am – Noon) & (2 – 5:30 pm) Closed for Presidents Luncheon (Noon – 2 pm) Exhibitor Appreciation Hour (3 – 4 pm) The exhibition is in the Bally’s Event Center. Beverage Breaks are scheduled at 10 am and 3 pm daily.

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TUESDAY, MAY 17, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 3A CMF III

SESSION 3B Lubrication Fundamentals III

SESSION 3C Engine & Drivetrain III

Bronze 4

Bronze 3

Bronze 2

SESSION 3D Rolling Element Bearings I Skyview 3

8 – 8:30 am

Tianhe Chemicals – Tianhe Chemicals Additives Division – An Introduction, S.K. Raghuram, p. 62

Investigation of the Difference in Liquid Superlubricity Between Water- and Oil-Based Lubricants, J. Li, p. 62

Scientific Approach to Development of HighEfficiency Lubricants, A. Petterson, p. 66

Microstructural and Material Quality Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Highly Elastic Intermetallic NiTi Ball Bearings, C. DellaCorte, p. 68

8:30 – 9 am

Dodecene-Based Synfluid® PAOs: Volatility, Viscosity Index and CCS Advantages!, K. Hope, p. 62

Effects of Oil-Air Lubrication on the Film Forming Behavior at High Speeds, H. Liang, p. 64

The Role Additive Chemistry Plays in Increasing and Decreasing Timing Chain Wear, C. Esche, p. 66

High-Speed Effects of Silicon Nitride Balland Rollers on Rolling Bearing Life, E. Zaretsky, p. 68

9 – 9:30 am

Sea-Land Chemical – Finding It’s Purpose, J. Clayton, p. 62

Estimation of Temperature and Effects of Oxidation in Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, J. Kelly, p. 64

A Modified Auto-Engine Oil Drain Plug for In-Situ Ultrasonic Viscosity Monitoring, R. Mills, p. 66

Accelerated Life Testing of Pyrowear 675 Material on Ball-on-Rod Rolling Contact Fatigue Tester at 218 0C (425 0F), H. Trivedi, p. 68

9:30 –10 am

HyGold 5000BS – Next Generation Group I Bright Stock, E. Casserly, p. 62

Elastohydrodynamic Friction Properties of Well-Defined Base Fluids, H. Spikes, p. 64

In-Manufacture Running-In of Engine Components by Using the Triboconditioning Process, B. Zhmud, p. 66

Effect of Case Hardening on Fatigue Life Predictions of Bearing Steels, N. Londhe, p. 68

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

Break

Break

10:30 – 11 am

ANGUS Chemical Co. – A History of MWF Innovation, M. Lewis, p. 62

Effects of Micro EHL Loss in Boundary Regime Sliding, R. Erck, p. 64

A Study of the Effect of Aged Engine Oil on the Wear Mechanism of Engine Oil Pump, F. Motamen Salehi, p. 66

Rolling Contact Fatigue of Case Carburized Steels, A. Walvekar, p, 68

11 – 11:30 am

Lubrizol Expands MWF Biocide Portfolio, G. Kirsch, p. 62

Tribological Properties of Oil Soluble Polyacrylates with Hydroxyethyl Group, K. Yamamoto, p. 64

Correlating Laboratory Oil Coking Rig Tests to Diesel Engine Tests to Understand the Mechanisms Responsible for Turbocharger Compressor Coking, D. Uy, p. 66

Rolling Contact Fatigue Crack Propagation in Nitrided Alloyed Steels, M. Le, p. 69

Correlative Consideration with Deposit Formation and Oil Characteristics, K. Wadayama, p. 68

EHA Pump Cam Bearing Failure and Life Extension Analysis, B. Jalalahmadi, p. 69

11:30 – Noon

Fighting MWF Corrosion in a Changing Market: Lubrizol’s Trusted Solutions, B. Faber, p. 62

SESSION 4A CMF IV Bronze 4 2 – 2:30 pm

2:30 – 3 pm

3 –4 pm

Afton Chemical’s Key Driver Seminar – Gearing up for the Future: An OEM Perspective of Industrial Gear Oil Dynamics, D. Gajewski, p. 87

Exhibitor Break

SESSION 4B Lubrication Fundamentals IV

SESSION 4C Engine & Drivetrain IV

Bronze 3

Bronze 2

SESSION 4D Rolling Element Bearings II Skyview 3

Elastohydrodynamic Study Using Discontinuous Finite Volume Method, P. Singh, p. 88

New Heavy-Duty Motor Oils to Enable the Next Generation of Low GHG Diesel Engines: API CK-4 and API FA-4, S. Whitacre, p. 88

Influence of Contact Conditions and Steel Properties on Propagation of Rolling Contact Fatigue Cracks, P. Rycerz, p. 89

Studies of Elastohydrodynamic Llubrication Using CFD-Based Finite-Volume Technique, D. Lee, p. 88

Lubricant Developments for Advanced Drivetrain Hardware, G. Guinther, p. 89

A More Accurate and Faster Method to Obtain the Force and Moment Distribution in Roller Bearing, S. Zhu, p. 89

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

4 – 4:30 pm

Pour Point Depressant Considerations when Blending With Re-refined Base Stocks, R. Gomes, p. 87

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Coated Specimens under EHL Point Contact for Film Thickness and Friction Characterization, D. Pickens, p. 88

A Holistic View of the Role of Lubricants in Fuel Efficiency, J. Bansal, p. 89

Thermoelastic Contact with a Rough Surface Involving Distributed Inhomogeneities, Q. Zhou, p. 89

4:30 – 5 pm

High Performance Gear Oils, D. Stonecipher, Chemtura Corp., p.87

PMD Method for Numerical Solution of ThinFilm and Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, W. Pu, p. 88

Mechanical Friction Reduction Trends in Engines, A. Gangopadhyay, p. 89

A Notation for Elementary Solutions of Inhomogeneous Contact Analysis by the Semi-Analytical Method, X. Zhang, p. 90

5 – 5:30 pm

The Latest in Estolide Development, J. Bredsguard, Biosynthetic Technologies, p. 87

Lubrication Fundamentals Business Meeting

Q&A Session

Effective Elastic-Plastic Properties of a Half Space Containing Multiple Heterogeneities Under Indentation, K. Amuzuga, p. 90

5:30 – 6 pm

The Past and Present Versus the Future in Automotive Engine Oils, T. Dasbach, Institute of Materials, p. 87

Engine and Drivetrain Business Meeting

Influence of the Balls Kinematics and Ball/Race Contact Models on Quasi-Static Approaches for Ball Bearing, C. Servais, p. 90

6 – 6:30 pm

58

Rolling Element Bearings Business Meeting


www.stle.org

SESSION 3E Metalworking III Silver

SESSION 3F Grease II

SESSION 3G Gears II

SESSION 3H Fluid Film Bearings III

Palace 3

Palace 4/5

Las Vegas 1 8 – 8:30 am

Chemiometric Approach in Developing New Biostable Water Soluble MWFs, M. Bellini, p. 69

Energy Efficiency and Lubrication Mechanisms of Polypropylene Thickened Greases, J. Leckner, p. 70

A Parametric Study of Micropitting Formation Using a Microstructure-Based Damage Model, N. Bolander, p. 72

Adenosine Triphosphate Testing to Evaluate Biofilm Dispersants, F. Passman, p. 69

Effect of Microstructure and Rheology on the Grease EHL Film Thickness at Medium Speeds, F. Cyriac, p. 70

Standardization of Micropitting Test acc. FVA 54/7 – Status of Preparation Work, T. Tobie, p. 72

Inertia Effect and the Turbulence Effect on the Lubrication Performance of the High Speed Water-Lubricated Thrust Bearings, Z. Song, p. 74

8:30 – 9 am

Metalworking Fluid Rapid Testing for Microbial Resistance, N. Webb, p. 69

Free-Surface Flow of Lubricating Greases, L. Westerberg, p. 70

Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Hypoid Gears, V. Dr. Simon, p. 72

Identification of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of a Hydrostatic Bearing with Angled Injection and Textured Housing, P. Jolly, p. 74

9 – 9:30 am

Vapor Phase of Dicyclohexylamine Can Inhibit Biofilm Formation, V. Stoldt, p. 69

Investigation into the Dynamic Particle Generation of Lubricating Greases, W. Flaherty, p. 72

Thermal Modeling of a Twin-Discmachine, G. Isaac, p. 74

Water Lubricated Main Shaft Bearings with Three Layer Bush – Modern Solution for Marine Industry, W. Litwin, p. 76

9:30 –10 am

Break

Break

Break

Break

10 – 10:30 am

Influence of Biocides Behavior on Biofilm Control, M. Rioux, p. 70

Inferiority Complex? Dropping Point Enhancement in Grease, J. Kaperick, p. 72

Effects of Micro-Geometry Features and Profile Error on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Helical Gears, A. Clarke, p. 74

Lubrication and Accelerated Life Studies of Water-Lubricated Journal Bearing with Different Lubricating Material, Y. Han, p. 76

10:30 – 11 am

Study of Contamination and Performance of Biodegraded Cutting Fluids, M. Finzi, p. 70

Fretting and Scuffing Wear of Grease Lubricated Bearing Steel Contacts, A. Saatchi, p. 72

Influences on the Wear Behavior of Small Module Gears Lubricated with High Consistency Greases, H. Schultheiss, p. 74

Water Cooled Thrust Bearing: An Experimental Investigation, N. Farooq, p. 76

11 – 11:30 am

Much Ado About Amides: Formulating Alkanolamides in Metalworking Fluids, E. Schnellbacher, p. 70

Grease Business Meeting

Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gear Transmission Based on EEMD and Vibration Spectrum Analysis, Y. Zhang, p. 74

Study on Stribeck Curves for WaterLubricated Rubber Bearings with Spiral Grooves, G. Zhou, p. 76

11:30 – Noon

SESSION 4E Metalworking IV Silver

SESSION 4F Non-Ferrous Metals I Palace 3

SESSION 4G Gears III Palace 4/5

SESSION 4H Fluid Film Bearings IV Las Vegas 1

Tools for Screening Process Fluids Performance, A. Tomala, p. 90

Water Dispersible Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum Cutting Fluids, A. Michael, p. 92

Tribological Assessment of Gear Materials for Loss of Lubrication Survivability, K. Radil, p. 93

Dynamic Response of Polymers for Journal Bearing Linings, S. Glavatskih, p. 94

2 – 2:30 pm

Twist Compression Test (TCT) Boundary Lubrication Results of Chlorinated Parrafin (CP) and CP Replacements on Various Metals, T. McClure, p. 90

Al Cold Rolling – Recovery of Rolling Oil From Exhaust Air, O. Seiferth, p. 92

Scuffing Resistance and Starved Lubrication Behavior in Helicopter Gear Steels: Dependence on Surface Coatings, M. Riggs p. 93

Transient Performance of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings Coated with PEEK or White Metal, J. Bouyer, p. 94

2:30 – 3 pm

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

3 –4 pm

Evaluating the Next Generation of Metalworking Fluids and Industrial Lubricants Using Non-Standard Test Methods, B. Dubbert, p. 92

Antioxidants and Charge Control Additives for Ester Oils, T. Karis, p. 92

The Progression of Gear Tooth Damage in a Loss-of-Lubrication Event, S. Berkebile, p. 93

Temperature Monitoring of PEEK Bearings, J. Zhou, p. 94

4 – 4:30 pm

Grinding of Inconel 718 Alloy with Air-OilWater Mixture Delivered by MQL Technique, R. Da Silva, p. 92

Waste Water Treatment Technologies, A. Knopp, p. 93

Investigation of Solid Lubricants for Use in Aviation Gearboxes, J. Ewin, p. 93

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Polymer-Lined Journal Bearings on the Dynamic Behavior of a Simple Rotor Bearing System, T. Snyder, p. 94

4:30 – 5 pm

Chemistry-Structure-Performance Relationship of Various Organic Stain Inhibitors in MWF, H. Kim, p. 92

Non-Ferrous Business Meeting

Gears Business Meeting

Experimental Study of the Influence of Scratches on Two-Lobe Journal Bearing Performance, C. Giraudeau, p. 94

5 – 5:30 pm

Fluid Film Bearings Business Meeting

5:30 – 6 pm

A Type of Plant Oil-Based Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloy, C. Zhang, p. 92

Metalworking Business Meeting

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TUESDAY >>


59

TUESDAY, MAY 17, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 3L Synthetics & Hydraulics III

SESSION 3I Biotribology III

SESSION 3J Power Generation II

SESSION 3K Ceramics & Composites II

Las Vegas 2

Las Vegas 3

Las Vegas 4

Reactive Nature of Oil Degradation Products (AKA Varnish Precursors) and How it Impacts Possible Strategies to Extend the Life of Turbine Oil, G. Livingstone, p. 77

Research of Particle Friction in the Annular Plug During the Oil and Gas Drilling, L. Yang, p. 78

Additive Technology for Halogen-Free Room Temperature Ionic Liquids, E. Nyberg, p. 79

8 – 8:30 am

Las Vegas 5

8:30 – 9 am

Effect of Alcohol on the Formation and Lubricating Properties of Salivary Pellicle on Human Tooth Enamel, J. Zheng, p. 76

Influence of Base Oil on Turbine Oil Varnish, J. Hannon, p. 77

Substituting Tungsten Carbide (WC) as Cutting Tools and for Wear Protection by Niobium Carbide (NbC), M. Woydt, p. 78

The Synthesis and Tribological Performance of Phosphonium/Phosphate-Based Ionic Liquids as Friction-Reducing Engine Oil Additives, M. Welmers, p. 79

9 – 9:30 am

Effects of the Silica Particles Properties on the Tribological Removal of Teeth Biofilms, M. Popa, p. 76

The Solution to Fix Varnish Issue in Gas Turbine Lubricants, B. Bai, p. 77

Sliding Friction and Casing Wear Behavior of PCD Reinforced WC Matrix Composites Under Water Lubrication, K. Zhang, p. 78

Analysis of the Tribochemical Behaviour of Ionic Liquids in Contact with Steel and Titanium Substrates in High Vacuum Environment, F. Pagano, p. 79

9:30 –10 am

On the Preventive Effect of Polysaccharide Food Gum on Dental Erosio, L. Zheng, p. 77

Influence of Solvents, Filtering Oil Temperature and Incubation Period on Membrane Patch Color, T. Kon, p. 78

Challenge between Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites and Microcomposites for Tribological Applications, A. Dorri Moghadam, p. 79

Characterization and Analysis of Ultra-Thin Boundary Lubrication Film with Novel Heterocyclic Friction Modifier, X. He, p. 79

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

10:30 – 11 am

Friction and Wear in Live Cell Mucin, J. Uruena, p. 77

Healthy Evaluation of Long-Term Used Gas Turbine Oil by the Membrane Patch Colorimetry, T. Honda, p. 78

11 – 11:30 am

Behavior and Mechanism of Ultralow Friction of Basil Seed Gel, Y. Liu, p. 77

Media Selection for Treating Fluid Degradation in Group II & Group V Turbine Oil Mixturesedia, J. Mehta, p. 78

11:30 – Noon

Break Performance of High TBN Sulficylates, J. Wei, p. 80

Utilizing a Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) Test to Predict Fouling Characteristics of High Performance Compressor Lubricants, B. Branson, p. 80 Ceramics and Composites Business Meeting

Response of Artificial Cell Membranes to Normal and Shear Stresses, R. EspinosaMarzal, p. 77

SESSION 4I Biotribology IV

SESSION 4J Power Generation III

SESSION 4K Wear I

Las Vegas 2

Las Vegas 3

Las Vegas 4

2 – 2:30 pm

Tactile Feedback About Various Surfaces and Governing Factor Discriminating Touch Sensibility, M. Kim, p. 96

Mechanisms Responsible For Electrostatic Discharges Associated With Liquid Filters, W. Needelman, p. 98

2:30 – 3 pm

Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Frictional Behaviour of Human Skin, M. Masen, p. 96

Higher Purity Lubricants for Large Steam & Gas Turbines Create New Issues Through the Generation & Longevity of Electrostatic Charges in the Oil, G. Munson, p. 98

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

3 –4 pm

Break Panel Discussion

SESSION 4L Synthetics & Hydraulics III Las Vegas 5 Preparation and Evaluation of Metallocene Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Based on -olefins made from Coal, J. Li, p. 99

Sliding Wear of Spark Plasma Sintered CrFeCoNiCu High Entropy Alloy Coatings: Effect of Aluminum Addition, X. Ji, p. 98

Exhibitor Break

Substitution of Group I Base Oils in Industrial Lubricants- Applications in Model Hydraulic Fluid Formulations, T. Norrby, p. 99

Exhibitor Break

4 – 4:30 pm

Artificial Human Skin Simulating In-Vivo Friction and Deformation for Dry and Moist Skin Conditions, S. Franklin, p. xxx

A Novel, Condensate Polymer Coalescer for Free Water Removal from Steam Turbine Lubricating Oils, J. Duchowski, p. x98

Experimental Study of the Wear Process at the Rod/Seal Interface in a Reciprocating Sealing System, S. Tsala p. 99

Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycols – A Versatile Component for Enabling the Formulation of Modern Gear Lubricants, M. Greaves, p. 100

4:30 – 5 pm

Understanding Lubrication During Shaving, S. Whitehouse, p. 96

Purification of In-Service Hydraulic and Lubrication Fluids – A Review of Commonly Used Methods, K. Farooq, p. 98

Experimental Study of the Removal of the Tribofilm Generated by Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate, P. Parsaeian, p. 99

Performance of Lubricants Formulated with a New Group V Base Stock, M. McElwain, p. 100

5 – 5:30 pm

Biomimetic Wall-Shaped Hierarchical Microstructure for Gecko-Like Attachment, M. Varenberg, p. 96

Power Generation Business Meeting

Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Al2O3 and SiC Particles Reinforced Aluminium-Based MMCs by Taguchi Method, J. V. Menghani, p. 99

5:30 – 6 pm

Multi-Scale Finite Element Model for Predicting Hysteresis Coefficient of Friction of Slip-Resistant Shoes, S. M.Moghaddam, p. 96

Wear Resistance Experiments on Phosphorus Eutectic Cast-Iron with Double-Doped Rare Earth, T. Li, p. 99

Synthetics & Hydraulics Business Meeting

6 – 6:30 pm

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SESSION 3M Seals III Las Vegas 6/7

SESSION 3N Surface Engineering III

SESSION 3O Materials Tribology III

SESSION 3P Nanotribology III

Jubilee 1

Jubilee 2

Jubilee 3

Comparison of Navier-Stokes and ReynoldsBased Thermofluid Models for a NonContacting Compliant Finger Seal for Aerospace Applications, S. Kline, p. 80

Optimization of Nickel-Based Composite Nanocoatings for Tribological Systems with a Focus on Water-Lubrication Produced by Pulse Electrodeposition, Z. Khan, p. 82

Low-Temperature Friction Variation with MoS2-Based Lubricants, J. Lince, p. 84

Effect of Particle Morphology and Structure on Durability of MoS2 Nanoparticle Tribofilm, M. Lorenzo Martin, p. 86

8 – 8:30 am

Leaking Through Spiral-Grooved Gas Face Seal with Arbitrary Gap Shape, A. Vinogradov, p. 80

Computational Wear and Corrosion Evaluation of Novel Coatings for Automotive and Aerospace Applications, H. Nazir, p. 82

An Investigation of Ti Doped MoS2 Performance in Dry and Lubricated Conditions Under Rolling Contact, H. Singh, p. 85

Effect of Nanoparticle Size on the Tribological Properties of Nanolubricants, L. Peña-Parás p. 86

8:30 – 9 am

Experimental Study of Flow Visualization on Dry Gas Seal Face, M. Ochiai, p. 80

The Impact of High Salt and Dust Particles on the Surface Durability of Waste-Gate Turbocharger End Links, A. Saeed, p. 82

Temperature Dependent Wear and Friction of MoS2 at the Extremes, T. Babuska, p. 85

Tribological Behavior of WS2 Nanoparticles in PAO Base Oil on Smooth and Rough Surfaces, F. Dassenoy, p. 86

9 – 9:30 am

Mixed Lubrication Numerical Model by Inverse Lubrication Theory & Experimental Verification of Hydraulic Rod Seals, C. Wu, p. 80

Production of Few Layer Graphene by Liquid Phase Exfoliation as a Nano-Composite Candidate for Surface Engineering, S. Shah, p. 84

Environmental Sensitivity of MoS2 Coatings: Probing the First Few Layers, J. Curry, p. 85

Tribological & Wear Characteristics of Fluids Containing Suspensions of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials, J. Shelton, p. 86

9:30 –10 am

Break

Break

Break

10 – 10:30 am

Break Analysis of Intermittent Rub in Mechanical Face Seals, P. Varney, p. 82

Slurry Erosive Wear Behaviour of TiO2 – 30 wt% Inconel-718 Plasma Sprayed Coatings on Al6061 Substrate, R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, p. 84

Experimental Micro-Mechanical Characterization of a Dry Lubricated Macro-Contact to Develop DEM Tribological Models, G. Colas, p. 85

Submicrometer Carbon Spheres as Lubricant Additives for Friction and Wear Reduction, A. Alazemi, p. 86

10:30 – 11 am

The Effect of Machine Vibration on the Dynamic Behavior of Mechanical Face Seal, I. Green, p. 82

Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of HVOF Thermally Sprayed Titania Coatings, R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, p. 84

Fretting Wear Behavior of Cu-MoS2 and Cu-MoS2-WC Coatings Fabricated by Cold Spray, Y. Zhang, p. 85

The Effects of Different Additives on the Tribological Behavior of WS2 Nanoparticles in Lubricants – Correlation Calculations, I. Jenei, p. 86

11 – 11:30 am

Modelling of the Roughness Induced Pressure Generation between Parallel Surfaces, N. Brunetiere, p. 82

Evolution of the Nano-Scale Mechanical Properties of Tribofilms formed from Low- and High-SAPS Oils, M. Kalin, p. 84

Microstructure and Tribology Behavior of Tungsten Disulfide Solid Lubricant Films by Atomic Layer Deposition, Y. Sun, p. 85

Investigation of the Stability and Tribological Performance of Ionic Nano Liquids, Q. Zou, p. 87

11:30 – Noon

SESSION 4M Seals IV Las Vegas 6/7

SESSION 4N Surface Engineering IV

SESSION 4O Materials Tribology IV

SESSION 4P Nanotribology IV

Jubilee 1

Jubilee 2

Jubilee 3

Analysis of an End Face Mechanical Seal with Internal Valving for Low Power Applications, J. Stieha, p. 100

Bonding Preference of Hydrocarbon Molecules on a Lubricated Disk Surface, C. Yeo, p. 102

Discrimination of the Bulk Material and Tribological Properties of PTFE Based Composites Through Post-mortem Analysis, M. Villavicencio, p. 102

Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Dispersions of Nanomaterials as High Performance Additives for Lubricants, P. von Czarnecki, p. 104

2 – 2:30 pm

The Lift Effect of Waviness Errors in Aerodynamic Lubrication. Application to the Analysis of Annular Segmented Seals, M. Arghir, p. 100

Effects of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification (UNSM) Technique on Wear and Micropitting in Boundary Lubricated SteelSteel Contacts, H. Qin, p. 102

Wear and Friction Behaviour of SelfLubricating Polymer Composite Bearing Materials, M. Rodiouchkina, p. 103

Metal Disulfide Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives for the Automotive Industry, F. Dassenoy, p. 104

2:30 – 3 pm

Exhibitor Break

Exhibitor Break

Seals Business Meeting

Exhibitor Break

A Universal Model for an Elastic-Plastic Coated Spherical Contact with Moderate to Large Coating Thicknesses, Z. Chen, p. 102

Investigating the Evolution of Transfer Films in Polymer Tribology, A. Jean-Fulcrand, p. 103

Tribological Studies on Molybdenum Coatings, P. Nataraj, p. 102

Quantitative Characterization of Solid Lubricant Transfer Films, D. Haidar, p. 103

New Insights into Friction and Wear from Atomic-Scale Measurements: The Role of Energy Barriers, R. Carpick, p. 104

3 –4 pm 4 – 4:30 pm

4:30 – 5 pm

Developing a Mechanistic Framework for Wear of PFA Fluoropolymer/Alumina Composites, M. Sidebottom, p. 103

Interactions between MoS2 Nanotubes and AW/EP Tribofilms, A. Tomala, p. 104

5 – 5:30 pm

A Quantitative Wear Model of Tribological Polymer Composites, J. Ye, p. 103

Friction and Wear Behavior of Blends of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles and Overbased Additives in Common Paraffinic Lubricant Oils, A. Akbarzadeh, p. 104 6 pm – Nanotribology Business Meeting

5:30 – 6 pm

Materials Tribology Business Meeting

www.stle.org

Exhibitor Break


TUESDAY 61

Tuesday, May 17 Session 3A

• Bronze 4

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM III 8 – 8:30 am Tianhe Chemicals – Tianhe Chemicals Additives Division – An Introduction S.K. Raghuram, VP, Mumbai, India

environmentally sustainable additives, ANGUS Chemical Company leverages more than 70 years of nitroalkane chemistry experience. As the world’s only company dedicated to nitroalkanes and their derivatives, ANGUS has the products, ideas and technical expertise needed to improve metalworking fluid additives – extending fluid life while inhibiting corrosion and enhancing biocide performance. This talk will explore how ANGUS enables metalworking fluid innovation, citing real-world examples and research to demonstrate its overall effectiveness in helping your metalworking fluids perform even better.

8:30 – 9 am Dodecene-Based Synfluid® PAOs: Volatility, Viscosity Index and CCS Advantages!

11 – 11:30 am Lubrizol Expands MWF Biocide Portfolio

K. Hope, Chevron Phillips Chemical Co., The Woodlands, TX

Biocide additives prevent microbial growth and are extremely important not only to maintain the critical properties of metalworking fluids (MWF), but also to protect the health and safety of the workers. Globally, Lubrizol offers a range of biocide additives with different ingredients that enable use in aqueous metalworking fluids of varying pH levels. Some of our biocide additives are designed for use in MWF concentrates, some can be used as tankside additives to eliminate problematic bacterial and fungal growth in diluted fluids, and others can be used either in concentrate or tankside applications. Lubrizol is proud to announce that in 2016, we will be adding five new CONTRAM™ MB biocides to our portfolio for the U.S. market. These additives, many of which are registered for both concentrate and tankside use, offer a variety of alternatives for various biological control needs. This talk will focus on the performance of these biocides, including the current CONTRAM™ ST-1 technology.

Although dodecene-based Synfluid® PAOs have been available for many years, specific property advantages that these synthetic base oils address is seen as a good fit for today’s engine oil needs, now and even more so for the future. Initially, dodecene-based PAOs were conceptualized and commercialized due to decene feedstock constraints. However, in addition to the increased feedstock availability, these materials also have a high viscosity index, improved cold crank simulator viscosity and, especially important, low Noack volatility. These benefits are providing formulation flexibility for low viscosity engine oils that are being developed for energy savings. This presentation will focus on the physical and chemical properties that enable improvements for today’s and tomorrow’s engine oils as well as other industrial lubricants.

9 – 9:30 am Sea-Land Chemical – Finding It’s Purpose J. Clayton, Sea-Land Chemical Co., Westlake, OH Learn why Sea-Land Chemical Co. employees are inspired. We are excited to share our purpose and how it will benefit our customers and suppliers. SLC Testing Services has now settled in Cleveland, OH and will continue to provide testing services.

9:30 – 10 am HyGold 5000BS – Next Generation Group I Bright Stock E. Casserly, T. Langlais, Ergon, Inc., Jackson, MS Trends in finished lubricant technologies threaten the viability of legacy Group I refineries and associated bright stock production capacities. Rest assured, Ergon Refining, Inc. is investing in meeting the market’s demand for high-quality bright stock. In Q3 2016, Ergon will release the newest in Group I bright stock technology with their HyGold 5000BS. Ergon manufactures HyGold 5000BS through a propane deasphalting and severe hydrotreating process, yielding a unique combination of high viscosity, low pour point, low odor, good solvency, and a high flash point. HyGold 5000BS has excellent color and appearance versus competitive bright stocks. HyGold 5000BS is suitable for use in a wide range of applications where product viscosity and appearance remain critical. Please join us for an interactive discussion regarding Group I bright stock supply/demand, bright stock refining technology/performance properties, and the economics of viscosity in finished lubricant formulations.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am ANGUS Chemical Co. – A History of MWF Innovation M. Lewis, K. Alexander, P. Brutto, N. Webb, ANGUS Chemical Co., Buffalo Grove, IL In the world of metalworking fluids, having a long-lasting, globally approved fluid with great lubricity helps reduce costs and improves productivity. To meet the growing demand for better performing and

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G. Kirsch, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH

11:30 am – Noon Fighting MWF Corrosion in a Changing Market: Lubrizol’s Trusted Solutions B. Faber, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Changes in the corrosion inhibitor market have forced panic on many fluid providers in the metalworking industry. An urgent search is on for capable, sustainable, and economical alternatives to products that are leaving the market space. Lubrizol has a portfolio of trusted options to deliver ferrous corrosion protection in water-dilutable metalworking fluids, and has a robust and flexible product line to meet the varying needs of the industry. This presentation will cover carboxylic acid options for making corrosion inhibitor salts, as well as a refresh on amine carboxylate products that are ready for use.

Session 3B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS III – ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION Session Chair: R. Mourhatch, Chevron Oronite, Richmond, CA Session Vice Chair: R. Erck, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

8 – 8:30 am Investigation of the Difference in Liquid Superlubricity Between Water- and Oil-Based Lubricants J. Li, J. Luo, C. Zhang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China In the work, we showed that the liquid superlubricity of water-based lubricants can be achieved between sapphire and sapphire while the oil-based lubricants cannot realize superlubricity in the same condition when the contact pressure is higher than 100 MPa. But with pressure reducing to 50 MPa, the friction coefficient of oil-based lubricants can translate from non-superlubricity to superlubricity while the friction coefficient of water-based lubricants keeps constant. The calculated friction results indicate that the superlubricity is linked to pressure and

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INTRODUCING

ANGUS is proud to introduce CORRGUARD FLEX as its latest addition to the CORRGUARD family of metalworking fluid additives. Enabling metalworking fluid manufacturers and end users to reduce downtime, operating costs and waste, CORRGUARD FLEX is designed for optimized functionality, providing enhanced flexibility, excellent neutralization and pH control, ease-of-use, and longer fluid life. Ask for new CORRGUARD FLEX and leverage the proven benefits of our unique array of amino alcohols—backed by ANGUS’ deep formulating, testing and regulatory expertise.

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Tuesday, May 17 3B

pressure-viscosity coefficient. When pressure is high, the pressureviscosity coefficient has to be as small as possible to achieve superlubricity, but when pressure is low, the suerplubricity can be achieved in a wide range of pressure-viscosity coefficient. Finally, the superlubricity region dependent on pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient was established, which is useful for us to design superlubricity system.

8:30 – 9 am Effects of Oil-Air Lubrication on the Film Forming Behavior at High Speeds H. Liang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The film forming behavior of an oil-air lubrication has been investigated and compared with that of an oil-jet lubrication in present work. Images of a microscopic oil reservoir and interference were obtained by using a ball-on-disc test rig up to 30 m/s. The oil supply efficiency at 30m/s under the oil-air lubrication is 30 times higher than that under the oil-jet lubrication, and the film thickness reduction in the starved regime is much slower than that under the oil-jet lubrication. The contribution of high-pressure compressed air and micron-order oil droplets tofilm formation was discussed. More micron-order oil droplets can spread onto the disc while less of them are driven away by the centrifugal effects. As a result, the oil supply efficiency of the oil-air lubrication is improved. The high pressure compressed air can blow off the oil in the contact region and intensify the film oscillation though it can help to cool down the contact to a limited extent.

9 – 9:30 am Estimation of Temperature and Effects of Oxidation in Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication J. Kelly, R. Shah, Koehler Instrument Co. Inc., Bohemia, NY This paper deals with the subject of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) and how temperatures can be estimated in elastohydrodynamic contacts. An attempt has been made to explain why it is essential to study temperature effects in EHL and the process of thermal EHL modeling has been elucidated by solving a simple thermal EHL model. The temperatures obtained by this simple model seem to agree well with literature. As a second part of this paper a comparison between temperatures in the EHL contact as obtained by mechanical models and chemical model has been made. The contact temperature required to consume the lubricant by oxidation during a micro sample wear test is determined by a chemical kinetic model. Finally, the discrepancy between the temperatures obtained by both the chemical kinetic model and the mechanical model has been discussed with various plausible explanations to account for the temperature difference.

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9:30 – 10 am Elastohydrodynamic Friction Properties of Well-Defined Base Fluids H. Spikes, J. Zhang, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom There is currently great interest in reducing friction in lubricated mechanical components. In components based on concentrated contacts, such as gears and rolling bearings, friction originates in part from the EHD friction of the lubricant. In such contacts all lubricants, including even simple molecular fluids, show extensive shear thinning and this controls the EHD friction. In order to build useful predictive solutions of EHD friction we need valid descriptions of this shear thinning behaviour. Unfortunately there is still considerable uncertainty concerning appropriate models to describe stress-strain rate behaviour in EHD conditions [1]. This paper describes experimental friction measurements on a range of simple, pure base fluids have well-defined molecular structures. The results are analysed in terms of the main, proposed models of lubricant rheology in EHD conditions.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Effects of Micro EHL Loss in Boundary Regime Sliding R. Erck, O. Ajayi, C. Lorenzo-Martin, G. Fenske, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL A hard steel ball was slid against hard steel disks which had strongly directionally ground surfaces (striations). The friction coefficient during low-speed (boundary regime) lubricated sliding was continuously measured. The coefficient of friction rose from ≈ 0.1, which is typical, to as high as 0.3 whenever the ball was sliding near-parallel to the grinding ridges on the disc surface. We trace the origin of the frictional force to the loss of micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, combined with side leakage. This conclusion is supported by the persistence of the frictional spikes in tests conducted under conditions where longitudinal ridge profile would be preserved (nitride coated and fullyformulated engine oils) and rapid disappearance of frictional spikes under conditions where blunting would be expected to occur.

11 am – 11:30 am Tribological Properties of Oil Soluble Polyacrylates with Hydroxyethyl Group K. Yamamoto, ADEKA Corp., Tokyo, Japan, M. Muraki, Shonan Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, K. Nakamura, Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan Tribological properties of polyacrylates (PAs) with and without hydroxyethyl group (HE) were studied compared to polymethacrylates (PMAs) under the partial EHL and the boundary lubrication conditions. Oil film thickness and traction were determined with the roller-on-disk testers. The polymers with HE produced a thick oil film and reduced the traction in the low speeds. The friction-velocity characteristic was examined with a pin-on-disk tester. The coefficients of friction for PMA increased with decreasing velocity, meanwhile those for the polymers with HE kept low level. These indicate that HE was adsorbed on the surfaces in the low speeds and thus made a contribution to increased oil film thickness and low friction level. Anti-wear tests showed PA with HE was the most effective in preventing wear among all the polymers. It was inferred that the surface protective films formed by reaction between HE and the surface contributed to the reduction of wear.

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Tuesday, May 17 Session 3C

• Bronze 2

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN III Session Chair: D. Uy, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI Session Vice Chair: S. Bagi, Paccar, Inc., Mt. Vernon, WA

8 – 8:30 am Scientific Approach to Development of High-Efficiency Lubricants A. Petterson, Luleå University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, D. McCarthy, Volvo Construction Equipment, Eskilstuna, Sweden Reductions in fuel consumption, emissions and overall environmental impact are of critical importance to the future of the transport and construction industries. One means of contributing to these goals is by utilising high-efficiency lubricants. The specification and development of such lubricants can benefit from a more scientific approach based on the identification of specific system requirements. Methods to develop long-drain capable high-efficiency lubricants have been investigated and described. One successful approach uses the Stribeck curve to identify the predominant lubrication regimes for the principal tribological contacts in a given system. Through knowledge of the lubrication regime, the most suitable lubricant technology can be determined, enabling formulation for overall increased system efficiency and drain intervals.

8:30 – 9 am The Role Additive Chemistry Plays in Increasing and Decreasing Timing Chain Wear C. Esche, S. Donnelly, V. Gatto, G. Mazzamaro, M. Patel, S. Tung, Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC, Norwalk, CT OEMs have introduced new engine technology to meet the tough fuel economy and emission targets legislated by governments around the world. One new engine technology recently introduced is the turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine (T-GDI). Unfortunately the T-GDI engine is experiencing higher than normal timing chain wear. The automobile manufacturers judge the timing chain wear problem to be such a significant concern that the next generation passenger car motor oil specification is expected to have a timing chain wear engine test as part of the GF-6 specification. This presentation will show ZDDP, the decades-long mainstay antiwear additive for engine oils, may promote timing chain wear with certain formulation styles. We will also present data showing ashless organophosphorus antiwear additives and organomolybdenum compounds as possible solutions for reducing wear. A general mechanism for timing chain wear will be discussed.

9 – 9:30 am A Modified Auto-Engine Oil Drain Plug for In-Situ Ultrasonic Viscosity Monitoring R. Mills, R. Dwyer-Joyce, M. Schirru, O. Manfredi, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Tighter legislation governing vehicular emissions means engine OEMs are increasing combustion pressures and temperatures, reducing lubricant viscosity and applying emission reduction strategies such as stop-start technology. These changes place greater pressures on the lubrication systems. Currently, analysis of fleet lubricant samples is typically performed at intervals with samples extracted and analysed in the laboratory. This paper outlines a non invasive ultrasonic method that has been developed to enable simple in-field measurement of parameters such as viscosity. A specially instrumented sump plug for a passenger car was fabricated and shear polarised ultrasound used to determine the bulk lubricant viscosity. Oil viscosity was measured during different driving conditions. The research shows the practicalities of the technique which is additionally being developed to measure in-situ properties within functional contacts such as journal bearings.

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9:30 – 10 am In-Manufacture Running-In of Engine Components by Using the Triboconditioning Process: Compatibility with PC-11 & ILSAC GF-6 Motor Oils B. Zhmud, Applied Nano Surfaces Sweden AB, Uppsala, Sweden Ever increasing power density and torque output of modern TSI and TDI engines, in combination with the introduction of low-viscosity low-SAPS lubricants and general engine downsizing resulting in fewer cylinders to bear the load, tends to stress the engine beyond the limits foreseen in the classical engine design. Triboconditioning is an industrial surface finishing process which attempts to carry out running-in of components during their manufacture. By applying the Triboconditioning treatment on the cylinder bores, camshafts, crankshafts, bearing surface of the small connecting rod eye, the tribological performance and endurance of the engine components can be significantly improved. In comparison with a baseline engine configuration using standard production machined components and a SAE 30 motor oil, the same engine with Triboconditioned components and SAE16 motor oil affords a reduction in the friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) by as much as 30%, boosting fuel economy by 3-4%.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am A Study of the Effect of Aged Engine Oil on the Wear Mechanism of Engine Oil Pump F. Motamen Salehi, A. Morina, A. Neville, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom This paper proposes an experimental methodology for understanding the effect of oil contamination on friction and wear of engine oil pump. Firstly, a lab-based artificial ageing of engine oil with the addition of carbon black, diesel and water has been conducted. Secondly, the performance of these lubricants on friction and wear was evaluated under boundary lubrication conditions. The wear mechanism and chemical nature of tribofilms formed in tribological tests were addressed using SEM/EDX and Raman. It has been concluded that the interaction between soot and additives during the ageing process is the main cause of high wear rather than removal of the tribofilm by soot. Wear was also found to increase by the ageing time of the oil and the most wear occurred in the presence of all contaminants as expected. Chemical analysis of the lubricated surfaces in the post-test phases has indicated that the thickness of the reaction layer on the wear scar was reduced with ageing of the oil.

11 – 11:30 am Correlating Laboratory Oil Coking Rig Tests to Diesel Engine Tests to Understand the Mechanisms Responsible for Turbocharger Compressor Coking D. Uy, G. Pranis, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, A. Michlberger, N. Secue, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH, M. Lance, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, A. Morelli, A. Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI Turbocharger compressor efficiency loss is a well-known phenomenon in diesel engines, which can result from deposit formation on the compressor housing. In this presentation we will describe an oil mist coking rig that provides the means for performing highly reproducible experiments as a function of temperature, flow and pressure. By analyzing results from these tests and those from 90-h compressor coking tests on a diesel engine, both of which ran several different engine oil formulations, it was possible to establish correlations between the characteristics of deposits and their effect on compressor efficiency. The physical and mechanical characteristics of these deposits, as well as parameters affecting deposit formation such as the chemistry of the oil formulations, temperature, oil aerosol particle sizes, and mass of oil mist flow will be discussed.

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Tuesday, May 17 3C

11:30 – Noon Correlative Consideration with Deposit Formation and Oil Characteristics K. Wadayama, F. Yokoyama, Y. Iwama, IHI Corp., Yokohama, Japan Viscous deposit could be often observed in gas turbines and automotive turbo-chargers occur when fluid liquid oil intermittently comes in contact with high-temperature metal surfaces above 250°C. Even in a relatively low temperature below 200°C, semi-solid deposit formation occurs inside the compressors of automotive turbo-chargers. Both deposits form a thin film on metal surfaces due to the oxidization and carbonization of lubricant. In addition, deposit on the surfaces of plain bearings in oil-lubricated compressors occurs at a relatively low temperature around 100°C, where oxidization does not usually take place easily. Various deposits can be observed in the operation on actual machines. The deposit formation could be affected by the composition, reactivity and nature of oils. In this study, using the simple way of analysis and characteristic evaluations, some factors have the correlation with the deposit formation tendency were considered through some actual cases.

Session 3D

• Skyview 3

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS I

9 – 9:30 am Accelerated Life Testing of Pyrowear 675 Material on Ball-on-Rod Rolling Contact Fatigue Tester at 218 0C (425 0F) H. Trivedi, UES Inc., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, L. Rosado, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH This research presents rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life performance of martensitic stainless steel Pyrowear 675. Different heat treatments of Pyrowear 675 were evaluated for RCF life. Results with the Pyrowear 675 material in a hybrid configuration (silicon nitride rolling elements) are compared to M50 in an all metal and hybrid configurations. Bearings were RCF life tested on ball-on-rod tester at maximum Hertzain stress values of 5.5 GPa (hybrid bearing) and 4.8 GPa (all metal bearing) and at a temperature of 218 0C using gas turbine engine oil confirming to MIL-PRF-23699G. Hybrid Pyrowear 675 bearings showed significant improvement in fatigue life and wear resistance compared to all metal and hybrid M50 bearings. After testing, RCF rod specimen was analyzed for white etching region (WER) and dark etching regions (DER) and tribo-film formation. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) showed anti-wear tribo-film formation on the Pyrowear 675 bearings.

9:30 – 10 am Effect of Case Hardening on Fatigue Life Predictions of Bearing Steels

Session Chair: B. Jalalahmadi, Sentient Science Corp., Buffalo, NY

N. Londhe, N. Arakere, G. Subhash, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

8 – 8:30 am Microstructural and Material Quality Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Highly Elastic Intermetallic NiTi Ball Bearings

Finite Element Models were developed to study the effects of case hardening on Hertzian contact surface and subsurface stress fields. Effects of elastic modulus variation with depth due to case hardening are included in the model [Klecka, Subhash & Arakere, Tribology Transactions, 2013, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2013.818393]. The peak contact pressure and stress fields were found to be highly sensitive to case depth. Steeper gradients in the case layer resulted in greater drop in peak contact pressure. Three different load life exponents were used to analyze the effect of peak contact pressure change on the predicted fatigue life [Londhe, Arakere & Haftka, Tribology Transactions, 2015, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2015.1021943]. It was observed that case hardening results in significant improvement of fatigue life for ball bearings. Also, for a given peak Hertzian stress and case depth, bearing fatigue life increases with the bearing size due to change in position of peak subsurface shear stress.

C. DellaCorte, S. Howard, F. Thomas, M. Stanford, NASA, Cleveland, OH Compared to steel, intermetallics (60NiTi) have lower rolling contact fatigue (RCF) stress capability in simplified 3-ball on rod tests. Microstructural flaws reduce fatigue life in simplified 3-ball specimens but such relationships have not been established for full-scale 60NiTi bearings. In this paper, 3-ball-on-rod fatigue behavior of two quality grades of 60NiTi are compared to the fatigue life of full-scale 50mm bore ball bearings made from the same materials. 60NiTi RCF rods with material or microstructural flaws suffered from infant mortality failures at all tested stress levels while high quality 60NiTi rods exhibited no failures at lower stress levels. Similarly, tests of full-scale bearings made from flawed materials exhibited early surface fatigue and through crack type failures while bearings made from high quality material did not fail even in long-term tests. The data suggests that the simplified RCF test is a good qualitative predictor of bearing performance.

8:30 – 9 am High-Speed Effects of Silicon Nitride Ball and Rollers on Rolling Bearing Life E. Zaretsky, Erwin V. Zaretsky, PE, Chagrin Falls, OH, P. Gupta, PKG, Inc., Cliffton Park, NY, F. Oswald, Fred B. Oswald, PE, Prescott, AZ Previously published analysis reported that under normal operating speeds, less than one million (106) DN, the resultant calculated lives of all steel bearings will have a longer fatigue life than an equivalent hybrid (steel/silicon nitride) rolling-element bearing under the same operating (load and speed) conditions. The current analysis extends the previous analysis to speeds of 3 X 106 DN for a 133-mm bore angularcontact ball bearing and a 165-mm bore cylindrical roller bearing. The computer program ADORE was modified to include the Gupta-Zaretsky (GZ) bearing life model and incorporate the lives of the rolling elements (balls or rollers) in addition to those lives of the inner and outer races. This model is compared with an updated Lundberg-Palmgren (LP) rolling-element bearing life model. Both the LP and GZ bearing life models show qualitatively the same results. At all conditions, the GZ model predicts longer fatigue lives than the LP model.

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10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Rolling Contact Fatigue of Case Carburized Steels A. Walvekar, F. Sadeghi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN An elastic-plastic FE model to investigate the RCF of case carburized steels is proposed. Micro-indentation tests conducted on the case carburized 8620 steel demonstrated that the hardness varies linearly with depth. The hardness gradient was modeled by changing the yield strength with depth. The model employs Mises based plasticity with kinematic hardening. Continuum damage mechanics approach was utilized to capture material degradation due to fatigue damage. Material dependent damage parameters were determined using the SN results for torsional fatigue of the bearing steel. The model was used to compare the RCF lives of through hardened and case carburized bearing steel with different case depths. The results show that as the case depth increased the RCF lives also increased and approached the values obtained for the through hardened material. From the results of this study, a modifying factor accounting for the effect of the case depth on fatigue was developed.

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Technical Sessions 11 – 11:30 am Rolling Contact Fatigue Crack Propagation in Nitrided Alloyed Steels

8:30 – 9 am Adenosine Triphosphate Testing to Evaluate Biofilm Dispersants

M. Le, F. Ville, LaMCoS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France, France, X. Kleber, J. Buffière, MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, J. Cavoret, LaMCoS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France, France, M. Sainte-Catherine, DGA, Paris, France, L. Briançon, DCNS Group, La Montagne, France

F. Passman, Biodeterioration Control Associates, Inc., Princeton, NJ

Gas-nitriding process, widely used by gear and rolling element bearing manufacturers, increases the superficial hardness and introduces compressive residual stresses known to improve Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) resistance. Using this technique on most of the alloyed steels however leads to carbide precipitation at grain boundaries specifically parallel to the surface. Previous authors’ experiments revealed the effect of these precipitates on crack propagation. They explained the RCF response dissimilarities observed on various nitrided layers with similar mechanical properties but different microstructures (carbide network morphology differences). The present paper consists in analyzing the behavior and the role of compressive residual stresses induced by gas nitriding on crack growth during RCF. The RCF failure scenarios in nitrided alloyed steels with regards to the effect of carbides and compressive residual stresses are finally proposed.

11:30 am – Noon EHA Pump Cam Bearing Failure and Life Extension Analysis B. Jalalahmadi, Sentient Science Corp., Buffalo, NY Premature fatigue failures of an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA) pump cam bearing of a specific commercial airplane occurred during endurance testing. Sentient Science conducted failure and life extension analysis of this angular contact ball bearing using its DigitalClone-Component (DCC) tool. The DCC model has been developed considering true contact stresses, material microstructure, lubrication effects, crack initiation mechanisms, and probabilistic methods. Customer provided the EHA pump cam bearing operating conditions, geometry and a M50-SiNi bearing sample. DCC successfully simulated bearing pitting and spalling damage, and showed predicted fatigue life does not meet requirements of this application. Sensitivity analyses (material, surface roughness, residual stress, and bearing contact angle) were performed using DCC model to identify best combination of design parameters for life extension of this bearing. An optimum configuration was recommend to meet the requirements.

Session 3E

• Silver

METALWORKING III Session Chair: G. Foltz, Cimcool Fluid Technologies, Ludlow, KY Session Vice Chair: A. Cross, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA

8 – 8:30 am Chemiometric Approach in Developing New Biostable Water Soluble MWFs M. Bellini, Bellini Spa, Zanica, Bergamo, Italy The latest legislative changes related to specific substances regularly used in the production of water soluble MWFs led the company Bellini SPA to develop new formulation technologies without using formaldehyde releaser biocides, boric acid and secondary amines. This presentation focusses on the chemometric approach and the design of experiment (DOE), thanks to which we managed to develop water soluble MWFs even more biostable than products based on borates and formaldehyde releaser biocides. Various phenomena such as foam, corrosion resistance and aluminum staining were taken into consideration while developing our new technology. Comparative tests between our water soluble MWFS and the well-known water miscible MWFs will be take in account.

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The use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing for metalworking fluid (MWF) condition monitoring has been described previously. This paper reports its use to monitor biofilm accumulation in an electroplating system and to evaluate the efficacy of five candidate treatment formulations. Heavy (>3 Log pg tATP/cm2) biofilm biomass was detected on the internal surface of PVC piping at Stage 13 of a multistage electrocoating system. A variety of chemical agents had been tried without success. Laboratory tests were run to evaluate candidate formulation on sections of biofilm coated PVC piping from the electrocoating system. Performance was evaluated based on D[tATP] (biofilm biomass), D[cATP] biomass in system fluid, and total suspended solids. The most promising formulation based on lab tests was evaluated in the infected system. The treatment reduced biofilm [tATP] by >3Log pg/cm2.

9 – 9:30 am Metalworking Fluid Rapid Testing for Microbial Resistance N. Webb, ANGUS Chemical Co., Buffalo Grove, IL When creating a metalworking fluid (MWF), a formulator goes to great lengths to ensure the end user achieves the best results for their application while remaining within regulatory and customer requirements. Quick tests can assess corrosion, staining, foaming, and lubricity to hone chemical selection and optimize the MWF. Still pH stability, corrosion, staining, fluid clarity and lubricity may suffer due to fluid degradation by microbial contamination. Currently, there are only a few ways to determine if a fluid will resist microbial attack. However, these methods can either take months to obtain data or merely confirm suspicions of fluid contamination. This presentation compares standard challenge testing to a proprietary rapid test for gauging microbial resistance. This method could enable MWF producers to quickly evaluate and enhance formulations which may potentially reduce time-to-market for new products.

9:30 – 10 am Vapor Phase of Dicyclohexylamine Can Inhibit Biofilm Formation V. Stoldt, Heinrich Heine University of Dusseldorf Medical Center, Dusseldorf, Germany Dicyclohexylamine (DCHA), a common additive in metalworking fluids (MWF) with a small vapor pressure of 0.04 mbar at 20°C, has both biocidal and anticorrosive properties. Surprisingly we observe reduced biofilm formation on surfaces of MWF collecting basins in correlation to the presence of DCHA frequently. These surfaces were not immersed. Hence, the hypothesis is that vapor phase of DCHA can inhibit microbial growth and biofilm formation. Lawns of microbes grown at 30°C overnight on the surface of nutrient agar coated cuvettes were exposed to vapor phase of a 0.025 % DCHA containing MWF and measured in a spectral photometer at 600 nm in comparison to the control MWF without DCHA. Susceptibilities to DCHA vapor phase of eight bacterial and eight fungal strains recovered from MWF were different. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was almost completely inhibited in growth and Pseudomonas oleovorans of about 50%. The conclusion is, MWF with DCHA can inhibit biofilm formation via its vapor phase.

10 – 10:30 am – Break


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Tuesday, May 17 3E

10:30 – 11 am Influence of Biocides Behavior on Biofilm Control

Session 3F

M. Rioux, M. Prioli, Lonza, Alpharetta, GA

GREASE II

The microbial contamination of water miscible metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a serious problem to the metal removal industry. Microorganisms can adapt to changes in nutrient availability, environmental stresses, and presence of toxic compounds. One particularly important example of bacterial adaptation is the ability of biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is a well-known problem in management of metalworking fluid systems due to persistence of microorganisms within biofilms and the reappearance of various species of bacteria is often observed after the use of biocides and/or cleaning of delivery systems and replacement of cooling fluid. We have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of biocides at different contact times and concentrations against biofilm produced using industrial isolates. The results demonstrate the viability of biofilm microbes when exposed to different treatments.

11 – 11:30 am Study of Contamination and Performance of Biodegraded Cutting Fluids M. Finzi, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Brazil The metalworking fluids (MWF) due to their lubri-cooling properties reduce tool wear, increase tool life, lower cutting forces, power consumption and improve surface roughness. MWF are highly susceptive to physical, chemical agents and biodegradation, reducing tool life, lowering productivity, harming the machine tool operator and the environment. In the present study the profile of the microbiological contamination (time and origin; biofilm composition; and biome) was raised after samples of in-use water base MWFs were collected in two metal-mechanical sectors. Bacteria recovered from the industries were used to biodeteriorate a fresh MWFs (vegetable and mineral base) and their lubri-cooling performance were studied and compared to the fresh ones. The collected samples showed high level of contamination (108 CFU/mL) composed predominantly by Gram-negative bacilli and almost immediate contamination when new samples of MWFs is introduced in the machine tool.

11:30 am – Noon Much Ado About Amides: Formulating Alkanolamides in Metalworking Fluids E. Schnellbacher, Additives International, Flint, MI Working with amides can be compared to the game of Othello – a minute to learn and a lifetime to master. Knowing how to select the right amide for a specific application can be a simple or difficult task. Why do we use them? Amides are cost-effective ingredients which effect alkalinity, lubricity, coupling agents, emulsifiers, rust preventives and other properties. This paper will discuss how the choice of base components and the equimolar ratios can affect your MWF formulation. Several types of amides will be presented. Their chemical and physical characteristics will be discussed. A research matrix will examine how different amides are useful for various substrate metals, metalworking formulations, applications, and chemistries. The results will be discussed and conclusions presented.

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• Palace 3

Session Chair: M. Benes, Baker Hughes, The Woodlands, TX Session Vice Chair: B. Tuszynski, Unami Group, Quakertown, PA

8 – 8:30 am Energy Efficiency and Lubrication Mechanisms of Polypropylene Thickened Greases J. Leckner, R. Westbroek, Axel Christiernsson International AB, Nol, Sweden The lubrication mechanism of grease produced with polypropylene as a thickener is fundamentally different compared to regular soap based greases. The effect of this is seen in extended relubrication intervals, lower self-induced running temperatures and longer component life – both in industrial applications and in laboratory tests. In this study we analyze this behavior and show that it can be explained by differences in the replenishment mechanisms that exists between polypropylene and soap thickened greases. This difference leads to longer grease life and a much wider possible base oil viscosity range when using a polymer thickened grease.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Microstructure and Rheology on the Grease EHL Film Thickness at Medium Speeds F. Cyriac, P. Lugt, R. Bosman, C. Padberg, K. Venner, Univeristy of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands In this study the parameters influencing the film thickness of six greases in a rolling elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact under fully flooded conditions are analyzed. The grease film thickness was found to be higher than their corresponding bled oil suggesting the presence of thickener in the contact. Other than the viscosity of the bled oil, the film thickness of the greases were found to be independent of rheological properties characterized by steady and dynamic shear. AFM measurements of the thickener micro-structure showed that the relative increase in the film thickness due to entrainment of the thickener was proportional to the ratio of thickener volume fraction and the size of the thickener. Hence, with the same concentration, smaller thickener particles create thicker films than larger thickener particles. With the limited number of greases that we studied this varied between 1% and 85%.

9 – 9:30 am Free-Surface Flow of Lubricating Greases L. Westerberg, E. Höglund, J. Li, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, P. Lugt, University of Twente/SKF ERC, Enschede, Overijsel, Netherlands, P. Baart, SKF ERC, Nieuwegein, Netherlands Grease lubrication is traditionally used in a great variety of mechanical systems such as rolling bearings, seals, and gears where it has been shown more advantageous than oil, mainly due to its consistency allowing the grease to stay inside the system and not leak out. Free surface effects play an important role in rolling bearings and open gears as the configuration normally is filled with about 30% grease to avoid heavy churning. In this study an analytical model of the stationary uniform flow on a rotating disc is developed and validated with experiments. The model results in the velocity profile for the flow in the thin fully yielded viscous layer in connection to the surface as well as an expression for the plug flow region on top of the viscous layer. Experiments with two different greases having NLGI grade 1 and 2 respectively shows it is possible to obtain a good fit with the analytically obtained thickness using the rheological parameters for actual greases.

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WHERE LUBRICANT CHEMISTRY MEETS

VERSATILITY

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Tuesday, May 17 3F

9:30 – 10 am Investigation into the Dynamic Particle Generation of Lubricating Greases

Session 3G

• Palace 4/5

GEARS II

W. Flaherty, J. Galary, Nye Lubricants, Inc., Fairhaven, MA This study examines the phenomenon of Dynamic Particle Generation in Lubricating Greases. This Particle Generation occurs in bearings, ball screws, and other mechanical devices when dynamic conditions are present and should not be confused with Outgassing which is related to the pressure effects on a system. This is a critical factor in many systems as particle generation can contaminate critical systems or processes causing them to fail. These failures can lead to excessive costs, production lines going down, and equipment damage. This particle generation phenomenon was studied using a custom test rig utilizing a high precision cleanroom ball-screw to simulate true application conditions. This paper will show the tendencies of certain base oils and thickener chemistries to generate particles and which ones present advantages of improved durability and environmental cleanliness for critical processes and applications.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Inferiority Complex? Dropping Point Enhancement in Grease J. Kaperick, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA The steady increase in the percentage of lithium complex greases in NLGI’s survey of global grease production is likely a reflection of the desire for lubricants that will last longer in more severe, higher temperature applications. This surge in demand for higher dropping point greases has brought additional interest in alternative methods of producing them. A study was undertaken to investigate different borate chemistries used to raise the dropping point of lithium greases to the level usually associated with complex greases. Points of focus include effectiveness in raising dropping point, as well as the effect on other performance areas including friction, wear, corrosion and performance in high temperature bench and rig tests.

11 – 11:30 am Fretting and Scuffing Wear of Grease Lubricated Bearing Steel Contacts A. Saatchi, P. Shiller, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, K. Mistry, C. Hager, The Timken Co., Canton, OH, G. Doll, The University of Akron, Akron, OH Fretting and scuffing are types of wear that occur in mechanical systems subjected to low amplitude reciprocating sliding contact. In this study, lithium complex, calcium sulfonate and polyurea thickened greases with various bleed rates were tested in a reciprocating sliding contact tribometer to investigate the correlation between the oil release mechanisms of the greases and fretting wear. In some cases, the effect of solid lubricant additives on fretting wear was also studied. It was observed that the wear rate of 52100 bearing steel as well as the fretting wear mode varied with grease type, bleed rate, and solid lubricant additives. Specifically, calcium sulfonate greases and greases with high bleed rates were found to be the most effective at reducing fretting wear.

11:30 am – Noon – Grease Business Meeting

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Session Chair: S. Berkebile, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD Session Vice Chair: J. Ewin, Propulsion and Power, NAVAIR, Patuxent River, MD

8 – 8:30 am A Parametric Study of Micropitting Formation Using a Microstructure-Based Damage Model N. Bolander, Sentient Science Corp., Idaho Falls, ID, B. Jalalahmadi, Sentient Science Corp., Buffalo, NY Micropitting strongly depends on numerous parameters includeding surface finish, material microstructure, degree of sliding, loading, temperature, etc. In this work, a model is developed to assess the risk of micropitting versus other failure modes under a wide range of these conditions to help optimize designs for greater reliability and efficiency. A mixed-EHL analysis is performed to determine the detailed surface pressure and traction results considering details of the surface roughness profile and asperity interaction. These stresses, along with flash temperature calculations are input to a finite element analysis of the near surface microstructure. A damage model is then applied at the grain level to predict crack initiation and propagation in an iterative fashion. The model is then exercised to explore the predominant surface failure modes under various combinations of operation and material properties.

8:30 – 9 am Standardization of Micropitting Test acc. FVA 54/7 – Status of Preparation Work T. Tobie, K. Stahl, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany Micropitting on gears is strongly influenced by the tribological system of flank surfaces and gear lubricant between them. As the chemical interaction of base oil and additive components with the gear material is normally not predictable, the micropitting performance of gear lubricants has to be determined experimentally. The FZG-micropitting test is a widely used test procedure for gear oil micropitting performance evaluation. The test is basically described in FVA-information sheet 54/7, but the document was never intended as a full test specification. In order to ensure the reliability and comparability of the test results, the German standardization committee NA 060-34-19 has started to prepare a standard. Statistical data for the test were determined in a round robin and detailed requirements with regard to test preparation, test course and test evaluation were specified. The presentation gives an overview of current status of work to establish a standardized micropitting test.

9 – 9:30 am Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Hypoid Gears V. Dr. Simon, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary In hypoid gears, the thin film of lubricant is not sufficient to completely separate the surfaces. This is the regime of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) in which the applied load is shared by the asperities and the lubricant film. A full numerical solution for the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication in hypoid gears is presented in this paper. The equation system and the numerical procedure are unified for a full coverage of all the lubrication regions including the full film, mixed, and boundary lubrication. In the hydrodynamically lubricated areas the Reynolds equation is used. In the asperity contact areas the Reynolds equation is reduced to an expression equivalent to the

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Tuesday, May 17 3G

mathematical description of dry contact problem. Using this model, the pressures, film thickness, and power losses in the mixed lubrication regime are predicted. The transient nature of gear tooth mesh is included. The effectiveness of the presented method is demonstrated by using hypoid gear examples.

behavior, were investigated using case carburized, small module gears (mn=1 mm). The operating conditions, especially rotational speed, were shown to have a significant effect on gear wear behavior. Increasing rotational speed did not necessarily lead to lower wear. Also, the grease composition was shown to affect wear behavior.

9:30 – 10 am Thermal Modeling of a Twin-Discmachine

11:30 am – Noon Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gear Transmission Based on EEMD and Vibration Spectrum Analysis

G. Isaac, J. Cavoret, F. Ville, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, C. Changenet, LabECAM, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France, G. Beck, S. Becquerelle, Hispano-Suiza, SAFRAN, Colombes, France The accurate estimation of friction coefficient is of primary importance to predict the behavior of a lubricated mechanical system as gear units. Although numerous analytical relationships have been established to quantify the gear friction coefficient, there is still no consensus about a general model. As a consequence, various traction machines such as twin-disc machines or ball-on-disc apparatus are used to obtain traction curves and then to determine experimentally a friction coefficient. Literature agreed to analyze these curves into three regimes: the linear region (Newtonian), the non-linear one (non-Newtonian) and the thermal region. Based on correlations between experimental measurements performed on a twin-disc machine and numerical calculations using the thermal network methodology, the aim of this study is to evaluate with accuracy the temperature of each element that makes up a traction machine in order to better evaluate the thermal effects onto the friction coefficient.

Y. Zhang, J. Wang, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Planetary gear transmission has extensive application in many engineering fields, especially in bad working conditions such as heavy load and time-variant speed. Fault diagnosis of planetary gear transmission via vibration analysis is an important way to reduce accident loss. For the planetary gear transmission vibration signal is nonlinear and non-stationary, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is adopted as a de-noising and filtering method. In this study, the vibration spectrum of normal gears and gears with different faults are analyzed in stationary and non-stationary speed conditions respectively, providing a good value for reference in planetary gear transmission fault identification.

Session 3H

• Las Vegas 1

FLUID FILM BEARINGS III

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session Chair: A. Dadouche, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

10:30 – 11 am Effects of Micro-Geometry Features and Profile Error on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Helical Gears

Session Vice Chair: A. Fatu, Institut Pprime, Angouleme, France

A. Clarke, K. Sharif, H. Evans, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, R. Frazer, B. Shaw, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom The paper presents the results of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analyses of a pair of helical gears over the meshing cycle. The test gears considered are being used as a basis for assessing changes in gear contact functionality in terms of profile errors. Their involute profiles are modified by tip relief, and by axial crowning chosen to ensure that edge contact occurs during testing. The influence of tip relief on the EHL contacts is shown in terms of elevated contact stress and EHL film thinning. Results are also presented for analyses where profile deviations resulting from the manufacturing process, measured using a 2 mm diameter spherical probe in a gear measuring machine, were used to specify the gear flank geometry, including tip relief. These show the significant changes in elastohydrodynamic performance brought about by profile deviations.

8:30 – 9 am Inertia Effect and the Turbulence Effect on the Lubrication Performance of the High Speed Water-Lubricated Thrust Bearings Z. Song, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The effect of the inertia force of the water film and the turbulence on the lubrication performance of the water-lubricted thrust bearing cannot be neglected. A lubrication model considering the inertia effcts and the turbulence is established for the water-lubricated tilting-pad thrust bearings by conducting the Navier-Stokes equation. The inertia effect on the lubrication performance is simulated under the different thickness, load, and rotating speed conditions.

9 – 9:30 am Identification of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of a Hydrostatic Bearing with Angled Injection and Textured Housing P. Jolly, Institut Pprime, Chasseneuil du Poitou, France

11 – 11:30 am Influences on the Wear Behavior of Small Module Gears Lubricated with High Consistency Greases H. Schultheiss, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, FZG (Technische Universität München), Munich, Germany Small module gears (mn≤1 mm) are increasingly important in drive technology due to ever more rigorous requirements regarding, e.g. performance and weight. They can be found in numerous applications which are subject to very different operating conditions. Often, small module gear applications are grease lubricated. This results in the lubrication supply mechanism (i.e. channeling/circulating) playing an important role in regard to the resultant gear failure mode. In the experimental investigations conducted herein, the focus was on gear wear. The influence of the operating conditions and the grease composition on the lubrication supply mechanism, and thus wear

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The present work deals with experimental results of a hybrid bearing with angled injection, 6 recesses and for smooth, partially textured or fully textured housing. The rotor is centered and the operating rotating speed is 2, 4 and 6 krpm. The supply pressures are 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 MPa. The operating fluid is water. For given working conditions, a set of dynamic excitations, imposed to the rotor, provide complex impedances that are used for identifying dynamic coefficients. According to many pressure plugs distributed along the housing, the pattern of the pressure field in the recess and the thin fluid film near the recess is reconstructed. The bearing flow rate is also measured. Experimental results are discussed and compared to evaluate the benefits of a textured housing.

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Tuesday, May 17 3H

9:30 – 10 am Water Lubricated Main Shaft Bearings with Three Layer Bush – Modern Solution for Marine Industry W. Litwin, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland, I. Matsuoka, KEMEL, Tokyo, Japan, N. Hirata, MIKASA, Hiroshima, Japan Water lubricated sliding bearings are increasingly popular in marine and hydropower industry. Such popularity is partly due to their simple construction which also means a relatively low price. Properly designed and installed water lubricated bearings may well last for over a decade. During the last decade their traditional range has been expanded with new, modern products like three layer bearing bush. The work presents results of experimental research conducted on comparable sliding bearings with various bushes. Movement resistance, pressures in bearing interspace and shaft orbits were measured and analysed. Additionally conducted research determined that certain bearings continue to work properly despite lack of lubricant flow and cooling. This is due to low motion resistance levels resulting low friction co heat generated in the friction zone of such bearings is sufficiently low to be dispersed into surroundings once bearing temperature rises and stabilizes at a safe level.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Lubrication and Accelerated Life Studies of Water-Lubricated Journal Bearing with Different Lubricating Material Y. Han, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, J. Wang, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, G. Zhou, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, J. Li, K. Xiao, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Water-lubricated journal bearings have been widely used in presentday rotating machinery, such as propeller, turbines, pump and so on, because of their simplicity, non-pollution and low cost. However they are usually in mixed lubrication regime due to the ultra-low viscosity of water, which will cause seriously asperity contact and wear. This study presents a serious of experiments results of water lubricated Journal bearing under various extern load and rotation speed, to evaluate the Stribeck curve, wear model, failure mechanism. And water lubrication performance and wear ability of Rubber, polyimide, polyetheretherketone and polytetrafluoroethylene are studied with 150 hours continuous operation, in order to propose an accelerated life model for water lubricated Journal bearing with different material. Then accelerated life tests with 50 hours continuous operation under high load and high rotation speed conditions are conducted to validate the accelerated life model.

11 – 11:30 am Water Cooled Thrust Bearing: An Experimental Investigation N. Farooq, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K, India The present work is purely an experimental effort to investigate various key operating parameters in sector shaped water-cooled thrust bearings in order to enhance the performance characteristics. During this study, thermal effects and its control is a main focus. Thrust bearings can handle much axial load if an alternate mechanism of cooling is introduced which subsequently, increases the life cycle of the system, ensures smooth operation and prevents the mean time between failures. The results during investigation seems pragmatically help full for designers and engineers to a great extend.

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11:30 am – Noon Study on Stribeck Curves for Water-Lubricated Rubber Bearings with Spiral Grooves G. Zhou, J. Wang, Sichuan University, Chendu, Sichuan, China, Y. Han, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, B. Wei, Sichuan University, Chendu, Sichuan, China A finite line contact 3D mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of water-lubricated rubber bearing with spiral grooves (SGWLRB) was established. The effects of load, spiral angle, bearing clearance as well as surface roughness on the Stribeck curves of SGWLRB were studied with the numerical method. Through experiments, the Stribeck curves of SGWLRB were obtained, and the theoretical model was validated by the test. Based on the theoretical analysis and experimental results, the load capacity, lubrication and failure mechanism of SGWLRB were revealed, and the judgment criteria for the lubrication condition of SGWLRB were proposed.

Session 3I

• Las Vegas 2

BIOTRIBOLOGY III Session Chair: Y. Berthier, LaMCoS, INSA De Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Session Vice Chair: M. Masen, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Alcohol on the Formation and Lubricating Properties of Salivary Pellicle on Human Tooth Enamel J. Zheng, Q. Zeng, L. Zheng, Z. Zhou, Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Salivary pellicle acts as an effective lubricant to decrease dental friction and wear in mouth. However, the influence of alcohol on the lubricating properties of salivary pellicle is known little. Therefore, the influence of alcohol on the morphology and adhesion and lubricating properties of salivary pellicle on the surface of human tooth enamel was investigated by microscopic examinations and nanoindentation/scratch tester in this paper. Saliva samples were collected from a young male volunteer after rinsing mouth with deionized water and alcohol solution in different concentrations (20%, 40% and 60%), respectively. Results showed that both the consistence and thickness of salivary pellicle decreased after alcohol stimulation, and the decrease became increasingly obvious with the increase of alcohol concentration. The stimulation of alcohol could result in a reduction of the adhesion strength of salivary pellicle with tooth surface, and then decrease its lubricating properties.

9 – 9:30 am Effects of the Silica Particles Properties on the Tribological Removal of Teeth Biofilms M. Popa, S. Descartes, Y. Berthier, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, F. Peditto, L. Guy, Solvay Silica, Collonges au Mont d’Or, France The purpose of tooth cleaning is the removal of dental biofilm and food debris. It involves mechanical, biochemical and physical mechanisms. It is largely accepted that the cleaning of teeth is mainly realized by the particles present in the composition of toothpastes that act as abrasives. Nevertheless the complex mechanisms involved in tooth cleaning are not yet fully understood. Therefore, our work studies the elimination of dental biofilm using a biomimetic system composed of (1) a toothbrush, (2) a modified glass sample in order to mimic enamel surface (with its biofilm ) in terms of surface morphology, chemistry and microbiology, and (3) a simplified toothpaste, a silica based slurry. A full discussion of the tribological results, in context with SEM and AFM analysis of the surfaces and the third body layer, will be used to analyze the effects of different sizes, porosity and hardness of the abrasive silica particles.

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Technical Sessions 9:30 – 10 am On the Preventive Effect of Polysaccharide Food Gum on Dental Erosion

11:30 am – Noon Response of Artificial Cell Membranes to Normal and Shear Stresses

L. Zheng, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, J. Zheng, Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

R. Espinosa-Marzal, T. Shoaib, Y. He, Y. Chen, P. Nalam, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL Rapid growth in nanotechnology is increasing the likelihood of engineered nanomaterials coming into contact with human, and there are raising concerns over their biological impact. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying cell damage by nanomaterials but some studies suggest that adhesion of the nanoparticles to the cell membrane followed by endocytosis – a process by which the cell membrane engulfs the nanoparticle– is needed for cell damage. This thermodynamically favorable process should be significantly influenced by the mechanical properties of the complex architecture of cells and cell membranes, as it involves significant strain energy and surface energy. To elucidate the contribution of the mechanical properties of cells on endocytosis, we have investigated the viscoelastic behavior of a non-biological model system that mimics the cell architecture under normal and shear loading.

Citric acid is a common ingredient in beverages, however, its potential to erode dental hard tissue is a health concern in dentistry. In this paper, the erosion behavior of human tooth enamel in the citric acid solutions (pH=3.2) modified with two kinds of polysaccharide food gums, Xanthan gum and Acacia gum, respectively, were studied in vitro, aiming to explore those preventive effects on dental erosion. The nanomechanical and microtribological properties of enamel were investigated using nano-indentation/scratch techniques. Results showed that no obvious honeycomb-like structures appeared on enamel surface after 10 min erosion in the citric acid solution modified with 0.03 wt% Xanthan gum. Its surface hardness and Young’s modulus were higher but its friction coefficient and wear loss were lower compared to those of the enamel after 10 min erosion in citric acid solution. Concerning the preventive effect on dental erosion, Arabic gum was significantly inferior to Xanthan gum.

Session 3J

10 – 10:30 am – Break

POWER GENERATION II: CONTROLLING VARNISH

10:30 – 11 am Friction and Wear in Live Cell Mucin

Session Chair: W. Needelman, Filtration Science Solutions, Huntington Bay, NY

J. Uruena, T. Bhattacharjee, A. Pitenis, K. Schulze, T. Angelini, W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Session Vice Chair: S. Rea, Anderol Specialty Lubricants, East Hanover, NJ

The human body is a mechanical assembly with a multitude of interfaces. Understanding the physical interactions between the mucin networks at these sliding interfaces is of importance because they are vital to human health. Mucin is an entangled network of glycosylated proteins that facilitates lubrication between all sliding interfaces in the body. Studies have set out to characterize friction properties of extracted mucin from living tissue, yet purified reconstituted mucin presents challenges that affect experimentation. A monolayer of human corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi) naturally producing mucin is an ideal platform to explore in situ friction measurements. Here, cells and mucin have been dyed separately to monitor any change in morphology due to sliding. This method revealed that cell damage was accompanied by high friction and complete mucin removal, whereas low friction coefficients were associated with slight removal of the mucin layer and no observable damage to the cells.

8 – 8:30 am A Study of the Reactive Nature of Oil Degradation Products (AKA Varnish Precursors) and How it Impacts Possible Strategies to Extend the Life of Turbine Oil G. Livingstone, C. Soto, J. Mehta, Fluitec International, Jersey City, NJ A primary cause of oil degradation in turbine oils is oxidation. Oxidation byproducts are known to result in the formation of varnish and deposits. The chemical reactivity of varnish causing compounds is explored as it relates to the various strategies to extend the life of inservice turbine oils such as bleed and feed, fluid top-up or additive replenishment.

11 – 11:30 am Behavior and Mechanism of Ultralow Friction of Basil Seed Gel

8:30 – 9 am Influence of Base Oil on Turbine Oil Varnish J. Hannon, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialities, Allentown, NJ

Y. Liu, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Beijing, China In the present work, a plant-based biomaterial named basil seed gel (BSG) is found to have excellent lubricating property. The lubricating behavior of BSG is evaluated by a specifically designed apparatus without damaging its natural structure. An ultralow friction coefficient about 0.003 is obtained between BSG and the glass plate surface. Further characterizations reveal that the gel of basil seed has a threedimensional network microstructure, which may provide a favorable condition for holding water molecules to form hydration layers. The network constitutes of crosslinking polysaccharide sheets, which are easy to shear and easily adsorbed on the glass surface to form a stable nanoscale flat layer. A possible lubrication mechanism is employed that the easy-to-shear and easy-to-adsorb performance of BSG as well as the superior lubricating property of hydration layer lead to the ultralow friction.

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• Las Vegas 3

Much has been represented about the influence of base oil in the formation of turbine oil related varnish. This presentation offers lab, test rig and field experience that demonstrate balanced turbine oil formulations blended in higher quality base oils offer improved turbine oil service life.

9 – 9:30 am The Solution to Fix Varnish Issue in Gas Turbine Lubricants B. Bai, Dow Chemical China Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China Varnish formation has been the typical issue for hydrocarbon lubricant in modern gas turbines, this affects cooling efficiency and causes servo valve malfunctions. There are several ways to make improvement through optimizing lubricant formulation or installing super filtration, this brings additional maintenance cost. However, these methods can not fix varnish issue completely. The final solution is to use polyalkylene glycol based synthetic gas turbine lubricant. Polyalylene glycol based


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lubricant has inherent property to eleminate varnish formation, field performance trial in several gas turbines proves its varnish free performance. The recent lubricant specification in GEK32568H already included polyalkylene glycol lubricant as non-varnishing type.

Session 3K

9:30 – 10 am Influence of Solvents, Filtering Oil Temperature and Incubation Period on Membrane Patch Color

Session Chair: W. Dai, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

T. Kon, T. Honda, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui, Japan, A. Sasaki, Maintek Consultant, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Japan

8 – 8:30 am Research of Particle Friction in the Annular Plug During the Oil and Gas Drilling

In recent years, a particularly varnish-cause-problem has become a serious problem in thermal power generation. To reduce these problems, the authors have developed the condition monitoring method for oxidative deterioration of turbine oils by membrane patch color. However, membrane patch color is influenced by filtering condition: solvents, filtering oil temperature, incubation period, and so on. In this paper, we investigated the influence of solvents, filtering oil temperature and incubation period on the membrane patch color. Sample oils were prepared and degraded by a rotating pressure vessel oxidation test. Petroleum ether and heptane were used as the solvents. Sample oils were filtered in different conditions, that is changed solvents, filtering oil temperature and incubation period, then membrane patch color was measured by the Colorimetric Patch Analyzer (CPA). Results show that membrane patch color was changed by solvents, filtering oil temperature and incubation period.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Healthy Evaluation of Long-Term Used Gas Turbine Oil by the Membrane Patch Colorimetry T. Honda, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui, Japan In recent years, a particularly varnish-cause-problem has become a serious problem in thermal power generation. Varnish is caused by the oxidative deterioration of turbine oils. Thus, to reduce these problems, the authors have developed the condition monitoring method for oxidative deterioration of turbine oils by membrane patch color. To develop the diagnosis method that was able to predict a condition and the life of the gas turbine oil that had been used for a long term, and to correspond also to a rapid performance decrease, the effectiveness of the evaluation by the color of menbrane patch was investigated.

11 – 11:30 am Media Selection for Treating Fluid Degradation in Group II & Group V Turbine Oil Mixturesedia J. Mehta, C. Soto, Fluitec International, Jersey City, NJ Group V oils are finding uses as (1) carriers fluids for additive packages and (2) co-solubilizers blended with mineral oils. As these fluids operate in rotating equipment they are exposed to conditions resulting in hydrolysis and oxidation byproducts. This paper discusses the treatment options available for the removal of these byproducts.

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• Las Vegas 4

CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES II Session Vice Chair: K. Lee, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

L. Yang, Y. Guo, D. Wang, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China Particles plug during drilling is more and more serious around the world for the widely use of the horizontal well and large extended reach well in the oil and gas drilling, it has become the focus for researchers to study the particles removal property. Particles moving property relies on the interaction among the particle, casing, drilling pipe and the medium. The particle friction factor influenced the moving property a lot including the friction between particles and friction between particles and other materials. Particles with different materials, density and size have been used to study the particle friction characteristics. Different types of the fluid medium have been used as the lubricants, The viscosity and the density are tested. The moving velocity and the load are also investigated for the friction behavior.

8:30 – 9 am Substituting Tungsten Carbide (WC) as Cutting Tools and for Wear Protection by Niobium Carbide (NbC) M. Woydt, BAM, Berlin, Germany, H. Mohrbacher, Niobelcon BvBa, Schilde, Belgium As a refractory carbide, niobium carbide (NbC) is a forgotten carbide with hidden properties like wear resistance, this qualifying it for the group of materials with enhanced wear resistance. Nb4C3, Nb6C5 and other short and long range ordered phases occur in the region of homogeneity of NbCx (0.75< x <1.0) in the phase diagram. This enables the tailoring of properties and offers a much wider process window that for WC. The impact of tailored properties of sliding wear and cutting performance will be shown. Cutting tests under emulsion and coolant-free operation of Co and Fe3Al bonded, straight NbC versus WC based inserts against different alloys will be highlighted.

9 – 9:30 am Sliding Friction and Casing Wear Behavior of PCD Reinforced WC Matrix Composites Under Water Lubrication K. Zhang, Z. Wang, D. Wang, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China The friction and casing wear properties of PCD reinforced WC matrix composites were investigated using a cylinder-on-ring wear-testing machine against N80 casing steel counterface under water lubrication. The results indicate that the friction and casing wear rate of PCD reinforced WC matrix composites are the lowest among the materials. As the applied load and sliding speed steadily increase, the friction coefficients of PCD reinforced WC matrix composites decrease. In addition, the casing wear rates increase with increasing load, but decline with sliding velocity. The dominant wear mechanism of the PCD composite is the micro-cutting wear, accompanied by adhesive wear.

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Technical Sessions 9:30 – 10 am Challenge between Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites and Microcomposites for Tribological Applications

8:30 – 9 am The Synthesis and Tribological Performance of Phosphonium/Phosphate-Based Ionic Liquids as Friction-Reducing Engine Oil Additives

A. Dorri Moghadam, E. Omrani, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, P. Menezes, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, P. Rohatgi, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI

M. Welmers, M. Mueller, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN Ionic liquids (ILs) are materials who have a melting temperature below 100oC and are being studied for their use as solvents, lubricants, and additives among other applications. ILs are characterized by their organic moieties which prevent regular crystallization. ILs are desirable as lubricant additives because of their low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, nonflammability, and miscibility with organic compounds similar to those found in lubricants. An advantage of using ILs as additives is their ability to be fine-tuned by varying the identity of the cation and anion. In my research I have successfully synthesized novel symmetric and asymmetric anionic phosphate diesters and I have coordinated these phosphodiesters with asymmetric alkyl phosphonium cations. I have tested these ILs in SAE 10W30 engine oil for their tribological performance in wear reduction. I will be presenting on the correlation between a variety of functional moieties and their relative lubricities.

Reinforcement of aluminum alloys results in development of advanced hybrid metal matrix micro/nanocomposites with precise balances of physical, mechanical and tribological properties. The present research focuses on the investigation of mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum metal matrix macro/nanocomposites reinforced with TiB2 and Al2O3 particles. Results showed better COF for composites rather than aluminum due to self-lubrication properties of TiB2 particles. However, the COF of micro/nanocomposites are the same. Besides, the wear rate of Al/TiB2/Al2O3 nanocomposites were improved significantly in comparison with aluminum alloys and Al/TiB2/Al2O3 macro-composites due to higher hardness of the nanocomposites. In addition, when the micro particles detached from the matrix, they act as third body abrasion particles. Therefore, the wear rate of microcomposites is higher than nanocomposites and the worn surface of micro-composites is rougher.

9 – 9:30 am Analysis of the Tribochemical Behaviour of Ionic Liquids in Contact with Steel and Titanium Substrates in High Vacuum Environment

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11:30 am – Panel Discussion

F. Pagano, A. Igartua, IK4-Tekniker, Eibar, Spain, I. Minami, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, E. Berriozabal, IK4Tekniker, Eibar, Spain, N. Dörr, C. Gabler, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, A. Valea, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Bilbao, Spain

11:30 am – Noon – Ceramics and Composites Business Meeting

Session 3L

• Las Vegas 5

SYNTHETICS & HYDRAULICS III Session Chair: N. Knotts, Chevron, Richmond, VA

8 – 8:30 am Additive Technology for Halogen-Free Room Temperature Ionic Liquids E. Nyberg, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, N. Dörr, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, A. Igartua, Fundación TEKNIKER, Eibar, Spain, I. Minami, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden Room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) are increasingly being studied as advanced lubricants due to inherent properties such as thermal stability, low volatility, and non-flammability. While traditional lubricants are being optimized by additive technology, researched RTILs have generally been additive-free due to a lack of miscible additives. Recently, new RTILs have been designed for improved solvency of synthetic lubricant additives. In this work, RTIL samples based on tetralkylphosphonium cations have been evaluated. They are halogenfree and hydrophobic to minimize corrosion. Five RTILs were evaluated in a steel-steel tribotest where the results showed excellent tribological performance for RTILs with friction modifying and anti-wear additives designed for synthetic lubricants. These novel RTILs combined with additives demonstrate high potential as advanced lubricants due to their persistent nature in combination with excellent tribological performance.

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In order to develop new lubricants it is necessary to understand the processes that take place in a tribocontact. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new analytical techniques that monitor gas triboemission occurring during tribotests to additionally account for chemical reactions initiated by rubbing surfaces. Such findings are fundamental to understand the involved tribomechanism. The lubrication processes of several types of ionic liquids have been studied under boundary conditions both on steel and titanium surfaces. Gas analysis was performed using the ultra-high vacuum tribometer CatriUHV that was coupled with a mass spectrometer. The results revealed an induction period needed to initiate reactions of the lubricants with the rubbing surfaces once the tribotest was started. It could be shown that ionic liquids provided lubricity to steel surfaces but failed with titanium. Tribofilms were examined by means of XPS spectroscopy. Tribomechanisms are described.

9:30 – 10 am Characterization and Analysis of Ultra-Thin Boundary Lubrication Film with Novel Heterocyclic Friction Modifier X. He, M. Desanker, D. Pickens, M. Delferro, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, N. Ren, F. Lockwood, Valvoline, Lexington, KY, T. Marks, Y. Chung, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Several sulfur-and-phosphorus-free heterocyclic friction modifiers (FMs) were synthesized for reducing friction in the boundary lubrication regime. Experiments were conducted using a PCS EHL instrument, with which both the film thickness and traction were measured. Over a wide temperature range, these novel FMs have shown to reduce friction by up to 70% and wear by 95% in the boundary lubrication regime. Experimental results indicate that the presence of these heterocyclic FMs result in a thicker boundary film than a standard base oil and commercially available FMs, thus markedly improve friction and wear performance. We believe that the generation of thicker lubricant films is a result of the unique molecular structure of these heterocyclic FMs interacting with the base oil and the tribo-contact surfaces.


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10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Performance of High TBN Sulficylates

on leakage, pressures, and temperatures, when the shaft and pad surfaces are considered either isothermal or adiabatic. Cases considering heat transfer to solid surfaces are also considered. The clearance is static and operating at speeds of 5 and 20 krpm, with pressure differentials of 0 psig and 25 psig.

J. Wei, W. Mackwood, Chemtura Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Detergent additives play a key role in the lubricant formulations for maintaining engine cleanliness, providing neutralization and corrosion inhibition. In this work, we developed sulficylates with total base number (TBN) up to 450, which are reaction products of sulfonate and salicylate. Their performances were evaluated and compared with traditional additives such as sulfonate, phenate and salicylate. The test results indicated that the sulficylates are equivalent to traditional additives in anti-wear property, and show equivalent or better performance in detergency, anti-oxidation and deposit control. It is very interesting that all sulficylates are much better than traditional additives in rust prevention and friction reduction. Therefore, they can be used as multifunctional additives. In addition, the synthesized sulficylates show better performance than simple blends of sulfonate and salicylate.

11 – 11:30 am Utilizing a Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) Test to Predict Fouling Characteristics of High Performance Compressor Lubricants B. Branson, Alcor Petrolab, Arlington, TX, S. Rea, I. Ooms, J. Blume, Anderol Specialty Lubricants (a division of Chemtura Corp.), East Hanover, NJ, N. Wicker, Alcor Petrolab, Arlington, TX Understanding the role of various base oil molecules and additives in the fouling characteristics of compressor lubricants is a critical component of lubricant development. Bench-scale testing, such as ASTM D943 (TOST) or ASTM D2270 (RPVOT), may have limited value because the tests require long exposure times and/or fail to predict actual in-service performance. The Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) is a test instrument used to evaluate the fouling behavior of a broad range of fluids, from aviation turbine lubricants to anti-coking additives for crude oils. There is a good correlation between test data and in-service performance. We will discuss selection of HLPS test conditions for evaluation of high performance compressor lubricants. Three compressor oils with varying real-world fouling performance have been characterized using the HLPS test. HLPS testing of compressor lubricants provides a new resource for scientists and engineers focused on product and application development.

Session 3M

8:30 – 9 am Leaking Through Spiral-Grooved Gas Face Seal with Arbitrary Gap Shape A. Vinogradov, Samara State Aerospace University, Russia, Samara, Russian Federation Techniques which are used for the calculation of the gas face seal performances are based on a joint solving of the three differential equations: the fluid motion, the continuous lubricant flow and the thermodynamic equation of state. The equation of the pressure distribution in the gas gap for the spiral-grooved seal is defined for spiral-grooved gas bearing. This distribution defines only for conic gap shape. The existing techniques of the spiral-grooved seal calculation have been developed for the plane-shape gap or the conical gap. Actually the seal has a complex gap shape that differs from the cone. In this paper, each pressure value is determined for corresponding radius value, while the dimensionless coefficients are considered as a function of radius. This paper proposes the design technique of the spiral-grooved gas face seal.

9 – 9:30 am Experimental Study of Flow Visualization on Dry Gas Seal Face M. Ochiai, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan In this study, experimental visualization of dry gas flow on grooved dry gas seal face are treated experimentally. Dry gas seals are widely used for turbomachinery such as jet engine, gas turbine compressors. Recently, they are being required to much further reduce of gas leakage from many industries. It has known that sealing characteristics depend strongly on the groove geometry on the seal face. Therefore, we conducted the optimization of groove geometry for improving the sealing characteristics. Moreover, the optimized dry gas seal was made and it was verified the effectiveness. In this study, it is intended that the changing air flow from the difference groove geometry is verified. Therefore, the experimental apparatus to perform the leakage quantity measurement and visualization experiment was made. Moreover, it was conducted the leakage quantity measurement and visualization experiment of the air lubricating flow under the conditions of bidirectional rotation.

• Las Vegas 6/7

Session Chair: K. Malik, Ontario Power Generation, Pickering, Ontario, Canada

9:30 – 10 am A Mixed Lubrication Numerical Model by Inverse Lubrication Theory and Experimental Verification of Hydraulic Rod Seals

Session Vice Chair: H. Zhao, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH

C. Wu, F. Guo, S. Suo, X. Jia, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

SEALS III

8 – 8:30 am Comparison of Navier-Stokes and ReynoldsBased Thermofluid Models for a Non-Contacting Compliant Finger Seal for Aerospace Applications S. Kline, M. Braun, The University of Akron, Akron, OH The fluid film between the rotor and the pad of one element of a single padded finger seal is modeled using the Navier-Stokes and the Reynolds equations respectively, coupled with the energy equation. The pad surface is single wedged in the circumferential direction and is similar to a two-dimensional plane slider bearing. The working fluid is air, acting as an ideal gas, and based on the bearing Reynolds number, the flow regime is laminar. The cases presented consider both constant and variable fluid properties (density, viscosity, thermal conductivity) effects

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This paper first uses the inverse hydrodynamic lubrication (IHL) method to numerically simulate mixed lubrication condition. In this numerical model, the hydrodynamic effect on the seal inlet is taken into account as well as the asperities contact pressure. How to determine the position of the inflection point in the pressure inlet profile is discussed in detail; and the coupling relation among the fluid pressure, asperities contact pressure and static contact pressure by FE analysis is also given in this paper. The leakage and friction are calculated from the mixed lubrication model under different fluid pressures (the maximum is 30 MPa) and rod speeds conditions; and they agree well with the experimental results which are measured by the bench test developed by the authors. Also, the comparison with the present existing full film lubrication model by IHL method has been shown.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

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V I S I T U S AT B O O T H N O . 7 1 0

Deesignned for forr ex extrreme perfformance or ormance

TUESDAY, 8:30 AM WEDNESDAY, 5:00 PM

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Tuesday, May 17 3M

10:30 – 11 am Analysis of Intermittent Rub in Mechanical Face Seals

Session 3N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING III

P. Varney, I. Green, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Mechanical face seals are complex mechanical systems, where dynamic, fluid, and thermoelastic effects ideally work in concert to provide successful operation. In reality, however, system complexities and unforeseen effects hinder the understanding of seal operation. Consequentially, seals become unpredictable and fail unexpectedly. This work builds upon a comprehensive model of a flexibly-mounted stator (FMS) mechanical face seal, including angular and axial modes of vibration for transient (e.g., start-up and shut-down) and steady-state operation. Face coning is incorporated via thermoelastic deformation, where heat is generated by viscous and frictional effects. Here, the operating conditions generate both intermittent and repeated rubbing contact. Seal face contact is incorporated via an elastoplastic rough surface contact model. Results are provided for a real seal and its operating parameters, and interpreted with respect to fault diagnostics and seal design.

11 – 11:30 am The Effect of Machine Vibration on the Dynamic Behavior of Mechanical Face Seal I. Green, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Frequently machines in which seals operate are subject to autonomous vibration. The seals would consequentially respond to such vibration, responses that can be quite substantial. The objective here is, therefore, to provide the analytical means for the investigation of machine vibration on the dynamic behavior of mechanical face seals.

11:30 am – Noon Modelling of the Roughness Induced Pressure Generation between Parallel Surfaces – Application to Mechanical Seals N. Brunetiere, Institut Pprime, Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France This paper presents a theoretical model of the hydrodynamic pressure build-up between parallel surfaces. According to the Reynolds theory, it is not possible to generate a pressure between flat parallel sliding surfaces. However, experimental results demonstrated that mechanical seal surfaces can be separated by a full fluid film if the sliding speed is high enough. Several theories including roughness effect were proposed to explain this unexpected lift-off. The real demonstration of the roughness induced pressure generation has been possible only recently with the development of deterministic mixed lubrication models. A transverse pumping mechanism which varies from place to place with the surface topography can explain the pressure build-up. A theoretical model considering this pumping effect is proposed. It is applied to mechanical face seals where surfaces are nominally parallel to model the hydrodynamic pressure generation which is at the origin of the faces separation.

Session Chair: Z. Khan, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: A. Saeed, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom

8 – 8:30 am Optimization of Nickel-Based Composite Nanocoatings for Tribological Systems with a Focus on Water-Lubrication Produced by Pulse Electrodeposition Z. Khan, R. Bajwa, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom, V. Bakolas, W. Braun, Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of various nickel-based nanocomposite coatings with focus on water-lubricated contacts. These coatings were produced by pulse electro co-deposition technique under constant pulse current and chemical composition conditions. Results reveal that the reinforcement of nano-sized particles into nickel matrix shows significant effects on wear resistance, corrosion resistance and interfacial adhesion properties. The influences of various nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructured surface properties were studied by using the indentation method, scanning electron microscopy/EDS and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques respectively.

8:30 – 9 am Computational Wear and Corrosion Evaluation of Novel Coatings for Automotive and Aerospace Applications H. Nazir, Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are deposited by using PVD or sputtered methods, mainly targeting sliding contacts in automotive engines and other applications. DLC failure means limiting of the lifetime, especially within IC engines. Therefore, DLC coated components are susceptible to wear associated with debris release resulting in fretting corrosion which is one of the biggest challenges of sliding contacts coatings. This research is a direct response to the above challenges to develop reliable coating for automotive and aerospace applications by innovative pulse electro deposition (PED) techniques. The research presents surface morphology, structural properties, chemical composition, corrosion resistance and wear resistance of novel DLC coatings which have been investigated by various laboratory techniques. Moreover, computational methods have been utilised to evaluate the wear and corrosion resistance of DLC coated components, the accuracy of which have been validated.

9 – 9:30 am The Impact of High Salt and Dust Particles on the Surface Durability of Waste-Gate Turbocharger End Links A. Saeed, H. Nazir, K. Wilton-Smith, Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom In performance, heavy-duty diesel engine may come across environmental and operating conditions during which high salt and dust particles start to accumulate within the engine components. These deposits together with high temperatures of approximately 670°C often result in engine failures. The current research evaluates the surface modification and durability issues of waste-gate end-links of a diesel engine due to high salt and dust particles accumulation. Two types of waste-gate end-links (a) zinc coated steel and (b) stainless steel

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YOU’RE INVITED!

Exhibitor Appreciation Hour Monday T nday and Tuesday Tuesday, uesday y, May 16 & 17, 2016, 3-4 pm

Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel & Casino - Events Center Refreshments will be served! The trade show is a major component of STLE’s Annual Meeting. At this year’s show, STLE will be making it even easier for you to fit a visit to the exhibition into your personal itinerary with two hours of dedicated exhibit time--no need to worry about missing an education course or technical session! Come view the newest products and services from the lubricant industry’s leading companies. Over 100 exhibitors are in Las Vegas looking to do business with you. As part of the Exhibitor Appreciation Hour, Evonik Oil Additives is holding a raffle on Monday, May 16, at 3:30 pm in the exhibit hall. You must be present to win. Evonik is raffling three Amazon Echo wireless speakers. To reserve a spot at the 2017 STLE exhibition at the Hyatt Regency in Atlanta, contact Tracy Nicholas VanEe at 630-922-3459, [email protected]. 2016 Exhibit Schedule Monday: Tuesday:

Noon-5 pm (dedicated hour 3-4 pm) 9:30 am-Noon & 2-5:30 pm (closed for Presidents Lunch - Noon-2 pm.

Also, there will be a second dedicated hour 3-4 pm) Wednesday: 9:30 am-Noon

Download 2016 STLE Annual Meeting App. Sponsored by Sea-Land Chemical.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, 847-825-5536, www.stle.org, [email protected].

Tuesday, May 17 3N

end-links were exposed to tests designed to deposit high salt and dust particles simultaneously on their surfaces for 500 hours in an environmental simulator. Surface images were recorded to obtain surface modifications during the test. The surfaces of the zinc coated end-links were observed to have lost surface and durability integrity after the tests.

9:30 – 10 am Production of Few Layer Graphene by Liquid Phase Exfoliation as a Nano-Composite Candidate for Surface Engineering S. Shah, H. Nasir, NUST Islamabad Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom This paper reports high concentration production of unoxidized graphene through liquid phase exfoliation assisted with sonication. During sonication the temperature was maintained below 30oC. SEM, AFM, TG/DTA and XRD were used to characterize the produced graphene. Both SEM and AFM results confirm the production of few layer graphene. AFM results also shows that exfoliation efficiency and amount of graphene increases by increasing sonication time. EDX analysis shows that the graphene is free from contamination on its surface. TG/DTA results show that the produced graphene were thermally stable up to 700oC. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of produced graphene, and the investigations demonstrate that the graphene production increases by increasing sonication time. Elastic modulus, Poisson ratio and thermal conductivity of these newly developed graphene would significantly contribute to the nano-composite surface engineering area.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Slurry Erosive Wear Behaviour of TiO2 – 30 wt% Inconel-718 Plasma Sprayed Coatings on Al6061 Substrate R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, S. Rupanagudi, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, A. Nagaraj, BMSCE, Bangalore, India, V. B.N., BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom The present investigation is aimed at developing plasma sprayed TiO2 – 30 wt% Inconel-718 coatings on Al6061 substrate and to evaluate its microstructure, microhardness and slurry erosive wear resistance. TiO2 – 30 wt% Inconel-718 powders were thermally sprayed on Al6061 substrate by Air Plasma Spray process. An average particle size of 50µm was adopted to achieve dense and uniform coatings of thicknesses 200 m and 250 m. The developed coatings were subjected to microstructural studies, microhardness and slurry erosive wear tests in 3.5% NaCl solution with sand as erodent. Microstructural studies reveal dense coatings of TiO2 – 30 wt% Inconel-718 Inconel 718 coating with good bond and minimal porosities. The slurry erosive wear resistance of developed coatings are superior when compared with that of uncoated Al6061 substrate under identical test conditions.

11 – 11:30 am Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of HVOF Thermally Sprayed Titania Coatings R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India, S. N, DSCE, Bangalore, India, A. H, RVCE, Bangalore, India, Z. Khan, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom

coatings, its applications in naval components is being restricted. In the light of the above, the present work focuses on the development of titania coatings on mild steel substrates and assessment of its performance in sand slurry containing 3.5% NaCl simulating the marine water conditions. The effect of slurry concentration, rotational speed and the impinging particle size on the slurry erosive wear behavior of the developed coatings and the uncoated mild steel substrate are studied. It is observed that the slurry erosive wear resistance of the developed titania coatings in 3.5 % NaCl- silica sand slurry is significantly higher when compared with the mild steel substrate.

11:30 am – Noon Evolution of the Nano-Scale Mechanical Properties of Tribofilms formed from Low- and High-SAPS Oils and ZDDP on DLC Coatings and Steel M. Kalin, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia The mechanical properties of tribofilms have a great influence on both friction and wear, and are some of the most important parameters for effective boundary films. The evolution of the nano-mechanical properties of tribofilms formed in steel/steel, steel/a-C:H and steel/SiDLC contacts lubricated with two commercial oils containing different amounts of SAPS additives (E6 and E7 grade) and a mineral base oil containing the ZDDP additive were examined in this investigation for two very different time periods. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used in different modes to measure the topography, film thickness and stiffness, while the nanohardness was measured with a nano-indenter. In addition, a FTIR microscope was used on selected samples to explain some of the tribofilm’s mechanical modifications with chemical changes. The results have shown that the tribofilm’s evolution and growth are very much surface and additive dependent, and are different for steel and DLC coatings.

Session 3O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY III Session Chair: N. Argibay, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM Session Vice Chair: J. Curry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

8 – 8:30 am Low-Temperature Friction Variation with MoS2-Based Lubricants J. Lince, H. Kim, J. Kirsch, S. Didziulis, The Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA Unlike liquid-based lubricants, the tribological properties of solid lubricants were previously thought to remain constant at temperatures below ambient. Recent studies of MoS2 and PTFE have indicated that friction can increase when the materials are cooled below ambient temperature. However, other studies have contradicted these results. For spacecraft applications, there is particular interest in determining if the friction of MoS2-based lubricants changes at low temperatures in vacuum. We have developed a high-vacuum pin-on-disk tester to study variation in friction from ambient temperature down to 100K. Studies were conducted on sputter-deposited Au-MoS2 coatings as well as commercial bonded MoS2 coatings. We found that friction increases by a factor of two as temperature is lowered below 220K (-53°C), regardless of the type of MoS2 coating. The results will be discussed, as well as the challenges of performing cryogenic friction testing in vacuum.

Titania is a popular powder material for thermal spraying in particular through HVOF owing to its low thermal conductivity. However due to the lack of database as regards the slurry erosion resistance of Titania

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Technical Sessions 8:30 – 9 am An Investigation of Ti Doped MoS2 Performance in Dry and Lubricated Conditions Under Rolling Contact

10:30 – 11 am Experimental Micro-Mechanical Characterization of a Dry Lubricated Macro-Contact to Develop DEM Tribological Models

H. Singh, K. Mutyala, Timken Engineered Surface Laboratories, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, R. Evans, The Timken Co., Canton, OH, G. Doll, Timken Engineered Surface Laboratories, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

G. Colas, S. Pajovic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, A. Saulot, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France, M. Renouf, Université de Montpellier, LMGC, CNRS UMR 5508, Montpellier, France, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France, T. Filleter, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

In the study, Ti containing MoS2 coating was deposited on M50 and 52100 steel specimens using magnetron sputtering. TEM and EDX analysis reveals that MoS2 contains about 16 at% Ti and has an amorphous structure with a featureless morphology. The performance of the deposited coating was evaluated in dry (vacuum & air) and lubricated conditions under rolling contact. Lubricated performance of Ti-MoS2 was compared with the steel on steel in synthetic oils with and without additives. In dry conditions, the performance observed to be dependent on the amount of material that can participate in the contact. However in lubricated conditions, MoS2 was found to work synergistically with hydrocarbons in the oil to form protective tribofilms comprised of amorphous hydrocarbon and MoS2. It was found that these unique tribofilms can produce significant increases in the rolling contact fatigue lives of the M50 and 52100 bearing steels.

9 – 9:30 am Temperature Dependent Wear and Friction of MoS2 at the Extremes

11 – 11:30 am Fretting Wear Behavior of Cu-MoS2 and Cu-MoS2-WC Coatings Fabricated by Cold Spray

T. Babuska, B. Nation, M. Chandross, N. Argibay, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, J. Curry, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Findings from an investigation of the temperature dependent friction and wear behavior of pure and composite metal disulfide solid lubricant coatings in the range -150°C and 150°C will be presented, along with a description of a custom testing apparatus that enables rapid and continuous temperature fluctuations in an inert gas environment. We compare run-in and steady-state friction behavior for nitrogen-impinged highly oriented through-the-film pure MoS2 coatings and a sputtered MoS2-Sb2O3-C coating. We will also discuss observations of temperature-dependent friction behavior, and its apparent breakdown with the onset of high wear using macro-scale tribological testing. Latest results of molecular dynamics simulations with polycrystalline lamellar MoS2 and changes in friction behavior due to the addition of water and oxygen will also be discussed.

9:30 – 10 am Environmental Sensitivity of MoS2 Coatings: Probing the First Few Layers J. Curry, L. Ju, H. Luftman, N. Strandwitz, M. Sidebottom, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, N. Argibay, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has extraordinarily low friction and high wear life in dry and inert environments. However, the friction and wear of MoS2 are environmentally sensitive. Oxygen poses problems as temperatures rise and MoS2 oxidizes, increasing break-loose friction. In low earth orbit, atomic oxygen can easily oxidize MoS2. In humid environments, a disruption to low shear strength interfaces between MoS2 lamellae presumably increases friction. The mechanisms associated with this environmental poisoning of MoS2 coatings have largely remained a mystery. Utilizing High Sensitivity Low Energy Ion Scattering (HS-LEIS), the first few layers of MoS2 coatings were investigated across a range of temperatures and environments to understand interactions between MoS2 and oxygen, water and atomic oxygen. This is combined with environmentally controlled microtribology experiments to link surface chemistry to tribological performance.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

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Quantitative predictions of the dry lubrication efficiency of magnetron sputtered coatings, such as MoS2 used in space applications, necessarily goes hand in hand with the quantitative prediction and modeling of the third-body layer creation and its rheology. The study aims to inform Discrete Element Method based numerical models with relevant quantitative physical and micro-mechanical data determined experimentally from MoS2 lubricated contacts. Mechanical characterization (Young’s modulus, yield strength, toughness) of the coating is conducted by AFM-based micro-deflection tests of microcantilever beams fabricated by FIB milling of the MoS2 coating. Interactions between the different bodies constituting the contact are characterized via adhesion measurements with custom beaded (glass, steel) AFM cantilevers. First results have validated the deflection test approach. Differences in the adhesion between a 10 µm bead and the materials inside and outside the friction track are observed.

Y. Zhang, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, S. Descartes, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, R. Chromik, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Fretting wear of cold-sprayed Cu, Cu-MoS2 and Cu-MoS2-WC coatings was evaluated in ambient conditions with varied normal loads. An energy approach was applied to quantify wear and showed, for MoS2containing coatings, there was a threshold normal load (~150 N) above which an abrupt increase in wear occurred. Microanalysis on the wear debris at different test durations suggests this was due to formation and ejection of large metallic wear debris during running-in. This wear mechanism was facilitated by the presence of MoS2, which created weak particle boundaries in the coating. Adding WC to the coating helped to decrease wear by developing a WC-rich tribological transformed structure (TTS) layer, which was revealed by microanalysis of the wear scars at different stages. Cross-sectional microstructure of the debris and wear scars was used to evaluate the role of MoS2 and WC on material flow and microstructural modification induced by fretting.

11:30 am – Noon Microstructure and Tribology Behavior of Tungsten Disulfide Solid Lubricant Films by Atomic Layer Deposition Y. Sun, Z. Chai, X. Lu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The synthesis, structure and tribological performance of tungsten disulfide (WS2) solid lubricant films prepared by atomic layer deposition were studied. An 8 nm layer of zinc sulfide (ZnS) film was previously deposited on bare Si (100) substrates by ALD to promote the growth of the WS2 films. The results showed that the WS2 films grown on Si (100) and the ZnS coated Si (100) substrates were equally 175 nm and polycrystalline with a ~ 5 nm interface area where the basal planes were oriented parallel to the substrate surfaces. The WS2 films grown on the ZnS coated Si (100) substrates showed dense and homogeneous hexagonal crystal structure due to the catalyst of ZnS. Therefore, the films deposited on the ZnS coated Si (100) substrates exhibited very long wear life with a steady friction coefficient of 0.046. In addition, transfer film could be detected on Si3N4 balls.


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Tuesday, May 17 Session 3P

• Jubilee 3

NANOTRIBOLOGY III: NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES Session Chair: C. Korach, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH Session Vice Chair: Z. Ye, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA

8 – 8:30 am Effect of Particle Morphology and Structure on Durability of MoS2 Nanoparticle Tribofilm M. Lorenzo Martin, D. Dandurand, O. Ajayi, J. Bansal, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, F. Dassenoy, P. Afanesiev, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France Recent studies have shown that addition of MoS2 nanoparticles to oil lubricant can reduce friction and wear by forming a low shear and protective tribofilm surface layer. MoS2 are available in different morphologies and structures, including platelet, spherical and hollow fullerene forms. This paper presents an experimental study of the durability in terms of load carrying capacity of two different MoS2 nanoparticles, namely inorganic fullerene (IF-MoS2), about 30-50 nm in diameter and a spherical nanoparticle about 50-80 nm in diameter. Durability was assessed under reciprocating sliding, using a 52100 steel roller on 52100 steel flat and a step load increase protocol. The tribofilm formed from IF-MoS2 added to PAO4 showed significantly lower friction and higher load carrying capacity compared to the ones from the spherical particles. This is attributed to the morphology defect structure and the ease of exfoliation of MoS2 platelet to form a well bonded and more durable tribofilm.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Nanoparticle Size on the Tribological Properties of Nanolubricants L. Peña-Parás, Universidad de Monterrey, Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, D. Maldonado, Universidad de Monterrey, Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon, Mexico This study investigates the effect of the size of nanoparticle additives on the tribological properties of a poly-alpha olefin (PAO) base oil. TiO2 nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5-1500 nm were dispersed in PAO with varying concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.10 wt.%) by ultrasonication. Wear tests were then performed in a T-02 four-ball tribotester according to ASTM D5183 in order to characterize the effect of the nanoparticle size on the wear scar diameter and coefficient of friction. The experiments were complemented by molecular dynamics simulations of TiO2 nanoparticles confined and sheared in nanoscale gaps. Trends in the effect of nanoparticle size on sliding interface behavior were calculated in the simulation and then compared to those measured experimentally. The atomic-scale detail available in the simulations was used to help understand the observed effects of nanoparticle size on friction and wear.

9 – 9:30 am Tribological Behavior of WS2 Nanoparticles in PAO Base Oil on Smooth and Rough Surfaces F. Dassenoy, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France, P. USSA, Ecole Centrale de Lyon / TOTAL, Ecully, France, B. Vacher, T. Le Mogne, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France, B. Thiebaut, TOTAL, Lyon, France The research done on the lubricating properties of nanoparticles at the laboratory scale have mainly been done on smooth surfaces. However, industrial applications normally run at high temperatures and industrial surfaces are rougher than those used in laboratory. For this reason, it is important to study the effect of nanoparticles when lubricating rough

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surfaces. In this work, friction test were carried out using industrial WS2 nanoparticles on smooth and rough surfaces. Results show that the nanoparticles reduce significantly not only friction coefficient but also wear in presence of rough surfaces. XPS and TEM characterization proved that nanoparticles are trapped in the steel grooves of the flat before being liberated to provide proper lubrication in the case of deficient fed of nanoparticles to the contact.

9:30 – 10 am Tribological and Wear Characteristics of Fluids Containing Suspensions of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials J. Shelton, S. Garapati, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL Many investigators have chosen to add nano-particulate suspensions of varying types and concentrations to enhance the tribological characteristics of the base fluid. However, these nano-particulates may not inherently affect the corresponding heat transfer characteristics. In this investigation, we propose the addition of a new type of nanoparticulate suspension that could potentially do so through the encapsulation of a phase change material as its core. We have synthesized silicon dioxide nanocapsules containing a palmitic acid (PA) phase change material as its core. These nanocapsules were added to mineral oil base fluids and experimentally investigated for the resulting nanofluid’s friction and wear characteristics on a pin-on-disk tribometer. These results were compared against similarly synthesized SiO2 nanoparticle/mineral oil nanofluids. Finally, we discuss the effect of the phase change material core on the tribological characteristics of the new nanofluid.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Submicrometer Carbon Spheres as Lubricant Additives for Friction and Wear Reduction A. Alazemi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Ultrasmooth submicrometer carbon spheres are demonstrated as an efficient additive for improving the tribological performance of lubricating oils. Carbon spheres with ultrasmooth surfaces are fabricated by ultrasound assisted polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde followed by controlled heat treatment. The tribological behavior of the new lubricant mixture is investigated in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes using a pin-on-disk apparatus and cylinder-on-disk tribometer, respectively. The new lubricant composition containing 3 wt % carbon spheres suspended in a reference SAE 5W30 engine oil exhibited a substantial reduction in friction and wear (10−25%) compared to the neat oil, without change in the viscosity. The significantly better tribological performance of the hybrid lubricant is attributed to the perfectly spherical shape and ultrasmooth surface of carbon sphere additive filling the gap between surfaces and acting as a nanoscale ball bearing.

11 – 11:30 am The Effects of Different Additives on the Tribological Behavior of WS2 Nanoparticles in Lubricants – Correlation Calculations I. Jenei, LTDS/Instrumentation Physics, Ecole Centrale de Lyon/Stockholm University, Lyon/Stockholm, France, F. Svahn, S. Csillag, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, F. Dassenoy, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France The friction reducing properties of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles (IFN) have been demonstrated [1]. The use of these IFN in readily available lubricants, however, is not straightforward. Commercially available lubricants contain several additives, e.g., antiwear additive, antioxidants, etc. The chemicals in these additives could change the surface chemistry of the contact zone and thus could block the beneficial effects of the IFN. In this work we performed tribotests

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Technical Sessions with ball-on-disk geometry using lubricants composed of PAO base oil, different additives and WS2 nanoparticles. A comparison was being made between lubricants with and without nanoparticles. The tribofilms formed on the wear marks were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Further analysis was carried out which revealed strong correlations between elemental composition of the tribofilm and external parameters such as friction coefficient or wear rate.

refined base stocks have a particular wax interaction appetite as a component as well as in fully formulated fluids, with and without pour point depressants, in fresh and aged oil. This presentation will share data with oils from 6 re-refiners.

11:30 am – Noon Investigation of the Stability and Tribological Performance of Ionic Nano Liquids

Gears are found at the heart of many industrial processes. Gear sizes range from very small to very large and can be found in a multitude of industries including thermal power generation, wind power generation, oil and gas, mining, cement, food and beverage, pulp and paper, textiles, plastic extrusion, steel, and chemical plant processing. Gears are designed to operate over a wide range of conditions: from low to high speeds, from low to high loads, from dry to wet and cold to hot ambient conditions. Correct lubrication of industrial gears is a challenge, given the many types of gears and gear systems (e.g. bevel, helical, spur, worm, hypoid, planetary). Proper lubricant selection is key to achieving long equipment life, extended oil drain intervals, reduced maintenance costs and minimal energy consumption.This presentation will share best practices in selecting components and finished fluids for gear oil applications.

4:30 – 5 pm High Performance Gear Oils D. Stonecipher, Chemtura Corp., Philadelphia, PA

Q. Zou, D. Pena, O. Mcintee, L. Gara, Oakland University, Rochester, MI In previous studies, nanoparticles and ionic liquids have been used separately as oil additives and have been shown to reduce friction and wear. In this study, the stability and tribological performance of ionic nano liquids (INLs), which combine nanoparticles and ionic liquids together as oil additives, were investigated. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in a mixture of polyalphaolefin oil and ionic liquid using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The coefficient of friction was studied using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The wear track was measured using a Bruker Contour GT-K Optical Profiler and the wear volume was calculated. The effects of concentration and load on the coefficient of friction and wear were investigated. The effects of ultrasonic mixing time and concentration on the stability of the solution were also studied.

Session 4A

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM IV 2 – 3 pm Afton Chemical’s Key Driver Seminar – Gearing up for the Future: An OEM Perspective of Industrial Gear Oil Dynamics D. Gajewski, SIEMENS AG, Bocholt, Germany The constantly evolving needs of industrial gearbox end-users are driving continuous improvement in drive technology. Gears today should be smaller, lighter and if possible, requiring less maintenance. These changes in drive technology have also increased the performance requirements of industrial gear oils. Longer service intervals, compatibility with materials, improved wear protection under conditions of increasing power density, and sometimes filled-for-life, are key needs of modern high-performance gear oils. We will explore how lubricant marketers can help respond to these changes in drive technology.

4 – 4:30 pm Pour Point Depressant Considerations when Blending With Re-refined Base Stocks R. Gomes, J. Souchik, B. Zweitzig, Evonik Oil Additives USA Inc., Horsham, PA

J. Bredsguard, Biosynthetic Technologies, Irvine, CA Estolides are an environmentally acceptable base oil often referred to as a “biosynthetic.” Over the last few years, they have gained recognition for their performance and environmental qualities, allowing companies to formulate high performance products that are seen as environmentally friendly. They are synthesized from vegetable oil and are biodegradable and nontoxic, yet have strong performance characteristics. This presentation will provide a current update on the estolide technology. Breakthroughs also continue to take place in the commercialization of estolides as production capabilities scale up and new process steps are developed, driving production costs down. Most lubricant companies are now experimenting with new formulations containing estolides, and market interest continues to grow.

• Bronze 4


5 – 5:30 pm The Latest in Estolide Development

5:30 – 6 pm The Past and Present Versus the Future in Automotive Engine Oils T. Dasbach, Institute of Materials, Midland, MI The Institute of Materials (IOM) provides reliable and unbiased data on the physical, chemical and performance-associated characteristics of automotive oils obtained from the worldwide marketplace. With the wealth of data generated from testing thousands of oils, IOM’s database has become a respected source of independent information. There has been an increase in the number of automobiles that require the lower viscosity weight oils. There is a balance between viscosity improvement and shear stability to obtain the optimum performance. It is very difficult and costly to distinguish the difference in oil quality except by its effects on the engine. The only other approach – and limited to those that are technically experienced – is through carefully run engine-simulating bench tests. This presentation will focus on recent studies of the variations found in some of the critical oil properties.

Re-refining oil is an energy efficient and environmentally beneficial method of utilizing used oil. Processing techniques for re-refining oil have advanced significantly in the last decades providing superior quality base oils that can be used to formulate modern engine, gear and transmission fluids. In the past, one concern about the use of rerefined base oils was their low temperature performance. In this study we examined the low temperature performance of current North American, South American and European re-refined base oils in comparison to virgin mineral oils of equal group stock classification. Low temperature data will be presented to demonstrate whether re-

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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS IV – COMPUTATIONAL EHL Session Chair: P. Shiller, The University of Akron, Akron, OH Session Vice Chair: N. Doerr, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria

2 – 2:30 pm Elastohydrodynamic Study Using Discontinuous Finite Volume Method P. Singh, P. Dutt, P. Sinha, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India We develop and analyze a new Discontinuous Finite Volume Method (DVM) for solving 2-D point contact EHL problem. A complete algorithm has been presented in this paper. GMRS technique is implemented to solve the matrix obtained after the formulation. A new approach followed in which discontinuous piecewise polynomials are used for the trial functions. It is natural to assume that the advantages of using discontinuous functions in FEM should apply to FVM. The nature of the discontinuity of the trial function is such that the elements in the corresponding dual partition have the smallest support, as compared with the cases when conforming (Classical FVM). Film thickness calculation is done using singular quadrature approach. Few results have been presented and discussed in brief. Method is well suited for solving EHL point contact problem and can be used as commercial software. Results are compared with simple finite difference scheme to validate the accuracy of above scheme.

2:30 – 3 pm Studies of Elastohydrodynamic Llubrication Using CFD-Based Finite-Volume Technique D. Lee, D. Dini, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Most current approaches to elastohydrodynamic (EHL) contact modelling rely on Reynolds based methods. Although successful in providing significant insight into fundamentals of EHL, such methods suffer from a number of drawbacks including not accounting for gradients through the film thickness, inlet heating and shear thining. One of the ways in which EHL predictions can be improved is by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in parallel with the elasticity equations. This paper utilises one such approach where CFD methods implemted using the OpenFOAM package are used to provide more accurate predictions of EHL. A finite volume technique is used to solve for both fluid and solid domain providing an efficient and stable method able to model high pressures and shear rates. This paper focuses on new results aimed to establish the influence of operating conditions and lubricant properties on EHL behaviour as well as parametrically determine the limits of Eyring-Reynolds equations.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Coated Specimens under EHL Point Contact for Film Thickness and Friction Characterization D. Pickens, Z. Liu, X. He, T. Nishino, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

and friction, and the numerical solutions are compared with the experimental data. The results showed that in the case of simple sliding (SR=2) and at higher speeds, the friction is lower for the uncoated balls; however, at lower speeds, the friction is considerably lower for the coated balls with the difference in friction between coated and uncoated ball becoming even more apparent at higher operating temperatures.

4:30 – 5 pm PMD Method for Numerical Solution of Thin-Film and Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication W. Pu, Si Chuan University, Cheng Du, China Converged and accurate numerical solutions of thin-film and mixed EHL become more difficult, and solution process with a fixed single discretization mesh for the solution domain appears to be quite slow, especially when the lubricant films and surface contacts coexist with real machined roughness involved. In the present study, a set of sample cases with and without machined surface roughness are analyzed through the PMD method, and the obtained results are compared with those from the direct iteration method with a single fixed mesh. Besides, more numerical analyses with and without surface roughness in a wide range of operating conditions are conducted to investigate the influence of different compound modes in order to optimize the PMD procedure. It is observed that, no matter with or without surface roughness considered, the PMD method is stable for transient mixed EHL problems and capable of significantly accelerating the EHL solution process while ensuring numerical accuracy.

5 – 5:30 pm – Lubrication Fundamentals Business Meeting

Session 4C

• Bronze 2

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN IV – SPECIAL SESSION – ADVANCES IN LUBRICANTS AND AUTOMOTIVE TRIBOLOGY FOR FUEL ECONOMY Session Chair: S. Bagi, Paccar, Inc., Mt. Vernon, WA Session Vice Chair: P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX

2 – 2:30 pm New Heavy-Duty Motor Oils to Enable the Next Generation of Low GHG Diesel Engines: API CK-4 and API FA-4 S. Whitacre, Chevron Lubricants, Richmond, CA Two new engine oil specifications have been established in response to heavy engine manufacturer requests for new lubricant technology to coincide with 2017 model year engines/vehicles that meet more stringent greenhouse gas emission requirements. These new oils, which will be licensed as API CK-4 and API FA-4, will deliver drastically improved oxidation stability, oil aeration control, and resistance to viscosity loss due to shear as well as introduce a new low viscosity option for optimized fuel economy. This presentation outlines the two specifications and the new products that will enable the next generation of fuel efficient engine technology.

The elastohydrodynamic (EHL) and mixed EHL film thicknesses and friction of the interfaces formed by steel balls coated with different CrMo layers and different discs are experimentally studied with a PCS EHL tribometer; and the measured data are compared with those obtained from using an AISI 52100 uncoated steel ball. The ball coatings vary in coating methods, coating thickness, and coating time. A numerical mixed-EHL model is applied to simulate the film thickness

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Technical Sessions 2:30 – 3 pm Lubricant Developments for Advanced Drivetrain Hardware

Session 4D

• Skyview 3

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS II

G. Guinther, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA Lubricants have historically been relied upon to enable or protect new automotive technologies to achieve their fullest potential in terms of vehicle performance and energy conservation. The demands on the fluids are continually increasing as smaller engines with higher power densities are developed. The resulting operating conditions, incorporating technologies like turbocharged direct-injection engines, coating technologies, and advanced drivetrain components requires lubricants with complex chemical and physical properties. Of course these same lubricants must also be backward-compatible with the existing car park which spans a large breadth of technology. Afton sees a need for broader interactions between hardware and lubricant developers to co-design SYSTEMS that enable the best from each technology.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm A Holistic View of the Role of Lubricants in Fuel Efficiency J. Bansal, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL The need to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has made fuel efficiency one of the most important issues for today’s transportation industry. The vehicle manufacturers are working very hard to bring new hardware technologies on stream to respond to the increasingly stringent CO2 emission regulations around the world. Lubricants have an important role in this quest for fuel efficiency. To date the major emphasis has been on minimizing the boundary friction and/or the lubricant viscous drag. However, there are many other ways in which a lubricant can directly or indirectly contribute to vehicle fuel efficicny, some of which may not be receiving the amount of attention they deserve.

4:30 – 5 pm Mechanical Friction Reduction Trends in Engines A. Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co., Novi, MI Mechanical friction losses in an engine consumes about 7-10% of the total energy input. Therefore, reducing mechanical friction can contribute directly to fuel economy improvement, often at a low cost. There have been incremental improvements in friction reduction in tribologically critical engine parts through improved finish, materials, engine oil, and design leading to substantial gain in fuel economy. This presentation will briefly review lubrication regimes in critical engine components and opportunities for friction reduction, followed by industry trends in application of these various attributes for friction reduction.

5 – 5:30 pm – Q&A Session 5:30 – 6 pm – Engine and Drivetrain Business Meeting

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Session Chair: N. Bolander, Sentient Science Corp., Idaho Falls, ID

2 – 2:30 pm Influence of Contact Conditions and Steel Properties on Propagation of Rolling Contact Fatigue Cracks P. Rycerz, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life data is normally obtained by testing large sets of samples until pitting failure. This approach allows for quantification of RCF lives but it does not offer much insight into the mechanisms driving the initiation and propagation of cracks. The study presented here attempts to better explain the behaviour of RCF cracks in terms of contact conditions and material properties. Pitting experiments were performed using a triple contact RCF rig on specimens made of a range of steels, including through-hardened 52100, M50 and case-carburised 16MnCr5. The experimental set-up includes a crack detection sensor, capable of detecting cracks at a very early stage, so that propagation rates can be monitored. Measured crack propagation rates are related to contact conditions and an attempt is made to explain the observed crack behaviour in terms of properties and microstructures of the steels studied as well as predicted stress intensity factors.

2:30 – 3 pm A More Accurate and Faster Method to Obtain the Force and Moment Distribution in Roller Bearing S. Zhu, D. Nelias, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, W. Zhang, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, W. Gao, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France This paper shows an enhanced method to update slicing technique to calculate forces and moments acting on bearing rollers. Based on a specific expanded slicing technique mixed with Hertz theory, the classical empirical formula can be replaced by a simplified elastic deformation formula to get the load on each slice, also considering interactions among slices. A small number of slices is sufficient to accurately predict both forces and moments. Roller forces and moments can be obtained in a faster and more accurate manner, which in fine permits to obtain the bearing load distribution in complex transmissions and gearboxes in a faster way.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Thermoelastic Contact with a Rough Surface Involving Distributed Inhomogeneities Q. Zhou, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, X. Jin, Z. Wang, J. Wang, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, L. Keer, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Frictional heating often causes failure of elements subjected to significant rubbing. This work explores the thermoelastic rough surface contact of bodies with multiple inhomogeneities. The thermoelastic problem is formulated by using frequency response functions or influence coefficients, while the stress field of the inhomogeneities is modeled via the numerical equivalent inclusion method. Heterogeneous thermoelastic contact on a rough surface is then numerically solved based on conjugate gradient method. The full 3D FFT techniques and the mesh differential refinement scheme recently developed are incorporated into the proposed solution method to enhance the model efficiency and flexibility. Computations of several heterogeneous thermoelastic contact cases are conducted and the influences of the inhomoegeities are discussed.


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Tuesday, May 17 4D

4:30 – 5 pm A Notation for Elementary Solutions of Inhomogeneous Contact Analysis by the Semi-Analytical Method X. Zhang, X. Jin, Z. Zhang, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, Q. Zhou, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Contact involving material inhomogeneities usually exhibits strong non-linearity, and must be solved by the numerical method. By taking advantage of the Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) technique in conjunction with the numerical equivalent inclusion method (NEIM), we recently proposed a unified method of solution for handling inhomogeneous contact problems. This work presents the fundamentals of our micromechanical modeling. A summarization of the related elementary solutions in the numerical computations is reviewed in accordance to a newly developed notation, which is able to efficiently formulate the contribution from constant excitation distributed over a cuboidal (or rectangular in the two-dimensional case) domain.

5 – 5:30 pm Effective Elastic-Plastic Properties of a Half Space Containing Multiple Heterogeneities Under Indentation K. Amuzuga, T. Chaise, D. Nelias, LaMCoS/INSA-LYON, Villeurbanne, France The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of heterogeneities content on the effective properties of a body under contact loading. First, a heterogeneous elastic-plastic half space is subject to a contact load and the macroscopic response in term of load-displacement relation is analyzed. The macroscopic elastic-plastic properties (elastic modulus, yield stress) are provided by identification with the indentation curve of a homogenous half-space with equivalent properties, this using a reverse Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm. A semi analytical method is used for the indentation simulations due to its efficiency to solve contact problems when the contacting bodies are heterogeneous and/or behave plastically. This method offers the possibility to obtain the nonlinear macroscopic behavior compared to more classical homogenization methods that are (1) used to investigate properties in the elastic domain only and (2) not accurate for a volume close to a free or loaded surface.

5:30 – 6 pm Influence of the Balls Kinematics and Ball/Race Contact Models on Quasi-Static Approaches for Ball Bearing C. Servais, J. Bozet, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium The frictional power dissipated within dry lubricated ball bearings is a prime concern, especially for high-speed applications. Nevertheless, the exact balls behavior is still a source of interrogations. First, a comparison of several ball/race contact models has been performed by prescribing the kinematical variables. This has been done by using an existing quasi-static approach to reach the ball bearing equilibrium. Second, a parametric study has been carried out on the ball kinematics. This time the contact model remained fixed. The results demonstrate the predominance of the kinematics on the ball bearing behavior with an emphasis on the dissipated power within ball/race contacts. This shows that the kinematics must be rightly computed. On the other hand, the ball/race contact model doesn’t necessitate a high refinement in order to evaluate the ball bearing equilibrium. Conversely, this refinement is essential for a precise evaluation of the power losses.

6 – 6:30 pm – Rolling Element Bearings Business Meeting

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Session 4E

• Silver

METALWORKING IV Session Chair: K. Eisenhauer, Integrilube, Bonita Springs, FL Session Vice Chair: P. Zhao, Houghton International, Norristown, PA

2 – 2:30 pm Tools for Screening Process Fluids Performance A. Tomala, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, A. Naveira Suarez, SKF, Group Manufacturing Development Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden, M. Rodriguez Ripoll, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria Process media have an enormous effect on the manufacturing performance fulfilling the functions such as lubrication, corrosion protection, cleaning and cooling. Screening and testing of the process fluids targeting machining performance is poorly reported in literature. There is a huge potential in research on machining contact tribology parameters for example the influence of oil droplet size distribution, wetting, viscosity and tension, alteration and ageing due to perturbation of composition. Tribological characterization of manufacturing process in lab–scale have shown that applying simple model test (SRV and Brugger tester) are useful for assessing the friction, wear and corrosion properties of the metalworking fluids, and thus can serve as useful screening tools. Bench top scale tribometers can simulate better the field conditions, however the results not always correlate with existing results in manufacturing environment.

2:30 – 3 pm Twist Compression Test (TCT) Boundary Lubrication Results of Chlorinated Parrafin (CP) and CP Replacements on Various Metals T. McClure, Sea-Land Chemical – SLC Testing Services, Valparaiso, IN Twist compression is a bench test that creates lubricant starvation under high pressures and sliding contact. It is used to evaluate the boundary and E.P. performance of metalworking lubricants designed for severe operations. The current work utilizes this test to compare the performance of chlorinated paraffin with partial and full CP replacement chemistries on various metals including stainless steels, inconel, titanium, low carbon steel, and advanced high strength steel. The aim is to provide useful data for planning CP replacement projects for specific metals.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Evaluating the Next Generation of Metalworking Fluids and Industrial Lubricants Using Non-Standard Test Methods B. Dubbert, Engineered Lubricants, Maryland Heights, MO The demands put on industrial fluids presently and in the future for health, safety, performance and cost are requiring more in depth evaluation of fluid performance and more creativity in test methods. Industry standard additives are being removed from the market or being limited in use, thus creating opportunities to research new, novel chemistries and combinations. The versatility of pin and vee and four ball testing have made both tests industry standards. Flexibility of test material gives formulators many tools for evaluating base fluids, additives and the behavior of both in fully formulated products. Increased demands have shown that two fluids that appear to be equal by a standard test method may be found to perform quite differently by a modified test method. Laboratory and correlating field results using non-standard pin and vee and four ball methods will be presented in this discussion.

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From the lab

to the field — We can help design and demonstrate performance in all phases of lubricant development. QCustom additives QField technical service QStandard and unique QFormula development application testing

The specialty additive company!

See us at booth 307/309

The Elco Corporation 216-749-2605, [email protected] or www.elcocorp.com

Tuesday, May 17 4E

4:30 – 5 pm Grinding of Inconel 718 Alloy with Air-Oil-Water Mixture Delivered by MQL Technique R. Da Silva, D. Oliveira, P. De Castro, A. Marques, Á. Machado, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E. Emannuel, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria Grinding of nickel superalloys has been always a topic of interest among machining users. Due to low heat conductivity of nickel alloys and abrasive wheels, as well as the high strength resistance of nickelbased alloys, heat is mainly concentrated at the grinding zone during machining. Thus, it is important to search for correct combination of cutting parameters and lubri-cooling environment when grinding Inconel 718 alloy to prevent thermal damages and poor finishing of machined workpiece. This work presents the results of finishing and microhardness after grinding of Inconel 718 alloy in presence of a airoil-water mixture delivered by the MQL technique. SEM images of machined surfaces were captured and used to understand the interactions between the Inconel 718 and abrasive wheels. Results showed that mixture of air-oil-water with MQL can provide as good finishing as traditional coolant delivery. No significant variation in microhardness was observed after grinding with MQL.

5 – 5:30 pm Chemistry-Structure-Performance Relationship of Various Organic Stain Inhibitors in MWF H. Kim, F. Anthony, Chemetall/Albemarle, New Providence, NJ The primary role of stain/corrosion inhibitor is to build up the barrier on the metal surface to prevent access of corrosive species. In this role, inhibitor acts through three sequential steps; displacing water molecule, adsorbing on the metal surface and forming film by electron transfer to or from metal/metal oxide surface. The anti-staining efficiency of inhibitor would be dominated by its molecular chemistry/structure and feasibility of charge transfer. For metalworking fluids (MWFs), the anti-staining performance mostly relies on various carboxylate, phosphate and silicate inhibitor systems. The choice of those stain inhibitors depends on the type of alloys, composition of the alloy, metalworking fluid composition, pH and temperature, etc. Along this line, in this presentation we present our recent investigation on chemistry-structure-performance relationship of various aluminum stain inhibitor systems including amine carboxylates, phosphates, silicates and complex esters.

5:30 – 6 pm A Type of Plant Oil-Based Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloy C. Zhang, Y. Dai, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, T. Liu, Tianjin Research Institute for Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Tianjin, China Titanium alloys are recognized as difficult-to-cut materials due to their low thermal conductivity, high chemical activity and small elastic modulus. In this work, we use oxidized rapeseed oil as base oil to develop a type of cutting fluid for machining titanium alloy. The formula also includes some functional additives, such as emulsifier, rust and corrosion inhibitor, anti-foaming agent, bactericide, etc. The lubrication property of the emulsion was investigated by the ball on disc tribo-tester with a WC ball and TC4 alloy disc. The friction coefficient is as low as 0.2 and no adhesion can be found during the test. The emulsion also shows an excellent anti-seizing property. In addition, the emulsion presents anti-corrosion property for cast iron, steel, and nonferrous metals. The anti-foam property and antibacterial property of the emulsion are also investigated and satisfy the requirement for cutting fluid.

6 – 6:30 pm – Metalworking Business Meeting

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Session 4F

• Palace 3

NON-FERROUS METALS I: ADDITIVES Session Chair: M. Shafiei, Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, Kennesaw, GA Session Vice Chair: A. King, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA

2 – 2:30 pm Water Dispersible Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum Cutting Fluids A. Michael, Clariant Corp., Mt. Holly, NC Water-soluble and water-dispersible corrosion inhibitors are used for formulating synthetic, semi-synthetic, and milky emulsions. Waterdispersible corrosion inhibitors have become important components due to their ability to protect a wide range of metals. The rising interest for these additives is due to light-weight materials such as aluminum alloys, magnesium, titanium, and high strength steels that are increasing in use in many industries; offering benefits such as reducing weight and improving energy and fuel efficiency. At the same time traditional ferrous metals such as steel, along with copper and cobalt remain in the manufacturing process or as a part of the equipment and tools. A comprehensive test program was initiated which evaluated different chemistries according to varying performance criteria, ranging from steel protection, inhibition of staining on aluminum, reduced copper & cobalt leaching, to lubrication properties, foaming behavior, and electrolyte stability.

2:30 – 3 pm Al Cold Rolling – Recovery of Rolling Oil From Exhaust Air O. Seiferth, Hydro Aluminium Rolled Products GmbH, Research & Development, Bonn, Germany, S. Draese, Hydro Aluminium Rolled Products GmbH, Grevenbroich, Germany The main component of lubricants in cold rolling of aluminum are hydrocarbon base oils. During application at the cold mills, the hydrocarbons form both oil vapor and oil mist. The recovery of the rolling oil from the exhaust air of the mill and its re-introduction into the rolling process provide significant economical and ecological benefits. This paper presents the technology of exhaust air purification systems making use of wash oil for the absorption of the rolling oil hydrocarbons. The properties of the wash oil are discussed with regard to the processes of absorption and subsequent distillative separation of the rolling oil. In addition, special emphasis is put on the control of both wash oil and recovered rolling oil using dedicated analytical testing methods.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Antioxidants and Charge Control Additives for Ester Oils T. Karis, WD (a Western Digital Co.), San Jose, CA Fluid dynamic bearing spindle motors are now ubiquitous in magnetic recording disk drives. Areas of continuous improvement for these motor bearings are minimizing the motor voltage and electric charge buildup in the oil and limiting oil oxidation. This talk describes the development of an ester oil formulation with antistatic additives and a kinetic model for synergistic formulation of antioxidants. Novel polyaromatic charge control additives have the potential to offer improved motor voltage stability relative to the currently used aromatic amines. A kinetic model that includes the synergistic effects of primary and secondary antioxidants and metal catalyst on oil oxidation lifetime is employed to guide the formulation. Knowledge of the chemistry

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Technical Sessions provides a significant benefit because it reduces the development cycle time and lowers the total cost to obtain improved motor lifetime.

4:30 – 5 pm Waste Water Treatment Technologies

S. Berkebile, K. Radil, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

A. Knopp, AEP – Gavin Plant, Ravenswood, WV, S. Shively, Evoqua, Columbus, OH

Loss of the primary lubrication system in high-speed rotorcraft transmissions results in the rapid failure of the component gears due to degradation of the material at the gear contact. The degradation is a result of the absence of a protective liquid lubricant film and inadequate heat removal. A study has been conducted to understand the progression of physical and chemical changes in steel gear teeth subjected to loss of lubrication by operating a series of gears for increasing durations after turning off the lubrication source. The surfaces of gear teeth have been characterized using optical, electron and x-ray microscopies and spectroscopies. The surface and nearsurface morphology and composition will be presented, and the relationship between scuffing damage, thermally promoted oxidation, and additive chemistry during the rapid heating before failure will be discussed.

We want to introduce and discuss current wastewater treatment technologies that are available to treat various types of waste water. These technologies vary in size and simplicity and some are even geared totally for specific waste water components. The current EPA outfall discharge limits have gotten more intricate and specific, and the technologies out there have had to evolve as well to meet these new limits.

5 – 5:30 pm – Non-Ferrous Business Meeting

Session 4G

4 – 4:30 pm The Progression of Gear Tooth Damage in a Loss-of-Lubrication Event

• Palace 4/5

Session Chair: H. Yoon, Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, IL

4:30 – 5 pm Investigation of Solid Lubricants for Use in Aviation Gearboxes

Session Vice Chair: S. Berkebile, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

J. Ewin, K. Clark, J. Ullmann, K. Lee, A. Viray, NAVAIR, Patuxent River, MD

GEARS III

2 – 2:30 pm Tribological Assessment of Gear Materials for Loss of Lubrication Survivability K. Radil, US Army, Cleveland, OH As part of its certification process for military and civilian rotary aircraft the FAA requires the main rotor gearbox to operate for 30 minutes after a loss-of-lubricant (LOL) event to allow time for the aircraft to maneuver and land safely. To address this requirement a series of reciprocating pin-on-plate tests were conducted on common and prospective gear materials to identify the tribological properties that may play a role in the survivability of gears operating without proper lubrication. The test conditions were based on closely matching the sliding speed, contact pressure, and temperatures present near the pitch point of spur gears operating in NASA Glenn’s spur gear test rig during a LOL test. Friction data collected throughout the test will be presented along with posttest wear measurements of the pins and plates.

2:30 – 3 pm Scuffing Resistance and Starved Lubrication Behavior in Helicopter Gear Steels: Dependence on Surface Coatings M. Riggs, S. Berkebile, N. Murthy, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD The performance of rotorcraft drivetrains under starved lubrication conditions is critical to safety in the event that the lubrication system is compromised. A ball-on-disk tribometer is used to simulate entraining velocities, slide-to-roll ratios, and contact stresses relevant to aerospace gears under fully flooded and interrupted oil supply conditions. The relative performance of advanced helicopter gear steels with surface coatings is studied with respect to relevant gear contact conditions. To demonstrate the tolerance to starved lubrication conditions, the frictional behavior and time to failure when the oil supply is interrupted will be presented. The comparison of surface coatings under normal and starved lubrication provides an initial assessment of each coating’s relative performance under conditions present in high-power and highspeed aerospace drivetrains.

Gearboxes have historically required oil lubrication to provide wear resistance and heat dissipation for the internal gears and bearings; however smaller Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are becoming prevalent for military and commercial use may not require oil lubrication for their small gearboxes. Bench tests were performed on diamond like carbon (DLC) and other solid lubricant coatings applied to superfinished AISI 9310 steel. The coatings were evaluated using a Wedeven Associates Machine (WAM) and the U.S. NAVY Ryder rig at various speeds and loads to quantify the time to failure. The objective was to quantify the operating envelope of these technologies in an oil free gearbox system.

5 – 5:30 pm – Gears Business Meeting

Authors and Presenters Invited to Attend Speakers Breakfast Lead authors and course presenters are invited to the Speakers Breakfast (Monday through Thursday, May 16-19) from 7-8 am in the Platinum Room to meet with Session and Paper Solicitation Chairs for a continental breakfast on the days of their presentations. This is a great time to review the session schedule and note any last-minute changes. Speakers should plan on attending.


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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4H

• Las Vegas 1

FLUID FILM BEARINGS IV Session Chair: B. Bou-Said, LaMCoS INSA De Lyon, Villeubanne, France Session Vice Chair: A. Cristea, Tecnitas, Levallois-Perret, France

2 – 2:30 pm Dynamic Response of Polymers for Journal Bearing Linings S. Glavatskih, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, M. Cha, Waukesha Bearings, Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, I. Santos, DTU, Lyngby, Denmark Dynamic response of polymer materials, which are potential candidates for use as compliant linings in fluid film bearings, is evaluated. A small amplitude harmonic excitation force is applied to the test specimens. Obtained data is analysed with a frequency response function to identify equivalent stiffness and damping of polymers. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), a PEEK based composite and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) of various thicknesses are investigated. The results are presented and discussed.

2:30 – 3 pm Transient Performance of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings Coated with PEEK or White Metal J. Bouyer, M. Fillon, Institute pPrime, Futuroscope Cedex, France, H. Katsuki, S. Mori, Daido Metal Co., Ltd., Inuyama, Japan Modern guiding mechanical systems of rotors are nowadays designed with a special care of energy consumption, but are still source of significant power losses. In recent years, the downsizing of those components led to a high need of performance optimization, efficiency becoming a priority. One of the ways to achieve this goal is the use of materials with good friction properties under steady-state and/or transient regimes. The aim of the present study is to investigate how the bearing layer materials (PEEK, Babbitt) could influence the performance of a journal bearing during transient periods of startup and shutdown. The studied tilting-pad journal bearings are 100 mm in diameter, with a L/D ratio of 0.4, 5 pads and load on pad configuration. Both local (temperature) and global (friction torque, shaft eccentricity) measurements are discussed. It is shown the known insulating property of the PEEK material as well as its ability to show a lower friction than that of white metal.

4:30 – 5 pm Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Polymer-Lined Journal Bearings on the Dynamic Behavior of a Simple Rotor Bearing System T. Snyder, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, F. Horvat, Duramax Marine, Hiram, OH, M. Braun, The University of Akron, Akron, OH This paper is concerned with the experimental and numerical characterization of the dynamic behavior of a simply supported rotorbearing system wherein one of the two support bearings is a polymerlined journal bearing typical in marine stern tube and vertical pump applications. Impact hammer modal testing is employed to determine the system natural frequencies in the free-free and supported conditions and the results are compared with numerical results obtained from a simple finite-element rotordynamic model. Proximity sensors positioned along the shaft and at the journal bearing are used to reconstruct the system mode shapes and the rotor orbits. The polymer constituency and bearing location relative to rotor discs effects on the overall rotor-bearing system response are evaluated under ‘ideal’ conditions and subject to rotating unbalance and misalignment. The model results have direct application to the design of the drive trains for marine applications.

5 – 5:30 pm Experimental Study of the Influence of Scratches on Two-Lobe Journal Bearing Performance C. Giraudeau, J. Beaurain, M. Helene, EDF, Clamart, France, M. Fillon, J. Bouyer, Institute pPrime , Futuroscope Cedex, France During maintenance operations, one often found issue is the degradation of the supporting and guiding components for the rotating shafts due to the apparition of scratches. To examine this issue, a numerical software has been developed. In order to validate and to complete the elaborated modeling, experimental tests have been carried out on the Pprime Institute test bench. A preloaded two-lobe journal bearing (diameter: 100 mm, length: 68.4 mm, preload: 0.5) lubricated with an ISO VG 46 mineral oil has been tested. Scratches were fashioned on the shaft at two different axial locations, varying their depth and their width. Pressures and temperatures have been measured for different rotational speeds and applied loads. At least, 8 configurations (unscratched, 6 with an only scratch and 1 with two scratches) have been tested and all data have been compared to the numerical results.

5:30 – 6 pm – Fluid Film Bearings Business Meeting

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Temperature Monitoring of PEEK Bearings J. Zhou, Waukesha Bearings Corp., Pewaukee, WI PEEK has been used as a bearing material for over 30 years. Its high operating temperature limit, wide fluid compatibility, good corrosion resistance, relatively low coefficient of friction and good tribology characteristics have all contributed to its fast adoption in applications where traditional fluid film bearing materials have limited life or are not suitable. These include water-lubricated applications, electric submersible pumps and turbomachinery susceptible to unplanned shutdowns under full load. The acceptance of PEEK bearings for gas/steam turbines and compressors, however, is still limited. One reason for the slow switch to PEEK from traditional bearing materials is that the traditional temperature monitoring methods used for babbitt bearings do not provide sufficient warning of bearing distress for PEEK bearings. The test results of two alternative methods of temperature monitoring for PEEK bearings are presented in comparison to the typical method for babbitt bearings.

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Exhibition Appreciation Hour and Evonik Raffle Two hours of dedicated exhibit time will occur at this year’s trade show: Monday, May 16 and Tuesday, May 17 from 3-4 pm in the Bally’s Event Center. All other annual meeting activities will be closed during this time. On Monday, May 16, at 3:30 pm Evonik is hosting a raffle at Booth 201. The ticket for the drawing is included in your registration bag. Just drop it in the bin by Booth 201. You must be present in the exhibit hall at 3:30 pm Monday to win.

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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4I

• Las Vegas 2

BIOTRIBOLOGY IV Session Chair: A. Dunn, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL Session Vice Chair: B. Raeymaekers, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT

2 – 2:30 pm Tactile Feedback About Various Surfaces and Governing Factor Discriminating Touch Sensibility M. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Park, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea, Swon-Si, Gyeong Gi-Do, Republic of Korea Touch experience about various surfaces is closely related with surface profiles and material properties of human skin and surfaces. In the product design procedure, it was always aim that users can feel comfortable and interesting experience using their items. To interpret the relation between touch experience and tribological behavior during relative motion, finger-sliding experiments using 10 sample surfaces were carried out. In addition, to quantify the tactile feedback in numerical value, investigations inquiring touch feeling about sample surfaces were conducted. From these two experimental results, this paper suggested governing factor discriminating the tactile sensibility of various surfaces using several statistical methods such as nonlinear regression. In the result, this study suggested the methodology to predict the tactile feedback and discriminate the surfaces.

2:30 – 3 pm Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Frictional Behaviour of Human Skin M. Masen, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, M. Klaassen, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands The environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity are known to influence the frictional behaviour of skin. The exact contribution of the individual parameters however, is unclear. In this work, the effects of these parameters are studied using a custombuilt setup in which both temperature and humidity can be controlled. Friction experiments were conducted on in vivo human skin using woven textile samples. The results show an increased friction at both increasing temperature and humidity, with the effects being more pronounced at warmer and more humid environments; at 37°C the friction increase observed when increasing the relative humidity from 40% to 80% was approximately four times larger than at 25°C. The underlying mechanisms behind these effects and the implications for (medical) product design, e.g., for products for pressure ulcer prevention, are discussed.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Artificial Human Skin Simulating In-Vivo Friction and Deformation for Dry and Moist Skin Conditions S. Franklin, Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands, M. Nachman, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland The friction and deformation behaviour of human skin is strongly affected by its hydration state. Commercially-available synthetic skin materials do not simulate this behaviour sufficiently well. In vivo friction and indentation deformation experiments were carried out using the human volar forearm of a healthy 29 year old Caucasian woman and compared with various synthetic materials in order to develop a new moisture-sensitive synthetic skin equivalent. Analogous to skin the artificial skin model was built up of two different layers: a very soft

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under-layer simulating the dermis and hypodermis, and a stiffer hydrophilic moisture-absorbing top layer simulating the epidermis. The friction and deformation behaviour of the new synthetic skin model under dry and moist environmental conditions was shown to be very similar to that of human skin. This development has potential for use as a test-bed in the predevelopment of devices that interact with the skin in a mechanical way.

4:30 – 5 pm Understanding Lubrication During Shaving S. Whitehouse, C. Myant, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, A. Stephens, Procter & Gamble, London, United Kingdom, P. Cann, D. Dini, Imperial College London, Surrey, United Kingdom Traditional experimental techniques to measure in-contact lubrication properties involve hard contact interfaces. However, there are many applications where one or both of the contacts are soft. Shaving is one such example which is interesting to study as a typical razor cartridge consists of both hard and soft components and is loaded against skin during use. Skin is a difficult material to model due to the variation in its mechanical properties, which depend on the individual person and environmental conditions. In-contact fluid flow imaging using laser induced fluorescence has been developed to better mimic skin contacts and show fluid distribution and film thickness in a hard–soft contact and a soft–soft contact.

5 – 5:30 pm Biomimetic Wall-Shaped Hierarchical Microstructure for Gecko-Like Attachment M. Varenberg, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, H. Kasem, A. Tsipenyuk, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Most biological hairy adhesive systems involved in locomotion rely on spatula-shaped terminal elements, whose operation has been actively studied during the last decade. However, though functional principles underlying their amazing performance are now well understood, due to technical difficulties in manufacturing the complex structure of hierarchical spatulate systems, a biomimetic surface structure featuring true dynamic attachment still remains elusive. To try bridging this gap, a novel method of manufacturing gecko-like attachment surfaces is devised based on a laser-micromachining. This method overcomes the inherent disadvantages of photolithography and opens wide perspectives for future production of gecko-like attachment systems. Advanced surfaces featuring thin-film-based hierarchical shearactivated elements are fabricated and found capable of generating friction force of several tens of times the contact load, which makes a significant step towards true gecko-like adhesive.

5:30 – 6 pm Multi-Scale Finite Element Model for Predicting Hysteresis Coefficient of Friction of SlipResistant Shoes S. M.Moghaddam, A. Acharya, K. Beschorner, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Predicting shoe-floor friction via computational modeling is a significant step towards preventing slip accidents. A multi-scale finite element model was used to predict the hysteresis coefficient of friction (COF) and whole shoe contact area between eight different shoes and vinyl flooring. Shoe-floor-contaminant COF measurements were conducted using a portable slip tester and canola oil. Experimental contact area of each shoe was quantified by covering the surface of the shoe with ink and loading it against the floor at the same vertical force as used in the COF measurements. Results demonstrated a correlation between the predicted COF and experimentally measured COF (r=+0.78), the predicted and experimentally measured contact area (r=+0.67), and the predicted contact area and experimentally measured COF (r=+0.71). These results demonstrate capability of the model to predict contact area and COF of shoe-floor contaminant friction.

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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4J

• Las Vegas 3

POWER GENERATION III: CONTAMINATION CONTROL Session Chair: S. Rea, Anderol Specialty Lubricants, East Hanover, NJ Session Vice Chair: J. Hannon, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialities, Allentown, NJ

vacuum dehydration is impractical as it requires too much time at typical pressure and temperature conditions. In systems where water ingression on large scale has to be routinely dealt with vacuum dehydrators are augmented with coalescers for removal as much free water as possible before the main stream enters the dehydrator. In this paper we present a coalescer based on a novel, condensate polymer structure that proved itself surprisingly successful in removing water from oils typically employed in steam turbine lubricating systems to saturation levels in a single pass under normal operating conditions.

2 – 2:30 pm Mechanisms Responsible For Electrostatic Discharges Associated With Liquid Filters

4:30 – 5 pm Purification of In-Service Hydraulic and Lubrication Fluids – A Review of Commonly Used Methods

W. Needelman, Filtration Science Solutions, Inc., Huntington Bay, NY

K. Farooq, Pall Corp., Port Washington, NY

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) associated with filters has been linked to problems in several industries, including power generation, aerospace, hydraulics, and bulk fluid handling. Reported problems include: explosions, pinhole leaks through polymeric containers and conduits, fluid degradation, and damage to filters. Suggestions for reducing ESD in these systems are often ad hoc and difficult to implement. This is the second paper of a series reporting on a program with two objectives: (1) develop practical guidelines for designers and end-users to alleviate and/or prevent ESD in these types of systems, and (2) establish these guidelines on firm physical and chemical principles. After presenting an overview of filter-related ESD, this paper focuses on mechanisms of charge separation (charge transfer) between filter media and the surrounding liquid, on the nature of charge carriers created in solid and liquid phases, and on the accumulation of these charged species resulting in sparking.

Fluids in hydraulic and lubrication systems get contaminated with water, air/gases and in some applications with lighter hydrocarbons, refrigerants and solvents. Fluid conditioning, the terms used for the removal of these contaminants combined with filtration to remove particulate contaminant, is a relatively straightforward and cost effective maintenance to make these fluids suitable for continued use, thus extending their service life and reducing waste. Notable among the methods commonly used for fluid conditioning are the mass transfer – vacuum dehydration and flash distillation-vacuum dehydration methods. This paper discusses the relative merits of the common fluid purification methods and presents experimental data that demonstrates the effects of temperature and pressure on water and gas removal.

2:30 – 3 pm The Introduction of Higher Purity Lubricants for Large Steam and Gas Turbines Create New Issues Through the Generation and Longevity of Electrostatic Charges in the Oil G. Munson, Fluid Assets, LLC, Madison, CT Electrostatic charging and streaming currents have been well documented in litterature for more than a decade. Dr. Akira Sazaki has cited several examples of materials and conditions which exacerbate the charge generation phenomenen. Field measurements of the magnitude of these charging events and discharge phenomenon are problematic. The strong influance or air in oil creating charging within filters has been repeatedly documented in the laboratory, but not as easily in the field. it is known that if there is air recirculating in the oil or hydraulic fluid, there is a stronger probability of generating varnish. The presence of varnish can now be easily documented with the QSA or MPC test in the laboratory. Recent developments reveal a new test method able to quantify he existance of air in the in-service oil with surprising correlation to air in the machine operation. this test now being evaluated in the beta format will be discussed.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm A Novel, Condensate Polymer Coalescer for Free Water Removal from Steam Turbine Lubricating Oils J. Duchowski, E. Koch, HYDAC FluidCareCenter, Sulzbach, Saar, Germany Hydraulic and lubricating systems are subject to periodic ingression of large quantities of water. When upsets occur, water content can exceed the oil saturation limit such that it forms a binary phase system with the carrier fluid. Free water being particularly undesirable, solutions for its rapid removal are urgently sought for. Removal of free water by

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5 – 5:30 pm – Power Generation Business Meeting

Session 4K

• Las Vegas 4

WEAR I: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WEAR Session Chair: J. Bomidi, Baker Hughes, The Woodlands, TX Session Vice Chair: A. Clarke, Cardiff Univesity, Cardiff, United Kingdom

2:30 – 3 pm Sliding Wear of Spark Plasma Sintered CrFeCoNiCu High Entropy Alloy Coatings: Effect of Aluminum Addition X. Ji, Hohai University, Changzhou, China High entropy alloys are considered attractive coating materials due to their high hardness, good wear and corrosion resistance. CrFeCoNiCuAlx (x= 0, 1, 2, 3) high entropy alloy coatings were fabricated on carbon steel substrate using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructure evolved from FCC to FCC-BCC mixed structure. The dry sliding wear behavior of the HEA coatings was investigated using a ball-on-disk sliding tribometer (Nanovea, CA) with a Silicon Nitride ball. The domain wear mechanism was abrasive wear accompanying with oxidative wear. In all of the HEA coatings, CrFeCoNiCuAl3 possess the lowest wear rate 0.88×10-4 mm3/m and CrFeCoNiCuAl2 has the lowest coefficient of friction 0.195 during 1000 m sliding distance at 1 m/s sliding velocity under 20 N normal load. Comparing with 52100 steel, spark plasma sintered CrFeCoNiCu high entropy alloy coatings exhibit outstanding sliding wear resistance.


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Technical Sessions 4 – 4:30 pm Experimental Study of the Wear Process at the Rod/Seal Interface in a Reciprocating Sealing System

5:30 – 6 pm Wear Resistance Experiments on Phosphorus Eutectic Cast-Iron with Double-Doped Rare Earth

S. Tsala Moto, Y. Berthier, G. Mollon, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Villeurbanne Cedex, France, A. Bertinotti, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, Molsheim, France

T. Li, X. Lu, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, D. Zou, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo, W. Li, L. Wang, C. Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

Improvement of the reliability of reciprocating sealing systems requires a control of leakage and wear at the rod/seal interface. In order to study the tribological behavior of the rod/seal contact in such elastomeric sealing actuator, a test rig of the piston is designed in a planar configuration, according to the contact conditions assessed at the interface in the real system. The tests are performed in several conditions: dry and wet contacts, a wide range of speeds, lengths of the stroke and numbers of cycles. Furthermore, a large amount of data (force, displacement) is collected during each test. In addition, the groove is transparent in such a way that a high-speed camera is used on the side to capture images for a Digital Image Correlation study. Finally, experimental analyses are performed on the worn samples and compared to new samples. This experimental study helps to explain the wear process at the rod/seal interface.

In this study, using lanthanum-cerium rare earth alloy as a modifier, the rare earth content of cast iron sample is divided into 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1%. For the above samples, it needs to analyze the mechanical properties and abradability. For mechanical properties, tensile strength, compressive strength, impact toughness, hardness and other mechanical properties are analyzed to sum up the relationship between the mechanical behaviors and the amount of rare earths. At the same time, wear test is carried out, through results of wear weight and micro-structure such as graphite, matrix organization, primary austenite and eutectic group, to look for the relationship between micro-structure and wear resistance, and a model of the abrasion quantity and rare earth content is established. By all the test on mechanical properties and abradability, the optimum cast iron with double doped earth would be found among the test samples.

4:30 – 5 pm Experimental Study of the Removal of the Tribofilm Generated by Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate

Session 4L

• Las Vegas 5

SYNTHETICS & HYDRAULICS III

P. Parsaeian, A. Neville, A. Ghanbarzadeh, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Session Chair: A. Larson, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI

Understanding the true mechanisms of combined formation and removal processes of the tribofilm generated by zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is significantly important. It was reported that the growth of such films is a combined process of formation and removal at the same time in the contact. For better understanding the mechanism of tribofilm removal it is important to understand the tribochemistry phenomena and to find the true mechanisms of wear in the presence of the tribofilm. Main focus of this study is to show the physical concept of removal of the tribofilm and to investigate the effect of different parameters such as temperature, load and water on tribofilm formation and removal. Experimental results strongly support the fact that tribofilm forms and removes at the same time and these processes in combination characterize the behaviour of the tribosystems. XPS analyses were carried out to see the difference in chemical structure of the tribofilm before and after removal.

2 – 2:30 pm Preparation and Evaluation of Metallocene Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Based on α-olefins made from Coal J. Li, J. Xu, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China With the rapid development of the coal-chemical industry in China, the production of olefins making by coal has been increased to a certain huge capacity. In the same time, how to use the olefins with high added-value has attracted more and more attentions. Based on the cooperations with LuAn Group Co., one of the largest coal-chemical company in China, we prepared metallocene polyalphaolefin base stocks with different viscosity such as PAO4, PAO6, PAO8 and so on using -olefins made from coal as raw materials. In addition, the properties of the base oils has been evaluated using standard methods, and the results indicate these base oils show good thermal oxidative stabilities, high viscosity index and excellent fluidities under low temperature.

5 – 5:30 pm Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Al2O3 and SiC Particles Reinforced Aluminium-Based MMCs by Taguchi Method J. V. Menghani, Svnit Surat, Surat, India, B. Kumar, Itm Universe Vadodara, Pali, Rajasthan, India Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are advanced materials that result from a combination of two or more materials in which superior mechanical and wear properties are realized. MMCs have become one of the most significant superior materials used for automotive, aerospace, general engineering applications and defense. SiC and Al2O3 particle reinforced metal matrix composites were fabricated by stir casting technique. Wear test was carried out on Pin-on-disc wear testing machine. Optimization of wear test was carried out by using taguchi analysis. An orthogonal array L4 and analysis of variance were used to investigate the effect of wear parameters load, sliding speed and sliding distance on wear behavior of composites. The worn surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Electroscope (EDS) to study the wear mechanism and chemical characterization of composites.

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2:30 – 3 pm Substitution of Group I Base Oils in Industrial Lubricants- Applications in Model Hydraulic Fluid Formulations T. Norrby, L. Malm, P. Salomonsson, Nynas AB, Nynashamn, Sweden Group I mineral base oil is the workhorse of the industrial lubricants business. The world base oil market is currently undergoing rapid change, driven mainly by the technical demand from automotive applications, impacting also all other lubricant applications. These highly paraffinic base oils make their way into industrial lubricant formulations, so called over-blending. Important chemical and physical differences exist: the viscosity range covered is Gr I is wider, and the solvency offered by Group II and Group III, with higher aniline points, and lower aromatic content, is far smaller than that of Group I base oils. Nynas has created a new range of products with viscosity and solvency closely matching those of existing SN Group I base oils. We conducted studies of the new base oil, and on model hydraulic fluids based on


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Tuesday, May 17 4L

these. The results suggest that it is possible to reproduce the key features of Group I base oils, and to formulate hydraulic fluids based on these base oils.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycols – A Versatile Component for Enabling the Formulation of Modern Gear Lubricants M. Greaves, Dow Chemical, Horgen, Switzerland Oil-soluble polyalkylene glycols (OSP) are a versatile formulation component and find use as performance additives or as primary base oils in enabling the formulation of modern gear lubricants. These oxygen rich polymers can help boundary and mixed-EH&D friction control, improve the efficacy of surface active materials such as corrosion inhibitors and extreme pressure additives and also act as seal swell additives. As primary base oils their unique air release properties for use in compact gear systems will be discussed and compared with conventional products. Examples of their versatility for formulating products for the marine and food processing industries will be discussed.

4:30 – 5 pm Performance of Lubricants Formulated with a New Group V Base Stock M. McElwain, I. Hobday, G. Stansfield, Croda, Yorkshire, United Kingdom Synthetic esters have long been utilised within lubricant formulations to provide improved lubricity, oxidative stability, thermal stability, additive compatibility, seal swell and many other performance characteristics. Esters can be tailored to provide good to excellent hydrolytic stability for many applications where there is the potential for water ingress, but there are several demanding applications where hydrolytic stability needs to be further improved upon to ensure that the formulated lubricant continues to perform to the required standard. Croda has previously presented the topic of liquid amides; products that are not susceptible to hydrolysis, and therefore have the potential to meet the market need for ester-like performance but with improved hydrolytic stability. This paper will build upon previously presented data and investigate whether there are further performance benefits from using this technology, such as deposit and sludge control.

5:30 – 6 pm – Synthetics & Hydraulics Business Meeting

Stay Connected at the Annual Meeting and Tweet #STLE2016 If you’d like to be more involved during the annual meeting and share information with fellow attendees, STLE encourages you to use Twitter to tweet noteworthy sessions, photos, questions and other valuable resources. We’re also encouraging exhibitors, sponsors and companies to use it as a way to share useful information with attendees. Log on to Twitter (www.twitter.com) and just tweet using the #STLE2016 hashtag. And be sure to follow STLE’s twitter handle (@STLE_Tribology) for the latest updates throughout the week regarding the annual meeting.

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Session 4M

• Las Vegas 6/7

SEALS IV Session Chair: N. Brunetiere, Institut Pprime, Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France Session Vice Chair: K. Malik, Ontario Power Generation, Pickering, Ontario, Canada

2 – 2:30 pm Analysis of an End Face Mechanical Seal with Internal Valving for Low Power Applications J. Stieha, L. Stephens, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Certain end face mechanical seal geometries are utilized with internal valving ports machine into their faces that create a complex sealing requirement from the high pressure at some of the ports to low pressure (typically atmospheric) at both the seal OD and ID and lower pressures at other ports. During operation, friction is generated between the surfaces causing power loss from the system. In low power applications, the mechanical seal can greatly reduce the effectiveness of the system and therefore the seal requires much needed component consideration to reduce the power loss. In this presentation, we are investigating the surface roughness and geometrical properties, material selection, face pressure, and other components to reduce the power loss of the seal and stay within an acceptable leakage limit. Analysis of the seal surfaces is accomplished using white light interferometry, SEM, and EDS. Correlation between seal leakage and torque and important properties will be presented.

2:30 – 3 pm The Lift Effect of Waviness Errors in Aerodynamic Lubrication. Application to the Analysis of Annular Segmented Seals M. Arghir, Institute Pprime, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France The goal of the present work is to explain the lift effect of theoretically flat pads in annular, segmented seals. At zero rotation speed, the pads are in contact with the rotor. With increasing speed, the segments lift. A small radial clearance is created and prevents the rubbing contact between the segment and the rotor. When the pads have shallow pockets, the resulting Rayleigh step bearing generates the lift. However, the annular, segmented seals may also have flat pads. The source of the lift effect must then be looked for in the inherent waviness errors of the pads. High linear velocities combined with small amplitudes of the waviness errors enhance the compressibility effects and may sometime lead to net lift forces. The present work underlines under which circumstances the lift effect can be created by flat pads. It is shown that lift does not appear in all circumstances but the probability that a pad with waviness errors might create lift is larger than the opposite situation.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm – Seals Business Meeting

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Monson is now part of Azelis Americas New company str strengthens engthens its commitment to specialty JOLTPJHSZHUK[LJOUPJHSZLY]PJLVќLYPUNHIYVHKLYUL[^VYR JOLTPJHSZHUK[LJOUPJHSZLY]PJLVќLYPUNHIYVHKLYUL[^VYR of support and value to its U.S. and Canadian partners. Monson Companies is now part of Azelis Americas AmericasHNSVIHS[LHTVMS\IYPJHU[ZHUKTL[HS^VYRPUN HNSVIHS[LHTVMS\IYPJHU[ZHUKTL[HS^VYRPUN L_WLY[Z4VUZVU^PSSUVÎLHISL[VVќLYP[ZJ\Z[VTLYZHUL]LUIYVHKLYSPULVMWYLTP\TWYVK\J[Z L _WLY[Z4VUZVU^PSSUVÎLHISL[VVќLYP[ZJ\Z[VTLYZHUL]LUIYVHKLYSPULVMWYLTP\TWYVK\J[Z ZZHSLZZ\WWVY[HUKZLY]PJLZ[OYV\NOP[ZL_WHUKLKWVY[MVSPVVMZ\WWSPLYZ6\Y3\IYPJHU[Z 4L[HS^VYRPUN HSLZZ\WWVY[HUKZLY]PJLZ[OYV\NOP[ZL_WHUKLKWVY[MVSPVVMZ\WWSPLYZ6\Y3\IYPJHU[Z 4L[HS^VYRPUN Technical T echnical Center will continue to support our sales team, customers and suppliers with unmatched MMVYT\SH[PVUHUK[LJOUPJHSHZZPZ[HUJL3L]LYHNL[OLM\SSYHUNLVM[LJOUPJHSYLZV\YJLZZHSLZZ[HќHUK VYT\SH[PVUHUK[LJOUPJHSHZZPZ[HUJL3L]LYHNL[OLM\SSYHUNLVM[LJOUPJHSYLZV\YJLZZHSLZZ[HќHUK X\HSP[`WYVK\J[ZVUS`4VUZVUKLSP]LYZI`JVU[HJ[PUNcustomer X \HSP[`WYVK\J[ZVUS`4VUZVUKLSP]LYZI`JVU[HJ[PUNcustomer sales and service at 1-800-235-0957, or via email to [email protected] for your local Monson sales repr rrepresentative. epresentative. 4VUZVU*VTWHUPLZ࠮154 Pioneer Drive࠮Leominster, MA 01453 ࠮1-800-235-0957 w^^TVUZVUJVJVT࠮www.azelisamericas.com

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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING IV Session Chair: Z. Khan, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: A. Saeed, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom

2 – 2:30 pm Bonding Preference of Hydrocarbon Molecules on a Lubricated Disk Surface C. Yeo, J. Song, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX Under high operating temperature condition, hard-disk-drive (HDD) components can promote increased outgassing that can influence the tribological performance of head-disk-interface (HDI). The vaporized chemical contaminants inside the HDD are typically from products of adhesive and elastomer initiators, adhesive monomers and primers, grease constituents, elastomeric monomers, and plasticizers. It has been known that alkane hydrocarbons were predominant molecules for HDD outgassing failures. In this study, we investigate the bonding mechanism and preference of hydrocarbon molecules to a lubricated disk surface using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The lubricated disk was made of Z-Tetraol on top of DLC coating, while hydrocarbon was modeled using alkane. From the simulation results, it was observed that the hydrocarbon molecules had higher bonding preference to the backbone materials of Z-Tetraol, which was more facilitated at higher temperature.

2:30 – 3 pm Effects of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification (UNSM) Technique on Wear and Micropitting in Boundary Lubricated Steel-Steel Contacts H. Qin, Z. Ren, C. Ye, Y. Dong, G. Doll, The University of Akron, OH An ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique has been used to treat bearing steel specimens. Tribological behaviors of the UNSM-treated and untreated specimens were investigated in both mixed mode and reciprocating sliding contact under boundarylubricated conditions. Friction coefficients, micropitting damage, wear volumes, changes in surface profiles, and changes in surface roughness values of specimens were studied as a function of stress cycles. Results showed that UNSM-treated specimens have lower friction coefficients and higher wear and micropitting resistance than the untreated specimens. The improvements in wear and micropitting resistance may be attributed to increased surface hardness and refined grain sizes. The UNSM technique may be a useful tool to improve the durability and tribological performance of contacting surfaces of mechanical components such as bearings, gears, and seals.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm A Universal Model for an Elastic-Plastic Coated Spherical Contact with Moderate to Large Coating Thicknesses

functions of the interference are also found for the above wide range. Normalizing the contact parameters by their corresponding values at the second yield inception in the substrate enables a universal model that provides empirical relations between the various dimensionless contact parameters.

4:30 – 5 pm Tribological Studies on Molybdenum Coatings P. Nataraj, R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, S. K.S, R. T, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Molybdenum possesses excellent lubricity properties even at elevated temperature & excessive load. HVOF process the king of thermal spraying techniques is quite popular in developing molybdenum coatings for tribological applications. Meagre information is available as regards the tribological behaviour of molybdenum coatings developed through HVOF process. In the light of the above, the present work focuses on the development of molybdenum coatings on A36 & SS304 substrates by HVOF process. The developed coatings have been subjected to microstructural studies, microhardness and tribological assessment. Molybdenum coatings possesses lower coefficient of friction and higher wear resistance when compared with uncoated A36 and SS304 subtrates.

Session 4O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY IV Session Chair: G. Blackman, DuPont Central Research & Development, Wilmington, DE Session Vice Chair: J. Ye, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China

2 – 2:30 pm Discrimination of the Bulk Material and Tribological Properties of PTFE Based Composites Through Post-mortem Analysis M. Villavicencio, A. Saulot, Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, M. Renouf, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, G. Colas, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, J. Adrien, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France In tribological applications, self-lubricated cages are used to lubricate rolling bearings instead of using greases. RT/Duroid5813 (a composite of PTFE, MOS2, and fibers) has been successfully used as a reliable lubrication material for cages; however, his sole manufacturer Rogers Corporation has ceased its production in the 90’s. PGM-HT (based on the same components) has been selected as a replacement; nonetheless its behavior is not well understood, especially under tribological applications. The target of this project is to study the internal morphologies of both composites and to link them to friction behavior. To this end, SEM, x-ray tomography and ImageJ analysis were carried out. The dimensions, orientation, and distribution of the components have been highlighted. The previous results of the bulk material have been confronted to the debris particles generated during friction, obtained by elementary test that reproduce the double transfer mechanism of a self-lubricating bearing.

Z. Chen, R. Goltsberg, I. Etsion, Technion, Haifa, Israel A finite element analysis is used to investigate the elastic-plastic contact behavior of a coated sphere compressed by a rigid flat. The study concerns hard coatings having moderate to large thicknesses and a wide range of mechanical properties of coatings and substrates. The first and second critical interferences corresponding to the yield inceptions in the coating and substrate, respectively, are found for the large range of material properties and coating thicknesses. Dimensional contact parameters such as the contact load and contact area as

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Technical Sessions 2:30 – 3 pm Wear and Friction Behaviour of Self-Lubricating Polymer Composite Bearing Materials

5 – 5:30 pm Developing a Mechanistic Framework for Wear of PFA Fluoropolymer/Alumina Composites

M. Rodiouchkina, K. Berglund, R. Larsson, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

M. Sidebottom, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, C. Junk, H. Burch, G. Blackman, DuPont Central Research & Development, Wilmington, DE, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

During the last years, hydropower have been used to control and regulate power output due to an increased use of other renewable energy sources. Thus, higher demands are put on the self-lubricated bearings used in hydro power applications due to the changes in operating conditions which are dominated by high pressures and low sliding speeds. In this study, the influence of high pressure and low sliding speed operating conditions on the wear and friction behavior of some of the commercial available bearing materials for hydropower turbines is investigated in a reciprocating block-on-block configuration. Furthermore, the relationship between the mechanical material properties of the polymer composites and the test results is investigated.

3 – 4 pm – Exhibitor Appreciation Break 4 – 4:30 pm Investigating the Evolution of Transfer Films in Polymer Tribology A. Jean-Fulcrand, M. Masen, J. Wong, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is the most notable fluoropolymer for tribological applications because of its uniquely low friction coefficient. Its high wear rate is overcome by compositing PTFE with fillers; some PTFE-alumina composites can have wear rates ~10,000 times less than unfilled PTFE. PFA (PerFluoroAlkoxy), a perfluorinated TFE-copolymer, has a much lower melt viscosity than PTFE, allowing it to be injection molded. Although the friction coefficient is greater than PTFE, the wear rate of Teflon® PFA 340 similarly decreases from ~3.7x10-4 mm3/Nm (unfilled) to ~5.0x10-8 mm3/Nm through the addition of alumina particles at 10 wt.%. The multi-scale chemical and mechanical mechanisms of this wear reduction will be explored by pairing tribological experiments with material characterization techniques. Primary hypotheses for the wear reduction include a symphonic combination of tribochemical reactions, shear-induced changes in material crystallinity, and multi-scale mechanics.

5:30 – 6 pm A Quantitative Wear Model of Tribological Polymer Composites

High-performance polymers are being investigated as replacements for lubricants in high temperature applications due to their selflubricating properties. When a polymer is rubbed against a metal surface, a polymer transfer film may form on the metal. In this study, a fixed polymer ball was rubbed against a rotating smooth steel disc. The effects of the operating conditions and the contact temperature on the formation of the transfer film were investigated, as well as the effects of the formation of a transfer film on friction and wear. The morphology, chemical composition and molecular orientation of the transfer film have been characterised using techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR and DSC. Results show that the degree of crystallinity, the chemical composition and the molecular alignment of polymer chains within the transfer film are different from that of the pristine polymer.

J. Ye, H. Zhang, J. Zeng, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China

4:30 – 5 pm Quantitative Characterization of Solid Lubricant Transfer Films

6 – 6:30 pm – Materials Tribology Business Meeting

D. Haidar, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, J. Ye, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China, D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Registration available for STLE Certification Exams

Solid lubricants are important for a variety of applications where traditional lubricants are impractical. These materials are often mated against hard metallic surfaces of higher surface energy and deposit a transfer film to the counterface. Studies have shown that the transfer film is representative of the wear behavior, yet describing its quality – thin, uniform, tenacious – has been subject to interpretation. Recently, three methods were proposed for quantifying transfer film quality: area fraction, film thickness, and free-space length Lf (size domains of exposed counterface within film region). Of these three metrics, freespace length distinguished itself as well correlated to wear rate for the ultralow wear material 5%wt. alumina 95% PTFE nanocomposite. In this study, we assess each method’s ability to quantify wear rate for a range of polymeric materials: PTFE nanocomposites, PEEK nanocomposites, PPS, PET, and epoxy.

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Polymeric solid lubricants form protective transfer films at the metallic hard counterface, which mitigate friction and wear significantly. Despite the overwhelming evidence that various transfer film characteristics are related to the wear reduction mechanism, no strong correlation between certain transfer film property and wear was claimed due to the shortage of quantitative studies. Our prior results suggested surface energy and adhesion dominate the wear resistance of the transfer film in dry sliding. First, we propose here a quantitative wear model based on the surface energy difference between the two sliding surfaces in a polymer-metal friction pair. Second, we report detailed measurements of surface energy and wear performance using a well-known PTFE nanocomposite which validates the model.

All four of STLE’s certification exams: Certified Lubrication Specialist, Oil Monitoring Analyst I and II and Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist will be conducted concurrently on Thursday, May 19 from 9 am to Noon in Palace 3. Individuals must be registered for the exams in advance, however, onsite registration is available on a limited basis. For more information, stop by the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon. Registration and sign-in starts at 8:30 am. Fees: First exam: $380 (STLE member), $510 (Non-member), Retake exam: $190 (STLE member), $255 (Non-member).


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Tuesday, May 17 Session 4P

• Jubilee 3

NANOTRIBOLOGY IV: NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES Session Chair: K. Sinha, Chevron Oronite LLC, Bellaire, TX Session Vice Chair: H. Ghaednia, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI

2 – 2:30 pm Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Dispersions of Nanomaterials as High Performance Additives for Lubricants P. von Czarnecki, M. Ahrens, T. Schubert, Iolitec Ionic Liquids Technologies, Heilbronn, Germany The influence of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricants and as lubricant additives has been investigated over the past years.[1,2] Recently, it has been found that anti-wear properties can be improved by the addition of carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphite and graphene platelets to base oils.[3] In addition, some highly surface active ILs can be used to prepare stable dispersions of nanoparticles that show itself a good tribological performance. In our contribution we will present our latest results on the use of ionic liquids as high performance additives for lubricants, on dispersions of tribological interesting nanomaterials as well as on possible new lubricants based on the combination of ionic liquids and nanomaterials.

2:30 – 3 pm Metal Disulfide Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives for the Automotive Industry

5 – 5:30 pm Interactions between MoS2 Nanotubes and AW/EP Tribofilms A. Tomala, M. Rodríguez Ripoll, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, M. Kalin, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, M. Remškar, Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia The use of Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) nanoparticles is an emerging concept in lubrication, which aims to enhance tribological properties of lubricants, such as friction-reducing properties, anti-wear and load-carrying capacity. However, in fully-formulated lubricants other properties such as oxidation and corrosion preservation are essential to provide a comprehensive protection against degradation. As a consequence, the coexistence of nanoparticles with conventional additives is unavoidable in fully-formulated products. The main objective of this research work is to investigate the tribological performance of MoS2 nanotubes accompanied with conventional additives. The results show synergetic interactions between MoS2 nanotubes with selected detergents and AW additives and antagonistic interactions with selected EP additives and dispersants. The nanotubes and surface interaction mechanism changes depending on the supplementary additive ability to form durable tribofilm.

5:30 – 6 pm Friction and Wear Behavior of Blends of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles and Overbased Additives in Common Paraffinic Lubricant Oils A. Akbarzadeh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, K. Shams, S. Solaimani, S. Akbarzadeh, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, The Islamic Republic of Iran

The tribological properties of new lubricants containing nanoparticles have been extensively investigated these last past years. Special interest has been paid to nanoparticles made of metal dichalchogenides like MoS2 and WS2. In boundary lubrication regime and when used in dispersion in oil, these nanoparticles exhibit exceptional friction modifier and anti-wear properties. However, despite all the research work done until now on the tribological properties of nanoparticles, only few studies have been done on the effect of the nanoparticles in real life conditions. In this work, the effect of MoS2 and WS2 nanoparticles used as lubricant additives in the lubrication of automotive engine and gearboxes has been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of metal dichalcogenides nanoparticles in an engine test and in a steel gearbox for the automobile industry.

The friction and wear behavior of blends of calcium carbonate nanoparticles and colloidal solvents in common paraffinic lubricant oils is studied. Calcium carbonate with a crystalline structure called calcite is used as nanoparticles. Calcite with an average particle size of 70 nm was blended with the common additives such as overbased calcium sulfonate, overbased magnesium sulfonate detergents and Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) as anti-oxidant to produce nanolubricant. The wear test on samples was carried out by pin on disc method at the normal load of 90 N, velocity of 0.1 m/s, and a running distance of 1000 meters. The weight loss of discs due to wear was determined right after the wear test. Further, deformation of the surface of the discs after the wear test was studies using scanning electron microscope (SEM) photography and atomic force microscope (AFM). Results revealed that addition of 1 % calcite nanoparticles leads to remarkable reduced wear and friction.


6 – 6:30 pm – Nanotribology Business Meeting

F. Dassenoy, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France

4 – 5 pm New Insights into Friction and Wear from Atomic-Scale Measurements: The Role of Energy Barriers R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA New insights into friction and wear from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are presented. First, nanocontacts with 2-dimensional materials like graphene are discussed, where friction depends on the number of layers. An initial model attributing this to puckering [1] is now enhanced by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showing a strong role of energy barriers due to interfacial pinning and commensurability. An even stronger effect occurs with fluorinated graphene. AFM and MD show that high static friction arises from the high energy barriers to motion due to fluorination [2]. Second, the origins of nanoscale wear using combined TEM-AFM is discussed. Wear of silicon sliding on diamond follows a kinetic model where energy barriers for chemical bonding are strongly affected by stress [3,4].

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Materials Performance & Protection

Solutions for a Changing World

Lonza offers a broad portfolio of products to meet the challenges of the metal working fluid formulator. Our customers benefit from our regulatory and technical expertise, and Lonza is committed to offering next generation products that can stand up to changing regulatory standards around the world. Consult us for: –Preservation Technologies –Metal Treatment –Platforms for Corrosion Inhibition Visit Lonza at booth #111 to learn more about our specialty products. E: [email protected]

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WEDNESDAY, MAY 18 Registration (7 am – 6 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum Commercial Exhibits (9:30 am – Noon) – Bally’s Event Center Education Courses (8 am – 5 pm) • Advanced Lubrication 302: Advanced Lubrication Regimes – Skyview 1

Technical Sessions (1:30 – 6 pm) 6A Commercial Marketing Forum VI – Bronze 4 6B Lubrication Fundamentals VI: Tribofilms – Bronze 3 6C Engine & Drivetrain VI – Bronze 2 6D Rolling Element Bearings IV – Gold 6F Non-Ferrous Metals III: Tribology – Palace 3 6G Wind Turbine Technology II – Palace 4/5

• Automotive Lubrication 202: Gasoline – Skyview 2

6H Fluid Film Bearings VI – Las Vegas 1

• Basic Lubrication 102: Basic Applications – Skyview 3

6I Environmentally Friendly Fluids II – Las Vegas 2

• Metalworking Fluids 105: Introduction to Metal Forming Fluids – Skyview 4

6K Wear III – Las Vegas 4

• Synthetic Lubricants 204: Fluid Formation & Application – Skyview 6

6M Condition Monitoring II – Las Vegas 6/7

6L Tribotesting II – Las Vegas 5 6N Surface Engineering VI – Jubilee 1


6O Materials Tribology VI – Jubilee 2

5A Commercial Marketing Forum V – Bronze 4

6P Nanotribology VI: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms – Jubilee 3 (1:30 – 3 pm)

5B Lubrication Fundamentals V – Additives – Bronze 3 5C Engine & Drivetrain V – Bronze 2 5E Rolling Element Bearings III – Silver 5F Non-Ferrous Metals II: Bio-Based Lubricants – Palace 3

6Q Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session I: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3 (3:30 – 6:30 pm)

5G Wind Turbine Technology I – Palace 4/5 5H Fluid Film Bearings V – Las Vegas 1 5I Environmentally Friendly Fluids I – Las Vegas 2

Exhibit Hours

5K Wear II: Analysis of Friction and Wear – Las Vegas 4

Wednesday (9:30 am – Noon)

5L Tribotesting I – Las Vegas 5

The exhibition is in the Bally’s Event Center.

5M Condition Monitoring I – Las Vegas 6/7


5N Surface Engineering V – Jubilee 1 5O Materials Tribology V – Jubilee 2 5P Nanotribology V: Nanoscale Lubrication Mechanisms – Jubilee 3

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WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 5A CMF V

SESSION 5B Lubrication Fundamentals V

SESSION 5C Engine & Drivetrain V

Bronze 4

Bronze 3

Bronze 2

8 – 8:30 am

A New European Source for Renewable Pelargonic and Azelaic Acid, S. Facco, p. 110

Microencapsulation of Friction Modifiers, F. Zhao, p. 112

A Complete 3-D Description of the Elastic Behavior of a Piston Ring and its Influence on the Tribological Behavior of the Piston RingCylinder Liner Interface, L. Mastrandrea, p. 113

8:30 – 9 am

Altalub 5300 Revolutionizes the Metalworking World, S. McCabe, p. 110

The Effectiveness of Lubricant Additives in Preventing Soot Induced Wear, I. Hobday, p. 112

Adjustable-Angle Reciprocating Tribometer for Ring-on-Liner Testing, N. Demas, p. 113

9 – 9:30 am

The Latest Trends in Oil Condition Monitoring, N. Christenssonp. 110

Comparison of Different Types of Friction Modifier Additive, H. Spikes, p. 112

Theoretical Analysis of Stroke Length Versus Scuffing in Reciprocating Rigs, P. Lee, p. 113

TTT Tapping-Torque-Testsystem, M. Mueller, p. 110

Tribological Performance of Model Oils Containing Ionic Liquid Additives Influenced by Oxidative Degradation, N. Doerr, p. 112

Using the Ultra Shear Viscometer and Understanding the Effect of Measurement Method on the Results, P. Lee, p. 113

10 – 10:30 am

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10:30 – 11 am

Synergy in Metalworking Fluids: AKYPO ROX (NIO) and AKYPO (EC) Based on PO/EO, C. Broer, p. 110

How Oxidative Degradation Can Influence Tribolayer Chemistry of Model Oils Containing Ionic Liquid Additives, N. Doerr, p. 112

Technical Benefits of Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycols in Engine Oil Compositions, N. KhelidjSuedmeyer, p. 114

11 – 11:30 am

HOCUT® 4000 Series: Performance Plus The Next Generation in Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids, D. Mazur, p. 110

Selection of Pour Point Depressants, J. Guevremont, p. 113

Observations of Power Cylinder Component Wear to Advanced Spark Ignited Combustion Technologies, C. Wileman, p. 114

New Biobased Lubricant Packages for Saw Guide and Chain Oils, D. Vargo, p. 112

Filtration Effects on Foam Inhibitors and Optically-Detected Oil Cleanliness, A. Martini, p. 113

A New Test Rig for Simulation of Piston Ring Friction, M. Söderfjäll, p. 114

SESSION 6A CMF VI

SESSION 6B Lubrication Fundamentals VI

SESSION 6C Engine & Drivetrain VI

Bronze 4

Bronze 3

Bronze 2

1:30– 2 pm

Renewable Raw Materials for Applications in Hydraulic Fluids, V. Aruta, p. 128

Mechanisms of ZDDP Antiwear Tribofilm Growth Revealed In Situ by Nanoscale SingleAsperity Sliding Contact, R. Carpick, p. 129

Tribological Feasibility Study of OxygenDiffusion Case-Hardened Titanium Diesel Piston in CJ-4 and PC-11 Engine Oils, J. Qu, p. 130

Residual Stress Measurement of M50 Ball Bearings Using the Contour Method, D. Isaac, p. 131

2 – 2:30 pm

Emery Oleochemicals – A Global Producer of Corrosion Inhibitor and Lubricant Chemistries, J. Sliner, p. 128

ZDDP Tribofilm Formation under Pure Sliding Conditions, Y. Shimizu, p. 129

Challenging the Linear Wear Rate Assumption: An In-Situ Stylus Profilometer for a Reciprocating Tribometer, T. Kamps, p. 130

Investigation of the Brinell Dent Resistance of Hybrid Rolling Element Bearings with 60NiTi Races and Si3N4 Balls, S. Howard, p. 131

2:30 – 3 pm

CINRG Systems Inc., B. Quesnel, p. 128

Correlating Chemical Composition, Mechanical Properties, and Tribological Behavior of Ionic Liquid Tribofilms, J. Qu, p. 129

Optimising Surface Texture to Reduce Friction in Piston-Liner Contacts, T. Reddyhoff, p. 131

Spall Propagation Characteristics of Refurbished VIM-VAR AISI M50 Bearings, J. Mason, p. 132

9:30 –10 am

11:30 – Noon

Gold

Break

3:30 – 4 pm

Enhancing MW Formulation with Multipurpose Lubricant Additives, Anticorrosion and Low Foam Emulsifiers, M. Patel, p. 128

Understanding Friction Reduction Mechanism of Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils, A. Gangopadhyay, p. 130

Scuffing of Diesel Engine Cast Iron Liner: Role of Tribochemical Surface Film, O. Ajayi, p. 131

A New Test Rig for the Investigation of Rolling Bearings in the Centrifugal Field, D. Hochrein, p. 132

4 – 4:30 pm

Vacuum Dehydration Oil Purification System – The Most Reliable Way to Keep Your Oil Absolutely Clean and Dry, K. Kaihlanen, p. 129

Impacts of Oil Contaminants on the Performance of Ionic Liquid and ZDDP, Y. Zhou, p. 130

Embedability Behaviour of Some Pb-Free Engine Bearing Materials, D. Gebretsadik, p. 131

Tribochemical Investigation of the Micropitting Induced by ZDDP Anti-Wear Additive & Effect of a Potential Additive on Reducing ZDDPInduced Micropitting, S. Soltanahmadi, p. 132

4:30 – 5 pm

VANLUBE® 407 Antioxidant Blend, B. Fuller, p. 129

Study of Gear Oil Additive Tribofilms Using XANES, M. Costello, p. 130

5:30 – 6 pm

Synfluid® mPAOs: High Viscosity Base Oils for Exceptional Lubes and Greases, K. Hope, p. 129

Microstructural Changes in Aerospace Bearing Materials under Accelerated Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Testing, M. Kirsch, p. 132

6 – 6:30 pm

GTL Solvents Offer Fresh Solutions for the Metalworking Industry, R. Wiersma, p. 129

Elucidation of the Action of Functional Groups in the Coexisting Ashless Compounds on the Tribofilm Formation and Friction Characteristic of ZnDTPFormulated Lubricating Oils, Y. Matsui, p. 130

Hysteresis Phenomenon of Turbocharger Sub-synchronous Frequency Vibration, L. Begin, p. 131


Break

SESSION 6D Rolling Element Bearings IV

3 – 3:30 pm

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SESSION 5E Rolling Element Bearings III Gold

SESSION 5F Non-Ferrous Metals II

SESSION 5G Wind Turbine Technology I

SESSION 5H Fluid Film Bearings V

Palace 3

Palace 4/5

Las Vegas 1 8 – 8:30 am

Rolling Bearing Cage Optimization Using Simulations, L. Stacke, p. 114

New Base Oils for the Aluminum Industry: Moving Along the Vegetable Road, A. Joassard, p. 115

Effect of Housing Support on Bearing Dynamics – Explicit Finite Element Modeling, L. Cao, p. 114

Biobased Lubricant Additives Derived from Limonene, G. Biresaw, p. 115

Lubricant Effects on White Etching Cracking Failures in Thrust Bearing Rig Tests, T. Haque, p. 116

Design Consideration of Thrust Foil Bearings Operating with Refrigerant Gas, A. Prabhakar, p. 117

8:30 – 9 am

Dynamic Behaviors of Counter-Rotating Cylindrical Roller Bearing with Different Mounting Configurations, W. Gao, p. 114

Base Oil Lubricants Derived from Yellow and Brown Grease, D. Garbark, p. 115

A Study of Microstructure Alterations in White Structure Flaking Failure of Wind Turbine Bearings Through High Pressure Torsion Processes, L. Wilches Pena, p. 116

Two-Way Coupled Reynolds, Rayleigh-Plesset and Energy Equations for Fully Transient Cavitation Modeling, K. Pierson, p. 117

9 – 9:30 am

Closing the Loop and Sustainable Cutting Oils, S. Kailas, p. 116

A Study of Microstructure Alteration in SAE 52100 Bearing Due to Classic Rolling Contact Fatigue and White Etching Crack, V. Smelova, p. 116

Effects of Variable Properties on the Gas Film Hydrodynamics in the High-Speed Micro Gas Thrust Bearings, Q. Chen, p. 117

9:30 –10 am

Break

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10 – 10:30 am

Break

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Bearing Thermal Failure Mechanism Analysis, Y. Wang, p. 115

Lubricants from Renewable Group III Synthetic Hydrocarbons Derived from Farnesene, P. Vettel, p. 116

Role of Hydrogen in White Structure Flaking of Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings through Serial Sectioning Analysis, A. Richardson, p. 117

Analysis of Cavitation, Dynamics, and Solid Deformation of Simple Slider Bearings Using CFD, T. Snyder, p. 118

10:30 – 11 am

Damage Analysis in High Loaded Oscillating Bearings, E. Houara Komba, p. 115

Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax, R. Harry-O’Kuru, p. 116

Premature Bearing Failures and White Etching Cracks, K. Stadler, p. 117

Numerical Study on the Effect of Oil Removal from Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber and Improvement, Y. Lyu, p. 118

11 – 11:30 am

A Study of the Dominant Drivers of WhiteEtching Crack Formation in a Three-Ring on Roller Contact, B. Gould, p. 117

Analysis of Oil-Gas Interaction in the AeroEngine Bearing Chamber, J. Zhao, p. 118

11:30 – Noon

Preloaded Bearing Applications in a Helicopter Transmission System: A Performance Evaluation, A. Gunduz, p. 115

Break

SESSION 6F Non-Ferrous Metals III

SESSION 6G Wind Turbine Technology II

SESSION 6H Fluid Film Bearings VI

Palace 3

Palace 4/5

Las Vegas 1

Determination of Boiling Behavior of Rolling Emulsions on Hot Aluminum Slab, K. Januszkiewicz, p. 134

Integrated Test and Simulation of Large-Size Bearings for Wind Turbines, J. Binderszewsky, p. 135

Nonlinear Dynamic Response of an Unbalanced Flexible Rotor Supported by Elastic Bearings Lubricated with PiezoViscous Polar Fluids, B. Bou-Said, p. 136

1:30– 2 pm

Filtration and Particle Size of an Aluminium Cold Rolling Coolant, P. Deneuville, p. 134

Influence of Contact Conditions and Lubricant Properties on Pitting Failures in Rolling-sliding Contacts, F. Manieri, p. 135

Elastogasdynamic Model for Air Foil Journal Bearings: Hysteresis Prediction Including Preloading Effects, M. Mahner, p. 136

2 – 2:30 pm

Stain Potential: Aluminum Cold Rolling Applications, R. Blithe, p. 134

Experimental Results of Different Oil Condition Monitoring Approaches for Wind Turbine Gearboxes in an Oil Sensor Test Bench, D. Coronado, p. 135

Design of a Non-Contact Electromagnetic Exciter Used for High-Speed Journal Bearings, L. Wang, p. 136

2:30 – 3 pm

Break

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3 – 3:30 pm

Evaluation of Wear Response Under Reciprocating Sliding of A390 Alloy when Squeeze Casting Pressure and Stroke Length Vary, T. Harish, p. 134

Performance Characterisation of Wind Turbine Gear Oils, K. Topolovec Miklozic, p. 135

Dynamic Coefficients Identification of WaterLubricated Hybrid Journal Bearings Using Non-Contact Excitation, G. Chen, p. 136

3:30 – 4 pm

Investigation of Galling Failure in Cutting and Punching of Aluminum Sheets for Automotive Applications, M. Shafiei, p. 134

Maximizing Wind Turbine Gear Oil Life, J. Leather, p. 235

Parallel Computing of Multiobjective Optimization of Air Bearing, H. Chen, p. 136

4 – 4:30 pm

Tribology of Aluminum Sheet Processing for Automotive Applications, M. Shafiei, p. 134

Evaluation of Gerabox Oil and Grease Analysis Results from Wind Turbines Combining Statistically Based Limit Values and Trend Analysis, S. Bots, p. 135

4:30 – 5 pm

Panel Discussion (5 – 6 pm) Wind Turbine Tribology Business Meeting

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WEDNESDAY >> 107

WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME Environmentally Friendly Fluids I

SESSION 5K Wear II

SESSION 5L Tribotesting I

Las Vegas 2

Las Vegas 4

Las Vegas 5

SESSION 5I

SESSION 5M Condition Monitoring I Las Vegas 6/7

8 – 8:30 am

Interaction Study Between Raw Materials in a Brake Pad Formulation, F. Vivier, p. 120

Triboemission Imaging to Study Coating Failures, A. Ciniero, p. 121

New Condition Monitoring Method of Oil and Machine Elements by Lubricant Color Analysis, A. Ito, p. 122

8:30 – 9 am

Tribological Behaviour of Tool Steels Operating at Elevated Temperatures, L. Pelcastre, p. 120

Application of Ultrasonic Sensing to Monitoring Lubrication Condition in a Refrigeration Compressor, T. Oyamada, p. 121

New Scenario for Lubricated Machines, How Big Data Analytics and Industry 4.0 are Changing the Game, J. Alarcon, p. 122

Oxidation Performance of Various Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants, T. Kuchta, p. 118

Study of Accelerated Life Model for Harmonic Drive with the Failure Form of Adhesive Wear, J. Li, p. 120

Temperature Rise at the Sliding Interface Between a Carbon Steel and DLC Film, S. Yamamoto, p. 121

Retrospective Approach for Establishing Predictive Wear Signatures for Lubricating Oils, B. Byrne, p. 122

Frictional Behavior of Ester Base Stocks, M. Hof, p. 118

Tribological Compatibilities of Surface-Coated Fuel Claddings for Accident-Tolerant Fuels with Zr-Based Structural Materials, Y. Lee, p. 120

Accurate Determination of Limiting Friction of Tribo-Pairs through Model Scale Tribotests, K. Pondicherry, p. 121

Diagnosing Varnish Problems in Lube Systems with Normal MPC Values, T. Chen, p. 122

Break

Break

9 – 9:30 am

9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am

Break

10:30 – 11 am

High Yield Performance of Reusable Positively Charged Zeolite in Skeletal Isomerization Reaction of Oleic Acid, M. Sarker, p. 118

11 – 11:30 am

11:30 – Noon

Effect of Soot in the Boundary Friction Regime, K. Pondicherry, p. 121

Asset Condition Assessment: A Case Study from Theory to Reality, M. Yarlott, p. 124

Fundamental Lubricity Protection of BioHydraulic Fluids Versus Conventional Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids, P. Haines, p. 120

Stick-Slip in Piezoelectric Inertia Drive Motors – Contact Life and Tribological Circuit, F. Dubois, p. 122

Quantitative Measurements of Lubricant Contaminants Using a Microsensor Array Based on Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network, X. Zhu, p. 124

Water Contamination Control in Hydraulic and Lubrication Systems using a Membrane Dehydrator, S. Majumdar, p. 120

High Temperature Wear Evaluation of Materials: Challenges and Industrial Case Studies, E. Georgiou, p. 122

Development of Tribological Diagnostic Technology by the Color of Membrane Patch, E. Kitahara, p. 124

SESSION 6I Environmentally Friendly Fluids II Las Vegas 2

Friction and Wear Mechanism of Polycrystalline Diamond Thrust Bearing Under Drilling Fluid Condition, Y. Li, p. 121

Break

SESSION 6K Wear III

SESSION 6L Tribotesting II

SESSION 6M Condition Monitoring II

Las Vegas 4

Las Vegas 5

1:30– 2 pm

Fast Biodegradable – Always the Optimum Property for Lubricants?, W. Bartz, p. 137

High Sensitivity Inductive Pulse Sensor for Metallic Wear Debris Detection Based on Parallel LC Resonance Method, X. Zhu, p. 137

Tribological Modification on the Glass Fabric/ Phenolic Laminate Composite Under Water Lubricating, F. Yan, p. 138

2 – 2:30 pm

Application and Performance Comparison of Greases that are Certified as Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants, D. Adams, p. 137

A Multibody Meshfree Method for ThirdBody Simulation, G. Mollon, p. 137

Tribological Characterization of a Hybrid Nanoparticles Additive in a Biolubricant Under Boundary Lubrication, J. Abere, p. 138

Condition-Based Lubrication, D. Martin, p.140

Analysis of Scratches Generated on GaN Substrates During Polishing, C. Zou, p. 137

Design and Development of Novel Test Instruments to Assess Tribological Effects of Nanofluids, G. Molina, p. 138

Using Oil Analysis to Extend Warranty Period on O&M Equipment, C. Silva, p. 140

2:30 – 3 pm

Break

3 – 3:30 pm 3:30 – 4 pm

Break

Break

Mechanisms of Chip Formation During Circular Sawing of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel, C. Sanchez, p. 137

Some Problems in EHL Film Measurement of Finite Line Contacts under Oscillating, X. Chen, p. 140

Grease Condition Sensor for Rolling Element Bearings: Dielectric Property Measurements of Water Contaminated Grease, N. Dittes, p. 140

4 – 4:30 pm

Impact of Third-Body on Wear Mechanisms, M. Renouf, p. 138

Experimental Modeling and Optimization of the Tribocharging Process in a Sliding Contact between Polymeric Materials, Y. Prawatya, p. 140

A Novel Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Viscosity In-Situ in Journal Bearings, M. Schirru, p. 142

4:30 – 5 pm

Modeling of the Wear Particles Formation in Mixed Lubricated Sliding Line Contacts, A. Akchurin, p. 138

A Novel Device for the Study of Transient Effects in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts, M. Masen, p.140

A New Approach to Elemental and Wear Debris Analysis, A. Toms, p. 142

An Elastic–Plastic Investigation of Third Body Effects on Fretting Contact in Partial Slip, A. Ghosh, p. 138

Tribotesting Business Meeting

5 – 5:30 pm

5:30 – 6 pm

108

Panel Discussion

Break

Las Vegas 6/7

Environmentally Friendly Fluids Business Meeting

Wear-Biotribology Business Meeting


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SESSION 5N Surface Engineering V

SESSION 5O Materials Tribology V

SESSION 5P Nanotribology V

Jubilee 2

Jubilee 3

Development of Polymer Brushes for the Lubrication of Silicon Nitride-Steel Contacts, S. Watson, p. 124

Design and Performances of Adaptive Lubricating Composites in a Wide Temperature Range, J. Jia, p. 125

Molecular Mechanisms of Aqueous Boundary Lubrication by Mucinous Glycoproteins and their Engineered Mimics, S. Zauscher, p. 126

Frictional Behavior of (PEI/GO)x Solid Lubricant Coatings on Steel Substrates in Extreme Environments, P. Saravanan, p. 124

Tribological Challenges in 3D Printing with Liquid-Like Solids and Complex Fluids, C. O’Bryan, p. 125

Investigation on the Atomically Smooth Surface with Step-Terrace Structure of GaN Wafer after Chemical Mechanical Polishing, H. Gong, p. 124

Friction and Yielding in Liquid-like Solids, T. Bhattacharjee, p. 125

Confined Lubricant at a Molecular Scale Under Transient Tribological Conditions, A. Crespo, p. 126

9 – 9:30 am

Tribological Performance & Tribofilm Formation on Microwave PECVD DiamondLike Carbon Films Under Boundary Lubrication Conditions, H. Zhao, p. 125

Superlubricity in Soft Matter, A. Pitenis, p. 125

Steric Effect of Thickening Agents in Interfacially Confined Liquid Lubricants, K. Tamura, p. 126

9:30 –10 am

Break

Break

Jubilee 1

SESSION 6N Surface Engineering VI Jubilee 1

8 – 8:30 am

8:30 – 9 am

Break

Break

10 – 10:30 am

Time-Dependence of Hydrogel-Solid Lubrication Investigated by Steady Shear Tribo-Rheology, A. Dunn, p. 126

Experimental Study of the Liquid-Mediated Adhesion between Contacting Rough Surfaces, A. Rostami, p. 128

10:30 – 11 am

Tribological Rehydration: Directly Observing the Loss and Recovery of Interstitial Fluid, A. Moore, p. 126

Ionic Liquids Confined in Rough Contacts, R. Espinosa-Marzal, p. 128

11 – 11:30 am

Slow Rise, Take it Easy: Local Mesh Size Control of Thermal Fluctuation Lubrication, K. Schulze, p. 126

Supramolecular Assembly and Nanotribological Properties of Mucic Acid Mediated by Molecular Modulators, H. Shi, p. 128

11:30 – Noon

SESSION 6O Materials Tribology VI Jubilee 2

SESSION 6P Nanotribology VI

SESSION 6Q Materials Tribology

Jubilee 3

Jubilee 3

Development and Evaluation of Low Friction and Low Wear TiSiCN and DLC-Based Coatings for Automotive Valvetrain, J. Lin, p. 142

Evaluating Drilling Muds: A Novel Tribometer Designed to Evaluate Geological Sliding Contacts, P. Egberts, p. 144

Tribological Properties of Nanodiamonds in Aqueous Suspensions: Effect of the Surface Charge, J. Krim, p. 146

1:30– 2 pm

Measurements and Simulations of Full-Field, Sub-Grain Surface Deformation in Tantalum, C. Battaile, p. 142

Understanding Sliding Wear Behavior through High Pressure Torsion (HPT) Testing, S. Descartes, p. 144

Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Orientational Behavior of Nano LC Lubricating Film, M. Gao, p. 146

2 – 2:30 pm

Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Sapphire Wafer Using Mixed Silica Nanoparticles, Y. Zhou, p. 142

Influence of Sputter Deposited Solid Lubricant Thickness on Plain Journal Bearing Life, B. Nation, M. Dugger, p. 145

Tribochemical Synthesis of Nano-Lubricant Films From Adsorbed Molecules at Sliding Solid Interface, X. He, p. 146

2:30 – 3 pm

Break

Break

A Study on Tribological Performance of Black Oxide Coating for Bearing Applications, V. Brizmer, p. 144

Numerical Investigation on Electrical Transmission Ability of a Shearing Powder Layer – Application to Powder Lubricant, C. Zeng, p. 145

Low Friction and Wear of Si Wafer and Graphite Achieved by UNSM Technique, A. Amanov, p. 144

High Temperature Lubrication in Hot Sheet Metal Forming, J. Hardell, p. 145

Insight into the Mechanisms of High DLC Wear When Lubricated with MoDTCcontaining Lubricants in DLC/Steel Contacts, S. Kosarieh, p. 144

High Temperature Friction and Wear in Open and Closed Tribo-Systems, S. Hernandez, p. 145

Corrosion and Wear Behaviour of Zr-Ti-N Thin Films, J. Menghani, p. 145

Break

Break Ultralow Wear Fluoropolymer Composites: Putting Together the Mechanistic Pieces, C. Junk, p. 146

3:30 – 4:30 pm

Surface Identity, Modification and Evolution in Polymer Tribology, K. Harris, p. 148

4:30 – 5 pm

Nano-Rheology of Hydrogels Using Direct Drive Force Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy, R. Carpick, p. 148

5 – 5:30 pm

Effects of Structure of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates on Tribological Properties of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Film Under Boundary Lubrication, H. Okubo, p. 148 Measurement of the Energy Dissipation of Copolymer in Non-Contact Regime Using Atomic Force Microscopy, S. Shi, p. 148

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3 – 3:30 pm


5:30 – 6 pm

6 – 6:30 pm

WEDNESDAY 109

Wednesday, May 18 Session 5A

• Bronze 4

9:30 – 10 am TTT Tapping-Torque-Testsystem

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM V

M. Mueller, Microtap GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany, J. Hepp, Compass Instruments, Inc., Sugar Grove, IL

8 – 8:30 am A New European Source for Renewable Pelargonic and Azelaic Acid. The Integrated Biorefinery of Matrìca Pioneering Biorefinery for Innovative and Sustainable Bio-Products, Building-Blocks, Intermediates and Additives

With a torque- and process-controlled thread-tapping machine (cutting and forming) in completion with its integrated analysis software the TTT System tests efficiently and inexpensively the capability and the performance of MWF metal working fluids and tools. In search of the smallest possible friction coefficient the TTT system provides and records the values related to five torque inidcators: max. torque, torque mean value, standard deviation, Gaussian curvature (distribution of torques), integral (tool wear) as well as Delta Temperatures and depicts the full details. The TTT System offers ideal possibilities for standardized and competitive comparison/evaluation of neat oils, emulsions and polymer lubricants. It is a multiple development and evaluation system, which provides insights in to the features of lubricants and lubricant formulation techniques during practical machining and delivers reliable and repeatable results in regard to performance capability of metal working fluids.

S. Facco, NOVAMONT SPA., Novara, Italy Matrìca is an integrated biorefinery that, starting from agricultural raw materials and vegetable scraps, produce a range of chemical products through innovative and low-impact processes. Lubrication is a key applicative fields for Matrìca products. Azelaic acid is a well-known complexing agent for lithium greases while pelargonic acid is used in corrosion inhibitor systems. Both acids together with the short chain linear acids obtained in Matrìca’s process are an important raw material for the synthesis of high performance esters base-stocks (high thermal stability, low Pour Point, high lubricity and high viscosity index). Esters of pelargonic acid have been used since years in high demanding applications (i.e. turbine oils): nowadays car industry, marine sector, agriculture and many other areas, are lubrication sectors which do request performance combined with an advantageous environmental and safety profile (biodegradability, low flammability).

8:30 – 9 am Altalub 5300 Revolutionizes the Metalworking World S. McCabe, Ingevity, North Charleston, SC In the metalworking world, precision is essential when state-of-the-art parts are cut from high-performance metal. When precision is of utmost importance, Altalub 5300 is the lubricant of choice. Altalub 5300, built on our Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) chemistry, is designed for the future. This patent-pending technology offers exceptional lubricity. On top of that, it’s easy to formulate with because of its low molecular weight and offers hydrolytic stability. When you choose to formulate with Altalub 5300 as your lubricant, your customers – and their tools – will thank you. We will also be presenting exciting new data around Diacid 1550, the topic of our CMF presentation last year, which addresses its corrosion inhibition and emulsification properties.

9 – 9:30 am The Latest Trends in Oil Condition Monitoring N. Christensson, Eralytics GmbH, Vienna, Austria, J. Hepp, Compass Instruments, Inc., Sugar Grove, IL Accurately monitoring contaminants, degradation products and additive levels is essential to achieve optimal performance of lubricating systems and minimizing failure rates. In engine applications, thinning of the lubricating oil due to fuel dilution can cause serve damage unless detected at an early state. Here we discuss a ten position auto sampler using ASTM D7094 (continuously closed cup flash point) to provide fuel dilution measurements with up to 10 samples per hour with unattended operation and maximum safety. For a more comprehensive picture of the condition of the in-service fluid, FTIR is an excellent screening technique allowing monitoring of additives, degradation products and contaminants within less than 1 minute. As an example of portable FTIR oil condition monitoring we discuss antioxidant and antiwear additive monitoring using FTIR and compare to the results to voltammetry (RULER).

110


10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Synergy in Metalworking Fluids: AKYPO ROX (NIO) and AKYPO (EC) Based on PO/EO C. Broer, M. Stapels, Kao Chemicals GmbH, Emmerich am Rhein, NRW, Germany Metalworking fluids formulations are based on a long list of different raw materials. A lot of combinations can be made and will lead to good results but some product groups are working together and show even improved properties (Synergy). The so-called carboxylic acid triangle is a good example of an anionic synergy: Alkyl ethercarboxylic acids (AKYPO, EC), long alkyl chain, short alkyl chain, fatty acids. In the right combination and ratio these three product groups can be the basic for long (sump) life emulsions. Synergy is also found in combinations like non-ionics (Alkoxylates), Anionics (e.g. Alkyl Ethercarboxylic Acids (EC)). Well-known combinations are based on Ethoxylated Cetyl Oleyl alcohol types. Developed combinations are Ethoxylated Amide types, Propoxylated and Ethoxylated types. During this presentation, examples will be shown of the use of the Propoxylated (PO) and Ethoxylated (EO)-based synergy.

11 – 11:30 am HOCUT® 4000 Series: Performance Plus – The Next Generation in Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids D. Mazur, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA Houghton International, the global leader in metalworking fluids and services, has launched HOCUT® 4000 Series metal removal fluids. This innovative technology platform further extends the benefits you already expect from Houghton with higher performance, increased ease of maintenance, and higher cost savings. In addition the HOCUT® 4000 Series conforms to all health and environmental regulations enabling use across the globe. This presentation will focus on several specific products designed for use in the aerospace and general machining industries.

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Visit Us At STLE Booths # 102 & 104

Wednesday, May 18 5A

11:30 am – Noon New Biobased Lubricant Packages for Saw Guide and Chain Oils

9 – 9:30 am Comparison of Different Types of Friction Modifier Additive

D. Vargo, Functional Products Inc., Macedonia, OH

H. Spikes, J. Guegan, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, M. Southby, N. Morgan, Shell Global Solutions UK, London, United Kingdom

New saw guide oil and chain oil additive packages have been introduced for the forestry/lumber industry. While saw guide oil FUNCTIONAL SGP-567 is designed for both biobased and mineral oil base stocks, performance data encourages the use of biodegradable, environmentally-friendly vegetable oil base stocks for optimum performance in these applications. FUNCTIONAL SGP-567 is a robust, non-hazardous, multifunctional additive that provides antiwear, mild EP, rust protection and enhanced lubricity. FUNCTIONAL SGP-567 is recommended for multi-blade, gang saws and trimmers commonly used in lumber production. FUNCTIONAL CO-545 is a biobased chain oil additive package that provides exceptional tackiness, antiwear, enhanced EP, rust protection and lubricity.

Session 5B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS V – ADDITIVES Session Chair: J. Qu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Session Vice Chair: N. Doerr, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria

8 – 8:30 am Microencapsulation of Friction Modifiers F. Zhao, S. Parab, S. Hsu, The George Washington University, Ashburn, VA Friction modifiers are surface-active molecules responsible for friction reduction of interacting surfaces. In engine oil applications, they are responsible for fuel economy improvement. In selecting the right friction modifier to use in a formulation, potential additive-additive interactions and the balance between friction modifiers and antiwear additive are key technological challenges. Microencapsulation of friction modifiers provides an opportunity for enhanced performance and long lasting friction reduction capability. At the same time, most friction modifiers are long chain polar molecules and are difficult to be encapsulated. We will discuss the fundamental issues and show how some friction modifiers can be microencapsulated. The performance of capsulated friction modifiers will be shown.

8:30 – 9 am The Effectiveness of Lubricant Additives in Preventing Soot Induced Wear I. Hobday, M. McElwain, J. Eastwood, Croda, Yorkshire, United Kingdom Soot generation in heavy duty engines, especially those fitted with exhaust gas recirculation systems is a well-recognised phenomena which leads to lubricant thickening and can lead to soot induced wear. Soot generation is not limited to heavy duty applications; it is now also becoming an issue in gasoline fuelled light duty vehicles. In an effort to improve fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust gas emissions car manufacturers are adopting gasoline direct injection technology combined with turbocharging, which also results in the formation of soot. This paper will focus on the effectiveness of organic additives in reducing soot induced wear.

112


Progressive reduction in the viscosity of liquid lubricants means that lubricated contacts are operating with thinner and thinner lubricant films and thus increasingly in the mixed and boundary lubrication regimes. This places growing importance on the use of friction modifier additives that reduce friction in these regimes. There are several classes of friction modifier additive and these are believed to work in quite different ways to reduce friction [1]. This presentation describes a comparison of the effectiveness of the various types of friction modifier additive in both base oil and formulated engine oil under a range of test condition. The differences in behaviour seen are related to the different types of film that the additives form on rubbing surfaces. The effectiveness of combinations of the various classes of friction modifier additive is also explored.

9:30 – 10 am Tribological Performance of Model Oils Containing Ionic Liquid Additives Influenced by Oxidative Degradation N. Doerr, M. Frauscher, C. Gabler, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, P. Aswath, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX Ionic liquids have attracted particular attention as lubricant compounds both as base oils and additives. While the fundamental performance of some ionic liquids in lubricants is available, their longterm properties are still widely unknown. In this work, model oils containing ionic liquids as additives were analysed before and after oxidative stress. Samples obtained by such lab-based artificial alterations were characterised according to conventional analytical methods and mass spectrometry to account for the progress of oxidative degradation on the molecular level. Selected samples were subjected to tribometrical benchmarking using an oscillating cylinderon-disc contact geometry. Friction and wear behaviour are discussed in view of oxidative degradation.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am How Oxidative Degradation Can Influence Tribolayer Chemistry of Model Oils Containing Ionic Liquid Additives N. Doerr, M. Frauscher, C. Gabler, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, P. Aswath, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX The tribochemistry of a number of ionic liquids – either as neat fluids or as additives in base oils – is fundamentally known. However, the impact of deterioration on the long-term properties remains widely hidden. In this work, model oils containing ionic liquids as additives were artificially altered by a lab-based method. Model oils in fresh conditions and selected samples obtained during oxidative stress were tribometrically assessed using an oscillating cylinder-on-disc contact geometry. Wear scars were analysed by XPS. Tribolayer chemistry is discussed with regard to oxidative degradation observed.

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Technical Sessions shape, while usually an axisymmetric model that only considers the cross section of the ring is employed, thus ignoring its axial split [4,5]. The performance of different shapes of the piston ring section are investigated in terms of minimum film thickness, pressure distribution, wear and friction.

11 – 11:30 am Selection of Pour Point Depressants J. Guevremont, K. Garelick, J. Bell, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA Pour point depressants are used in most lubricant types, including engine oils, ATFs, gear oils, tractor fluids, and hydraulic fluids. The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which it will pour when cooled. In general, the pour point is indicative of the amount of wax in an oil. At low temperatures, the wax tends to separate, which leads to poor lubrication. So pour point depressants are added to allow mineral oils to function efficiently at low temperatures, while keeping the viscosity benefits of the wax at higher temperatures. Previous work has shown the components needed in the structure of PPDs. This work will look at the effectiveness of several PPDs in various base oils to develop an understanding of not only the effect of the structure of the PPD but also the impact of the structures in the base oils. Base oil structures are measured by nitric oxide ionization spectrometry evaluation (NOISE) and low temperature properties are measured by oscillatory rheometry.

11:30 am – Noon Filtration Effects on Foam Inhibitors and Optically-Detected Oil Cleanliness

Foam inhibitors (FIs) reduce foam tendency, but can be identified as contaminants by light-based automatic particle counters. In order to meet stringent cleanliness goals, the effects of the FI dispersion on ISO 4406 particle counts must be minimized. It has been shown that particle counts resulting from FIs can be reduced by filtration, but it is unclear if or how this affects lubricant foaming. Here, we use a custombuilt filter test station that allows us to circulate, filter, and particle count fluids. After each pass through the filter, the fluid’s foam tendency and stability are measured as described in ASTM D892. Tests are performed on several different FIs and using filter media with a range of pore sizes. For each case, we characterize the effect of filter passes on particle counts and foaming.

Many different reciprocating rigs are used throughout industry and academia for studies into scuffing., particularly ring/liner scuffing. These different rigs have varying operating parameters including stroke length, temperature and load. Due to the fact that one specimen remains stationary while the other reciprocates back and forth over the same area, stroke length will change the contact frequency and time duration between contacts. It will also affect lubricant entrainment and film collapse. This presentation will present a theoretical discussion on this topic with the aim of helping rig operators make more informed decisions when designing experiments.

9:30 – 10 am Using the Ultra Shear Viscometer and Understanding the Effect of Measurement Method on the Results

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN V Session Chair: W. Anderson, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA Session Vice Chair: P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX

P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX

8 – 8:30 am A Complete 3-D Description of the Elastic Behavior of a Piston Ring and its Influence on the Tribological Behavior of the Piston Ring-Cylinder Liner Interface

Piston ring-cylinder liner interface represents one of the most significant friction source of an internal combustion engine [1], and the analysis of its tribological behavior is a crucial aspect to be investigated to maximize the engine efficiency. In this contribution a complementarity formulation for the solution of EHL problems in presence of cavitation [2,3] is employed for the analysis of the piston ring-cylinder liner interface. In particular, the influence of both the bending and torsional elastic behaviour of the ring is considered and an accurate model based on a mixed analytical/numerical formulation is presented. In fact, rarely, the ring is considered with its realistic 3-D

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There is a great demand to ensure that tribological benchtop tests used for the research and development of new technologies that can demonstrate the technological feasibility of a given approach are representative of engine conditions, such that they can accurately be used to screen technologies in the early stage of development. A reciprocating tribometer was developed to include the capability of angle adjustment to allow for the precise oil delivery to the tribological contact to replicate the severe starved condition encountered in an engine at top-dead-center. The tribometer was used to evaluate the tribological behavior of commercially available ring-on-liner pairs.

P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, T. Kamps, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, G. Plint, Phoenix Tribology, Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom

• Bronze 2

L. Mastrandrea, M. Giacopini, E. Bertocchi, A. Strozzi, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy, D. Dini, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

N. Demas, R. Erck, O. Ajayi, G. Fenske, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

9 – 9:30 am Theoretical Analysis of Stroke Length Versus Scuffing in Reciprocating Rigs

A. Martini, S. Lantz, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, J. Zakarian, Chevron, Richmond, CA

Session 5C

8:30 – 9 am Adjustable-Angle Reciprocating Tribometer for Ring-on-Liner Testing

The PCS Instruments Ultra Shear Viscometer (USV) is used to measure viscometry of lubricants in the 106-107 reciprocal seconds. There is some concern that, particularly when measuring viscosity modifiers, that permanent shear may occur. The question arises as to how many measurements can be taken before this occurs and by how much this may affect the results. A number of lubricant containing different viscosity modifiers were run through the USV. Initially they were run through shear sweeps and temperature sweeps. These data points were then repeated with fresh lubricant for each measurement. The results will be presented and the difference in results discussed.

10 – 10:30 am – Break


113

Wednesday, May 18 5C

10:30 – 11 am Technical Benefits of Oil Soluble Polyalkylene Glycols in Engine Oil Compositions N. Khelidj-Suedmeyer, The Dow Chemical Co., Horgen, Switzerland, N. Champagne, TOTAL, Solaize, France Formulators of automotive engine oils are challenged with developing lubricants that offer better fuel efficiency along with high engine protection. Recent advancements in additive technology may enable a new generation of lubricants specifically developed for excellent fuel economy benefits and cleanliness properties in engines across a large range of specific power and displacements. Novel formulations, based on oil soluble polyalkylene glycols in combination with mineral oils have been developed utilizing these new additive technologies. Efficiency and cleanliness properties have been demonstrated via tests at the lab and bench scale. This performance was validated in a fleet trial of over 250,000 km in a case study across engines from several OEMs. These full data-sets will be presented.

11 – 11:30 am Observations of Power Cylinder Component Wear to Advanced Spark Ignited Combustion Technologies C. Wileman, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX Today, robust gasoline engines often provide extended service lifespans beyond 400,000 km of vehicle usage. Gasoline engine evolution to greater thermal efficiency and lower emissions levels has required additional technologies not present on engines of a decade ago. These technologies include direct fuel injection and the use of superchargers/turbochargers. While the power cylinders of these engines have proven robust to these efficiencient technologies, the introduction of dilute combustion technologies i.e. cooled EGR alters the composition of combustion reactants. This study observes real-time power cylinder wear using radioactive tracers in an engine using dilute combustion technology. This D-EGR system recirculates a dedicated cylinder’s exhaust flow into the engine’s intake tract. Unique isotopes labels on the engines cylinder walls within the D-EGR engine are used to study the wear sensitivity of the power cylinder components to dilute gasoline combustion technologies.

11:30 am – Noon A New Test Rig for Simulation of Piston Ring Friction M. Söderfjäll, A. Almqvist, R. Larsson, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå, Sweden A new test rig has been built for simulation of piston ring – cylinder liner friction in heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDE). The novelty of the test rig is that it can be fitted with standard production piston rings and cylinder liners without modification, and also that it is designed for operation at higher speeds than most other component test rigs and therefore the running conditions of an actual engine can be better replicated. Since the friction force is small compared to the dynamic forces at high speed it is important to keep the vibrations low in order to reduce the noise in the friction force measurement. An inline six cylinder engine generates low vibrations and is therefore used as a base for the test rig. The piston rings are lubricated with an oil spray from underneath, similar to what is done in an actual HDDE. The cylinder liner temperature is controlled by means of rings clamped on the outside of the liner.

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Session 5E

• Gold

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS III Session Chair: L. Stacke, SKF, Goteborg, Sweden

8 – 8:30 am Rolling Bearing Cage Optimization Using Simulations L. Stacke, SKF, Goteborg, Sweden Deep groove ball bearing cages are often designed as so-called, “snap” cages. Such cages are elastically deformed during mounting. Snap cages are generally made out of polymer material, and are not symmetric around the centerline of the bearing. The optimization of a snap cage design is a compromise between several conflicting requirements. The cage has to be ductile enough to be mounted without breaking, but must not be ejected from the bearing during adverse running conditions. It should be light enough, not to be too much affected by centrifugal loads, while still being sufficiently stiff to avoid unwanted deformations. The design optimization process is greatly facilitated by a state-of-the-art simulation program, which can take the necessary design and operating conditions into account. The presented work includes simulation optimization with SKF BEAST, as well as verifying experiments.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Housing Support on Bearing Dynamics – Explicit Finite Element Modeling L. Cao, F. Sadeghi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN A 3D explicit finite element method (EFEM) was developed to model the bearing support structure for both linear and nonlinear elastic materials. Constitutive relationship for nonlinear elastic material, such as elastomer, is developed to capture both hyperelastic and viscoelastic behaviors. The EFEM housing support model was then coupled with an existing dynamic bearing model (DBM) to investigate the effect of support structure on bearing dynamics and performance. Simulations have demonstrated that material properties and housing support geometries are closely related to the behavior of the housing, which has a critical impact on bearing dynamics such as bearing element motions, reaction forces, and bearing stability. Therefore the development of a proper bearing housing model is of significant importance to the modeling of ball and rolling element bearings.

9 – 9:30 am Dynamic Behaviors of Counter-Rotating Cylindrical Roller Bearing with Different Mounting Configurations W. Gao, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA), Lyon, France, Z. Liu, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China, S. Zhu, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, D. Nelias, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Counter-rotating technique is a special structure used in turbine engine. The counter-rotating cylindrical roller bearing, as a key component of the main shaft intershaft support, directly affects the stability and reliability of the turbine engine. A quasi-dynamic model which considers the inner/outer rings’ inverse-rotation and deformation is presented, based on hydrodynamic and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory. And then, this model is used by calculating the dynamic behaviors of counter-rotating cylindrical roller bearing. On this basis, two different mounting configurations, the natural arrangement and the inverted arrangement are analyzed and compared in different conditions. Results show that the load distribution in the loaded zone is more even in the inverted configuration, while the slipping of the cage and the rollers in the unloaded zone is less serious in the natural configuration.

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Technical Sessions 10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 5F

10:30 – 11 am Bearing Thermal Failure Mechanism Analysis

NON-FERROUS METALS II: BIO-BASED LUBRICANTS

Y. Wang, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

Session Chair: G. Biresaw, USDA, Peoria, IL

Based on the dynamics analysis of angular contact ball bearing, the contact between rolling elements and raceways by using a nonNewtonian thermal EHL calculation which consider the spin of the rolling element. Combinding the dynamic analysis model of angular contact ball bearing and the thermal EHL model can calculate the actual bearing temperature and power loss, etc., more accurately. In this paper, the effect of load and speed and other parameters on bearing power loss and the temperature rise of the contact point are studied.

Session Vice Chair: W. Jenkins, Houghton International, Hope, AR

8 – 8:30 am New Base Oils for the Aluminum Industry: Moving Along the Vegetable Road A. Joassard, D. Kupiec, TOTAL, Nanterre, France

11 – 11:30 am Damage Analysis in High Loaded Oscillating Bearings E. Houara Komba, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS, UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France Several industrial applications (eg., aeronautic, aerospatial, robotic) require rolling bearings to operate under both high load and oscillating motion. Under oscillating motion the low relative velocity between contacting pairs doesn’t allow for developing an EHD regime with oil lubrication and the bearings are greased. On the other hand the high loads induce high contact stresses that threats the bearing material integrity. The combination of high contact stresses and oscillating motion represents an extreme working condition where the bearings fail relatively early, undergoing specific failure modes. The purpose of this work is to point out the damage scenario of a greased ball bearing operating under high radial load and oscillating motion. Experimental tests are conducted on a dedicated test bench, showing the different steps of the bearing life. SEM analyses are performed at each step of the bearing life in order to investigate the evolution of the degradation scenario.

11:30 am – Noon Preloaded Bearing Applications in a Helicopter Transmission System: A Performance Evaluation from Strength, Durability and Dynamic Perspectives A. Gunduz, S. Yilmaz, Z. Saribay, Turkish Aerospace Industries, Ankara, Kazan, Turkey Preloaded bearings are not predominantly used in aircraft power transmission systems due to the concerns about high contact stresses induced by preloading. This approach may be understandable for high load carrying transmission bearings that typically have stringent stress limits. This study explores the circumstances where using preloaded bearings is necessary or preferable in a high-performance power transmission system. Three shafting systems involving preloadedduplex angular contact ball bearings in different locations of a helicopter drive line are investigated. Along with the geometric constraints; gearing support (i.e. straddle or overhang suuport), nature of the gear load (i.e. radial-to-axial load ratio) and load magnitude are found to be the most critical parameters to assess whether a preloaded bearing configuration is desirable. Ideal preload amounts are proposed to emphasize how crucial it is to apply a correct preload level to achieve optimal bearing performance.

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• Palace 3

Rolling fluids are key for the production of aluminum. Very special caracteristics are required to ensure productivity and quality of rolled products. Highly refined petroleum base oils have almost exclusively been used for decades. However, new bio based products open new horizons. These new molecules will bring improved caracteristics to the field in terms of productivity, sustainability and quality. The presentaion will shortly review the standard manufacturing process of commercial rolling fluids. This will lead to explaining how biomass can be used as an alternative raw material. Finally, we will see how this new approach could push back some frontiers of the industry.

8:30 – 9 am Biobased Lubricant Additives Derived from Limonene G. Biresaw, G. Bantchev, R. Murray, USDA, Peoria, IL Limonene is a natural product widely found in many plants as a constituent of “essential oils.” It is commercially produced as a byproduct of the citrus industry from processing of fruits such as oranges, lemons, lime, tangerine, mandarins, and grapefruits. Limonene is a C10 hydrocarbon with a complex structure that includes six-membered cyclic ring, branching, two double bonds and a chiral carbon. It is relatively inert under mild temperature conditions and is used as such for a variety of industrial and medical applications. However, applications under severe conditions will require structural modifications and/or the use of stabilizing additives. In this work we describe the chemical modification of limonene by free radical reaction with dialkyl phosphites of varying alkyl structures under inert atmosphere. The results of investigations into the physical and tribological properties of the limonene phosphonate product mixtures is discussed.

9 – 9:30 am Base Oil Lubricants Derived from Yellow and Brown Grease D. Garbark, H. Benecke, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH Battelle has developed processes to synthesize a unique class of environmentally friendly “ester” lubricants based on epoxidized oils such as soybean, palm, and algae oil. We have found that viscosity can be controlled by replacement of glycerin in soybean oil with other polyols, variations in the specific fatty acids attached to such polyols, the number of esters positioned at the original double bond sites, and the chain length (organic acid selection) of the esters positioned at the original double bond sites. These base oil lubricants can be controlled to exhibit a wide range of viscosities from very fluid (22 cSt) to extremely viscous (5200 cSt). Other property attributes that can be controlled are pour point, hydrolytic stability, oxidative/thermal properties, and volatility. Recently, there has been increased interest in waste oils such as brown grease and yellow grease. We have evaluated these greases in various formulations.


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9:30 – 10 am Closing the Loop and Sustainable Cutting Oils

Session 5G

S. Kailas, D. Chakravortty, S. P S, R. S, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY I

The usage of materials used in various products by humans are clearly unsustainable. In this paper we show the basic idea of ‘closing the loop’ and the use of this philosophy in making a sustainable cutting oil emulsion. It is shown using the ‘closing the loop’ philosophy several key questions need to be asked to make a product sustainable. Using this approach to making products the present work goes about producing a completely benign cutting oil emulsion, most of which are highly toxic and the improper disposal causing severe environmental damage. It is shown that the product developed meets all the requirements that include, cutting effectiveness, bacterial growth and corrosion rate to that of a commonly used commercial cutting oil. The developed oil has zero toxicity, according to the fish toxicity tests, and a far superior cell viability percentage than the commercial cutting oil.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Lubricants from Renewable Group III Synthetic Hydrocarbons Derived from Farnesene P. Vettel, H. Hahn, J. Wells, Novvi LLC, Emeryville, CA Farnesene is a novel feedstock for lubricant base oils. Farnesene is manufactured from sugars by a simple fermentation process using baker’s yeast. It is unique among renewable lubricant feedstocks as it is a pure hydrocarbon olefin obtained directly from the biological conversion process, allowing it to drop into existing processes. Farnesene undergoes oligomerization with linear alpha olefins to make iso-paraffinic base oil classified as API Group III with significantly higher biodegradability than other hydrocarbon base oils. Since farnesene is a 100% renewable material obtained from sugar, the base oils derived from farnesene are also renewable. They have undergone extensive toxicity and ecotoxicity testing and have been approved for the Ecolabel Lubricant Substance Classification List (LuSC). This presentation will give an overview of the chemistry of farnesene-derived base oils and their use in lubricants for Ecolabel and VGP2013 applications.

11 am – Noon Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax R. Harry-O’Kuru, NCAUR, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, J. Xu, G. Biresaw, USDA, Peoria, IL Jojoba liquid wax is a mixture of esters of long chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols mainly (C38:2-C46:2). The oil exhibits excellent emolliency on the skin and therefore is a component in many personal care cosmetic formulations. The virgin oil is a component of the seed of the Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant which occurs naturally in the Sonoran desert in the United States and parts of northwestern Mexico as well as the northeastern Sahara desert. The plant has been introduced into Argentina, Australia and Israel for commercial production of Jojoba oil. As a natural lubricant akin to sperm whale oil we are seeking to explore its potential as a renewable, non-personal care industrial lubricant. To this end we have chemically modified the carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil structure in order to improve its already good resistance to air oxidation as to enhance its utility as well as its shelf-life in non-personal care applications.

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• Palace 4/5

Session Chair: A. Greco, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Session Vice Chair: B. Gould, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

8:30 – 9 am Lubricant Effects on White Etching Cracking Failures in Thrust Bearing Rig Tests T. Haque, J. Carey, S. Korres, P. Jacobs, ExxonMobil, Paulsboro, NJ, J. Franke, W. Holweger, Schaeffler Technologies AG&Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany White Etching Cracking (WEC) is a contact fatigue failure mode in lubricated bearings, which is initiated in the subsurface of the metal matrix. WEC is particularly alarming as it cannot be detected in field applications. It can lead to fatigue failures more than an order of magnitude shorter than predicted lifetimes. The open literature suggests that the lubricant composition can influence the propensity for WEC failure. We have studied WEC failure in thrust bearing rig tests using lubricants known to promote WEC in this environment. We have determined that the lubricant additives have the greater effect on WEC propensity in these tests. Additionally, by selective additive removal, we found that the additive components zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate antiwear and various alkali-metal detergent components had the greatest influence on WEC failure propensity.

9 – 9:30 am A Study of Microstructure Alterations in White Structure Flaking Failure of Wind Turbine Bearings Through High Pressure Torsion Processes L. Wilches Pena, L. Wang, B. Mellor, N. Wang, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom White Structure Flaking (WSF) is a premature wind turbine bearing failure that occurs within 20% of their L10. The damage is characterized by microstructural changes named white etching cracks associate with white etching areas (WEA). WEA may be caused severe plastic deformation (SPD) due to high strains. High Pressure Torsion (HPT), as a SPD process, is used to study the feasibility of creating microstructural changes that similar to WEA. Annealed AISI 52100 bearing steel samples were processed by HPT under a variety of pressures with 1, 2 and 3 turns. Light microscopy and SEM were used to observe the microstructure alterations. Initial results have bands and cracks in the deformed matrix following the orientation of plastic deformation flow. An increase in the hardness is observed similar to the features reported in the WFS damages.

9:30 – 10 am A Study of Microstructure Alteration in SAE 52100 Bearing Due to Classic Rolling Contact Fatigue and White Etching Crack V. Smelova, L. Wang, T. Harvey, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, A. Schwedt, J. Mayer, WTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, W. Holweger, Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany Formation of the subsurface White Etching Crack (WEC) has been identified as a cause of detrimental failures in SAE 52100 and SAE 4320 bearing steels that appears to be different from the classic Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) in a wide range of rolling contact applications. Typically, RCF failures are due to medium to high contact pressure and high rolling cycles, where a sequence of microstructural transformations takes place, starting from Dark Etching Regions (DER) then Low- and High- Angle Bands (LAB/HAB) and leading to long but finite life of bearings. Little detailed research has been conducted in recent years to investigate the differences between RCF and WEC. This study, for the first time, has analysed the microstructure changes in DER,

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Technical Sessions HAB and LAB using a combination of SEM, ECCI, EDX and EBSD techniques to reveal differences and relationships between RCF and WECs. Detailed results will be presented at conference.

Session 5H

FLUID FILM BEARINGS V

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session Chair: A. Fatu, Institut Pprime, Angouleme, France Session Vice Chair: F. Horvat, Duramax Marine, Hiram, OH

10:30 – 11 am Investigation of the Role of Hydrogen in White Structure Flaking (WSF) of Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings through Serial Sectioning Analysis

8:30 – 9 am Design Consideration of Thrust Foil Bearings Operating with Refrigerant Gas

A. Richardson, L. Wang, R. Wood, M. Evans, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, M. Ingram, Afton Chemical Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom

A. Prabhakar, F. Xu, D. Kim, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

White structure flaking (WSF) due to White etching crack (WEC) formation below the contact surface is a premature failure mode in steel bearings that occur in wind turbine gearboxes. Initiation mechanisms and drivers of WSF are contested. Hydrogen diffusion into the bearing during operation is shown to play an important role in WSF. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) coupled with serial sectioning has been conducted on thrust roller bearings tested on an FAG-FE8 rig under Non-hydrogen charged conditions at different test durations. Serial sectioning has provided detailed information on WEC formation mechanisms while the TDS analysis clearly shows a correlation between diffusible hydrogen and WEC formations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) has been used to analyse the surface chemistry and investigate the mechanisms of hydrogen interaction with the surface during operation. Future study will investigate the effect of oil additives on hydrogen diffusion and WEC formations.

11 – 11:30 am Premature Bearing Failures and White Etching Cracks K. Stadler, SKF GmbH, Schweinfurt, Germany, R. Vegter, I. Nedelcu, SKF B.V., Nieuwegein, Netherlands Bearings in large industrial gearboxes or drive train applications are often subjected to a variety of operating conditions that may push them beyond their limits.Damage may occur in bearings, resulting in a failure mode known as white etching cracks (WEC). In this paper, the role of white etching areas (WEA) in WEC, how WEC develops as well as influencing factors that can lead to WEC networks will be discussed. This will be illustrated by post-analysis and research results of failed bearings received from the field as well as from testing. It will be shown that several reasons can lead to WEC networks; some might be related to premature failures, e.g. driven by mixed friction / tribochemical influence factors and some to stress related factors. The role of WEA will be further discussed in terms of its position in the sequence of events that lead to premature bearing failure. The results will show that a generalized root cause for the occurrence of WEA is counterproductive.

11:30 – Noon A Study of the Dominant Drivers of White-Etching Crack Formation in a Three-Ring on Roller Contact B. Gould, A. Greco, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL White-etching cracks (WECs) have been identified as the dominant mode of premature failure for bearings within wind turbine gearboxes. Though WECs have been observed in the field for over a decade, the exact mechanisms which lead to this failure are still debated. Some of the postulated drivers of WECs are sliding at the contact, load, and contact severity. In this paper, WECs have been replicated on a three rings on roller, benchtop test rig, which allowed for a direct investigation into the influence that sliding magnitude, sliding direction, lubricant film thickness, and normal load have on surface failures and WEC generation. It was determined that the formation of WECs within test samples can be turned on and off, and that the number of WECs within a sample is dependent on the aforementioned drivers.

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• Las Vegas 1

The focus of this research is on design consideration of thrust foil bearing for an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with refrigerant gas as a working fluid operating in both subsonic and supersonic regimes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to investigate one dimensional (1D) bearing, which mimics single bearing pad. The results from CFD analysis show large pressure drop and temperature drop associated with inlet Mach number when constant wall temperature boundary conditions are used. The comparison of the CFD results with those from turbulent Reynold’s equation show that there is a substantial difference in bearing performance as the flow Reynolds number increases and inertial effects (Mach number) become predominant. Based on the comparative study on the 1D bearing, novel design feature of actual thrust bearing is introduced to compensate the inlet pressure loss due to high Mach number and static performance of the foil thrust bearing are presented.

9 – 9:30 am Two-Way Coupled Reynolds, Rayleigh-Plesset and Energy Equations for Fully Transient Cavitation Modeling K. Pierson, M. Braun, T. Snyder, The University of Akron, Akron, OH A physics-based, pseudo-gaseous cavitation model has been developed by means of a two-way coupled, transient, variable properties Reynolds (RE) and Rayleigh-Plesset-Scriven (RPS) equations. The RPS equation calculates a time dependent bubble-growth based void fraction which is used to determine the homogenous, two-phase fluid’s transport properties subsequently used in the RE equation. The transient energy equation is coupled with the RE-RPS equations to allow the investigation of the thermal effects on cavitation development. In effect, the isothermal and adiabatic limiting cases are presented. Viscosity and density of the oil and gas mixture are determined based upon both local pressure and temperature of the two-phase fluid. The thermal effects on load carrying capacity, attitude angle and cavitation zone behavior are presented and discussed

9:30 – 10 am Effects of Variable Properties on the Gas Film Hydrodynamics in the High-Speed Micro Gas Thrust Bearings Q. Chen, X. Zhang, J. Liu, Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologists and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China The high-speed micro gas thrust bearing close to the combustor exit works under a high asymmetrical temperature condition due to the extreme hot gas film between the almost adiabatic rotor end face and the cooling stator tilt surface. The effects of variable (viscosity), cp (specific heat) and k (thermal conductivity) on the gas film hydrodynamic characteristics are studied using the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the energy equation under an asymmetrical temperature boundary condition. The variable can increase the velocity slip and temperature jump on the bottom boundary and reduce them on the top boundary, while the variable cp and k have a


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little effect on the velocity slip and temperature jump. Meanwhile, variable reduces the gas backflow in the wedge-shaped micro channels and strengthens the gas film pressure. Additionally, the variable enhances the vertical flow across the gas film in the whole channel.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 5I

• Las Vegas 2

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FLUIDS I Session Chair: B. Sharma, University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, IL Session Vice Chair: P. Vettel, Novvi LLC, Emeryville, CA

10:30 – 11 am Analysis of Cavitation, Dynamics, and Solid Deformation of Simple Slider Bearings Using CFD T. Snyder, M. Braun, The University of Akron, Akron, OH This paper is concerned with the analysis of simple slider bearings within the 3D CFD environment of OpenFOAM. Physical mechanisms of cavitation, dynamic excitation, and solid/fluid interaction are explored for these simplified geometries as precursors in the development of a complete marine stern tube bearing model. Results are presented in the form of pressure maps, loads, attitude angles, and linearized dynamic coefficients. Regarding cavitation, results obtained with the interphase transport model of Schnerr-Sauer are compared with the Reynolds equation and JFO mass conserving cavitation theory. Linearized dynamic coefficients are deduced from prescribed motion of the CFD domain boundaries and an assumed linear dynamic response of the fluid film. Solid deformation of the slider bearings is considered through the introduction of a deforming rubber liner. Approaches for handling the solid deformation and constitutive behavior of the rubber liner are explored in detail.

11 – 11:30 am Numerical Study on the Effect of Oil Removal from Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber and Improvement Y. Lyu, J. Zhao, Z. Liu, G. Ren, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Effective oil removal from the scavenge is essential to improve the oil distribution in the bearing chamber and avoid excessive heat generation, especially under the high rotation speed. In this paper, based on an simplified bearing chamber, two oil-return structures for scavenge offtakes (ramp sump and eccentricity sump) are designed and improved, the oil-gas two-phase flow model with Volume of Fluid (VOF) is proposed, and characteristics of two-phase flow field and oilreturn efficiency from the scavenge are calculated in ANSYS-Fluent version 14.5. The results show that it is effective to maintain the high oil-return efficiency under the high rotation speed by improving oilreturn structures, and the oil film accumulation on the bearing chamber wall can also be improved to a certain extent.

11:30 am – Noon Analysis of Oil-Gas Interaction in the Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber J. Zhao, Z. Liu, Y. Lyu, P. Zhu, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Flow field calculation of oil-gas two-phase is the basis of the heat and mass transfer study in the aero-engine bearing chamber. In order to analyze the oil-gas interaction in two-phase flow field, the oil/air twoway coupled numerical model is proposed in this paper, the distributions of vortex, velocity and turbulence kinetic energy in a simplified bearing chamber are calculated, and the comparison between two-way and one-way coupled calculation results is carried out. Results show that the addition of oil has a great influence on the two-phase flow field, the mainstream difference between two-way and one-way coupled calculation is at least 10%, and therefore the effect of oil droplets to air flow cannot be ignored in the calculation of twophase flow. Furthermore, the flow vortex and turbulence kinetic energy will also change with the effect of oil droplets.

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9 – 9:30 am Oxidation Performance of Various Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants T. Kuchta, RSC Bio Solutions, Mentor, OH Oxidation is a typical weakness of some environmentally acceptable lubricants. The lubricant’s ability to resist oxidation is critical to its performance while in service. This session will review the oxidation performance of various types of EALs within the four main ISO 6743-4 classifications of: HETG, HEES, HEPG and HEPR. This presenter will walk the audience through an investigation of various base oil and additive combinations and then discuss the oxidation characteristics of each as tested by industry standardized methodologies. Attendees will walk away with a deeper understanding of each EAL’s performance characteristics and the critical factors that must be monitored and evaluated to ensure proper performance and application suitability.

9:30 – 10 am Frictional Behavior of Ester Base Stocks M. Hof, Emery Oleochemicals GmbH, Duesseldorf, NRW, Germany Lubricants have numerous and various tasks to fulfill. Each application in which lubricants are applied have a different set of requirements which need to be met. Common for all uses of lubricating oils is the need for friction reduction which is important not only for the equipment protection, but also for the overall behavior and workability of the fluid. This particular property is gaining now higher priority due the growing interest in more fuel and energy efficient lubricants. Changes and improvements can be achieved either by additives or by choosing the right base stock. In the talk, results of the frictional behavior of various ester base stock will be presented. To compare these fluids, several test methodologies have been applied and interpreted. It will be shown how ester base stock technologies can provide sufficient benefits towards friction reduction for finished fluids.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 am – 11 am High Yield Performance of Reusable Positively Charged Zeolite in Skeletal Isomerization Reaction of Oleic Acid M. Sarker, R. Latona, H. Ngo, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA The production of branched chain fatty acid such as Isostearic acid from natural sources including vegetable oils, animal fats or industrial byproducts is gaining enormous interest due to their biodegradability, low melting points and low viscosity. Linear chain unsaturated fatty acids from natural sources can be converted to branched chain fatty acid via a catalytic skeletal isomerization reaction. In this paper, cationic zeolite-Lewis base catalytic isomerization reactions with the highest performance have been explored extensively. In order to be cost effective, a regeneration process for these catalysts is explored. Furthermore, large scale production of Isostearic acid achieved an 82% yield and 99% conversion by optimizing the reaction conditions demonstrate the systems’ capability at the pilot scale.

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Wednesday, May 18 5I

11 – 11:30 am Fundamental Lubricity Protection of Bio-Hydraulic Fluids Versus Conventional Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids P. Haines, BioBlend Renewable Resources, Elk Grove Village, IL Many natural ester bio-hydraulic fluids have very high natural lubricity. With proper additives, their lubricity often surpasses that of petroleum fluids. Insights related to hydraulic fluid lubricity aids users in hydraulic fluid selection, especially if they can contrast the finished hydraulic fluid lubricity performance of conventional petroleum hydraulic fluids to natural ester bio-hydraulic fluids. While lubricity protection is application specific, this talk will contrast the lubricity protection of natural ester bio-hydraulic fluids versus conventional petroleum hydraulic fluids utilizing lubricity data from industry recognized and sanctioned tests: Falex Wear Test (ASTM D-2670), SRV 4 Coefficient of Friction and Wear Oscillation Module Test (ASTM D-6425). This talk will provide a clearer picture of the superior lubricity protection offered by natural ester bio-hydraulic fluids when contrasted to conventional petroleum hydraulic fluids.

11:30 am – Noon Water Contamination Control in Hydraulic and Lubrication Systems using a Membrane Dehydrator S. Majumdar, S. Nemser, Compact Membrane Systems, Newport, DE, K. Benninghoff, MSC Filtration Technologies, Enfield, CT Hydraulic and lubrication systems are some of the critical parts in a power plants operational system. Ingression of ambient moisture over time into such systems causes major operational and maintenance problems. The contamination level of water in lubrication oil adversely affects the service life of the associated components. A membrane dehydrator to remove water from lubricating oil has been introduced recently. The system is designed for easy installation using a kidney loop configuration. It is a simple, reliable, compact, portable, and lightweight system with low energy usage, requiring only 120V connection. It avoids flooding, foaming and the constant attention required with standard vacuum oil purification systems. The presentation will highlight the effective uses of commercial membrane dehydrator system in various field operations. Results from various case studies evaluated in different industries such as nuclear power plant, wind turbine and icecutters will be presented.

Session 5K

• Las Vegas 4

WEAR II: ANALYSIS OF FRICTION AND WEAR Session Chair: N. Paulson, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Session Vice Chair: A. Walvekar, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

8 – 8:30 am Interaction Study Between Raw Materials in a Brake Pad Formulation F. Vivier, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy A brake pad formulation usually contains more than 15 components. The study of each filler contribution on the final material properties is difficult considering the co-existing interactions. This study is about each component contribution on the material friction coefficient and wear rate. First, a simplified formulation is set up (2-3 components for each category as abrasives, lubricants, fillers, reinforcing fibres). Then, a bibliographical research is done on the nature of interactions, expected effects of each raw material. The experimental work starts with the creation of binary systems containing only the binder and a filler. Then at the binary system is added another constituent and step by step the system grows up with the systematic characterization of

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the material properties until the complete formulation material is reached. The characterization tests are tribology tests (pin-on-disk), but also mechanical tests (DMTA), thermic tests (DSC, TGA, FLA), etc.

8:30 – 9 am Tribological Behaviour of Tool Steels Operating at Elevated Temperatures L. Pelcastre, J. Hardell, B. Prakash, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden In the automotive industry, a significant amount of components are formed using hot stamping. This process allows formation of complex shapes whilst controlling microstructure and mechanical properties of the end product. There are different tribological challenges encountered within the process due to the elevated temperature. The current studies focused on the tribological behaviour of different tool steels heated to temperatures up to 550C sliding against ultra high strength steel. It was observed that the type of oxides varied depending on the tool steel and this had a direct influence on the wear mechanisms; particularly in the occurrence of severe adhesive wear (galling) and material transfer onto the tool steels. In general, larger amount of material transfer and higher friction was observed with lower temperatures. The presence of oxides on the tool steel reduced the severity of material transfer and stabilised friction but some tool steels were more effective than others.

9 – 9:30 am Study of Accelerated Life Model for Harmonic Drive with the Failure Form of Adhesive Wear J. Li, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, J. Wang, Z. Wang, Sichuang University, Chengdu, China In this research, an adhesive wear model is established based on the contact model under lubricating which is proposed by Johnson and Williamson, and it appears the wear rate mainly depend on the load taken by asperity contact. The results of mixed lubrication analysis on wear region which considering the topography of rough surfaces and the rheological behavior of lubricant show that the input speed and output load have a significant influence on the distribution of contact and lubrication between the rough surfaces while the influence of temperature is very weak. Then a new method of accelerated life test is proposed, which could be conducted by raising speed and output load to maintain or increase the load taken by asperity contact. Finally, an accelerated life model of adhesive wear is proposed which use the asperity contact load as the accelerated stress, and it is validated by conducting accelerated life tests under different working conditions and statistic of life distributions.

9:30 – 10 am Tribological Compatibilities of Surface-Coated Fuel Claddings for Accident-Tolerant Fuels with Zr-Based Structural Materials Y. Lee, H. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Koo, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea (the Republic of) After the Fukushima disaster, new fuel cladding materials are being developed to enhance their corrosion resistances for decreasing hydrogen generation at high temperature water and steam. In this study, three kinds of surface-coated Zr-based cladding materials were prepared by arc ion plating and direct laser methods. From the results of the scratch test, the stylus drag coefficients showed a large dependence on applied loading rate and surface characteristics of each surface coating method. Also, the fretting wear rates are dramatically increased when failure of coating layer occurred by localized area spallation, which results in a third-body abrasion due to their high hardness values. Based on the test results, effect of different coating layers on the scratch and fretting wear behaviors was examined focusing on the tribological compatibility between surface-coated fuel claddings and a current Zirconium-based spacer grid in normal operating conditions of pressurized water reactors.

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Technical Sessions 10 – 10:30 am – Break

9 – 9:30 am Temperature Rise at the Sliding Interface Between a Carbon Steel and DLC Film

10:30 – 11 am Friction and Wear Mechanism of Polycrystalline Diamond Thrust Bearing Under Drilling Fluid Condition

S. Yamamoto, Sankei Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Y. Li, W. Zhenquan, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China, K. Zhang, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is characterized by its high hardness and abrasion resistance, which can be used in severe friction environment under the fluid-lubricated conditions. This paper mainly discusses the friction and wear mechanism of polycrystalline diamond thrust bearing under drilling fluid condition. The roughness, profile and coefficient of friction of PCD thrust bearing of the wear-in progresses are obtained from the laboratory test. The surface roughness and the profile of the thrust bearing decreases significantly. The lubrication regime of PCD bearing is also analyzed in this paper. This mechanism will help improve the wear performance of PCD thrust bearing and extend its service life.

Session 5L

TRIBOTESTING I Session Chair: G. Krauss, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA Session Vice Chair: J. Xiao, Rtec Instruments, Inc., San Jose, CA

8 – 8:30 am Triboemission Imaging to Study Coating Failures A. Ciniero, T. Reddyhoff, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom The presentation will describe a recently developed technique, which is able to image the emission of charges, such as electrons and ions that occur during sliding contact. It consists of a tribometer incorporating a system of microchannel plates, coupled to a phosphor screen. This allows the spatial distribution of the emitted charges to be mapped as specimens become worn. There are several ways in which this technique can be used, including fracture and crack growth imaging, in situ wear monitoring and the analysis of tribocharging. The focus of this presentation will be its application to sliding components with surface coatings as a means of detecting failure.

T. Oyamada, Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Japan In this work, the lubrication condition of a journal bearing in a scroll compressor has been evaluated by applying ultrasonic sensing. An ultrasonic probe was attached to the outer periphery of a journal bearing supporting a crank shaft in the compressor. The probe transmitted ultrasonic pulses toward the oil film between the shaft and the bearing and then received reflections. Formation of the oil film can be monitored by measuring the amplitude of the reflection, which increases with the thickness of the oil film. The measured amplitude of the reflection mostly changed in similar trend with the Sommerfeld number, which has also been known to increase with the thickness of the oil film. However, the amplitude of the reflection behaved differently during the first 400s in the start-up process of the compressor. Observation of the oil reservoir during this period showed the generation of numerous bubbles in the oil.

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9:30 – 10 am Accurate Determination of Limiting Friction of Tribo-Pairs through Model Scale Tribotests K. Pondicherry, F. Wolf, G. Krenn, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria

• Las Vegas 5

8:30 – 9 am Application of Ultrasonic Sensing to Monitoring Lubrication Condition in a Refrigeration Compressor

The temperature rise at the sliding interface is simulated using the real contact area. The knowledge of the real contact area between the sliding bodies is very important in order to accurately calculate the temperature rise since the contact temperature is highly dependent upon the contact area for a given constant frictional energy. In this study, the real contact area of a carbon steel ball sliding against a DLC film is discussed based on the Hertzian model. The temperature rise at the sliding interface between the carbon steel and the DLC is modeled using the estimated real contact area. The temperature rise is also measured in a ball-on-disk test using temperature indication paint. Good agreement is observed between the experimental data and the results of the simulation.

Limiting friction is the value of static friction at the onset of macroscopic relative motion between surfaces. Determination of limiting friction is an intricate task which needs precise control and measurement of forces and motion. The current study elucidates the possibility of such measurements, making use of the highly sensitive yet robust drive of the MCR Tribometer. Herein, different material pairs of practical importance have been investigated. These include industrial polymers such as Polyamide66, Polyoxymethylene, soft materials like Polydimethylsiloxane, different variations of steel, and non-ferrous materials such as aluminium-, and copper-based alloys. The effect of elastic properties of these materials on their limiting friction behaviour has also been studied. Furtheron, this work also demonstrates that the choise of test strategy is paramount for accurate determination of limiting friction, which in turn depends upon the elastic properties of the material being tested.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Effect of Soot in the Boundary Friction Regime K. Pondicherry, F. Wolf, G. Krenn, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria In combustion engines, presence of soot is known to inhibit the formation of tribofilms at the contact interface. The absence of tribofilms has a strong influence on the performance of the system, especially in the boundary friction regime, wherein the mating surfaces are not totally separated by a load-bearing lubricant film. The current work focuses on the effect of soot on the limiting friction and performance of anti-wear lubricant additives in motor oils in the boundary friction regime. The tribological tests were carried out on a model scale MCR-Tribometer with a ball-on-three-pins test configuration. Additionally, light and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study the morphology and elemental composition of the wear scar. Stribeck curves and the wear scar analysis showed that soot, when present above a certain level, is detrimental both in terms of friction and wear properties of the tribosystem.


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11 – 11:30 am Stick-Slip in Piezoelectric Inertia Drive Motors – Contact Life and Tribological Circuit

contamination can be detected by focusing brightness of color. Oil color sensor is applied to oil system directly and signal is analyzed at the same time without any oil sampling.

F. Dubois, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, C. Belly, Cedrat Technologies, Meylan, France, A. Saulot, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France

8:30 – 9 am New Scenario for Lubricated Machines, How Big Data Analytics and Industry 4.0 are Changing the Game

In Inertia Drive Motors (IDM), motion is based on stick-slip principle. Current analytical models are predictive enough to calculate qualitatively their optimal performances, such as maximal step size and speed, with relatively few input parameters. But, they do not take into account the temporal evolution of parameters as friction factor all along the lifetime of IDM. So, models reach their limits when precise predictions are necessary. This investigation aims to understand wear mechanisms to model temporal evolution of friction. Such an understanding requires reconstitution of contact life through the evaluation of first- and third-body flows. To do so, a new IDMrepresentative tribometer is designed to visualize the contact dynamically and in-situ. Chemical analysis is given with SEM/EDX spectroscopy to identify species transfer and flow activations. Observations are compared to FEM numerical modeling. As for a consequence, problem is addressed with macroscopic and microscopic scale aspects.

11:30 am – Noon High Temperature Wear Evaluation of Materials: Challenges and Industrial Case Studies E. Georgiou, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, D. Drees, Falex Tribology NV, Rotselaar, Belgium, M. Peeters, J. Celis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium High temperature tribological testing often requires the development of complex mechanical setups that should meet rigorous standards and specific performance metrics. In this study, the development of a state-of-the-art experimental setup to study the reciprocating sliding behaviour of various bulk and coated materials at temperatures that can reach up to 1000 °C is presented. The aim is twofold: First some of the main challenges relating to the mechanical design, safety issues, sample geometry, and material selection are highlighted. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations and design novelties of this apparatus are analysed. Secondly, examples of existing industrial case studies are presented to illustrate the need for using such advanced equipment. In particular, three different industrial examples are shown from the: (a) aerospace industry – nanostructured bearings, (b) transportation industry – brake materials, and (c) energy field – multi-layered solar cell coatings.

Session 5M

• Las Vegas 6/7

CONDITION MONITORING I Session Chair: K. Rogers, Pilot Thomas Logistics, Las Vegas, NV Session Vice Chair: C. Silva, Director, Oilcheck, Contagem, MG, BrazilG. Livingstone, NJ

8 – 8:30 am New Condition Monitoring Method of Oil and Machine Elements by Lubricant Color Analysis

J. Alarcon, IK4-TEKNIKER, EIBAR, Gi, Spain In the last few years we have witnessed of several changes around the industry, the evolution of products into intelligent, connected devices are very common and it is quite logical that the industry is the new market for these changes. The common threads are an explosive increase in machine-level communication system with its surroundings, not only with their proces but also with other similar machines. Realtime data (Information – Big Data) and connectivity allows production and maintenance team to have instant information to anticipate future problems. Sensors are more accurate, smaller and cheaper. The influence of these changes are real and are already present in our day to day, but it will no be easy to go ahead. Related with lubrication these changes includes new knowledge for the maintenance staff but they will required a solid base of fundamentals, how well we are prepared for these changes? What changes are expected to have? What experiences have had so far?

9 – 9:30 am Retrospective Approach for Establishing Predictive Wear Signatures for Lubricating Oils B. Byrne, K. Redmond, TelLabs, Carlow, Ireland Collection, evaluation and presentation of data is an essential element of condition monitoring and lube oil analysis. This paper intends to review current popularised means of condition assessment through data evaluation of lubricating oil analysis. Furthermore, an attempt to establish a predictive pattern or signature for wear and contamination will be attempted retrospectively. A review of tendencies within asset types and identification of indicators of abnormal conditions will be reviewed and modelled mathematically. Additionally an attempt to apply this model on specific assembly, asset, fleet and global levels will be made. A synopsis of different approaches for statistically establishing thresholds and limits for parameters will be given and a method for identifying outliers presented. Finally, data compilation and presentation will be discussed, including the use of trending tools and visual representations.

9:30 – 10 am Diagnosing Varnish Problems in Lube Systems with Normal MPC Values T. Chen, G. Livingstone, Fluitec International, Bayonne, NJ Oil analysis plays a key role in predicting oil health and deposit generation. The MPC test (D7843) has been established as a key test to determine the varnish potential of in-service turbine oils. Occasionally, this test does not provide a predictive measurement for varnish problems resulting in unexpected operational problems in spite of an excellent condition monitoring program. This presentation reviews case studies in which varnish was not detected through routine oil analysis and suggests mechanisms that may be causing this phenomenon.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

A. Ito, IHI Corp., Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan Suitable maintenance is important to keep good machine conditions and to avoid serious damage. Recently, condition based maintenance is becoming mainstream from the point of higher reliability and cost saving. In this maintenance program strategy, correct and good sensitivity sensing technique is key for precise judgment. In this study, condition monitoring method by color sensing of lubricant oil is presented. In this method, Oil degradation and abnormal

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10:30 – 11 am Asset Condition Assessment: A Case Study from Theory to Reality

Session 5N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING V

M. Yarlott, Veolia North America, Salem, OR Understanding an asset’s life cycle status is essential for asset management because decisions about system capacity, asset repair/ replacement, and priorities can all be established with accurate asset life cycle status ranking. Asset life cycle status is directly driven by the asset condition and the methods used to establish the condition assessment. This case-study will examine asset condition assessment theory, evaluation techniques, and data collection in a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), including a demo of data collection. Learning objectives include (1.) Understanding of complex asset failure modes and how they drive condition measurement/ assessment standards, (2.) Developing a repeatable condition assessment evaluation criteria for a complex asset, (3.) Methods for collecting, analyzing, and updating the condition scoring.

11 – 11:30 am Quantitative Measurements of Lubricant Contaminants Using a Microsensor Array Based on Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network X. Zhu, L. Du, J. Zhe, The University of Akron, Akron, OH We present a sensor array for quantitative measurements of four important lubricant properties, namely, water, total acid number, soot and sulfur content. The sensor array consists of four micromachined electrochemical sensors and a back propagation artificial neural network (BPNN). While each sensor responds to all four properties (cross-sensitivity), the designs ensure each sensor respond to the four properties differently. The BPNN was applied to solve the cross sensitivity problem and pinpoint each property from the sensor array’s response. After training, one architecture with 4, 50, 5, and 4 neurons in the input layer, first and second hidden layer, and output layer was selected. Testing results demonstrated that the developed network can quantitatively determine the aforementioned four lubricant properties with a maximum error of 18.8%, 6.0%, 6.7%, and 5.4%, respectively, indicting the sensor array could be potentially used for online lubricant condition monitoring.

11:30 am – Noon Development of Tribological Diagnostic Technology by the Color of Membrane Patch E. Kitahara, T. Honda, Y. Ozaki, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui, Japan, Y. Nakamura, Ebara Corp., Ota-ku, Japan In recent years, proactive maintenance has been proposed as one of the machine maintenance system. Degradation of lubricating oils is closely related to mechanical failures, thus it is necessary to establish the condition monitoring method of lubricating oils in order to apply the proactive maintenance to machines. Degradation causes of lubricating oils are roughly classified into solid particles and oil oxidation products. Therefore, we have prepared sample oils which were degraded by solid particles or oil oxidation products or both. In our laboratory, we have developed colorimetric patch analyzer (CPA) for a degradation diagnosis method for lubricating oils which paid the attention to the coloration of the membrane patch with contamination. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the membrane patch color and tribological properties by the block-on-ring test in artificial degradated oil.

Session Chair: R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India Session Vice Chair: G. Ramirez, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

8 – 8:30 am Development of Polymer Brushes for the Lubrication of Silicon Nitride-Steel Contacts S. Watson, M. Nie, L. Wang, K. Stokes, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Silicon nitride is an important engineering ceramic and has been increasingly used in tribological systems. Hybrid contacts, involving silicon nitride and steel contacts, are relying on conventional lubrication solutions based on protecting the metal surface. In addition, current lubricants containing phosphorus and sulphur are facing new regulations due to pollution and their environmental impacts. Synthesizing polymer brushes compatible with polyalphaolefins that can strongly attach to silicon nitride may be a new lubrication solution for hybrid bearings. A more robust method of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation, known as Activators ReGenerated by Electron Transfer, allows significantly more control over the final polymer that is constructed. Polymer brushes have longer carbon chains thus a higher resistance to compressive and shear stresses compared to selfassembled monolayers. This paper presents initial results from a study of polymer brushes as a lubrication solution.

8:30 – 9 am Frictional Behavior of (PEI/GO)x Solid Lubricant Coatings on Steel Substrates in Extreme Environments P. Saravanan, R. Selyanchyn, S. Fujikawa, J. Sugimura, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy, Fukuoka, Japan The unique frictional behavior of polyethylenimine/graphene oxide layer-by-layer (LbL (PEI/GO)x) solid lubricant coatings on steel substrates in various environments such as air, hydrogen, nitrogen and vacuum have been investigated. Different thickness (PEI/GO)x coatings (where x is a number of bi-layers, x = 5,10 or 15) were deposited on 440C steel substrates and subjected to a macro-tribological comparative study. The steady-state friction coefficients were reduced by ~ 5, 14, 10 and 29 times in ambient air, hydrogen, vacuum and nitrogen respectively, compared to non-coated substrate. Therefore, (PEI/GO)x=10, 15 LbL coatings were exhibited superior tribological behavior than (PEI/GO)5. Specific friction mechanisms occurring inside a few bilayers at the top of thicker coatings in dry environments (hydrogen, nitrogen and vacuum) (except ambient air) is linked to the change of graphene oxide flakes orientation on the surface with respect to environment.

9 – 9:30 am Investigation on the Atomically Smooth Surface with Step-Terrace Structure of GaN Wafer after Chemical Mechanical Polishing H. Gong, Research Institute of Tsinghua University (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China, G. Pan, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, C. Zou, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optomechatronics, Shenzhen, China, Y. Zhou, L. Xu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China After planarization by colloidal silica (SiO2) based slurry, an atomic stepterrace morphology has been observed on the surface of gallium nitride (GaN) wafer measuring by Atomic Force Microscope, and the corresponding roughness was low to 0.06nm (scan area 1×1µm2). We investigated the effects of chemical components and mechanical

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Technical Sessions factors on the material removal mechanism of GaN according to the variation of atomic step-terrace morphology. As a result, the chemical components in slurry could only act on the reactant of GaN, and the morphology would not be destroyed when adopting slurry with only reagent. In contrast, the step edge would be disrupted during polishing by slurry with SiO2 abrasives. Furthermore, double step-terrace structure (a-a or a-b type) on GaN surface was confirmed, and the total widths of both the two-type double step-terrace structure were the same. Besides, the two types can be controlled by adjusting the abrasive concentration.

that the different compositions of friction layer and the transfer film are formed on the worn surfaces of materials to adapt with the temperature changes, in order to maintain the lubricating performance under different temperatures.

9:30 – 10 am The Tribological Performance and Tribofilm Formation on Microwave PECVD Diamond-Like Carbon Films Under Boundary Lubrication Conditions When Lubricated by Gear Oil Formulation

3D printing is now a leading area of research in countless technology development fields. Among the biggest challenges in 3D printing are the precise fabrication of living tissue and soft electronics. Although advancements in these areas have been made in the past decade, the size and complexity of printed structures continues to be limited by the ability of soft material to support itself. Recent work has shown that printing in liquid-like solids and complex fluids eliminates these limitations; localized yielding of liquid-like solids or complex fluids around the writing nozzle enables the printing of soft structures in both oil-based and water-based media. However, the relationship between the tribological and rheological problems in such printing processes is not understood broadly. In this study, we explore the rheological and tribological properties of microgels, micelle gels, and self-assembled block co-polymer phases and their role in soft matter 3D printing.

8:30 – 9 am Tribological Challenges in 3D Printing with Liquid-Like Solids and Complex Fluids C. O’Bryan, T. Bhattacharjee, W. Sawyer, T. Angelini, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

H. Zhao, J. Lanigan, C. Wang, T. Liskiewicz, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, Y. Tamura, Komatsu Ltd., Hiratsuka, Japan, I. Kolev, IHI Hauzer Techno Coating B.V., Venlo, Netherlands, N. Sano, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom, A. Neville, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom Literature and previous study showed that the DLC films that were prepared using microwave excited plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW-PECVD) technology demonstrated comparable friction coefficient that the normal PECVD DLC when lubricated by engine oil formulations. In this study, two MW-PECVD DLC films that were produced at different precursor ratios and bias voltages are compared with normal PECVD DLC film under boundary lubrication conditions. A fully-formulated gear oil formulation with high sulphur content was used as the lubricant. The MW-PECVD DLCs had about 7% friction reduction comparing with the normal PECVD DLC. The surface analysis results suggest that not only the mechanical properties of the DLC films are important for the tribological performance; the tribochemistry effects also play a key role for the friction and wear of the carbon films. The sulphur species adsorption on DLC films and its influence on the friction performance are discussed in the paper.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session 5O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY V

T. Bhattacharjee, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, N. Baldwin, Alexander W. Dreyfoos School of the Arts, West Palm Beach, FL, F. Zegers, J. Uruena, C. O’Bryan, A. Pitenis, W. Sawyer, T. Angelini, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Soft granular microgel particles are the critical ingredient in most personal care products like hand sanitizers and lotions, which must be able to transition between the fluid and solid states under shear. Such liquid-like solids show promise for emerging technologies; they have recently been exploited in 3D printing to create complex large aspect ratio objects, thin closed shells, and hierarchically branched tubular networks out of silicones, hydrogels, colloids, and living cells. Yielding and fluidization in granular matter is known as the jamming transition and has been studied extensively within the rheology and soft matter communities. However, the underlying molecular behavior at the interfaces of jammed particles that set the system yield stress is not known. In this study, we explore how the connection between polymer mesh-size and inter-particle friction coefficient sets the yield stress in granular liquid-like solids that controls the jamming transition.

9:30 – 10 am Superlubricity in Soft Matter

Session Chair: D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE Session Vice Chair: K. Schulze, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

A. Pitenis, J. Uruena, A. Cooper, T. Angelini, W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

8 – 8:30 am Design and Performances of Adaptive Lubricating Composites in a Wide Temperature Range J. Jia, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China With the fast development of advanced engines, there emerges a urgent demand of tribo-materials with continues lubricating properties in wide temperature range (RT-10000C), which require the tribo-materials with a stable lubricating performance adapt to different temperature changes. In present work, I would like to discuss the selection of the matrix and lubricants for the adaptive high temperature lubricating materials as well as propose the material formulation with excellent mechanical and tribological properties at high temperature. Thereinto, understanding the mechanism responsible for the materials with continues lubricating properties and clarify the synergistic effect of multi-lubricants phases and tribochemical interaction. The results show

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9 – 9:30 am Friction and Yielding in Liquid-like Solids

Hydrogels in self-mated (i.e., twinned) Gemini sliding contact display friction behavior incongruous with the classic Stribeck curve. This anomalous friction behavior was ascribed to a transition from thermal fluctuations to polymer chain relaxation lubrication dominating the hydrogel network. Previous studies achieved very low friction coefficients (µ < 0.005) when the amplitude of polymer chain fluctuations were ~ 10 nm. Such superlubricious friction coefficients are traditionally only achieved at hard, incommensurate, molecularly clean interfaces. Here we explore the possibility of achieving similarly low values (and lower) in soft, aqueous materials at low loads and macroscopic contact areas. We reexamined the lowest friction coefficient reported in previous Gemini hydrogel studies and exceeded this lower limit of friction coefficient measurements for these interfaces by intentionally increasing the mesh size.

10 – 10:30 am – Break


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10:30 – 11 am Time-Dependence of Hydrogel-Solid Lubrication Investigated by Steady Shear Tribo-Rheology A. Dunn, J. Kim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL Soft, hydrated interfaces are analogous to complex fluids due to uncharacterized surface termination, which drives lubrication. Oscillating tribological measurements introduce a passing frequency that competes with material relaxation. To remove this oscillation, we approach hydrogel lubrication using constant-slip shear between two parallel rotating plates, denoted as “tribo-rheology.” Experiments measured the instantaneous and steady-state torque response between an aluminum ring and 7.5% mass-per-mass polyacrylamide-to-water hydrogel in a submerged environment over 5 orders of magnitude in sliding speed. We observe repeatable hysteresis in the torque response at identical sliding speeds. Short-time transients ~1-30 seconds were measured at intermediate speeds. We conclude that a complex rheological response arises during transition regions in lubrication between a hydrogel surface and metal countersurface, evidenced by time-dependent torque responses measured using tribo-rheology.

11 – 11:30 am Tribological Rehydration: Directly Observing the Loss and Recovery of Interstitial Fluid A. Moore, D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE Cartilage achieves its unusual tribological properties through a unique mechanism known as interstitial lubrication. Unfortunately, periods of rest (static loading), which account for 90% of our day, cause fluid exudation and the loss of interstitial lubrication. It was recently shown that interstitial lubrication can be maintained and recovered via a unique mechanism known as tribological rehydration. Tribological rehydration is the flow of hydrodynamically pressurized bath fluid into the articular cartilage. The path of fluid flow into and through the porous cartilage is currently unknown. To visualize the process of tribological rehydration a custom tribometer will be mounted over a confocal microscope to capture the movement of florescent molecules through the tissue. The findings will demonstrate (1) how pressurized bath fluid moves through cartilage and (2) provide insight into whether or not fluid films are developed.

11:30 am – Noon Slow Rise, Take it Easy: Local Mesh Size Control of Thermal Fluctuation Lubrication K. Schulze, J. Uruena, A. Pitenis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, J. Curry, M. Sidebottom, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, T. Angelini, W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL The mesh size of a hydrogels defines its physical properties such as modulus, permeability and water content. It also has a significant impact on the friction response of a Gemini self-mated hydrogel interface. As previously shown at sliding speeds ranging from 30 µmps to 100 mmps the Gemini experience two distinct friction regimes: Thermal Fluctuation Lubrication (Speed independent) and Polymer Relaxation Lubrication (Speed Dependent). Here we further expand the Thermal Fluctuation Lubrication regime by reducing the speeds below 30 mps and examine the effects of the mesh size local to the contact on the friction response of the system. At these low speeds a third regime of friction response for gemini hydrogels has been discovered that is dependent on the duration the system rests in its initial contact location and its effect on the governing competitive rates found in these soft,permeable materials.

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Session 5P

• Jubilee 3

NANOTRIBOLOGY V: NANOSCALE LUBRICATION MECHANISMS Session Chair: H. Khare, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Session Vice Chair: C. Wen, Petronas Group Technical Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

8 – 9 am Molecular Mechanisms of Aqueous Boundary Lubrication by Mucinous Glycoproteins and their Engineered Mimics S. Zauscher, Duke University, Durham, NC This presentation will focus on lubricin, a secreted, cytoprotective glycoprotein, encoded by the gene PRG4, that is essential to maintaining joint function and long-term integrity of synovial joints by providing boundary lubrication and preventing cartilage-cartilage adhesion. Specifically we will report on our results from nanotribomechanical measurements on model surfaces, including self-assembled monolayers, collagen and cartilage, combined with other surface specific, physicochemical measurements that shed new light on the mechanisms by which Prg4 provides lubrication and wear protection in diarthrodial joints. Furthermore, we will report on our recent tribological results with engineered Prg4 mimics. Our results suggest that the role of effective boundary lubricants in mediating friction in articular joints is largely one of wear protection of surface asperities, by maintaining the surfaces in a nonadhesive mode and causing shear dissipation in the biopolymeric boundary lubricant layer.

9 – 9:30 am Confined Lubricant at a Molecular Scale Under Transient Tribological Conditions A. Crespo, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France The use of thinner lubricant film leads to film failure when the contact undergoes transient conditions. Thus, the objective is to understand the friction response of a confined fluid taking into account the coupling between its interfacial rheology and its molecular organization onto the surface under time-varying experimental conditions. A SFA-molecular tribometer, developed in LTDS, is used. It allows quasi-static and dynamic displacements of a sphere in front of a plane where displacements and forces are measured with capacitive sensors. Dynamic measurements, allow rheological characterization of the confined fluid. Dodecane is used as Newtonian base oil and stearic acid molecules to represent friction modifiers. Results show that stearic acid molecules form a viscoelastic nanometer-thick boundary layer on the surfaces. Under shear, the interfacial friction depends on sliding velocity. A sudden variation of velocity is associated with a transient variation of tangential force.

9:30 – 10 am Steric Effect of Thickening Agents in Interfacially Confined Liquid Lubricants K. Tamura, M. Ishikawa, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Ichihara, Chiba, Japan Formulation of low-viscosity lubricants for efficient energy use requires improved protection performance against wear, which is often accelerated by viscosity redicution. Although thickening agents, or thickeners, have been reported to inhibit fatigue damage, the underlying mechanism has not been fully understood. Here, we measured using a surface force apparatus the surface forces between two curved ultrasmooth mica surfaces confining paraffinic mineral oils containing polymeric thickeners. The thickener-containing oils exhibited repulsive force at submicron surface separation, whereas thickener-free base oils did not. The repulsive force increased with decreasing distance between

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Wednesday, May 18 5P

the surfaces, indicating a steric response to compression. Such behaviors were not observed in the dynamic behavior of bulk lubricant oils. This steric effect might be ascribed to concentration of polymers in the confined lubricant. This effect might originate the wear protection performance of thickeners.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Experimental Study of the Liquid-Mediated Adhesion between Contacting Rough Surfaces A. Rostami, J. Streator, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Contacting solid surfaces may experience large interfacial stresses, both tensile and compressive, due to the presence of intervening liquid films, which can arise from condensation, contamination or lubrication. Such liquid-mediated adhesion may negatively affect the performance of small-scale devices such as nano/micro electro-mechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS), the head-disk interface (HDI) of magnetic storage devices. Negative capillary pressures within the liquid film induce tensile forces between the two surfaces that drive them into intimate contact. In this work, a liquid film is introduced between contacting rough surfaces and the resulting adhesion is characterized by measuring pull-off forces, friction forces and frictional torque. Tests are performed for various liquids, solid-solid pairs, and surface finishes. Experimental results are compared with the previously developed models of liquid mediated adhesion with contacting rough surfaces.

11 – 11:30 am Ionic Liquids Confined in Rough Contacts R. Espinosa-Marzal, A. Sheehan, L. Jurado, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL Understanding the behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) confined between rough surfaces is of enormous relevance to extend studies performed on ideally flat surfaces to real applications. In this work we have performed an extensive investigation of the structural forces between silica surfaces with well-defined roughness in 1-hexyl-3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide by Atomic Force Microscopy. Statistical studies of the measured layer thicknesses, layering force, and layering frequency reveal the equilibrium structure of the rough IL-solid interface and in confinement. Our work demonstrates that the IL exhibits a local solid-like behaviour at rough IL-solid interfaces and that the characteristics of the equilibrium structure strongly depend on the topography of the real contact.

11:30 am – Noon Supramolecular Assembly and Nanotribological Properties of Mucic Acid Mediated by Molecular Modulators H. Shi, Y. Liu, Y. Duan, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Q. Zeng, Y. Yang, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China, X. Lu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Saccharides have been proved to be the main components contributing to the excellent lubrication behavior of many natural systems, which is attributed to their strong hydration ability. In this paper, we report a nanoscale study on the self-assembly structures and nanotribological properties of mucic acid, a kind of saccharide derivatives. Supramolecular networks of mucic acid with pyridine modulators were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Results indicated that the assembly behavior of mucic acid was modulated by different pyridine molecules, which is associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the nanotribological properties of assembly networks were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in aqueous solution. A reduction of friction was observed with the introduction of mucic acid. The combination of supramolecular assembly and nanotribology opens a promising pathway to design the water-based lubrication system.

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Session 6A

• Bronze 4

COMMERCIAL MARKETING FORUM VI 1:30 – 2 pm Renewable Raw Materials for Applications in Hydraulic Fluids V. Aruta, Temix Oleo SrL, Milan, Italy Temix Oleo pays particular attention to sustainable chemistry, promoting the use of raw materials from renewable and biodegradable sources in the lubricant market. In fact, the entire production cycle of Temix Oleo is based on scrap raw materials such as tallow and acid oils refining of olive oil. From these raw materials the Temix Oleo biorefinery produces more noble raw materials such as stearic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. Then using products such as oleic acid, stearic acid, etc., Temix Oleo can be built countless lubricant bases with high biodegradability properties for applications in hydraulic fluids.

2 – 2:30 pm Emery Oleochemicals – A Global Producer of Corrosion Inhibitor and Lubricant Chemistries J. Sliner, Emery Oleochemicals, Cincinnati, OH Emery Oleochemicals is a leading provider of high performance and innovative natural-based additives and basestocks for corrosion preventive, cleaner, lubricant, and metalworking fluid formulators. Our brands include EMEROX® Azelaic Acids and Diacid Corrosion Inhibitors, DEHYLUB® Esters, EMERY® Dimer Acids and Pelargonic Acids, and EMERSOL® Isostearic Acids. These sustainable products find use in a wide range of applications including cutting fluids, metalforming fluids, rolling oils, corrosion preventives, metal cleaners, engine coolants, hydraulic fluids, gear oils, greases, transmission fluids, engine oils and fuels. Principal to our business strategy is our back-end integration and access to renewable feed stocks, innovative solutions, reliably consistent high quality products, in-depth technical know-how, and true global support. New product developments will be highlighted.

2:30 – 3 pm CINRG Systems Inc. B. Quesnel, CINRG Systems Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada CINRG Systems designs automated instrumentation for commerical oil analysis. In this presentation Bill Quesnel, president of CINRG Systems, will provide an overview of novel approaches to automation for commerical oil analysis laboratories including a fully automated autodilution system for particle counting using the new dilution method ASTM D7647 and a fully robotic system for viscosity measurement using the method ASTM D7279.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Enhancing MW Formulation with Multipurpose Lubricant Additives, Anticorrosion and Low Foam Emulsifiers M. Patel, Sasol Performance Chemicals, Westlake, LA Sasol Performance Chemicals Products are highlighted.

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Technical Sessions 4 – 4:30 pm Vacuum Dehydration Oil Purification System (VDOPS) – The Most Reliable Way to Keep Your Oil Absolutely Clean and Dry

Session 6B

• Bronze 3

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS VI – TRIBOFILMS

K. Kaihlanen, Oil Filtration Systems LLC, Boerne, TX Session Chair: R. Erck, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

Oil Filtration Systems are highlighted.

Session Vice Chair: B. Miller, Chevron Oronite Co. LLC, Richmond, CA

4:30 – 5 pm VANLUBE® 407 Antioxidant Blend B. Fuller, V. Gatto, Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC, Norwalk, CT Celebrating its 100th year anniversary, Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC provides a variety of unique additives to formulators across all segments of lubrication. Antioxidants, an important aspect of our business, are provided to customers primarily in the form of phenolic, aminic and sulfur based chemistries. It’s widely known, however, that effective use of these antioxidant classes requires a formulation approach balancing many cost, handling and performance attributes. To address some of these challenges the company is introducing a new liquid antioxidant blend, VANLUBE® 407. It has exhibited exceptional performance in the PDSC and RPVOT oxidation tests at lower treat rates and costs compared to conventional alternatives when formulated into grease and experimental turbine oils. It carries kosher and NSF approval for use in HX-1 lubricants in addition to worldwide registration. This presentation will highlight the Vanderbilt Chemicals antioxidant product line, specifically, VANLUBE® 407.

5 – 5:30 pm Synfluid® mPAOs: High Viscosity Base Oils for Exceptional Lubes and Greases K. Hope, Chevron Phillips Chemical Co., The Woodlands, TX This presentation discusses the advantages of Synfluid® mPAO in gear oils, industrial fluids and other lubricant formulations and also unveils recent work on greases. From a physical property basis, we will examine how the high viscosity index, low pour point, and exceptional low temperature viscometrics are beneficial in finished formulations. One particularly interesting feature of the mPAOs is how they perform under extreme conditions. Whether it is extreme pressure or extreme cold temperatures this presentation will demonstrate the advantages that Synfluid® mPAOs bring in lubricant and grease formulations.

R. Carpick, N. Gosvami, J. Ma, J. Bares, F. Mangolini, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, A. Konicek, D. Yablon, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, NJ The mechanisms governing the growth and anti-wear behavior of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) tribofilms are not well understood. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ZDDP-containing base stock at elevated temperatures, we measured tribofilm growth and properties in situ in single-asperity sliding nanocontacts [1]. Surface-based nucleation, growth, and saturation of patchy tribofilms were observed. The exponential dependence of growth rate on either applied compressive stress or temperature is consistent with thermally activated, stress-assisted kinetics. A physically-based model for explaining the graded structure of ZDDP tribofilms and their self-limiting growth is proposed on the basis of the AFM results. Although some models rely on the presence of iron to catalyze tribofilm growth, the films grew regardless of the presence of iron on either the tip or substrate, highlighting the critical role of stress and thermal activation.

2 – 2:30 pm ZDDP Tribofilm Formation under Pure Sliding Conditions Y. Shimizu, H. Spikes, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

5:30 – 6 pm GTL Solvents Offer Fresh Solutions for the Metalworking Industry R. Wiersma, M. Karamagi, Shell Chemicals, Houston, TX In the GTL (gas-to-liquids) process, natural gas is converted into high purity liquid hydrocarbon products. Metalworking fluids based on GTL technology can offer a number of benefits to the user compared to traditional neat oils and oil emulsions. Benefits include lower viscosity formulations; higher flash points; non-corrosivity, non-staining properties; essentially odorless fluids, lower toxicity and skin irritation; high thermal conductivity; and improved biodegradability. Specifically, Shell GTL solvent grades GS 190, GS 215 and GS 250 may be particularly suitable for, but not restricted to, metal cleaning, forming, working and rolling applications. Formulators working with next-generation GTL technology can offer enhanced properties to discerning consumers seeking high-performance, readily biodegradable metalworking fluids.

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1:30 – 2 pm Mechanisms of ZDDP Antiwear Tribofilm Growth Revealed In Situ by Nanoscale Single-Asperity Sliding Contact

Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is used as an anti-wear additive in engine oils and is required to show good performance under pure sliding condition in order to protect piston rings and cylinder liner assemblies. Many researchers have studied its efficiency and reaction mechanisms combining wear tests and surface analysis. However the growth process of ZDDP tribofilms in pure sliding conditions is not fully understood. The authors have investigated the growth process using a MTM-SLIM (Mini Traction Machine and Spacer Layer Imaging tester). Results show that ZDDP film forming behaviour in pure sliding differs significantly from that in rolling-sliding. The nature of pure sliding also matters since in unidirectional sliding severe damage was observed while no such damage was observed on the surface under reciprocating motion.

2:30 – 3 pm Correlating Chemical Composition, Mechanical Properties, and Tribological Behavior of Ionic Liquid Tribofilms J. Qu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Oil-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) are candidate lubricant anti-wear additives and known to form protective tribofilms on contact areas. Here we summarize the morphology, film thickness, nanostructure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of tribofilms formed by ILs and their combinations with ZDDP, and correlate them with the tribological behavior. Major observations include: (1) ILs tend to produce smoother tribofilms than ZDDP, resulting in lower friction in mixed lubrication; (2) A higher ratio of metal phosphates to oxides in the tribofilm generally is associated with lower boundary friction and wear; (3) There is no direct relation between the tribofilm thickness and wear protection performance; and (4) While the tribofilm hardness is


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trendless, the resistance-to-plastic-deformation (P/S2) appears inversely proportional to wear protection, which is in an opposite trend as for bulk materials and likely attributable to the tribofilm’s dynamic selfhealing characteristics.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Understanding Friction Reduction Mechanism of Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils A. Gangopadhyay, Z. Liu, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, S. Simko, Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, J. Cuthbert, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, A. Erdemir, G. Ramirez, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Engine oil formulations using polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base stock have shown substantial friction reduction in motored and dyno engine tests over GF-5 SAE 5W-20 mineral oil formulation. Laboratory bench tests using MiniTraction machine (MTM), and High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) were used for friction assessment. PAG oils with and without an additive package were evaluated at 100C. The wear surfaces were analyzed using a variety of surface sensitive techniques including SEM, Auger, XPS, ToF-SIMS, and Raman spectroscopies. MTM tests showed substantial friction reduction while HFRR tests did not. Tests with PAG base stock in HFRR showed only iron oxide formation while MTM tests showed presence of PAG molecules on the surface in addition to iron oxide. Formulated PAG oils in MTM tests showed presence of PAG molecules and additive-derived tribo-films. The presence of PAG molecules on surface is believed to be mechanism for friction reduction.

4 – 4:30 pm Impacts of Oil Contaminants on the Performance of Ionic Liquid and ZDDP Y. Zhou, J. Qu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN The impacts of common oil contaminants (gasoline and water) on the performance of anti-wear (AW) additives have been investigated. A newly developed oil-miscible phosphorus-containing ionic liquid (IL) and a conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) were evaluated as the AW additives. The oil contaminants were added to the AWadditized base oil and the friction and wear changes were determined during the tribo-testes. Linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding tests were applied by using steel balls against cast iron flats. Comprehensive surface characterization of the worn surfaces was conducted and the cross-sectional imaging and elemental analysis of the tribo-films were performed. The revealed structural and compositional modification of the tribo-film nanostructure helped the development of a mechanistic understanding.

4:30 – 5 pm Study of Gear Oil Additive Tribofilms Using XANES M. Costello, BASF, Tarrytown, NY Gear oils contain a variety of phosphorous and sulfur based chemistries that provide EP/AW protection for the bearings, friction surfaces, and gear teeth. Depending on the type of phosphorous or sulfur species used this can create a variety of of either sulfur rich or phosphorous rich tribofilms on the gear teeth. In this study we used a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) to model the tribofilms formed on the surface of gear teeth during extreme loading conditons and examined their chemical composition using X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). The resulting XANES analysis revealed a variety of surprising syngergies and antagonisms of the EP/AW additives on the metal surfaces.

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5 – 5:30 pm Elucidation of the Action of Functional Groups in the Coexisting Ashless Compounds on the Tribofilm Formation and Friction Characteristic of ZnDTP-Formulated Lubricating Oils Y. Matsui, JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corp., Yokohama, Japan, S. Aoki, M. Masuko, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP) has been well-known to show supreme antiwear performances by forming thick polyphosphatebased tribofilm on the friction surface. However, it has been also pointed out already that ZnDTP suffered interference from coexisting dispersant. In the engine oils, since many kind of additives are used together with ZnDTP, the effect of functional groups in the coexisting polar compounds on the tribofilm formation of ZnDTP should be clarified. In this study, several kinds of functionalized PMAs, dispersant, friction modifiers were used with ZnDTP, and their effect on the tribofilm formation of ZnDTP was discussed.

Session 6C

• Bronze 2

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN VI Session Chair: J. Qu, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Session Vice Chair: P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX

1:30 – 2 pm Tribological Feasibility Study of Oxygen-Diffusion Case-Hardened Titanium Diesel Piston in CJ-4 and PC-11 Engine Oils J. Qu, A. Shaw, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, R. England, C. Wang, Cummins, Inc., Columbus, IN For improving efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines, advanced lightweight materials are being introduced along with increasing peakcylinder-pressure and decreasing engine oil viscosity. These approaches post wear challenges to engine bearing interfaces. This study investigated the feasibility of using titanium as a piston material from tribological perspective because titanium is known prone to scuffing. In piston skirt-cylinder liner sliding bench tests, Ti-6Al-4V piston samples showed localized scuffing damage in API CJ-4 and PC-11a diesel engine oils, but had a major scuffing failure in a PC-11b oil. Oxygen-diffusion (OD) case-hardening was applied to the Ti-6Al-4V piston samples at various treatment temperatures, and demonstrated excellent wear protection particularly in the PC-11b low-viscosity oil. In addition to higher surface hardness, the OD treatment enables antiwear tribofilm formation on the titanium surface, both contributing to the improved tribological performance.

2 – 2:30 pm Challenging the Linear Wear Rate Assumption: An In-Situ Stylus Profilometer for a Reciprocating Tribometer T. Kamps, J. Walker, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, R. Wood, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, G. Plint, Phoenix Tribology Ltd., Kingsclere, United Kingdom The lubricant regime of a tribosystem is often described in terms of the ratio between the composite surface roughness and the lubricant film thickness. Whether a friction or wear test is conducted, the surface topography evolves during an experiment. It is challenging to measure contacting surfaces therefore before and after measurements are usually compared, providing two data points which can only be

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Technical Sessions attributed a linear fit. This may be misleading if the wear is non-linear such as piston ring on liner scuffing, when a discrete transition between mild and severe wear occurs. An in-situ stylus profilometer was developed to investigate how surface topography evolution affects scuffing reproduced in a reciprocating tribometer. Three concurrent profiles parallel to the reciprocation direction were measured at regular test intervals. By performing in-situ measurements the samples were undisturbed by the measurement allowing surface roughness correlation to friction and wear behaviour.

behaviour in terms of wear and changes in surface topography has been investigated. The damage on the shaft and the bearing surfaces were studied in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved. It has been possible to distinguish between the embeddability characteristics of different materials.

2:30 – 3 pm Optimising Surface Texture to Reduce Friction in Piston-Liner Contacts

L. Begin, D. Deng, F. Shi, H. Lin, General Motors, Pontiac, MI It was observed experimentally that hysteresis phenomenon of turbocharger sub-synchronous frequency vibration occurred. A turbocharger was ramped-up in a few seconds and then ramped-down in about the same time. There was only little sub-synchronous frequency vibration during the turbocharger ramp-up, but much stronger subsynchronous frequency vibration was observed during the turbocharger ramp-down. A turbocharger rotordynamics analysis was performed and the analytical results predicted successfully the hysteresis behavior of the sub-synchronous frequency vibration. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it was the first time to report this hysteresis phenomenon, either experimentally or numerically. The hysteresis behavior was explained from the thermal and energy’s point of view.

T. Reddyhoff, S. Vladescu, A. Olver, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom, K. Tufail, I. Pegg, Ford, Laindon, United Kingdom Our recent research suggests that surface texture is an effective means of reducing both friction and wear in automotive piston-liner contacts when operating under the mixed and boundary lubrication conditions. This presentation describes further research to optimise texture geometry and also investigate the underlying mechanisms through which pockets to reduce friction. This is achieved using a reciprocating tribometer, whose contact conditions are closely controlled and accurately represent those found in an automotive piston-liner conjunction. Both friction and film thickness are measured simultaneously, while cavitation behaviour is viewed using fluorescence. Results highlight the importance of pocket entrainment frequency and pocket volume.

Session 6D

• Gold

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS IV Session Chair: N. Weinzapfel, Schaeffler Group USA, Macomb, MI

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

1:30 – 2 pm Residual Stress Measurement of M50 Ball Bearings Using the Contour Method

3:30 – 4 pm Scuffing of Diesel Engine Cast Iron Liner: Role of Tribochemical Surface Film

D. Isaac, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, M. Prime, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, N. Arakere, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

O. Ajayi, M. Lorenzo Martin, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Scuffing is one of the most severe and highly undesirable failure modes in ICE ring and liner contact interface. Numerous efforts are devoted by various organizations and researchers to developing a better understanding and effective prevention of scuffing in engines. This paper presents the characterization of scuffing process in diesel engine cast iron liner from both engine and laboratory bench top tests. Analysis of the ring and liner surfaces showed formation of tribochemical films from oil additives. Occurrence of scuffing was observed to be preceded by the local removal of the tribofilm; after which local severe plastic deformation occurred resulting in scuffing initiation. Frictional instability was also observed to be an indication of local tribofilm removal and consequent scuffing initiation. Better understanding of the dynamics of formation and loss of tribofilm is expected to help elucidate mechanisms and prevention of scuffing in ICE.

4 – 4:30 pm Embedability Behaviour of Some Pb-Free Engine Bearing Materials

Ball bearing life is influenced by the Hertzian stress fields, and the residual stress field evolution under rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Measurements of the depth-wise distribution of residual stresses in post-fatigue bearings with X-rays involve the time consuming process of etching, typically only in the circumferential direction. By contrast, the contour method determines the 2D residual stress map over a full cross section. The method involves the sectioning of a part using EDM, measuring the out of plane displacements of the exposed cross section, and using the afforded field as boundary conditions on a finite element model of the component to back calculate the causative residual stress. For this investigation, the residual stress in the large main shaft bearing of a jet engine was mapped. Prior to measurement the M50 bearing was subjected to RCF during aircraft engine operation. The unique challenges of the particular measurements are discussed in this presentation.

2 – 2:30 pm Investigation of the Brinell Dent Resistance of Hybrid Rolling Element Bearings with 60NiTi Races and Si3N4 Balls

D. Gebretsadik, N. Rahman, J. Hardell, B. Prakash, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden An important requirement on engine bearing materials is its ability to embed dirt/abrasive particles onto the bearing surface and minimize damage to the expensive crankshaft. This property is achieved by applying an overlay onto the lining. In this work, a journal bearing test rig that operates under steady loading condition has been employed to investigate the embeddability behaviour of selected multi-layered Pbfree engine bearing materials in the presence of contaminant/abrasive particles in engine oil. Test materials include Pb-free bearing materials with overlay compositions of Sn, Bi, PAI containing MoS2 and graphite. Pb-based overlay has also been studied as a reference. Embeddability

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4:30 – 5 pm Hysteresis Phenomenon of Turbocharger Sub-synchronous Frequency Vibration

S. Howard, C. DellaCorte, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH 60NiTi belongs to a new class of rolling element bearing materials that offers a unique combination of properties. 60NiTi and related alloys are in the class of intermetallics of the more well-known shape memory alloy, 55NiTi. 60NiTi does not possess the shape memory effect of it’s sister material, but does have it’s own unique characteristics of high hardness combined with excellent corrosion resistance, low modulus, and superelasticity. In bearings, the superelasticity and low modulus allow larger applied ball-race loads without permanent dent damage. This capability is demonstrated in the current work through a series of


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tests where 60NiTi ball bearings are statically loaded to various levels that extend well above typical capabilities and then rotated in a test rig to determine if damage can be detected via vibration measurements. Post-test inspections for damage assessment are also presented.

2:30 – 3 pm Spall Propagation Characteristics of Refurbished VIM-VAR AISI M50 Bearings J. Mason, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, H. Trivedi, UES, Dayton, OH, L. Rosado, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH During times of restricted supply, refurbishing bearings offers an avenue to maintain operational readiness. However, bearing operation after spall initiation on refurbished bearings has never been assessed. Spall propagation characteristics were compared between new and refurbished VIM-VAR AISI M50 bearings. A group of new M50 bearings with M50 rolling elements were evaluated as a baseline. Another group of M50 bearings accumulated 11.5 billion stress cycles at maximum Hertzian stress of 1.93 GPa and at a temperature of 127 0C before Level II refurbishment. The refurbished bearings were evaluated and compared to the baseline bearings. Spalls were initiated and propagated at a maximum Hertzian stress of 2.65 GPa and 2.41 GPa, respectively. The propagation rates of the bearings were measured using an oil debris monitor. Post-test bearings were examined for changes in microstructure, micro hardness, residual stress and retained austenite as a function of depth.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm A New Test Rig for the Investigation of Rolling Bearings in the Centrifugal Field D. Hochrein, S. Tremmel, S. Wartzack, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany, O. Graf-Goller, Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany At the current stage, there are only a few data on the frictional behavior of rolling bearings under centripetal force. This is mainly due to the so far lack of opportunity to investigate the friction torque of a single bearing in the centrifugal force field. The advancing development of downsizing and CO2-reduction, for example in the area of internal combustion engines or planetary transmissions, makes it inevitable to optimize or revise complex bearing positions like conrod bearings and planetary gear bearings. Current known tests do not provide a satisfactory consideration of the effects that occur on bearings in the centrifugal field. Therefore a test rig was developed in order to expose bearings to a centrifugal load of up to 3000 times gravity, rotational speeds, lubrication conditions and temperatures. The design allows measuring the occurring friction torque to identify essential parameters on the friction torque in the centrifugal force field.

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4 – 4:30 pm Tribochemical Investigation of the Micropitting Induced by ZDDP Anti-Wear Additive and Effect of a Potential Additive on Reducing ZDDPInduced Micropitting S. Soltanahmadi, A. Morina, iFS, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, M. van Eijkb, I. Nedelcu, SKF Engineering and Research Centre, Nieuwegein, Netherlands, A. Neville, iFS, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom Micropitting is a surface fatigue happening in bearing and gear application has become a more noticeable issue in the past fifteen years specifically in the highly loaded applications i.e. wind turbine. Anti-wear additives can enhance micropitting occurrence. In this regards, careful and detailed investigation of the additive action on the surface can help developing lubricant formulation with an improved micropitting performance. The current paper investigates the detailed tribochemical effect of ZDDP as a well-known AW additive employing XPS and EDX on the prepared FIB sample extracted from the wear track of the steel sample. Micropitting features were generated using the Micropitting Rig tester and have been inspected with WLI and SEM. Crack accompanied with the micropitts have been investigated and traces of the additive elements have been observed inside the crack. A nitrogen based additive has been introduced to the lubricant formulation which is capable of reducing micropitting. The mechanism of the action of the additive will be discussed using several chemical and surface-sensitive techniques including XPS, EDX-TEM, and AFM.

4:30 – 5 pm Microstructural Changes in Aerospace Bearing Materials under Accelerated Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Testing M. Kirsch, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, H. Trivedi, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, D. James, UDRI, Dayton, OH Operating in the extreme environment of a turbine engine, aerospace bearing must endure high thrust loads and very high rotational speeds. Sub-surface fatigue damage is often observed as stress zone Light Etching Regions and White Etching Regions. Although reported in literature in AISI 52100, a large test matrix comparison of several advanced materials for aerospace applications has not been conducted. In this study one thru-hardened (VIM-VAR AISI M50) and four case hardened materials (M50–NiL, M50-NiL Nitrided, Pyrowear® 675 High Temperature Temper and Low Temperature Temper) were tested with Si3N4 balls under accelerated life conditions in a ball-on-rod rolling contact fatigue bench tester. Microstructural changes were characterized by Light Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy in radial and axial cross section views. White etching cracks and WERs were observed in M50 and M50-NiL with shorter average fatigue lives as compared to either version of Pyrowear® 675.

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Wednesday, May 18 Session 6F

• Palace 3

NON-FERROUS METALS III: TRIBOLOGY Session Chair: K. Januszkiewicz, Houghton International, Inverary, Ontario, Canada Session Vice Chair: J. Cepec, Allegheny Petroleum, Wilmerding, PA

1:30 – 2 pm Determination of Boiling Behavior of Rolling Emulsions on Hot Aluminum Slab K. Januszkiewicz, Houghton International, Inverary, Ontario, Canada This paper describes a methodology for determination of Leidenfrost Point/Temperature based on the measurement of heat flux across the metal surface, at the interface with the emulsion. Leidenfrost temperature information will be provided for water, as well as organic soap-based chemistry emulsions and non-soap chemistry emulsions in as-formulated and used conditions. The information demonstrates the advantage of non-soap chemistry in minimizing an increase in the Leidenfrost Point/Temperature, and hence a reduction in the chance of direct contact between hot aluminum and liquid coolant at lower surface temperatures. Analytical data suggest tramp oil contamination as well as metallic soap formation to be the main aging mechanisms for the in-use organic soap-based emulsion. The metallic soap is absent in the non-soap technology, thus an increase in the Leidenfrost Point/Temperature with the organic soap-based technology can be ascribed to the destabilizing effect of metallic soaps.

2 – 2:30 pm Filtration and Particle Size of an Aluminium Cold Rolling Coolant P. Deneuville, Constellium C-Tec, Voreppe, France The quality of the cold rolling oils and consequently of the final strip surface is strongly linked to the quality of the filtration. Typical filtration systems are based on a combination of filter papers and earths. These earths may be activated or not and they may consist of minerals (clay …) or organic materials. The efficiency of a system on heavy duty mills is usually evaluated by the ash test. But this test does not give indications on the amount, the size and the nature of the aluminium fines. This paper presents some results on cold rolling coolants in use giving indications on particle size and on the distribution with a specific measurement method. This is coupled with ICP-OES characterization of the elements. A study of the particle morphologies was conducted on SEM and some typical patterns are presented. 2:30 – 3 pm Stain Potential: Aluminum Cold Rolling Applications R. Blithe, A. Noblit, S. Wheeler, Houghton International, Valley Forge, PA It is not uncommon for aluminum cold rolling operations to experience leakage of hydraulic fluids and secondary lubricants into the cold rolling fluid. If these contaminants are conventional technology products, the build-up of undesired materials in the cold rolling fluid may eventually contribute to the development of surface stain issues within the coils during annealing practices. This presentation will review the various types of hydraulic fluids and secondary lubricants typically utilized in aluminum cold rolling applications, and the stain potential they pose when present at significant concentrations in a cold rolling fluid.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

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3:30 – 4 pm Evaluation of Wear Response Under Reciprocating Sliding of A390 Alloy when Squeeze Casting Pressure and Stroke Length Vary T. Harish, Government Engineering College, Bartonhill, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, V. Rajeev, College of Engineering, Trivandrum (Cet), Thiruvananthapuram, India Squeeze Casting (SC) improves material properties there by wear resistance compared to gravity casting. SC used for making reciprocating sliding pairs like piston and cylinder of A390 alloy. Material properties and stroke length (SL) as reported can influence wear resistance. This study explores the combined effect of variation in SC pressure and SL on wear resistance of A390 alloy. The castings of A390 alloys were made under pressures of 0 Mpa, 50 Mpa, 100 Mpa, and 150 Mpa. Castings were subjected to mechanical and microstructural evaluations. T6 heat-treated pins from the above castings were tested for wear resistance on a inhouse designed reciprocating tribometer for SL of 50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm. The results are presented with relevant graphs including the coefficient of friction. SC pressure influences wear rate up to 100 Mpa for SL upto 100 mm and above 100mm no influence of SC pressure.

4 – 4:30 pm Investigation of Galling Failure in Cutting and Punching of Aluminum Sheets for Automotive Applications M. Shafiei, J. Hunter, Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, Kennesaw, GA, D. Young, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI The galling failure in cutting tools protected by two different tribological coatings (i.e., TiN and DLC) and used for punching holes in aluminum alloy sheets were investigated. The TiN coating was characterized to have a uniform thickness of about 6 um with a thin carbon inter-layer. After about ten thousand strokes, evidence of aluminum galling were observed on the TiN coating, mostly on peeledoff areas where significant damage to steel substrate was observed. The DLC coating was comprised of three layers of Cr, W and C, and it had a uniform thickness of about 20 um. After about twenty five thousand strokes, evidence of aluminum adhesion on coating’s surfaces inside the contact areas were observed in the form of periodic microscopic lines parallel to the punch edge. This could be related to the topography of the punch surface before coating. Evidence of aluminum galling was observed near the edge of the punch, only on one side of the punch, where the coating was peeled off.

4:30 pm – 5 pm Tribology of Aluminum Sheet Processing for Automotive Applications M. Shafiei, T. Oleksiak, Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, Kennesaw, GA The exponential growth in the use of aluminum flat rolled products in the automotive industry necessitates developing new aluminum alloys and manufacturing processes that often create new tribological challenges. A deep understanding of tool piece/ work piece tribological interactions can often help resolve manufacturing challenges, such as sheet handling and run-ability problems, surface defects generated during forming, aluminum galling on forming and cutting work tools, adhesive bond durability issues and spot welding challenges. In this study, the major tribological challenges in mass production of aluminum flat rolled products for cars and trucks are reviewed, and potential solutions based on material, lubricant and process modifications are discussed.

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Technical Sessions Session 6G

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

• Palace 4/5

3:30 – 4 pm Performance Characterisation of Wind Turbine Gear Oils

WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY II Session Chair: K. Stadler, SKF GmbH, Schweinfurt, Germany Session Vice Chair: H. Singh, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

K. Topolovec Miklozic, POWERTRIB Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom

1:30 – 2 pm Integrated Test and Simulation of Large-Size Bearings for Wind Turbines

Fatigue and wear performance of wind turbine gear oils play an important role in predicting not only durability but also efficiency of gearboxes. It is important to understand that wind turbine gears and bearings operate at fairly specific operating conditions, and herewith require that each application area is addressed individually. But how are these performances measured and assessed? This question is here addressed with a newly developed rolling contact fatigue screening platform, which is composed of well-defined test modules. Each of these test screening modules is designed to screen for specific operation condition of wind turbines. It can be shown, that with a systematic modular screening test platform, clear performance differentiation of wind turbine gear oils can be assed. Also, the new test methodology platform helps understanding how different components act together in a rubbing contact, and which underlying mechanisms are most likely to prevail.

J. Binderszewsky, Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany Wind turbine main bearings are subjected to complex operating conditions and highly dynamic loads. For the design and development of main bearings, advanced analysis methods and powerful simulation tools are essential. Nevertheless, experiments are necessary to verif the bearing properties as well as the simulation models. The large-size bearing test rig “Astraios” enables tests of bearings up to 3.5 meters outside diameter in realistic conditions. The integration of test and simulation leads to a better understanding of systems behavior and an improved and faster development of reliable and cost-effective bearings. The comparison of test and analysis results shows the capacity of simulation tools for the basic design, the dynamics and the structural analysis.

4 – 4:30 pm Maximizing Wind Turbine Gear Oil Life

2 – 2:30 pm Influence of Contact Conditions and Lubricant Properties on Pitting Failures in Rolling-sliding Contacts

J. Leather, Castrol Industrial North America, Naperville, IL

F. Manieri, P. Rycerz, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Surface initiated rolling contact fatigue, or pitting, is the main lifelimiting failure mode of modern rolling element bearings. Initiation and propagation of surface cracks, which eventually leads to formation of pits, is strongly influenced by asperity interactions, amount of sliding and lubricant properties, among other factors. Furthermore, bearing pitting failures in some applications, particularly in wind turbine installations, appear to be associated with the existence of extensive crack networks and presence of distinct microstructural changes in the immediate vicinity of the crack. This study uses a triple-contact fatigue rig to systematically study the influence of contact conditions including slide-roll ratios, specific film thickness and load, as well as lubricant composition, on the occurrence of pitting failures in 52100 bearing steel samples. An attempt is made to explain the observed phenomena by characterising crack behaviour and related microstructural changes.

2:30 – 3 pm Experimental Results of Different Oil Condition Monitoring Approaches for Wind Turbine Gearboxes in an Oil Sensor Test Bench D. Coronado, Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology IWES, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany Oil condition monitoring of wind turbines aims at detecting degradation processes in the oil by means of oil samples or sensor signals. In order to contribute in the field of online oil condition monitoring, this paper presents the first results of a testing campaign on an oil sensor test bench. During this testing campaign several type of sensors including particle counters, oil quality sensors and humidity sensors are tested under several operating conditions. The effect of oil temperature, water content and particle content are analyzed to assess the detection capability of the sensors. During this testing campaign different oil types in different oil aging stages are also analyzed. This assessment takes into consideration the deviation of the sensor output signal caused by an increased oil contamination and oil aging. Finally, a comparison between sensor-based and sampling-based oil condition monitoring is presented.

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Wind turbine O&M costs are projected to increase significantly in the coming years with premature oil changes being a large part of that expense. A trend in the industry is moving from time based oil changes to condition based oil changes. The objective is to determine the correct conditions that necessitate an oil change. We will discuss using the correct routine and non-routine oil analysis tests along with appropriate inspection techniques to determine the quality of your existing oil. Many times, false positives exist in some test parameters that may be costing you much more than you think. In addition, we will share some creative up-tower oil maintenance ideas that can further extend the life of your oil. Applying some rigor to the process will allow a more accurate reflection of the true condition of your oil and your gearbox.

4:30 – 5 pm Evaluation of Gerabox Oil and Grease Analysis Results from Wind Turbines Combining Statistically Based Limit Values and Trend Analysis S. Bots, OELCHECK GmbH, Brannenburg, Bavaria, Germany The evaluation of oil or grease analysis results is often a difficult job where mechanical and chemical knowledge is necessary. But modern tools and statistical methodologies can support the evaluation process and improve the quality. But the first step is defining a proper set of test methods that delivers sufficient information. An adequate set of oil analysis results from the same or comparable equipment can be the base for statistical methods like decribed in ASTM D7720. For wind turbines both is available, a lot of data and usually a good trend line. But a big set of data and statistical guidelines do not automatically deliver proper limit values. The quality of the data have a significant impact on the statistical results. Finally a smart software tool can bring absolute and trend based alarm limits together. The paper will show the whole process with practical examples from the field wind turbines for the main gearbox and grease lubricated components.

5 – 6 pm – Panel Discussion 6 – 6:30 pm – Wind Turbine Tribology Business Meeting


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Wednesday, May 18 Session 6H

• Las Vegas 1

FLUID FILM BEARINGS VI Session Chair: J. Bouyer, Mechanical Engineering and Complex Systems, Institute Pprime, Futuroscope Cedex, France

analysis model is conducted by finite element method to investigate the influence of current amplitude, misalignment, current frequency, and rotational speed on magnetic field and excitation force. Auxiliary coils are calibrated by load cells, and then used to measure the electromagnetic excitation force. The exciter provides a simple and efficient exciting and controlling system, which is significant for dynamic performance study of high-speed journal bearings.

Session Vice Chair: D. Kim, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

1:30 – 2 pm Nonlinear Dynamic Response of an Unbalanced Flexible Rotor Supported by Elastic Bearings Lubricated with Piezo-Viscous Polar Fluids

3:30 – 4 pm Dynamic Coefficients Identification of Water-Lubricated Hybrid Journal Bearings Using Non-Contact Excitation

B. Bou-Said, INSA, Villeurbanne, France, M. Lahmar, Guelma University, Guelma, Algeria

G. Chen, L. Wang, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, X. Xiong, Xi’an High Voltage Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, H. Xu, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

On the basis of the V. K. Stokes micro-continuum theory, the effects of couple stresses on the nonlinear dynamic response of the unbalanced Jeffcott’s flexible rotor supported by layered hydrodynamic journal bearings is presented. A nonlinear transient modified Reynolds’ equation is derived and discretized by the finite element method to obtain the fluid-film pressure field as well as the film thickness. The nonlinear orbits of the rotor center are determined by solving the nonlinear differential equations of motion with the explicit Euler’s scheme taking into account the flexibility of rotor. According to the obtained results, the combined effects of couple stresses due to the presence of polymer additives in lubricant and the pressure dependent viscosity on the nonlinear dynamic response of the rotor-bearing system are significant and cannot be ignored or overlooked. As expected, these effects are more noticeable for polymers characterized by higher length molecular chains.

Experiments for dynamic coefficients identification of water-lubricated hybrid journal bearings are carried out on a high-speed spindle test rig with a non-contact excitation method. An identification model for bearing dynamic coefficients is developed. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions to validate the experimental technique and the identification model. Besides, the influence of rotational speed and supply pressure on bearing dynamic coefficients is also investigated. This study not only invsetigates the dynamic performance of water-lubricated hybrid journal bearings for highspeed spindles, but also provides a valuable model and experiment technique for bearing dynamic coefficients identification.

2 – 2:30 pm Elastogasdynamic Model for Air Foil Journal Bearings: Hysteresis Prediction Including Preloading Effects

H. Chen, N. Wang, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan

M. Mahner, A. Lehn, B. Schweizer, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany A detailed model for predicting hysteresis effects in air foil journal bearings is presented. Top and bump foil are modeled both using a nonlinear beamshell theory according to Reissner. An efficient contact algorithm including friction is applied in order to describe the contact between bump and top foil as well as between bump foil and housing. The compressible Reynolds equation is used for calculating the 2D pressure distribution in the fluid film of the bearing. Preload effects are taken into account. The fully coupled model is solved within a finite element approach. With the nonlinear elastogasdynamic model, elastic and dissipative properties of a preloaded three pad air foil journal bearing are predicted. Calculated hysteresis curves are compared with measured curves.

2:30 – 3 pm Design of a Non-Contact Electromagnetic Exciter Used for High-Speed Journal Bearings L. Wang, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, X. Xiong, Xi’an High Voltage Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China, H. Xu, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China This study designs a non-contact electromagnetic exciter used for dynamic performance of high-speed journal bearings. The exciter has a simple structure and control module. The excitation force can be linearly applied by a Proportion-Integration-Differentiation controller, which makes the exciter conveniently apply different constant, synchronous, and non-synchronous excitation forces. The exciter can generate a more adjustable excitation force with a larger force amplitude and a higher signal to noise ratio. A two-dimensional

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4 – 4:30 pm Parallel Computing of Multiobjective Optimization of Air Bearing This study provides an effective approach for solving tribological design problems. The performance of a multi-factor air bearing is optimized for the cases of two and three simultaneous objectives. The multiobjective optimizations are conducted by using the group inching fortification method and the execution time of the analyses are minimized by using multi-threaded parallel computing. The multithreaded computing with directive-based programming model is a powerful tool for general-purpose engineering and tribological computing. And the main advantages of using the directive-based programming are (1) the part of the coding to be computed in parallel can be incrementally developed, (2) the program model is portable across operating systems and compilers, and (3) the communication of data between the computing threads are transparent to the users.

Authors and Presenters Invited to Attend Speakers Breakfast Lead authors and course presenters are invited to the Speakers Breakfast (Monday through Thursday, May 16-19) from 7-8 am in the Platinum Room to meet with Session and Paper Solicitation Chairs for a continental breakfast on the days of their presentations. This is a great time to review the session schedule and note any last-minute changes. Speakers should plan on attending

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Technical Sessions Session 6I

• Las Vegas 2

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FLUIDS II Session Chair: S. Erhan, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Woodridge, IL Session Vice Chair: M. Sarker, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA

1:30 – 2 pm Fast Biodegradable – Always the Optimum Property for Lubricants? W. Bartz, Technische Akademie Esslingen, Ostfildern, BW, Germany Definition “Fast Biodegradable and Environmentally Acceptable.” Relationship between oxygen demand and availability, which governs the relationship between biodegradability and aceeptability.

2 – 2:30 pm Application and Performance Comparison of Greases that are Certified as Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants D. Adams, B. Roell, T. Kuchta, A. Otto, RSC Bio Solutions, Mentor, OH This session will compare and contrast the performance and application characteristics of commercially available greases that are certified as Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants (EAL) including: vegetable (HETG), synthetic esters (HEES) and PAO hydrocarbon and related type (HEPR). The performance characteristics compared include penetration, dropping point, oil separation, water washout, four ball weld, four ball wear, Timken and other performance tests. All greases evaluated meet the US EPA’s definitions as biodegradable, minimally toxic, not bioaccumulative. Additionally, this presentation will highlight some of the sub-classifications that describe Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 5 pm – Panel Discussion 5 – 6 pm – Environmentally Friendly Fluids Business Meeting

Session 6K

• Las Vegas 4

WEAR III: EFFECT OF THIRD BODIES ON WEAR Session Chair: A. Ghosh, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Session Vice Chair: H. Ghaednia, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI

1:30 – 2 pm High Sensitivity Inductive Pulse Sensor for Metallic Wear Debris Detection Based on Parallel LC Resonance Method

caused by passages of a debris particle is amplified due to sharp impedance change near the resonant peak. Signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity are significantly improved. Testing showed that the new method is capable of detecting a 20 m iron particle and 55 m copper particle while detection limits for the non-resonance method are 50 m and 136 m, respectively. The sensitivity has been significantly improved in contrast to non-resonant method.

2 – 2:30 pm A Multibody Meshfree Method for Third-Body Simulation G. Mollon, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France The third-body concept is often used to describe the thin layer of degraded material which separates contacting bodies during friction. If such phenomena as friction and wear are to be fully understood, an accurate modelling of the third body is hence crucial. In recent years, simulation methods based on Discrete Element Modelling (based on interacting rigid particles) have been successful in understanding several properties of the third-body behavior. The next stage, however, is to render each third-body particle compliant in order to be able to deal with important phenomena such as complex constitutive laws, plasticity, Poisson effect, surface adhesion, etc. A consistent numerical framework for this task is presented in this communication, based on a multibody meshfree method developped for this purpose. The method is first presented, and it is then shown how its features might allow future discoveries about the behavior of third-bodies, and enhance prediction of friction and wear.

2:30 – 3 pm Analysis of Scratches Generated on GaN Substrates During Polishing C. Zou, Research Institute of Tsinghua University (Shenzhen), Shenzhn, Guangdong, China, G. Pan, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, H. Gong, Research Institute of Tsinghua University (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, L. Xu, Y. Zhou, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China In this work, we used chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technology with colloidal silica based slurry for gallium nitride (GaN) planarization, and investigated the relationships between the surface scratches damage of GaN after CMP with different polishing conditions such as download pressure, rotation speed, temperature in detail. Optical microscope and atomic force microscope were used for measuring the surface morphology, scratch feature, scratch density, and atomic stepterrace structure. The cause of scratches formation and their protection were also discussed in detail. Using effective oxidant makes higher oxidation efficiency and oxidation layer thickness as well as decreases the number of scratches, resulted in damage-free GaN surface, and the methodology developed in this work could serve as a general approach for making clear of the hard materials removal mechanism.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Mechanisms of Chip Formation During Circular Sawing of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

X. Zhu, L. Du, J. Zhe, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

C. Sanchez, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, M. Moreira, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

Detection of small metallic wear debris in the range of 20 µm to 100 µm is critical to identify abnormal wear conditions for prognosis of pending machinery failures. Existing wear debris sensors cannot detect wear debris in this range. Here we applied an inductance-capacitance (LC) resonance method to an inductive debris sensor to increase its sensitivity. By adding an external capacitor, a parallel LC resonance circuit with a unique resonant frequency is formed. At an excitation frequency near the resonant frequency, LC circuit’s impedance change

Supermartensitic stainless steels are known for their superior corrosion resistance, high weldability, and improved mechanical properties over conventional martensitic steels. However, due to its high hardness it poses numerous challenges in machining. The cutting tools used to machine this material are subjected to greater amounts of abrasion and wear. This study investigates the formation and change in morphology of chips during the circular sawing of 13%Cr supermartensitic stainless steel using tungsten carbide cutting inserts with different coatings.

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Wednesday, May 18 6K

Analysis of the chip provides information regarding the machining process such as cutting forces on the tool, and tool wear. The resulting chips were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by analyzing the cross sectional area and angle of the formed chip. The failure modes and effects of microstructure are analyzed and discussed. Competing mechanisms between brittle fracture and abrasive wear are proposed.

Session 6L

• Las Vegas 5

TRIBOTESTING II Session Chair: G. Krauss, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA Session Vice Chair: J. Xiao, Rtec Instruments, Inc., San Jose, CA

4 – 4:30 pm Impact of Third-Body on Wear Mechanisms M. Renouf, LMGC CNRS UM, Montpellier, France In many applications, wear remains related to an “archard vision,” a creation of a volume according to contact conditions. If this point of view still true when the consider volume, called debris, is immediatly remove from contact, the model fails when the multiple debris stay in the contact. Such collection of debris, called usually third-body, cannot be take into account via the archard formalism. Using numerical simulations, a review of contact condition is investigated to bring a complementary approach to the classical Archard model. The numerical strategy based on a extension of discrete element approach is presented – extension based on multiphysical and multiscale aspects. Results on simple shear simulations and fretting like simulation are discussed and compare to “empirical models.”

4:30 – 5 pm Modeling of the Wear Particles Formation in Mixed Lubricated Sliding Line Contacts A. Akchurin, Materials Innovation Institute, Delft, Netherlands A new model was developed for the simulation of the wear particles formation in mixed lubricated sliding contacts. A contact model was combined with a particle removal model. For the contact simulations, a half-space-based contact algorithm was joined with a numerical elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver through the load-sharing concept. The particle removal criterion was based on a critical von Mises stress and a geometrical boundary condition. FFT based algorithms for the contact and subsurface stress calculations were employed. The wear particle formation model allows for the determination of the shape, number and size of the debris in different conditions, as well as the surface roughness evolution. A set of simulations was performed for different surfaces and the properties of the model were discussed. Evolution of the surface roughness and its influence on the friction and wear is addressed.

5 – 5:30 pm An Elastic–Plastic Investigation of Third Body Effects on Fretting Contact in Partial Slip A. Ghosh, F. Sadeghi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN In this investigation, the third body effects in fretting contact is modeled using the commercially available ABAQUS finite element (FE) software. A two dimensional Hertzian line contact model is simulated in the presence of third bodies at the contact interface. The third bodies are modeled using simplified geometry like cylinders. Elastic–plastic material properties are used to model both the first bodies and third bodies. The FE model is used to investigate fretting phenomena under different displacement amplitudes and the influence of third body particles on contact stress and contact slip. Fretting loops obtained from the model show notable differences in shear stress distribution when compared to smooth Hertzian line contacts in the absence of third body particles. Although fretting wear rate is not directly influenced by the presence of third bodies, plastic deformation of the first body surfaces influences contact parameters which in turn impacts fretting wear.

5:30 – 6 pm – Wear-Biotribology Business Meeting

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1:30 – 2 pm Tribological Modification on the Glass Fabric/ Phenolic Laminate Composite Under Water Lubricating F. Yan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Glass fabric/phenolic laminate composite can be used as a kind of tribo-material at dry friction or oil lubrication due to its high mechanical and acceptable tribological properties. Unfortunately, under water environment, the laminate composites often exhibit rough friction coefficient and high wear loss. To modify its tribological performance under water environment, the effects of the addition of fillers, the surface treatment of fillers and fabrics, state of interfacial cohesion between fiber and resin, interlaminar shear strength of the composites, were investigated in this work. The influences of sliding speed and applied load on the tribological properties of the laminate were also evaluated. The results indicate that providing self-lubricating abilities, improving interfacial cohesion between filler/fiber and resin, and decreasing the water adsorption, are all efficient ways to promoting the tribological performance of laminate composites under water.

2 – 2:30 pm Tribological Characterization of a Hybrid Nanoparticles Additive in a Biolubricant Under Boundary Lubrication J. Abere, T. Slatter, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom A hybrid nanoparticles additive made of alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2) and graphite (C); was characterized (in oil) for friction reduction and antiwear merits. The nanoparticles were mixed at 0.1 wt. %, with a biolubricant and a fully formulated mineral oil. The fully flooded ball-onflat tests were under boundary lubrication conditions. The load was 40 N, at room temperature and 100oC respectively. It is observed that the nanoparticles reduce friction coefficient in mineral oil at room temperature by about 2 %; and at 100oC by about 1 %. In the biolubricant, nanoparticles increase friction at room temperature by about 5.5 %, and by about 6.4 % at 100oC. Based on wear scar width data, the nanoparticles reduce wear by about 12.5% when added to mineral oil at 100˚C. At room temperature, nanoparticles lower wear in mineral oil by about 37.4%. And with the biolubricant, it reduces wear by about 32.4%.

2:30 – 3 pm Design and Development of Novel Test Instruments to Assess Tribological Effects of Nanofluids G. Molina, F. Aktaruzzaman, M. Rahman, V. Soloiu, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA The authors have designed and developed two new types of erosiontest instruments for fluid wear-effects on surfaces: a multiple jet-impact test-rig and a parallel flow one, to investigate the many unknowns regarding nanofluids interactions wth cooling-system materials. Nanofluids are suspensions of nano-size-powders in a fluid with enhanced thermal transport properties. Experimental techniques were designed and developed to explore the feasibility of assessing surface modification effects of fluid jet-impact and of fluid parallel-flow in accelerated tests. Work is presented on the instrument design and development, and on the obtained material surface modifications on aluminum and copper with conventional coolants (as 50% ethylene glycol in water, and distilled water), and with their nanofluids (of 2%-volume of nano-alumina mixed in such coolants). The new instruments and methodologies are appropriate to investigate tribological effects of nanofluid interactions with typical materials.

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Wednesday, May 18 6L

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Some Problems in EHL Film Measurement of Finite Line Contacts under Oscillating X. Chen, X. Shen, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China Finite line contacts are non-Hertzian contacts, and the contact area is very narrow, caused the b/a ratio is very large. So differ from the point contacts, only very small partial contact area in the longitudinal direction could be observed in the optical EHL test at same time for a higher image resolving power. It was found the interferograms are severe non steady in the measurement, especial in the roller ends. The pictures are often moved on large area in axial direction with the tested roller rotated. Above problems make some information lost. In this paper, the problems like these in the EHL oil film thickness and shape measurement between a roller and a flat rectangular glass in pure rolling oscillated working conditions based on optical interferometry were discussed and some methods were taken to overcome them.

4 – 4:30 pm Experimental Modeling and Optimization of the Tribocharging Process in a Sliding Contact between Polymeric Materials Y. Prawatya, T. Zeghloul, M. Neagoe, L. Dascalescu, Institut P’, UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ENSMA, Angoulême, France, Angoulême, France Electric charge generated by friction (tribo-charging) are complex systems with many factors affecting the results such as compressive load (normal force) that occurs between the contact materials, number of cycles, friction velocity, ambient temperature and humidity, surface condition and nature of the materials themselves. The purpose of the present work is to determine the optimal values of these factors, so that to obtain maximum electrical charge, evenly distributed on the contact surfaces. The study is conducted in accordance with “Design of Experiments” methodology, use of a laboratory bench designed for testing translational tribocharging with the following specifications: relative velocity between the bodies in conformal contact: 12 to 50 mm/s; amplitude of the strokes: 36 to 60 mm; normal contact force: 1N to 10 N. The distribution of charge is measured by the capacitive probe of an electrostatic voltmeter (± 10 kV) in a room with controllable temperature and humidity.

4:30 – 5 pm A Novel Device for the Study of Transient Effects in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts M. Masen, T. Welham, C. Myant, P. Cann, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Most tribological contacts operate in some form of transience, be it in motion, load or both. Experimental investigations into transient EHL reveal behaviour not seen in steady conditions, however for practical reasons the experimental study of transient EHD is often limited to only one specific transient aspect. This paper focuses on the development of an experimental setup based on a modified PCS Instruments EHD System, in which both the load and the velocity can be dynamically controlled, allowing the investigation of complex intermittent contacts. Two experimental studies were executed: – High speed imaging of controlled deceleration experiments revealed a highly rate dependent film thickness distribution that develops in the final stages of motion. Repeated cycles of contact and separation of a grease lubricated contact showed a capillary effect that draws lubricant into the contact while in sliding the intermittent entrainment of relatively large ‘lumps’ of grease was observed.

5 – 5:30 pm – Tribotesting Business Meeting

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Session 6M

• Las Vegas 6/7

CONDITION MONITORING II Session Chair: K. Rogers, Pilot Thomas Logistics, Las Vegas, NV

2 – 2:30 pm Condition-Based Lubrication D. Martin, SKF Canada Limited, Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada, J. Yolton, SKF USA, San Diego, CA In the field of plant maintenance, we are all familiar with the terms of preventive, predictive, and proactive as strategies for maintaining an asset. It is preached that the most mature level of maintaining is “proactive” maintenance. There is a benefit to condition based lubrication vs the traditional preventative method as conditions do change over time. Besides environmental changes in the areas of the world that sees seasonal changes, there are also operational changes in machinery. Such changes include the balance of the rotating assembly. An out of balance condition demands for frequent lubrication however when such changes occur, the rate of grease re-lubrication does not change. This paper will discuss the method by which one Pulp Mill utilised their existing vibration analysis software and hardware to initiate a Condition-Based Lubrication program.

2:30 – 3 pm Using Oil Analysis to Extend Warranty Period on O&M Equipment C. Silva, Oilcheck, Contagem, MG, Brazil The purpose of this paper is to show how an OEM has been using the oil analysis services to extend their equipment warranty period to create a unique competitive advantage, add value to this process to their customers and protect themselves from potential failure by controlling their costs. In the sugarcane business the harvesters work so hard in a high severity application and for a long period. This machine works at least 22 hours a day, which represents more than 3.000 hours per year. The regular warranty period is 1.500 hours on this way, the warranty finishes in the middle of the crop which does not add any value to the customer and neither allows the OEM to track the behavior of the equipment. The main goals for the new warranty policy were: Have a unique competitive advantage and Reduce costs during the warranty period. Furthermore the OEM was able to gather enough results to create a statistical study and created a wear table to drive their project engineers to improvements

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Grease Condition Sensor for Rolling Element Bearings: Dielectric Property Measurements of Water Contaminated Grease N. Dittes, Luleå University of Technology, Sjulsmakr, Sweden The dielectric properties of water-contaminated grease have been investigated in this paper to enable measurements of water in grease with a simple sensor. Water contributes to component failures through for example, corrosion and poor lubrication and a sensor that can detect water contamination is crucial in order to plan maintenance and re-greasing of machine components such as bearings and gears. Detecting when to replace grease in expensive components can prolong the components’ service life and reduce the operating costs. Capacitance has been measured for a mixture between grease and water in a custom test cell. The changes in dielectric properties with varying water concentrations in different grease types have been measured for different temperatures. Some changes in dielectric properties are considered to be related to changes in the grease structure, which have been investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging.

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Wednesday, May 18 6M

4 – 4:30 pm A Novel Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Viscosity In-Situ in Journal Bearings M. Schirru, R. Mills, R. Dwyer-Joyce, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, O. Smith, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH A novel ultrasonic viscometer intended for non-invasive applications in lubricated journal bearing is presented. The concept is based on the reflection of a shear wave at a solid-liquid boundary that depends on the viscosity of the liquid and the acoustic properties of the solid. Very little ultrasound energy can propagate into the oil at a metal-oil interface because the acoustic mismatch is great. The novel method invented overcomes this limitation by placing a thin intermediate matching layer between the metal and the lubricant. The results from this ultrasonic viscometer are in agreement with the conventional viscometers when Newtonian oils are tested. When complex nonNewtonian mixtures are analysed the viscosity measurement is frequency dependent. The method was successfully implemented in a journal bearing rig allowing the first non-invasive measurement of circumferential lubricant viscosity in-situ. This technique presents, then, a great commercialization potential.

4:30 – 5 pm A New Approach to Elemental and Wear Debris Analysis A. Toms, R. Lawrence, R. Hill, GasTOPS Inc., Huntsville, AL To increase equipment availability, decrease ownership costs, and improve safety, it is imperative to monitor the condition of machinery. To achieve full benefits, an early indication of potential failure is necessary. A new, innovative diagnostic tool allows non-subjective decisions based on the quantity, alloy type, size, and shape of debris particles. Digital image capture in combination with an innovative spectroscopy system is used to automatically and rapidly locate and analyze particles. Embedded diagnostic rules trigger GO/NO-GO maintenance decision assessment. Automated analysis requires no special training to operate or assess results. The innovative spectroscopy also provides an alternative to rotrode and ICP atomic emission spectroscopy as it can be utilized for oil samples as well as individual particles. A small, portable application allows for field, plant or laboratory settings.

Session 6N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING VI Session Chair: R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India Session Vice Chair: G. Ramirez, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

1:30 – 2 pm Development and Evaluation of Low Friction and Low Wear TiSiCN and DLC-Based Coatings for Automotive Valvetrain

high hardness, high toughness, excellent adhesion strength and COFs of 0.2 and 0.06 in dry and lubricant conditions, respectively. In contrast, the DLC coatings showed lower friction in dry sliding (0.06-0.07) but higher friction in lubricant (0.08-0.1). The best performing TiSiCN and DLC coatings were applied on camshafts which were evaluated in actual engines. The friction test results from the engine tests will be reported.

2 – 2:30 pm Measurements and Simulations of Full-Field, Sub-Grain Surface Deformation in Tantalum C. Battaile, J. Carroll, H. Lim, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM The properties of metallic coatings and thin films are governed by processes that initiate on sub-microstructural length scales. In their earliest stages, these processes depend strongly on their microstructural environment. Therefore, the microstructure-scale details of a material’s deformation can be critical in determining its mechanical properties. However, measuring and predicting sub-microstructural deformations remains challenging. In this work, we use a combination of surface characterization and finite element analysis to measure and predict, respectively, the deformation and crystallographic reorientation of tantalum single- and multi-crystal specimens during deformation. We will describe the surface characterization of crystallography and strain at the grain scale using micro-scale digital image correlation and electron backscatter diffraction; and we will discuss the validation of our finite element predictions of microstructure-scale plastic deformation.

2:30 – 3 pm Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Sapphire Wafer Using Mixed Silica Nanoparticles Y. Zhou, G. Pan, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, H. Gong, Research Institute of Tsinghua University (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China, L. Xu, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, C. Zou, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optomechatronics, Shenzhen , China Sapphire has become the most widely used substrate material for fabricating GaN based light emitting diodes (LED) devices. With the rapid development of photoelectric technology, the increment of substrate planarization efficiency and the study of removal mechanism have become increasingly significant due to the higher demand of superior surface finish. However, owing to its high hardness and brittleness, sapphire wafer is difficult to be polished ideally. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is the most efficient method to obtain ultra smooth surface through the mechanical abrading and chemical reaction. In the paper, CMP performances of sapphire using mixed silica abrasive nanoparticles with different sizes (10 nm and 100 nm) were studied. We found that the mixed silica nanoparticles could not only provider higher removal rate than any single size silica particles, but also obtain better and smoother surface. The relative removal mechanisms of sapphire were discussed.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

J. Lin, R. Wei, P. Lee, C. Bitsis, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX To minimize the friction loss and wear of an engine is critical for improving fuel efficiency. The valvetrain accounts up to 20% of the total mechanical friction in gasoline engines. In this research, low friction TiSiCN and diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings have been developed by different techniques, including PEMS for TiSiCN coatings, and HiPIMS and PIID for DLC coatings. The structure of the coatings was optimized to achieve a combination of low COF and low wear based on the evaluation from the block-on-ring tests. The TiSiCN coatings exhibited

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Wednesday, May 18 6N

3:30 – 4 pm A Study on Tribological Performance of Black Oxide Coating for Bearing Applications

Session 6O

• Jubilee 2

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY VI

V. Brizmer, SKF, Utrecht, Netherlands Different aspects of tribological performance of iron oxidized (or socalled “black oxidized”) surfaces in rolling/sliding boundary lubricated or mixed lubricated contacts are overviewed in the present work. It covers the topics of anti-micropitting resistance, anti-smearing effects, reduction in boundary friction, repelling tribochemical attacks of aggressive lubricants or additives, running-in behaviour, and the effect of black oxide coating on bearing life. The other beneficial effects of black oxide, which cannot be directly regarded as tribological phenomena, like reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement or mitigating the standstill corrosion, are beyond the scope of the current study. The results of the component laboratory experiments, full bearing tests, and theoretical modelling, performed within the frame of the present work, shed light upon the benefits and limitations of using black oxide coating for bearing applications.

4 – 4:30 pm Low Friction and Wear of Si Wafer and Graphite Achieved by UNSM Technique A. Amanov, Y. Pyun, Sun Moon University, Asan, Republic of Korea, H. Kwon, Technovalue, Seoul, Republic of Korea In this study, an ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) technique was applied to Si wafer and graphite to investigate the friction and wear behavior under dry conditions. The friction and wear behavior was assessed by ball-on-disk micro-tribometer at room temperature. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the UNSM-treated specimens were characterized and the results were compared with the untreated specimens. In the case of the Si wafer, an amorphous surface was formed at the very top surface that was confirmed by a Raman peak located at 480 cm-1. Moreover, the hardness and Young`s modulus of Si wafers and graphite after UNSM treatment were increased significantly which resulted in wear rate enhancement.

4:30 – 5 pm Insight into the Mechanisms of High DLC Wear When Lubricated With MoDTC-containing Lubricants in DLC/Steel Contacts S. Kosarieh, D. Khaemba, A. Morina, A. Neville, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom Molybdenum Dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is a well-known friction modifier, which has been used for ferrous surfaces for quite long time. However, recently the adverse effect of MoDTC in increasing wear of DLC coatings has been reported in DLC/steel contacts. The objective of this study is to understand the role of iron and/or iron oxide in the decomposition of MoDTC additive to form MoDTC tribofilm and how this process contributes to high wear in DLC coatings. Tribological tests were carried out using a pin-on-plate tribotester lubricated in oils containing MoDTC. The plates were HSS steel plates coated with hydrogenated DLC (a-C:15H) coatings which were sliding against cast iron pins (DLC/CI contacts) and silicon nitride balls (DLC/ceramic contacts). Results show that the steel counterpart participates in the decomposition of MoDTC by forming iron-containing molybdenum compounds which are responsible for accelerated wear of DLC coatings.

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Session Chair: P. Egberts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Session Vice Chair: B. Nation, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

1:30 – 2 pm Evaluating Drilling Muds: A Novel Tribometer Designed to Evaluate Geological Sliding Contacts P. Egberts, N. Simin, J. Czibor, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, E. Sonmor, M. DeWitt, SECURE Energy Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, S. Park, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Development of the resources in the Athabasca oil sands and unconventional shale gas reservoirs has necessitated the use of horizontal drilling. The friction forces that occur between the drill string and the earth/steel casing in the drill hole currently limit the horizontal extent to which a single drilling site can reach. To reach greater distances, improved lubricating properties of drilling muds is desired. However, these muds are typically evaluated in tribometers specific to the industry, which cannot examine varying surface materials, including core samples taken from the earth. To address this issue, we have developed a novel tribometer that allows for the measurement of steel on steel contacts, as well as steel on geological samples with various lubricants. Performance of the tribometer is evaluated against those used in industry, as well as data of the velocity depencence of friction and measurements of steel and rock sliding surfaces will be discussed.

2 – 2:30 pm Understanding Sliding Wear Behavior through High Pressure Torsion (HPT) Testing: A Study of the Shear Deformation Behavior of Al-Al2O3 by Finite Element Modelling S. Descartes, J. Shockley, INSA – Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, C. Desrayaud, École Nationale Supérieure des mines de SaintÉtienne, Saint-Étienne, France, R. Chromik, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada The high pressure torsion process, wherein a sample of material is subjected to combined compressive loading and rotational shear strain, reproduces many of the mechanical conditions of the tribological contact during sliding wear. In the present study, HPT experiments were conducted on a set of cold sprayed Al-Al2O3 composites with varying Al2O3 particle morphology. To help interpret the experimental results, a 2D unit cell finite element model was developed to study the stress and strain fields in the matrix material surrounding Al2O3 particles during combined compression and shear. The adaptation of the unit cell model technique to compression and shear conditions, rather than its more typical use for tensile conditions, required careful selection and implementation of boundary conditions. This presentation will discuss the development of the model as well as its results, and its implications on the connections between high pressure torsion and the tribological contact.

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Technical Sessions 2:30 – 3 pm Influence of Sputter Deposited Solid Lubricant Thickness on Plain Journal Bearing Life

4:30 – 5 pm High Temperature Friction and Wear in Open and Closed Tribo-Systems

B. Nation, M. Dugger, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

S. Hernandez, J. Hardell, B. Prakash, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden

The influence of the thickness of resin-bonded solid lubricant films on their friction and wear behavior has been previously reported in the literature. These films require surface roughening to facilitate physical bonding, and must be deposited at least about 10 micrometers thick due to the resin binder. The performance of binderless solid lubricant films on the order of 1 micrometer thick or less is of interest in precision electromechanical mechanisms, where the part tolerances and surface finish are not compatible with resin-bonded films. Sputtering and impingement methods have been used to deposit such films on a reciprocating plain journal bearing in a specially-constructed life tester, designed to emulate the contact in a precision mechanism. The relationship between lubricant thickness and bearing life will be discussed, including characterization methods for the films.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

More and more components in industries such as automotive, material processing and mining are operating under harsh conditions i.e. high temperature and high contact pressure. Tribotesting for such applications are carried out using both open (one surface meeting a fresh surface) or closed (same surfaces in contact) setups. In order to enable development of new materials and processes intended for such conditions, there is a need for better understanding pertaining to tribological phenomena occurring under these different test setups. In this work, friction and wear characteristics of quenched and tempered tool steel sliding against 22MnB5 boron steel have been studied. The experiments were conducted using a high temperature friction and wear apparatus under dry conditions a R.T. and 400° C. The results have shown that wear was reduced at higher temperatures as well as with repeated sliding on the same surfaces compared to an open tribosystem.

3:30 – 4 pm Numerical Investigation on Electrical Transmission Ability of a Shearing Powder Layer – Application to Powder Lubricant

5 – 5:30 pm Corrosion and Wear Behaviour of Zr-Ti-N Thin Films

C. Zeng, M. Renouf, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France

J. Menghani, K. Babapai, S.V.N.I.T, Surat, India, M. Totlani, Consultant, Mumbai, India

Compared to liquid lubricant, powder lubricant like graphite powder has several advantages [1], such as good electrical conductivity and good thermal resistance. Such advantages are especially appreciated in sliding electrical contact. So it might be interesting to study the electrical transmission ability of a shearing powder layer under different dynamical constraints. Followed by the idea of Renouf et al. [2], some numerical results of the electrical properties of a shearing powder layer with Discrete Element Method was produced under different mechanical constraints. An interesting relation between the average contact resistance and the inertial number I was found. Notably, an exponential increase of sample resistance around the dense flow limit has also been observed. Finally, the numerical results suggested that, in order to ensure the electrical transmission ability of the powder layer, one must keep the particle size and shear rate small, and a sufficiently large pressure.

n present investigation single component Ti-N thin films of varying thickness (1.5µ, 2.0µ, 2.5µ, and 3.0µ ) were deposited on 316 stainless steel using Ti (99.95%) and Zr (99%) pure metal target by cathode arc evaporation PVD technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD were employed to analyze microstructures and phases present in the coating. XRD results indicated presence of substoichiometric Ti2N. The influences of lamellae thickness on the microstructure, tribological and corrosive properties of the films were investigated. Corrosion resistance of Ti2N films was determined using potentiodynamic tests in most common industrial environment 11pH Na2SO4. The results indicate that wear and corrosion properties of the films were dependent on microstructure and lamellae thicknesses.

4 – 4:30 pm High Temperature Lubrication in Hot Sheet Metal Forming J. Hardell, L. Pelcastre, C. Sánchez Santero, C. Wang, B. Prakash, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden Thermo-mechanical forming enables forming of high-strength materials with low spring back. Hot forming of Zn-coated ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) enables high-performance components with cathodic corrosion protection. Tribology is important for both quality and process economy. Problems in hot forming of Zn-coated UHSS include abrasion of the dies and material transfer. Adding a lubricant can control friction and adhesion. This study focussed on characterising the friction and wear behaviour of a tool steel and Zn-coated UHSS pair with three different high temperature lubricants. The study has been carried out using a hot sheet metal forming tribometer. The results have shown that a WS2 solid lubricant was ineffective in reducing friction and wear. An h-BN lubricant did not affect friction but reduced surface damage of the workpiece. An Mg containing lubricant on the workpiece was found to improve the tribological performance compared to applying it on the tool or both surfaces.

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Stay Connected at the Annual Meeting and Tweet #STLE2016 If you’d like to be more involved during the annual meeting and share information with fellow attendees, STLE encourages you to use Twitter to tweet noteworthy sessions, photos, questions and other valuable resources. We’re also encouraging exhibitors, sponsors and companies to use it as a way to share useful information with attendees. Log on to Twitter (www.twitter.com) and just tweet using the #STLE2016 hashtag. And be sure to follow STLE’s twitter handle (@STLE_Tribology) for the latest updates throughout the week regarding the annual meeting


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Wednesday, May 18 Session 6P

• Jubilee 3

NANOTRIBOLOGY VI: NANOSCALE LUBRICATION MECHANISMS Session Chair: P. Egberts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Session Vice Chair: Z. Ye, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA

1:30 – 2 pm Tribological Properties of Nanodiamonds in Aqueous Suspensions: Effect of the Surface Charge J. Krim, Z. Liu, D. Leininger, A. Kooviland, A. Smirnov, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, O. Shendarova, International Technology Center, Raleigh, NC, D. Brenner, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Uptake and nanotribological properties of positively and negatively charged 5-15 nm diameter nanodiamonds dispersed in water have been studied in real time by means of an in situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique[1]. Measurements were performed with the QCM immersed in water and also in macroscopic contact with stainless steel ball bearings. The nanodiamonds were found to impact tribological performance at both nanometer and macroscopic scales. The tribological effects were highly sensitive to the sign of the charge: negatively (positively) charged particles were more weakly (strongly) bound and reduced (increased) frictional drag at the solid-liquid interface. For the macroscopic contacts, negatively charged nanodiamonds appeared to be displaced from the contact, while the positively charged ones were not. Overall, the negatively charged nanodiamonds were more stable in an aqueous dispersion for extended time periods.

2 – 2:30 pm Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Orientational Behavior of Nano LC Lubricating Film M. Gao, L. Ma, J. Luo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Bejing, China Homologous cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (LC) have been widely used as lubricants or lubricant additives due to their soft ordering and liquid nature. In this work, the alignment performance of nCB (n=5, 6, 7) LCs, which were in the regime of nanoscale lubricating film, has been studied via in-situ ball-on-disk testing platform equipped with Raman Spectroscopy. The results showed that both external condition as shear velocity and internal molecular alkyl length dramatically affect the ordering process of nCB LCs. Furthermore, we developed a simple model, along with detailed physical analysis, to explain the observed phenomena. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, the influence of molecular alkyl chain length on the orientational behavior of nCB LCs nano-film during lubricating. Our findings may have implication in improving LCs lubricating properties.

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2:30 – 3 pm Tribochemical Synthesis of Nano-Lubricant Films From Adsorbed Molecules at Sliding Solid Interface: Tribo-Polymers From α-pinene, Pinane, and n-decane X. He, A. Barthel, S. Kim, Penn State University, State College, PA The mechanochemical reactions of adsorbed molecules at sliding interfaces were studied for -pinene, pinane, and n-decane. During vapor phase lubrication of a sliding interface of stainless steels, adsorbed molecules could be activated by mechanical shear. Under the equilibrium adsorption condition of these molecules, the friction coefficient of sliding steel surfaces was about 0.2 and a polymeric film was tribochemically produced. The yield of -pinene tribo-polymers was about twice as much as pinane tribo-polymers. In contrast to these strained bicyclic hydrocarbons, n-decane showed much weaker activity for trio-polymerization at the same mechanical shear condition. These results suggested that the mechanical shear at tribological interfaces can induce the opening of the strained 4-membered ring, which leads to polymerization of adsorbed molecules at the sliding track. The mechanical properties and boundary lubrication efficiency of the produced tribo-polymer films are discussed.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

Session 6Q

• Jubilee 3

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY/NANOTRIBOLOGY JOINT SESSION I: MECHANICS AND TRIBOCHEMISTRY AT THE NANOSCALE Session Chair: P. Egberts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Session Vice Chair: H. Khare, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

3:30 – 4:30 pm Ultralow Wear Fluoropolymer Composites: Putting Together the Mechanistic Pieces C. Junk, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, K. Harris, A. Pitenis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, G. Blackman, W. Sawyer, R. Johnson, D. Kasprzak, H. Rosenfeld, DuPont Central Research & Development, Wilmington, DE, S. Brown, The Chemours Co., Wilmington, DE Over the last decade, several research groups have explored an intriguing set of materials based on Teflon* PTFE 7C (a granular molding resin) and certain alumina “nanoparticles.” These materials are exceptional because small amounts of alumina additive (often less than 5 wt.%) improve the wear performance of the PTFE composite by over four orders of magnitude. It is believed that the “nano” sized alumina somehow shuts down the flaky wear mechanism of the PTFE, and stabilizes the formation of a persistent transfer film. We have now elucidated the mechanism behind the mechanochemistry which allows generation of a robust thin transfer film and thus ultralow wear. The focus of this talk will be on this unique chemistry, and the role it plays during fluoropolymer sliding wear against a metal countersurface. For the first time, the critical role of the size and shape of the aluminum oxide filler will also be discussed.

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Wednesday, May 18 6Q

4:30 – 5 pm Surface Identity, Modification and Evolution in Polymer Tribology K. Harris, A. Pitenis, J. Uruena, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, B. Krick, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL A discussion of the importance of surface interactions and near surface chemistry and mechanics in polymeric tribological systems. Advancements in ultra-low wear PTFE composite research have led to the investigation and understanding of individual sliding systems rather than material properties. The chemical and mechanical mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of ultra-low wear over hundred of thousands to millions of cycles have been identified, and depend on complex interactions at the nano, micro and macro scale. Minor modifications to these processes affect the performance of systems as a whole and may be used to extend the scope of usability for these polymer composites. Sliding systems across a large range of length and strength scales depend on the behavior of the near surface and the suite of interactions at the interface.

5 – 5:30 pm Nano-Rheology of Hydrogels Using Direct Drive Force Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, P. Nalam, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, N. Gosvami, M. Caporizzo, R. Composto, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Hydrogels are widely used soft materials in cartilage tribology, among other applications. We present a magnetic force-based direct drive modulation method to measure local nano-rheological properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels across a broad frequency range (10 Hz – 2 kHz) using colloid-attached AFM probes in liquid. The frequency bandwidth was extended to lower frequencies (upto 0.1 Hz) by acquiring slow force-displacement which show loading-direction mechanical behavior dependenence: approach curves showed Hertzian while retraction curves fit JKR model. Using small amplitude modulation at faster rates, the load dependence of the storage stiffness transitioned from Hertzian to a dynamic punch-type model, indicating significant influence of material dissipation coupled with adhesion. The study highlights possible transitions in the probe-material contact mechanical behavior of soft matter especially when the applied strain rates and the material relaxation rates become comparable.

5:30 – 6 pm Effects of Structure of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates on Tribological Properties of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Film Under Boundary Lubrication H. Okubo, S. Sasaki, C. Tadokoro, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan The effects of the structure of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) on the tribological properties of a tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) film under boundary lubrication were investigated. Moreover, we aimed to provide a parameter for determining the tribological properties of the ta-C film lubricated with ZDDP-added oils. Friction tests were performed at diamond-like carbon (DLC)/DLC contact under lubrication with polyalpha olefin (PAO) and PAO containing six types of ZDDPs with different alkyl groups. In the friction tests, there was hardly a correlation between the friction coefficients and the length of the alkyl chains of ZDDPs. Surface analysis results indicated that the tribological properties of the ta-C film depended on the chemical composition of ZDDP tribofilms, which depended on the abundance ratio of neutral-ZDDP and basicZDDP in ZDDP solutions. All these results suggest that the ZDDP forms in solution can determine the tribological properties of the ta-C film.

6 – 6:30 pm Measurement of the Energy Dissipation of Copolymer in Non-Contact Regime Using Atomic Force Microscopy S. Shi, D. Guo, J. Luo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Development of the non-contact operation mode of AFM (NC-AFM) pioneers research fields in imaging material topography and quantifying properties in nanoscale. We investigate the energy dissipation in the attractive regime of copolymer using the amplitude modulation dynamic mode (AM-AFM). The effects of measuring parameters and material properties are also discussed in terms of imaging quality and energy dissipation. Different free amplitudes and setpoint ratios are operated when imaging the polymer blend of polystyrene (PS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). When the free amplitude is 41 nm, energy dissipation power can be up to 50.3 pW per cycle on the PS region and 40.5 pW on the LDPE region, respectively. And there is a cross point between the energy dissipation curves consistent with phase curves. Small free amplitude corresponds to less energy dissipation on the same region. Analysis of energy dissipation is benefit for high resolution imaging and mechanic study at the nanoscale.


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M Mark ark Your Your C Calendars! alendars! Please mark your calendars for the 2016 TFC, Nov. 13-15 in Chicago’s historic Drake Hotel.

We’ll again gather an international community to share tribology’s most cutting-edge research. Come join us for three information-packed days with tribology’s top minds--you’ll leave with a better understanding of how your company’s products will fit into an ever-evolving technical future. Visit www.stle.org for program updates, online registration, and hotel reservations. See you in Chicago! • • • • • • •

Cutting-edge tribology research Networking Industry Recognition Leadership Opportunities Invited Speakers International Community Idea Sharing

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Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 • [email protected] • www.stle.org • 847-825-5536


THURSDAY, MAY 19 Registration (7 am – 6:00 pm) – Grand Salon Speakers Breakfast (7 – 8 am) – Platinum

Technical Sessions (1:30 – 5:30 pm) 8B Lubrication Fundamentals VIII: Modeling – Bronze 3 8D Rolling Element Bearings VI – Gold

STLE Certification Exams (8:30 am – Noon) – Palace 3

8E Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology – Special Session II – Silver


8K Wear V: Wear Mitigation – Las Vegas 4

7B Lubrication Fundamentals VII: Lubricant Properties – Bronze 3

8L Tribotesting IV – Las Vegas 5

7C Engine & Drivetrain VII – Bronze 2

8M Condition Monitoring IV – Las Vegas 6/7

7D Rolling Element Bearings V – Gold

8N Surface Engineering VIII – Jubilee 1

7E Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology I – Silver 7H Fluid Film Bearings VII – Las Vegas 1

8P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session III: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3

7K Wear IV – Las Vegas 4


7L Tribotesting III – Las Vegas 5 7M Condition Monitoring III – Las Vegas 6/7 7N Surface Engineering VII – Jubilee 1 7O Materials Tribology VII – Jubilee 2 7P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology Joint Session II: Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale – Jubilee 3

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149

THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 7B Lubrication Fundamentals VII

SESSION 7C Engine & Drivetrain VII

SESSION 7D Rolling Element Bearings V

Bronze 2

Bronze 3

Gold

SESSION 7E Molecular Chemistry I Silver

8 – 8:30 am

Influence of Lubricants on the Fatigue Life of Thrust Needle Bearing under Debris Contaminated Lubrication, M. Yokomizo, p.154

Tribology Behavior of a Copper-Based Composite for Heavily-Loaded Wet Clutch, T. Gong, p. 155

Effect of Deposition Method on the Tribological and Functional Performance of CrxN Ball Coatings, K. Mutyala, p. 156

Volumetric and Rheological Properties of Base Oils at High Pressures, M. Devlin, p. 158

8:30 – 9 am

Pour Point Depressant Considerations When Blending With Re-refined Base Stock, R. Gomes, p.154

Impact of Industrial Gear Oil Additives on Bearing Life, S. Basu, p. 155

Influence of Internal Geometry, Metallurgy, and Component Surface Finish on Expected Life of Nominally-Equivalent Roller Bearings, E. Terrell, p. 156

Characterization of Lubricant Shear Thinning Behavior Based on Radius of Gyration Calculation through Molecular Dynamics Simulation, P. Liu, p. 158

9 – 9:30 am

Inductive Micro-Flash Desorption for a Molecular-Level Understanding of Fuel Lubricity, K. Urness, p. 154

Abrasion Resistant Improvement of the Valve Seat for Automobile Engines by the Oxidation and the Turn, K. Matsumoto, p. 155

Prediction of Rolling Bearing Friction – A Valid Method Even for Large Size Bearings, O. Koch, p. 156

X-Ray CT Imaging of Grease Behavior in Ball Bearing and Multi-Scale Grease Flows Simulation, T. Noda, p. 158

New Approach to Quantitatively Measure the Polymeric Oil Additive Associations in Solution, S. Pirouz, p.154

Time-Dependent Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of Cam-Roller Contacts, A. Almqvist, p. 155

Performance of Thrust Needle Roller Bearings Considering Surface Roughness and ElastoPlastic Deformation, X. Shen, p. 156

Entanglement and Self-Alignment of Heterocyclic Friction Modifier Molecules during Surface Adsorption: From MD Simulation to Experiment, J. Lu, p. 158

Break

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9:30 –10 am

10 – 10:30 am 10:30 – 11 am

Low Viscosity Fuel Efficient Lubricants: Key Technical Issues, F. Zhao, p. 154

11 – 11:30 am

11:30 – Noon

Minimising Wear and Friction of DiamondLike Carbon Surfaces With Polymeric Organic Friction Modifiers, A. Viadas, p. 155

Break

Modeling the Effect of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication on Rolling Contact Fatigue, N. Paulson, p. 156

Impact of Synthesis Parameters on Overbased Calcium Alkylsalicylate Detergent Structure, A. Piacentini, p. 158

Modern Low Viscosity Engine Applications of Esters in Modern Low Viscosity Engine Oils, A. Viadas, p.154

Monitoring Hydrogen Contamination in Lubricated Contacts of Bearing Steels, A. Ruellan, p. 156

Perfecting the Lubricant Wheel through Macromolecular Design, J. Robinson, p. 159

Surface Energy, Viscosity, and Friction of Selected Ester Lubricants, X. Zhang, p. 155

Visualization of Debris Entrapment in EHL Contacts: µ-PIV Technique, V. Strubel, p. 158

SESSION 8E Molecular Chemistry II

SESSION 8B Lubrication Fundamentals VIII

SESSION 8D Rolling Element Bearings VI

Bronze 2

Gold

1:30– 2 pm

Simulating Realistic Organic Friction Modifier Films in Boundary Lubrication: The Importance of All-Atom Potentials, N. Morgan, p. 168

Influence of Rubbing Materials on the Effectiveness of Lubricating Boundary Films, K. Pagkalis, p. 170

Pressure Dependence of Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Viscosity, P. Shiller, p. 171

2 – 2:30 pm

Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Organic Friction Modifiers, J. Ewen, p. 168

Tribological Performance of PEEK for Bearing Applications, B. Allison, p. 170

The Effect of Additives Resulting in the Lubricant Oil Consumption Concerning Blowby in Marine Diesel Engines, C. Zhang, p. 171

2:30 – 3 pm

Theoretical Calculations of Local Physico-Chemical-Mechanical Properties, A. Miyamoto, p. 168

Double Transfer in Self-lubrication Ball Bearings: A Link Between Third-Body Rheology and Local Adhesion, A. Saulot, p. 170

Viscosity and Structure of Model Viscosity Index Improvers, A. Martini, p. 171

3 – 3:30 pm

Break

Break

Break

3:30 – 4 pm

Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis by Using High-Efficiency Computing Technology, C. Chan, p. 168

Design Criteria for Oil Ring Lubricators to Improve Maintainability of Rolling Bearings, M. Müller, p 170

4 – 4:30 pm

Experimental Investigation of Stribeck Curves for Lubricated Counterformal Contacts, T. He, p. 168

Investigation of Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Behavior at High Speeds Based on Ball-on-Glass Ring Test Rig, W. Wang, p. 170

Silver

Break

Molecular Chemistry Discussion

4:30 – 5 pm

150


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SESSION 7H Fluid Film Bearings VII Las Vegas I

SESSION 7K Wear IV

SESSION 7L Tribotesting III

SESSION 7M Condition Monitoring III

Las Vegas 4

Las Vegas 5

Las Vegas 6/7

Effect of Geometrically Imperfect Journal and Recess Geometry on the Performance of Two Lobe/Circular 4 Pocket Hybrid Journal Bearing System, S. Sharma, p. 159

Exploration of Used Passenger Car Timing Chains, R. Rieth, p. 160

The Current Applicability of Traditional Tribology Tests to Industrial Lubricants, G. Fish, p. 162

Save Your Equipment: Determining Which Maintenance Actions Drive Results, R. Clark, p. 163

8 – 8:30 am

Effect of Speed On Performance Analysis of Hole-Entry Hybrid Conical Journal Bearing for Different Semi Cone Angles, P. Khakse, p. 159

Tribological Analysis of the Swiss Lever Escapement, J. Rolland, p. 160

Galling Testing and the Mechanism of Galling, K. Budinski, p. 162

Real-Time Cage Temperature Measured in a High-Speed Grease Lubricated Bearing, D. Lang, p. 163

8:30 – 9 am

Computation of Misaligned Bearing Dynamic Coefficients with Application to Plain Bearings, A. El-Shafei, p. 159

Relationship between Electrostatic Charge & Wear of Polymeric Materials in Translational Tribocharging Process, M. Neagoe, p. 160

An In Situ Approach to Study Tribocorrosion of a Supermartensitic Steel, R. Soares, p. 162

Development of Hydraulic Filter Elements for Highly Demanding Applications, J. Duchowski, p. 163

9 – 9:30 am

Investigation of Boron Carbide, DLC, and Amorphous Carbon Coating Abrasiveness After Sliding Against 52100 Steel, G. Krauss, p. 162

Inline Visual Analysis of Turbine and Lube Oils for Solids and Water Detection on a Condinual Basis, T. Canty, p. 163

9:30 –10 am

Axially Skewed Pressure Dam Bearing, A. El-Shafei, p. 159

Break

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10 – 10:30 am

Towards a Unified Classification of Wear, M. Varenberg, p. 160

Investigating Stick-Slip Behavior in Tribometers and Interpreting the Results, M. Moneer, p. 162

The Dynamic Characterisation of Machine Element Contacts Using Ultrasonic Reflectometry, H. Brunskill, p.163

10:30 – 11 am

Relating Wear Uncertainties to Material Characteristics through Interrupted Topography Measurements, N. Garabedian, p. 160

Bench-Top Screening of Clutch Materials, S. Shaffer, p. 162

Lubricant Maintenance Based on Condition Monitoring, K. Berglund, p. 164

11 – 11:30 am

Friction and Wear Testing of Material Specimen of Spline Couplings, S. Wang, p. 160

Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Thermal Oxidation Characteristic of Ester Oil, J. Li, p. 163

SESSION 8K Wear V: Wear Mitigation

SESSION 8L Tribotesting IV

SESSION 8M Condition Monitoring IV

Las Vegas 4

Las Vegas 5

Las Vegas 6/7

A Novel Solid-Fluid Composite Coating of MoS2-Graphene-Oil with Superior Lubricity, J. Wang, p. 174

Return on Fluid Analysis Investment, R. Clark, p. 175

1:30– 2 pm

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Martensitic Aluminum Bronze Coating Against Different Stainless Steels, P. Kucita, p. 171

Investigation of Impact Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Medium Manganese Steel, Q. Yinghuai, p. 174

Understanding and Measurements the Nitration Products by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared, Y. Gomez, p. 175

2 – 2:30 pm

Investigation of Cavitation Erosion-Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steel and Nickel Aluminium Bronze in 3.5% NaCl Solution, J. Basumatary, p.171

Friction Characterisation of Engine Oils for Predicting Fuel Economy, K. Topolovec Miklozic, p. 174

Chlorine Contamination of Air Compressor Lubricants, J. Kantar, p. 175

2:30 – 3 pm

Break

Break

11:30 – Noon

Break Condition Monitoring Business Meeting

3 – 3:30 pm 3:30 – 4 pm

Scuffing Performance of Mixed Synthetic Base Fluids, M. Lorenzo Martin, p. 172

Approaching the Stress-Dielectric Relationship in Grease, Y. Peng, p. 174

Influence of Magnesium Stearate as Lubricant Additive on Fretting Wear Under Oil Lubrication, T. Maruyama, p. 172

Experimental Study of the Onset of Scuffing in Concentrated Rolling-Sliding Contacts, B. Peng, p. 174

4 – 4:30 pm

The Intricacies of Wear of Elastomeric Rolling-Sliding Contacts, A. Bennett, p. 172

Influence of Crystal Size & Crystal Orientation on the Friction Behavior of ZnO Films, X. Lu, p. 174

4:30 – 5 pm

Load Distribution and Wear-Life Analysis of Aero Involute Spline Coupling, R. Yuan, p. 172

Correlation between Test Rig Friction Coefficient Measurements and Urban Buses Fleet Fuel Efficientcy using Commercial Low Viscosity Engine Oils, L. Ramírez, p. 175

5 – 5:30 pm

Tribological Approaches to Developing Smart Materials for Tidal Turbines Using Erosion Maps, R. Rafee Ahamed, p. 175

5:30 – 6 pm


THURSDAY >> 151

THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2016 Technical Sessions Time Grid TIME

SESSION 7N Surface Engineering VII

SESSION 7O Materials Tribology VII

Jubilee 1

Jubilee 2

SESSION 7P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology II Jubilee 3

8 – 8:30 am

The Influence of Surface Texturing on Friction in Lubricated Parallel Sliding Surfaces, D. Bijani, p. 164

Influence of Surface Topography on the Tribological Behaviour of Self-lubricating Iron Based Composites, J. de Mello, p. 165

Friction Mechanism of Diamond-Like Carbon, P. Antonov, p. 166

8:30 – 9 am

Enhanced Tribological Performance of Metallic Materials Through Laser Surface Processing, P. Menezes, p. 164

Surface Texturing for Friction Control Under Dry Sliding Contact, O. Rashwan, p. 165

Interfacial Shear Strength of Graphene Oxide Films, T. Filleter p. 166

9 – 9:30 am

Extraordinary Wear Performance of Nanocomposite Coatings in Fully Formulated Oils, G. Ramirez, p. 164

Studies of Impact and Rolling Wear Properties for Hot-Rolled Medium Manganese Steel, Q. Yinghuai, p. 165

Studies of the Dynamic Tribological Properties of Graphene on Rough Surfaces, J. Batteas, p. 167

9:30 –10 am

Investigation of the Contact Performance of Machined Surface Morphology, P. Li, p. 164

Tribological Properties of Zr-2.5Nb Alloy After Thermal Oxidation under Bovine Serum Lubrication, Y. Luo, p. 166

Enhanced Thermo-oxidative Stability in Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Solid Lubricant Coatings by Doping with Silicon and Oxygen, J. McClimon, p. 167

10 – 10:30 am

Break

Break

Break

10:30 – 11 am

Stress Field Variations in RCF of a Steel Subjected to Graded Surface Hardening, M. Zhang, p. 164

Raman Microspectrometry Study of Pure Sliding Sphere Plane Interfaces Lubricated by Graphite Nanoparticles in Dispersion in Lubricant Bases, A. Molza, p. 166

Tribochemistry of Carbon Films in Oxygen and Humid Environments, S. Kim, p. 167

11 – 11:30 am

Confining of Liquids under Induced Motion, J. Leong, p. 165

Introducing Wet Friction Material’s Friction Coefficient Mapping in Automotive Applications, R. Farahati, p. 166

Correcting for Finite-Size Effects in MD Simulations of Asperity Contact, J. Harrison, p. 167

Air-Jet Erosive Wear Behaviour of Inconel 718- Silicon Carbide Composite Coatings, R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, p. 165

Practical Implications of Tribological Rehydration in the Joint, D. Burris, p. 166

Atomic-Scale Structural Probing of Tribochemistry-Induced Superlubric Interfaces in Amorphous Carbon Films, X. Chen, p. 167

11:30 – Noon

SESSION 8N Surface Engineering VIII

SESSION 8P Materials Tribology/Nanotribology III

Jubilee 1 1:30– 2 pm

Plasticity Evolution in a Coated Sphere Compressed by a Rigid Flat, Z. Chen, p. 176

Friction and Wear of Austenite Steel: Plasticity and Crack Formation, S. Brinckmann, p. 177

2 – 2:30 pm

Corrosive Wear Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Inconel 718 and Titania Coatings on Low Carbon Steel in Marine Environment, R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, p. 176

Friction without Dissipation, R. Hu, p. 177

2:30 – 3 pm

Studies on Transfer Layer Formation Using Finite Element Modeling, A. Siddaiah, p. 176

Measurement of the Friction and Elastic Modulus of Single Nanoparticles Using Atomic Force Microscopy, D. Guo, p. 177

3 – 3:30 pm

Break

Break

Break

3:30 – 4 pm

Tribological Properties of the Coating Formed on ZrTiAlV Alloys by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, M. Ma, p. 176

Experimental and Theoretical Approach of Friction Properties of Lamellar Compounds, J. Mansot, p. 177

4 – 4:30 pm

Surface Engineering Business Meeting

Nano Friction of the Atomic Step-and-Terrace Structure on Sapphire, R. Wang, p. 177

4:30 – 5 pm

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Relationship between Nanomechanical Properties and Macro-Tribological Properties of Tribo-Films Originated from Friction Modifier, C. Hashimoto, p. 177


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Thursday May 19 Session 7B

• Bronze 2

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS VII – LUBRICANT PROPERTIES Session Chair: J. Guevremont, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA Session Vice Chair: B. Sharma, University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign, IL

8 – 8:30 am Influence of Lubricants on the Fatigue Life of Thrust Needle Bearing under Debris Contaminated Lubrication M. Yokomizo, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., Ichihara-Shi, Chiba, Japan Lower viscosity automatic transmission fluids are effective for improving fuel saving performance in automobiles. However, this oil formulation would reduce oil film thickness and shorten a fatigue lif in bearing system. In this study, two things were investigated. The first one is the relation between the oil film thickness and the fatigue life of bearing under the debris contaminated lubrication. Next, the effect of oil additive on fatigue life under debris contaminated lubrication was investigated. As a result, with the increase of oil film thickness, the number of indentations increased, but a longer fatigue life was obtained. It is indicated that a thicker oil film reduces a severity of contact around the indentations. In addition, at the tests of oil additives, more concentrated tribofilm from the oil additive which shown longer fatigue life was observed.This suggests that the formation of tribofilm minimizes the shearing force applied between the solid contact parts.

8:30 – 9 am Pour Point Depressant Considerations When Blending With Re-refined Base Stock R. Gomes, B. Zweitzig, Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc., Horsham, PA Re-refining oil is an energy-efficient and environmentally beneficial method of utilizing used oil. Re-refiners claim the environmental benefits are achieved by conservation of a reusable resource, generation of less air pollution, and reduction of toxic emissions. Processing techniques for re-refining oil have advanced in the last decades, providing superior quality base oils that can be used to formulate modern fluids. In the past, the low temperature performance of re-refined base oils was a concern. In this study, we examined the low temperature performance of current North and South American and European re-refined base oils in comparison to virgin mineral oils of equal group stock classification. Low temperature data will be presented addressing whether re-refined base stocks have a particular wax interaction appetite as a component and in fully formulated fluids, with and without pour point depressants, in fresh and aged oil. Data on oils from 6 re-refiners will be shared.

9 – 9:30 am Inductive Micro-Flash Desorption for a Molecular-Level Understanding of Fuel Lubricity K. Urness, T. Bruno, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO Liquid fuels aboard high-performance aircraft currently fulfill the role of both the propellant and the heat sink for regenerative cooling. A proposed method to improve aircraft operability and increase efficiency is to eliminate the entire lubricant system and require that the fuel serve not only as the propellant and coolant, but also as the lubricant. To enable this transition, it is necessary to identify the important characteristics of fuel lubricity in order to design fuel blends that can optimize this function. At NIST we are developing a solventfree extraction technique called Inductive Micro-Flash Desorption to characterize the molecular species in complex mixtures that are

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involved in boundary lubrication. The technique takes a sample immersed in a fluid that contains surface-active species and rapidly thermally desorbs the interacting species with an induction heating device; the desorbed species are then detected by suitable analytic techniques such as GC/MS.

9:30 – 10 am New Approach to Quantitatively Measure the Polymeric Oil Additive Associations in Solution S. Pirouz, S. Jiang, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA, J. Duhamel, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada The primary purpose of engine oil is to provide lubrication needed between the moving parts of the engine. However, the viscosity of the engine oil changes precipitously with changing the temperature. This causes a technical challenge in regions where extreme temperature changes are expected. The solution for this problem is to add Viscosity Modifiers to engine oils such as ethylene-propylene copolymers. At low temperatures, long ethylene sequences crystallize in solution which shrinks the overall dimension of the polymer coil and consequently reduces the viscosity. While reduced viscosity is desired, the crystallized macromolecule becomes less soluble in oil which could lead to it uncontrolled polymeric aggregation and eventually precipitation. Unlike traditional methods this presentation will introduce a new procedure to quantitatively determine the intermolecular interaction between polymer chains in solution. This procedure could be extended and apply to any type of oil additives.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Low Viscosity Fuel Efficient Lubricants: Key Technical Issues F. Zhao, S. Hsu, The George Washington University, Ashburn, VA The 2012 CAFÉ standard sets the fuel economy for cars and light trucks from 27.5 mpg to 54.5 mpg by 2025. There are many technological options to reach that level. One of them is the use of ultralow viscosity lubricants, which reduce hydrodynamic friction but may introduce higher contact frequencies of engine components in the hot zone of the engine. Low viscosity base oils also introduce volatility and oxidative volatility concerns. We have examined the issues of friction modification, lubricant film thickness, and various ways to control wear processes. A selected set of bench test equipments and test procedures has been developed to examine the technical challenges and gain insight into the chemistries involved.

11 – 11:30 am Modern Low Viscosity Engine Applications of Esters in Modern Low Viscosity Engine Oils A. Viadas, M. Curran, Croda, Cowick Hall, Snaith, Goole, United Kingdom The continued drive towards increased fuel economy and reduction in CO2 emissions has forced OEMs and lubricant formulators to look to new engine lubricant technology. Low viscosity is a key property of fuel economy focussed engine oils; hence the introduction of the new low viscosity grades 0W-16, 0W-12 and 0W-8. It is not fully clear if the needs of these new viscosity grades can be met with current Gp II, Gp III, Gp IV or GTL technology. This paper will outline some of the key performance characteristics of esters in general and the advantages of using low viscosity esters to formulate 0W-16, 0W-12 and 0W-8 engine oils. The performance of esters will be compared with other commercially available low viscosity basestocks. The paper will include formulation studies of 0W-16, 0W-12 and 0W-8 oils and demonstrate the frictional performance of these oils.

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Technical Sessions 11:30 am – Noon Surface Energy, Viscosity, and Friction of Selected Ester Lubricants X. Zhang, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, Y. Zhao, K. Ma, Chongqing Branch, Lubricant Co. Ltd. SINOPEC, Chongqing, China, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Nine synthrtic esters are studied as lubricants through the measurements of viscosity and surface tension, as well as the tests for friction. An RTEC multifunctional pin-on-disk tribometer is used for the friction study, and a Kinexus pro+ rheometer is used for the viscosity and surface tension studies. The friction test results are summarized in the form of Stribeck curves and data correlated with the rheological properties and surface tensions of the lubricants. The effects of the chemical structures of these lubricants on their tribological performances are explored through the result correlation.

Session 7C

• Bronze 3

ENGINE & DRIVETRAIN VII Session Chair: J. Qu, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Session Vice Chair: W. Anderson, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

8 – 8:30 am Tribology Behavior of a Copper-Based Composite for Heavily-Loaded Wet Clutch T. Gong, P. Yao, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China Copper-based composite manufactured by powder metallurgy has been widely applied to heavily-loaded wet clutches because of its excellent mechanical, thermal and tribological properties. In the current work, tribology behavior of a copper-based wet clutch facing composite sliding against alloy steel was investigated in a ring-on-ring braking simulator under oil lubrication. The results demonstrate that the mean friction coefficient and wear rate revealed an obvious upward trend with increasing speed and load during braking operations, due to the friction and wear mechanism changing under different operating conditions, especially the heavily-loaded condition. Meanwhile, examinations and analyses of temperature fields, friction surfaces and subsurfaces were performed to discuss the friction and wear mechanism.

8:30 – 9 am Impact of Industrial Gear Oil Additives on Bearing Life S. Basu, J. Vinci, S. Gotheridge, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH Industrial gear oil specifications have evolved to accommodate higher loading and extended periods of operation. Historically, organic compounds of sulfur and phosphorus have protected gear surfaces, but this necessarily reactive chemistry has more recently been implicated in bearing failures. Our contention is that not all gear oil additive chemistry should be dismissed as hostile to bearing life. Utilizing the FAG FE8 cylindrical bearing test ( DIN 51819-3) and FZG scuffing test (ASTM D-5182: A/8.3/90), our investigations revealed that optimally designed additive formulations are capable of extending bearing life without compromising the anti-wear protection requisite for gears.

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9 – 9:30 am Abrasion Resistant Improvement of the Valve Seat for Automobile Engines by the Oxidation and the Turn K. Matsumoto, Honda R&D, Haga-gun, Tochigi, Japan, A. Sasaki, MAINTEK Consultant, Yoshihama-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Japan Valve seats for engine are manufactured by powder metallurgy. As a method for improving the wear resistance, the surface is oxidized prior to use, was performed to form an oxide film. Moreover, by reducing the valve rotation, the valve and the seat become uniformly contact, and we were able to discover the further improvement of the wear resistance. These technology seems to be effective for natural gas engine in harsh wear resistance.

9:30 – 10 am Time-Dependent Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of Cam-Roller Contacts A. Almqvist, M. Shirzadegan, R. Larsson, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden There is great interest in studying the behavior of machine components under real-world conditions because such investigations can provide important insights into the effects of parameters such as the lubricant film formation and the friction associated with shearing of the lubricant film. This paper presents the results from on numerical simulations of the elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact between the cam and the roller follower. In particular, the fully deterministic multiphysics model was developed to systematically analyze effects associated with the contact geometry of a system where the cam is wider than the roller follower. The influence of lubricant rheology and operating conditions in terms of varying loads, velocities was also studied. The numerical solution procedure is based on finite elements and a Newton-Raphson method was applied to solve the fully coupled problem, comprising the Reynolds equation and the set of equations describing the elastic deformation.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Minimising Wear and Friction of Diamond-Like Carbon Surfaces With Polymeric Organic Friction Modifiers A. Viadas, M. Fazakerley, J. Eastwood, Croda, Yorkshire, United Kingdom Reducing emissions and improving fuel economy continue to be a focus within the automotive industry. In order achieve legislated targets OEMs and lubricant formulators have adopted many solutions and continue to invest heavily in the development of evermore efficient engineering and lubrication solutions. One example of lubricant development is the use of lower viscosity engine oils but reducing viscosity can lead to increased friction and wear and has led some OEMs to use non-conventional coatings for some specific engine components, such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. DLC coatings are typically applied to provide a more durable surface, especially where a high degree of boundary lubrication is experienced. We will discuss the friction and wear performance of PFMs in tribological contacts, which include one or more DLC coated surfaces and contrast their performance against conventional organic friction modifiers, like GMO and inorganic friction modifiers, specifically MoDTC.


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Thursday May 19 Session 7D

• Gold

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS V Session Chair: E. Terrell, Sentient Science Corp., Buffalo, NY

8 – 8:30 am Effect of Deposition Method on the Tribological and Functional Performance of CrxN Ball Coatings K. Mutyala, H. Singh, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, R. Evans, Timken Technology Center, Canton, OH, G. Doll, The University of Akron, Akron, OH In this study, the tribological and functional performance of CrxN coatings on AISI 52100 balls was evaluated. A closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system (CFUMS) and an ion beam assisted e-beam deposition (IBAD) system were used to apply the coatings. Tribological performances of coated specimens were evaluated under boundary layer lubrication in rolling (3 ball/rod) and sliding contact tribometers, and the functional performance was examined in thrust bearing tests. Whereas the friction coefficients were found to be similar for both coatings against 52100 steel, the L50 fatigue life of M50 rods paired with IBAD-coated balls was 4 times greater than that obtained with the 52100 balls. Significantly, the L50 fatigue life of the M50 rods paired with the IBAD-coated balls is comparable to L50 of M50 rods when paired with high-quality ceramic (Si3N4) balls. Finally, bearings with IBAD-coated balls were observed to operate with lower torque than those with CFUMS-coated balls.

8:30 – 9 am Influence of Internal Geometry, Metallurgy, and Component Surface Finish on Expected Life of Nominally-Equivalent Roller Bearings E. Terrell, Sentient Science, Buffalo, NY Although the same bearing model from different suppliers may have the same external form factor and load rating, there are often differences in internal geometry, material quality, and surface treatment from one bearing supplier to another that will cause the performance and expected life to vary in the field. This talk presents a study that analyzed bearings having identical model designations and external dimensions, but provided by different suppliers. Reverse engineering of the bearings showed differences in metal quality, internal geometry, and surface roughness between the two suppliers. Subsequent multiphysics modeling of the bearings enabled the resultant difference in the expected life to be quantified, with the modeling results comparing well to experimental observations.

9 – 9:30 am Prediction of Rolling Bearing Friction – A Valid Method Even for Large Size Bearings O. Koch, C. Bohnert, T. Lösche, Schaeffler Technology AG & Co. KG, Schweinfurt, Germany In the last couple of years, the well-known bearing manufacturers have developed advanced friction models for more precise prediction of rolling bearing friction. So it is possible to calculate the friction torque of individual bearings, the dissipated bearing power for entire gearboxes, as well as the resulting CO2 emissions. The validation of these methods were mainly done with small bearings (e.g., bore diameter from 15 to 160mm). The open question is can we extrapolate this calculation method even to bigger bearings? Now Schaeffler has developed a new powerful test rig “ASTRAIOS” for large size bearings. So bearings up to a mass of 15t and an outside diameter of 3.5m can be tested. With this test rig, it is possible to validate even the friction calculation also for this kind of bearings for the very first time. This paper will show the results of the validation over the whole range of bearing size and give an example for the benefit of this calculation method.

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9:30 – 10 am Performance of Thrust Needle Roller Bearings Considering Surface Roughness and Elasto-Plastic Deformation X. Shen, Z. Wang, X. Chen, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China Thrust needle roller bearings, boasting various advantages such as high-load carrying capacity, high rigidity and compactness, are used in a diversity of application. It also has been suggested that they cannot be used under high speed conditions because of the relative sliding between the rollers and the raceways. The sliding roller-race contact can generate heat and result the occurrence of surface originated flaking. So far, the influences of working conditions and structure parameters on the friction torque of needle roller bearings have been investigated. The slip friction between roller and raceway is main component of the friction torque. And the slip friction directly depends on the lubricated conditions. Thus in this study, the mixed lubricated model of thrust needle roller bearings is firstly established. Then the effect of the roughness parameters, working conditions and structure parameters on the lubricated and wear performance is analyzed.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Modeling the Effect of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication on Rolling Contact Fatigue N. Paulson, F. Sadeghi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Using a fully coupled finite element solution of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem, the current work models the effect of elastohydrodynamic lubrication on the initiation and propagation of rolling contact fatigue cracks. To develop this model an efficient finite element model was developed that calculates the EHL pressure as well as the deformation and stresses in the contact. Because the EHL model calculates the surface deflection using a finite element approximation, material anisotropy caused by material degradation can be modeled in the subsurface of the contact. This EHL model is coupled with a Voronoi tesselation damage mechanics model including Voronoi tessellation which has previously been developed to simulate the microstructural randomness in rolling contact fatigue. By combining these two models the effect of material softening due to rolling contact fatigue modifies the calculated EHL pressure profiles which further modifies the fatigue crack propagation.

11 – 11:30 am Monitoring Hydrogen Contamination in Lubricated Contacts of Bearing Steels A. Ruellan, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Presence of hydrogen in bearing steels is known to promote the onset of unpredictable rolling contact fatigue related failures. In order to better predict the risk of these failures and design countermeasures, there is a need to better identify hydrogen sources in lubricated contacts. Bearing steel itself inevitably contains a certain amount of hydrogen, but evidence suggests hydrogen can also be generated through the tribological decomposition of lubricant compounds, subsequently promoting atomic hydrogen permeation. Hydrogen contamination remains very difficult to monitor due to very low concentrations, its versatility and diffusivity. In this paper, hydrogen monitoring techniques are applied on various tribometers simulating rolling/sliding lubricated contacts. Focus of the study is on comparative measurements to assess the influence of various parameters such as steel and lubricant composition, water contamination, temperature and frictional energy on the evolution of hydrogen.

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Thursday May 19 7D

11:30 am – Noon Visualization of Debris Entrapment in EHL Contacts using µ-PIV Technique V. Strubel, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Lyon (INSA Lyon), Villeurbanne, France, S. Simoens, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, Villeurbanne, France, N. Fillot, F. Ville, P. Vergne, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Lyon (INSA Lyon), Villeurbanne, France, A. Mondelin, Y. Maheo, SKF Aerospace, Châteauneuf-sur-Isère, France Generally lubricants used in mechanisms, such as turbofan engines, are contaminated. Indeed a lubricating fluid can carry all sort of debris (in terms of size, nature and quantities) within lubricated contacts of rolling bearings for example. As avoiding such phenomena seems impossible, particle entrapment must be fully understood and widely investigated. A novel approach with a device combining a tribometer and a µ-Particle Image Velocimetry (µ-PIV) visualization system was developed. It allows the direct observation of the lubricant in the vicinity of the contact. Considering a glass-steel contact, it gives the possibility to get in-situ measurements on the dynamics of suspended fluorescent particles, which act as debris. In this study, particle trajectories are analyzed in order to observe how particles might bypass or be entrapped inside the contact.

Session 7E

• Silver

MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY & LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY I – INVITED PAPERS Session Chair: M. Jungk, Dow Corning GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany

8 – 8:30 am Volumetric and Rheological Properties of Base Oils at High Pressures M. Devlin, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA, J. Dickman, J. Hassler, E. Kiran, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA In order to improve the energy efficiency of machines, lubricants are being formulated with lower viscosity base oils. One concern with lower viscosity fluids is that they may not adequately protect surfaces that are in contact. In these contacts, lubricants are exposed to high pressure and the behavior of lubricants under high pressure conditions is often overlooked when discussing the use of low viscosity base oils. This paper describes the high pressure volumetric and rheological properties of base oils commonly used in lubricants. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric thermal expansivities, thermal pressure coefficients and internal pressures were determined from density changes of base oils at high temperature. The impact of these high pressure properties on film formation properties of base oils will be discussed.

thinning phenomenon with the change of radius of gyration of the lubricant molecules because one of the major mechanisms of shear thinning is molecule alignment with the flow field. With this approach, the critical shear rate for the onsite of shear thinning can be obtained, and the variation of the molecular radius of gyration as a function of shear rate can be directly related to the Carreau-type shear thinning equation.

9 – 9:30 am X-Ray CT Imaging of Grease Behavior in Ball Bearing and Multi-Scale Grease Flows Simulation T. Noda, K. Shibasaki, NSK Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL When considering bearing life extending, it is important to grasp the details of grease behavior in a bearing. In many cases, some kinds of difficulties commonly arise when attempting to observe grease behavior directly from the bearing exterior without removing seals and shields while conducting conventional experiments. In this work, utilizing X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging system, one of the non-destructive way, grease distribution in a ball bearing was able to be well captured and grease internal flows, especially grease transition from churning to channeling state were visually observed. Additionally numerical simulation of grease flows, Computational Fluid Dynamics as macroscopic grease flows and Elastohydrodynamic simulation as microscopic film thickness variation in the contact area were respectively performed. Establishing integrated multi-scale grease flows simulation is the final object of this work.

9:30 – 10 am Entanglement and Self-Alignment of Heterocyclic Friction Modifier Molecules during Surface Adsorption: From MD Simulation to Experiment J. Lu, X. He, M. Desanker, P. Liu, M. Delferro, T. Marks, Y. Chung, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Newly synthesized heterocyclic molecules have demonstrated a promising potential for boundary lubrication friction reduction as a friction modifiers (FMs) for future motor oils. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations are conducted for in-depth understanding of the surfacescience insights of these FMs. The entanglement and self-alignment of the novel heterocyclic FM molecules are simulated as essentially critical steps for a surface adsorption. Analytical experiments are designed and conducted to comprehend the surface adsorption in a boundary lubrication process, which is affected by a variety of environmental parameters, such as time, temperature, humidity, and exhaust gases. Coupling experimental results with the MD simulations clarifies a crucial molecular process that the novel heterocyclic FMs experience in boundary lubrication improvement. This new understanding of the tribo-interface at the molecular level shed some light on the design of better FMs.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 8:30 – 9 am Characterization of Lubricant Shear Thinning Behavior Based on Radius of Gyration Calculation through Molecular Dynamics Simulation P. Liu, J. Lu, Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, N. Ren, F. Lockwood, Valvoline, Lexington, KY, Q. Wang, Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL The shear thinning behavior of a lubricant significantly affects lubrication film generation at a high-shear working condition. Molecular dynamics simulation of viscosity, while having the advantage of reaching an ultra-high shear rate, often fails to capture the entire shear-thinning curve due to low signal to noise ratio at lower shear rates. This paper proposes an approach that correlates the shear-

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10:30 – 11 am Impact of Synthesis Parameters on Overbased Calcium Alkylsalicylate Detergent Structure A. Piacentini, F. Dassenoy, B. Vacher, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France, P. Lecante, CEMES, Toulouse, France, A. Chazeau, P. Tequi, Chevron Oronite, Gonfreville-l’Orcher, France One of the most important additives for lubricant oils is the overbased detergent, which displays the additional property of neutralizing acids generated by combustion. Overbased calcium alkylsalicylate is colloid of CaCO3 chemically stabilized in oil by the organic calcium salt acting as a surfactant. These colloids are synthetized in situ through the reaction of solid Ca(OH)2 with gaseous CO2 and a throughout characterization of the reaction product from the raw materials to the finished product is fundamental. The present study focus on impact of

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Technical Sessions CO2 amount used on the composition, structure and morphology of the final product using techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as complementary chemical analysis.

8:30 – 9 am Effect of Speed On Performance Analysis of Hole-Entry Hybrid Conical Journal Bearing for Different Semi Cone Angles P. Khakse, V. Phalle, S. Mantha, VJTI, Mumbai, Maharastra, India

11 – 11:30 am Perfecting the Lubricant Wheel through Macromolecular Design J. Robinson, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Benton City, WA Star-shaped poly(alkyl methacrylate)s (star-PAMA) are state-of-the-art lubricant viscosity modifiers utilized in various automobile fluids and oils. The relationship between macromolecular composition and/or structure towards viscometric properties of the bulk lubricant is poorly understood. Elevated viscosity indices are typically accredited to a suspected globular-to-coil conformational change of the polymer. We have conducted a series of structure-property relationship studies to evaluate this assertion and provide further insight into the macromolecular features that influence lubricant performance. StarPAMAs were prepared via a core-first strategy affording star polymers with a unique number of arms (i.e., 3, 4, and 6) and comparable arm lengths. The viscosity, calculated viscosity indices, friction, and wear were determined at a constant concentration to evaluate which features of the macromolecular design affected lubricant performance.

Session 7H

• Las Vegas 1

FLUID FILM BEARINGS VII Session Chair: A. Cristea, Tecnitas, Levallois-Perret, France Session Vice Chair: M. Fillon, Chasseneuil du Poitiers, France

8 – 8:30 am Effect of Geometrically Imperfect Journal and Recess Geometry on the Performance of Two Lobe/ Circular 4 Pocket Hybrid Journal Bearing System S. Sharma, D. Jain, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee -247667, Haridwar, Uttrakhand, India The present work is aimed to study the performance of a two-lobe geometrically imperfect hybrid journal bearing system having different geometric shapes of recess. The finite element method has been used to numerically compute the performance characteristic parameters of a two lobe 4 pocket bearing system which include minimum fluid film thickness and fluid film stiffness coefficient. In the present work four different geometric shape of recess, i.e. circular, elliptical, square and triangular, and a geometrically imperfect journal, i.e. barrel shape journal have been analyzed. The comparative performance of all bearings has been made on the basis of the same bearing operating and geometric parameters for the same ratio of bearing to pocket area. The numerically simulated results indicate that an elliptical recessed shaped two lobe bearing provides the largest value of direct fluid film stiffness coefficient in vertical direction vis a vis other bearings studied in the present study.

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Today’s competitive industrial world demanded the precise and exact bearing technology, which would benefit the society and end users. Conical hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearing have been receiving wide importance among researchers. Hence, the present paper aims to study analytically,the performance characteristics of a non-recessed holeentry hybrid conical journal bearing compensated with capillary restrictor over the range of journal speed. A conical journal bearing configuration, consisting of 2 rows with 12 holes in each row uniformly distributed at an angle of = 30o, is considered for the analysis under the influence of journal speed. The modified Reynolds equation governing the laminar flow of isoviscous incompressible fluid in the clearance space of conical journal and bearing is solved by using Finite Element Method.The analytically simulated results for direct fluid stiffness and damping coefficients indicate the good performance characteristics useful for bearing designers.

9 – 9:30 am Computation of Misaligned Bearing Dynamic Coefficients with Application to Plain Bearings A. El-Shafei, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, T. Saqr, RITEC, Cairo, Egypt, H. Bayoumi, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Motivated by the potential of introducing angular bearing-to-rotor misalignment in fluid-film bearings to delay the onset of oil instabilities previously investigated by researchers at Cairo University, new misaligned bearing designs are proposed in which angular misalignment, or more generally non-uniform axial clearance, is intentionally integrated in the design. A bearing code has been developed where the steady-state Reynolds’ equation is numerically solved using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the presence of misalignment. The principal output of the code is 16 stiffness and 16 damping coefficients necessary to predict the dynamic behavior of a misaligned bearing. The concept is applied to plain bearings and the effect of misalignment on dynamic coefficients is demonstrated as well as the bearing’s dynamic behavior.

9:30 – 10 am Axially Skewed Pressure Dam Bearing A. El-Shafei, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, T. Saqr, RITEC, Cairo, Egypt, H. Bayoumi, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt The favorable effect of angular misalignment in delaying the onset of oil instability in fluid-film bearings has led to novel stable bearing designs. This paper proposes a new class of pressure dam bearing designs where the dam is axially skewed (linearly or parabolically). The mathematical model of film thickness for various designs is presented. Stability plots are used to compare the dynamic behavior of the new designs as opposed to conventional pressure dam bearings.

10 – 10:30 am – Break


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Thursday May 19 Sesssion 7K

• Las Vegas 4

WEAR IV

electrostatic voltmeter using a 2-D mapping technique. A thermal check is made after the rubbing process. Tests are made with 5 mmthick samples of different polymers. Wear is evaluated by 3D measurements of the profile engraved on the sample surface.

Session Chair: K. Wahl, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC

10 – 10:30 am – Break

Session Vice Chair: A. Rostami, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

10:30 – 11 am Towards a Unified Classification of Wear

8 – 8:30 am Exploration of Used Passenger Car Timing Chains

M. Varenberg, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

R. Rieth, Infineum, Linden, NJ Timing chain wear is a growing concern in modern gasoline engines that employ direct fuel injection technology known to produce small amounts of soot. In order to restrict the elongation of this vital part and thereby minimize disruption to valve timing, robust oils are needed to deploy protective coatings on hardware regions most susceptible to surface distress. Moreover, these oils must be capable of combating the ill effects of aging by-products known to promote degradation of exposed surfaces. To further the understanding of how the timing chain from a 2.0L Ford EcoBoost engine wears over time, results from surface analyses will be presented. Characterization of surface defects will be offered along with evidence of residual tribofilm thought to preserve the chain during early stages of engine operation.

8:30 – 9 am Tribological Analysis of the Swiss Lever Escapement J. Rolland, A. Saulot, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France 95% of existing mechanical watch movements use the Swiss lever escapement [1]. The contact, still unknown, between the anchor and the escape wheel combines impact and sliding, and occurs roughly 500,000 times within only 24 hours. It can be considered as a mechanical feat, a result of the third body behaviour [2] which plays a decisive role on the operation’s success and, ultimately, on the precision of a mechanical watch. For a better understanding of the contact, an analysis based on high-speed camera observations coupled with components’ observations at various stages of wear is proposed. The influence of the power reserve on the dynamics of the escapement and the difference of speed profiles between the input and the output palette-stone was shown. The reconstruction of the contact life through the evaluation of first and third body flows [4] by electron microscopy observations is proposed. Sites and accommodation modes [3] related to the Swiss Lever escapement will also be determined.

9 – 9:30 am Relationship between Electrostatic Charge and Wear of Polymeric Materials in Translational Tribocharging Process M. Neagoe, T. Zeghloul, Y. Prawatya, D. Souchet, L. Dascalescu, Institut P’, UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ENSMA, Angoulême, France Electrostatic techniques have already been used to detect wear of metallic materials. Studies on the electrostatic charge of insulating materials have been made, but not many pointed out the relation that might exist between this charge and the wear. A recent investigation revealed that the wear can affect the charge of polymeric materials. The aim of this paper is to study correlation between the surface wear and the tribocharging process in the case of a conformal contact between two polymers. The experiments are performed with a translation tribometer capable to measure normal force, tangential force, and relative displacement between two polymer plates. The electrostatic charge generated by friction is measured with a non-contact

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Since the beginning of the systematic study of wear, many classification schemes have been devised. However, though covering the whole field in sum, they stay only loosely connected to each other and do not build a complete general picture. To this end, here we try to combine and integrate existing approaches into a general simple scheme unifying known wear types into a consistent system. The suggested scheme is based on three classifying criterions answering the questions “why”, “how” and “where” and defining a 3-D space filled with the known wear types. The system can be used in teaching to introduce students to such complex phenomena as wear and also in engineering practice to guide wear mitigation initiatives.

11 – 11:30 am Relating Wear Uncertainties to Material Characteristics through Interrupted Topography Measurements N. Garabedian, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, H. Khare, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE Tribological coatings are typically insufficiently thick to produce measurable mass losses before failure. As a result, coating wear volumes are typically assessed using profilometry. Most measurements use a single post-test scan, which can introduce uncertainties from surface extrapolation and the inability to isolate transient wear from steadystate wear. Interrupted measurements can solve both problems, while providing insights into the evolution of wear and its influence on friction. However, perfect reposition is impossible and these repositioning errors cause wear rate measurement errors. This paper quantifies the wear volume error as a function of repositioning error using controlled wear surfaces. We quantify the statistics of these errors to establish recommended error bars for wear rate reporting of such measurements. The results are applied to interrupted measurements of various low wear coatings to illustrate the potential sensitivity of such measurements to wear events.

11:30 am – Noon Friction and Wear Testing of Material Specimen of Spline Couplings S. Wang, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China, X. Xue, B. Li, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China In order to reduce wear and design of high-performance spline couplings, the frictional coefficient, wear coefficient and wear depth of 18 groups specimen are tested using the type of MMW-1 multifunctional friction and wear tester. At the same time, the effect of the materials, loads, hardness, rotation speed and heat treatment on the frictional coefficient, on the wear coefficient and the wear depth are investigated. It showed that the frictional coefficient of the third group is maximum, the wear and wear coefficient of the first group is minimum, material of 18CrNi4A was the smallest. And it also obtained that it should take 18CrNi4A as the material of the spline couplings, apply small loads as far as possible within the working condition, as well as have carburization treatment for them to minimum wear. It provides a good basic for the future work which will make an effort to propose a fatigue life prediction methodology and predict the wear of spline couplings with backlash.

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Thursday May 19 Session 7L

• Las Vegas 5

TRIBOTESTING III Session Chair: J. Xiao, Rtec Instruments, Inc., San Jose, CA Session Vice Chair: G. Krauss, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA

8 – 8:30 am The Current Applicability of Traditional Tribology Tests to Industrial Lubricants G. Fish, The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH In many old industrial lubricant specifications, general tests for rust and oxidation, as well as traditional basic tribological tests, were defined as part of the testing and approval requirements. Some of these specifications have been upgraded, but in most cases old tests, such as the Timken OK load test or 4-ball wear and extreme pressure (EP) tests, have been retained. One of the principle areas of upgrade is that newer specifications have recognized that as well as gears, industrial gearboxes also contain bearings and seals. A lack of good lubrication of these bearings, as well as that of the gears will lead to gearbox failure. Older specifications, such as USS 224, still have a focus on passing basic traditional tribology tests, rather than how they might lubricate actual bearings and gears.This presentation will discuss issues with the Timken OK and 4-ball wear and EP tests in modern industrial lubricant specifications and their potential negative effects on fluid formulations.

8:30 – 9 am Galling Testing and the Mechanism of Galling K. Budinski, S. Budinski, Bud Labs, Rochester, NY Galling is a special form of surface damage in sliding contacts since seizure and system failure can occur in one rubbing cycle. This form of wear is common in stainless steel sliding systems but galling tendency can be a limiting factor in many tribosystems. This paper describes the ASTM tests used to assess galling tendency and presents results on tests conducted to quantify the role of hardness, elastic moduli, alloying and surface texture in galling tendency. It was determined that hardness of metals plays a significant role in galling tendency, but the mechanism of galling is localized solid-state welding in the rubbing contact and therefore galling tendency depends mostly on the weldability of the rubbing members.

9 – 9:30 am An In Situ Approach to Study Tribocorrosion of a Supermartensitic Steel R. Soares, V. Lins, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas gerais, Brazil, H. Liang, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Tribocorrosion plays an important role in applications such as in offshore industry and biomedical engineering. One of the scientific gaps in tribocorrosion study is that standard methods are scarce. The objective of this work is to develop a novel in situ methodology to characterize surfaces under triboelectrochemical conditions. A potentiodynamic anodic polarization is employed to rubbing in order to analyze the synergistic interactions of corrosion and wear. A new triboelectrochemical setup was developed in order to study effects of mechanical abrasion on corrosion. The setup contains third-body abrasive wear through a tribometer, and an electrochemical monitoring. A supermartensitic steel was used in this study. The wear scars produced indicated that three-body abrasion was the dominant wear mechanism. During tribocorrosion, more pits were initiated, so called tribo-pits, than those without rubbing.

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9:30 – 10 am Investigation of Boron Carbide, DLC, and Amorphous Carbon Coating Abrasiveness After Sliding Against 52100 Steel G. Krauss, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, M. Siniawski, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, G. Doll, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, C. Melendez, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA During dry cyclical sliding, both counter surfaces can experience wear. For 52100 steel balls sliding on hard coatings, both the balls and the coatings experience wear. The steel balls experience wear as a result of the abrasive nature of the hard coating. The coating abrasiveness has been shown to decay with the number of cycles and can be described with a power law dependence. This research seeks to understand how the abrasiveness of three different coatings changes with increasing wear cycles and how the ball wear is impacted by these changes. Three types of coatings are investigated: (1) nanocrystaline WC/a-C:H, (2) a DLC over-coated nanocrystaline WC/a-C:H, and (3) boron carbide. As the coating abrasiveness declines, a very low coating abrasiveness is achieved. The ability of these coatings to continue in a low abrasiveness state while operating against a fresh steel ball is explored. The possibility of modifying coatings to control the initial abrasiveness is also explored.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Investigating Stick-Slip Behavior in Tribometers and Interpreting the Results M. Moneer, P. Lee, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX Stick-slip behavior of various materials were investigated in several different tribometers. Each tribometer yielded a different friction trace and the traces also changed with different materials. This presentation will discuss the interpretation of these results and why the results changed in the different rigs. Additional information that could be seen in the data will also be discussed and presented. This presentation will be of interest to anybody who has to interpret results from tribometers as it covers more than just stick-slip behavior.

11 – 11:30 am Bench-Top Screening of Clutch Materials S. Shaffer, Bruker Nano Surfaces, Campbell, CA, S. Papanicolaou, Bruker Nanosurfaces, San Jose, CA To decrease development time, bench-top screening tests are often used to rank materials prior to selection for evaluation in standardized full-scale component test rigs or in-service vehicle testing. The paper will present results from a small scale bench-top screening test of 4 different clutch materials, tested in commercial automatic transmission fluid (ATF). The aim was to identify test conditions which rank materials in the same manner they are ranked when full-scale clutches are tested using the SAE #2 friction test machine, or per the JASO M348-2012 test standard. Identical values for sliding speeds, contact pressures and test temperatures based on the full-scale test were used in the bench-top test. Preliminary data show good correlation with the full-scale standard test ranking using a series of step-slip tests at velocities ranging from 0.007 m/s to 1.65 m/s, contact pressures from 0.75 MPa to 3 MPa, and temperatures up to 120° C.

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Technical Sessions 11:30 am – Noon Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Thermal Oxidation Characteristic of Ester Oil

9 – 9:30 am Development of Hydraulic Filter Elements for Highly Demanding Applications

J. Li, B. Cheng, D. Jia, X. Qian, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, Hebei, China

J. Duchowski, T. Lang, E. Koch, C. Brocker, HYDAC FluidCareCenter, Sulzbach, Saar, Germany

DXR laser microscopic Raman spectrometer and Linkam FTIR600 temperature control platform were combined to study the variation law of Raman feature peak of ester base oil (such as TMPTO, TDTM and DEHA) and TMPTO added amine antioxidant under continuous heating and isothermal oxidation conditions. Changing characteristics of ester oil molecular structure and the mechanism of amine antioxidant during the thermal oxidation process were studied. The results show that some Rama peak position and Rama intensity of ester oil have changed with the increase of heating temperature. Under the isothermal condition, the Rama intensity of TDTM and DEHA base oil have no obvious changes, and the Rama intensity of =C-H, C=C and -CH2- of TMPTO decreases with the increase of oxidation time. Amine antioxidant can alleviate the attenuation of Rama intensity of TMPTO and obviously decreases the rate constant of thermal oxidation reaction of C=C.

Highly demanding hydraulic applications require careful consideration when fitted with filter elements designed for optimal system protection. The demanding operating conditions may not be limited just to the contaminant load and may include such considerations as the fluid type, flow profile and especially the working temperature. A good example of such an application is the exhaust gas recirculation cooler circuit on modern tractors. In addition to the relatively high initial contaminant load associated with the flushing of the built in contaminant from the cooler, the application involves a fluid highly aggressive towards typical filter media and corrosive to the end caps. Moreover, the operating temperature is also extremely high remaining at nearly constant 95°C with excursions reaching up to 120°C. These considerations required the development of specialized construction materials including even the endcap adhesive capable of tolerating these severe operating conditions.

Session 7M

• Las Vegas 6/7

9:30 – 10 am Inline Visual Analysis of Turbine and Lube Oils for Solids and Water Detection on a Condinual Basis

CONDITION MONITORING III Session Chair: K. Rogers, Pilot Thomas Logistics, Las Vegas, NV

T. Canty, P. O’Brien, JM Canty Inc., Lockport, NY

8 – 8:30 am Save Your Equipment: Determining Which Maintenance Actions Drive Results R. Clark, B. Debshaw, POLARIS Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN Leveraging groundbreaking findings from oil analysis users, there are new insights on how companies are more effectively using information to understand the actions, habits and results achieved by oil analysis users. This extensive survey measured equipment reliability, downtime, drain intervals, maintenance actions, use of management reports, sampling methods and the integration of mobile devices. The responses were analyzed to correlate what actions lead to more reliable equipment, longer component life and lower maintenance costs. Using this information, you can better determine what actions would generate the results needed to achieve your maintenance goals. Maintenance managers and executives can use this information to determine a reasonable result when adopting a best practice.

Imaging techniques for characterizing particles and water in turbine and lube oils can be a valuable tool for maintaining rotating and reciprocating equipment and extending operational life cycles. Traditional particle analysis methods are often limited to off line lab environments where a process sample is taken to a lab and timely control is difficult. Sampling and analyzing at line is only marginally better. These methods do not provide continual analysis of the oils and cannot yield information about particle shape and surface morphologies which can be critical in determining the source of contamination in the oils. Vision based systems lend themselves well to examination by the operator which reduces the likelihood of characterization errors and enhances reproducibility, repeatability and accuracy. The visual capability allows the user to input his or her knowledge of the process to work in making meaningful analyses decisions.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

8:30 – 9 am Real-Time Cage Temperature Measured in a High-Speed Grease Lubricated Bearing

10:30 – 11 am The Dynamic Characterisation of Machine Element Contacts Using Ultrasonic Reflectometry

D. Lang, F. de Wit, J. Wang, L. de Vries, SKF, Nieuwegein, Netherlands, F. Greco, SKF Industrie S.P.A, Villar Perosa, Italy, L. Stacke, SKF, Nieuwegein, Netherlands, L. Cao, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

H. Brunskill, P. Harper, Tribosoncis Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom

Sensors are largely adopted in bearings through the whole product life, from development till applications. The bearing cage as one of the most critical components is yet a challenge to be measured on-line without compromising the actual running condition. With a newly developed wireless sensor, the cage temperature is monitored in a high speed grease lubricated bearing under its actual running condition. Experimental results will be presented, which were obtained under a controlled industrial operating condition. The wireless sensor works on the basis of the known electromagnetic oscillation principle; with a resonation sensing circuit integrated in the cage. Developments steps were made to improve the reliability of sensor calibration and the immunity to disturbing factors, e.g., distance change. Test results showed that the sensing reliability is improved compared to state of the art. Now meaningful temperature measurement can be conducted at the cage for high speed applications.

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This work aims to introduce the basic concepts of ultrasonic reflectometry in theoretical terms and describes the hardware that was used to carry out the measurements. The main measurement and monitoring applications in tribology are wear, lubricant film thickness, interfacial stiffness, contact pressure and area. Previous work has been limited to lab based studies mostly with static conditions. The theory of each measurement is introduced and dynamic case studies are presented.


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Thursday May 19 7M

11 – 11:30 am Lubricant Maintenance Based on Condition Monitoring

9 – 9:30 am Extraordinary Wear Performance of Nanocomposite Coatings in Fully Formulated Oils

K. Berglund, S. Emadi, I. Minami, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

G. Ramirez, O. Eryilmaz, A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

Lubricants used today are designed to achieve good tribological properties as well as to maintain these properties over time. Normally, the base oil is mixed with additives which are intended to last the service life of the lubricant. Here, a model lubricant was designed to evaluate how condition based replenishment of additives to the lubricant during ageing may influence both service life and wear performance. The model lubricant consists of base oil and antioxidants and was aged in a laboratory apparatus. Different procedures of additive replenishment during ageing were investigated. It was shown that the condition monitoring technique can prolong the service life of lubricant. In addition, we found that reduced amounts of antioxidants were sufficient with the new technique.

Interaction between engineered surfaces and commercial oils play an important role in terms of wear protection and friction reduction in moving mechanical systems. In the present work, we introduce a new class of nanocomposite coatings that perform extremely well under severe boundary conditions of lubricated contacts. XPS and XRD techniques were used to characterize the coatings prior to and after the tribological tests which included a combination of pin-on-disk, reciprocating, and block-on- ring techniques in fully formulated GF5 5W30 engine oil. The results demonstrated that the coefficient of friction was reduced by at least thirty percent in comparison with the uncoated surfaces. Block-on-ring shows the ability to improve the scuffing resistance substantially using the nanocomposite coating. Raman and TOF-SIMS techniques were used to elucidate the mechanisms and tribochemistry that were involved in much improved tribological performance of the nanocomposite coated surfaces.

Session 7N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING VII Session Chair: Z. Khan, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: F. Motamen Salehi, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

8 – 8:30 am The Influence of Surface Texturing on Friction in Lubricated Parallel Sliding Surfaces D. Bijani, D. Schipper, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijsel, Netherlands, E. Deladi, Bosch Transmission Technology, Tilburg, Netherlands In many industrial applications, a modification of the surface geometry can enhance the frictional behavior of contacts to a favorable condition in the mixed lubrication regime. In this paper, the effect of surface texturing on the film thickness and friction mixed lubrication in parallel sliding surfaces is investigated. It is shown that surface texturing can improve film formation and as a result the load carrying capacity. With the numerical model developed, the effect of for instance shape, depth, size and textured area on the film thickness and friction is shown. Further, it is possible to find the optimum size for the most beneficial texturing pattern with respect to friction and film formation.

8:30 – 9 am Enhanced Tribological Performance of Metallic Materials Through Laser Surface Processing P. Menezes, Y. Liao, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV In this study, a hybrid laser processing technique integrating laser shock peening (LSP) with laser surface texturing (LST) is developed to improve the tribology performance. In particular, an ultra-high strain rate surface processing process, LSP is applied to introduce surface work-hardening layer, compressive residual stresses, and grain refinement; while the LST is a large scale, and ultra-fast process utilized to generate surface features from micro to nanoscale. The tribological experiments are conducted using pin on plate sliding tester for varying normal loads in ambient environments. In the experiments, the pins were made of metallic materials (Al, Cu, Al alloy) and the counterpart is made of die steel flat. The experimental results revealed that the hybrid laser processing technique significantly improved the tribological performance of during sliding contact conditions. The underlying mechanism for enhanced tribological performance will be discussed in this paper.

164


9:30 – 10 am Investigation of the Contact Performance of Machined Surface Morphology P. Li, H. Chen, Q. Wang, Y. Li, W. Fu, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Engineering practices and analysis have indicated that surface textures and topography affect the mechanical performance of contact interfaces. The present work is aimed to investigate the effect of machined surface morphologies on the contact performance results, including the average surface gap, the contact area ratio, and the volume of plastically deformed material. The studied surfaces are generated depending on the machined parameters using computer simulation technique which was proved to be validated. The elastoplastic contact of rough surfaces is analyzed by means of semianalytical method (SAM) and minimization of complementary energy. The results indicate that with increasing the interval of texture, the average surface gap remains invariant while the contact area ratio and the volume of plastically deformed material decreases.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Stress Field Variations in RCF of a Steel Subjected to Graded Surface Hardening M. Zhang, Q. Wang, L. Keer, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, Q. Zhou, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Z. Wang, X. Jin, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, N. Arakere, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, N. Zhao, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China Carburization helps extend the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of bearing steels by increasing the surface hardness while also increasing core toughness. The high carbide volume fraction at the surface can lead to localized stress/strain concentration and microplasticity as carbides act as inhomogeneities. RCF experiments of carburized M50NiL bearing steel at University of Florida resulted in detailed measurements of the plastic deformation zone and subsurface hardness variation in different load cycles. This work reports our analyses of the stress/strain fields of each load cycle by using the recently developed elastoplastic-inhomogeneity rolling contact model and data from the RCF experiments. Parameters that represent carbide volume ratio and its gradient are introduced for RCF life prediction.

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Technical Sessions 11 – 11:30 am Confining of Liquids Under Induced Motion

Session 7O

J. Leong, SIM University, Singapore, Singapore, J. Zhang, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, S. Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, A. Holmes, H. Spikes, T. Reddyhoff, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY VII

Liquid lubrication is considered for addressing high friction and wear in MEMS, especially with friction modifiers and surface modifications. A practical concern in contacting and moving micro-surfaces is the starvation of lubricants at that point, where the liquid is drawn away from the contact. Selective modification of the surface properties would leave regions of contrasting surface energy, anchoring drops of liquids within a specified area. This method was tested on both water and hexadecane, and under both static and forced movement conditions. The latter was carried out by observing their movement while placed on a spinning disc, using their own centrifugal force as the driving force. The selective modification of the surface was found to increase the force required to move the 1 µl droplet from the original location by a significant amount, and was correlated to the extent of dewetting due to the surface energy contrast induced.

11:30 am – Noon Air-Jet Erosive Wear Behaviour of Inconel 718- Silicon Carbide Composite Coatings R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, P. Nataraj, P. T, N. B, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India The composite coatings are currently gaining popularity in wide range of engineering applications where the failure modes are dominated by wear and corrosion. These composite coatings are being developed by several processing routes. Among them, thermal spraying in particular HVOF process is quite popular one owing to its uniqueness such as low levels of oxide content and porosity with excellent bond strength. In the light of the above, the present work aims at developing Inconel 718 – 20wt % SiC composite coatings on steel substrates (A36 & SS304) using HVOF process. Inconel 718 – SiC composite coating possess higher hardness when compared with uncoated substrates. Under all the studied conditions, erosive wear resistance of Inconel 718 -SiC composite coatings possessed maximum air jet erosion wear resistance with sand as erodent. SEM and 3D confocal observations suggest least surface degradation in case of Inconel 718 – SiC composite coatings on SS304 substrates.

Stay Connected at the Annual Meeting and Tweet #STLE2016 If you’d like to be more involved during the annual meeting and share information with fellow attendees, STLE encourages you to use Twitter to tweet noteworthy sessions, photos, questions and other valuable resources. We’re also encouraging exhibitors, sponsors and companies to use it as a way to share useful information with attendees. Log on to Twitter (www.twitter.com) and just tweet using the #STLE2016 hashtag. And be sure to follow STLE’s twitter handle (@STLE_Tribology) for the latest updates throughout the week regarding the annual meeting.

• Jubilee 2

Session Chair: S. Marshall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Session Vice Chair: S. Joynson, Lehigh University, Lehigh, PA

8 – 8:30 am Influence of Surface Topography on the Tribological Behaviour of Self-lubricating Iron Based Composites J. de Mello, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, K. Campos, Instituto SENAI de Inovação em Engenharia de Superfícies, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, P. Kapsa, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France, C. Binder, A. Klein, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil In this work, we present the influence of surface topography on the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating composites sintered at 1150°C with (3 and 5% wt%) and without SiC addition. We discuss the effects of the surface topography (Ra, Rv and Rp) on friction coefficient and wear rates of specimens and counter bodies. The tribological behaviour was analysed using linear reciprocating sliding tests (constant load of 7N, 60 min duration). It was shown that the reduction of surface roughness increased friction coefficients and wear rates of specimens and counter bodies, probably due to plastic deformation and consequent closure of graphite reservoirs. Chemical analyses of the wear scars using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) showed a tribolayer that was composed predominantly of carbon and oxygen. Analyses of the wear scars showed traces of plastic deformation on both samples and counter-bodies and the predominance of abrasion as the main wear mechanism.

8:30 – 9 am Surface Texturing for Friction Control Under Dry Sliding Contact O. Rashwan, Penn State University, Middletown, PA, V. Stoilov, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada Microsurface texturing has been utilised to control friction between components of various applications and systems, such as components of internal combustion engines, dies and punches of the metal forming processes and micro-electrical-mechanical systems (MEMS). The friction mechanisms involved in dry sliding are analysed and the key factors that control friction are identified as the real area of contact and the material properties. An analytical proof is derived demonstrating that a minimum friction force exists. In addition, numerical simulations and experimental work were performed to test this hypothesis. Circular craters of different sizes and densities, are fabricated using laser ablation on hardened tool steel samples. The dimples are arranged in adjacent equilateral triangles layout. Coefficients of friction were measured using a scratch tester under dry sliding conditions and constant load. In addition, adhesion forces were estimated using an atomic force microscope (AFM).

9 – 9:30 am Studies of Impact and Rolling Wear Properties for Hot-Rolled Medium Manganese Steel Q. Yinghuai, School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China In this paper, the impact-rolling wear properties of hot rolling medium manganese steel and Hardox martensite steel were studied in experimental machine of M2000. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to investigate the structural transformation and wear mechanism of medium manganese steel. The results show that hot rolled medium manganese steel reveals better resistance to impact-rolling wear

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Thursday May 19 7O

properties compared with the Hardox martensite steel in these testing conditions. Approximately 1000 m hardened layer in thickness is formed in worn subsurface. The highest Vivtorinox hardness is about 490HV. And the highest Rockwell hardness is about 53HRC. Dislocation strengthening, deformation twinning and martensitic transformation are the main reasons to improve work hardening and wear resistance. The drilling wear and fatigue fracture were the main wear mechanisms.

coefficient behavior that has been mapped in the Streibeck curve. Also it explains WFM’s desired friction performance for automotive application and the ways to achieve that.

9:30 – 10 am Tribological Properties of Zr-2.5Nb Alloy After Thermal Oxidation under Bovine Serum Lubrication

D. Burris, A. Moore, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Y. Luo, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou, China Thermal oxidation technique was developed to improve the wear resistance of Zr-2.5Nb alloy for the application in biomedical field. The composition and structure of the oxides were examined by SEM, XRD and XPS. Then, the nanomechanical properties of the modified Zr-2.5Nb alloy were investigated by using in-situ nanomechanical testing instrument. Finally, the tribological properties of the modified Zr-2.5Nb alloy were tested by using a universal multi-functional tester developed at CETR under bovine serum lubrication. It was found that zirconium oxide was formed on the surface of Zr-2.5Nb alloy. Furthermore, the biotribological test revealed that thermal oxidized Zr-2.5Nb alloy exhibited low friction coefficient and high wear resistance.

10 – 10:30 am – Break 10:30 – 11 am Raman Microspectrometry Study of Pure Sliding Sphere Plane Interfaces Lubricated by Graphite Nanoparticles in Dispersion in Lubricant Bases A. Molza, Y. Bercion, J. Mansot, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe Raman microspectrometry is applied for in situ study of pure sliding sphere plane contacts lubricated with dispersions, in 5P4E, of exfoliated graphite nanoparticles for the characterization of their contribution to the friction reduction processes. Experiments carried out with pure 5P4E and 5% exfoliated graphite in 5P4E for various normal loads allowed us to acquire quantitatively and simultaneously the distributions of lubricant film thicknesses, pressures, nanoparticles relative concentrations, temperatures and nanoparticles physicalchemical transformations. Results show that lubricant film thickness and pressure distributions are not significantly affected by the presence of the nanoparticles, the nanoparticles relative concentration increases at the inlet to remain stable in the contact, the nanoparticles undergo physical-chemical changes at the inlet of the contact for low loads whereas the particles are mainly damaged at the contact outlet for high loads.

11:30 am – Noon Practical Implications of Tribological Rehydration in the Joint We have previously reported direct experimental evidence of a new phenomenon we call tribological rehydration during experiments with cartilage. Under load, cartilage loses interstitial fluid as dictated by Darcy’s Law. During sliding, however, we have shown that cartilage regains fluid even when loaded, which explains why cartilage in healthy joints does not collapse over time. This tribological rehydration process occurs because: (1) articulation of incongruous joint surfaces results in hydrodynamic pressurization of entrained fluid; (2) pressurization causes entrained fluid to flow into the porous articular surfaces. In this paper, we discuss the many important practical implications of this phenomenon, which include overall joint lubrication, joint replacement, lifestyle strategies promoting joint health, and the design of general lubrication systems that leverage Nature’s solution to the challenge of variable and unpredictable mechanical demands.

Session 7P

• Jubilee 3

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY/NANOTRIBOLOGY JOINT SESSION II: MECHANICS AND TRIBOCHEMISTRY AT THE NANOSCALE Session Chair: Z. Ye, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA Session Vice Chair: U. Ramasamy, University of CaliforniaMerced, Merced, CA

8 – 8:30 am Friction Mechanism of Diamond-Like Carbon P. Antonov, J. Frenken, Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Amsterdam, Netherlands We report an experiment to explore the friction mechanism of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. Even though DLC’s are a wellknown class of materials to reduce abrasive wear and friction, the origin of this reduction remains poorly understood. We have investigated the frictional behavior of DLC coatings by use of a novel friction force microscope combined with more conventional surface characterization techniques. By micro-patterning one of the contacting surfaces, we have limited the region where mechanical contact occurs. This has enabled us to directly observe the transformation of the structure and composition of the contacting surfaces and elucidate the lubricating mechanism.

11 – 11:30 am Introducing Wet Friction Material’s Friction Coefficient Mapping in Automotive Applications

8:30 – 9 am Interfacial Shear Strength of Graphene Oxide Films

R. Farahati, Schaeffler Group USA, Inc., Wooster, OH

T. Filleter, M. Daly, C. Cao, H. Sun, Y. Sun, C. Veer Singh, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Wet Friction Materials (WFM) has been using in automotive industry for long time to control power transmission from the driving shaft to the driven shaft. WFM is preferred over dry friction materials due to its smooth engagement, better controllability and higher power transfer capacity. However WFM friction behavior concept has been eclipsed by high industry’s demanding solid on solid tribology science. Due to lack of research and publication in WFM area, sometimes WFM experts use solid on solid tribology concepts to explain WFM performance. However sharing this information without knowing the applications difference would lead to a wrong explanation of WFM friction coefficient behavior. This presentation introduces WFM friction coefficient mapping and its differences with solid on solid friction

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In this work the interfacial behavior of multilayer Graphene Oxide (GO) films was investigated via friction force microscopy, and the interfacial shear strength (ISS) of the GO-to-GO interface was measured to be 5.3 ± 3.2 MPa. Based on atomic force microscopy images and chemical data, targeted molecular dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the influence of topological defects and the nature of functional group structure. Theoretical values for shear strength ranging from 8 to 47 MPa are predicted for the different structures studied. Computational results also revealed atomic origins of the stochastic nature of friction measurements. Specifically, the wide scatter in experimental measurements is attributed to variations in functional

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Technical Sessions structure and topological defects within the sheared interface. The findings provide insight for understanding the order-of-magnitude differences in strength between monolayer (~ 25 GPa) and bulk graphene oxide materials (~ 100 MPa).

9 – 9:30 am Studies of the Dynamic Tribological Properties of Graphene on Rough Surfaces J. Batteas, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Control of friction and wear is a ubiquitous challenge in numerous machined interfaces. The robust chemo/mechanical properties of graphene has made it a material of interest for modifying surface frictional properties. While graphene can readily adapt to surface structure on the atomic scale, when deposited on substrates with nanoscopic roughness (~ 5 – 50 nm rms) a conformal coating cannot be fully formed due to competition between adhesion to substrate nanoscopic asperities and the bending strain of the graphene. Here we describe a combination of AFM nanomechanical and confocal Raman microspectroscopy studies of graphene on surfaces with controlled nanoscopic roughness to examine its impact on the frictional properties of graphene. Composite interfaces, where graphene is supported on self-assembled monolayers, will also be described, along with the synergistic influence of such mixed interfaces on the frictional properties of the interface.

9:30 – 10 am Enhanced Thermo-oxidative Stability in Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Solid Lubricant Coatings by Doping with Silicon and Oxygen J. McClimon, F. Mangolini, J. Hilbert, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, K. Koshigan, J. Fontaine, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully Cedex, France, R. Carpick, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA In recent years, amorphous carbon (a-C) films have been used in applications such as protective coatings for hard drive disks, razor blades, and automotive engine components. Unfortunately, limited thermo-oxidative stability in harsh operating environments precludes their use in high-temperature applications. We demonstrate enhanced stability in amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) coatings by doping them with silicon and oxygen. These silicon oxide-doped amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H:Si:O) films were synthesized via the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIIID) technique. The improved thermal stability is demonstrated via surface spectroscopy showing retention of significant carbon with a highly sp3 character in the top 10 nm of the film under extended air annealing at 450°C. We also report macroscale tribometry results for the films, before and after annealing, focusing on the role of the surface composition and the tribofilms that form during sliding.

10 – 10:30 am – Break

10:30 – 11 am Tribochemistry of Carbon Films in Oxygen and Humid Environments S. Kim, A. Al-Azizi, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, G. Ramirez, A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL The effects of oxidation on wear of carbon/steel tribological interfaces were studied. When mechanical wear was small, the oxidation behavior of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) and stainless steel (SS) sliding interface varied depending on the nature of the oxidizing environment. In dry air or oxygen, both H-DLC and SS wore readily. The wear debris of SS did not form iron oxide in dry air and oxygen. In humid nitrogen, the wear of H-DLC diminished with increasing humidity and the SS surface showed mild wear and iron oxide debris were formed. In the absence of water, oxygen oxidizes the H-DLC surface making it susceptible to wear, creating debris and inducing wear on both H-DLC and SS. In contrast, adsorbed water molecules at less than 40% RH act as a molecular lubricant, while multi-water layers adsorbed at near-saturation act as electrolyte inducing electrochemical galvanic corrosion reactions on the SS.

11 – 11:30 am Correcting for Finite-Size Effects in MD Simulations of Asperity Contact J. Harrison, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, J. Schall, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, K. Ryan, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, K. Turner, R. Carpick, Y. Jiang, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Molecular dynamics (MD) is a powerful tool for studying the nanotribology of asperity contacts, but computational limits require compromises to be made when choosing tip sizes. To assess and correct for the finite-size effects, complementary finite element (FE) and MD simulations examining the effects of tip size on contact stiffness and stress were performed. Paraboloid tips of various heights and radii were formed from carbon-containing materials. MD and simulations of contact between these tips and rigid diamond were used to generate force curves and stress maps and compared to FE results with matching geometries and elastic constants. FE analysis shows the rigid boundary in the tip influences the contact stiffness strongly, deviating from the Hertz model for small tip heights and radii. Interpolation maps are proposed to correct this effect and extract Young’s modulus from MD data. Contact stress distributions from MD deviate from continuum predictions due to atomic discreteness.

11:30 am – Noon Atomic-Scale Structural Probing of Tribochemistry-Induced Superlubric Interfaces in Amorphous Carbon Films X. Chen, C. Zhang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, T. Kato, M. Nosaka, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, J. Luo, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The underlying mechanism of superlubricity or superlow friction in amorphous carbon has not been well resolved in the past decades. The tribochemistry-induced atomic processes occurred during sliding are crucial in establishing a near-frictionless interface for these films. In this work, we are trying to provide atomic-scale spatial resolution characterization of the contact area by various spectroscopic techniques. It was found that, depending on the tribotesting conditions, self-mated near-wearless surface passivation, phase transformation based ‘post-growth’ of tribo-multilayers of nanometer thickness on the contact area, localized shear orientation or even tribosoftening-induced polymerization are closely associated with the occurrence of a superlubric state in each individual case. These critical understandings are of importance in designing more durable carbon-based lubricants, and also of guidance significance for developing other superlubric materials.

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Thursday May 19 Session 8B

• Bronze 2

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS VIII – MODELING Session Chair: C. Bennett, Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA Session Vice Chair: P. Shiller, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

1:30 – 2 pm Simulating Realistic Organic Friction Modifier Films in Boundary Lubrication – The Importance of All-Atom Potentials N. Morgan, Shell, London, United Kingdom, H. Spikes, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Organic Friction Modifiers (OFMs) are becoming increasingly important automotive lubricant additives, not least because of progressively more stringent limits for elements found in traditional friction modifiers in specifications. Moreover, interest in lower viscosity base-oils means that more components may experience boundary conditions in the future. Molecular Dynamic simulations are a useful tool with which to give atomic-level insight into the behaviour of OFM additives. This current work compares the performance of different force-fields in terms of the reproduction of experimental OFM film structures and thier friction in the boundary regime. The OPLS all-atom force-field is compared to the computationally cheaper TraPPE united-atom potential. Whilst the united-atom potential can vastly decrease computation time by reducing the number of non-bonded interactions, it is shown that key aspects of the film behaviour are inadequately represented when the hydrogen atoms are removed.

2 – 2:30 pm Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Organic Friction Modifiers J. Ewen, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom The possibility of a slipping between the surface and the layer of liquid next to it has been observed. Slip/no slip effects are often described by way of a non-linear relation between the tangential stress and the velocity of the fluid near the surface. In some situations, cavitation must also be included to the description of the phenomenon. This is the case in which the surface is made of adjacent slip/no-slip regions. This can have the same effect than introducing some roughness in no-slip contact. Consequently, cavitation may occur, even for devices made of parallel surfaces. As it is well known, it is important, especially when roughness exists, to use a mass conserving algorithm to correctly describe the cavitation. Such an algorithm is proposed here. Other cavitation models as half-Sommerfeld model or Reynolds model (based on Christopherson algorithm) can give false overall performances. This is illustrated by some 1D/2D numerical examples for slider and bearings.

2:30 – 3 pm Theoretical Calculations of Local PhysicoChemical-Mechanical Properties Based on Ultra-Accelerated Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics for Multiscale, Multiphysics Tribological Simulation

simulations and multiscale, multiphysics tribological simulations because the UA-QCMD method can perform quantum molecular dynamics calculations 10,000,000 times faster than a conventional first principles molecular dynamics method under various conditions. In the present study, we describe the results of theoretical calculations of local physico-chemical mechanical properties such as friction coefficient, viscosity, elasticity, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity necessary for the multiscale, multiphysics tribological simulation.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis by Using High-Efficiency Computing Technology C. Chan, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, S. Chang, Nan Ya Printed Circuit Board Corp., Taoyuan, Taiwan, Y. Jeng, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Chia-Yi, Taiwan Numerical analysis of thermal hydrodynamic lubrication is complex and time consuming because of the three-dimensional numerical domain of the solution of the energy equation. For reducing the execution time, many methods for determining solutions for bearing design problems are available; parallel computing technology is crucial for achieving high computational capability and involves using workstations equipped with multicore central processing units and many-core graphics processing units. High-level GPUs depend on thousands of shaders, namely processor cores. In this study, the traditional successive overrelaxation method for solving the Reynolds equation and energy equation was replaced with the two- and three-dimensional red-black SOR methods for parallelizing the governing equations of a GPU system. The results show that a high-level GPU can be used to increase the parallel computing speed in the process of solving THD problems.

4 – 4:30 pm Experimental Investigation of Stribeck Curves for Lubricated Counterformal Contacts T. He, D. Zhu, J. Wang, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Stribeck curve is an important concept describing frictional behaviors of lubricated interface during the entire lubrication status. However, most Stribeck curves found in literature are conceptual only without real data from either experiments or numerical simulations. In the present study a new test rig is built that can operate in an extremely wide range of speed covering six orders of magnitude. Hence a complete Stribeck curve can be measured, revealing its basic characteristics for lubricated counterformal contacts. Measured curves are compared with simulation results and a good agreement has been found. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that the Stribeck curves for counterformal contacts demonstrate different behaviors from those for conformal contacts. When the sliding speed increases the friction continuously decreases even in the full-film lubrication regime due to the reduction of lubricant limiting shear stress caused by the surface flash temperature rise.

A. Miyamoto, P. Bonnaud, R. Miura, A. Suzuki, N. Miyamoto, N. Hatakeyama, S. Kozawa, M. Williams, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan The design of tribological systems has provided a variety of challenges to computational or theoretical chemists. In collaboration with experimental experts we have developed many tribological simulators. Among the methods, Ultra-Accelerated Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics (UA-QCMD) method is very useful for the tribo-chemical

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Thursday May 19 Session 8D

• Gold

ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS VI Session Chair: H. Grillenberger, Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany

1:30 – 2 pm Influence of Rubbing Materials on the Effectiveness of Lubricating Boundary Films K. Pagkalis, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, M. Ingram, Afton Chemical Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom In lubricated sliding-rolling contacts operating under low specific film thicknesses, contacting components are generally protected by a thin boundary film formed on their rubbing surfaces. Such films are formed through the interaction of lubricant additives and the material of contacting surfaces. Despite the importance of this interaction, most studies of boundary lubrication only use 52100 bearing steel specimens, thus ignoring the potential effects of surface material composition. This paper presents results of an experimental study on formation and effectiveness of boundary films formed in rolling-sliding contacts of a range of steels and surface coatings. Steels studied are those typically used in bearings and gears, while the surface coatings were selected to assess the potential influence of individual steel alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, W and Mo. The study uses custom made fluids with a range of additive chemistries, including ZDDP and ashless anti-wear additives.

2 – 2:30 pm Tribological Performance of PEEK for Bearing Applications B. Allison, SKF Aeroengine, Falconer, NY Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become a common material choice for high performance bearing cages. Despite widespread use, technical gaps remain regarding its tribological behavior under industrial bearing operating conditions i.e. high speed, oil and/or grease lubricated, etc. PEEK is now being considered for use in aerospace drive train applications, and a deeper understanding of its tribological performance under these conditions is desired as part of a rigorous technology readiness qualification process. Towards that end, wear testing was performed to investigate the tribological performance of a range of PEEK blends under test conditions that were representative of a typical aerospace drivetrain application. It was found that the reinforced PEEK blends all had fairly similar tribological performances. It was further demonstrated that the fiber reinforced PEEK blends experienced significantly less wear than the steel baseline under oil lubricated sliding wear.

2:30 – 3 pm Double Transfer in Self-lubrication Ball Bearings: A Link Between Third-Body Rheology and Local Adhesion

differences: from 3rd body morphologies (ductility, cohesion …) to friction stability (instable or not). To understand such differences, elementary adhesion and stiffness measurements have been made using an AFM with customized cantilever probes (borosilicat and AISI440C). Finally, a link has been made between local adhesion and 3rd body rheology.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Design Criteria for Oil Ring Lubricators to Improve Maintainability of Rolling Bearings M. Müller, S. Tremmel, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenNürnberg, Erlangen, Germany For rolling bearings being used in industrial applications, maintenance plays a decisive role in terms of operating costs. In order to reduce these costs, the use of a loose oil ring lubricator is a favorable method providing longer maintenance rates compared to grease lubricated bearings, simultaneously providing a comparatively compact and simple design. To derive design criteria in terms of ensuring a long oil life and to build up broader understanding ranging beyond known publications, a test rig was developed, enabling extensive experiments with a prototype bearing system. Additional simulations allow a better understanding of processes as oil flow and associated forces on the ring. Moreover start-up characteristics of the system are analyzed by monitoring ring motion until reaching stationary state. Especially ring dynamics in conjunction with signs of wear are significant aspects in terms of reachable oil life, whose condition is measured by means of periodic oil samples.

4 – 4:30 pm Investigation of Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Behavior at High Speeds Based on Ball-on-Glass Ring Test Rig W. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, Z. Zhao, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China As the main lubrication mechanism of rolling bearing, elastohydrodynamic lubrication is widely studied in the past decades, however, very little experimental data is available for film thicknesses at speeds above 5 m s−1 except for the work by Joslyn Hili et al. (2010) and He Liang et al. (2014) based on the ball-on-glass disc test rig, however, the centrifugal effect developed in the classical ball-on-glass disc test rig is very different from that found in rolling bearing. In this study, a new test rig for high speeds film thickness measurement was developed to imitate the contact between ball and outer raceway in bearing, the lubrication film thickness measurement up to 52 m/s was realized based on optical interferometry. The results from the present ball-on-glass ring test rig were compared with that from classical ball-on-glass disc test rig, and the film thickness behaviors at high speed were investigated under different oil supply conditions.

A. Saulot, M. Villavicencio, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France, G. Colas, S. Pajovic, T. Filleter, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M. Renouf, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France In space, ball bearings are often used under dry conditions, especially when liquid lubrication is not reliable enough for long-term missions. Dry lubrication is so ensured through a coating made of solid lubricant on races and/or a cage made of self-lubricating material such as Duroïd 5813 or PGM-HT (similar composition: PTFE, MoS2 and glass fibers). Selflubrication is closely related to double transfer capability from cage to race through balls. This phenomenon has been reproduced on a dedicated tribometer working under space environments. The results obtained with the two previously mentioned composites showed huge

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Technical Sessions Session 8E

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

• Silver

4 – 4:30 pm – Molecular Chemistry Discussion

MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY & LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY II

• Las Vegas 4

Session Chair: Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

Session 8K

1:30 – 2 pm Pressure Dependence of Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Viscosity

WEAR V: WEAR MITIGATION Session Chair: T. Chaise, INSA de Lyon – LaMCoS, Villeurbanne, France

P. Shiller, M. Smith, G. Doll, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, A. Greco, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

Session Vice Chair: H. Singh, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

It has been reported that transient conditions occurring during wind turbine operation generate shaft displacements that radically and rapidly change the load zones of gearbox bearings resulting in contact stresses estimated to be on the order of several GPa. Recent highpressure viscosity studies have shown that polymer additives in commercial engine and gear oils can transform the fluid into solid at pressures less than 1 GPa. This presentation will report the pressure dependence of the viscosities of several commercial wind turbine gearbox oils and relate the data to contact stresses generated in roller bearings as a result of transient forces.

2 – 2:30 pm Friction and Wear Characteristics of Martensitic Aluminum Bronze Coating Against Different Stainless Steels P. Kucita, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, G. Pan, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Cu-Al-Fe aluminium bronzes with a martensitic structure are known to have high hardness and wear resistance. These alloys are often used in applications such as engineering tools and dies. However, production of these alloys using casting techniques is difficult due to the eutectoid reaction and a narrow solidification range. In the present study, a martensitic aluminium bronze coating was produced from a Cedeoxygenated gas atomized Cu-14Al-4.5Fe powder by deposition onto an E.N. 10503 steel substrate using plasma transferred arc welding process. Dry sliding friction and wear characteristics the coating and an AISI D2 against 316, 420 and 440 stainless steels were investigated using TE-77 high frequency reciprocating tribometer, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that the coating exhibits significantly lower coefficient of friction of ~0.25 compared to that of ~1 for the currently used AISI D2 tool steels.

2 – 2:30 pm The Effect of Additives Resulting in the Lubricant Oil Consumption Concerning Blow-by in Marine Diesel Engines C. Zhang, X. Lu, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, D. Zou, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, W. Li, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil. As for oil consumption, the effect of additives will be the most significant factor on the vaporization during the operation of diesel engine. In this study, additive amount of CaCO3 and some other basic properties related to additives such as BN value and volatility in mass (%) are taken into consideration. By Orthogonal Experiments Method and based on series groups of experiments, the correlation between every parameter and oil vaporization will be detected and a final statistics formula has been calculated by the least of residual sum of square. The result could lead to the reduction of lubrication use in diesel engine.

2:30 – 3 pm Investigation of Cavitation Erosion-Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steel and Nickel Aluminium Bronze in 3.5% NaCl Solution J. Basumatary, R. Wood, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

2:30 – 3 pm Viscosity and Structure of Model Viscosity Index Improvers A. Martini, U. Ramasamy, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA The function of viscosity index (VI) improvers, to mitigate the decrease of fluid viscosity with temperature, is related to the chemistry and molecular structure of the polymers themselves. However, given the variety of features exhibited by effective VI improving polymers, the relationship between structure and function does not appear to be simple and is not well understood at this point. The goal of this research is to characterize the relationship between additive molecular structure and the viscosity-temperature behavior of base oil-additive blends. Molecular dynamics simulation is used to predict viscous behavior of base oil-additive blends for several model additive molecules. The simulations are also used to characterize conformational changes that the additives experience during shear and at different temperatures. The changes in additive molecule conformation are quantified and efforts are made to correlate observations to the viscous properties of the oil-additive blends.

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To understand the cavitation erosion-corrosion behaviour of duplex stainless steel (DSS) and nickel aluminium bronze (NAB), investigation of the microstructure, impact of their oxide layers, and the synergistic effect existing between the cavitation erosion and corrosion was carried out with the help of ultrasonic vibratory mechanism and in-situ electrochemistry. Alicona and scanning electron microscopy were employed for surface analyses and microstructural analysis respectively. For corrosion, in-situ electrochemical tests were conducted for the sample materials kept at open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From the synergy analysis, it was concluded that synergy had measurable impact on both NAB and DSS, with the synergy between cavitation wear and corrosion found to be 73.6% and 36.5%, respectively. NAB was more susceptible to cavitation erosioncorrosion as compared to DSS with prominent selective cavitation erosion of alpha phase in the microstructure.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break


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Thursday May 19 8K

3:30 – 4 pm Scuffing Performance of Mixed Synthetic Base Fluids

4:30 – 5 pm The Intricacies of Wear of Elastomeric Rolling-Sliding Contacts

M. Lorenzo Martin, O. Ajayi, A. Erdemir, G. Fenske, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

A. Bennett, K. Harris, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Scuffing, defined as a sudden catastrophic failure in lubricated contact, is one of the challenging failure modes in tribological components. It is usually accompanied by high friction and loss of functionality. Extreme pressure (EP) additives are often added to lubricants in order to prevent or at least forestall scuffing. This paper presents an experimental study of the scuffing performance of a based fluid mixture consisting of low viscosity PAO and polyol ester. Using an H-60 steel block and 4620 steel ring, the scuffing load was determined via a step load increase protocol. Addition of polyol ester to PAO in the range of 20% to 70% resulted in significant increase in scuffing load. This is attributed to the change in wear mechanism to extreme polishing wear in the presence of ester as well as the formation of a protective surface films when ester is present.

The wear characteristics of several PDMS elastomers in a rolling-sliding configuration were studied in order to characterize and assess the development of irregular wear patterns. The rolling-sliding tests were conducted at 10 N normal load with a slip-roll ratio of 3%. Tests were conducted up to and beyond the point at which the wear regime of the sample transitioned from gross uniform wear across the contact surface to a localized, circumferential strip of wear in the contact lane (approximately 1,000,000-1,500,000 cycles). Mass loss measurements were used to calculate gross wear of the sample. Volumetric loss and surface morphology measurements were made using white light profilometry in order to capture the initiation and development of the irregular wear of the sample. The results are compared to a binary wear model which can be used as a simple approximation of this system.

4 – 4:30 pm Influence of Magnesium Stearate as Lubricant Additive on Fretting Wear under Oil Lubrication

5 – 5:30 pm Load Distribution and Wear-Life Analysis of Aero Involute Spline Coupling

T. Maruyama, M. Hokao, NSK Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan

R. Yuan, Q. Chen, S. Wang, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Rolling bearings sometimes suffer from fretting wear as a result of an oscillatory motion. Fretting wear could cause a reduction of bearing performance, such as an excessively noise, an increase of torque, and the flaking. This study investigated the influence of magnesium stearate as lubricant additive on fretting wear. Fretting wear test was conducted by means of thrust ball bearings under oil lubrication. As a result of this research, it was investigated that magnesium stearate in mineral oil, which was heated at 160 °C for 500 h or more, could reduce fretting wear by 75%, comparing with non-additive lubricant. Moreover, the heat-resisting property of lubricant also could be improved by using that additive, which meant that the total acid value was kept low after heating. This research will contribute to a better understanding of fretting wear reduction by using additives.

Involute spline couplings are a compact and efficient means for transferring torque between shafts and sleeve in gas turbine aeroengines. Particularly in main shaft, low pressure splines, are complex components that can fail from a variety of mechanisms, and are particularly susceptible to fretting wear and fretting fatigue (FF), which may vitally affect the safety of aeroengines. In this paper, a statistical distribution of backlash is firstly derived for each tooth in the sequence, along with its average value and standard deviation. Then an iteration model is derived to describe the radial and axial distribution of the contact pressure. Thus obtained the load distribution. The geometric changes of spline teeth during fretting wear are taken into account in modified Archard model by an iterative numerical procedure. Finally, wear-life of the involute spline is predicted using the aforementioned numerical model and its load distribution and fluctuations.


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Thursday May 19 Session 8L

• Las Vegas 5

TRIBOTESTING IV Session Chair: J. Xiao, Rtec Instruments, Inc., San Jose, CA Session Vice Chair: G. Krauss, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA

1:30 – 2 pm A Novel Solid-Fluid Composite Coating of MoS2-Graphene-Oil with Superior Lubricity J. Wang, K. Hou, S. Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Solid-fluid complex lubrication is a novel strategy using synergistic enhancement to overcome the shortcomings of single lubricant mode. In this work, MoS2-graphene (GS) solid lubricant composite layer is firstly constructed by self-assembling GS on MoS2 layer prepared by hydrothermal method on FTO substrate. Then, the solid composite layer is infiltrated with PAO-8 oil to fully exploit the porous microstructure as microreservoirs, forming a smooth, high moisture and oxygen repellent coating. Compared with MoS2 layer, the introduction of GS can notably improve the stability of friction due to the unusual mechanical strength and flexibility of GS. Noticeable reductions in friction and wear are achieved when the complex lubricant state was formed, namely, the friction coefficients are all less than 0.08 under the load of lower than 3 N and the minimum is 0.049; meanwhile, the durability is drastically improved even under the high load of 3N and sliding frequency of 5Hz.

2 – 2:30 pm Investigation of Impact Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Medium Manganese Steel Q. Yinghuai, D. Zhang, J. Liu, School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China The impact abrasive wear behavior of new medium manganese steel was determined by the impact wear testing. The wear properties of the specimens were report and the post-test characterization of the worn surfaces were performed using XRD, SEM and TEM. The results show that the new medium manganese steel showed the better impact wear resistance between 2.5J and 4.0J of impact energy. When the impact energy reached 3.5J, the specimen showed the best impact wear resistance. The reason for the impact wear resistance was the workhardening of worn surface. From TEM, the deformed martensite, dislocation and stacking fault were observed in worn surface under 1.5J and 3.5J impact energy. The mechanism of the work hardening was the synthetic action of these transformations. With the increasing of the impact energy, the micro-fatigue increased with the increase of the impact times. The wear mechanism transformed to the microfatigue mainly from the micro-cracking and micro-cutting.

2:30 – 3 pm Friction Characterisation of Engine Oils for Predicting Fuel Economy K. Topolovec Miklozic, POWERTRIB Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom There is a great need in the industry today for efficient, reliable new tribology screening tests that would enable to determine the potential of an engine oil to meet the requirements for ever more detailed and demanding specification tests for fuel economy and engine durability. A systematic approach using new tribology technologies and methodologies for friction study of engine oils will be presented. Key immerging tribology screening methodologies will be used in order to map friction performance of a series of current commercial engine oils. Their friction characteristics will be evaluated and presented. Further, also trends will be observed how key friction characteristics of engine oils developed through recent engine oil specifications.

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3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Approaching the Stress-Dielectric Relationship in Grease Y. Peng, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, N. Wang, J. McNulty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, H. Li, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, Q. Wang, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Dielectrostriction is a rheo-dielectric phenomenon, which describes the variation of dielectric properties of a material with deformation and is a fundamental property of any dielectric material such as polymer and grease. A linear relationship has been observed between the dielectric constant change and stresses of polymers, and is named as the stressdielectric rule. In this study, the dielectrostriction effect of a grease is studied and its stress-dielectric relationship is explored in an oscillatory shear flow. The results reveal a linear relationship between the dielectric constant variation and stresses, which suggests a novel approach to the rheological property study and stress measurement of grease.

4 – 4:30 pm Experimental Study of the Onset of Scuffing in Concentrated Rolling-Sliding Contacts Using a New Contra-Rotation Test Method B. Peng, A. Kadiric, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Scuffing is a type of severe surface damage that arises due to excessive adhesion in loaded contacts that are subjected to a significant amount of sliding. Due to its rapid progress and the influence of both fluid and boundary films, scuffing is difficult to study experimentally in a systematic manner. This paper presents an experimental study of scuffing using a recently developed test method in which two metal surfaces are rubbed together in contra-rotation while the sliding speed is increased step-wise under constant load. This method enables the effects of fluid film and boundary film to be isolated while also minimising the changes in contact area, and hence pressure, as the test progresses. Results are presented to illustrate the reliability of the method and the influence of base oil type, oil additives and contact conditions on the onset of scuffing. An attempt is made to identify a reliable criterion for prediction of scuffing onset under all conditions tested in the study.

4:30 – 5 pm Influence of Crystal Size and Crystal Orientation on the Friction Behavior of ZnO Films X. Lu, Z. Chai, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used in many devices, such as varistors, piezoelectric transducers and surface acoustic wave devices. The ZnO film in sensor-based devices is not easy to fail because no contacting and rubbing structures are involved, while the ZnO film in actuatorbased devices may fail because relative motion of the contacting and rubbing structures induces wear of the film. Therefore, to ensure the normal operation of the devices, tribological property of the ZnO film should be studied. In this paper, we investigated the influence of crystal size and crystal orientation on the friction behavior of ZnO films.

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Technical Sessions 5 – 5:30 pm Correlation between Test Rig Friction Coefficient Measurements and Urban Buses Fleet Fuel Efficientcy using Commercial Low Viscosity Engine Oils

2 – 2:30 pm Understanding and Measurements the Nitration Products by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared

L. Ramírez, B. Tormos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Valencia, Spain, M. Björling, R. Larsson, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå, Sweden

FT-IR oil analysis for petroleum lubricant must be applied with appropriate measures to assure proper interpretation of final results. To determine nitration products in used oil samples by FTIR, is mainly measured changes in concentration of the constituents of the nitrogen oxides and to be formed during the nitration process of the lubricant in the spectral region from 1.650 cm-1 to 1.600 cm-1. This study was performed using data obtained under real-world operating conditions and results obtained from inter-laboratory testing program with the objetives to analyse the effect of the baselines, type of calculation and range of the wave number on nitration measurements and the limit value registered in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Nitration is undoubtedly one of the main variables considered for making a diagnosis of the current state of the lubricant and therefore the machine and it’s important to understand its outputs.

Y. Gomez, J. Ciria, IK4 – Tekniker, San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, Spain

This paper shows the results of a set of measurements of friction coefficient made using two different laboratory test rigs; first a piston ring – cylinder liner configuration using real engine parts was performed in a Cameron Plint reciprocating machine and second, a ball on disc configuration with common entrainment speeds was used to emulate the cam-follower contact. The aim of these tests was to correlate the friction coefficient values with previous fuel consumption tests in urban buses which use this type of engine and two different commercial engine oils with different viscosity grade. Results show how the behavior of friction coefficient of these specific lubricants used in this engine correlate to the fuel consumption reduction observed in the previous study.

5:30 – 6 pm Tribological Approaches to Developing Smart Materials for Tidal Turbines Using Erosion Maps R. Rafee Ahamed, M. Stack, C. Johnstone, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Tribology in marine renewable technologies has become of increasing interest due to the implications for developing improved materials for tidal and wave energy conversion devices. This ongoing research mainly focuses on tidal devices; the materials of interest are primarily polymer based composite materials that are used to provide structural integrity while reducing weight. These are specifically applied to turbine blades to withstand the high impact loadings in sea water conditions. At present, current materials in test trials have demonstrated some limitations in service. In this paper, some advanced experimental research has been carried out to investigate the tribological mechanisms of potential candidate composite materials to be used in tidal turbines by firstly considering the effects of various erosion parameters on the degradation modes, with and without particles in still and sea water conditions.

Session 8M

• Las Vegas 6/7

2:30 – 3 pm Chlorine Contamination of Air Compressor Lubricants J. Kantar, R. Heatherington, Isel, Inc., Jacksonville, FL Chlorine contamination of the lubricant in an air compressor can result in rapid, severe degradation that can compromise critical equipment. Contained within is recently completed research, along with a compilation of existing research, on the effects that chlorine contamination has on industrial air compressor lubricants along with measures that can be taken to prevent or resolve the issue. The effects of chlorine contamination on the chemical and physical properties of an air compressor lubricant were investigated to help detail the root causes of the degradation. Characteristics of chlorine contamination, along with potential sources, were classified to assist lubrication personnel in identification and prevention. Using the gathered information, a process for contamination remediation was developed to begin building an industry-accepted plan of action to remove chlorine from the lubrication system and restore compressor functionality.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4:30 pm – Condition Monitoring Business Meeting

CONDITION MONITORING IV Session Chair: K. Rogers, Pilot Thomas Logistics, Las Vegas, NV

1:30 – 2 pm Return on Fluid Analysis Investment R. Clark, POLARIS Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN Many maintenance managers find it difficult to identify the true return from their fluid analysis investment. They know they’re saving money, but have a hard time comparing what they’ve spent on preventive maintenance to the cost of the avoided breakdown. Return on Fluid Analysis Investment uses real-world scenarios to identify how a robust fluid analysis program affects expenses associated with breakdowns, oil drains and planned maintenance. The cost of repairs, loss of revenue and other charges are calculated both with and without a fluid analysis program to discover the real return from your fluid analysis investment.

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Authors and Presenters Invited to Attend Speakers Breakfast Lead authors and course presenters are invited to the Speakers Breakfast (Monday through Thursday, May 16-19) from 7-8 am in the Platinum Room to meet with Session and Paper Solicitation Chairs for a continental breakfast on the days of their presentations. This is a great time to review the session schedule and note any last-minute changes. Speakers should plan on attending.


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Thursday May 19 Session 8N

• Jubilee 1

SURFACE ENGINEERING VIII

2:30 – 3 pm Studies on Transfer Layer Formation Using Finite Element Modeling A. Siddaiah, P. Menezes, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV

Session Chair: A. Saeed, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, United Kingdom Session Vice Chair: S. Kosarieh, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom

1:30 – 2 pm Plasticity Evolution in a Coated Sphere Compressed by a Rigid Flat Z. Chen, R. Goltsberg, I. Etsion, Technion, Haifa, Israel A finite element analysis is used to study the plasticity evolution with the increase of interference in a coated sphere compressed by a rigid flat. This is done for hard coatings with moderate to large thicknesses and for a wide range of coating and substrate material properties. The main differences between the elastic-plastic behavior of coated and uncoated spheres are presented. These include various locations of plasticity onset that evolve in the coated case and an expansion rather than shrinkage of elastic core below the contact surface as the interference increases. The differences become more distinct as the coating thickness decreases and the material properties mismatch between the coating and substrate increases. An equivalent hardness in terms of the mean contact pressure of the coated system is also discussed.

2 – 2:30 pm Corrosive Wear Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Inconel 718 and Titania Coatings on Low Carbon Steel in Marine Environment R. Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, S. Rupanagudi, H. Ramesh Gudi, V. V Udupa, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Low carbon steel is most widely used in marine and agricultural application due its wide availability and low cost. One of the major limitation of using low carbon steel is its susceptibility to corrosion resulting in loss of material and huge replacement costs. In order to overcome this limitation, one of the methods is applying surface coatings thereby enhancing its corrosion resistance in sea water environment. Plasma spray technology has become very prominent in the field of application of ceramic coatings mainly to protect material surfaces from corrosion and wear. In this direction an attempt has been made to develop a coatings composed of TiO2 and Inconel 718 on Low carbon steel substrates and subjected to corrosion test under simulated conditions. Due to the presence of TiO2 in composite coating, there has been significant enhancement in the corrosion resistance.

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The transfer layer plays a significant role on friction and wear for the material systems during sliding contact conditions. The current study simulates and investigates scrupulously the nature of transfer layer formed during sliding contact conditions using LS DYNA, a commercially available finite element modeling software. In the simulation, aluminum 6061 and stainless steel (AISI 304) materials have been considered for modelling. A material model that incorporates the transfer layer condition under the influence of various tribological parameters has been applied in the simulation. Overall, the results indicate that the explicit FEM is a powerful tool for simulating the formation of transfer layer during sliding contact conditions. The separation of the material from the workpiece to the counter material is distinctly shown using the numerical model. The obtained numerical results are validated and found in accordance with experimental results.

3 – 3:30 pm – Break 3:30 – 4 pm Tribological Properties of the Coating Formed on ZrTiAlV Alloys by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation M. Ma, H. Zhong, Y. Yue, T. Wei, X. Zhang, R. Liu, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China In this paper, oxide coating was prepared on newly-developed ZrTiAlV alloys by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Its microstructure was observed by the optical microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy. The constituent of it was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction, and the main phase of the coating was tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) and (Zr, Ti) O2. The coating’s hardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester and the microhardness was about 650HV0.01 compared with the 452HV0.01 of the substrate. The tribological properties of as-forged and as-PEO samples were evaluated by the CSM tribological tester under 5N with different sliding velocities. The coefficient of friction was 0.40, 0.46 and 0.51 at the velocity of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 m /s, respectively. After the tribological tests, the wear mechanisms were determined by analyzing the wear scar and cross section of the tested samples.

4 – 5 pm – Surface Engineering Business Meeting

Registration available for STLE Certification Exams All four of STLE’s certification exams: Certified Lubrication Specialist, Oil Monitoring Analyst I and II and Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist will be conducted concurrently on Thursday, May 19 from 9 am to Noon in Palace 3. Individuals must be registered for the exams in advance, however, onsite registration is available on a limited basis. For more information, stop by the STLE Registration Desk in the Grand Salon. Registration and sign-in starts at 8:30 am. Fees: First exam: $380 (STLE member), $510 (Non-member), Retake exam: $190 (STLE member), $255 (Non-member).

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Technical Sessions Session 8P

3 – 3:30 pm – Break

• Jubilee 3

3:30 – 4 pm Experimental and Theoretical Approach of Friction Properties of Lamellar Compounds

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY/NANOTRIBOLOGY JOINT SESSION III: MECHANICS & TRIBOCHEMISTRY AT THE NANOSCALE

J. Mansot, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe

Session Chair: N. Garabedian, University of Delaware, Newark, DE Session Vice Chair: D. Haidar, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

1:30 – 2 pm Friction and Wear of Austenite Steel: Plasticity and Crack Formation S. Brinckmann, C. Fink, G. Dehm, Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany The collective contact of microstructure induced microasperities takes place during the friction and wear contact of engineering components. To fundamentally understand the competing and interacting mechanisms of tribology, we study the deformation caused by a single microasperity and its deformation. To this end, we have scratched an austenite steel with different normal forces and velocities. The contribution starts with a comparison of macroscale and nanoscale tribology. Afterwards, we discuss how the crystal structure of the polygranular material determines the plasticity and the pile-up formation. In the scratch track we observe crack initiation even after single stroke experiments. The crack spacing and orientation has a correlation to the plasticity and the grain orientation. We close with an outlook on the other deformation mechanisms at the nanoscale.

4 – 4:30 pm Nano Friction of the Atomic Step-and-Terrace Structure on Sapphire R. Wang, G. Pan, D. Guo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The atomic step-and-terrace structure exhibited on the ultra-precision sapphire surface is one of the crucial factors for interfacial engineering and nano-devices. The friction affected by this step-and-terrace structure is studied here using an atomic force microscope (AFM). It was found that the sliding direction (i.e., sliding forward or backward the step) as well as the sliding angle (i.e., sliding parallel or perpendicular to the step edge) could affect the friction behavior. Moreover, the tip radius of the colloid probe could also have an effect on the friction. Herein, the tip radius was measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The combined effects of the sliding and the probe shape on the AFM tip traces and the friction profiles were analyzed, respectively.

2 – 2:30 pm Friction without Dissipation R. Hu, J. Frenken, Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Amsterdam, Netherlands We have developed a new microscopic description of frictional processes on the atomic scale. Central to our theoretical model is that we explicitly leave out dissipation and concentrate on the dissipationless, classical phonon dynamics. Interestingly, our model provides a meaningful description of the redistribution of momentum and energy involved in atomic-scale stick-slip motion. This new approach contrasts with the conventional theoretical description of atomic-scale friction in terms of a Langevin-type equation of motion with an explicit frictional term, and casts new light on the nature of atomic-scale friction.

4:30 – 5 pm Relationship between Nanomechanical Properties and Macro-Tribological Properties of Tribo-Films Originated from Friction Modifier C. Hashimoto, S. Sasaki, C. Tadokoro, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

2:30 – 3 pm Measurement of the Friction and Elastic Modulus of Single Nanoparticles Using Atomic Force Microscopy D. Guo, G. Xie, J. Luo, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China The special mechanical properties of nanoparticles allow for novel applications in many fields, e.g., surface engineering, tribology and nanofabrication. We studied the measurement of the elastic modulus and friction for single nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy. The measurement errors due to tip wear and the deformation at the bottom of the sphere were analyzed. The results showed that the elastic modulus of PS (polystyrene) nanospheres increased with the decrease of the sphere diameter. Mechanisms for the size dependence on the elastic modulus of nanospheres were also discussed. In addition, the individual nanoparticles have been manipulated on silicon surface to measure the friction between them. It was found that the friction could be affected by various factors such as the load, the particle size and the surface treatment. The results provided new insights into the intriguing friction phenomenon on the nano-scale.

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The physical/chemical parameters monitoring the tribologic properties of lamellar compounds (Graphite, MoS2, TiS2) are experimentally and theoretically investigated. The ability of the layered compounds to intercalate, in the interlayer gaps, various chemical species, is used to monitor their structure and the interlayer interactions. The correlation between the structural evolutions, the electronic bands structure changes and the tribologic properties of the pristine and intercalated lamellar compounds allow us to identify parameters involved in their friction behaviour. More specifically, the effects of van der Waals gap width enhancement, Coulombian interactions, intercalant / host structure parameters misfits, intercalant/host structure electron transfers and chemical changes of the basal layers are experimentally and theoretically investigated.

Many hydraulic parts in machinery are sealed by hydraulic fluid with suitable additives between an oil seal and a metal surface. However, the mechanism of appearing of individual additive’s effect is not clarified well. And, there is a small number of researches focused on frictional property between a rubber and a metal. We conducted sliding test by use of a Bowden & Leben type sliding tester. Three types of friction modifier additives – phosphate (HCE), oleic amide (OAS-340D), and mixture of both (SAFM) – were selected as fundamental hydraulic fluid additives for sliding of nitrile butadiene rubber against Cr-plated metal. SAFM showed the lowest friction coefficient. After the sliding test, the formation of tribo-films on the Cr-plated surface was confirmed. In order to evaluate mechanical properties of this tribo-films, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and TriboIndenter were used. In this study, we discussed the effects of viscoelasticity of the tribo-films on the friction behaviors.


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STLE 2016

Student Posters The Structure Design Method and the Corrosion-Wear Mechanism of Functional Gradient Nanocomposite Coatings in Simulated Body Fluid J. Qi, Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, China

Biotribology This project puts forwards to optimize the nanocrystalline/amorphous microstructure, multi-element doping and 2D interface structure as the main design concept for fabricating nanocomposite coating by multifunctional plasma deposition technology. The key breakthrough for the multilayer composite coating is that the microstructure, composition and transition layer could be controlled precisely. Based on the mathematical foundation of synergistic effect between corrosion and wear, to reveal the evolutionary process of chemical constituent and microstructure of coatings in friction test under SBF environment, and especially pay more attention to degradation mechanisms of coating under the conditions of multi-factor interactive-coupling effects. The composition and structure design principles of functional gradient composite coatings for the functionality and corrosion resistant and anti-wear operations in SBF are established at last.

Research on Preparation and Property of PVA-HA/PAA Composite Hydrogel K. Chen, D. Zhang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

Biotribology Hydrogel is considered to be an ideal material for the implantation of artificial cartilage. This study aims to prepare the hydrogel with high ultrahigh mechanical strength and good friction property. Freeze thawing, polyethylene glycol (PEG) dewatering and dehydration are used to prepare PVA-HA/PAA composite hydrogel. Mechanical properties and tribological properties of PVA-HA/PAA composite hydrogel were studied. The results show that the water content can be up to 80%. Tensile elastic modulus and compression elastic modulus of PVA-HA/PAA composite hydrogel can be more than 5.42MPa, 1.94MPa, respectively. Moreover, the elongation can be up to 318%. Due to the three-dimensional network structure of PVA-HA/PAA composite hydrogel, so it has good tribological properties. The lowest average sliding friction coefficient can reach 0.05. With the increase of the speed, the friction coefficient increases firstly and then decreases.

Tribocharging of Polymer Plates as Influenced by Surface Roughness M.B. Neagoe, Y.E. Prawatya, T. Zeghloul, D. Souchet, L. Dascalescu, Institut P’, UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ENSMA, Angoulême, France

Surface Engineering Previous studies have shown that the electrical charge generated by friction between two polymers depend on many factors: nature of the materials involved in the process, temperature and humidity of the ambient air, mechanical load, relative speed between the bodies in

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contact, etc. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of surface texture and roughness on electric charge generation by rubbing two polymer plates against each other. The experiments are performed with 5-mm-thick samples, cut in two sizes: A (100 mm x 15 mm) and B (50 mm x 180 mm). The normal and tangential forces exerted on the bodies in contact, as well as their relative speed, are continuously monitored. The distribution of the electric charge at the surface of the samples is measured by the capacitive probe of an electrostatic voltmeter. The results point out that the texture and the roughness of the surfaces in contact significantly affect the outcome of the tribo-charging process.

Correlations Between Mechanical and Tribocharging Properties of Polymers Y.E. Prawatya, M.B. Neagoe, T. Zeghloul, L. Dascalescu, Institut PUPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ENSMA, Angoulême, France

Materials Tribology Electrostatic charging through friction, also designated as “tribocharging”, is determined by the nature of the materials in contact and the characteristics of the relative motion between them. The aim of the present study is to point out that the different mechanical properties of the polymers in contact may influence the outcome of the tribocharging process. The materials are characterized with a universal testing machine and a hardness tester followed by tribo-charging using a laboratory bench. The relative speed of the two polymer plates in conformal contact is varied between 12 to 50 mm/s, and the amplitude of the strokes is adjusted between 36 to 60 mm. The distribution of the electric charge at the surface of the polymers is measured by the capacitive probe of an electrostatic voltmeter (± 10 kV). The results of the experiments show that the control variables of the tribo-charging process should be adjusted in relation with the mechanical properties of bodies in contact.

Additive Interactions on Surfaces via Temperature Programmed Desorption M.A. Seeley, P. Shiller, G. Doll, Center for Surface Engineering and Lubrication Research, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

Lubrication Fundamentals Chemical interactions of various anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives were tested on different metallic surfaces for desirable protection of machine elements from wear. Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) was utilized to determine the adsorption and desorption kinetics as well as surface reaction kinetics and mechanisms of interactions. The TPD system operates under vacuum of 10-11 torr with a maximum temperature of 400C. Bonding energies of the polysulfide and di-thiophosphate (DTP) additives were ascertained. Micro-oxidation testing was performed under a controlled flow of air onto the lubricant containing the same additives as tested above at temperatures of 80 to 120C for times up to 75 minutes. Infrared analyses were performed on the material to determine activation temperatures. X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy was employed to compare surface compositions. Reaction mechanisms in the presence of lubricants were compared to the vacuum mechanisms above.

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STLE 2016 The Thermo-Mechanical Coupling and Fatigue Reliability Analysis for Friction Pair of Spindle Brake of Wind Turbine Y. Liu, Nanchang University, NanChang, JingXi Province, China

Wind Turbine Tribology Spindle brake is a key part of wind turbines. Due to rapid heating and cooling, the brake disc easily leads to generate thermal fatigue during braking .For spindle brake of wind turbine. The distributions of temperature field and stress field of the brake disc were obtained by the established thermo-mechanical coupling finite element model when braking in an emergency, and the distribution trends of physical field in each direction were discussed. In addition, the paper also explored the formation mechanism of thermal fatigue of brake disc under the alternating cycle thermal stress, and analyzed the fatigue reliability, providing technical guidance for the structure design and engineering applications of the spindle brake of wind turbine.

Analysis on the Relation Between Wear and Noise of Vehicle Headliner Materials J. Park, Y. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-Si, The Republic of Korea

Wear The main sources of noise occurring inside of vehicle are door hinge contact site, instrument panel, headliner contact spot and sunroof contact points. Among them, this paper includes some tribological experiments to investigate the relation between wear and noise of vehicle headliner in the state of contacting. Having real road condition considered in the experiment, fretting friction apparatus is used. In this study, vehicle’s headliner material and electrodeposited metal are used as specimens. The wear volume of both specimens is measured with roughness gauge. Also, SPL (Sound Pressure Level) generated during the experiment is recorded by using microphone. As a result, the noise generated during fretting experiment increased in accordance with increase of wear volume.

Influence of Surface Texturing on the Performance of Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings D. Gropper, L. Wang, T.J. Harvey, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, K. Meck, John Crane UK Ltd., Manchester, United Kingdom, D. Nhin Ha, John Crane UK Ltd., Slough, United Kingdom

Fluid Film Bearings Surface textures have been shown to have the potential of enhancing the performance of hydrodynamic bearings and many other applications. However, a comprehensive literature review by the authors has revealed that the application of surface texturing is still limited due to major challenges, such as the complexity of computational models and the large variety of operating conditions encountered in conventional industrial applications. In the present work, the potential of surface texturing for tilting pad thrust bearings is investigated through the development of a numerical model based on the Reynolds equation incorporating an iterative and mass-conserving cavitation algorithm. The influence of texturing parameters on the main bearing characteristics is explored and the interaction between optimal texturing parameters and operating conditions is analyzed. Experimental work on a purposely designed thrust bearing test rig will be carried out to validate and improve the numerical model.

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ToF-SIMS Investigation of MoS2 After Friction Test in Ultrahigh Vacuum G. Colas, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, D. Leonard, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, A. Saulot, D. Philippon, Y. Berthier, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INSA – Lyon, LaMCoS UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France

Materials Tribology MoS2 is a well-known lubricant for long life space applications. However, the role of contamination for those industrial applications remains unclear. Two former studies performed in ultrahigh vacuum, high vacuum, dry nitrogen, and humid air with the MoS2 based coatings showed a potential beneficial impact of contamination in achieving low friction and long wear life. To further substantiate these conclusions, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analyses were performed on PVD MoS2 coatings after 3 UHV tribological tests with exactly the same contact conditions but with different durations (3 cycles, 10 cycles, 150 cycles). The analyses showed the MoS2 coating is a complex MoxSyOz structure chemically rearranged into a MoSxOy phase under friction in UHV. Then, by comparing real time measurements and post-test results, the most probable tribologically induced chemical reactions were identified, confirming a somewhat beneficial impact of MoS2 internal contamination to friction.

A Novel Approach to Wear of Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites: A6061-Al2O3 D. Haidar, D. Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Materials Tribology Aluminum is impeded from use in numerous sliding applications due to a severe form of wear, termed scuffing, involving extensive subsurface deformation and large debris formation. In this poster we report on efforts to prevent this failure mode by using novel nanoreinforcement methods to promote the formation of small debris. Aluminum metal matrix nanocomposites (A-MMNC), comprised of 35 nm α-Al2O3 dispersed in 44 µm A6061, were prepared via ball milling before compaction and sintering. Their wear resistance, debris morphologies and surface topology were compared to stock A6061T6 by thrust washer tribometry at variable loads and sliding speeds over thousands of meters in dry conditions. Experiments show that the A-MMNC has smaller debris and smoother topology compared to the control, which provides improved scuffing resistance.

A Finite Element Study of Elasto-Plastic Cylindrical Contact Against a Rigid Flat A. Sharma, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale: Materials Tribology and Nanotribology Joint Session This work presents a finite element study of elastic-plastic cylindrical contact. The model considers plane stress. The simulations for a range of material properties and interferences are carried out using ANSYSTM software. A mesh convergence study has also been performed. The cylinder has been modelled as a quarter circle and a straight line is used to model the opposing rigid flat surface. The material is modelled as elastic-perfectly plastic. The experimental results for elastic and fully plastic cylindrical contact case are compared to other existing models such as Hertz contact and spherical elastic-plastic models. An empirical relationship is fit to the results to allow for prediction of the contact area and force and a function of displacement.

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Student Posters can be obtained through summation of the contributions from all elements. Cases for the inclusion-induced elastic fields in joined halfspaces under the two typical interfacial conditions, perfectly bonded and frictionlessly contact, are compared in detail; and deformations and stresses at the interface are analyzed.

Effect of Graphite Particles on Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Al-16Si-5Ni-5 Graphite Composite Under Lubricating and Limited Lubricating Condition for Automotive Application

Tribological Performance of DLC Coatings in Oils Containing MoDTC

E. Omrani, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, P. Menezes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of NevadaReno, Reno, NV, P. Rohatgi, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI

S. Kosarieh, A. Morina, A. Neville, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom

Materials Tribology

Surface Engineering

Al-16Si-5Ni-5 graphite composite has successfully synthesized as a substitute materials for steel in piston ring materials. Under limited lubrication, steel specimen showed higher coefficient of friction (COF) than the Al-16Si-5Ni-5Graphite specimen. Besides, steel specimen exhibited an increase in friction with increasing in applied load, while Al-16Si-5Ni-5Graphite showed reduction in COF by increasing applied load. The value of COF and AE for steel was constant at low loads up to 705N and after that a sudden increase in both COF and AE happened. On the other hand, Al-16Si-5Ni-5Graphite composite did not exhibit any jump in COF and acoustic emission (AE) up to 990 N load. Such trend of results suggests that Al-16Si-5Ni-5Graphite composite specimen would perform better than steel under limited or boundary lubrication condition. Results from Pin and Vee Block method show that Composite tested samples exhibit lower COF than steel in non-lubricated through certain time frame.

Molybdenum Dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is a well-known friction modifier which has been used for ferrous surfaces for quite long time. However, our previous study showed the adverse effect of MoDTC in increasing wear of a hydrogenated DLC coating in a DLC/steel contact. The main focus of this work was to investigate the effect of counterpart type on MoDTC-induced high wear to DLC coatings. The experiments were carried out using a pin-on-plate tribotester lubricated in oils containing MoDTC. The plates were HSS steel plates coated with hydrogenated DLC (a-C:15 H) coatings which were sliding against cast iron pins and silicon nitride balls. This study revealed that the steel counterpart is a critical component of the tribocouple that leads to MoDTC-induced high wear of hydrogenated DLC.

Effect of Polymer Structure on Viscosity Modification in Engine Oil

Tribological Properties of Bio-Inspired Surfaces by Application of Metal Additive Manufacturing

M. Savoji, T. Lodge, M. Hillmyer, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, K. Schimossek, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Kirschenallee, Germany

K. Sugiyama, S. Sasaki, C. Tadokoro, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

Lubrication Fundamentals

Surface Engineering The purpose of this research is to materialize the biomimetics surface which provides requirements for the appropriate place via canal like a blood vessel. As a fundamental research of that, we designed a structure named dimples network: all adjacent dimples were connected beneath the sliding surfaces. Besides we designed ooze out lubrication by use of networked dimple: Superabsorbent polymer gel ooze outs from the networked dimples in the presence of water. The present research deals with the measurement of friction properties of the ooze out lubrication and its comparison with other surface texturing structures. Disk specimens were made by Selective Laser Sintering 3D printer, and friction coefficient were measured with a plate-on-disk friction tester. Results of the tests suggested that ooze out lubrication reduces and stabilizes COF. Ooze out lubrication, which has potential to supply material stably, could be one of the effective approach to realize biomimetics surface.

Comparisons of Elastic Responses Due to Eigenstrains in Two Joined Half-Spaces Under Two Types of Interfacial Conditions H. Yu, Z. Wang, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, Q. Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale: Materials Tribology and Nanotribology Joint Session Elastic responses caused by arbitrary inclusions inside one of the two joined half-spaces are solved for the cases where the Galerkin vectors for the inclusion in the half-space solid are known. Two sets of solutions have been developed, one for perfectly bounded half spaces and the other for frictionless bonding between the two. By discretizing the arbitrarily shaped single or more inclusions into a number of small elementary cuboids, the entire elastic response due to the inclusions

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Thermally responsive polymers have been widely used to improve engine oil performance under various working conditions. Such polymeric additives can change their conformation or state of aggregation with temperature. As a result, they can impact oil viscosity to obtain efficient cranking in cold engines, as well as improved protection of the metallic parts at elevated temperatures. To date, there are few reports in the literature on how structural properties of such polymers influence their performance as viscosity modifiers. We explored novel polymeric additives based on graft copolymers of polyolefins. Well-defined polymer structures with precise control over composition and molar mass were produced and applied in engine oils to achieve desirable viscosity-temperature behavior.

Simulation of Running-In Process of Line Contacts in Mixed Lubrication Conditions for a Reciprocating Motion Y. Zhang, Y. Meng, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Wear A 2-D model that predicts the sliding friction and wear process between surfaces with roughness in line contacts is presented. The numerical approach is established on the basis of the statistical solution of mixed lubrications, which can calculate the asperity contact pressure and fluid hydrodynamic pressure by using the elastic-plastic contact model and the average flow model respectively. Wear occurs in the locations where the asperities come into direct contact with relative motion and the mixed lubrication condition is transformed into a new transient balance due to the extension of the contact region. The surface shape and roughness computed with the Archard’s wear law are changing with the wear process, which influences the hydrodynamic and asperity contact pressure and then changes the friction coefficient of the contacting tribopairs. The 2-D model has higher calculation efficiency than 3-D model and so it can deal with the reciprocating motion in mixed lubrication.


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STLE 2016 Analysis of Black Hydraulic Oil Coming from Concrete Pump Truck Z. Liu, H. Wang, S. Li, X. Miao, PetroChina, Dalian Lubricating Oil Research & Development Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China

Synthetic and Hydraulic Lubricants This work concerns black hydraulic oil coming from concrete pump truck. Herein, we present the analytical results of black hydraulic oil by ICP, LPA, SEM and EDAX. It was shown that black hydraulic oil involved some metal element coming from the exterior pollution or mechanical wear. LPA indicate that nanoscale particles caught the hydraulic oil turning black. CaCO3 may be possibility of pollution. The detailed analytical results of hydraulic oil and filtration particles are helpful for researchers to keep the lubricant oil serving much better.

Development of Synthetic Skin Simulants to Estimate Skin Friction Damage: Design Considerations G.P. Chimata, C.J. Schwartz, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

Effect of Laser Surface Texture on Lubricant Replenishment and Wear Behaviour in a Reciprocating Line Contact S.C. Vladescu, T. Reddyhoff, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Engine and Drivetrain The study aims to understand the interactions between laser-produced surface texture and wear behaviour in an automotive piston-liner pairing. To do this, a recently developed, reciprocating, test apparatus that closely replicates the contact between the top piston ring and cylinder liner was used to conduct wear tests under highly loaded conditions. As the specimens became worn, the contact progressed further into the mixed and boundary regime. This lead to a significant improvement in the relative performance of the textured specimens, showing reductions in friction of up to 70%, compared to the nontexture case. Wear volumes decreased monotonically with increasing pocket volume, irrespective of whether the pockets reduced friction. This suggests that, in addition to providing a hydrodynamic film thickness boost, pockets act as reservoirs, which increase the supply of lubricant to the contact, particularly after reversal when the cavitated outlet becomes the starved inlet.

Biotribology Synthetic skin simulants as tribological testbeds to assess the effects of various surfaces on skin such as fabrics, packaging materials, and medical devices are increasingly seen as viable alternatives to humansubject testing. An elastomeric skin simulant with layered structure similar to that of a human skin was constructed to replicate skin friction blisters. The relationship between applied normal load and the number of cycles of reciprocating motion required for blistering was studied. Assumptions required for mechanical modelling of the simulant indicated that investigating the role of surface topography and elastic properties of the human skin on friction could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanics, and can help develop better skin simulants. Coefficient of friction of four probing surfaces, human index finger pad, silicone replicas of the finger with and without fingerprints, and a smooth silicone sphere were compared to identify these roles.

Kinetics Analysis and Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of NN-Type Planetary with Small Tooth Number Difference Considering Friction Effect Z.- Geng, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Chongqing, China, K. Xiao, J. Wang, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, C. Huang, School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Chongqing, China

Gears A nonlinear vibration model for the NN-type planetary reducer with small tooth number difference, coupling multi-factors is proposed to analyze the effects of geometric parameters on the nonlinear vibration characteristics. Meanwhile, the friction coefficient is influenced by the lubrication condition. And the lumped mass method, Lagrange equation, and fourth-order fifth-grade RKF method is used to solve the nonlinear differential equations. The time-varying mesh stiffness is fitted using 8-order Fourier series, and the meshing angle frequency is treated to a sine function of angular velocity, in order to study the gear transmissions error. A series of simulations were conducted on fixed gear that the gear vibration displacements, velocity responses, and the vibration displacement-velocity phase portraits, Poincaré sections are analyzed systematically. The elasticity viscous meshing forces of gear pair, bearing dynamic loads, and vibration acceleration responses are further calculated.

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Triboemission Imaging A. Ciniero, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Tribotesting This poster describes a new technique to measure the spatial distribution electrons that are emitted from a sliding asperity contact. Electron maps are compared to SEM images of the worn specimen surfaces to shed light emission mechanisms and demonstrate that this technique can be used to monitor surface damage.

Investigation of White Etching Crack (WEC) Failures in Wind Turbine Bearings H. Singh, G.L. Doll, The University of Akron, Timken Engineered Surfaces Laboratory, Akron, OH, A. Greco, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, H. Qin, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

Wind Turbine Tribology White etching cracks (WEC) have been observed as the dominant failure mechanism in wind turbine gear boxes. The mechanisms leading to the formation of WEC’s are currently not well understood. In this work, AISI 52100 cylindrical roller bearings were tested under sinusoidal loads in a custom built test rig. The bearings were dynamically loaded at regular intervals at about 2 GPa. Tests were conducted using polyalphaolefin basestock (PAO-ISO10) oil and fully formulated wind turbine gearbox oil. The bearing inner raceways were sectioned and site specific cross-sections were analyzed under optical microscopy. The post-test examination revealed white etching areas, microstructural alterations and internal cracks.

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Student Posters A Study of Microstructure Alteration in SAE 52100 Bearing Due to Classic Rolling Contact Fatigue and White Etching Crack V. Smelova, L. Wang, T.J. Harvey, National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, A. Schwedt, J. Mayer, Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopi (GFE), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, W. Holweger, Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Herzogenaurach, Germany

strongly to native iron highly reducing its surface energy. Due to a passivating effect, the metal surfaces coated by graphene become almost inert and present very low adhesion and shear strength when mated in a sliding contact. We perform pin-on-disc experiments that confirm the friction dependence on the concentration of graphene flakes in the lubricant solution, as predicted by the simulations. We also establish a connection between the tribological and the electronic properties of the interface, which is relevant to understand the fundamental nature of friction.

Fatigue Life Evaluation of Thrust Needle Roller Bearings Under Boundary Lubrication

Wind Turbine Tribology

Z. Wang, X. Shen, X. Chen, Department of Mechanical Automation Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China, Q. Yu, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA

Formation of the subsurface White Etching Crack (WEC) has been identified as a cause of detrimental failures in SAE 52100 and SAE 4320 bearing steels that appears to be different from the classic Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) in a wide range of rolling contact applications. Typically, RCF failures are due to medium to high contact pressure and high rolling cycles, where a sequence of microstructural transformations takes place, starting from Dark Etching Regions (DER) then Low- and High- Angle Bands (LAB/HAB) and leading to long but finite life of bearings. Little detailed research has been conducted in recent years to investigate the differences between RCF and WEC. This study, for the first time, has analyzed the microstructure changes in DER, HAB and LAB using a combination of Electron Channelling Contrast Imaging (ECCI), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques to reveal differences and relationships between RCF and WECs.

Rolling Element Bearings Thrust needle roller bearings are usually designed to transmit heavy axial load and operate at relatively low speed conditions because of the significant sliding between the raceway and the roller, thereby often works under boundary lubrication regime. Under such lubrication regime. The properties of the boundary film determine the contact friction coefficient and propagation of surface damage. This work will focus on developing a two-dimension boundary lubricated contact model of thrust needle roller bearings considering the effect of tribofilm and mild wear, then incorporate it into the surface fatigue life model. For given load, speed, geometry parameters, bulk temperature, the model will yield a number of the variables useful for the assessment of the state of the thrust needle roller bearings. They include variation of the pressure in time, degree of the wear and the remaining life.

Oil-Soluble Organo-Silver Additive Designed for In Situ Deposition of Metallic Silver at High Temperature B. Johnson, Q. Wang, Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, M. Desanker, M. Delferro, T.J. Marks, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, A. Seyam, H. Bazzi, Chemistry, Texas A&M Qatar, Doha, QATAR; Y. Chung, Materials Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, A. Erdemir, A. Greco, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

Wear A major challenge for advancing lubrication technology is to improve lubricant performance at temperatures that exceed the decomposition temperature of conventional base oils. Soft noble metals, such as silver, have low reactivity and shear strength making them ideal solid lubricants for providing beneficial wear protection and low friction between contacting surfaces at high temperature. However, achieving adequate dispersion in engine lubricants and silver deposition at specific temperatures presents a significant challenge. We report the synthesis, characterization, and tribological implementation of the trimeric silver pyrazolate complex, Ag(3,5-dimethyl-4-n-hexyl-pyrazole). This complex is oil-soluble and undergoes clean thermolysis at ~310 oC to deposit lubricious, protective metallic silver nanoparticles on mechanical surfaces. Temperature controlled tribometer tests show that an optimized 2.5 wt% loading of 1 reduces wear by 60% in PAO4.

Tribochemistry of Steel Lubrication by Graphene P. Restuccia, D. Marchetto, S. Valeri, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche Matematiche, Universita’ degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy, C. Righi, CNR-Institute of Nanoscience, S3 Center, Modena, Italy

An Analysis of Generated Fractal and Measured Rough Surfaces X. Zhang, Y. Xu, R. Jackson, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Surface Engineering This work studies the fractal dimensions of the rough surfaces calculated by several existing methods. Two methods for generating rough surfaces are used in this work. The first one is to reconstruct the rough surface through the inverse Fourier transform based on a prescribed Power Spectrum Density (PSD) and the other one is using the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (W-M) function. The fractal dimension values of all the rough surfaces are calculated by four different methods, namely, (1) box-counting method, (2) roughness-length method, (3) power spectral density method and (4) variogram method. Then the results from these four methods are compared. Since fractal surfaces are always clarified either as self-similar (scaling ratio is the same in all directions over scales) or as self-affine (scaling ratio varies in prescribed fashion over scales), it can be found that the fractal dimension values are not the same after analyzing the generated selfsimilar rough surfaces by these two methods.Therefore, it is questionable if the fractal dimension is an accurate parameter for characterizing real rough surfaces. The fractal dimension values for real rough surfaces, as well as some other parameters are also calculated by four different methods. The analysis indicates that real rough surfaces are not perfect fractals as researchers and engineers consider.

Nanotribology Recent tribological experiments revealed that graphene is able to lubricate effectively macroscale steel-on-steel sliding contacts. This effect was attributed to a mechanical action of graphene related to its load-carrying capacity. We provide further insight into the functionality of graphene as lubricant by analyzing its tribochemical action. By means of first principles calculations we found that graphene binds

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STLE 2016 Exploring the Effect of Hydrogen in White Structure Flaking (WSF) of Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings Through Metallographic Analysis M. Ingram, Afton Chemical Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom, A.D. Richardson, L. Wang, M. Evans, R. Wood, National Centre for Advanced Tribology Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton , Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom

Wind Turbine Tribology White structure flaking (WSF) due to White etching crack (WEC) formation below the contact surface is a premature failure mode in steel bearings that occur in wind turbine gearboxes. Initiation mechanisms and drivers of WSF are contested. Hydrogen diffusion into the bearing during operation is thought to be one driver of WSF. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) coupled with extensive metallographic analysis has been conducted on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tested cylindrical roller bearings on an FAG-FE8 rig under Nonhydrogen charged conditions over increasing test durations until failure. Metallographic analysis has shown that there is evidence to suggest that the concentration of mobile diffusible hydrogen measured through TDS is potentially linked to the propensity and extent of WEC formations. Metallographic analysis has also revealed that the direction and magnitude of slip has a significant effect on the formation of WECs.

Mechanism of Tribofilm Formation Under Boundary Lubrication in Oils with Nanoparticles V. Sharma, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, he University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, R. Timmons, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, A. Erdemir, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, P.B. Aswath, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

Lubrication Fundamentals Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is the main workhorse antiwear additive that also doubles as an antioxidant in engine oils for light and heavy duty vehicles. However, a significant demerit in the use of ZDDP is the creation of sludge in the oil and the deposit of volatile phosphate glass on catalytic convertors that reduce their efficiency and increase the amount of emission. There have been many studies tailored around development of alternatives to ZDDP. In our approach we use a method wherein we use nanoparticles as additives to reduce wear and friction under tribological conditions. Surface analytical tools such as XPS and XANES were used to evaluate the mechanism of tribofilm formation using this approach. The local coordination chemistry of the elements in the tribofilm were determined and helped provide insight into the chemical makeup of the films responsible for providing improved wear and friction.

Tribological Properties of PDA/PTFE Coating under Lubricated Condition Y. Zhao, M. Zou, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK

Surface Engineering The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of liquid lubrication on the tribological properties of the Polydopamine (PDA)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating under severe operation condition. The wear process of a PDA/ PTFE coating in lubricated condition was tested under 1.5 GPa contact pressure in a rotatory oscillating motion using a ball-on-disk configuration of the UMT-2 tribometer. A normal load of 15 N was applied with the sliding speed of 0.1 m/s. A 3-D laser scanning microscope was used for high resolution 3D imaging of the wear track and the counterface.

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Effect of Molecular Features on the Coil Size of Model Viscosity Index Improvers U. Ramasamy, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, S. Lichter, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

Lubrication Fundamentals Temperature-induced changes in coil size have been proposed as the mechanism underlying the functionality of viscosity index improving polymers. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are used to characterize the temperature-coil size response of model additive polymers, when these polymers are placed in an alkane solvent. The simulations reproduce experimental observations, where only some polymers increase in size with increasing temperature. Additionally, the simulations are also used to explore the effects of polymer chemistry on temperature induced coil size behaviors. Our findings indicate that the presence of oxygen atoms in the polymer structure is a key factor in determining whether the polymer expands or contracts. This simulation approach provides a general methodology for investigating temperature-induced coil size changes in polymeric lubricant additives and enables investigation of specific atomic-scale features.

Effect of Annealing on Wear Behavior of Atomic Layer Deposition Alumina Films Z. Hsain, G. Zeng, B. Krick, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, R.J. Marstell, N.C. Strandwitz, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

Materials Tribology Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is commonly used to deposit thin films with nanoscale resolution and high conformality. ALD alumina films, in particular, are increasingly used as protective coatings on MEMS/NEMS to optimize the performance of contacting parts. However, there is still a gap in understanding of the wear properties of these films. Here, ALD-deposited alumina films were studied to determine the effect of annealing temperature on wear rate. The films were deposited using trimethylaluminum and water on a silicon substrate. Several samples were annealed at 450C, 800C, 900C, 1000C and 1100C for an hour. Wear testing was conducted on each sample using a silicon carbide probe in a custom-built micro-tribometer. Samples annealed at higher temperatures exhibited lower wear rates. The increase in wear resistance can be attributed to the crystallization and densification of the films during annealing at temperatures above 1000C.

Tribological Rehydration: A New Lubrication Mechanism for Biphasic Materials A.C. Moore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Millsboro, DE, D. Burris, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Biotribology Cartilage achieves its unusual tribological functionalities through a unique mechanism known as interstitial lubrication. Interstitial fluid pressure develops in response to tribological contacts to lower matrix stresses, friction, and wear by at least an order of magnitude. It has been shown that if the contact moves faster than the exudation rate of the interstitial fluid the loss of fluid from the contact can be prevented, unfortunately there are invariably periods of static loading that occur throughout a person’s daily routine. The question remains as to how fluid is transported back into the cartilage. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that under physiological speeds cartilage can pump fluid back into the interface and rehydrate the contact. The mechanism, which we term tribological rehydration, is able to rapidly decrease friction and re-pressurize the contact. These findings suggest that conditions of high friction and wear in cartilage are short lived transient events.

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STLE 2016 The Use of an Energy Criteria to Predict White Etching Crack Formation in Bearing Steel

Investigation of Temperatures Capability to Detect Failure in Aeronautical Gearboxes

A. Greco, M. Scepanskis, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, B.J. Gould, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Wilmington, DE

T. Touret, LaMCos INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, Rhone, France

Wind Turbine Tribology White etching cracks (WECs) have been identified as the dominant mode of premature failure for bearings within wind turbine gearboxes. Though WECs have been observed in the field for over a decade, the exact mechanisms which lead to this failure are still debated. Subsequently the prediction of these cracks has been close to impossible. Previous work has postulated that the formation of the microstructural alterations associated with WECs is due to large local energies that lead to atomic diffusion or recrystallization within the steel. The aim of the current work is to correlate the formation of WECs in a three ring on roller contact to the total frictional energy generated at the contact. It was found that the presence of WECs could be accurately predicted by this criteria regardless of changes in load, sliding, lubrication condition, and run time. The ability to accurately predict the point that WECs form in a sample allowed for a study of the process by which these cracks initiate.

Modeling the Effects of Nanoparticle Size and Surface Roughness on Friction in Boundary Lubrication A. Martini, H. Gao, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA

Mechanics and Tribochemistry at the Nanoscale: Materials Tribology and Nanotribology Joint Session Nanoparticles have shown promise as lubricant additives to improve the performance of tribological components. In this work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle additives were studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The model system described TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil in boundary lubrication. Effects of particle size and surface roughness were examined, based on which a correlation between friction, particle size and surface roughness was identified. Finally, the simulations were used to explore the mechanisms by which nanoparticles affect friction in boundary lubricated systems.

Janus Blocks: A Binary System Wear Stability W. Sawyer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, K. Harris, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, M.R. Jones, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, A.I. Bennett, Tribology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Condition Monitoring Condition monitoring (CM) revealed itself as a good alternative to the challenging prediction of damage occurrence in gearboxes. Dynamic and acoustic CM face major difficulties due to signal processing and sensitivity to complex events in different components. An alternative approach consists in studying temperatures. In wind turbine gearboxes this kind of method is investigated based on data driven model. In this study, analyses are conducted on airplane systems. By using a physical model, the thermal network method, it may be possible to estimate temperatures on moving elements which are difficult to measure. It is also possible to evaluate the temperature response to certain damage such as micropitting. A method is proposed to assess the capability to identify failure in aeronautical gearboxes through temperature estimation based on a physical model.

Modeling Nanoscale Wear of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip during Run-in X. Hu, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, V. Altoe, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Wear Nanoscale wear between a scanning probe tip and substrate is of fundamental importance in nanoscale measurement and manufacturing. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to study the nanoscale wear of a silicon atomic force microscope (AFM) tip with a native oxide during the first tens of nanometers of sliding against an amorphous silicon dioxide substrate. The size and shape of the tip apex and the crystallographic planes in contact in the MD model are defined to be comparable to those in a corresponding AFM experiment where the tip is imaged using ex situ transmission electron microscopy. In both simulation and experiment, the material removal from the tip as well as the crystallinity of the material within the tip is characterized. The wear in the simulation is consistent with that measured in AFM experiments and the results provide insight into the mechanisms of shear-induced silicon amorphization and nanoscale wear during the initial sliding period.

Thermo-Mechanical Behavior Study of Rolling Element Bearings D. Niel, LaMCos, Villeurbanne, Rhône-Alpes Auvergne, France, F. Ville, LaMCos, Villeurbanne, France; C. Changenet, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France

Rolling Element Bearings Wear A simple binary model is devised that describes the wear behavior of two blocks coupled under a constant, dynamically partitioned normal load. In this simple system, the frictional force is reacted by two independent springs and the blocks are allowed to move and wear independently. The only coupling between the blocks occurs through the partitioning of the applied normal load, which uses a pair of springs in parallel to model elasticity. This system is found to preferentially wear one of the blocks until two disparately unique conditions are reached: (1) the partitioning of the load between the blocks yields equal wear and thus steady partitioning of the load, and (2) the pair of blocks go to zero wear by having one block not sliding but carrying all of the load and the other block slipping but carrying none of the load. These “Janus Blocks” begin life in a nominally identical state and then their behavior bifurcates, producing runaway or irregular wear.

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Rolling element bearing (REB) is an essential component in mechanical transmission because it reduces friction between two rotating parts thanks to rolling elements. REB is widely used on speed rotation systems and may operate at high rotational speeds. In literature, many models have been developed for bearing friction prediction (Harris, SKF). But they do not take sufficient account of the REB thermal behavior. In order to predict the fiction torque in accordance with the thermal behavior, the thermal network method is used. Based on generalized Ohm’s law, this method enables to predict heat flux through the different elements and to take into account thermomechanical couplings in power losses estimation. A new rig test is developed to analyze different operating conditions: rotational speed up to 18,000 rpm, oil bath or oil jet lubrication. Temperature at several locations (inner and outer ring, shaft and housing) and the friction torque for several REBs are measured.

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Student Posters Analysis of Rolling Contact Fatigue on Aeronautic Gears

An Elastic-Plastic Sinusoidal Contact Model Under Combined Normal and Tangential Loading

G. Vouaillat, F. Ville, Systèmes Mécaniques et Contacts, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures, Villeurbanne, France, X. Kleber, MATEIS, Villeurbanne, France, J. Noyel, C. Changenet, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France, S. Rathéry, Hispano-Suiza, Colombes, France

X. Wang, Y. Xu, R. Jackson, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Nanotribology

It is commonly accepted that surface micro-geometry of industrial equipment like gears can have a pronounced impact on rolling contact fatigue life of these components. For example, dents or machining roughness can lead to premature failures such as micropitting. In this study, experiments are performed on a twin-disc machine to investigate the failure mechanisms at the microstructure scale. In particular, crack initiation and propagation are analyzed in a homogeneous material (AISI 52100) as the outcome from surface micro-geometries on the discs (dents, more realistic roughness). These results feed and validate a numerical model at a grain scale. It is based on the analysis of crack initiation produced at the material grain boundaries. The main issue of this study is to produce a validated numerical model with the operating conditions exposed above.

Sinusoidal contact between a deformable sinusoidal surface and a rigid flat under combined normal and tangential loading is investigated. This work uses a finite element method (FEM) to characterize the elastic-plastic sinusoidal contact. The sliding inception is determined by using the maximum shear stress criterion. A gradual increase of this tangential load, while the normal preload remains constant, leads to appreciable junction growth. The maximum static friction force is investigated at a wide range of normal loads and maximum shear strengths. The sinusoidal case is very similar to the spherical contact under a small normal load. Once the normal load reaches a certain range, the two cases begin to differ significantly. For instance, the coefficient of friction is much lower for the sinusoidal case than the spherical case. An equation of the coefficient of friction was found by fitting to the FEM results. An expression of the tangential stiffness in pre-sliding is also provided.

Mechanisms of Formation of a Tribofilm Through a Nanolubricant

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoscale Contacts in Atomic Force Microscopy

H. Liang, W. Dai, Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, B. Kheireddin, H. Gao, Shell Technology Center, Houston, TX

R. Chen, X. Hu, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, S. Vishnubhotla, S.R. Khanal, T.D. Jacobs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Nanotribology

Nanotribology

Tribofilms play important roles in friction control and wear protection. In this presentation, a new tribofilm formed by using α-ZrP (Zr(HPO4)2H2O) as an antiwear additive will be reported. In a base oil containing 0.1 wt% additive, it was found that friction and wear were significantly reduced and a tribofilm was formed. In comparison with a base oil containing 0.8wt% ZDDP, the friction was reduced for 50% and wear 30%. Spectroscopic characterization indicated that the tribofilm consists of iron oxide, zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphates. The worn surface was seen to be smooth which renders it desirable for bearing systems. The mechanisms of tribology formation are discussed here.

Understanding the mechanical behavior of nanocontacts is critical for probe-based microscopy, nanomanufacturing, and other applications whose function or accuracy is determined by the properties of contact between two nanoscale bodies. To investigate the properties of nanocontacts, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which provides atomic-scale information about phenomena occurring inside the perimeter of a contact. Here, we build an atomistic model of nanocontacts between an AFM tip and a counter-surface. The atomistic model is designed to match the geometry, interaction strength, and normal load of a corresponding AFM experiment. With the physicallyrealistic MD model, we investigate the interaction force between the two contact surfaces and the elastic and plastic deformation of the AFM tip during the loading and unloading processes. Additionally, we calculate the real and apparent contact areas and evaluate them in the context of continuum adhesive contact model predictions.

Wear

Effect of Nanoscale Fluid Confinement on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication M. Len, U. Ramasamy, A. Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA

Fluid Film Bearings The elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime is characterized by elastic deformation of the bodies in contact, hydrodynamics of viscous friction caused by shearing the lubricant, and dramatic viscosity increase due to high pressure. As technology for mechanical components advances towards higher energy efficiency and less energy loss from viscous friction, lubricant films are decreasing towards nanometer scale thicknesses. However, these lubricant films may behave differently from what is predicted by classical EHL theory, because extreme confinement can affect the viscosity of the lubricant. We attempt to improve the ability of EHL simulations to accurately capture the behavior of ultra-thin film lubricated interfaces by incorporating empirical models that describe the effect of confinement on fluid viscosity. The enhanced model reproduces trends seen in some EHL experiments where the film thickness of very thin film lubricants is larger than expected based on classical EHL theory.

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Quantitative Measurements of Lubricant Contaminants Using a Microsensor Array Based on Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network X. Zhu, L. Du, J. Zhe, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH

Condition Monitoring We present a sensor array for quantitative measurements of four important lubricant properties, namely, water, total acid number, soot and sulfur content. The sensor array consists of four micromachined electrochemical sensors and a back propagation artificial neural network (BPNN). While each sensor responds to all four properties (cross-sensitivity), the designs ensure each sensor respond to the four properties differently. The BPNN was applied to solve the cross sensitivity problem and pinpoint each property from the sensor array’s response. After training, one architecture with 4, 50, 5, and 4 neurons in the input layer, first and second hidden layer, and output layer was selected. Testing results demonstrated that the developed network can quantitatively determine the aforementioned four lubricant properties with a maximum error of 18.8%, 6.0%, 6.7%, and 5.4%, respectively, indicting the sensor array could be potentially used for online lubricant condition monitoring.


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STLE 2016 Durable, Low Friction Engineered Surfaces Using Deformation Resistant Core-Shell Nanostructures

Lubrication Properties of Mixed Bio-Lubricant from Coffee Dregs

R.A. Fleming, M. Zou, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK

J.H. Horng, J.S. Chen, W.J. Chen, Power Mechanical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yulin, Taiwan

Nanotribology

Environmentally Friendly Fluids

Nanoscratch testing has been performed on engineered surfaces patterned with arrays of Al/a-Si core-shell nanostructures (CSNs) to assess the frictional and deformation behavior of these surfaces. Significantly lower coefficient of friction (COF) and minimal detectable nanostructure deformation are observed for scratches on the CSNs, in contrast to the surfaces patterned with bare Al nanostructures, which show both higher COF and heavy deformation of the Al nanostructures. Molecular dynamics simulations show that dislocations nucleated in the cores of the CSNs during loading are readily absorbed by the a-Si shell after removal of the applied load, leading to deformation recovery of the CSNs after unloading. In comparison, the dislocations generated in Al nanostructures are much more stable and lead to the permanent deformation of the Al nanostructures. CNS-textured surfaces with low friction and deformation resistance will enable many applications where these properties are desirable.

Coffee grounds for our coffee production waste generated in the process and they were wasted all over the world. The aim of this study was to assess the tribology characteristics of coffee bio-lubricant for the different speeds and loads. This bio-lubricant was mixed with 16% by weight of coffee dregs oil and 19% by weight of surfactants. The tester materials were S45C steel. Results show that the novel coffee dregs biolubricant offers relatively better friction, wear and temperature characteristics than those of pure mineral oil, making it a potential candidate for future industrial bio-lubricants.

Humidity Effect on Wear Performance of Gallium Nitrid B.A. Krick, G. Zeng, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, C. Tan, N. Tansu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, Bethlehem, PA

Materials Tribology The optoelectronic property of GaN has been studied for decades and this material has been extensively applied in solid state lighting, lasers, solar cells, etc. While compared with electrical properties, there is still lack of study of GaN’s mechanical properties, especially the wear performance when subjecting to harsh environments, e.g., space, desert and rainforest. In this work, we employed custom microtribometer to conduct wear test on GaN under different humidity levels and measured corresponding wear rates. Several state-of-the-art characterization techniques were applied for understanding the wear mechanism and how do H2O and O2 affect the wear performance of GaN. DFT simulation was used to explain the surface energy variation subjected to different water molecule amount. The results demonstrated that wear performance of GaN highly depends on humidity and wear mechanism transits from adhesive wear to fatigue wear due to tribochemical reaction under high humidity environment.

Influence of Borate Ester on the Tribological Properties of Low Phosphorous Oil Blends of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids V. Sharma, V. Sharma, P.B. Aswath, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, N. Doerr, AC2T Research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, A. Erdemir, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

Lubrication Fundamentals Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P_DEHP) ionic liquid was mixed with borate ester (SB) in group I base oil. Low phosphorous (P) oil blends were prepared by keeping the phosphorous concentration at 700 ppm and 350 ppm. Borate ester was added at 500 ppm boron treat rate. Tribological properties of these oil blends in a cylinder-on-flat contact under pure sliding revealed noticeable improvement in friction and wear protection, especially in the case of P_DEHP (700 ppm P) + SB blend. Time-scale tribofilm formation was achieved by running the experiments for 5, 15 and 60 min. Thereby, synergistic interaction between P_DEHP and SB could be connected with the formation of B2O3/H3BO3 and BPO4 in addition to FePO4 tribofilms. Blends containing only SB resulted in tribofilms composed of trigonal boron as B2O3/H3BO3.

Atomistic Modeling of Cold Sprayed Titanium Coatings A. Vellore, G. Brunetto, A. Martini, School of Engineering, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA

Surface Engineering

Development of Polymer Brushes for the Lubrication of Silicon Nitride–Steel Contacts S. Watson, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Surface Engineering Silicon nitride is an important engineering ceramic and has been increasingly used in tribological systems. Hybrid contacts, involving silicon nitride and steel contacts, are relying on conventional lubrication solutions based on protecting the metal surface. In addition, current lubricants containing phosphorus and sulphur are facing new regulations due to pollution and their environmental impacts. Synthesizing polymer brushes compatible with polyalphaolefins that can strongly attach to silicon nitride may be a new lubrication solution for hybrid bearings. A more robust method of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, known as Activators ReGenerated by Electron Transfer, allows significantly more control over the final polymer that is constructed. Polymer brushes have longer carbon chains thus a higher resistance to compressive and shear stresses compared to selfassembled monolayers. This paper presents initial results from a study of polymer brushes as a lubrication solution.

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Cold Spray is a promising surface coating technology, which offers many advantages compared to thermal spray. Cold sprayed coatings with different material and substrate combinations have been developed and studied, and the results suggest that this technique may be used to control the properties of the coated surface, such as hardness, thermal conductivity and wear resistance. Experimental studies show that, temperature, velocity and size of the particles used in the spray are important to obtain these surface properties. In this work we carried out molecular dynamics to investigate, at atomic level, how the initial conditions of the nanoparticles affect the resultant coating. The model is designed to mimic the cold spray process, with titanium particles deposited onto aluminum substrate. Our results show that the morphology of the deposited coating is related to the impact velocity and temperature of the particles.

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Student Posters Soft Hydrated Sliding Interface as Complex Fluids J. Kim, A.C. Dunn, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

Leonardo da Vinci’s Static Friction Experiments with Gemini Hydrogels W. Sawyer, S.M. Hart, J.M. Uruena, A.A. Pitenis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Materials Tribology Hydrogel surfaces have been studied as biomimics for physiological lubricating surfaces such as the eyes and joints because of their hydrated, flexible, and permeable nature. In the top micrometer of hydrogel surfaces, polymer concentration gradient exists, and is hypothesized to affect lubrication behavior due to its rheological similarity to semi-dilute polymer solution. In this study, frictional torque between a polyacrylamide (PAAm) surface and an aluminum annulus was investigated using stepped-velocity tribo-rheometry over 5 decades of sliding speed in increasing and decreasing steps. The torque-velocity graph exhibits hysteresis, and each step shows duration-dependent torque response similar to behavior of thixotropic fluids. We distinguish 3 lubricating regimes of hydrogel-against-hard material lubrication and postulate that the lubrication mechanism is attributed to the thixotropy-like flow between hydrogel and hard material surfaces.

A Cycloalkane-Based Lubricant Additive for the Formation of Lubricious Carbon Tribofilms

Tribotesting Minor variations in hydrogel constituents during polymerization result in significant changes in their mechanical properties. This tunability along with their biocompatibility and repeatability make them ideal synthetic substitutes for biological materials in fundamental biotribological experimentation.

Large Elliptical EHL Contacts for Reducing Particle Entrapment V. Strubel, N. Fillot, F. Ville, P. Vergne, LaMCoS, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, A. Mondelin, Y. Maheo, SKF Aerospace, Châteauneuf-sur-Isère, France, S. Simoens, LMFA, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ECLyon, Villeurbanne, France

Rolling Element Bearings

B. Johnson, Q. Wang, Y. Chung, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

Materials Tribology A novel approach is presented for the deposition of lubricious and protective diamond-like-carbon (DLC) films onto tribo-component surfaces. This concept enables DLC formation through a tribochemical reaction that occurs during normal machine operation, with no pretreatment of the tribo-component surfaces. The reaction utilizes an oilsoluble, surface-active molecule that contains a strained, metastable cycloalkane. When added to a lubricant, additive molecules adsorb onto electronegative tribo-component surfaces, and upon machine operation, frictional heating and localized pressure from asperity contact cause thermolysis of the metastable cycloalkanes. As carbon and hydrogen are released from the molecule’s cycloalkanes, a lubricious diamond-like-carbon film is formed on the contact surfaces. The newly formed carbon layer behaves like a conventional DLC film, providing on-demand friction reduction and wear protection.

Rolling element bearings are keystones of mechanisms, because they are necessary for a proper operation, but remains also the Achilles heel of the system. If any external particle penetrates the contact, the contacting surfaces may suffer from indentation and become thus irreversibly damaged. Solutions must be proposed for reducing the particle entrapment probability. The authors in a past study showed that an ellipticity of the EHL contact perpendicular to the rolling direction leads to an important decrease of the particle entrapment due to more important backflows occurring in the lubricant. An experimental approach with a device combining a classical tribometer and a µ-Particle Image Velocimetry (µ-PIV) visualization system is here used to get measurements on the dynamics of suspended fluorescent particles. It enables an insight on the lubricant flow upstream from different elliptical contacts and allows to explain the particle entrapment drop in large elliptical contacts.

Assessing Running-In Behaviour Using In-Situ Profilometery and Friction Noise

High Sensitivity Inductive Pulse Sensor for Metallic Wear Debris Detection Based On Parallel LC Resonance Method

P.M. Lee, Tribology Research and Evaluations, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, T. Kamps, J. Walker, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, G. Plint, Phoenix Tribology Ltd., Newbury, United Kingdom

X. Zhu, J. Zhe, L. Du, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH

Tribotesting

Condition Monitoring Detection of small metallic wear debris in the range of 20 µm to 100 µm is critical to identify abnormal wear conditions for prognosis of pending machinery failures. Existing wear debris sensors cannot detect wear debris in this range. Here we applied an inductance-capacitance (LC) resonance method to an inductive debris sensor to increase its sensitivity. By adding an external capacitor, a parallel LC resonance circuit with a unique resonant frequency is formed. At an excitation frequency near the resonant frequency, LC circuit’s impedance change caused by passages of a debris particle is amplified due to sharp impedance change near the resonant peak. Signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity are significantly improved. Testing showed that the new method is capable of detecting a 20 m iron particle and 55 m copper particle while detection limits for the non-resonance method are 50 μm and 136 m, respectively. The sensitivity has been significantly improved in contrast to non-resonant method.

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The running-in behaviour of sliding contacts is often nonlinear, yet it is often difficult to quantify. Investigations of the running-in behaviour are often limited due to its transient nature, however the running-in period is often the most critical phase of tribological contacts as it is during this period that the two surfaces are conditioned. This work seeks to evaluate the behaviour of a line contact on a laboratory benchtop tribometer using a combination of in situ profilometery and friction noise high speed data. A lubricated 52100 cylinder was reciprocated against a grade 250 grey cast-iron plate lubricated in PAO and interrupted at regular intervals to acquire surface topographical traces using a novel in situ stylus profilometer. The data was correlated with the friction noise signal which measures the disorderly instantaneous friction signal. The results indicate the non-equilibrium nature of running in in sliding contacts.


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STLE 2016 The Development of Sensibility Estimation Model to Writing Feeling of Display Glass

The Effect of High Viscosity Index Bio-Derived Hydraulic Oils on Wear, Friction and Fuel Economy

J. Lee, Y. Lee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, The Republic of Korea

C. Jaudon, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Materials Tribology

Biotribology

Interpretation of the friction characteristics of the stylus pen is necessary to give users interesting experience in many factors, such as material, surface roughness. Furthermore, the friction characteristics can be determined by a complex interaction between the test materials, generally display glass, and stylus pen. In the current study, among the many factors that affect the friction characteristics, this paper studied the friction characteristics of the various pen tip materials about display surfaces. In this paper, a friction model was established though the sliding test between display materials and pen tips Especially, frequency were compared with actual writing to understand the tactile experiences. This study aims to reproduce the actual writing feeling by control the frictional and wear behavior between the display surface and pen tip.

Renewable, biodegradable fluids that can keep up with the increasing demands of friction efficiency and wear protection that are required in the lubricants industry are becoming more highly sought after. New high viscosity index (VI) bio-derived fluids are being looked at to fulfill these needs while also providing a fuel economy benefit when used in the hydraulic system. To investigate these properties this study utilizes ball-on-disk friction tests as well as a fuel economy field study using the most recent model of a popular industry skidder. We found that of the three bio-derived oils tested all three had equal or lower friction than the manufacturer’s recommended petroleum based product. All but one had equal or less wear than the petroleum product. In the fuel economy field study all oils had similar fuel consumption. This is most likely the result of the relatively low use of the skidder’s hydraulic system during operation.

A Research on the Characteristic of Friction and Wear of Ceramic Coating with Different Magnetic Intensity

Influence of Relative Humidity on Friction and Wear Rate of Fluoropolymers

E. Kim, C. Oh, Y. Lee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, The Republic of Korea

C.P. Junk, B. Krick, S. Joynson, M.A. Sidebottom, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

Materials Tribology

Materials Tribology

Magnetic force of the ferromagnetic material promotes oxidation during sliding with the mating member and oxide film affects tribological characteristics of material to induce newly contact to the junction of two materials. In this study, the friction and wear properties of magnetized material were investigated. The magnet specimens consist of neodymium magnet coated with TiN, TiCN, and DLC. Sliding tests were performed with fretting tester comparing different magnetic intensity. Higher friction and better wear resistance was observed as increasing of magnetic density due to formation of oxidative transfer layer. DLC coating shows better performance than others.

PTFE has been used as a solid lubricant since the early 1950’s due to its low friction coefficients (<0.10) and wide thermal range (Tmelt~327°C). Though PTFE is usually considered to be very inert, Tanaka and Miyata (1976) showed that changes in the relative humidity of the environment directly affected both the static and kinetic friction coefficients of PTFE. However, the effect of humidity on friction coefficient and wear of PTFE copolymers PFA and FEP has not been evaluated. PFA and FEP, unlike PTFE, are melt processable but they do have slightly higher friction coefficients (0.15 and 0.16, respectively) and lower melting temperatures (304°C and 275°C, respectively). Pin-on-flat were performed in environments ranging from extremely dry air (<10 ppm H2O) to humid air (>50% RH). The authors will identify how the comonomers within PFA and FEP interact with the ambient water in the environment and how that interaction affects wear and friction of the tribological system.

Analysis of Friction Coefficient on a Twin-Disc Machine G. Isaac, J. Cavoret, F. Ville, LaMCoS, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France, C. Changenet, LabECAM, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France, G. Beck, S. Becquerelle, SAFRAN, Colombes, France

Gears Estimation of friction coefficient is of primary importance to predict the behavior of a mechanical system and hence to improve its efficiency and its reliability. Because there is still no consensus about an analytical model that can predict friction coefficient, a lot of studies are made experimentally with traction machines. However some discrepancies can be noted between these different machines. Traction curves show the evolution of friction coefficient to the Slide-to-Roll Ratio (SRR). Literature agrees to analyze these curves into three regimes: the linear region (Newtonian), the non-linear one (non-Newtonian) and the thermal region (descending). Most of the friction is transform into heat, so that it should be relevant to analyze traction machines in order to understand the thermal effects that occur at high SRR.

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Effects of Relative Motion on Friction and Wear: Unidirectional Versus Reciprocating Rotary Contacts J.C. Smith, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

Materials Tribology Many different types of contact geometries and modes exist in the realm of tribological experimentation. Point contacts (pin-on-disc), line contacts (block on ring) and surface contacts (thrust washer, conformal block on ring) are all used to tease out application relevant friction and wear information and do so with different sliding interactions (unidirectional, reciprocating, spiral orbit). In the present study the differences between rotary unidirectional and reciprocating motion on the friction and wear of performance plastics in block on ring (line contact) was assessed. A custom built and scripted multifunctional tribometer in block-on-ring configuration was used for both types of testing. Friction and mass based wear measurements were made for each sample over a range of PV values with fixed load and increasing speed. Optical micrographs of the sample surfaces before and after testing are also included.

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Student Posters Tribo-Oxidational Effects of Silicon Nitride and Steel Alloys

Evolution of Hydrodynamic Radii of Nanoparticles

J. Curry, G. Zeng, B.A. Krick, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, A. Toro, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, W. Misiolek, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

H. Liang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Y. Yue, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

Nanotribology Materials Tribology Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ball bearings are a common, hard ceramic material used in tribological testing as a pin counterface. It has also been known previously that when sliding at high operating temperatures against certain steels, oxides can form at the interface and affect the friction and wear performance of the system. This study aims to highlight the friction induced, room temperature oxidation of Si3N4 when sliding against various tool steel alloys and understand what range of parameters promote or inhibit their growth. Experiments were done in both lab air and dry nitrogen as well as at slow (1 mm/s) and fast (10 mm/s) sliding speeds to assess the degree to which frictional heating influences the tribo-oxidative effect. Along with friction coefficients and profilometric-based wear measurements, SEM & EDS was used to observe the amount of oxides present in the contact after sliding in both lab air and dry nitrogen.

Semi-Active Control of Hybrid Air Foil Bearings for Enhancement of Rotordynamic Performance D. Kim, B. Zamanian Yazdi, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

With recent advancement in nanolubricants, understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in a fluid is crucial for further development. In this research, two-dimensional (2-D) nanoparticles were studied using a dynamic light scatter (DLS). The mean value and the distribution of hydrodynamic radii (Rh) of nanoparticles were measured using DLS. The parameter Rh represents a three-dimensional (3-D) spherical shaped particle. Through high resolution characterization, it was found that the hydrodynamic radii can be correlated with the lateral sizes of non-spherical particles. Two proportional coefficients, i.e., correcting factors, are proposed for the Brownian motion such that the size and shape can be adequately predicted.

Synthesis and Characterization of Overbased Calcium Alkylsalicylate Detergents A. Piacentini, F. Dassenoy, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France, A. Chazeau, Chevron Oronite, Gonfreville-l’Orcher, France, P. Tequi, Chevron Oronite, Gonfreville-l’Orcher, France, B. Vacher, LTDS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France

Molecular Chemistry and Lubricant Rheology-Special Symposium

Fluid Film Bearings Air foil bearings (AFBs) have been recognized as one of the most promising bearings for the high-speed oil-free turbomachinery and they have found many successful applications in micro to mid-size systems. AFBs allow operation at extreme temperature and speed where conventional oil lubricated bearings seize to operate. However, the most critical technical challenge for AFBs is the instability. The radial air injection was shown as a beneficial phenomenon to eliminate the friction drag during stat/stop, and it was used for thermal management of AFBs to reduce the thermal runaway. In this study, controlled radial air injection is used to improve the stability of AFBs. It is shown that by taking advantage of the controlled radial air injection, the onset speed of subsynchronous vibration is pushed to the higher speeds, and noticeable enhancement in the rotor’s stability is observed even with a very small bearing’s radial clearance.

One of the most important additives for lubricant oils is the overbased detergent, which displays the additional property of neutralizing acids generated by combustion. Overbased calcium alkylsalicylate is colloid of CaCO3 chemically stabilized in oil by the organic calcium salt acting as a surfactant. These colloids are synthetized in situ through the reaction of solid Ca(OH)2 with gaseous CO2 and a throughout characterization of the reaction product from the raw materials to the finished product is fundamental. The present study focus on impact of CO2 amount used on the composition, structure and morphology of the final product using techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as complementary chemical analysis.

Investigation of Temperatures Capability to Detect Failure in Aeronautical Gearboxes

Penetration & Characterization of Multi-Purpose Lubricants

T. Touret, F. Ville, Lamcos INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, Rhone, France, C. Changenet, ECAM Lyon, Lyon, France

J.L. Markham, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA

Condition Monitoring

Lubrication Fundamentals Multi-purpose lubricants such as those found in a home for a variety of uses were investigated to understand their ability to infiltrate surfaces under seizure as well as what constituents enabled such a phenomenon. Simple hydrocarbon based lubricants with varying percent low vapor pressure (LVP) solvents were tested using a custom built thrust washer tribometer. Experiments simulated the torque necessary to overcome a stuck bolt and the static friction for each was recorded for comparison. Different sample substrate roughness were also tested during the course of the semester which, in addition to the varying % LVP solvent, had an effect on the penetration and static friction of the bolt system. Time lapsed in-situ infrared spectroscopy experiments were also conducted to help understand what part of the lubricant was active in aiding penetration and to what degree it was able to assist.

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Condition monitoring (CM) revealed itself as a good alternative to the challenging prediction of damage occurrence in gearboxes. Dynamic and acoustic CM face major difficulties due to signal processing and sensitivity to complex events in different components. An alternative approach consists in studying temperatures. In wind turbine gearboxes this kind of method is investigated based on data driven model. In this study, analyses are conducted on airplane systems. By using a physical model, the thermal network method, it may be possible to estimate temperatures on moving elements which are difficult to measure. It is also possible to evaluate the temperature response to certain damage such as micropitting. A method is proposed to assess the capability to identify failure in aeronautical gearboxes through temperature estimation based on a physical model.


191

STLE 2016 A Fundamental Study of Bleed Mechanism in Fretting Contact

Semi-Active Control of Hybrid Air Foil Bearings for Enhancement of Rotordynamic Performance

A. Saatchi, Chemical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, P. Shiller, G.L. Doll, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, K. Mistry, The Timken Co., Canton, OH

B. Zamanian Yazdi, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, D. Kim, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

Grease

Fluid Film Bearings

Thickeners in grease are dispersed colloidally in oil, most commonly as fibers entangled and connected together to form a three dimensional structure that traps the oil and prevents it from flowing freely. In most models used to predict the bleed behavior in grease, the thickener is assumed to be a sponge that holds the oil but allows it to bleed into the contact. In this work, the oil release mechanism of several grease types in fretting contact has been studied. The greases tested were lithium complex, calcium sulfonate and polyurea thickened greases. Results were interpreted within a model where the grease thickener is treated as particles moving in a matrix of oil instead of the traditional view. The thickener particles, connected through van der Waals forces, provide consistency to the grease. But at the same time, the thickener particles are able to move independently in the oil matrix, capable of separating from each other resulting in the occurrence of bleed.

Air foil bearings (AFBs) have been recognized as one of the most promising bearings for the high-speed oil-free turbomachinery and they have found many successful applications in micro to mid-size systems. AFBs allow operation at extreme temperature and speed where conventional oil lubricated bearings seize to operate. However, the most critical technical challenge for AFBs is the instability. The radial air injection was shown as a beneficial phenomenon to eliminate the friction drag during stat/stop, and it was used for thermal management of AFBs to reduce the thermal runaway. In this study, controlled radial air injection is used to improve the stability of AFBs. It is shown that by taking advantage of the controlled radial air injection, the onset speed of subsynchronous vibration is pushed to the higher speeds, and noticeable enhancement in the rotor’s stability is observed even with a very small bearing’s radial clearance.

Tribological Properties of PDA/PTFE Coating Under Lubricated Condition Y. Zhao, M. Zou, Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR

Surface Engineering The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of liquid lubrication on the tribological properties of the Polydopamine (PDA)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating under severe operation condition. The wear process of a PDA/ PTFE coating in lubricated condition was tested under 1.5 GPa contact pressure in a rotatory oscillating motion using a ball-on-disk configuration of the UMT-2 tribometer. A normal load of 15 N was applied with the sliding speed of 0.1 m/s. A 3D laser scanning microscope was used for high resolution 3D imaging of the wear track and the counterface.


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CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS 72nd STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition May 21-25, 2017 Hyatt Regency Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia (USA)

AT L A N TA

STLE’s Annual Meeting & Exhibition is the industry’s most respected venue for technical information, professional development and international networking opportunities. Each year STLE’s conference showcases some 500 technical presentations, application-based case studies, best practice reports and discussion panels on technical or market trends. Education courses support professional development and prepare qualified individuals for STLE’s three certification programs: Certified Lubrication Specialist™, Oil Monitoring Analyst™ (I&II) and Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist™. Our annual trade show and popular Commercial Marketing Forum spotlight the latest products and services of interest to lubrication professionals. STLE’s conference is a truly international event, with some 1,600 professionals from around the world attending. 2017 presentations are being sought in the following areas: • • • • • • • • • •

Biotribology Condition Monitoring Engine & Drive Train Environmentally Friendly Fluids Fluid Film Bearings Gears Grease Lubrication Fundamentals Materials Tribology (includes Ceramics and Composites) Metalworking Fluids

• • • • • • • • • •

Nanotribology Nonferrous Metals Power Generation Rolling Element Bearings Seals Surface Engineering Synthetic and Hydraulic Lubricants Tribotesting Wear Wind Turbine Tribology

Abstract Submission If you are interested in presenting at STLE’s 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, submit a 100-150-word abstract at www.stle.org. Abstracts are due Oct. 1, 2016. Notification of acceptance will be sent in December 2016. While you do not need to prepare a full manuscript to be included on the meeting technical program, you are invited and encouraged to submit a manuscript for review and possible publication in STLE’s peer-reviewed journal, Tribology Transactions. For more information, please contact: Merle Hedland • [email protected] • 630-428-2133

Follow us on

#STLE2017

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, [email protected], www.stle.org.

STLE 2016

Participants Index Includes technical program authors, course faculty and Commercial Marketing Forum presenters.

A

B

Berglund, Kim, 4O, 7M Berier, Vincent, 1C

Abere, Julius O., 6L

B, Nikhit , 7N

Berkebile, Stephen, 4G

Acharya, Arjun, 4I

B.N., Vishwadeep, 3N

Berman, Diana, 2O

Adams, Douglas J., 6I

Baart, Pieter, 3F

Berriozabal, Edurne, 3L

Adrien, Jérôme, 4O

Babapai, K., 6O

Agiral, Anil Advanced Lubrication 301

Babuska, Tomas, 3O

Berthier, Yves, 2I, 2N, 3I, 3O, 4K, 5L, 6O, 7K, 8D

Bactavatchalou, Ravindrakumar, 1M

Bertinotti, Aude, 4K

Aguilar, Gaston, 2D

Bai, Biao, 3J

Bertocchi, Enrico, 5C

Ajayi, Oyelayo O., 3B, 6C, 8K

Bair, Scott, 2B

Beschorner, Kurt E., 4I

Akbarzadeh, Amirabbas, 4P

Bajwa, Rizwan S., 3N

Bhattacharjee, Tapomoy, 3I, 5O

Akbarzadeh, Saleh, 4P

Bakolas, Vasilios, 3N

Bhattacharya, Priyanka, 1B

Akchurin, Aydar, 6K

Baldwin, Nicholas L., 5O

Bhushan, Bharat, 1O

Aktaruzzaman, Fnu, 6L

Bansal, Jai G., 4C

Bijani, Dariush, 7N

Alarcon, Jorge, 5M

Bantchev, Grigor, 5F

Bilas, Philippe, 2P

Alazemi, Abdullah A., 3P

Barari, Bamdad, 2I

Binder, Cristiano, 7O

Al-Azizi, Ala, 7P

Barday, Denis, 1C

Binderszewsky, Joerg, 6G

Alibert, Michael, 2L

Bares, Jason A., 6B

Biresaw, Girma, 5F

Allison, Bryan, 8D

Bartels, Thorsten, 2C

Bitsis, Chris, 6N

Almqvist, Andreas, 2M, 3B, 5C, 7C

Barthel, Anthony, 6P

Björling, Marcus, 2B, 3B

Amanov, Auezhan, 6N

Bartz, Wilfried J., 6I

Blackman, Gregory, 4O

Amuzuga, Kwassi Vilevo, 4D

Basu, Shubhamita, 2G, 7C

Blithe, Robert, 6F

Andrade, Gilberto, 2G

Basumatary, Jahnabi, 8K

Block, Erica, 2O

Angelini, Thomas E., 3I, 5O

Battaile, Corbett, 6N

Blume, Jurate, 3L

Anthony, Facchini, 4E

Batteas, James D., 7P

Antonov, Pavel, 7P

Bauer, Frank, 1M

Blunt, Thomas Synthetic Lubrication 203, 204

Aoki, Saiko, 6B

Baumann, Matthias, 1M

Bohnert, Christof, 7D

Aoki, Shinji, 2J, 2L

Bayada, Guy, 8B

Bolander, Nathan, 3G

Arakere, Nagaraj K., 3D, 6D, 7N

Bayoumi, Hassan, 7H

Bonnaud, Patrick, 8B

Arghir, Mihai, 4M

Beaurain, Jerome, 4H

Bosman, Rob, 3F

Argibay, Nicolas, 2I, 3O

Beck, Guillaume, 3G

Bots, Steffen, 6G

Arner, Jim Basic Lubrication 101

Becker, Edward Automotive Lubrication 202

Bourne, Gerald, 2O

Aswath, Pranesh B., 5B

Becquerelle, Samuel, 3G

Bouyer, Jean, 1H, 4H

Atkinson, David, 1E

Beesabathuni, Shilpa, 2E

Bozet, Jean-Luc, 4D

Austin, Ted, 2J

Begin, Louis, 6C

Branson, Blake, 3L

Bell, Jason, 5B

Braun, Minel J., 1H, 3M, 4H, 5H

Bellini, Marco, 3E

Braun, Wolfgang, 3N

Belly, Christian, 5L

Brekan, Jonathan, 4L

Benecke, Herman, 5F

Brenner, Don, 6P

Bennett, Alexander I., 8K

Briançon, Laurence, 3D

Benninghoff, Keith, 5I

Brinckmann, Steffen, 8P

Bercion, Yves, 7O

Brizmer, Victor, 6N

194


Bou-Said, Benyebka, 6H

www.stle.org


STLE 2016 Chen, Kai, Student Poster

Dehm, Gerhard, 8P

Chen, Qinghua, 5H

Deladi, Elena L., 7N

Brocker, Claudia, 7M

Chen, Rimei, Student Poster

Delferro, Massimiliano, 1B, 3L, 7E

Brown, Jeffrey, 2L

Chen, Tao, 5M

Deligkiozi, Ioanna, 2N

Brown, Ken J., 2J

Chen, Xiaoyang, 6L, 7D

DellaCorte, Christopher, 3D, 6D

Brunetiere, Noel, 3M

Chen, Xinchun, 7P

de Mello, Jose Daniel B., 7O

Bruno, Thomas, 7B

Chen, Yuting, 3I

Deneuville, Patrick, 6F

Brunskill, Henry P., 7M

Chen, Zhiyun, 2B

Deng, Dingfeng, 6C

Budinski, Kenneth, 7L

Chen, Zhou, 4N, 8N

Deng, Mingming, 2B

Budinski, Steven T., 7L

Cheng, Bingxue, 7L

Buffière, Jean-Yves, 3D

Chimata, Geetha, Student Poster

Denniston, Alan NLGI Grease 101

Burch, Heidi, 4O

Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, Ramesh, 3N, 4N, 7N, 8N

Dery, Mary Advanced Lubrication 301

Choi, Hyunho, 1K

Desanker, Michael, 1B, 3L, 7E, Student Poster

B

Burke, John Metalworking Fluids 105 Burkhardt, Eric W., 2J

Chromik, Richard R., 3O, 6O

Burris, David, 2I, 4O, 5O, 7K

Chung, Yip-Wah, 1B, 3L, 7E

Butler, Richard Metalworking Fluids 105, 130

Ciniero, Alessandra, 5L, Student Poster

Byrne, Brian, 5M

Ciria, Jose I., 8M Clark, Kevin, 4G Clark, Randy, 7M

C

Clarke, Alastair, 3G

Cai, Shaobiao, 1N

Coe, Chuck, NLGI Grease 101

Camalli, Rafael F., 2G

Cohen, Donald Automotive Lubrication 202

Campos, Karyne R., 7O Cann, Philippa, 1I, 4I, 6L Canter, Neil Metalworking Fluids 105, 130

Colas, Guillaume, 3O, 4O, 8D, Student Poster

Descartes, Sylvie, 3I, 3O, 6O Deshmukh, Sanket A., 2O Deskin, Scott Automotive Lubrication 202 Desrayaud, Christophe, 6O Devlin, Mark, 7E de Vries, Lieuwe, 7M de Wit, Frank, 7M DeWitt, Matthew, 6O Dhital, Prabin, 1N Dickman, James, 7E

Colbert, Rachel S., 2O

Didziulis, Stephen, 3O

Canty, Thomas, 7M

Composto, Russell J., 6Q

Diloyan, George, 1D

Cao, Changhong, 7P

Cooper, Andrew C., 5O

Dini, Daniele, 4B, 4I, 5C, 8B

Cao, Lijun, 5E, 7M

Cooper, Gregory, 2B

Dittes, Nicholas J., 6M

Caporizzo, Matthew, 6Q

Coronado, Diego A., 6G

Doerr, Nicole, 5B

Cardenas, Arturo, 2G, 2L

Cosimbescu, Lelia, 1B

Doll, Gary L., 2H, 3F, 3O, 4N, 7D, 7L, 8E

Carey, Jim, 5G

Costa, Henara L., 2C

Dong, Yalin, 2H, 4N

Carpick, Robert W., 2B, 2P, 6B, 6Q, 7P

Costello, Michael T., 6B Synthetic Lubrication 203, 204

Donnelly, Steve, 3C

Crespo, Alexia, 5P

Dorri Moghadam, Afsaneh, 3K

Csillag, Stefan, 3P

Drees, Dirk, 2N, 5L

Curry, John, 3O, 5O, Student Poster

Du, Li, 5M, 6K

Cuthbert, John B., 2C, 6B

Duan, Yiqin, 1I, 2I, 5P

Cyriac, Febin, 3F

Dubbert, Bridget, 4E

Czibor, Jan, 6O

Dubois, Fabien, 5L

Carroll, Jay, 6N Cavoret, Jérôme, 3D, 3G Celis, Jean-Pierre, 2N, 5L Cervantes, Michel J., 1I Cha, Matthew, 4H Chai, Zhimin, 3O Chaise, Thibaut, 4D Chakravortty, Dipshikha, 5F

Dörr, Nicole, 3L

Duchowski, John K., 4J, 7M

D

Duggan, John Metalworking Fluids 130

Chandross, Michael, 3O

Dai, Wei, 1D, Student Poster

Dugger, Michael T., 2O, 6O

Chang, Shih-Hung, 8B

Dai, Yuanjing, 4E

Duhamel, Jean, 7B

Changenet, Christophe, 1C, 2G, 3G

Daly, Matthew, 7P

Dunn, Alison C., 5O

Chawla, A., 2I

Dabrowski, Alex, NLGI Grease 101

Dutt, Pravir, 4B

Chaubey, G, 1E

Dascalescu, Lucian, 6L, 7K

Dwyer-Joyce, Rob, 3C, 6M

Chazeau, Axelle, 7E

Dassenoy, Fabrice, 3P, 4P, 7E

Chen, Hsin-Yi, 6H

Debshaw, Bryan S., 7M

Chen, Huan, 7N

Decker, Chris, Basic Lubrication 102

Chan, Chia-Wen, 8B

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Participant’s Index E

Fu, Weiping, 7N

Gunduz, Aydin, 5E

Fujikawa, Shigenori, 5N

Guo, Dan, 6Q, 8P

Eastwood, John, 5B

Guo, Fei, 3M

Egberts, Philip, 2P, 6O

G

Guo, Yanbao, 3K

Elie, Larry D., 2C Elinski, Meagan B., 1P

Gabler, Christoph, 3L, 5B

Gupta, Surojit, 2O

Ellington, JoRuetta, 2C

Galary, Jason, 3F

Guy, Laurent, 3I

El-Shafei, Aly, 7H

Galgoci, Ernest C., 2E

Emadi, Seyedehmaryam, 7M Emami, Nazanin, 1I

Gangopadhyay, Arup, 2C, 3C, 6B Automotive Lubrication 202

H H, Adarsha, 3N

Gupta, Pradeep K., 3D

England, Roger, 6C

Gao, Hongyu, Student Poster

Erck, Robert, 3B

Gao, Ming, 6P

Haas, Werner, 1M

Erdemir, Ali, 1N, 2O, 6B, 7N, 7P, 8K

Gao, Wenjun, 4D, 5E

Habchi, Wassim, 2B

Erylimaz, Osman, 1N, 7N

Gao, Yuan, 2B

Hager, Carl, 3F

Esche, Carl, 3C

Gara, Luan, 3P

Hahn, Hyeok, 2L, 5F

Espinosa-Marzal, Rosa M., 3I, 5P

Garabedian, Nikolay T., 7K

Haidar, Diana, 4O, Student Poster

Etsion, Izhak, 2N, 4N, 8N

Garapati, Sasanka, 3P

Haines, Peter G., 5I

Evans, HP, 3G

Garbark, Daniel, 5F

Han, Ganghee, 2P

Evans, Martin, 5G

García-Pineda, Patricio, 2P

Han, Yanfeng, 3H

Evans, Ryan D., 3O, 7D

Garelick, Kenneth, 5B

Hannon, James B., 3J

Ewen, James, 8B

Gatto, Vince, 3C

Ewin, Jeffrey, 4G

Gebretsadik, Daniel W., 6C

Hannon, William Automotive Lubrication 202

Geng, Zhibo, Student Poster

Haque, Tabassumul, 2M, 5G

F

Georgiou, Emmanuel, 2N, 5L

Hardell, Jens, 5K, 6C, 6O

Ghanbarzadeh, Ali, 4K

Harish, Thettanikal V., 6F

Farahati, Rashid, 7O

Giacopini, Matteo, 5C

Harper, Phil, 7M

Farooq, Khalid, 4J

Giraudeau, Célia, 4H

Harris, Kathryn L., 2I

Farooq, Najar A., 3H

Glavatskih, Sergei, 4H

Harris, Kathryn, 6Q, 8K

Fatu, Aurelian, 1H, 2H

Goldstein, Michael, 1K

Harrison, Judith, 7P

Fatu, Ramona, 2H

Goltsberg, Roman, 2N, 4N, 8N

Harry-O’kuru, Rogers E., 5F

Feldmeth, Simon, 1M

Gomez, Yesid A., 8M

Hart, Samuel, Student Poster

Fenske, George R., 3B, 8K

Gong, Hua, 5N, 6K, 6N

Harvey, Terry J., 2H, 5G

Feppon, Florian, 1K

Gong, Taimin, 7C

Hashimoto, Chisaki, 8P

Filleter, Tobin, 3O, 7P, 8D

Gosvami, Nitya, 6B, 6Q

Hassler, John C., 7E

Fillon, Michel, 4H

Gotheridge, Stephen, 7C

Hatakeyama, Nozomu, 8B

Fillot, Nicolas, 7D

Gould, Benjamin J., 5G, Student Poster

He, Tao, 8B

Fink, Caroline, 8P

Graf-Goller, Oliver, 6D

He, Xin, 6P

Finzi, Marcilia B., 3E

Greaves, Martin, 4L Synthetic Lubricants 203

He, Xingliang, 1B, 2B, 3L, 4B, 7E

Greco, Aaron, 5G, 8E

Heatherington, Robert, 8M

Flaherty, William, 3F

Greco, Feliciano, 2D, 7M

Hedoire, Claude E., 2E

Flamberg, Alan, 2C

Green, Itzhak, 1H, 3M

Helene, Mathieu, 4H

Fleming, Robert, Student Poster Fontaine, Julien, 7P

Greene, Galen Advanced Lubrication 301, 302

Hermann, John Basic Lubrication 102

Fossier, Charlotte, 1C

Greiner, Christian, 1O

Hernandez, Sinuhe, 6O

Franke, Joerg, 5G

Gropper, Daniel, 2H, Student Poster

Hilbert, James, 7P

Franken, Mark, 2D

Guegan, Johan, 5B

Hirata, Noriaki, 3H

Franklin, Steve, 4I

Guerra, Julia, 2P

Frauscher, Marcella, 5B

Guevremont, Jeffrey M., 5B

Hlade, Toby Gears 101, Advanced Lubrication 302

Frazer, Robert, 3G

Gujrati, Abhijeet, 1P

Hobday, Ian, 5B

Frenken, Joost W.M., 7P, 8P

Gullapalli, Sravani, 2L

Fish, Gareth, 2D, 7L NLGI Grease 101

www.stle.org

He, Yichen, 3I


197

STLE 2016 Khanal, Subarna R., 1P

H

J

Hochrein, David, 6D

Jackson, Andrew, 2B

Kim, Chungjwa, 1D

Hock, Ellen D., 2C

Jacobs, Peter, 5G

Kim, Daejong, 5H

Hof, Matthias, 5I

Jacobs, Tevis D., 1P

Kim, Eunseok, Student Poster

Höglund, Erik , 1C, 3F

Jain, Dharmendra, 7H

Kim, Hoon, 4E

Hokao, Michita, 8K

Jalalahmadi, Behrooz, 3D, 3G

Kim, Hyun, 3O

Holdmeyer, Dan Basic Lubrication 101, 102

James, David, 6D

Kim, Hyun-Gil, 5K

Januszkiewicz, Kris, 6F

Holloway, Mike Basic Lubrication 101

Kim, Hyung-Kyu, 5K

Jaudon, Chris, Student Poster

Kim, Jiho, 5O, Student Poster

Jean-Fulcrand, Annelise, 4O

Kim, Min-Seob, 4I

Jenei, Istvan Zoltan, 3P

Kim, Seong H., 6P, 7P

Jeng, Yeau-Ren, 8B

Kiran, Erdogan, 7E

Jeon, Hong-Gyu, 4K

Kirsch, James, 3O

Ji, Xiulin, 4K

Kirsch, Mathew, 6D

Jia, Dan, 7L

Kitahara, Eiki, 5M

Jia, Xiaohong, 3M

Klaassen, Michel, 4I

Jia, Xiu, 1K

Kleber, Xavier, 3D

Jiang, Sheng, 7B

Klein, Aloisio N., 7O

Jiang, Yijie, 7P

Kline, Sara, 3M

Jin, Xiaoqing, 4D, 7N

Knopp, Andrea, 4F

Johnson, A.T. Charlie, 2P

Khare, Harman, 2B, 7K

Holmes, Andrew, 1N, 7N Holweger, Walter, 5G Honda, Tomomi, 3J, 5M Hope, Ken, Basic Lubrication 101, Synthetic Lubrication 203 Hörl, Lothar, 1M Horng, Jeng, Student Poster Horvat, Frank, 4H Hou, Kaimin, 8L Houara Komba, Eymard, 5E Housel, Tyler Synthetic Lubrication 204 Howard, Samuel A., 3D, 6D

Johnson, Blake, Student Poster

Knotts, Nathan Basic Lubrication 101

Hsain, Zakaria, Student Poster

Jolly, Pascal, 3H

Koch, Edwin, 4J, 7M

Hsu, Stephen M., 5B, 7B

Jones, Morgan, Student Poster

Koch, Oliver, 7D

Hu, Renfeng, 8P

Joynson, Samuel, Student Poster

Koechlin, Samuel, 2G

Hu, Xiaoli, Student Poster

Ju, Ling, 3O

Kolev, Ivan, 5N

Huang, Zhihao, 1K

Junk, Christopher P., 4O

Kon, Tomohiko, 3J

Hunter, Kevin Synthetic Lubrication 204

Jurado, L. Andres, 5P

Konicek, Andrew R., 6B

Hunter, John, 6F

Koo, Yang-Hyun, 5K

K

Kooviland, Amir, 6P

K.S, Swamy, 4N

Korres, Spyridon, 5G

Kadiric, Amir, 4B, 4D, 6G, 7D, 8D, 8L

Kosanovic Milickovic, Tatjana, 2N

Kailas, Satish V., 5F

Kosarieh, Shahriar, 6N, Student Poster

Kalin, Mitjan, 4P

Koshigan, Komlavi, 7P

Igartua, Amaya, 3L

Kamps, Timothy, 5C, 6C, Student Poster

Kotnis, Ashish V., 2G

Ingram, Marc, 1E, 5G, 8D

Kantar, Jared, 8M

Kozawa, Sumio, 8B

Irigoyen, Mariana, 2P

Kaperick, Joseph P., 3F

Krauss, Gordon G., 7L

Isaac, Daulton D., 6D

Kapsa, Philippe, 7O

Krenn, Georg, 5L

Isaac, Gregoire, 3G, Student Poster

Karis, Tom, 4F

Krick, Brandon, 1K, 2O, 3O, 4O, 5O, 6Q

Ishikawa, Motoharu, 5P

Kasem, Haytam, 4I

Krim, Jacqueline, 6P

Ito, Akira, 5M

Kato, Takahisa, 7P

Krueger, Susan, 1B

Iwama, Yuka, 3C

Katsuki, Hiromiru, 4H

Kuchta, Tyler D., 5I, 6I

Kaufman, Michael, 2O

Kucita, Pawee, 8K

Keer, Leon M., 4D, 7N

Kumar, Bharat, 4K

Kelly, Jesse, 3B

Kunik, Sergey, 1H

Kennedy, Marian S., 2P

Kupiec, David, 5F

Khaemba, Doris N., 6N

Kuttolamadom, Mathew, 1K

Khakse, Prashant G., 7H

Kwon, Hyungoo , 6N

Huysman, Walt Advanced Lubrication 302

I

Korenyi-Both, Andras, 2O

Khan, Zulfiqar, 3N

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Participant’s Index Lin, Hejie, 6C Lin, Jianliang, 6N

Malik, Khalid, 2J Condition Monitoring 101

Lahmar, Mustapha, 6H

Lince, Jeff, 3O

Malm, Linda, 4L

Lahouij, Imene, 2B

Lingesten, Niklas, 1C

Manfredi, Olivia, 3C

Lan, Zhicheng, 2N

Lipowski, Brian M., 1D

Mangolini, Filippo, 6B, 7P

Lance, Michael, 3C

Liskiewicz, Tomasz, 5N

Manieri, Francesco, 6G

Lang, D, 7M

Litwin, Wojciech, 3H

Mansot, Jean-Louis, 2P, 7O, 8P

Lang, Timo, 7M

L

Liu, Jackie, 2C

Mantha, Shankar S., 7H

Langston, Justin, 2C

Liu, Jinlong, 8L

Mara, Nathan A., 2P

Lanigan, Joe, 5N

Liu, Juanfang, 5H

Marchesse, Yann, 2G

Lantz, Sean, 5B

Liu, Pinzhi, 1B, 7E

Markham, Jennifer, Student Poster

Larsson, Roland, 2B, 2M, 4O, 5C, 7C

Liu, Shuhai, 2B, 2N

Marklund, Pär D., 1C, 2B

Laruelle, Sandrine, 2G

Liu, Ttengfei, 4E

Marks, Tobin J., 1B, 3L, 7E

Latona, Renee, 5I

Liu, Weiqiang, 2I

Marshall, Samantha, 2I

Le, Marion, 3D

Liu, Ying, Student Poster

Martin, Douglas J., 6M

Leather, Jonathan, 6G

Liu, Yuhong, 1I, 2I, 2P, 3I, 5P

Martini, Ashlie, 1B, 2P, 5B

Lecante, Pierre, 7E

Liu, Zak, 2C, 6B

Maruyama, Taisuke, 8K

Leckner, Johan, 3F

Liu, Zhenxia, 5E, 5H,

Marx, Nigel, 1B

Lee, Damon, 4B

Liu, Zhong, 4B

Masen, Marc A., 4I, 4O, 6L

Lee, Jae-Ohk, 4K

Liu, Zhongguo, Student Poster

Mason, Justin, 6D

Lee, JaeHyuk, Student Poster

Liu, Zijian, 6P

Massi, Francesco, 2N

Lee, Kevin, 4G

Livingstone, Greg, 3J, 5M

Mastrandrea, Luca N., 5C

Lee, Kyungjun, 1K, 1O

Lockwood, Frances, 3L, 7E

Masuko, Masabumi, 6B

Lee, Peter, 5C, 6C, 6N, 7L, 8E

Londhe, Nikhil D., 3D

Matsui, Yuji, 6B

Lee, Young-Ho, 5K

Lorenzo Martin, Cinta, 3B, 6C, 8K

Matsumoto, Kenji, 7C

Lee, Young-Ze, 4I

Lösche, Thomas, 7D

Matsuoka, Iwao, 3H

Lehn, Andreas, 6H

Lu, Jie, 1B, 7E

Mayer, Joachim, 5G

Leininger, Dustin, 6P

Lu, Xinchun, 3O, 5P

Mazzamaro, Glenn, 3C

Le Mogne, Thierry, 3P

Lu, Xiqun, 4K, 8E

McCarthy, Donald D., 3C

Len, Michelle, Student Poster

Luftman, Henry, 3O

McClimon, John B., 7P

Leong, Jonathan Y., 1N, 7N

Lugt, Piet, 3F

Lewis, Kyle, Synthetic Lubrication 203

Lundström, Staffan, 2M

McClure, Ted G., 4E Metalworking Fluids 105, 130

Li, Haimei, 8L

Luo, Jianbin, 1E, 2B, 2P, 3B, 6P, 6Q, 7P, 8P

Li, Jian, 7L

Luo, Yong, 7O

Li, Jinjin, 2B, 3B Li, Jinxia, 3F

Lutz, Glenn, Synthetic Lubricants 203, NLGI Grease 101

Li, Jiusheng, 4L

Lyu, Yaguo, 5H

Li, Pengyang, 7N

McElwain, Mandi, 5B Mcintee, Olivia, 3P McNulty, Jason, 8L McWatt, Douglas G., 2C Meck, Klaus-Dieter, 2H

Li, Junyang, 3H, 5K Li, Nan, 2P

McDaniel, Elena, 1D

Mehta, Jatin, 2J, 3J

M

Melendez, Carlos, 7L

Li, Tongyang, 4K

M.Moghaddam, Seyed Reza, 4I

Mellor, Brian, 5G

Li, Wanyou, 4K, 8E

Ma, Jaron, 6B

Menezes, Pradeep, 2B, 3K, 7N, 8N

Li, Wensheng, 8K

Ma, Kai, 7B

Menghani, Jyoti, 1O, 6O

Li, Yan, 7N

Ma, Liran, 2B, 2P, 6P

Michael, Andy, 4F

Li, Yang, 5K

Mackwood, Wayne, 2J, 3L

Michlberger, Alex, 3C

Liang, He, 3B

Maehling, Frank-Olaf, 2L

Midson, Stephen, 2O

Liang, Hong, 1D, 1K, 1O, 2B, 6K

Maheo, Yves, 7D

Liao, Yiliang, 7N

Mahner, Marcel, 6H

Miller, Brendan Advanced Lubrication 302

Liao, Zhenhua, 2I

Majumdar, Sudip, 5I

Lim, Hojun, 6N

Maldonado, Demófilo, 2P

Lima, Eduardo G., 1E

www.stle.org

Miller, Mark E., 2G Mills, Justin, 1C, 2C Mills, Robin, 3C, 6M


199

STLE 2016 M

Nedelcu, Ileana, 5G

Parsaeian, Pourya, 4K

Needelman, William, 4J Minami, Ichiro, 3L, 7M

Nelias, Daniel, 4D, 5E

Passman, Frederick J., 3E Metalworking Fluids 105, 130

Mistry, Kuldeep, 3F

Nemser, Stuart, 5I

Patel, Mihir, 3C

Miura, Ryuji, 8B

Neville, Anne, 1C, 3C, 4K, 5N, 6N

Patel, Sagar Devraj, 1K

Miyamoto, Akira, 8B

Ngo, Helen, 5I

Miyamoto, Naoto, 8B

Nhin Ha, Duc, 2H

Patel, Suresh Metalworking Fluids 130

Mohrbacher, Hardy, 3K

Nie, Mengyan, 5N

Moles, Nathaniel, 1H

Niel, Dimitri, Student Poster

Molina, Gustavo J., 6L

Niemi, Sean, 2I

Mollon, Guilhem, 4K, 6K

Nishino, Takayuki, 4B

Molza, Audrey, 2P, 7O

Nixon, Ryan M., 2O

Mondelin, Alexandre, 7D

Noblit, Anthony, 6F

Moneer, Michael, 7L, 8E

Norrby, Thomas, 2E, 4L

Moore, Axel C., 5O, Student Poster

Norris, Paul, 1E

Moran, Gregory E., 2E

Nosaka, Masataka, 7P

Moreira, Maria C., 6K

Nyberg, Erik, 3L

Paulson, Neil, 7D Peditto, Francesca, 3I Peeters, Marc, 5L Pegg, Ian, 6C Pelcastre, Leonardo, 5K, 6O Pelletier, Dave, Gears 101 Pena, Daniel, 3P Peña-Parás, Laura, 2P Peng, Bo, 8L Peng, Yiyan, 8L

Morelli, Anthony, 3C

Pereira, Gavin, 2J

Morgan, Neal, 5B, 8B

Pérez-Ràfols, Francesc, 2M

O

Mori, Shigeyoshi, 4H Morina, Ardian, 1C, 3C, 6N

O’Bryan, Christopher S., 5O

Morrison, Dave Metalworking Fluids 130

O’Brien, Paul, 7M

Motamen Salehi, Farnaz, 3C

Ochiai, Masayuki, 3M Oleksiak, Thomas, 6F

Mourhatch, Ramoun Advanced Lubrication 302

Olszewski, Artur, 3H

Mueller, Mike, 3L

Olver, Andy, 6C

Mukherjee, S., 2I

Omrani, Emad, 2B, 3K, Student Poster

Mulkern, Robert, 1D

Onumata, Yasushi, 1C

Müller, Matthias, 8D

Ooms, Ingrid, 3L

Munson, Gerald L., 4J

Oswald, Fred B., 3D

Murray, Rex, 5F

Otto, Annie, 6I

Murthy, Nikhil, 4G

Oyamada, Tomonaga, 5L

Mutyala, Kalyan C., 3O, 7D

Ozaki, Yuya, 5M

Myant, Connor, 1I, 4I, 6L Mykietyn, Justin D., 2E

Petit, Jean Wilner, 2P Petterson, Anders, 3C Phalle, Vikas M., 7H Piacentini, Adalberto, 7E, Student Poster Pickens, David, 3L, 4B Pierson, Kristopher C., 5H Pirouz, Solmaz, 7B Pitenis, Angela A., 2I, 2O, 3I, 5O, 6Q Plint, George, 5C, 6C Poley, Jack Condition Monitoring 101 Pondicherry, Kartik S., 5L Popa, Mihaela, 3I Prabhakar, Arvind, 5H Prakash, Braham, 5K, 6C, 6O Pranis, George, 3C

P

Prawatya, Yopa E., 6L, 7K, Student Poster Prime, Michael B., 6D

Padberg, Clemens, 3F

N

Pagano, Francesco, 3L

N, Sekhar , 3N

Pagkalis, Konstantinos, 8D

Nachman, Malgorzata, 4I

Pajovic, Simo, 3O, 8D

Nagai, Toshiyuki, 2L

Pan, Guoshun, 5N, 6K, 6N, 8K, 8P

Nagaraj, Aditya, 3N

Panzariello, Joseph U., 2E

Nakamura, Yumiko, 5M

Papanicolaou, Steve, 7L

Nalam, Prathima C., 3I, 6Q

Parab, Sulaksha, 5B

Nasir, Habib, 3N

Parekh, Kajal, 2E

Nataraj, Padmapriya, 4N, 7N

Park, Jeon, 1P

Nation, Brendan L., 2O, 3O, 6O

Park, Jin-Hwak, 4I

Naveira Suarez, Aldara, 4E

Park, Jooho, Student Poster

Nazir, Hammad, 3N

Park, Simon, 6O

Neagoe, Marian B., 6L, 7K, Student Poster

Parkes, Maria, 1I

200


Prioli, Maria R., 3E P S, Suvin, 5F Pu, Wei, 4B Pyun, Young-Sik , 6N

Q Qi, Jianwei, Student Poster Qian, Xuzheng, 7L Qin, Haifeng, 2H, 4N, Student Poster Qing, Fan, 2M Qingliang, Wang, 2I Qu, Jun, 6B, 6C

www.stle.org


STLE 2016 Salomonsson, Patrik, 4L

Sharma, Vinay, Student Poster

Sanchez, Carlos J., 1D, 6K

Shaw, Austin, 6C

Radil, Kevin, 4G

Sánchez Santero, Celia, 6O

Shaw, Brian, 3G

Rahman, Mosfequr, 6L

Sankaranarayanan, Subramanian K., 2O

Sheehan, Alexis, 5P

Rahman, Naveed U., 6C

Sano, Naoko, 5N

Shelton, John, 3P

Rajeev, Vamadevan, 6F

Santos, Ilmar, 4H

Shen, Xuejin, 6L, 7D

Ramasamy, Uma Shantini, 1B, Student Poster

Saqr, Tareq, 7H

Shendarova, Olga, 6P

Saravanan, Prabakaran, 5N

Shi, Fanghui, 6C

Saribay, Zihni B., 5E

Shi, Hongyu, 1I, 5P

Sarker, Majher I., 5I

Shi, Shuai, 6Q

Sasaki, Akira, 3J, 7C

Shiller, Paul, 3F, 8E, NLGI Grease 101, Advanced Lubrication 302, Basic Lubrication 102

R

Ramesh Gudi, Harsha, 8N Ramirez, Giovanni, 6B, 7N, 7P Rashwan, Ola, 7O Rea, Salvatore, 3L Synthetic Lubricants 203

Sasaki, Shinya, 8P

Reed, Bryan, Student Poster

Saulot, Aurélien, 3O, 4O, 5L, 7K, 8D

Reddyhoff, Tom, 1N, 5L, 6C, 7N

Sava, Mirela-Maria, 2I

Redmond, Ken, 5M

Sawyer, W. Gregory, 2I, 2O, 3I, 5O, 6Q

Remskar, Maja, 4P

Scanlon, Gene Advanced Lubrication 301

Ren, Guozhe, 5H Ren, Ning, 1B, 3L, 7E Ren, Zhencheng, 4N Renouf, Mathieu, 3O, 4O, 6K, 6O, 8D Restuccia, Paolo, Student Poster Richardson, Alexander D., 5G, Student Poster Riggs, Mark, 4G

Shirakura, Yuhei, 2J Shirzadegan, Mohammad, 3B, 7C Shively, Scott, 4F

Schall, J.D., 7P

Shoaib, Tooba, 3I

Scharf, Thomas W., 1O

Shockley, J. Michael, 6O

Scheetz, David, Gears 101

Short, Glenn Synthetic Lubrication 204

Schimmel, Thomas, 2L Schipper, Dirk Jan, 7N Schirru, Michele, 3C, 6M Schmid, Chris Basic Lubrication 101

Rieth, Ryan, 7K

Shimizu, Yasunori, 6B

Siddaiah, Arpith, 8N Sidebottom, Mark A., 1K, 3O, 4O, 5O Silva, Carlos H., 6M Simin, Nicholas, 6O

Schneider, Johannes, 1O

Simko, Steven, 2C, 6B

Schnellbacher, Emil J., 3E

Simoens, Serge, 7D

Schultheiss, Hansjörg, 3G

Simon, Vilmos V., 3G

Robinson, Joshua W., 1B, 7E

Schultz, Bradley, 2P

Singh, Balraj, 1O

Rodiouchkina, Maria, 4O

Schulze, Kyle D., 2O, 3I, 5O

Singh, Harpal, 3O, 7D

Rodriguez Ripoll, Manel, 4E, 4P

Schwedt, Alexander, 5G

Singh, Peeyush, 4B

Roell, Bernard C., 6I

Schweizer, Bernhard, 6H

Sinha, Prawal, 4B

Rohatgi, Pradeep, 2B, 3K

Secue, Nick, 3C

Sinha, Sujeet K., 1N, 7N

Rolland, Julian, 7K

Seeley, Marisa, Student Poster

Siniawski, Matthew, 7L

Rosado, Lewis, 3D, 6D

Selyanchyn, Roman, 5N

Slatter, Tom, 6L

Rostami, Amir, 5P

Serra-Holm, Valentina NLGI Grease 101

Slocum, Sonia Advanced Lubrication 301

Servais, Christophe, 4D

Smelova, Viktorija, 5G, Student Poster

Shaffer, Steve, 7L

Smirnov, Alex, 6P

Shafiei, Mehdi, 6F

Smirnov, Anatolij, 1C

Shah, Dimple, 1O

Smith, Jacob, Student Poster

Shah, Raj, 3B

Smith, Lawrence A., 2E

Shah, Ravi Basic Lubrication 102

Smith, Maddison, 8E

Shah, Syed Sajid A., 3N

Smolenski, Donald, 2C

S, Rakesh, 5F

Shakhvorostov, Dmitriy, 1C

Smyth, Patrick A., 1H

Saatchi, Alireza, 3F, Student Poster

Shams, Kayghobad, 4P

Snyder, Troy A., 4H, 5H

Sadeghi, Farshid, 3D, 5E, 7D

Sharif, Kayri, 3G

Söderfjäll, Markus, 5C

Saeed, Adil, 3N

Sharma, Aman, Student Poster

Soliman, Amr, Student Poster

Safari, Alaleh, 1I

Sharma, Satish C., 7H

Soloiu, Valentin, 6L

Sainte-Catherine, Marie-Christine, 3D

Sharma, Vibhu, Student Poster

Song, Jian, 1I, 2I

Rioux, Michelle, 3E Rivera, Nicolas Automotive Lubrication 202

Roy, Sougata, 2N Ruellan, Arnaud, 7D Rupanagudi, Suresh Kumar, 3N, 8N Ryan, Kathleen, 7P Rycerz, Pawel, 4D, 6G

S

Smith, Oliver, 6M

Salmeron, Miquel, 1P

202


www.stle.org

Participant’s Index Vercillo, Heather Condition Monitoring 101

Song, Jingan, 4N

Tansu, Nelson, 2O

Song, Zhixiang, 3H

Tarasevich, Barbara, 1B

Sonmor, Eric, 6O

Taylor, Robert I., 1B

Vergne, Philippe, 7D

Soto, Cristian, 2J, 3J

Tequi, Pierre, 7E

Vermaak, Natasha, 1K

Souchet, Dominique, 7K

Terrell, Elon J., 7D

Vettel, Paula R., 2L, 5F

Souchik, Joan, 2C

Thiebaut, Benoit, 3P

Villavicencio, Maria D., 4O, 8D

Southby, Mark, 5B

Thomas, Fransua, 3D

Ville, Fabrice, 1C, 2G, 3D, 3G, 7D

Sovoji, Mohammad, Student Poster

Thompson, Kurt Gears 101

Vinogradov, Aleksandr, 3M

Spagnoli, Jaime NLGI Grease 101

Vinci, James N., 2G, 7C

Tinubu, Olusegun, 1O

Viray, Angelo, 4G

Spikes, Hugh, 1B, 1N, 2C, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7N, 8B

Tobie, Thomas, 3G

Vivier, Florence, 5K

Squier, Jeffrey, 2O

Tomala, Agnieszka M., 4E, 4P

Vladescu, Sorin C., 1N, 6C, Student Poster

Stacke, Lars-Erik, 5E, 7M

Tonazzi, Davide, 2N

Vouaillat, Gillaume, Student Poster

Stadler, Kenred, 5G

Topolovec Miklozic, Ksenija, 6G, 8L

V Udupa, Vinyas, 8N

Stahl, Karsten, 3G

Totlani, M.K, 6O

Stanford, Malcolm K., 3D

Touret, Thomas, Student Poster

Starink, Marco J., 8K

Tremmel, Stephan, 6D, 8D

Stephens, Alison, 4I

Trivedi, Hitesh K., 3D, 6D

Wadayama, Katsuya, 3C

W

Stephens, Lyndon S., 4M

Trunfio-Sfarghiu, Ana-Maria, 2I

Walker, John, 6C

Stevenson, Harriet J., 1I

Tsala Moto, Serge Parfait, 4K

Wall, Peter, 2M

Stieha, Joseph, 4M

Tsay, Alex, 2C

Walvekar, Aditya A., 3D

Stoilov, Vesselin, 7O

Tsipenyuk, Alexey, 4I

Wang, Bo, 2O

Stokes, Keith, 5N

Tufail, Khizer, 6C

Wang, Can, 6O

Stoldt, Volker R., 3E

Tung, Simon, 3C

Wang, Chinpei, 6C

Stoll, Mario, 1M Strandwitz, Nicholas C., 3O

Turner, David NLGI Grease 101

Wang, Deguo, 2M, 2N, 3K

Streator, Jeffrey L., 5P

Turner, Kevin, 7P

Wang, Hongdong, 2P

Strozzi, Antonio, 5C Strubel, Vincent, 7D, Student Poster

Wang, Chun, 1C, 5N

Wang, Jen-Lung, 2C Wang, Jiaxu, 3G, 3H, 4D, 5K, 8B

U

Subhash, Ghatu, 3D

Wang, Jinqing, 8L

Sugimura, Jochi, 5N

Ullmann, Joseph, 4G

Wang, Jun, 2D, 7M

Sugliyama, Kan, Student Poster

Urness, Kimberly N., 7B

Wang, Kuifang, 2P

Sumant, Anirudha V., 2O

Uruena, Juan M., 2I, 2O, 3I, 5O, 6Q

Wang, Lijia, 4K

Sun, Hao, 7P

Ussa, Paula, 3P

Wang, Ling, 2H, 5G, 5N

Sun, Yongfeng, 3O

Uy, Dairene, 3C

Wang, Nathan, 8L

Sun, Yu, 7P Sundararajan, Sriram, 2N

Wang, Nenzi, 6H Wang, Ning, 5G

V

Suo, Shuangfu, 3M

Wang, Q. Jane, 1B, 3L, 4B, 4D 7B, 7E, 7N, 8L

Suthat, Deepak, 1O

V. Menghani, Jyoti, 4K

Wang, Quandai, 7N

Suzuki, Ai, 8B

Vacher, Béatrice, 3P, 7E

Wang, Rongrong, 8P

Svahn, Fredrik, 3P

Valea, Angel, 3L

Wang, Shuncai, 8K

Vallas, Sam Basic Lubrication 102

Wang, Wenzhong, 8D

T T, Pooja, 7N T, Ramu, 4N Tadokoro, Chiharu, 8P Taha-Tijerina, Jaime, 2P Tamura, Kazushi, 5P Tamura, Yukio, 5N Tan, Guibin, 2M

www.stle.org

van Drogen, Mark, 2D Varenberg, Michael, 4I, 7K Vargo, Daniel M., 1D Varney, Phil, 3M Veer Singh, Chandra, 7P Vegter, Reinder H., 5G Vellore, Azhar, Student Poster Venner, Kees, 3F

Wang, Xianzhang, Student Poster Wang, Yunlong, 5E Wang, Zhanchao, 2H Wang, Zhanjiang, 4D, 7N Wang, Zhenquan, 3K Wang, Zhijian, 7D, Student Poster Wang, Zhonglai, 5K Wangenheim, Matthias, 1M Ward, Jr., William C., 2D


203

STLE 2016 W

Y

Zhang, Mengqi, 7N

Wartzack, Sandro, 6D

Yablon, Dalia, 6B

Zhang, Weihua, 4D

Wasilczuk, Michal, 2H

Yamada, Ryo, 2J, 2L

Zhang, Xiangning, 4D

Watson, Simon, 5N, Student Poster

Yamamoto, Shuji, 5L

Zhang, XinAi, 7B

Webb, Nicole L., 3E

Yan, Fengyuan, 6L

Zhang, Xueqing, 5H

Wedin, Pär, 2E

Yang, Liu, 3K

Zhang, Yaoguang, 8D

Wei, Bo, 3H

Yang, Shengrong, 8L

Zhang, Yazhao, Student Poster

Wei, Jianjun (James), 3L

Yang, Yanlian, 5P

Zhang, Xiaohan, Student Poster

Zhang, Shengguang, 8D

Wei, Ronghua, 6N

Yang, Ye, 1E

Zhang, Ying, 3G

Welham, Thomas, 6L

Yao, Pingping, 7C

Zhang, Yinyin, 3O

Wells, Jason, 2L, 5F

Yarlott, Marc W., 5M

Zhang, Zhaoduo, 4D

Welmers, Matthew S., 3L

Ye, Chang, 2H, 4N

Zhao, Fei, 5B, 7B

Wen, Shizhu, 1I

Ye, Jiaxin, 4O

Westbroek, Rene, 3F

Ye, Zhijiang, 2P

Zhao, Hongmei Basic Lubrication 102

Westerberg, Lars G., 3F

Yeo, Chang-Dong, 4N

Zhao, Hongyuan, 1C, 5N

Wheeler, Steven, 6F

Yilmaz, Sinan, 5E

Zhao, Jingyi, 2H

Whitacre, Shawn, 4C

Yinghuai, Qing, 7O, 8L

Zhao, Jingyu, 5H

Whitehouse, Suzanna, 4I

Yokomizo, Masato, 7B

Zhao, Ning, 7N

Wicker, Nathan, 3L

Yokoyama, Fumihiko, 3C

Zhao, Yang, Student Poster

Wilches Pena, Luis V., 5G

Yolton, John, 6M

Zhao, Yixing (Philip), 2E

Wileman, Craig, 5C

Yoo, Jae-Hyeong, 4K

Zhao, Yongli, 1N

Wilkerson, Daniel, 2G

Young, Darryl, 6F

Zhao, YuZhen, 7B

Williams, Mark C., 8B

Yu, Hao, Student Poster

Zhao, Ziqiang, 8D

Wilson, Solongo, 2J

Yue, Yuan, Student Poster

Zhe, Jiang, 5M, 6K

Wilton-Smith, Karl, 3N Wincierz, Christoph, 1C

Zheng, J, 3I

Z

Zheng, Liang, 3I Zhou, Guangwu, 3H

Wolff, Karsten, 1O

Zabawski, Evan Condition Monitoring 101

Wong, Janet, 4O

Zakarian, Jack, 5B

Zhou, Qinghua, 4D, 7N

Wood, Robert, 5G, 6C, 8K

Zamanian Yazdi, B., Student Poster

Zhou, Yan, 5N, 6B, 6K, 6N

Worts, Nathan, 2O

Zaretsky, Erwin V., 3D

Zhou, Z.R., 3I

Woydt, Mathias, 3K

Zauscher, Stefan, 5P

Zhu, Dong, 8B

Wu, Changgui, 3M

Zdrodowski, Robert J., 2C

Zhu, Pengfei, 5H

Zegers, Federico M., 5O

Zhu, Shaocheng, 4D, 5E

Zeghloul, Thami, 6L, 7K

Zhu, Xiaoliang, 5M, 6K, Student Poster

Zehler, Gene Synthetic Lubrication 203

Zimmermann, Martin, 1M

Wodtke, Michal, 2H, 3H Wolf, Frederik, 5L

X Xiao, Huaping, 2B, 2N Xiao, Ke, 3H Xie, Guoxin, 8P Xing, Huang, 2M Xu, Fangcheng, 5H Xu, James, 5F Xu, Jian, 4L Xu, Li, 5N, 6K, 6N, 8K Xu, Xuefeng, 2P

Zeng, Chaoqun, 6O Zeng, Guosong, 2O, Student Poster Zeng, Jia, 4O Zeng, Qihang, 3I Zeng, Qingdao, 5P

Zhenquan, Wang, 5K Zhou, Jie, 4H

Zoikis-Karathanasis, Alexandros, 2N Zou, Chunli, 5N, 6K, 6N Zou, Dequan, 4K, 8E Zou, Qian, 3P Zweitzig, Bruce, 2C

Zeng, Qunfeng, 1N Zhang, Chengkai, 4K, 8E Zhang, Chenhui, 1E, 2B, 3B, 4E, 7P Zhang, Dekun, 8L Zhang, Haiyang, 4O Zhang, Jie, 1N, 3B, 7N Zhang, Kai, 3K, 5K

204


www.stle.org

STLE 2016

Annual Meeting Committees STLE 2015-2016 BOARD OF DIRECTORS President – Dr. Martin N. Webster – ExxonMobil Research & Engineering, Annandale, NJ Vice President – Dr. Ali Erdemir – Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Secretary – Michael Anderson – Falex Corp., Sugar Grove, IL Treasurer – Greg Croce – Chevron Products Co., Richmond, CA Immediate Past President – Dr. Maureen Hunter – King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT Executive Director – Edward P. Salek – STLE Headquarters, Park Ridge, IL

BOARD MEMBERS

PROGRAM COMMITTEE

James Arner, Pirr Tribology Solutions, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Chair – Farrukh Quresh The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH [email protected]

Dr. Vasilios Bakolas, Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Schweinfurt, Germany Dr. Ewa Bardasz, ZUAL Associates in Lubrication LLC, Mentor, OH Lynn Billings, Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (A Suncor Energy Business), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Pat Brutto, ANGUS Chemical Co., Buffalo Grove, IL Dr. David Burris, University of Delaware, Newark, DE Dr. Neil Canter, Chemical Solutions, Willow Grove, PA Dr. Michael Duncan, Daubert Chemical Co. Inc., Chicago, IL Karen E. Eisenhauer, Integrilube, Bonita Springs, FL Dr. Ryan D. Evans, The Timken Co., Canton, OH Dr. Arup Gangopadhyay, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI Paul Hetherington, Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (A Suncor Energy Business), Peachland, British Columbia, Canada Dr. Ken Hope, Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP, The Woodlands, TX Dr. Ashlie Martini, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA Daniel Nelias, LaMCos INSA De Lyon, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France Dr. Thomas Scharf, University of North Texas, Denton, TX Allison Toms, GasTOPS Inc., Huntsville, AL Evan Zabawski, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada

206


Vice Chair (Chair 2017) – Dr. Pranesh B. Aswath University of Texas at Arlington, Materials Science and Engineering Program, Arlington, TX (Non-Ferrous Metals, Nanotribology, Environmentally Friendly Fluids, Lubrication Fundamentals), [email protected] Secretary (Chair 2018) – Dr. Michel Fillon Institut Pprime, CNRS – Universite De Poitiers – ENSMA (UPR 3346), Futuroscope Chasseneuil, Cedex, France (Materials Tribology, Fluid Film Bearings, Condition Monitoring), [email protected] Member (Chair 2019) – Dr. Ryan D. Evans The Timken Co., Canton, OH (Rolling Element Bearings, Seals, Ceramics and Composites, Wind Turbine Tribology), [email protected] Member (Chair 2020) – Dr. Min Zou University of Arkansas, Department of Mechanical Engineering Fayetteville, AR (Tribotesting, Wear/Biotribology, Engine and Drivetrain), [email protected] Member (Chair 2021) – Dr. Jeffrey M. Guevremont Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA (Grease, Power Generation, Synthetics and Hydraulics, Molecular Chemistry & Lubrication Rheology), jeffrey@[email protected] Member (Chair 2022) – Dr. Robert Jackson Auburn University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn, AL (Surface Engineering, Metalworking Fluids, Gears), [email protected]

www.stle.org

Visit CRC Press Booth #718 At this Year’s

STLE Annual Meeting Perfect for this year’s annual meeting courses

Join us for BOOK SIGNING with co-author Martin Webster May 17 3-4:00 pm

Play our TREASURE HUNT and win fabulous prizes

Not Attending? SAVE 20% when you enter code CJQ39 at checkout.

w w w. C R C P R E S S . c o m

STLE 2016

Annual Meeting Committees EXHIBITOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE

EDUCATION COMMITTEE

STLE would like to thank the following individuals and their companies for being part of the Exhibitor Advisory Committee, which sets policies and practices for the trade show.

Chair – Greg Croce Chevron Products Co., Richmond, CA

Acme-Hardesty Bryan Houston, [email protected] Bob Malenchini, [email protected] Afton Chemical Lauren Ereio, [email protected] Jamie Etheridge, [email protected] Cannon Instrument Co. Lori Fields, [email protected]

Vice Chair – Ramoun Mourhatch Chevron Oronite Co., LLC, Richmond, CA Members: Michael Pearce, W.S. Dodge Oil Co., Fountain Valley, CA Paul Hetherington, Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (A Suncor Energy Business), Peachland, British Columbia, Canada Dr. Neil Canter, Chemical Solutions, Willow Grove, PA Dr. Frederick J. Passman, BCA, Inc., Princeton, NJ

Chemtura Bridget Peabody, [email protected]

Charles R. Coe, Grease Technology Solutions, LLC, Manassas, VA

Evonik Richard (Dick) Williams, [email protected]

Dr. Edward P. Becker, Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC, Brighton, MI

Evonik Oil Additives Yama Olumi, [email protected] Tannas Co. Robert Gordon, [email protected]

EDUCATION COURSE CHAIRS COMMITTEE Chair – Ramoun Mourhatch Chevron Oronite Co., LLC, Richmond, CA Vice Chair – Greg Croce Chevron Products Co., Richmond, CA Members: Nathan Knotts, Chevron, Richmond, CA Brian K. Hovik, Chemetall, Renton, WA Jack Poley, Condition Monitoring International, Miami, FL

CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Hamidreza Mohseni Bosch Brake Components LLC, Broadview, IL Vice Chair – Dr. Sunghan Kim Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Secretary – Kyungjun Lee Texas A&M University, College Station, TX PSC – Wei Dai Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Vice PSC – Chad Korach University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH Vice PSC – Dr. Huaping Xiao China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China

Dr. Neil Canter, Chemical Solutions, Willow Grove, PA Charles R. Coe, Grease Technology Solutions, LLC, Manassas, VA

CONDITION MONITORING/PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Dr. Frederick J. Passman, BCA, Inc., Princeton, NJ Daniel G. Holdmeyer, Chevron Lubricants, Louisville, KY Dr. Edward P. Becker, Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC, Brighton, MI

Chair – Greg Livingstone Fluitec International, Bayonne, NJ Vice Chair – Mike Holloway ALS Tribology, Highland Village, TX PSC – Karl Rogers Pilot Thomas Logistics, Las Vegas, NV Vice PSC – Matt Spurlock AMRRI, Indianapolis, IN

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Annual Meeting Committees ENGINE AND DRIVETRAIN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Chair – Dr. Dairene Uy Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI

Chair – Dr. Jun Qu Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

PSC – Michael Plumley U.S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT

Vice Chair – Dr. Paul Shiller The University of Akron, Akron, OH

PSC – Dr. Jun Qu Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

PSC – Brendan Miller Chevron Oronite Company, LLC, Richmond, CA

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FLUIDS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Leslie R. Rudnick Designed Materials Group, Scottsdale, AZ Vice Chair – Dr. Brajendra K. Sharma Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL Secretary – Dr. Selim M. Erhan Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc., Woodridge, IL PSC – Helen Ngo USDA/ARS/ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA

Vice PSC – Carl Bennett Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

MATERIALS TRIBOLOGY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Rachel S. Colbert Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM Vice Chair – Dr. Judith Harrison US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD PSC – Dr. Brandon Krick Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Vice PSC – Tevis Jacobs University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

FLUID FILM BEARINGS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Vice PSC – Dr. Harman Khare University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

Vice Chair and Secretary – Daejong Kim University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

METALWORKING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

PSC – Dr. Aurelian Fatu University of Poitiers, Angouleme, Cedex, France

Chair – David A. Lindsay Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

Vice PSC – Dr. Alex-Florian Cristea Tecnitas SAS (Bureau Veritas Group), Levallois-Perret, France

Vice Chair – Karen E. Eisenhauer Integrilube, Bonita Springs, FL

GEARS AND GEAR LUBRICATION TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Vice Chair – Dr. Hyung K. Yoon Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, IL PSC – Dr. Steven Berkebile US ARL, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

GREASE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Kuldeep Mistry The Timken Co., Canton, OH Vice Chair – Dr. Gareth Fish The Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH PSC – Dr. William Tuszynski The Unami Group, Quakertown, PA

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PSC – Alan Cross Houghton International Inc., Valley Forge, PA

NANOTRIBOLOGY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Chad Korach University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH Vice Chair – Dr. Jian Choo Petronas Group Technical Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia PSC – Dr. Hamed Ghaednia Ford Motor Co., West Bloomfield, MI Vice PSC – Philip Egberts University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Vice PSC – Dr. Harman Khare University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Vice PSC – Zhijiang Ye University of California-Merced, Merced, CA


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STLE 2016

Annual Meeting Committees ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Lars-Erik Stacke SKF Sverige AB, Goteborg, Sweden Secretary – Dr. Nathan Bolander Sentient Science Corp., Idaho Falls, ID

SEALS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Noel Brunetiere Universite De Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, Cedex, France Vice Chair – Dr. Tom Lai John Crane, Inc., Morton Grove, IL Secretary – Khalid Malik Ontario Power Generation, Pickering, Ontario, Canada PSC – Dr. Hongmei Zhao The Lubrizol Corp., Wickiffe, OH

SURFACE ENGINEERING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Zulfiqar Khan Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom Secretary – Dr. Hongyuan Zhao University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

WEAR TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Yan Zhou Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Vice Chair – Zhe Li General Motors Corp., Troy, MI Secretary – Dr. Yifan Qiu UTC Carrier Corp., East Syracuse, NY PSC – Dr. John Bomidi Baker Hughes, The Woodlands, TX Vice PSC – Burt Raeymaekers University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Vice PSC – Alison Dunn University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL Vice PSC – Arnab, Ghosh Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

WIND ENERGY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Benjamin J. Gould University of Delaware, Wilmington, DE Secretary – Caitlin Mertzlufft NextEra Energy Resources, Palm Beach Gardens, FL PSC – Harpal Singh The University of Akron, Akron, OH

Vice PSC – Rizwan Bajwa Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom

Vice PSC – Alexander Richardson NCATS (National Centre for Advanced Tribology Southampton) Southampton, United Kingdom

Vice PSC – Adil Saeed Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom

NONFERROUS INDUSTRY COUNCIL

SYNTHETIC AND HYDRAULIC LUBRICANTS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Andrew Larson The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI Vice Chair – Rob Davidson Afton Chemical Corp., Richmond, VA

TRIBOTESTING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chair – Dr. Gordon G. Krauss Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA Vice PSC – Dr. Albert E. Segall Penn State University, University Park, PA

Chair – Mehdi Shafiei Novelis Global Research & Tech Center, Kennesaw, GA Secretary – Donna Lynn Compton Skana Aluminum, Manitowoc, WI Treasurer – Andrea Lynn Knopp American Electric Power, Cheshire, OH PSC – Thomas Oleksiak Novelis, Kennesaw, GA

POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY COUNCIL Chair – Salvatore Rea Anderol Company, Inc., East Hanover, NJ Vice Chair – James Hannon ExxonMobil Fuels, Lubricants & Specialties, Allentown, NJ PSC – Xiaoli Hu University of California-Merced, Merced, CA PSC – William Needelman Filtration Science Solutions, Inc., Huntington Bay, NY

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Award Recipients Given in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of tribology and lubrication. All publishing awards are for papers printed in Tribology Transactions, STLE’s peer-reviewed journal.

STLE 2016 STLE International Award

Frank P. Bussick Award

Al Sonntag Award

Dr. Christopher DellaCorte, NASA

Jan Gölz, University of Stuttgart

The International Award, which was established in 1948, is STLE’s highest technical honor and bestows lifetime honorary membership on the recipient, who need not have been a member of STLE. It is given in recognition of the recipient’s outstanding contributions in tribology, lubrication engineering or allied fields.

Dr. Frank Brauer, University of Stuttgart

Jeffrey Ewin, University of Florida

Dr. Werner Hass, University of Stuttgart

Edward McCumiskey, University of Florida

Paper: “Experimental Study on the Sealing Mechanism of Bidirectional PTFE Lip Seals.”

Paper: “Tribofilm Formation and Run-In Behavior in Ultra-Low-Wearing Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Alumina Nanocomposites.”

P.M. Ku Meritorious Award David Scheetz, ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties The Ku Award was established in 1978 and is given to the STLE member who most typifies the dedicated spirit of the late P.M. Ku, who worked tirelessly to promote and advance the mission of STLE. The award has been established to recognize outstanding and selfless achievement on behalf of STLE. To qualify for the honor, the recipient must have been a member of the society for at least 15 consecutive years and performed extensive active, dedicated service.

Vic Joll Award Lynn Billings, Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (A Suncor Energy Business) The Vic Joll Award recognizes outstanding and selfless contributions by a member of an STLE local section. It is given to a section member who has worked tirelessly and continuously for the benefit of the section, devoting numerous hours in the performance of many tasks necessary to promote and advance the mission of the section and of STLE. The award is named in honor of the late Vic Joll, 1978-79 STLE president who championed local sections.

Edmond E. Bisson Award Dr. Andrzej Wolff, Warsaw University of Technology Paper: “Simulation Based Study of the System Piston-Ring-Cylinder of a Marine Two-Stroke Engine.” The Bisson Award was named in honor of Edmond E. Bisson, a former STLE editor-in-chief who was instrumental in establishing the society’s reputation as a technical publisher. Established in 1991, the award is given to STLE members or non-members for the best written contribution published by the society in the year preceding the Annual Meeting. The contribution must deal with tribology, lubrication engineering or allied disciplines.

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The Bussick Award is presented for the most outstanding technical paper written on sealing systems technology and materials. The award is sponsored by the STLE Seals Technical Committee and honors a former committee chair and STLE board member.

Dr. Brandon Krick, Lehigh University

The Sonntag Award was established in 1983 and is given to an STLE member or members authoring the best technical paper on solid lubricants published by the society in the year preceding the Annual Meeting.

Walter D. Hodson Award Jinxia Li, Lulea University of Technology Paper: “Lubricating Grease Shear Flow and Boundary Layers in a Concentric Cylinder Configuration.” The Hodson Award was established in 1950 and is given to the lead author of the best paper written by an STLE member 35 years of age or younger and published by the society in the year preceding the Annual Meeting. The purpose of the award is to stimulate the interest of young engineers in the science of tribology and lubrication and the activities of STLE.

Wilbur Deutsch Memorial Award Dr. Hui Cen, Xuchang University Dr. Piet Lugt, SKF Engineering & Research Centre B.V. Dr. Guillermo E. Morales-Espejel, SKF Engineering & Research Centre B.V. Paper: “On the Film Thickness of GreaseLubricated Contacts at Low Speeds.” The Deutsch Award is named for a former STLE president and recognizes the most outstanding technical paper written on the practical aspects of lubrication published by the society in the year preceding the Annual Meeting.

Captain Alfred E. Hunt Award Dr. Liming Chang, Pennsylvania State University Dr. Yeau-Ren Jeng, National Chung Cheng University Paper: “Parametric Analyses of the MixedLubrication Performance of Rolling/Sliding Contacts in High-Load and High-Speed Conditions.” Named for ALCOA’s first president, this award is given annually to the STLE member or members authoring the best technical paper dealing with the field of lubrication or an allied field.

STLE 2016 Fellows STLE Fellows are persons of outstanding personal achievement in the field of tribology or lubrication engineering who have 20 years of active practice in the science and/or engineering professions and have been an STLE member for 10 years. They are nominated by the Fellows Committee and approved by the STLE board of directors. • Dr. Joseph Braza, Boulden Co. • Dr. Robert Carpick, University of Pennsylvania • Dr. Gary Doll, University of Akron • Dr. Rajesh Shah, Koehler Instrument Co. Inc. • Dr. Brajendra Sharma, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Dr. Qian (Beth) Zou, Oakland University

Outstanding Local Section Awards Large Section STLE Philadelphia Section Small Section STLE Canton Section

Student Scholarships • The E. Richard Booser Scholarship Zoe Tucker, Auburn University • The E. Elmer Klaus Fellowship Lijun Cao, Purdue University John Curry, Lehigh University Guosong Zeng, Lehigh University


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Advertisers Index Events like STLE’s 2016 Annual Meeting & Exhibition would not be possible without the generous support of advertisers and sponsors. The society would like to extend its thanks to the companies listed below whose advertising support contributed substantially to the production of this Program Guide. Almost all of these organizations are here in Las Vegas with a booth in the trade show.

169 Acme-Hardesty IFC Afton Chemical Corp. 075 ALS Tribology 063 ANGUS Chemical Co. Tuesday Tab – Back Anton Paar 007 Beckman Coulter

Wednesday Tab – Front Lonza Wednesday Tab – Back Metall-Chemie/Gehring Montgomery 101 Monson – An Azelis Americas Co. OBC Münzing 143 Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Inc. 205 Novitas Chem Solutions

119 Bruker 003 Calumet Specialty Products Partners, LP 141 Cannon Instrument Co. 111 Chemtura Corp. 081 Chevron Phillips Chemical Co.

195 Pilot Chemical Co. 071 PolyOne 153 RheinChemie Additives/LANXESS Corp. 095 Savant, Inc. 139 Sea-Land Chemical Co.

067 CINRG

035 Shell

207 CRC Press 179 Daubert Chemical IBC Dover Chemical Corp. 015 Emery Oleochemicals Sunday/Monday Tab – Back Evonik Oil Additives Sunday/Monday Tab – Front ExxonMobil Chemical Co.

161 Soltex 127 Solvay Thursday Tab – Back STLE 2016 Tribology Frontiers Conference 133 Tannas Co. 097 Teknor Apex

147 FedChem, LLC

Tuesday Tab – Front The Dow Chemical Co.

047 Fluid Transfer Technologies

091 The Elco Corp.

157 Huntsman Petrochemical Corp.

Thursday Tab – Front UL Information & Insights

065 Inolex 031 JAM Distributing

185 Univar

173 King Industries Inc.

201 Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC

123 LANXESS Corp.

073 VHG Labs/LGC Standards

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