GCE AS Travel and Tourism Glossary of terms
Access
Being able to use facilities and enjoy attractions
Accessibility
The easiness of reaching a place
Accommodation
Assortment of places for tourists to stay in
Activity holidays
Participating in energetic leisure pursuits as the basis of a holiday
Adventure tourism
Physically challenging form of activity holiday
Airline
Flight company which may be of the traditional or the 'no-frills' type
Air Miles
Air travel loyalty scheme
All-inclusive
Meals, drinks, entertainment and all other services included in price with accommodation and flight
Amenities
Services used by the tourist within a facility
Ancillary services
Optional extras to a package holiday
Après-ski
Entertainment after a day's skiing
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Appeal
Attractiveness which pulls visitors in to a destination
AONB
British area of scenic countryside
Attraction
Natural or built feature which interests and draws in visitors
Availability
Hours of opening or times when a service is provided
Balance of Payments
Difference between a country's earnings and expenditure on trade
Bali bombings
Terrorist attack on Indonesian holiday island in October 2002
Blue Badge
Qualification for tour guiding
Blue Flag beaches
Award given to area of biologically clean shoreline
Budget Airlines
Cost-cutting airline selling seats at affordable prices
Business environment
Background in which travel and tourism organisations operate
Business facilities
Services and amenities used for commerce while away from normal workplace
Business travel
Travelling to and being away from normal place of work while engaged on business
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Caribbean
Central American region of tropical islands economically dependent on tourism
Catering facilities
Places where tourists obtain food and drink
Chain of Distribution
How travel and tourism product reaches the customer.
Channel Tunnel/ Eurotunnel
Rail tunnel beneath the English Channel
Charter
Flight booked by tour operator for package holidaymakers
Christmas markets
Christmas-themed retail event held in weeks leading up to 25 December
City Break
2- or 3-day holiday in historic or other city with tourist appeal
Climate
Average pattern of rainfall and temperature during the year
Climatic change
Global weather changes brought about by the greenhouse effect
Commercial
Where profit is the objective
Commercialised
Spoiled by the activities and effects of making money.
Component
Category of travel and tourism
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Conferences
Large assembly of business people to attend presentations by speakers
Conflict
Clash of interests
Consumer needs
Requirements of the customer
Consumer organisations organisations
Independent bodies working to obtain services of a high standard for customers
Corporate event
Occasion to entertain guests of a business company
Costas
Coastal regions of Spain
Cruise
Holiday at sea making journey between ports
Cultural change
Loss of traditional lifestyle because of tourism's influence
Cultural Tourism
Interest in the way of life and art of a country
Customer expectations
What customers anticipate and will be satisfied with
Demographics
Age, gender, and population structure
Demonstration Demonstration effect
Tourism's influence upon a host destination's attitudes and way of life
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Destinations
Places that have appeal for tourists
Disability
Temporary or long-term restriction in carrying out part of normal physical functions
Disposable income
Amount of money available for personal expenditure
Diversification
Producing more varied travel and tourism products
Domestic tourism
UK residents taking holidays and making day trips within the UK
Drought
Serious shortage of water after extended period of low rainfall
Early retirement
Stopping work before normal retirement age of 60 or 65
Economic impacts
Effects of travel and tourism upon jobs, income and wealth
Economies of Scale
Savings gained because an organisation grows in size
Eco-tourism
Holidays that allow visitors to experience areas in their true natural and cultural state
Educational tourism
Participating in learning activities as basis of a holiday
En-route
While in transit
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Emerging destinations destinations
Places where recent increases in tourism have been rapid
Employment
see Indirect Employment
Enterprises
Commercial organisations aiming to make a profit
Entertainment
Evening activities for tourists
Environmental impacts
Effects of travel and tourism upon physical condition of places
E.U.
The European Union
European Directive on Package Travel travel
Regulation in EU countries to guarantee holiday
Eurozone
Parts of the EU with Euro as the unit of currency
Event
Temporary activity, spectacle or entertainment arranged for a given place and time
Exclusive
Not available to most tourists
Excursion
Day visit to place of interest
Exchange rates
Value of a country's currency expressed in terms of other currencies
External pressures
Unforeseen, often uncontrollable, circumstances 6
Facilities
Places that provide for the needs of tourists
Factor
Influence or controlling effect upon travel and tourism
Far East
Increasingly popular long-haul destinations of south-east Asia
Fashions
Changing styles and tastes in travel and tourism
Ferry
Service transporting vehicles and passengers across water
Fly-cruise
Holiday flying to the destination before joining a cruise ship
Fly-drive
Holiday flying to the destination before hiring a car
Foot and Mouth disease
Livestock disease
Franchise
Right to use brand name of a well-known company and to sell its products
Gateway
Point at which passengers enter a country
G.D.P.
Measure of a country's wealth
Globalisation
Transactions in goods and services carried out on a world scale
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Government
Local, national or international (such as the UN or EU) authority
Health and Safety
Laws to protect employees and customers at places of work
Health risks
Threats to a tourist's fitness and wellbeing
Health resort
Destination specialising in physical restoration of the body
Heritage
Legacy from the past
Historic destination
Town, building, stately home, monument or other site of historic interest
Holiday Centres
Purpose-built, predominantly self-catering accommodation sites
Host community
Local inhabitants of a tourist destination
Hurricane
Severe weather event with very strong winds
IATA
Society representing companies in the airline business
Impacts of Tourism
Consequences, both harmful and beneficial
Inbound Tourism
Number of overseas residents coming in to a country for tourism 8
Inclusive Tour
see 'Package Tour'
Independent travel
Self-researched and self-booked travel arrangements
Indirect and induced employment
Extra jobs that are the knock-on effects of tourism
Industrial heritage
Remains of the country's manufacturing and mining past
Information services
Key marketing activity making customers aware of products
Infrastructure
Network of essential services needed for travel and tourism
Intangible
Cannot be touched or seen
Internal pressure
Factors within a country that affect the success of tourism
Internet
Electronic media with huge impact on travel and tourism industry
Invisible trade
International selling of intangible services like tourism
Island hopping
Visiting different islands in quick succession, as on a cruise
Last Minute
Delaying booking a holiday in the hope that prices will fall
Leisure Time
Time available for leisure pursuits including holidays 9
Location
Geographical position
London bombings
Terrorist attacks on London transport system on 7 July 2005
Long-haul
More than five hours' flying time from the UK
Low season
Months when tourism is at a minimum
Market Share
Percentage of total sales taken by one organisation
Mass Tourism
Leisure travel by large numbers of people making standardised trips
Media
Method by which Information is communicated to the public
Medical Tourism
Travelling to places abroad to obtain medical care
Mediterranean
Southern European coastline and inland waters
Multinationals
Major commercial firms that operate in more than one country
Multiples
Travel agency companies with branches on high streets of almost every town in UK
Multiplier
How money spent on tourism brings about increased spending in other sectors of the economy
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National Parks
Twelve protected landscape regions of England and Wales
National Tourist Boards
Government-funded marketing organisations to increase inbound tourism
National Trails
Long distance, off-road routeways for walking, cycling and horse riding through the countryside of Britain
National Trust
Registered charity safeguarding the nation's countryside, coastline and heritage
Natural attractions
Landscape features - not created by people - which appeal to tourists
Natural disasters
Major destructive events caused by weather, earth movements, etc
Negative impacts
Adverse consequences of travel and tourism
Non-standardised
Specially-made travel and tourism services meeting one-off requests
Occupancy Rate
Percentage of rooms or seats that are occupied over a measured time period
Oil
Fuel source for air, rail, road and ferry travel
On-line booking
Using the Internet to reserve a plane seat or hotel room in advance 11
Outbound Tourism
UK residents taking holidays, making business trips or visiting friends and relations outside the UK
Overheads
Fixed expenses of a business
Package Tour
Elements of a holiday, at least the journey and accommodation, pre-arranged by a tour operator
Paid holiday entitlement
Right to take a number of days as holiday with pay
Park and Ride
Traffic reduction scheme particularly used by historic towns
Partnership
Joint project between the private and non-commercial sectors to develop tourism
Passenger miles
Way of measuring amounts of travel
Perishable
Cannot be kept back for later use
Planning
How national and local authorities manage the growth of travel & tourism
Political Factors
Government policy having an influential effect upon travel & tourism
Port
Harbour where ferries and pleasure boats can berth
Positive impacts
Favourable consequences of travel and tourism. 12
Pressure Group
Faction seeking to influence public opinion and persuade the government of its own ideas
Pressures
see
Primary research
Obtaining information which is being gathered for the first time
Principals
Transport organisations
Private sector
Commercial organisations that operate in order to make a profit
Product
What a travel and tourism organisation offers and sells to its customers
Product launch
Marketing exercise to make customers aware and keen to buy a tourism product
Promotional campaign
Coordinated plan built around a theme to alert customers and make them interested in a purchase
Public sector
Organisation administered by public bodies and governments, and funded through taxation
Purpose-built resort
Destination created from scratch purely for the intention of tourism
Recession
Period of time when a country's economic output and consumer spending falls
"External Pressures"
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Regeneration
Putting life back into the local economy
Regional Airport
Small-scale airport that serves only one part of a country
Religious Tourism
Seeking spiritual experience from visiting a sacred place; but also tourist interest in the culture of places
Rep
Overseas representative of a tour operator company
Repeat customer
Client returning to an organisation to buy its products again
Resort
Town, city or other type of destination, which tourists primarily visit for its attractions
Responsible tourism
Bringing under self-control the actions of tourists and businesses
Revenue
The income that is earned by a travel and tourism organisation
Rural
Countryside environment where outdoors recreational tourism occurs
Safari
A guided tour with the objective of finding animals
SARS
Illness (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
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Scale
Visitor numbers, amount of employment and wealth created by tourism
Seaside resort
Coastal holiday town
Seasonality
Effect of fluctuating demand on patterns of tourism during the year
Secondary source
Finding and analysing data that has already been gathered before
Sectors
Alternative term for components of the travel and tourism industry
Security
Measures to protect tourists from harm inflicted by other people
Self-packaging
Making own travel arrangements for a holiday
September 11
Terrorist outrage
Short break
Small holiday lasting more than one day but less than a week
Short-haul
Less than five hours' flying time from the UK
Shoulder season
Period of medium demand on either side of the peak holiday season
Skiing
Most popular of all winter sports 15
Social impacts
Effects of travel and tourism upon people's lives
Socio-economic factor
Influence or controlling effect upon travel and tourism
Special interest holiday
Holiday where time is spent on a particular leisure interest
Spend
The amount of money the average visitor pays out on holiday
Sports tourism
Spectating or playing sports as the main holiday activity
Stakeholder
Group or individual affected by the actions of a travel or tourism organisation
Standardised product
Tourism product which is the same for every customer
StarUK
Website offering research information on UK tourism
Sustainability
Maintaining a used tourist place in good condition to prolong its present characteristics
Tailor-made holiday
Personalised tour programming to meet customer's specific requirements
Technological Technological factor
Scientific development having influence upon travel & tourism
Terminal
Start / end point of a public transport system
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Theme Park
Large, permanent outdoor attraction with entertaining diversions
Ticketless
without issuing a voucher giving right to travel
Timeshare
Right to occupy holiday property bought for only a stated period in the year
Time zones
Large regions over which the clock time is everywhere the same
Topography
Shape of the land surface
Tour
Holiday or visit following a scheduled itinerary
Tour Operator
Private sector company that organises inclusive tours
Tourism
Activities of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual home
Tourism Development
Process of change in a tourist destination
Tourism for All
Voluntary organisation lobbying on behalf of people with disabilities
Tourism Society
Professional body for people studying or working in tourism
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Tourist
Person who travels to a destination spending at least one night away from home
Tourist-generating Tourist-generating area
Region that tourists come from
Tourist-receiving area
Region that tourists visit
Tourist Board
Public sector organisation promoting tourism and supporting local providers
Tourist Information Centre
Point of contact to guide tourists about local provision
Trade Show
Exhibition of products open to other business in the tourism industry
Traditional airline
National airlines or 'majors'
Transfer
Journey to link parts of the package tour
Transport Links
Connections between routeways and different modes
Travel agency
High street retailer selling travel and tourism products & services
Travel Foundation
Independent U.K. charity lobbying the outbound travel industry to manage tourism more sustainably
Travel Guide
Published book describing travel destinations 18
Travel time
The duration of a journey
Tsunami
Huge wave which killed a quarter of a million people on Boxing Day 2004
Two centre holiday
Staying at two contrasting destinations during the time away
Upmarket
Class of customers especially welcome because they spend more
VisitBritain
Tourist board promoting Britain as a tourist destination to overseas and domestic markets
Visiting Friends and Relations Tourist trip staying with friends or relatives rather than in tourist accommodation
Visitor Centre
Information source located at an attraction to enhance the visitor's stay
Visitor numbers
The number of visitors to a destination over a period of time
Voluntary sector
Non-government organisations not primarily aiming to make a profit
Winter Sports
Physical activities depending on snow or ice conditions
Winter Sun
Mediterranean or long-haul holiday taken between November and April
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World Heritage Site
Historic, cultural or natural feature of global importance
World Tourism Organisation
Agency of the United Nations promoting responsible tourism
World Travel & Tourism Council
World forum promoting the interests of travel and tourism businesses
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Glossary of instructions used in AS examination questions
Analyse
Break down into its separate parts, going on to make connections between those parts.
Annotate
Add notes to a diagram or picture.
Assess
Make your own judgement about a feature, by measuring its worth.
Comment on
Write about a feature, deciding for yourself what are the important aspects to write
about.
Compare
Give both similarities
Define / explain the term
Describe
Discuss
Evaluate
Explain
Explain how
and differences
between two items
Write a sentence to show the meaning of a term.
Write what an item is like.
Look at both sides of an issue or problem, considering different viewpoints.
Weigh up the strengths and weaknesses or the advantages and disadvantages.
M ake clear, usually giving the reasons why something happens.
Break down a process into simpler steps.
Identify
Look through and pick out particular items.
Illustrate
Give an example or examples of an item to make your meaning clearer.
Justify
Give reasons that show why something is correct or support a choice you made.
List
Write one-by-one a number of the features asked for.
Outline
Write about a feature so that you give a simple picture of only its main points.
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Name
Produce Recommend
Refer to
State
Suggest
Summarise
Write a single word by which a feature is called.
Create or make.
Decide which in your opinion is the best or most suitable from a list of alternatives.
Include in your answer.
Write carefully so that the exact feature stands out.
Give your own ideas, when there are a number of possible correct answers.
Write a brief overview that runs through the main points,
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