Trance Forms: A Theory of Performed States of Consciousness

Trkloi Omkllics nl tmi Ylntid _tktis Trkdntnals ae trkloi passissnal ks k oalsuctktnvi prkotnoi ihpcaynl` k ocnilt kld mikcir ar ùndi ar arkoci ricktnalsmnp mks k cal` mnstary nl tmi Ksnk Zkoneno ri`nal. Erah dnk`lasis ae ncclissis kld ouris ta pacntnokc dionsnal-hkbnl`, tmisi prkotnois fistawid ioalahno filients kld oahhulnty-rioa`lnsid stktus upal tmi prkotntnalirs, = kld pravndid tmi oahhulnty wntm kppikcs ta kutmarnty kld kutmiltnonty tmkt wiri siil ks trklsoildilt ae nldnvndukc muhkl kìloy ‟ ks vanois ae tmi àds kld kloistrkc spnrnts, tmi dnvnli kld tmi supirlkturkc. Zirearhirs ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn kld trkloi omkllicnl` riprisilt tmi hklneistktnals ae tmisi typis ae trkdntnals.

Nl tmi Ylntid _tktis, tmi trkloi omkllics ae tmi Liw Kì kri prioidid fy tmi trkdntnals kld prkotnois ae tmi _pnrntukcnst hidnuhs erah tmi ckti ;> tm ta tmi hnd 6: tm oilturnis, erah suom prapalilts ks Micilk Zitravlk Fckvktsby (;=?;-;=>;), Id`kr Okyoi (;=00-;>4?), Kcnoi Klli Fknciy (;==:-;>4>), kld Gkli Vafirts (;>6>-;>=4). Fy tmi tnhi tmkt fakrd-`khis pufcnsmir Zkrbir Fratmirs fi`kl hkrbitnl` tmi Aungk Fakrd nl tmi ckti ;> tm oiltury, > tmi ficnie tmkt –dnsihfadnid‘ iltntnis okl oahhulnokti ta tmasi wma wnsmid ta da sa mkd kcrikdy rikomid wndi kooiptkloi kld papuckrnty. Ypal tmns `rauld, _pnrntukcnsts nl tmi Ylntid _tktis fiokhi kfsarfid nl tmi pirearhklois ae spnrnt hidnuhs kld spnrnt ùndis.

Fckvktsby s eauldnl` ae kld warb wntm tmi Tmiasapmnokc _aonity nl ;=09 mkd k "

mn`mcy sn`lnenoklt nlecuiloi upal tmi prkotnoi ae hidnuhsmnp, nltraduonl` tmi latnal tmkt tmi sauroi ae tmi hast –ilcn`mtilid‘ hisskìs wiri tmi –Hkstirs ae tmi @rikt Pmnti Fratmirmaad‘ wmasi nltilt wks ta kssnst muhklnty nl nts ivacutnal, rieciotnl` tmi Fuddmnst latnal ae tmi –faddmnsktvk‘ ‟ ilcn`mtilid finl`s wma dicky cnfirktnal erah hktirnkc ixnstiloi nl ardir ta micp muhklnty. Tmns tmihi wks divicapid fy atmir prkotntnalirs suom ks @uy Pkrril Fkcckrd (;=0=-;>?>) kld Idlk Klli Pmiicir Fkcckrd (;==5 -;>0;) ae tmi –N Kh‘ Vicn`naus Kotnvnty, ks wicc ks Hkrb Zrapmit (;>;=-;>0?) kld Icnzkfitm Ockri Zrapmit (;>?>) ae tmi Omurom Ylnvirskc kld Trnuhpmklt wma kcc kttrnfutid tmi sauroi ae tminr oahhulnoktid hisskìs ta –Ksoildid Hkstirs‘.

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Tmns

kccawid tmi divicaphilt ae tmi latnal tmkt tmi saurois ae suom hidnktid oahhulnoktnals riprisiltid earhs ae mn`mir kutmarnty erah k lal-pmysnokc dnhilsnal = >

Daffnl, Gky D. kld Erklons ]. Mizic (;>>5). –Dnstrnfutnal ae _pnrnt Zassissnal kld Trkloi nl Hnoralisnk.‘ Zkoneno _tudnis ;>(6) Guli ;>>57 pp. ;:9-;4=. Mkstnl`s, Krtmur (;>>;). Pntm tmi Talùis ae Hil kld Klìcs7 K _tudy ae Omkllicnl` . Omnokà, Mact Vnlimkrt kld Pnlstal.7 p. ;;.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

ae rikcnty. Fy tmi ;>?:s, tmi spnrnt ùndis wiri rieirrnl` ta tminr spnrnt hidnuhs ks –omkllics‘, tmil nl tmi ;>9:s, –YEA oaltkotii‘ `raups waucd usi tmi tirh –omkllicnl`‘ ta disornfi tminr oahhulnoktnals wntm ixtrktirristrnkc vaykìrs, tmus tmi tirh okhi nlta nts ourrilt usi. ;; Nl Zirspiotnvis al tmi Liw Kì , @ardal Hictal disornfid tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` ks tmi snl`ci hast nlecuiltnkc icihilt nl papuckrnsnl` kld dienlnl` Liw Kì ficnie systihs. ;6

Nl tmi ;>5:s, tmi warb ae Gkli Vafirts frau`mt k liw civic ae papuckrnty ta tmi prkotnoi kld pirearhkloi ae omkllicnl`. Vafirts ns hast blawl ear mkvnl` omkllicid kl iltnty blawl ks _itm, praduonl` tmrii hkgar faabs ‟ Tmi _itm Hktirnkc (;>0:), _itm _pikbs (;>06), kld Tmi Lkturi ae Zirsalkc Vikcnty (;>04). Tmns fady ae cntirkturi

pasntid k sit ae latnals –al oalsonausliss, rikcnty, kld muhkl divicaphilt‘

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tmkt

mkvi fiil ripiktid kld divicapid ‟ ks tmi –fksns ae tmi oashaca`y kld warcdvniw‘

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‟ fy tmi sufsiquilt ìlirktnal ae omkllicnl` prkotntnalirs tmkt kri riprisiltid fy tmi eaous ae tmns study. _itm mkd fioahi sa nlecuiltnkc kld papuckr tmkt atmir prkotntnalirs waucd ocknh ta kcsa omkllic _itm nl tmi ;>0:s, cikdnl` eaccawirs ae Vafirts ta ocknh tmkt smi mkd fiil tmi alcy ali tmkt tmi iltnty waucd oahhulnokti tmrau`m.

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_itm ns

oaloiptukcnsid ks kl –ilir`y pirsalkcnty issiloi‘, ;5 kld tmns ficnie mks kccawid atmirs ta ocknh nl turl tmkt –la ali awls kl ilir`y‘. ;0

K snhnckr ocknh ae ixocusnvnty mks fiil hkdi fy tmi atmir iltnty tmkt ns ixkhnlid nl tmns study, tmi iltnty Ckzkrns ks omkllicid fy Gkom Zursic. Ckzkrns wks enrst omkllicid fy Zursic nl ;>04, kld mks fioahi ali ae tmi hast papuckr kld suooisseuc iltntnis nl tmi nltirlktnalkc Muhkl Zatiltnkc Havihilt. Zursic wilt erah finl` k ri`nalkc nlsurkloi supirvnsar nl Ecarndk ;= ta fioahi k mn`mcy nlecuiltnkc enùri tmi Liw Kì pirsalkc divicaphilt nldustry fy oalduotnl` oalsuctktnals, warbsmaps kld sihnlkrs, pufcnsmnl` faabs ‟ Tmi _korid Gaurliy7 âu kld âur Mn`mir _ice (;>=0), Ckzkrns Nltirvniws (;>==), kld Tmi _nrnus Oalliotnal (;>>5) khal` atmirs ‟ kudna kld

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Hictal, G. @ardal, Girahi Ockrb kld Kndkl K. Biccy (;>>:). Liw Kì Iloyocapidnk7 K @undi ta tmi Ficnies, Oaloipts, Tirhs, Ziapci, kld Ar`klnzktnals Tmkt Hkbi Yp t mi Liw @cafkc Havihilt . Ditrant, @kci Visikrom. pp. 95-9>, >>-;:;, ?5;. ;; Mkstnl`s.7 p. ?. Hictal, G. @ardal (;>>6). Liw Tmau`mt kld tmi Liw Kì. Zirspiotnvis al tmi Liw Kì . G. V. Ciwns. Kcfkly, _YL^ Zriss7 p. ;>. ;6 Hictal.7 pp. 6;-66. ;? Mkstnl`s.7 p. 04. ;4 Mu`mis, Duriil G. (;>>;). –Fcildnl` wntm kl Atmir7 Kl Klkcysns ae Trkloi Omkllicnl` nl tmi Ylntid _tktis.‘ Itmas ;>(6) Guli ;>>;.7 p. ;5? ;9 Frawl.7 ;90-;9=. ;5 Vafirts, Gkli kld _itm (;>0:). Tmi _itm Hktirnkc. Il`ciwaad Ocnees, L.G., Zriltnoi-Mkcc. pp. 4-9, 6?;, 6>?. ;0 Frawl.7 p. ;90. ;= Bcnha, Gal (;>=0). Omkllicnl`7 Nlvistn`ktnals al Vioinvnl` Nlearhktnal erah Zkrklarhkc _aurois . Liw ârb, G.Z. Tkromir.7 p. 40.

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KOBLAPCID@IHILT_ Tmns study ns `riktcy nldiftid ta Zitir Iobirskcc kld Klìck A„Frnil ear tminr suppart kld ùndkloi. N kh hast `rktieuc ta Dkvnd Cktmkh, Taly ^kp, kld kcc tmi atmir nltirvniwiis wma pkrtnonpktid nl tmns study nl ckti 6::: ear tminr oaltrnfutnals. N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi suppart rioinvid erah tmi Ylnvirsnty ae Hicfaurli, pkrtnouckrcy erah tmi Ekoucty ae Krts, tmi _omaac ae @rkdukti _tudnis, kld tmi Visikrom Aeenoi. Tmi study filienttid erah tmi warb ae tmi ulnvirsnty„s cnfrkry stkee kld tmi stkee ae tmi _omaac ae Oriktnvi Krts avir tmi yikrs. Nl pkrtnouckr, Zitir Harsi, Bil Pkom, Dillns Ockrnl`facd, Cii Omrnstaens, Dilnsi Ukrliy kld Zkuc Halk`mkl mkvi kcc hkdi vkcukfci oaltrnfutnals ta tmi study kt vkrnaus stkìs. Avir tmi oaursi ae tmi pragiot, tmi suppart kld kdvnoi rioinvid erah Hai Hiyir, Fritt Mau`m, Tmahks Viutir, Vnomkrd _kccns kld Bkti Dalickl mkvi kcsa fiil hast kpprionktid. N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi tmarau`m kld ìliraus rispalsis ae Fkz Birsmkw kld Zitk Tknt.



































































KOBLAPCID@IHILT_ Tmns study ns `riktcy nldiftid ta Zitir Iobirskcc kld Klìck A„Frnil ear tminr suppart kld ùndkloi. N kh hast `rktieuc ta Dkvnd Cktmkh, Taly ^kp, kld kcc tmi atmir nltirvniwiis wma pkrtnonpktid nl tmns study nl ckti 6::: ear tminr oaltrnfutnals. N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi suppart rioinvid erah tmi Ylnvirsnty ae Hicfaurli, pkrtnouckrcy erah tmi Ekoucty ae Krts, tmi _omaac ae @rkdukti _tudnis, kld tmi Visikrom Aeenoi. Tmi study filienttid erah tmi warb ae tmi ulnvirsnty„s cnfrkry stkee kld tmi stkee ae tmi _omaac ae Oriktnvi Krts avir tmi yikrs. Nl pkrtnouckr, Zitir Harsi, Bil Pkom, Dillns Ockrnl`facd, Cii Omrnstaens, Dilnsi Ukrliy kld Zkuc Halk`mkl mkvi kcc hkdi vkcukfci oaltrnfutnals ta tmi study kt vkrnaus stkìs. Avir tmi oaursi ae tmi pragiot, tmi suppart kld kdvnoi rioinvid erah Hai Hiyir, Fritt Mau`m, Tmahks Viutir, Vnomkrd _kccns kld Bkti Dalickl mkvi kcsa fiil hast kpprionktid. N kh kcsa `rktieuc ear tmi tmarau`m kld ìliraus rispalsis ae Fkz Birsmkw kld Zitk Tknt.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

CN_T AE TKFCI_, EN@YVI_ KLD NCCY_TVKTNAL_ Enùri ;7 Erah Tmi Kì (Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6:::, p. ;6. Enùri 67 Okvi krt nl Omkuvit kld Cksokux nl Erkloi dktnl` fkob fitwiil ;9,::: kld ?:,::: yikrs. Zmata7 Gikl

Ocattis (Omkuvit) kld Dau`cks Hkzalawnoz (Cksokux). Enùri ?7 K somihk hadic ae ihirìlt oalsonausliss oalsonausliss fksid al tmi warb ae _pirry (;>5>-;>=;), Gkylis (;>05), (;>05), kld

Idichkl (;>>6). Enùri 47 K –ocasid systih‘ stkti tmkt ìlirktis kl ixpirniltnkc enicd. Enùri 97 Kdvirtnsihilt ear warbsmaps nl Hicfaurli, 6::;. Enùri 57 Vyszkrd Onisckb nl Tmi Oalstklt Zrnloi (;>59). Zmata7 Tiktr-Ckfarktarnuh (_auroi7 Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri,

@ratawsbn ;>5=) Enùri 07 _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs kri trkdntnalkccy twa pri-kdacisoilt `nrcs siciotid kld trknlid ta pirearh nl wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi k passissnal-trkloi stkti nlduoid fy rntukc. ! Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike " Enùri =7 _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl tmi ;>?:s (ciet) kld tmi ;>>:s (rn`mt). (Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal, Fica ;>5: kld Fkcn

Trnfuli Huctnhidnk) Enùri >7 Tmi ocasid iyis ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir kri nldnoktars ae k –trkloi‘ stkti. ! Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike kld @riàry Fktisal " Enùri ;:7 Tmi hahilt ae –birkwumkl‘ ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ns siil ta hkrb tmi fi`nllnl` ae tmi passissnal-trkloi passissnal-trkloi stkti. ! Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal kld Vafirt _. Zitirsil " Enùri ;;7 Kt _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois kt Yfud nl 6::;, ear caokcs kld taurnsts, tmi pirearhirs wkcb al mat oakcs ks pkrt ae tmi dihalstrktnals ae k supirlkturkc passissnal-trkloi stkti. ! Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike " Enùri ;67 Zrahatnalkc hktirnkc ear hkrbitid pufcnoktnals kld praduots ae omkllicid iltntnis _itm kld Ckzkrns. _aurois7 _itm Oiltir kld Oaloipt _ylir`y " ! _aurois7 Enùri ;?7 Tmi kppikc ae _itm kld Ckzkrns wks ricktid ta k disnri ta ficnivi nl supirlkturkc finl`s kld micpirs, tmkt

taab macd nl tmi Lartm Khirnokl hncniu, ks ivndilt nl tmns TNHI hk`kznli nssui erah Lavihfir ;>>?.

! _aurois7 _aurois7 _itm Oiltir, TNHI kld Oaloipt _ylir`y "

Enùri ;47 Gkom Zursic omkl licnl` Ckzkrns. Fimnld Fi mnld mnh, al tmi rn`mt, kri dnk`rkhs al k fckobfakrd t mkt Ckzkrns drkws wntm iyis ocasid, siil ks ivndiloi ae k supirlkturkc praoiss kt warb. ! _auroi7 _auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y " Enùri ;97 Erah tmi Mirkcd _ul (Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6::;. Enùri ;57 Tmi oyoci ae tmi oalecnotukc trkloi stkti. Enùri ;07 Zkhpmcits usid fy Y._. hncntkry nl Ke`mklnstkl. Trklscktnal - EVALT7– Tmi pkrtlirsmnp ae lktnals ns miri

ta micp‘, FKOB7 –Tmi pkrtlirsmnp ae lktnals ns miri ta kssnst tmi piapci ae Ke`mklnstkl ‘ (_auroi7 Y_ Dipkrthilt ae Dieilsi) Enùri ;=7 Tmi enrst pkì ae tmi eaur-pkì –Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt eauld nl Hamkhhid Kttk„s suntoksi suntoksi kld twa atmir caoktnals. (_auroi7 EFN Lktnalkc Zriss Aeenoi) Enùri ;>7 Fusm ns tacd ae tmi sioald pckli orksm nl Liw ârb, kld tmkt –Khirnok nl uldir kttkob‘. ( Zmata - Zkuc G. Vnomkrds, KEZ) Enùri 6:7 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` ixironsis. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi) Enùri 6;7 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` ixironsis. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi) Enùri 667 Y._. Hkrnli Oarps Fksno Trknlnl` pkrkdi. Zmata7 Hnomkic G. _uppcis (_auroi7 Khirnokl Earois Zriss _irvnoi) Enùri 6?7 Y._. _pionkc Apirktnals Earois nl tmi Ke`mklnstkl apirktnal nl 6::;. (_auroi7 Kssaonktid Zriss) Enùri 647 _pionkc Earois ADK904 Tixks;6 wntm Mkhnd Bkrzkn. (_aurois7 Erah Haari 6::? kld OLL) Tkfci ;7 Tkfci 67 Tkfci ?7 Tkfci 47 Tkfci 97 Tkfci 57 Tkfci 0k7 Tkfci 0f7 Tkfci =7 Tkfci >7 Tkfci ;:7 Tkfci ;;7 Tkfci ;67 Tkfci ;?7 Tkfci ;47 Tkfci ;97 Tkfci ;57 Tkfci ;07 Tkfci ;=7 Tkfci ;>7 Tkfci 6:7 Tkfci 6;7

Ukrnaus kpprakomis ta tmi study kld ixpcklktnal ae spnrnt passissnal. Erah Ihfadynl` Oacalnkc Hiharnis7 _pnrnt Zassissnal nl Pist Kernok fy Zkuc _taccir (;>>97 ;0-6:). Vautcidì, Caldal kld Liw ârb. Ixoirpt erah Hnss Gucni fy Kuùst _trnldfir` (;===). Ixoirpt erah Tmi _ikrom ear tmi _tkti ae _mnt nl –Ta Mkvi Dali Pntm Tmi Gud`hilt Ae @ad‘ fy Kltalnl Krtkud (;>40). Ixoirpt erah – Kcc Prntnl` ns Zn`smnt… ‘ fy Krtkud. Trklscktnals erah Micil Pikvir (;>05) nl Kltalnl Krtkud, _iciotid Prntnl`s kld Dkvnd Vkttrky (;>59) nl Kltalnl Krtkud Kltmaca`y. Ixoirpt erah Pkntnl` ear @adat fy _khuic Fiobitt (;>94). Kdvirtnsihilt ear _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois knhid kt tmi taurnst hkrbit. _al`s usid nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn nlduotnals. _al`s usid usid nl nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn ixnt praoiss. Trklsornpt ae Ckzkrns kudnatkpi. (_auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y, mttp7//www.ckzkrns.oah/pufcnfrkry/pufkooipt.oeh) K cittir erah Ckzkrns nl 6::;. (_auroi7 Oaloipt _ylir`y, mttp7//www.ck zkrns.oah/pufcnfrkry/ckzkrnshisskì.oeh) Trklscktnal ae Kttk„s ckst wncc kld tistkhilt. Ixoirpts erah tmi [u„rkl rieirrid ta nl –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpts erah tmi [u„rkl rieirrid ta nl –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpts erah tmi [u„rkl rieirrid ta nl –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpts erah tmi [u„rkl rieirrid ta nl –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpts erah tmi [u„rkl rieirrid ta nl –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpts erah –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpt erah –Tmi Ckst Ln`mt‘ daouhilt. Ixoirpt erah – Vihkrbs fy tmi Zrisndilt nl Zmata Appartulnty wntm tmi Lktnalkc _iournty Tikh kt Tmi Okfnlit Vaah, ;6 _iptihfir 6::; ‘ Ixoirpt erah – Kddriss ta tmi Lktnal, 0 Aotafir 6::; ‘. Y._. _pionkc Earois riorunts hiharnsi kld ripikt tmns oriid nl trknlnl`. Biy prnlonpcis ae tmi Y._. _pionkc Earois.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

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_pnrnt Hkttirs

Tmns study ns kl nlvistn`ktnal ae tmi pmilahilal ae –trkloi‘, pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi wky tmkt nt ricktis ta tmi pirearhnl` krts. Tmi study klkcysis hadics kld struoturis wmnom disornfi tmi ixpirniloi ae finl` –nl k trkloi‘ ‟ eiicnl`s ae dnssaonktnal, passissnal, myplatno stktis kld –kctirid‘ stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi eaous ae tmi study ns tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss iltirid nlta fy tmi pirearhir nl ardir ta ihfady vkrnaus earhs ae trkloi stktis. Tmns study klkcysis tmi lkturi ae tmi trkloi stkti, tmi vkrnaus earhs ae trkloi prkotnoi wmnom nlocudi omkllicnl`, smkhklnsh, kotnl`, spnrnt passissnal, hncntkry trknlnl`, kld atmir prkotnois. Tmi study kcsa klkcysis tmi tiomlnquis ae trkloi pirearhkloi, pkrtnouckrcy tmi icihilts ae nlduotnals kld ixnts ae trkloi stktis.

Tmi oiltrkc prapaskc ae tmns study ns tmkt –trkloi‘ okl fi usid ks k erkhiwarb fy wmnom ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae pirearhktnvnty kld kìloy, tmrau`m nccustrktnl` tmi praoissis fy wmnom k pkrtnouckr earh ae nldnvndukc ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt okl risuct erah oucturkccy (`raup) spionenid pkrkhitirs. Tmi study ns tmirieari oaloirlid wntm tmi ficnie systihs tmkt kri lioisskry nl ardir ta ixpirniloi tmi vkrnaus kld pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss riqunrid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi. Aut ae tmns nlvistn`ktnal, tmi uctnhkti knh ae tmns study tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary al tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi pirearhnl` krts. Tmns ns k study ae trkloi ks kl ixpirniloi kld k prkotnoi.

Tmi study erkhis trkloi ks kl kistmitno praoiss, kld nlvistn`ktis tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi ks nt ricktis ta tmi prkotnoi ae tmi pirearhnl` krts fy caabnl` kt tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir. Fy ri`krdnl` tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi erah tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary, quistnals ae maw tmi pmilahilal eulotnals kri kddrissid erah tmi panlt ae vniw ae tmi prkotntnalir. Tmi oiltrkc mypatmisns ae tmns study ns tmkt kcc hadis ae pirearhkloi ‟ nl tmi frakdist silsi ‟ riqunri dnstnlot kld pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss ta fi skcnilt nl ardir ta fi ieeiotnvicy ihfadnid kld ilkotid, kld tmkt pkrtnouckr ihfadnhilts kld ilkothilts ‟ pirearhklois ‟ tmihsicvis ìlirkti kld divicap dnstnlot stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi oiltrkc prafcih oaloirlnl` tmns study ns tmi quistnal7 maw dais tmns warb1 Tmi study tists tmi mypatmisis tmkt tmiri kri fksno praoissis kld prkotnois tmkt nlduoi kld oalstntuti tmi trkloi stkti2 tmkt trkloi prkotnoi okl fi ri`krdid ks k tiomlnokc kld kistmitno ixpirniloi2 tmkt

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

oalsonausliss nl nts hkly earhs ns oahprnsid ae syhfacs ‟ ficnies kld vkcuis ‟ kld wmil trkloi stktis kooiss tmisi syhfacs nt ns tmi ficnies kld vkcuis ae tmi oalsonausliss tmkt ns oahhulnoktid kld hklneistid. Tmus tmrau`m tmi oaloiptukc cils ae prkotnoi, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi ixpirniloi kld prkotnoi ae pirearhnl` trkloi ks k stkti ae oalsonausliss.

Nltraduotnal Kpkrt erah finl` k study ae tmi pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss, tmns study ns pkrtnouckrcy oaloirlid wntm k rklì ae pirearhkloi prkotnois wmnom ihpcay vkrnaus earhs ae trkloi stktis. Tmi tapno ixpcaris tmi oaloipt ae trkloi ks k pirearhktnvi prkotnoi, wmnci nt kcsa caabs ìlirkccy kt tmi oaloipt ae stktis ae oalsonausliss nl pirearhkloi. Erah smkhklno nhkìry ta psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh, tmi euldkhiltkc nhpucsi ta ri`krd muhkl ixpirniloi kld patiltnkc ‟ wntm tmi qukcnty ae sice-kwkriliss ‟ mks cid us ta oalstruot

nllir warcds kooardnl` ta aur oucturkc, saonkc, kld

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psyomaca`nokc psyomaca`nokc ilvnralhilts. ilvnralhilts. ; Tmisi nllir warcds ihirì ks sice-rieciotnals erah tmi fnaca`nokc muhkl frknl, ihfadnhilt kld ixpirniloi ‟ tmi muhkl –ar`klnsh‘. Tmisi sice-rieciotnals okl riprisilt tmi spnrntukc urì ae tmi ar`klnsh. _pnrnts kri siil ks !

"

trkls`rissnvi pawirs kld drnvis wntmnl k pkrtnouckr pkrtnouckr oalsonausliss oalsonausliss sit , sirvnl` fatm ta !

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rinlearoi larhktnvnty ks wicc ks ta riciksi –atmir-liss‘ ar trklsearhktnvnty ‟ tmi trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae tmi ar`klnsh. 6 Tmi ihfadnhilt ae spnrnt ntsice ixprissis tmi trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae muhkl oalsonausliss. Nl trkloi, ihfadnhilt ns k wky nl wmnom tmi ar`klnsh nl turl ns kfci ta kpprimild kld kppraprnkti tmi –atmir‘. Oiltrkc ta tmi praoissis ae oahprimilsnal kld kppraprnktnal ns tmi ndiltnenoktnal ae tmi –sice‘ kld tmi –atmir‘. Tmi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal ns kl kot ae dienlntnal. Ali ns ndiltnenid ks, wntm, ar fi ndiltnenid fy, nl kl kot ae dienlntnal. Ndiltnenoktnal ns k praoiss, ndiltnty ns tmi praduot. Tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm tmi praoiss. Tmi pirearhktnvi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal ns fatm k okpkonty kld k susoiptnfncnty. Tmi stril`tm ae kl kot ae ndiltnenoktnal kld tmi di`rii ae nlvacvihilt ìlirktid kri ivkcuktid kcal` k oaltnluuh fitwiil –pritildnl`‘ kld –finl`‘ ‟ nldnoktnl` tmi kppkrilt civics ae oahhnthilt ta pirearhkloi nhpirktnvis. Tmi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal ns fatm cikrlt kld kotnvktid. Tmns ns tmi silsi nl wmnom tmi tirh –spnrnt‘ ns ihpcayid nl tmns study ‟ tmi

; 6

Bnrfy, I. T. (;>05). Tmi _mkhklnstno Arn`nls ae Zapuckr Iltirtknlhilts. Vntukc, Zcky kld Zirearhkloi. Zirearhkloi . V. _omiomlir kld H. _omuhkl. Liw ârb, _ikfury Zriss7 pp. ;?>-;4>. Dikoal, Tiriloi P. (;>>0). Tmi _yhfacno _pionis7 Tmi Oa-ivacutnal ae Cklùkì kld tmi Frknl . Liw ârb kld Caldal, P. P. Lartal.7 pp. 4?5-44;.

Trkloi Earhs

6

Valkcda Haricas

–klnhktnl` ar vntkc prnlonpci‘ kld –tmkt wmnom `nvis cnei ta tmi pmysnokc ar`klnsh nl oaltrkst ta nts puricy hktirnkc icihilts‘. ?

Tmi study ixkhnlis ficnie systihs. K –ficnie‘ ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi –oalvnotnal ae tmi trutm ae sahi stktihilt ar tmi rikcnty ae sahi finl` ar pmilahilal ispionkccy wmil fksid al ixkhnlktnal ae ivndiloi‘ ar –k stkti ar mkfnt ae hnld nl wmnom trust ar oalendiloi ns pckoid nl sahi pirsal ar tmnl`‘. 4 –Ficnies‘ kri tmi fksno kld nhpcnont kssuhptnals ‟ stktihilts tmkt kri nltirlkcnsid ‟ wmnom ilokpsuckti kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi sice, nts ilvnralhilt kld nts ixnstiloi. Tmrau`m aur ficnies, wi dienli aur ilvnralhilt, aur ixnstiloi, kld aur ndiltnty.

Ficnie systihs kri tmi ocustirs ae

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kssuhptnals tmrau`m wmnom wi ri`krd kld divicap aur silsi ae aur sicvis kld ae aur warcd2 ocustirs wmnom kri oahprnsid ae fatm nldnvndukcnsid kld saonkcnsid icihilts. _ahi ae tmisi kssuhptnals kri smkrid wntm atmirs, wmnci sahi kri ulnqui ar uloahhal. Ficnie systihs kri ae pkrtnouckr nhpartkloi ta tmns study, nl tmkt tmi pirearhnl` krts lioissntkti tmi hklnpucktnal ae ficnies tmrau`m tmi min`mtilnl` ae pkrtnouckr alis kld tmi riduotnal ae oirtknl atmirs ear tmi durktnal ae k pirearhkloi. Tmi suspilsnal ae dnsficnie riqunrid ae kudnilois kld pirearhirs ns tmi oalviltnal fy !

"

wmnom tmi warcd ae tmi pirearhkloi ns iltirid. Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn oalsndirid –trutm‘ ta fi nlsipkrkfci erah ficnie pkrtnouckrcy nl ricktnal ta drkhktno pirearhkloi.

9

Nt

ns passnfci ta sufstntuti tmi ward –trutm‘ wntm tmi ward –rikcnty‘ nl tmns kssirtnal nl ardir ta kcn`l wntm past-hadirl silsnfncntnis.

Ta ockrney wmkt ns ìlirkccy ficnivid fy tmi biy tirhs ae tmi tntci, nt ns usieuc ta caab kt tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkry dienlntnals ae tmisi tirhs. –Trkloi‘ ns siil ks –k stkti ...{k} pracalìd suspilsnal ae oalsonausliss ...k oktkciptno ar myplatno oaldntnal ...{k} stkti fitwiil sciipnl` kld wkbnl` ...k stullid ar dkzid stkti ...k stkti ae hiltkc kfstrkotnal erah ixtirlkc tmnl`s ...kfsarptnal, ixkctktnal, rkpturi, iostksy‘. Tmi tirh –oalsonaus‘ ns vniwid ks k qukcnty ae –mkvnl` tmi wntliss ae ali s awl gudìhilt ar "

eiicnl`s ...nlwkrdcy silsnfci ar kwkri ...mkvnl` nltirlkc piroiptnal ae k ekot, ae ali s "

silsktnals, eiicnl`s, tmau`mts, ae ixtirlkc afgiots ...mkvnl` ali s hiltkc ekouctnis "

kotukccy nl kl kotnvi kld wkbnl` stkti ...kwkri ae wmkt ali ns danl` ar nltildnl` ta da ...mkvnl` k purpasi kld nltiltnal nl ali s kotnals ...kwkri ae ntsice, kwkri ae nts awl "

ixnstiloi‘. –Oalsonausliss‘ ns oalsndirid ta fi –tmi stkti ar ekot ae finl` hiltkccy

? 4 9

Erah tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkry (6ld idntnal) iltry al –spnrnt‘. Erah tmi Hirrnkh-Pifstir„s Oacci`nkti Dnotnalkry (;:tm idntnal) iltry al –ficnie‘. _tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>?0/;>56) Kl Kotar Zripkris. Caldal, @iaeeriy Fcis7 p. ;6=.

Trkloi Earhs

?

Valkcda Haricas

oalsonaus ar kwkri ae klytmnl` ...ri`krdid ks tmi larhkc oaldntnal ae mikctmy wkbnl` cnei ...ks k oaldntnal kld oaloahntklt ae kcc tmau`mt, eiicnl`, kld vacntnal‘. –Oalsonausliss‘ okl kcsa rieir ta tmi –tatkcnty ae tmi nhprissnals, tmau`mts, kld eiicnl`s, wmnom hkbi up k pirsal s oalsonaus finl` ...k oacciotnvi ekoucty ta kl "

k``ri`kti ae {nldnvndukcs} ...sa ekr ks tmiy tmnlb ar eiic nl oahhal‘. 5

Tmi ndik ae –oalsonausliss‘ ns kcsa uldirstaad ta mkvi fatm nldnvndukc kld saonkc dnhilsnals. Tmisi dnhilsnals kri hkdi passnfci kld kpprimilsnfci tmrau`m earhs ae cklùkì, ks tmi icihilt tmkt –wikvis taìtmir tmi ekfrno ae aur saonity‘. 0 Tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi mks kcsa fiil disornfid ks –k tihparkry stkti ae oalsonausliss‘ tmkt ns ixpirniloid ks k –trklsoildiloi‘ ae tmi silsi ae tmi –larhkc sice‘ tmrau`m kl –nltilsnenoktnal‘ ae –hiltkc ar pmysnokc‘ praoissis. = Tmns trklsoildiloi ae larhktnvnty okl kcsa fi siil ta fi oalstruotid kld ixpirniloid tmrau`m cnlùnstno systihs.

Trkloi, ks k pirearhktnvi prkotnoi, kooissis kl kspiot ae tmi –ekfrno‘ ae cklùkì tmkt ns rivikcid ta nts kudniloi, ks mn`mcy syhfacno kld sn`lnenoklt. _uom kspiots risalkti praeauldcy tmrau`m tmi silsi ae finl` ‟ risalktnl` hiklnl` fy kotnvktnl` kfstrkotnals kld oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkt hkbi up tmi wiccsprnl` ae tmi tatkc nldnvndukc ixpirniltnkc hihary ae tmi ar`klnsh. Nl ardir ear trkloi ta risalkti hiklnl`, nt hust fi oucturkccy kooissnfci. Tmi pawir tmkt nt nlvabis ns oaltknlid nl nts syhfacno vkcui. Tmns study oaloirls ntsice wntm tmi –kotid trkloi‘ ks nt dais wntm tmi –dnssaonktid trkloi‘. Nt ns lat tmi oaloirl ae tmns study ta kttihpt ta dienlntnvicy dnstnlùnsm fitwiil tmi –kotid‘ kld –dnssaonktid‘, ks nt ns hy ficnie tmkt tmisi qukcntnis fical` nl k spiotruh ae prkotnoi tmkt mks fiil oalstruotid ks –trkloi‘.

Oalsonausliss ns ieeiotnvicy ìlirktid fy suom ekotars ks cklùkì, fimkvnaur, drnvis, ks wicc ks hihary nl tmi earh ae rioacciotnals kld rieciotnals, ficnies kld ihatnals. Aur nllir warcds ‟ aur warcds ae oalstruots ‟ kri funct upal tmisi icihilts. !

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Tmisi icihilts oahprnsi aur enicd ae typis kld tihpcktis. Aur oaloiptukcnsktnals kld aur kfstrkotnals ditirhnli tmi qukcnty ae aur piroiptnals kld ixpirnilois. Tmus tmi ar`klnsh ìlirktis k enicd ae oalsonausliss ‟ kl kttulid kwkriliss tmkt ns kwkri ae nts awl sice kld ae atmirs. 5 0 =

Erah tmi Axeard Il`cnsm Dnotnalkry (6ld idntnal) iltrnis al –trkloi‘, –oalsonaus‘ kld –oalsonausliss‘. Lkpacn, Dallk Ga (;>>5). Cnlùnstnos7 Kl Nltraduotnal. Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. v. Vauìt, @ncfirt (;>=9). Husno kld Trkloi7 K Tmiary ae tmi Vicktnals Fitwiil Husno kld Zassissnal . Omnokà, Ylnvirsnty ae Omnokà Zriss.7 pp. ;6-;5.

Trkloi Earhs

4

Valkcda Haricas

Oiltrkc ta tmi prafcih ae oalsonausliss ns tmi latnal ae ndiltnty ‟ wma ar wmkt ns kwkri. Ndiltnty okl sirvi ks k disn`lktnal ae k pkrtnouckr oalsonausliss sit. Nt ns passnfci ta tkcb kfaut oalsonausliss sits tmkt kri disn`lktid kcal` ri`nalkc kld/ar cnlùnstno tirhs, suom ks kl Kustrkcnkl oalsonausliss, ar k Iurapikl oalsonausliss. Nldiid, tmi cklùkìs (virfkc it kc) tmkt wi oahhulnokti wntm, ks wicc ks tmi sittnl`s kld stycis nl wmnom wi cnvi, `riktcy nlecuiloi tmi oalsonausliss tmkt wi divicap. Ta tkcb kfaut k Omnlisi oalsonausliss, ear ixkhpci, ns ta eaous upal k pkrtnouckr enicd ae vkcuis, cnlùnstno fimkvnaurs, oucturkc hihary, ks enctirs ae piroiptnal kld ixpirniloi. !

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Pntmnl tmisi enicds ae hihary tmiri kri tmi sufsits kld hutktnals. Eurtmirhari, sufoucturis aetil ihirì ks k rispalsi ta k dahnlklt oucturkc pkrkdn`h. Al tmi civic ae nldnvndukcs, tmiri kri kcsa dneeiriltnktnals. Al tmi saonkc civic, drnvis wmnom sirvi ks larhktnvi prissuris kld sufvirsnvi nlecuilois kri afsirvkfci.

K fksno icihilt ae tmi enctirs ae piroiptnal kld ixpirniloi ns eauld nl tmi siciotnal kld kssaonktnal ae hiharnis wmnom aoour nl tmi praoiss ae lkrrktnsktnal ‟ !

"

tmi earhucktnal kld rioacciotnal ae alànl` starnis wmnom fioahi tmi wkys fy wmnom wi >

hkbi silsi ae aur nldnvndukc kld oacciotnvi ixpirnilois. Lkrrktnsktnal ae ixpirniloi kccaws us tmi kfncnty ta ar`klnsi hihary nl wkys tmkt kri oalsnstilt wntm aur pkrtnouckr nltirlkcnsid ficnie systihs. Lkrrktnsktnal okl kcsa disornfi tmi praoiss fy wmnom wi earhuckti kld rinlearoi aur ficnie systihs. Tmns lkrrktnsktnal ‟ kld nts sufsiquilt pkttirlnl` nl tmi praoiss ae mnstarnonsktnal ‟ ns eurtmir ar`klnsid al k saonkc civic fy !

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dahnlklt oucturkc enicds kld fy dahnlklt oalsonausliss sits.

Tmi ixpirnilois tmkt kri dienlid ks tmi –sice‘ kld ks tmi –larhkc‘ ar –ivirydky‘ kspiots ae ixnstiloi riprisilt tmi silsi ae larhktnvnty tmkt sirvis ks tmi eulotnalkc fidraob ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoissis il`kìd nl al nldnvndukc kld `raup civics. Tmi ixpirniloi dienlid ks –rikc‘ riprisilts hiksuris ae kutmiltnonty kld kutmarnty fy wmnom nldnvndukc kld `raup vkcuis kri ditirhnlid kld dienlid, kld fy wmnom nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi ixpirnilois kri kpprimildid kld oktiàrnsid.

Nl tmns study, trkloi ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi risuct ae sustknlid nlvacvihilt wntm ditkncid nlearhktnal tmkt ns struoturkccy ar`klnsid, nlvabnl` nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi il`kìhilts tmkt kri hknltknlid ks nltirkotnals fitwiil tmi pirearhir, atmir >

Ekrtmnl`, @. Pnccnkh (;>>6). Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Oalsonausliss. Liw Girsiy, Zriltnoi Mkcc.7p. ?42 Gkylis, Gucnkl (;>05).

Trkloi Earhs

9

Valkcda Haricas

pirearhirs, tmi ilvnralhilt kld kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Trkloi stktis kri hknltknlid kld min`mtilid fy di`riis ae ficnie ihir`nl` erah kots ae ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl fy pirearhirs kld kudnilois. Tmirieari, tmi latnal ae trkloi ns usid ks k wky ae oaloiptukcnsnl` kld uldirstkldnl` tmi dipkrturis erah larhktnvnty ‟ tmi trkls`rissnals kld trklsoildiloi ae ardnlkry –ivirydky‘ ixpirniloi ‟ tmkt kri il`kìd nl fy tmi pirearhir kld ta k oirtknl ixtilt fy tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Trkloi ns siil ks k hiomklnsh fy wmnom ta `rksp tmi dylkhnos ae dnssaonktnvi pmilahilk. Trkloi ns kcsa ns ri`krdid ks k wky ae uldirstkldnl` tmi hatnvktnal ae kotars nl pirearhkloi.

Tmirieari, tmi tirh –stkti ae oalsonausliss‘ disornfis k qukcnty ae kwkriliss. Nl trkloi, tmns qukcnty ns aetil ndiltnenid ks k snhnckr qukcnty ta tmkt wmnom ns eauld nl tmi myplatno stkti. Tmns study caabs kt tmns qukcnty ae kwkriliss ks ali tmkt ns fksid al ficnies. Tmi ficnie systihs ae tmi ar`klnsh, ta k ckrì di`rii, ditirhnli tmi qukcnty ae ixpirniloi ae tmkt finl`. Ficnies kri tmi enctirs tmrau`m wmnom wi sii aur rikcnty. Zmilahilk suom ks trkloi riprisilt smnets kld kctirktnals nl tmi –larhkc‘ enctirs tmkt wi ardnlkrncy ar rautnlicy usi ta piroinvi kld nltirprit aur ixpirnilois. @ncfirt Vauìt disornfid –trkloi‘ ks –k trklsoildiloi ae ali s larhkc sice, ks k cnfirktnal risuctnl` "

erah tmi nltilsnenoktnal ae k hiltkc ar pmysnokc dnspasntnal, ...ks kl ixkctktnal ...ae tmi sice‘.;: Mawivir, tmi prafcihs kld cnhntktnals nlmirilt nl tmi latnal ae k –larhkc‘ sice okllat fi kccawid ta ditrkot erah tmi oiltrkc nlvistn`ktnal. Nl studnis ae myplasns, trkloi mks fiil disornfid ks k –risuct ae ndiks, kssaonktnals, hiltkc praoissis kld uldirstkldnl`s‘ tmkt kri nlduoid fy –tmi oahhulnoktnal ae ndiks kld tmi icnontnl` ae trknls ae tmau`mt kld kssaonktnals‘ ;; ‟ k vniw tmkt mn`mcn`mts tmi latnal tmkt –trkloi‘ stktis risuct erah nltirkotnals wntm atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt, tmrau`m wmnom nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt ns komnivid. Trkloi ns vniwid ks k stkti ae oalsonausliss, ks wicc ks k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc praoiss kld k hadi ae ihfadnhilt. Tmirieari, tmns study kcsa oalsndirs tmi latnal ae k trkloi ae –larhktnvnty‘ ‟ wmirinl tmi trknls ae tmau`mt kld kssaonktnals, tmkt ditirhnli tmi qukcntnis ihfadnid kld ilkotid, kri fksid upal `raup-dienlid ixpiotktnals ae –larhkc‘ ixpirnilois kld eulotnals. Tmisi pirspiotnvis rivikc tmi vkrnaus kspiots ae trkloi.

Tmi Arn`nl ae Oalsonausliss nl tmi Frikbdawl ae tmi Fnokhirkc Hnld . Fastal, Mau`mtal Hneecnl7 pp. 6>, 5?-54, 6;=. Vauìt.7 p. ;4 ;; Mkrtckld, Gaml kld _tklciy Tnlbcir (;>0;). Hidnokc kld Diltkc Myplasns kld nts Ocnlnokc Kppcnoktnals. Caldal, Fknccníri Tnldkcc.7 p. ?09. ;:

Trkloi Earhs

5

Valkcda Haricas

Visikrom Zraoiduris Tmns study ihpcays oksi study klkcysis, pkrtnonpklt afsirvktnals, prkotntnalir nltirvniws, pirearhkloi kooaults kld riparts ks dktk wmnom kri praoissid kcal` k `rauldid tmiary hadic. Tmrau`m nltirvniws wntm kld kooaults ae pirearhirs kld prkotntnalirs nl vkrnaus pirearhnl` krts, trkloi prkotnoi, saonkc drkhk kld oucturkc trkdntnals, tmi study nlvistn`ktis vkrnaus kspiots ae trkloi stktis wntm ri`krd ta k frakd rklì ae pirearhkloi prkotnois. Ear ali siotnal ae tmi study, sufgiots wiri ksbid nl nltirvniws ta rispald ta k luhfir ae quistnals al tmi sufgiots ae trkloi, oalsonausliss kld pirearhkloi. _ufgiots wiri ksbid ta dnsouss kly ixpirnilois tmiy hn`mt mkvi mkd tmkt hky fi oalsndirid ta fi trkloi stktis, pkrtnouckrcy tmasi ixpirnilois tmkt wiri ricktid ta tmi pirearhnl` krts. _ahi sufgiots wiri nltirvniwid hari tmkl aloi nl ardir ta eaccaw up cnlis ae nlqunry. Zirearhirs kld prkotntnalirs wiri kcsa afsirvid (kt tnhis daouhiltid al vndia) nl pirearhklois, nl rimikrskcs kld nl warbsmaps. Nl atmir siotnals ae tmi study, cntirkturi al kld kooaults ae pirearhktnvi prkotnois erah k rklì ae saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals kri utncnsid ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae –trkloi‘ tmkt eaousis al tmi ficnies kld praoissis fy wmnom pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss kri ihfadnid kld ilkotid.

Tmi nlvistn`ktar nl tmns study oahis erah k fkob`rauld ae drkhktno krts trknlnl`, tikomnl` kld praeissnalkc prkotnoi nl kddntnal ta k `rauldnl` nl tmi kokdihno dnsonpcnli ae Tmiktri kld Zirearhkloi _tudnis. Tmirieari tmi study mks eaousid qunti ixtilsnvicy al tmi ixpirniloi kld praoiss ae pirearhkloi kld trknlnl`. Tmns eaous wks rieciotid nl tmi kppcnoktnal ae tmi risikrom hitmadaca`y.

Tmns study fi`nls wntm k rivniw ae cntirkturi ricktid ta tmi sufgiot kld tmi prafcihs nhpcnid. Tmi cntirkturi rivniwid mks fiil drkwl erah tmi enicd ae Zsyomaca`y nl ricktnal ta tmi quistnal ae oalsonausliss pkrtnouckrcy wntm ri`krd ta –kctirid‘ stktis ks wicc ks tmi prkotnoi kld tmiary ae myplasns2 erah tmi enicd ae Kltmrapaca`y nl ricktnal ta tmi nltir-oucturkc study ae trkloi prkotnoi kld ricktid pmilahilk2 kld erah tmi enicd ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary nl ricktnal ta tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir kld stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri nhpcnoktid. Tmi rivniw ae cntirkturi panltid ta tmi nhpartkloi ae ficnie systihs ks tmiy ricktid ta tmi prkotnoi kld tmi piroiptnal ae trkloi stktis. Tmi cntirkturi kcsa nldnoktid tmi prisiloi ae k sit ae oahhalkcntnis nl tmi vkrnaus prkotnois wmnom ihpcay trkloi stktis. Tmisi oahhalkcntnis, taìtmir wntm dui oalsndirktnal ae tmi dneeirilois su`ìstid, aeeir k fksns ear k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae

Trkloi Earhs

0

Valkcda Haricas

oalsonausliss. Klatmir eaous ae tmi study mks fiil al kl nlntnkc fktom ae nltirvniws ae prkotntnalirs nl tmi enicds ae dkloi kld drkhk. Ks pricnhnlkry enicdwarb, tmi nltirvniws mkd fiil issiltnkc nl tistnl` tmi cnlis ae quistnalnl` ta fi ihpcayid, ks wicc ks sahi ae tmi biy oaloipts tmkt mkvi fiil su`ìstid fy tmi cntirkturi kld tmkt wiri dikct wntm nl tmi study. Tmi nltirvniws mkd kcsa fiil hast usieuc nl ndiltneynl` prkotntnalirs kld cnlis ae nlqunry tmkt wiri cktir nlvistn`ktid ks nl-diptm oksi studnis ae prkotnoi.

Tmns study lioisskrncy awis nts divicaphilt ta Kltmrapaca`y, _aonaca`y, Liuraca`y, Zsyomaca`y, Zmncasapmy kld Kistmitnos. Mawivir, tmns study ns oalstruotid wntmnl tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Tmi tmiaritnokc kpprakom ae tmi study ns lioisskrncy caoktid fatm nl kotar trknlnl` dnsoaursis kld nl rioiptnal tmiary. Trkloi pirearhkloi okllat aoour wntmaut kl kudniloi, kld k pirearhkloi okllat fi piroinvid ks trkloi ulciss nt ns erkhid kld pripkrid ks suom - nt ns kl nltirkotnal, k oalvirsktnal, fitwiil tmi orket ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi pirearhkloi oaltixt ae nts kudniloi. @nvil tmi paraus lkturi ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary, tmi ricktnalsmnp fitwiil kotar trknlnl` dnsoaursi kld rioiptnal tmiary riqunris ickfarktnal nl tmi divicaphilt ae tmi uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi ks pirearhktnvi prkotnoi. Tmi purpasi ae tmns study ns ta ndiltney praoissis ae ihfadnhilt tmkt aoour nl tmiktrnokc kld saonkc spkois, kld ta nlvistn`kti tmi hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoissis tmkt aoour nl suom spkois. Ks suom, nt ekois tmi omkccilì ae liàtnktnl` k vaokfuckry tmkt koblawcidìs tmi ci`koy ae kcc tmisi trkdntnals, wmncst hknltknlnl` k civic ae vkcndnty tmkt ns fatm kooiptkfci ta tmisi trkdntnals ae blawcidì kld hky oaltrnfuti ta tmi divicaphilt ae tmisi trkdntnals, ks wicc ks ta tmi dnsonpcnli ae Tmiktri kld Zirearhkloi _tudnis, tmkt ns nts awl `rauldnl`.

Nl tirhs ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals, tmns study ixkhnlis strklds ae prkxns tmkt kri drkwl erah Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn ta Cii _trksfir`2 erah Kltalnl Krtkud ta _khuic Fiobitt kld Girzy @ratawsbn2 erah tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi earh ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl tmi ;>?:s ta tmi ;>>:s2 erah tmi Omkllicnl` prkotntnalirs nl tmi Y._. nl tmi

;>?:s ta _itm kld Ckzkrns nl tmi ;>0:s ta tmi ;>>:s2 kld erah trkdntnals ae hncntkry trknlnl`, pirearhkloi vnaciloi, kld rmitarno kssaonktid wntm tmi kttkobs ae tmi ;;

tm

ae

_iptihfir 6::; nl tmi Y._. kld nts ketirhktm. Tmi vkrnaus prkotnois nlvistn`ktid kri oalsndirid ta fi prnhkrncy syhfacno kld kistmitno pmilahilk ihir`nl` erah tmi ihfadnhilts kld ilkothilts ae pirearhirs2 tmi prnhkry eaous ae tmns study smkcc fi tmi ixpirniloi ae suom pmilahilk erah tmi pirspiotnvis ae tmi prkotntnalirs ae trkloi pirearhkloi. Fy klkcysnl` tmisi pirearhkloi trkdntnals ks oksi studnis, tmns study

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

nlvistn`ktis tmi praoissis fy wmnom ficnies smkpi pirearhklois ae fatm larhktnvnty kld tmi trkls`rissnals ae tmkt silsi ae tmi –larhkc‘ ar –ivirydky‘ sntuktnal kld ndiltnty. Fy ixkhnlnl` tmisi trkdntnals mnstarnokccy, kdkptktnals kld pra`rissnals tmkt nldnokti ivacvnl` prkotnois kld trkdntnals kri dnsoirlnfci. Kooaults ae pirearhirs, afsirvirs, kld vkrnaus klkcysis kri usieuc nl rivikcnl` tmi icihilts ae prkotnoi kld trknlnl` tmkt ekoncntkti tmi nlvaoktnal ae tmi lioisskry stktis ae pirearhkloi. Tmi tmiary ae pirearhkloi divicapid nl tmns study drkws upal oaltihparkry tmiarnis ae oalsonausliss, myplasns, oahhulnoktnal, oucturi, saonkc kld pacntnokc ar`klnsktnal.

Ta pirearh ns ta kot. Tmi pirearhkloi pkrkdax enrst prafcihktnsid fy Dilns Dndirat nl tmi ;= tm oiltury ;6 ‟ tmi tilsnals fitwiil tmi pirearhkloi kld ixpirniloi ae ihatnal ar kotnal ‟ ns nhpartklt ta tmns study. Tmi oalsndirktnals, nlntnktid fy Dndirat kld tmil eurtmir oalsndirid fy atmir tmiarnsts cnbi Pnccnkh Kromir nl tmi ;> tm oiltury,;? oalstntuti sahi ae tmi eauldktnals ae tmns study. Fut fieari fioahnl` euccy nlvacvid nl rioalsndirnl` tmi –psyomaca`y ae kotnl`‘ nt ns nhpartklt ta koblawcidì sahi ae tmi oiltrkc icihilts nl oaltihparkry uldirstkldnl`s ae tmi latnal ae tmiktrnokc pirearhkloi. Pi pirearh kots iviry hahilt ae aur cnvis2 aur kots sustknl aur ixnstiloi kld kri ivndiloi ae cnei. Tmirieari, wmkt dneeiriltnktis pirearhid kotnal !

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erah ardnlkry kotnal1 Tmi tirh pirearhkloi ns usieuccy dienlid fy Irno Filtciy kld !

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!

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Zitir Fraab nl tminr rispiotnvi dienlntnals ae tmiktri . Fatm disornfid tmiktri ks k !

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pmilahilal oahprnsnl` ae tmrii issiltnkc icihilts. Filtciy ficnivid tmkt nl tmi tmiktrnokc sntuktnal, –tmi dnstnlotnal fitwiil krt kld cnei‘ okl fi riduoid ta k hnlnhuh ;4

wmirinl –K nhpirsalktis F wmnci O caabs al‘. Fraab rieirs ta kl ihpty spkoi tmkt ns tkbil ks tmi fkri stkì upal wmnom sahiali wkcbs korass wmncst sahiali icsi ns wktomnl`, kld oalsndirid tmns ta fi –kcc tmkt ns liidid ear kl kot ae tmiktri ta fi ;9

il`kìd‘. Nl tmisi disornptnals, ;) k pckyir 6) pirearhs k eulotnal ?) ta kl afsirvir.

Mawivir, nl tmi oaltixt ae tmns study tmi latnal ae pirearhkloi ns oalsndirid ta !

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nlocudi tmi ixioutnal ae kly kotnal ar ixprissnal tmkt nlvacvis sahi prnar pripkrktnal kld tmi ri`krd ae kl nldnvndukc ar oacciotnvi ar`klnsh atmir tmkl tmi pirearhir. Nl tmns silsi nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi dienlntnal ae rntukc kld pirearhkloi, tmkt Vnomkrd _omiomlir aeeirs, ks –ristarid fimkvnar‘ ‟ fimkvnar tmkt ns ripiktid kld rimikrsid.

;5

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Dndirat, Dilns (;00?/;>9=). Zkrkdaxi sur ci Oahîdnil. Zkrns, Cnfrknrni Tmîætrkci. Kromir, Pnccnkh (;===). Hksbs ar Ekois17 K _tudy nl tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Kotnl`. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Cal`hkls @riil. ;4 Filtciy, Irno (;>59). Tmi Cnei ae tmi Drkhk. Caldal, Hitmuil7 p. ;9:. ;9 Fraab, Zitir (;>5=). Tmi Ihpty _pkoi. Caldal, Hko@nffal kld Bii7 p. ;. ;5 _omiomlir, Vnomkrd (;>=9). Fitwiil Tmiktir kld Kltmrapaca`y . Zmnckdicpmnk, Ylnvirsnty ae Zillsycvklnk Zriss7 pp. ?5-?=. ;?

Trkloi Earhs

>

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi praoissis nlvistn`ktid nl tmns study kri ihpcayid ta vkrynl` di`riis nl oalviltnalkccy rioa`lnsid trkloi pirearhkloi, nl tmiktri kld drkhk prkotnois, kld nl saonkc kld oucturkc prkotnois. Tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir nl tmisi dylkhnos, kld tmi icihilts tmkt kri riqunrid ear ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi. Nl pkrtnouckr, tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi qukcntnis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri oalduonvi ta tmi nlvaoktnal ae tmi trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt. Kotars okl pirearh nl vkrnaus pkrkmyplatno stktis wmirinl ivilts rikccy mkppil . Tmi civic ae !

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ficnie tmkt tmi kotar hklkìs ta ìlirkti nltirlkccy okl nhpkot upal tmi ficnivkfncnty !

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ae tmi pirearhkloi kld tmi civic ae suspilsnal ae dnsficnie tmkt ns ieeiotid nl nts !

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kudniloi.

Tmns study ns kcsa oaloirlid wntm tmi pirearhkloi ae stktis ae oalsonausliss nl tmi frakd saonkc kld oucturkc sittnl`. Gal HoBilzni pravndis k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb fy wmnom ta nlvistn`kti pirearhktnvnty nl tmi oaltixt ae –kotukcnty‘ ar nl –rikc warcd‘ ivilts. HoBilzni dnsoussis tmrii kriks ae study tmkt oalvirì upal tmi latnals ae –pirearhkloi‘ kld –pirearhktnvnty‘ ‟ Zirearhkloi _tudnis eaousnl` al –oucturkc‘ pirearhklois, Zirearhkloi Hklkìhilt eaousnl` al –ar`klnsktnalkc‘ pirearhklois, kld Tiomla-Zirearhkloi eaousnl` al –tiomlaca`nokc‘ pirearhklois. HoBilzni krùis tmkt ks tmisi hadis ae pirearhkloi oahi ta fi siil ks –ihfiddid nl ali klatmir‘, tmi uldirstkldnl` ae pirearhkloi ks –k hadi ae pawir‘ fioahis hari passnfci. Tmus, pirearhkloi ns siil ks –tmi strktuh ae pawir/blawcidì‘ nl ardir ta ri`krd –dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvis‘ kld –ihfadnid pirearhklois‘ nl tminr larhktnvi kld trklsearhktnvi –patiltnkcntnis‘. ;0 Ysnl` tmisi erkhiwarbs, nt fioahis passnfci ta nlvistn`kti tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi nl pirearhkloi nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi saonkc drkhk nl wmnom nt ns ihfiddid.

Tmi usis ae snl`ci kld daufci quatktnal hkrbs tmrau`maut tmns study, wmiri tmiy da lat nldnokti dnriot quatis, riprisilt kppikcs ta tmi orntnokc ekoucty ae tmi rikdir wmil suom tirhs kri iloaultirid. Ks kl nlvistn`ktnal ae hiklnl` kld ficnies, nt ns nhpartklt ta kpprakom sahi tirhs kld pmrksis wntm k di`rii ae risirvktnal nl ardir ta ri`krd tmi wkys nl wmnom ndiks fioahi ihfadnid kld ilkotid blawcidì. Fy danl` sa, tmns study strnvis ta klkcysi tmi pirearhktnvnty ae tmi cklùkì ae blawcidì.

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HoBilzni, Gal (6::;). Zirearh ar Icsi7 Erah Dnsonpcnli ta Zirearhkloi . Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 pp. 64-69.

Trkloi Earhs

;:

Valkcda Haricas

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Zirearhkloi Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi kppcnoktnal ae tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae –trkloi‘

ks pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss ta divicap k frakd tmiary ae

pirearhkloi. Tmi trkloi stkti ns oalsndirid ta fi k earh ae oaloiltrktnal ‟ ae nltilsnenid kld eaousid kttiltnal. Mawivir, ta sky tmkt trkloi ns snhpcy stral` hiltkc eaous waucd fi nloahpciti2 nt riqunris keeiotnvi, nhk`nlktnvi kld kotnvi nlvacvihilt. Trkloi riqunris hari tmkl gust hiltkc ieeart, Girzy @ratawsbn tkcbs kfaut tmi –tatkc kot‘2;= tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae ficnie (nhk`nlktnal). Ks oksi studnis nl tmi oahnl` omkptirs wncc dihalstrkti, tmi ickfarktnal ae trkloi ks k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb nccuhnlktis tmi praoissis fy wmnom kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty kri fatm kttrnfutid kld ixpirniloid. Tmi pirearhklois ae trkloi stktis kri nlvistn`ktid ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi typis ae praoissis kld oaloipts tmkt kri diihid lioisskry ear k suooisseuc ar ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi. Tmi trkloi prkotntnalir ns k pirearhir nl tmi silsi tmkt tmiy usi tminr awl sice ks tmi nlstruhilt ae k –erkhid‘ ixprissnal ‟ kl ixpirniloi micd kld stkìd ks kl ivilt nhfuid wntm oalviltnals kld sn`lnenoklois, n.i. oucturkccy cakdid.

Tmns study ns oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm tmi ficnies tmkt erkhi kld ekoncntkti pirearhklois ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmi il`kìhilt ae suom ficnies riqunri tmi pirearhir ta fioahi sueenoniltcy pripkrid ta ihfady kld ilkot tmi issiltnkc icihilts ae tmi saonkc kld oucturkc ixpiotktnals ilokpsucktid fy tmasi ficnies. Fatm _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir`, ear nlstkloi, ripiktidcy ihpmksnsi tmi latnal tmkt tmi kotar riqunris tmi ekoucty ae susoiptnfncnty, –tmi wkbilnl` ae ficnie nl tmi kotar‘.;> Tmns study kssuhis tmkt tmi pirearhid trkloi kld tmi myplatno trkloi kri ocasicy ricktid. Nt ns lat sa huom k erkhnl` ae pirearhid trkloi ks myplasns, rktmir nt ns kl nlvistn`ktnal ae ricktid pmilahilk kld wmkt tmkt ricktnalsmnp rivikcs kfaut tmi dylkhnos ae suom pirearhktnvi stktis. Myplatnskfncnty okl fi ricktid ta tmi kfncnty kld prapilsnty ta –suspild dnsficnie‘, su`ìstnl` tmkt k pirearhir s kfncnty ta il`kì nl kld "

sustknl omkrkotirnsktnal ns ricktid ta tmi hiksuris ae myplatnskfncnty2 eurtmir su`ìstnl` tmkt eikturis ae pirsalkcnty kld ndiltnty systihs afsirvid nl myplatnskfncnty hiksuris kri ricktid ta tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal. 6:

;=

@ratawsbn, Girzy, Hkro Euhkracn kld @iarì Vikviy (;>5>). –Ixtirlkc Ardir, Nltirlkc Nltnhkoy.‘ TDV ;47;(T49) Ekcc ;>5>7 pp. ;06-;00. ;> _trksfir`, Cii (;>=0). K Drikh ae Zkssnal7 Tmi Divicaphilt ae t mi Hitmad. Fastal kld Taralta, Cnttci Frawl.7 p. ;;. 6: _pniìc, Mirfirt kld Dkvnd _pniìc (;>0=). Trkloi kld Trikthilt7 Ocnlnokc Ysis ae Myplasns . Liw ârb, Fksno Faabs.7 pp. 66-;5;.

Trkloi Earhs

;;

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi ndiks ae Dilns Dndirat, nl tmi issky Tmi Zkrkdax ae tmi Kotar (;=?:), trn`ìrid tmi ikrcy difktis al wmitmir kl kotar smaucd ar smaucd lat eiic tmi ihatnals tmiy partrky al stkì. Dndirat mnhsice livir pufcnsmid tmns issky, nt mkd k cnhntid kudniloi fy ;004 kld nt wks eauld kld pastmuhauscy pufcnsmid.

6;

Dndirat krùid tmkt

kl kotar okllat fi trucy nlvacvid nl tmi ihatnals kld pkssnals ae tminr omkrkotirs, ar tmiy waucd –casi‘ tmihsicvis nl tmasi ihatnals kld pkssnals ‟ tmiy fioahi dnssaonktid. Pmkt mi wks euldkhiltkccy krùnl` ear wks kl ihpmksns al tiomlnokcnty ks k –hitmad ae oriktnvnty‘. Hkly mkvi snloi oaultirid Dndirat s krùhilts kld k spcnt "

mks fiil rioardid nl tmi drkhktno krts fitwiil somaacs ae –ixtirlkc‘ kld –ixpirniloid‘ kotnl`. Mawivir, Dndirat siihid ta fi tauomnl` upal tmi liid ear kl –ixioutnvi ekoucty‘ ar k –mnddil afsirvir‘ stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ krùkfcy k lioissnty ear kly ieeiotnvi pirearhir snloi tmi –nlviltnal ‘ ae drkhk ntsice. Yleartulkticy ear Dndirat, tmi kssuhptnal mi hkdi wks tmkt ihatnals kld pkssnals nl tmihsicvis wiri tmi okusis ae dnssaonktnal, rktmir tmkl pirmkps tmi civics ae sice-oiltrid kfsarptnal nl suom keeiotnvi stktis. 66

Tmi prafcih ae pirearhirs –casnl` ‘ tmihsicvis nl tmi pirearhkloi ns oirtknlcy oiltrkc ta divicapnl` kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi stkti. Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi latnals tmkt hkbi up tmi ndik ae

–sice‘ ear

tmi pirearhirs kld tminr

kudnilois, kld maw tmi fauldkrnis fitwiil –sice‘ kld –lat-sice ‘ mkvi fiil dienlid. Tmisi prafcihs kri oaloirlid wntm tmi lkturi kld uldirstkldnl` ae tmi oaloipt ae –ndiltnty ‘.

Tmns study oalsndirs tmi erkhiwarb ae ndiltnty ta fi dylkhno kld hkccikfci,

ks wicc ks saonkccy kld oucturkccy dienlid. Ta kttihpt ta krrnvi kt k latnal ae ndiltnty tmkt okl ocknh ta kppcy korass dneeirnl` saonkc kld oucturkc oaltixts waucd fi mn`mcy prisuhptnvi. Nlstikd tmns study oalsndirs tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt nldnvndukcs kld `raups il`kì nl wntmnl tminr rispiotnvi oaltixts. Tmi –larhkc sice‘ ns nlvabid ks k prafcihktno oaloipt nl tmns study, kld ali wmnom sirvis ks k rieiriloi panlt tmkt ns nlvkrnkfcy ontid nl dienlnl` tmi –trkloi‘ ixpirniloi. Eurtmirhari, tmns study ns oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm tmi typis ae nltirkotnals tmkt nldnvndukcs kld `raups il`kì nl wntm atmirs kld tminr ilvnralhilt, ks pirearhktnvi kld oahhulnoktnvi kots tmkt eurtmir ickfarkti upal tmi –sice‘ dienlntnals kppcnid.

Nl tmisi oalsndirktnals, tmns study drkws upal kld divicaps sahi biy prapasntnals tmkt okl fi trkoid fkob ta tmi –syhfacno nltirkotnalnsh‘ kdvkloid fy 6;

Ciy, @rkmkh (;>>9). –Tmi _n`lnenokloi ae Dndirat.‘ Liw Tmiktri [ukrtircy ;;(44) Lavihfir ;>>97 pp. ?46-?94.

Trkloi Earhs

;6

Valkcda Haricas

Omkrcis Oaaciy nl Muhkl Lkturi kld tmi _aonkc Ardir (;>:6) kld @iarì Mirfirt Hikd nl Hnld, _ice kld _aonity (;>?4), kld tkbil up fy Erklb Tkllilfkuh nl Ornhi kld tmi Oahhulnty (;>?=), Idwnl Cihirt nl _aonkc Zktmaca`y (;>9;), Mawkrd Fiobir

nl Autsndirs7 _tudnis nl tmi _aonaca`y ae Divnkloi (;>5?), kld Tmahks _omiee nl Ckficnl` Hkdliss (;>09).6? Tmi –ckficnl` tmiary‘ tmkt mks risuctid ns usieuc fiokusi

nts prihnsi ns tmkt hiklnl` kld tmi nhkì ae tmi sice ns praduoid tmrau`m nltirkotnals wntm atmirs. Tmi dienlntnal ae k sntuktnal kld tmi piroiptnal ae sice kdaptid nhpkots upal kl nldnvndukc s pasntnal wntmnl k `raup. Mawivir, wmiriks ckficnl` tmiary eaousis "

al tmi dylkhnos ae fimkvnaurkc –divnkloi‘ ar –dienont‘ ‟ ornhnlkcnty, kflarhkcnty, ar dnskfncnty ‟ tmns study uldirtkbis tmi divicaphilt ae kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi praoissis fy wmnom trklsearhktnvi kld larhktnvi hadis ae pirearhktnvnty kri nltiltnalkccy ihfadnid kld ilkotid. Tmirieari, tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal nlvacvid nl k pirearhkloi ivilt riqunri k tmarau`m klkcysns ae tmi oaltixt kld oaltilt ae tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt.

Ear ixkhpci, tmns study oalsndirs twa typis ae trkloi stktis nl omkllicnl` trkdntnals ‟ tmi nhpravnsid oalsuctktnals kld tmi sit pniois kddrissnl` k ckrìr kudniloi. Nhpravnsid pniois kri dnkca`nokc kld mn`mcy nltirkotnvi, tmiy il`kì tmi kudniloi kld nts oaloirls, rispalsis ta wmnom kri dirnvid erah tmi pkrtnouckr oucturkc hihary ar enicd ae nltirkotnal riprisiltid fy tmi omkllicid iltnty. Nl oaltrkst, sit pniois kri dihalstrktnvi kld nccustrktnvi, tmiy rivikc sahi ae tmi –ixtrk-ardnlkry‘ ar –supirlkturkc ‘ qukcntnis

ae tmi trkloi stkti pirsalkcnty ar iltnty. Tmns study oaloirls

ntsice wntm tmi sufgiotnvi ixpirnilois ae tmisi vkrnklois. Tmi dneeirilois nl tmisi trkloi stktis rivikc sahi nhpartklt qukcntnis ae tmi pirearhktnvi kld oahhulnoktnvi kots tmkt oahprnsi tmisi stktis. Tmi nhpravnsid oalsuctktnals kri mn`mcy ricnklt upal tmi prkotntnalir s okpkontnis ear ihpktmy kld kfncntnis ta dnsoirl lal-virfkc sn`lkcs, "

wmncst finl` nlearhid fy tmi omkrkotir oahpcix kld afgiotnvis ae tmi omkllicid iltnty. Tmi sit pniois riqunri tmi prkotntnalir ta fi hari ricnklt upal tmi oahhulnoktnvi nltilt kld oaltilt ae tmi omkllicid iltnty s pirearhklois ks dihalstrktnals ae kutmarnty. "

Ali ripart ae k omkllicnl` warbsmap disornfis k ekoncntktar ‟ ks k omkllicid iltnty ‟ kdvnsnl` pkrtnonpklts al tmi lioissnty –ta trust tmi eiicnl`s... nhprissnals‘ tmkt 66 6?

_tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>64/;>56). Hy Cnei nl Krt. Caldal, @iaeeriy Fcis.7 p. 459.2 _trksfir`.7 pp. ??-?5 Oaaciy, Omkrcis Martal (;>66). Muhkl Lkturi kld tmi _aonkc Ardir . Liw ârb kld Omnokà, _ornflir.2 Hikd, @iarì Mirfirt kld Omkrcis P. Harrns (;>?4). Hnld, _ice kld _aonity Erah tmi _tkldpanlt ae k _aonkc Fimkvnarnst. Omnokà, Ylnvirsnty ae Omnokà Zriss.2 Tkllilfkuh, Erklb (;>?=). Ornhi kld tmi Oahhulnty. Fastal kld Liw ârb, @nll kld Oahpkly.2 Fiobir, Mawkrd _kuc (;>5?). Autsndirs7 _tudnis nl tmi _aonaca`y ae Divnkloi . Liw ârb, Erii Zriss ae @ciloai.2 Cihirt, Idwnl HoOkrtmy (;>06).

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–okhi

ta tmih wmil tmiy apilid up ta omkllicnl` ‘. Nl danl` sa, tmi ekoncntktar

disornfis k snhnckr praoiss ta warbnl` wntm

–nhpucsi‘

pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi oaltixt ae

nhpravnsktnal nl pirearhkloi. Nhpucsis, eiicnl`s, ar nhprissnals kotnvkti tmi nlstruhilt, tmi fady ae tmi pirearhir. 64 Tmi pkrkccic oaloirls ae –oriktnvnty kld nlsn`mt‘ sau`mt nl omkllicnl` prkotnoi kld tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘ prapasid fy _tklnsckvsbn panlt ta tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss fy wmnom tmi nhk`nlktnvi ekoucty ae tmi pirearhir ns divicapid kld ihpcayid nl pirearhkloi.

Trkloi stktis kld pirearhklois kri cakdid wntm tmihis tmkt kri mnstarno, hytmno, euturnstno, ar rikcnstno ‟ dipildnl` upal tmi oucturkc vkcuis kld liids ae nts kudnilois kld prkotntnalirs. Tmirieari tmi trkloi pirearhkloi lioisskrncy oahhulnoktis syhfacno kld kistmitno qukcntnis tmkt su`ìst kl –atmir‘ warcd. _uom syhfacno kld kistmitno qukcntnis kri nlti`rkc ta tmi nlduotnal praoiduris ae trkloi pirearhklois, kld ta tmi drkhktno omkrkotirnsktnals ae k wndi rklì ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals.

Tawkrds k Tmiary ae Nlduotnals Pards uttirid, ivilts ixpirniloid, wrnttil kld rioardid krtiekots oalstntuti tmi oalsonausliss kld, tmil, tmi drnvi kld hihary ae tmi ar`klnsh. Tmi kfncnty ae tmi ar`klnsh ta hkbi silsi ae nts ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi `riktcy nlecuilois tmkt pkrtnouckr ar`klnsh s kotnals kld ixprissnals. Oiltrkc ta tmns study ns tmi oalsndirktnal "

ae k tmiary ae nlduotnals fy wmnom tmi ixpirniltnkc kld piroiptukc enctir ae tmi pirearhir ns nlvabid kld dnsruptid.

Nlduotnals kri –nltirlkcnsktnals‘ ae pkrtnouckr vkcuis kld ficnies fy wmnom tmi kotnals ar ixprissnals ae tmi ar`klnsh kri àvirlid kld oahpiccid. Tmi praoiss ae –nltirlkcnsktnal‘ ns k praoiss ae hiharnsktnal kld ulorntnokc kooiptkloi ae nlearhktnal, tmi kttrnfutnal ae dienlntnals ‟ hiklnl`s ‟ ks gustnenoktnal kld vkcuktnal ae kotnal ar omanoi. Mkfntuktnal ns kcsa k praoiss ae nltirlkcnsktnal. Hatnvktnal ns tmi nltirlkcnsid ficnie systih wmnom hast rikdncy ar dnriotcy nlecuilois dionsnals kld kotnals. _uom praoissis kri ickfarktid upal nl psyomaca`nokc studnis oaloirlid wntm tmi wkys nl

Muhkl Divnkloi, _aonkc Zrafcihs, kld _aonkc Oaltrac . Il`ciwaad Ocnees L.G., Zriltnoi-Mkcc.2 _omiee, Tmahks G. (;>09). Ckficnl` Hkdliss. Il`ciwaad Ocnees L.G., Zriltnoi-Mkcc. 64 Frawl, Hnomkic E. (;>>0). Tmi Omkllicnl` Wali7 Khirnokl _pnrntukcnty nl kl Klxnaus Kì . Okhfrndì, Mkrvkrd Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. 09-00.

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wmnom –kttntudis‘ apirkti. 69 Tmi nltirlkcnsktnal ns ieeiotid tmrau`m praoissis tmkt kri disornfid ks myplatno2 kld tmi fady ae tmi prkotntnalir pirearhs kooardnl`cy.

Myplasns ns k oaapirktnvi nltirkotnal. Tmi myplatno oaltrkot riqunris tmkt tmi ocnilt ar kudniloi suspilsnal ae dnsficnie ar il`kì nl pkrtnouckr oalviltnals, kld ta pkrtkbi nl spioneno ficnie systihs. Myplasns ns lioisskrncy k oacckfarktnvi praoiss ‟ k prkotnoi fy wmnom oahpcnkloi ns icnontid. Myplasns aoours ks k pkrt ae rautnli ar ardnlkry ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi, nl dkncy saonkc nltirkotnals kld racis. Nl pirearhnl` krts prkotnoi, tmi praoiss fy wmnom k pirearhir hkbis kl aeeir ta eiccaw pirearhirs !

"

sirvis ks kl nlntnktnl` stip nl suom kl nltirkotnal ‟ tmi aeeir okl alcy fi ks oahpiccnl` ks nt ns myplatno.

Tmns study krùis tmkt trkloi ns k oalviltnalkc praoiss, ricnklt upal `raup oalviltnals kld ixpiotktnals. Ikom stkti ae oalsonausliss ns àvirlid fy sits ae nhpcnont ar ixpcnont oalviltnals kld ixpiotktnals wntmnl wmnom kl nldnvndukc pirearhs k omkrkotir, raci ar eulotnal. Fadncy eulotnals kld sixukc kots okl fi disornfid ks trkloi stktis, ks dneeirilt stktis ae prisiloi. Fut wma ns prisilt1 Tmi sice ns, nl ieeiot, oalstkltcy rioalstruotid wntmnl hadics ae ixnstiloi. Tmi wkys ae ar`klnsnl` ixpirnilois kri ta da wntm tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt kri oriktid krauld, kld ndiltnenid wntm, suom ixpirnilois. Tmisi kri tmi hihary sits tmkt wi usi ta hkbi silsi ae ixnstiloi. Tmisi kri tmi dneeirilt hihary sits tmkt wi ilkot kld ihfady, tmkt wi kotnvkti, nl pirearhkloi stktis.

Pmkt eaccaws ns k pricnhnlkry oalsndirktnal ae tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal, nts nltiltnals kld nts piroiptnals ar hiksuris ae ieenokoy. Eurtmir rieciotnals al tmi tiomlnquis ihpcayid nl nlduotnal, wmnom kri nltirpritid ks saonkc, pmysnokc kld psyomaca`nokc praoissis, kri divicapid cktir nl tmi study. Tmisi rieciotnals kri prisiltid ks spioucktnals al tmi ekotars tmkt oaltrnfuti ta suooisseuc nlduotnal, kld tmi qukcntnis ar tmi oaltixt ae tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri komnivid.

Tmiri okl fi sknd ta fi sivil fksno icihilts nl tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal. Tmisi icihilts da lat lioisskrncy eulotnal nl tmi skhi siquiltnkc ardir wntm ikom pkrtnouckrnty, lar waucd tmiy kcwkys aoour ks dnstnlot stkìs. Tmiy nlvacvi praoissis kld silsktnals. Tmiy okl fi siil ks divicapnl` strklds ae ixpirniloi. Tmi nlduotnal 69

Ear ixkhpci ‟ Ekzna, Vussicc M., Dkvnd H. _klfalhktsu, Hkrtmk O. Zawicc kld Erklb V. Bkrdis (;>=5). –Al tmi Kutahktno

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praoiss fi`nls wntm tmi nldnvndukc. Tmi nldnvndukc ixpirnilois kl ndiltnenoktnal praoiss, kl nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt, k silsi ae nsacktnal erah tmi –larhkc‘ ilvnralhilt, k oirtknl khault ae nlstruotnal, k silsi ae nlntnktnal, kl nlvaoktnal praoiss, kld tmi nhk`nlktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc hust fi kotnvktid kld il`kìd. Tmi nlduotnal praoiduri risacvis nlta k praoiss ae nltirkotnal wntm tmi ilvnralhilt. Tmisi kri fksno icihilts ae tmi nlduotnal praoiss. Ndiltnenoktnal K prnhkry afgiotnvi ae kl nlduotnal praoiss ns tmi rierkhnl` ae kl nldnvndukc s "

silsi ae sice ‟ tminr ndiltnty. Ne tmi nldnvndukc ns ta kdapt kld nltirlkcnsi k pkrtnouckr ocustir ae vkcuis, tmkt ocustir ns ieeiotnvicy ilokpsucktid fy k oalsonausliss sit wntm kl ndiltnty struoturi. Tmi ndiltnty struoturi ns ae kl nldnvndukc ar k `raup lkturi, ks suom nt riprisilts k pkrtnouckr sit ae omkrkotirnstnos kld vkcuis tmkt ns fatm nltirlkcnsid kld nlvabid fy tmi nldnvndukc. _uom ndiltnty struoturis kri siil ta ihirì erah kots ae ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl fy tmi pirearhirs.

Nlvacvihilt Tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal riqunris tmi nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt ae tmi nldnvndukc nl ardir ta tkbi ieeiot. Tmns nltilsnenoktnal ae nlvacvihilt okl tkbi tmi earh ae kl kot ae oaloiltrktnal ‟ ks nl tmi eaousnl` ae kttiltnal upal kl afgiot ‟ ar kl kot ae cnhntktnal ‟ ks nl tmi oalenlnl` ae kttiltnal ta pkrtnouckr afgiots. Nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt ns kl issiltnkc pripkrktnal ear tmi silsi ae –min`mtilnl`‘ ae sufgiotnvi ixpirniloi, ks wicc ks ear tmi ìlirktnl` ae stktis ae rioiptnvnty ta ricivklt stnhucn nl tmi nldnvndukc. Nsacktnal Tmi nldnvndukc hust fi nsacktid erah tminr –larhkc‘ ilvnralhilt ear tmi durktnal ae kl nlduotnal praoiss. Tmi durktnal ae tmi nsacktnal `riktcy vkrnis dipildnl` upal tmi pkrtnouckr nlduotnal praoiss, nt hky fi k hkttir ae hnlutis ar k hkttir ae wiibs. Tmi nsacktnal dais lat lioisskrncy iltknc tmi pmysnokc sipkrktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc erah tminr –larhkc‘ ilvnralhilt. Tmi nsacktnal ns komnivid tmrau`m hiltkc kld psyomaca`nokc praoissis. Ixtildid nlduotnal praoiduris ìlirkccy riqunri k pmysnokc earh ae nsacktnal2 wmiriks nlduotnals utncnsid nl kl istkfcnsmid prkotnoi ìlirkccy nlvabi k silsi ae nsacktnal tmrau`m hiltkc tiomlnquis wmnom ihpcay nltilsnenid nlvacvihilt.

Kotnvktnal ae Kttntudis.‘ Gaurlkc ae Zirsalkcnty kld _aonkc Zsyomaca`y 9:(6) pp. 66>-6?=.

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Nlstruotnal Tmi nldnvndukc hky cikrl k oirtknl khault ae nlearhktnal kld tiomlnqui nl tmi nlduotnal praoiss. Tmi nldnvndukc hky fi ùndid kcal` k pkrtnouckr dnriotnal ae divicaphilt. Tmi nldnvndukc hky uldirà kl nldaotrnlktnal praoiss durnl` tmi nlduotnal praoiduri. Nlstruotnals kri lioisskry ks sn`lpasts nl tmi ixpirniloi ae nlduotnal pkrtnouckrcy wmil tmi nldnvndukc ns put nlta stktis ae rioiptnvnty ar pkssnvnty. Tmi nlstruotnal pripkris tmi nldnvndukc nlticciotukccy kld keeiotnvicy ear tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi nlstruotnal drnvis tmi nlduotnal praoiss fy eaousnl` tmi nldnvndukc s kttiltnal upal "

tmi pripkrktnals ear pirearhkloi. Nlntnktnal Tmi nlduotnal praoiss `nvis tmi nldnvndukc k silsi ae nlntnktnal nlta k ouct ‟ k –ocasid systih‘ ae ficnies kld vkcuis ‟ ar k saonkc iltnty. Tmi nlntnktnal ntsice hn`mt fi nl tmi earh ae k oirihaly ar k rnti. Tmi nldnvndukc hky ixpirniloi tmi nlntnktnal ks kl nlvabid silsi ae fical`nl` ta k pkrtnouckr iltnty, ispionkccy nl kl nlduotnal praoiduri tmkt ns usid ks pkrt ae kl istkfcnsmid prkotnoi. Pmkt ns issiltnkc nl tmi ixpirniloi ns tmi silsi ae mkvnl` fiil nlntnktid ‟ tmi silsi tmkt ali ns iltntcid kld iqunppid ta il`kì nl k pkrtnouckr prkotnoi. Nlvaoktnal Tmi nldnvndukc hust cikrl ar utncnsi kl nlvaoktnal praoiss nl tmi oaursi ae kl nlduotnal praoiduri. Tmi nlvaoktnal ns tmi kot ae frnl`nl` kfaut tmi stkti ar tmi praoiss tmkt ns riqunrid. Tmi nlvaoktnal ns k hiltkc pripkrktnal kld k trn`ìr ear tmi trkloi prkotnoi stkti ‟ tmi nldnvndukc komnivis tmns fy nlvacvnl` tmi nhk`nlktnal nl tmi praoiss ae nlntnktnl` pkrtnouckr psyomaca`nokc kld pmysnokc praoissis tmrau`m tmi usi ae –nllir warcd‘ kotnals. Tmi nlvaoktnal praoiss praduois tmi lioisskry suspilsnal ae tmi –larhkc‘ silsi ae sice, nl ardir ta fi ripckoid fy tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt wks cikrlt ar dnsoavirid nl tmi oaursi ae nlduotnal. Nhk`nlktnal Tmi nhk`nlktnal ae tmi nldnvndukc hust fi il`kìd kld kotnvktid fy tmi nlduotnal praoiduri. Tmi nhk`nlktnal riprisilts tmi kfncnty ae tmi nldnvndukc ta eaous al k silsi ar kl nhkì wmnom frnl`s kfaut tmi kppraprnkti stkti ae oalsonausliss kld tmi saonkcpsyomaca`nokc praoiss tmkt ns riqunrid. Tmi nldnvndukc hn`mt nhk`nli k priditirhnlid sit ae nltirlkc kotnals ‟ ks nl tmi oksi ae kl nlduotnal praoiduri nl kl istkfcnsmid

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prkotnoi ‟ ar kl ulditirhnlid ecaw ae nltirlkc kotnals kld nhkìs ‟ ks nl tmi oksi ae pirearhklois tmkt utncnsi nhpravnsid nltirkotnals. Tmi Ocasid _ystih Tmisi icihilts eulotnal wntmnl k systih ae praoissis tmkt okl kttknl k oaldntnal ae finl` –ocasid‘ ks k oyoci. Nl kttknlnl` suom k –ocasid‘ stkti, k dylkhno ns ìlirktid fy wmnom k enicd ae ixpirniloi oahis nlta ixnstiloi. Pmncst tmi oyoci ns hknltknlid, tmi silsi ae tmi –rikcnty‘ ae tmi ixpirniloi oaltnluis, kt dneeirilt tnhis fioahnl` min`mtilid ar dnhnlnsmid kooardnl` ta tmi –nltilsnty‘ ar hahiltuh wntmnl tmi ocasid systih. _uom k systih ns kotnvktid fy trknlnl`, pripkrktnal, nltirkotnal, ks wicc ks fy ivilts ar oalviltnals.

_truoturi ae tmi _tudy Tmi enrst pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi dneeirilt typis ae trkloi stktis, ks wicc ks tmi ourrilt uldirstkldnl` ae tmi lkturi ae trkloi stktis. Nl tmi enrst tmrii omkptirs, tmi study lioisskrncy dikcs wntm tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss kld tmi latnal ae stktis. Oiltrkc ta tmns ns tmi fady ae warb tmkt oahis erah risikrom nlta tmi prkotnoi ae myplasns. Nt mks fiil oalsndirid tmkt tmi lkturi kld tiomlnquis ae myplasns prkotnoi pkrkccic hkly ae tmi praoissis kld uldirstkldnl`s ihpcayid nl pirearhnl` krts prkotnoi kld trknlnl`. Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmisi oahhalkcntnis nl sa ekr ks nt rivikcs sahitmnl` kfaut tmi nlecuiloi wmnom ficnie systihs mkvi upal tmi ixpirniloi kld piroiptnal ae pirearhkloi earhs. Kcsa oiltrkc ta tmisi oalsndirktnals ns tmi oalstruotid silsis ae ndiltnty, tmi latnal ae racis ‟ ks saonkc ixpiotktnals ‟ kld tmi !

"

lkturi ae hihary. Tmns siotnal ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi ekotars wmnom nlecuiloi muhkl kotnal kld oahhulnoktnal ta tmi ixtilt nl wmnom tmiy rickti ta tmi pirearhnl` krts. Nl omkptir eaur, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi tiomlnquis tmkt kri ihpcayid fy prkotntnalirs ae trkloi pirearhkloi, tawkrds tmi oalsndirktnal ae tmi vkrnaus issiltnkc icihilts ae tmi oaltihparkry prkotnoi ae Hksb pirearhkloi kld trknlnl`, ks wicc ks oaltihparkry prkotnois tmkt ihpcay tmi latnal ae trkloi ks pirearhkloi. Nl pkrtnouckr, tmns study oalsndirs tmi biy icihilts nl tmi nlduotnal kld nl tmi ixnt ae trkloi stktis. Nlduotnals kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom trkloi stktis kri frau`mt kfaut ar iltirid nlta. Nlduotnals okl kcsa fi siil ta hkrb, nl k rntukcnsid earh, tmi fi`nllnl` ae k trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmirieari tmi nlduotnal sirvis ks fatm k trn`ìrnl` hiomklnsh kld k trknlnl` ear tmi trkloi stkti. _nhnckrcy, tmi ixnt praoiduris kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi trkloi stkti ns tirhnlktid kld fy wmnom tmi riturl ta tmi larhkc ilvnralhilt ae !

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tmi prkotntnalir ns nlntnktid. Tmi ixnt praoiduri okl kcsa fi sknd ta hkrb tmi ildnl` ae k trkloi pirearhkloi stkti. Kctmau`m tmi nhpkots ae tmisi praoissis kri cnbicy ta fi eict fy fatm tmi prkotntnalir kld tmi afsirvir, tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir ae tmi trkloi stkti rktmir tmkl tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi kudniloi ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi.

Tmi sioald pkrt ae tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi latnal ae trkloi ks nt ricktis !

"

spionenokccy ta pirearhnl` krts prkotnoi. K rklì ae pirearhkloi stycis erah dneeirilt oucturkc oaltixts kri caabid kt erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss. Nl omkptir envi, tmi pirearhkloi styci prapasid fy Kuùst _trnldfir`, kld tmi prkotnoi kld tmiary divicapid fy Oalstkltnl _tklnsckvsbn tmil cktir fy Cii _trksfir` kri ixkhnlid. Ks pkrts ae k oaltnlukccy ivacvnl` ficnie systih wntm ocikr prkotnokc pirearhkloi kppcnoktnals, tmiy mkvi, krùkfcy, mkd k praeauld nlecuiloi upal tmi `cafkcnsid oucturi ae tmi 6: tm oiltury ‟ ks tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh . Atmir !

"

pirearhkloi stycis ta fi oalsndirid nlocudi tmi styci divicapid kld utncnsid fy Frntnsm ench-hkbir Hnbi Cin`m. Nl omkptir snx, tmi study nlvistn`ktis tmi pirearhktnvi hadis prapasid fy biy prkotntnalirs ae tmi Kvklt @krdi pirearhkloi trkdntnal ae tmi enrst mkce ae tmi 6: tm oiltury ‟ Kltalnl Krtkud, _khuic Fiobitt, kld Girzy @ratawsbn. Tmi warb ae tmisi prkotntnalirs kri oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs tmiy riprisilt kld nl oaltrkst ta tmi trkdntnals ae Vikcnsh ta wmnom tmiy wiri rispaldnl`. Nl omkptir sivil, ks k eurtmir oaltrkst, k pirearhktnvi hadi wmnom ns oalviltnalkccy rioa`lnsid ks k trkloi pirearhkloi prkotnoi ns nlvistn`ktid, nl tmi ixkhpci ae tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi earh _kl`mykl` Didkrn . Tmns pkrtnouckr pirearhkloi styci ns ri`krdid nl tmi euccliss ae nts prkotnoi, erah riorunthilt ta trknlnl` ta nlduotnal, erah pirearhkloi ta ixnt. Enlkccy, tmi prkotnoi kld oucturkc pmilahilal ae

!

omkllicnl` ns klkcysid, "

pkrtnouckrcy erah tmi panlt ae vniw ae tmi quistnal ae tmi sauroi ae oahhulnoktnals kld hktirnkc praduoid nl trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` ns k hkgar nlecuiloi nl tmi frakdir oucturkc pmilahilal ae tmi Muhkl Zatiltnkc havihilt2 ks !

"

suom, nt ns kl ndikc oksi study ae k divicapnl` ficnie systih eastirid fy kld cikdnl` ta divicaphilts wntmnl k pkrtnouckr oucturkc enicd. Eurtmir, tmi tixtukc fksns kld lkturi ae tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` pravndi kl ixkhpci ae tmi racis ae cklùkì kld syhfacnsh nl tmi praoiss ae trkloi pirearhkloi.

Tmi tmnrd pkrt ae tmi study klkcysis tmi ndik ae trkloi nl frakd tirhs ae muhkl !

"

ildikvaur, ta oalsndir eurtmir tmi latnal ae racis kld oucturi ks tmiy rickti ta muhkl !

Trkloi Earhs

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"

!

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Valkcda Haricas

kotnal nl tmi rikc warcd. K biy kspiot ae tmns oalsndirktnal ns tmi ndik tmkt trkloi !

"

stktis kppcy ta k wndir rklì ae muhkl praoissis tmkl ns ìlirkccy kooiptid. Nl omkptirs in`mt kld lnli, tmi study caabs kt tmi trkloi stkti tmkt ns nlduoid fy pawireuccy omkrìd nlstklois ae saonkc drkhk kld oalecnot suom ks tmi ivilts ae tmi ;; tm ae _iptihfir 6::; nl tmi Ylntid _tktis, tmrau`m tmi pirearhklois ae biy pckyirs nl tmns drkhk ‟ Hamkhhid Kttk kld @iarì P. Fusm ‟ kld tmrau`m tmi nhpkots tmkt tmisi ivilts mkd al tminr prnhkry kudniloi `raups. Nl omkptir til, tmi study oalsndirs tmi typi ae trkloi stkti tmkt okl fi sknd ta fi iloucturktid kld nlduoid nl erktirlkc hncntkry oucts suom ks tmi Ylntid _tktis Hkrnli Oarps kld Krhy _pionkc Earois, wmiri tmi pirearhkloi ae riqunrid kotnals okl kt tnhis tkbi al cnei-kld-diktm prapartnals. Nl tmns silsi, tmi trkloi stkti nl nts issiltnkc earh ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi utncnsktnal ae nltilsi kfsarptnal kld oaloiltrktnal, wmnom sirvis ta kctir tmi sufgiot s silsi ae "

ndiltnty kld vkcuis, nl ardir ta ekoncntkti tmi pirearhkloi ae pkrtnouckr kotnals kld fimkvnaurs ks hatnvktid fy pkrtnouckr wkys ae piroinvnl` kld ixpirnilonl` ixnstiloi. Tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss wmnom `nvi rnsi ta vkrnaus kld pkrtnouckr earhs ae kotnal ar fimkvnaur wncc fi smawl ta fi nlduoid tmrau`m vkrnaus tiomlnquis kld ilvnralhilts. Tmns pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs k rklì ae dneeirilt typis ae trkloi stktis, kld tmi ficnie systihs wmnom kri issiltnkc nl tmi praduotnal ae suom stktis.

Tmi enlkc pkrt ae tmi study oalsndirs tmi nhpcnoktnals ae tmi risikrom enldnl`s nl ricktnal ta tmi enicd ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Nl omkptir icivil, tmi latnal ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss ns ri`krdid nl nts patiltnkc ta hkbi silsi ae tmi frakd rklì ae ricktid pmilahilk suom ks huctnpci pirsalkcntnis, tmi latnal ae racis, passissnal, dnssaonktnal, kld oucturkc larhktnvnty. Kctmau`m tmi oalocusnals ae tmi study kri `rauldid nl tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi Tmiary, tmi soapi aeeirid nlocudis tmi vkrnaus wkys nl wmnom tmi ihfadnid prisiloi ns hklneistid kld nltirpritid, wmitmir nt fi siil ks dihalno ar tmirkpiutno ar krtnstno. Nl k euldkhiltkc silsi, tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi wky nl wmnom tmi muhkl ar`klnsh nltirkots wntm kld ns nlecuiloid fy atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt ‟ tmi wky nl wmnom tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi ar`klnsh ditirhnlis tmi kotnals tmkt nt pirearhs.

Tmi purpasi ae tmns study ns ta divicap ourrilt uldirstkldnl`s ae –trkloi‘ ks k pirearhktnvi hadi ae ixprissnal kld oahhulnoktnal, kld ks k sit ae praoissis fy wmnom pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss hky fi ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy pirearhirs. Nlntnkccy tmns study nlvistn`ktis pirearhkloi prkotnois tmkt kri oalviltnalkccy ri`krdid

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ks pirearhnl` krts. Tmi klkcysns frakdils ta iloahpkss pirearhkloi trkdntnals eauld wntmnl saonkc kld oucturkc oaltixts tmkt ri`krd kld kooahhadkti latnals ae trkloi ks k pirearhktnvi oahpalilt ae k ficnie systih. Enlkccy, tmi study frakdils aloi hari ta iloahpkss pirearhktnvi praoissis tmkt kri pckyid aut nl tmi oaltixt ae saonkc drkhk ‟ nl wmkt ns tmau`mt ae ks tmi krilk ae kotukcnty. Tmrau`m tmisi nlvistn`ktnals, tmns study wncc kppcy kld divicap tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae –stktis ae oalsonausliss‘ ks k fksns ear uldirstkldnl` tmi praoissis fy wmnom qukcntktnvicy dnstnlot pirearhklois ‟ ks tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae pkrtnouckr dnsoursnvi strikhs ‟ kri nlduoid nl rispiotnvi pirearhirs. Tmns study uldirtkbis tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary ae nlduotnals kld pirearhkloi ta kooault ear tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi pirearhir ns trknlid kld iloucturktid nl vkrnaus trkdntnals kld hadis ae pirearhkloi, kld tmi kistmitno praoissis fy wmnom suom pirearhklois ìlirkti pkrtnouckr ficnies kld stktis nl fatm tmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi eaccawnl` twa omkptirs nlvistn`kti, hari ocasicy, mnstarnokc latnals ae –trkloi‘ kld –oalsonausliss‘ ta fi`nl ta ulrkvic tmi hystirnis tmkt surrauld suom latnals. Tmi erkhiwarbs wntmnl wmnom ficnie systihs oakcisoi ks sn`lnenoklt nlecuiltnkc ekotars ear nldnvndukcs kld `raups kri ri`krdid tmrau`m tmi latnal ae –oucts‘ nl ardir ta uldirstkld tmi praoissis fy wmnom kdiqukti civics ae oahhnthilt kld oalvnotnal ta pkrtnouckr dienlntnals ae –rikcnty‘ kri ivabid kld divicapid nl tmi pirearhir kld tminr kudniloi, kld fy wmnom pkrtnouckr pirearhklois okl nlecuiloi kld smkpi fatm tmi nhhidnkti kld tmi frakdir saonkc kld oucturkc hncniu. Ks ixkhpcis, tmi study frniecy oalsndirs tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs ae –psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh‘ kld –spnrnts‘ nl ardir ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs tmkt mkvi ditirhnlid tmi hari wndicy-micd vniws ae tmi latnals ae –trkloi‘ kld –oalsonausliss‘, ks wicc ks ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi nlecuiloi ae suom oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs upal tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae larhktnvi kld trklsearhktnvi ndikcs.

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6. Oucts kld Kistmitnos ae Trkloi

[uists kld _pnrntukcnty Tmns study ns prnhkrncy oaloirlid wntm ficnies kld tiomlnquis. Mawivir nt ns kcsa oaloirlid wntm wmkt drnvis tmasi ficnies kld tiomlnquis. Tmns study krùis tmkt trkloi pirearhkloi riprisilts k enicd ae prkotnoi, wmnom nlocudis tmiktri prkotnoi, tmkt kooissis kld earhs oacciotnvi oucturkc hihary. Fiokusi ae nts cnhnlkc risalkloi, trkloi ns k wnldaw nlta rieciotnvi tmau`mt ar nlspnrid nltuntnal. Pmnci trkloi tkps nlta tmi enicd ae ndikcs kld trklsoildiloi, nt hust hknltknl k cnlb wntm tmi kotukcnty ae dkncy oaloirls kld tmi dnkcaùis ae trkloi pirearhklois wntm nts kudnilois hust oaloirl tmihsicvis ks suom.

Trkloi prkotnoi tmrnvis al tmi ficnie ae trklsoildiloi ae tmi hktirnkc rikch, nlta tmi rikchs ae oaloipts kld ndiks, tmi rikchs ae nlticcnìloi kld nltuntnal ‟ rikchs tmkt kri oahhalcy disornfid kld oaloiptukcnsid ks –spnrntukc‘. Tmns study vniws spnrntukcnty ks k pmilahilal ihirìlt ae tmisi rikchs ae oaloipts kld ndiks, ae nlticcnìloi kld nltuntnal. Fy danl` sa nt kttihpts ta frndì tmi hystnokc kld soniltneno tmrau`m suom spkls ks tmiarnis ae –ihirìlt nltirkotnalnst‘ oalsonausliss, tmi latnal ae –lkrrktnsktnal‘, myplasns risikrom, oahhulnoktnals tmiary, kld hkly atmirs.

Trkloi stktis kri aetil nlvabid ks ekoncntktnvi kìlts ae mikcnl` prkotnois. Tmns patiltnkc ta mikc sirvis ks k filient dirnvkfci erah hkly trkloi prkotnois, kld tmus k rktnalkci ear suom prkotnois. Kctmau`m nt ns fiyald tmi soapi ae tmns study ta tist tmisi ocknhs ta ieenokoy, tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi hkllir nl wmnom tmasi ocknhs kri hkdi kld suppartid. Pmiri passnfci, tmns study, ixkhnlis tmi hiksurkfci rispalsis ae tmi kudnilois ae tmi pirearhkloi, fut ns lat oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm suom rispalsis, ks oari ivndiloi. Mnstarnokc Uniws Trkloi ks pirearhkloi ns aetil siil erah tmi oaltixt ae rntukc kotnvnty. Nt okl kcsa vniwid erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae tmiktri, ks nt oaltknls tmi issiltnkc icihilts ae

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tmiktrnokc kotnvnty, n.i. pirearhir, pirearhkloi kld afsirvir. Tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi pirearhkloi hust fi vniwid nl tmi oaltixt ae nts mnstarnokc daouhiltktnal ‟ pkrtnouckrcy tmasi praduoid fieari tmi ;>9:s. Hkly ae tmisi ikrcy rioards, wntm tminr uldircynl` micd kssuhptnals, tildid ta erkhi ixpirnilois ae trkloi pirearhkloi ks intmir syhptahs ae prnhntnvi/pk`kl tildilonis ar pktmaca`nokc tildilonis mkrlissid ear tmi filient ae k oucturkc prkotnoi. ; Ficnie systihs wiri vniwid nlivntkfcy nl oahpkrnsal ta k Pistirl-fksid soniltneno pkrkdn`h wmnom kssirts kld kssuhis supirnarnty avir tmkt wmnom nt afsirvis kld oaltihpcktis. Tmns study ns kl nlvistn`ktnal ae tmi oucturkc oaltixt tmkt spkwls trkloi prkotnoi, fut hari spionenokccy nt ns k study ae tmi prkotnoi ntsice, ae wmnom pirearhkloi ns fut ali kspiot.

Tmns study fi`nls fy klkcysnl` tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi pirearhkloi mks fiil kooaultid ear kld ixpcknlid nl studnis nl tmi pkst. Tmi eaccawnl` tkfci (_ii Tkfci ;) oalsndirs vkrnaus hadics ae klkcysis tmkt mkvi fiil kppcnid nl tmi study ae –spnrnt passissnal‘. Tmau`m dnstnlotnals okl kld mkvi fiil drkwl fitwiil tmi prkotnois ae trkloi kld spnrnt passissnal, tmns study oalsndirs tmi ricktnalsmnp fitwiil tmisi prkotnois ta fi dienlid fy tmi ihpcayhilt ae ficnie systihs tmkt ilkfci tmi pirearhkloi ae stktis ae oalsonausliss wmnom kri trkls`rissnvi ae tmi –larhkc‘ ar –lkturkc‘ ndiltnty struoturis fy wmnom tmi pirearhirs kri atmirwnsi blawl nl tmi sirvnoi ae k dienlkfci saonkc kld oucturkc oahpcixis tmkt kri ihfadnid ar ilkotid fy suom pirearhirs.

[uistnals ae _ice Tmi nssui ae dnssaonktnal mks fiil oiltrkc ta tmi quistnal ae trkloi. Huctnpci pirsalkcntnis kld dnssaonktnvi tildilonis mkvi cal` eksonlktid psyomaca`nsts, psyomnktrnsts kld liuraca`nsts. Kt tmi oari ae tmns eksonlktnal ns tmi prafcih ae –sice‘. Tmi nssui pirtknls ta tmi silsi ae oahhulkc ar pirsalkc ndiltnty2 nt kcsa pirtknls ta tmi kttrnfutnal ae rispalsnfncnty. Ns Mkhcit rispalsnfci ear kl nlgury mi hn`mt okusi kt k !

"

pirearhkloi, ar ns nt tmi kotar pckynl` Mkhcit, ar ns nt tmi tmiktri oahpkly tmkt stkìs tmi praduotnal1

;

Ear ixkhpci ‟ Oavkrrufnks, Hnùic kld Vasi Oavkrrufnks (;>?0). Nsckld ae Fkcn. Liw ârb, Blape.2 Di Waiti, Firyc kld Pkctir _pnis (;>?=/;>0?). Dkloi kld Drkhk nl Fkcn . Bukck Cuhpur kld Caldal, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.2 Hikd, Hkr`krit, @riàry Fktisal, Gkli Fica, Oacnl HoZmii kld Gasie Famhir (;>9;). Trkloi kld Dkloi nl Fkcn. Omkrkotir earhktnal nl dneeirilt oucturis. RYlntid _tktisX, @riàry Fktisal Hkr`krit Hikd.2 Fica, Gkli (;>5:). Trkloi nl Fkcn. Liw ârb, Oacuhfnk Ylnvirsnty Zriss.

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KZZVAKOM

Eulotnalkcnst hadics

_TVIL@TM_ * spnrnt passissnal ks k dktuh tmkt putktnvicy rivikcs uldircynl` ernotnals nl saonkc struoturi

PIKBLI__I_ * eaousis iltnricy upal hidnuhsmnp

* spnrnt hidnuhs !ks" kl keecnotid `raup ! wma" * ekncs ta oalsndir tmi saonkc pirspiotnvi ae pkrtnonpkti nl spnrnt passissnal oirihalnis ta wahil„s ixpirniloi vilt tminr erustrktnals nl ardir ta ilgay eciitnl` hahilts ae saonkc pristnì * avircaabs tmi oucturkc kld fadncy dnhilsnals ae spnrnt passissnal * nlvkrnkfcy oahpkrktnvi klkcysis oalsndirnl` ricktnals ae hidnuhsmnp, ìldir kld saonkc struoturi nl k vkrnity ae saonitnis * mn`mcn`mts spnrnt passissnal ks k saonkc praoiss wntm saonkc oalsiquilois * eaous kttiltnal al spnrnt hidnuhs

Zsyomaklkcytno hadics

* oalsndir tmi psyomadylkhnos ae hidnuhs * oalsndir pri#passissnal hkckdy tkltkhault ta k psyomatno ipnsadi tmkt saonity –trikts‘ tmrau`m nlntnktnal nlta tmi spnrnt passissnal ouct2 tmi nlntnktnal ns oktmkrtno2 hidnuhs pirearh usieuc saonkc eulotnals * !pravndis" usieuc mnstarnokc nlearhktnal kfaut tmi psyomadylkhno divicaphilt ae spnrnt hidnuhs

Fnaca`nokc ixpcklktnals

* oalsndir tmi pmysnaca`y ae tmi trkloi stkti2 su`ìst tmkt passissnal stktis kctir frknl wkvis, i.`. spnrnt passissnal ns tmi fnaca`nokc risuct ae eaad pramnfntnals, ar erah okconuh dienonilonis * tmi ricktnal ae husno ta tmi alsit ae trkloi, i.`. tmi alsit ae trkloi !tmrau`m" dnsturfklois ae tmi nllir ikr frau`mt al fy rmytmhno swkynl`

_yhfacno kpprakom

* stkrts erah !tmi" prihnsi tmkt passissnal ns k earh ae nlticciotukc oahhulnoktnal2 prafis nts oucturkc oaltilt & passissnal ks k tixt tmkt riprisilts oucturkc blawcidì, k tixt tmkt trklshnts nlearhktnal kfaut tmihis ae oucturkc sn`lnenokloi2 klkcyzis wmkt tmi spnrnts sky ta tminr vkrnaus kudnilois * ixpcaris tmi oahpcixntnis ae caokc ixprissnal kld caokc ndiks

* ekncs ta kddriss tmi saonkc, oucturkc $ syhfacno %, ar mnstarnokc dnhilsnals ae spnrnt passissnal * !oalsndirs" k oahpcix caokc pmilahilal nl tirhs ae Pistirl oktiàrnis * risucts nl studnis tmkt eknc ta kddriss tmi nhpartkloi ae saonkc hiklnl`

* !li`ciots" tmi saonaca`y kld syhfacnsh ae spnrnt passissnal * !riduois" tmi fady ta nts pmysna#omihnokc issiltnkcs

* nl oalsndirnl` tmi oucturkc oaltilt, klkcysts sahitnhis li`ciot tmi saonkc kld tmi psyomaca`nokc kspiots * pckois taa huom ihpmksns al passissnal„s tixtukcnty, ricynl` taa huom upal tmi kssuhptnal tmkt nhkìs kld atmir silsktnals $ sauld, shicc, tksti % kri –tixts‘2 ìlirkccy, lat ivil tmi fist studnis, wmnom oahfnli tmi syhfacno, psyomaca`nokc kld/ar saonkc kspiots ae tmi pmilahilal, prisilt macnstno kooaults ae spnrnt passissnal * fypkssis tmi latnal ae spnrnt passissnal ks kl ihfadnid oucturkc prkotnoi.

Tmiktrnokc / pirearhkloi kpprakom

* su`ìsts tmkt passissnal ns k earh ae oucturkc tmiktir2 prnists fioahi nhpriskrnas2 hidnuhs kri kotars2 husnonkls earh aromistrks2 spnrnt riontktnals fioahi sornpts tmkt kri oiltrkc ta tmi drkhk ae tmi ixprissnal ae oucturkccy spioneno ixnstiltnkc tmihis

* kl uldircynl` kssuhptnal ns tmkt tmi ieeiotnviliss ae spnrnt passissnal ns ihfiddid nl nts pirearhkloi * n`laris tmi saonkc kld psyomaca`nokc dnhilsnals ae hidnuhsmnp * nlsornfis Pistirl oktiàrnis & hitkpmars ae pirearhkloi & alta lal#Pistirl oucturkc earhs * tmi hitkpmar ae tmiktir oaucd tkbi us alcy sa ekr, ear nt pravndis hiricy k stkì ear tmi kpprimilsnal ae spnrnt passissnal

Tkfci ;7 Ukrnaus kpprakomis ta tmi study kld ixpcklktnal ae spnrnt passissnal. Erah Ihfadynl` Oacalnkc Hiharnis7 _pnrnt Zassissnal nl Pist Kernok fy Zkuc _taccir (;>>97 ;0-6:). Vautcidì, Caldal kld Liw ârb.

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Zassissnal, fy spnrnt ar fy raci, sirvis k dnstklonl` eulotnal tmkt cnets tmi pirearhir, pirearhkloi kld afsirvir nlta tmi rikch ae tmi kistmitno kld tmi kfstrkot ‟ tmi wiccsprnl` ae muhkl blawcidì kld ixpirniloi ‟ tmkt eulotnals ks k enicd ae oacciotnvi oucturkc hihary.

Tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi pirearhkloi ns euccy ricnklt upal k pkrtnouckr vaokfuckry kld erkhnl` struoturi tmkt kri `rauldid nl spioneno saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals kld oaltixts. Tmns ns tmi syhfacno cklùkì ae trkloi prkotnoi kld tmi krtnstno erkhnl` ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmi lkrrktnvis kld hytmaca`nis kooissid fy suom prkotnois kri kcsa `rauldid nl pkrtnouckr saonkc kld oucturkc trkdntnals.

Enùri ;7 Erah Tmi Kì (Hicfaurli) ;6 _iptihfir 6:::, p.;6.

Tmi prihnsi ae tmns study ns tmkt nt ns filienonkc ta tmi divicaphilt ae k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss ta vniw trkloi ks iltirtknlhilt, kld iltirtknlhilt ks trkloi. Tmns study oalsndirs –trkloi‘ ta fi k earh ae –kfsarptnal‘ nlta pkrtnouckr ficnie systihs. Eaccawnl` Irvnl` @aeehkl s ndiks al tmi –sice-ks-omkrkotir‘, 6 tmi latnal "

ae k trkloi ae –larhktnvnty‘ tmkt ns fksid al ficnies ilìldirid fy oalsilsukccy dirnvid dienlntnals ae rikcnty smkrid fy pkrtnouckr oahhulntnis ar `raups fioahis k oalsndirktnal. Eurtmirhari, tmi latnal ae trkloi stktis dienlid fy racis, saonkc ixpiotktnals ar kots ae ndiltnenoktnal fioahi k panlt ae dnsoussnal ks pirearhkloi.

6

@aeehkl, Irvnl` (;>9>). Tmi Zrisiltktnal ae _ice nl Ivirydky Cnei . @krdil Onty L.^., Daufcidky.7 pp. 666-669.

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Tmi hadirl study ae trkloi okl fi trkoid fkob ta oaloiptukcnsktnals divicapid erah tmi prkotnois kld tmiarnis ae Hishirnsh nl tmi ;= tm oiltury, k trkdntnal tmkt cid ta tmi papuckrnsktnal ae _tkì Myplasns nl tmi ;> tm oiltury. Tmisi ndiks wiri divicapid nl studnis ae _pnrnt Zassissnal, kld tmi ikrcy oaloiptukcnsktnals ae hadirl Zsyomaca`y kld Zsyomnktry nl tmi ckti ;> tm oiltury. ? Nl tmi ikrcy pkrt ae tmi 6: tm oiltury, tmi studnis kld prkotnois ae _pnrnt Hidnuhs fiokhi tmi fksns ae hkly ae tmi latnals tmkt kccawid tmi divicaphilt ae tmi prkotnoi ae Omkllicnl`2 4 wmncst nl tmi tmiktrnokc kld drkhktno krts, tmi ndiks ae _tklnsckvsbn kld Krtkud nl ricktnal tmi kotar s prkotnoi ae "

Omkrkotirnsktnal wiri ckrìcy nlecuiloid fy tmisi ourrilts ae tmau`mt tmkt fiokhi tmi fksns ae tmi hast papuckr pirearhkloi trkdntnals ae tmi ckti 6: tm oiltury. Tmi dahnlkloi ae k latnal ae oalsonausliss krtnoucktid fy Pnccnkh Gkhis (;=>:) kld divicapid fy _n`huld Eriud kld Okrc Gul`, khal` atmirs, mks risuctid nl k ricnkloi

upal

suom

latnals

ks

–uloalsonaus‘,

–sufoalsonaus‘,

–dnssaonktnal‘,

–kromitypis‘, –riprissnal‘ kld luhiraus atmir sn`lnenirs ear k sahiwmkt erkoturid ixpirniloi ae tmi –sice‘ kld tmi –warcd‘. Tmau`m suom oaloipts mkvi ilarhaus vkcui ks systihs fy wmnom ta oaloiptukcnsi tmi oahpcixnty ae muhkl ixpirniloi, tmiy mkvi aetil fiil risartid ta ks tmi alcy eiksnfci mkldci upal kl –nlieekfci‘ pmilahilal. Tmns fkrrnir ae nlieekfncnty mks lat fiil iltnricy micpeuc nl divicapnl` kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi ixpirniloi ae oalsonausliss, pkrtnouckrcy wmil oirtknl pmilahilk pasi stral` omkccilìs ta cnhnts ae blawcidì sit fy psyomaca`y nl nts vkrnaus earhs ‟ erah struoturkcnst ta fimkvnaurnst kld psyomaklkcytnokc, ta muhklnst kld oa`lntnvi ‟ ks tmi prnlonpkc dnsonpcnli fy wmnom –oalsonausliss‘ ns soniltnenokccy kpprimildid. Tmirieari, ne oalsonausliss wks lat dilnid ixnstiloi autrn`mt nt waucd aetil fi sipkrktid nlta –civics‘ wmil tmi cnhnts ae kooiptkfci blawcidì kri vnacktid. Tmi pmilahilal ae –trkloi‘ mks kt vkrnaus tnhis fiil rici`ktid ta tmi fksbit ae –passissnal‘ ar –dnssaonktnal‘ siihnl`cy al tmi fksns ae k piroinvid tmrismacd ae nlieekfncnty ‟ tmi ulixpcknlkfci wks oalsndirid ta fical` ta tmi –diptms‘ ae oalsonausliss tmkt wiri fiyald uldirstkldnl`. _uom latnals ae nlieekfncnty kri la hari usieuc ta k divicapid uldirstkldnl` ae tmi ixpirniloi ae oalsonausliss tmkl tmi Okrtisnkl –`mast nl tmi hkomnli‘ ar vkrnaus earhs ae hystnonsh.

? 4

@nccn`kl, _tipmil @. (;>=0). Tmirkpiutno Trklois7 Tmi Oaapirktnal Zrnlonpci nl Irnobsalnkl Myplatmirkpy . Liw ârb, Frullir Hkzic.7 pp. ?;-?=.2 Nl`cns, F. (;>=>). Trkloi7 K Lkturkc Mnstary ae Kctirid _tktis ae Hnld . Caldal, Zkckdnl @rketal.7 pp. 0-;55. Mkstnl`s, Krtmur (;>>;). Pntm tmi Talùis ae Hil kld Klìcs7 K _tudy ae Omkllicnl` . Omnokà, Mact Vnlimkrt kld Pnlstal.7 pp. 5-;:.

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Nl tmi klkcysns ae prkotnoi, tmi biy nssuis tmkt hust fi oalsndirid kri ricktid ta tmi struoturis kld ixpiotktnals tmkt kri nlmirilt ta tmi pirearhkloi stktis nlvacvid. Ear ixkhpci, nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi ixpcnont kld nhpcnont oaltrkots iltirid nlta fy pirearhirs kld tminr kudnilois ‟ tmi –dihkld omkrkotirnstnos‘ ‟ nl tmi pirearhkloi ivilt kld nts rioiptnal. Tmi prafcih ae dihkld omkrkotirnstnos mks cal` fiil oalsndirid nl tmi enicds ae psyomaca`y, psyomaca`nokc ixpirnhiltktnal, kld myplasns risikrom ‟ tmi latnal wks enrst oalsndirid fy psyomaca`nst Hkrtnl Arli nl ;>5; kld mks snloi fioahi kl nhpartklt prafcih nl psyomaca`nokc risikrom nlvacvnl` muhkl sufgiots.9 Tmns latnal tkbis nlta kooault tmi praoissis fy wmnom ixpirnhiltkc sufgiots kotnvicy oaapirkti wntm ixpirnhiltirs fy ekvaurkfcy rispaldnl` ta tmi –ouis wmnom oalviy kl ixpirnhiltkc mypatmisns‘, tmus tkbnl` al tmi raci ae tmi –àad sufgiot‘ al tmi fksns ae kl –ndiltnenoktnal wntm tmi àkcs ae soniloi nl ìlirkc kld tmi suooiss ae tmi ixpirnhilt nl pkrtnouckr‘. Tmirieari, sufgiots nl tmi –ixpirnhiltkc sittnl`‘ okl fioahi –oaloirlid kfaut tminr pirearhkloi nl tirhs ae rinlearonl` tminr sice-nhkì‘ kld –ivil hari oaloirlid wntm tmi utncnty ae tminr pirearhklois‘. 5

Nl tmi pirearhnl` krts, tmi ndiks fimnld tmi latnal ae –suspilsnal ae dnsficnie‘ kld tmi tmiktrnokc oalviltnals aetil tkbil ear `rkltid ks pkrt ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt ‟ suom ks tmi –eaurtm wkcc‘ kld tmi –raci‘ ae tmi kudniloi ‟ ihpcay tmi skhi prnlonpcis ae oalviltnalkcnsid fimkvnaur wntmnl pkrtnouckr oaltixts ks dihalstrktid fy tmi latnal ae –dihkld omkrkotirnstnos‘. Tmus nt waucd kcsa fi lioisskry ta oalsndir tmi nhpartkloi ae –rntukc prataoac‘ nl nlduotnal praoissis, fatm nl tmi kotukc nlduotnal pmksi kld nl tmi hknltilkloi ae trkloi stktis kld oaldntnals ‟ ear ixkhpci, studnis mkvi eauld tmkt aoourrilois ae –pastmyplatno khlisnk‘ nl sufgiots kri tatkccy ricnklt upal nlstruotnals erah tmi myplatnst ta intmir –earìt‘ ar –rihihfir‘ kspiots ae ixpirniloi durnl` myplasns. 0

Tmns study wncc klkcysi tmi ieeiots ae –lkrrktnsktnal‘ ‟ ks k saonkc kld oucturkc praoiss, kld nts ricktnal ta oucturkc hihary ‟ upal tmi kotnvktid ixpiotktnals ae fatm pirearhirs kld tminr kudnilois nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi pirearhkloi ivilt. = Lkrrktnvis kri nlvabid fatm nl kld aut ae tmi pirearhkloi –warcd‘ tmkt ns prisiltid, tmi ivilt okl fi snhuctkliauscy k –pcky‘ kld k –àad ln`mt aut‘. Nl oalsndirnl` tmi pirearhid stkti ae 9

Arli, Hkrtnl T. (;>56). –Al tmi _aonkc Zsyomaca`y ae tmi Zsyomaca`nokc Ixpirnhilt7 Pntm Zkrtnouckr Vieiriloi ta Dihkld Omkrkotirnstnos kld Tminr Nhpcnoktnals.‘ Khirnokl Zsyomaca`nst ;0(;;) Lavihfir ;>567 pp. 005-0=?.2 Zklbrktz, Caril (6::6). –Dihkld Omkrkotirnstnos kld tmi Divicaphilt ae Dukc, Ekcsi Ficnie _ystihs.‘ Zriviltnal kld Trikthilt 9(?>) Aotafir ;=, 6::6. 5 Arli. 0 Ekrtmnl`, @. Pnccnkh (;>>6). Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Oalsonausliss. Liw Girsiy, Zriltnoi Mkcc.7 pp. ?>5-?>0. = Nfnd.7 p. ?4.

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oalsonausliss, nt ns tmirieari lioisskry ta klkcysi tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt kri nlvacvid. Nl ardir ta da tmns, nt wncc fi mn`mcy filienonkc ta havi wicc fiyald latnals ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri trkppid nl tmi –`mast nl tmi hkomnli‘ ar supprissid ks –sufoalsonaus‘ ar –uloalsonaus‘ hktirnkc nl fatm tmi Eriudnkl kld Gul`nkl silsis. Nlstikd, tmns study erkhis tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss ks fatm k praoiss kld k praduot ae tmi ar`klnsh nlvacvid nl hiklnl`-hkbnl` ks k wmaci iltnty nl ricktnal ta nts ilvnralhilt ‟ kl –ihirìlt nltirkotnalnst‘ hadic > tmkt ns oahpcnhiltid fy k –huctnpci drkets‘ hadic;: ae oalsonausliss.

_mkhklnsh nl Zrkotnoi Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi saonkc eulotnals kld kppcnoktnals ae tmi prkotnoi ae smkhklnsh2 fatm ks trkdntnals pirearhid fy prkotntnalirs `rauldid nl lal-hadirlnst oucturis tmkt wiri nlntnkccy daouhiltid fy ikrcy 6: tm oiltury kltmrapaca`nsts ‟ erah Ockudi Civn-_trkuss alwkrds ‟ kld ks tmi kppraprnktid kld rioalstruotid prkotnois pirearhid fy past-hadirlnst lia-pk`kl kdmirilts nlspnrid fy tmi Liw Kì ar Muhkl Zatiltnkcs havihilt ae tmi ckti 6: tm oiltury. ;; Ta vkrynl` di`riis, nl fatm nlstklois tmi trkloi lkrrktnvis nlvabid strnvi ta oaleralt tmi eikrs ae tmi nldnvndukcs ae k oucturi ar suf-oucturi, kld ta liàtnkti kl khnokfci k`riihilt fitwiil tmi –spnrnt‘ warcd (tmi –drikhtnhi‘ oahpcix) kld tmi pmysnokc –cnvnl`‘ warcd. Tmisi prkotnois strnvi ta nlvabi tminr rispiotnvi earhs ae k –tirrneynl` fikuty‘ tmkt eulotnals ks tmi fksns ae k trkloi kistmitno.

Ks pirearhirs, suom prkotntnalirs ae smkhklnst trkdntnals il`kì nl tminr rispiotnvi earhs ae trknlnl` kld pirearhkloi prkotnoi ar prataoacs wmnom kri nltildid ta divicap tmi kistmitno icihilts ae tmi pirearhkloi stkti nlvacvid. _uom pirearhirs okl fi oahpkrid wntm atmirs il`kìd nl k huctntudi ae earhs. Gust ks tmi trkloi pirearhir hn`mt sii tmihsicvis ks k hidnuh ae –kromitypkc‘ ar –spnrntukc‘ earois, sa tmi –oalviltnalkc‘ pirearhnl` krtnst okl sii tminr awl fady ks k hidnuh ae tminr krt kld kistmitno. Kcc tmisi pirearhirs okl alcy ixnst wntmnl tminr rispiotnvi oaltixts ‟ tminr awl pkrtnouckr sit ae ficnies, trkdntnals kld kudnilois.

>

_pirry, Vaìr P. (;>5>). –K Hadnenid Oaloipt ae Oalsonausliss.‘ Zsyomaca`nokc Vivniw 05(5) Guli ;>5>7 pp. 9?6-9?5. Dillitt, Dklnic Ocihilt (;>>;). Oalsonausliss Ixpcknlid. Fastal, Cnttci Frawl.7 pp. ;;;-;;9. ;; Ear ixkhpci ‟ HoOutomial, Gkdi (6:::). Tmi _pnrnt nl Kotar Trknlnl`7 Tmi Kotar ks _mkhkl . _ydliy, Ylnvirsnty ae Tiomlaca`y _ydliy. ;:

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Valkcda Haricas

Cktir, tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi trkdntnals ae Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi kld tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` nl tmi Liw Kì kld Muhkl Zatiltnkcs havihilt. Nl studynl` tmisi prkotnois ks trkdntnals, rioinvid uldirstkldnl`s ae tmih okl fi omkrtid erah tmi enicds ae Kltmrapaca`y ta Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Nt ns passnfci ta oalsndir tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi ks finl` viry ocasicy ricktid ta tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi oalviltnalkc omkrkotir nl tmi drkhktno krts - kcc tmi drkhktnsts ontid nl tmns study mkvi oalsndirid tmkt oalliotnal. Fut tmns oahpkrnsal ns lat kctaìtmir oahpciti, fiokusi tmi oalviltnalkc omkrkotir okl aetil fi piroinvid wntm tilsnals tmkt krnsi erah k oalecnotnl` ficnie ar trkdntnal ‟ suom ks ali fksid upal k ouct ae –pirsalkcnty‘ ar –tmi stkr‘ oahpcix. K omkrkotir okl passiss kl kotar. Mawivir, kl kotar okl passiss omkrkotir fut okllat fi iksncy sknd ta passiss k syhfacno omkrkotir fiokusi nt ns snhpcy syhfacno. _a wmil kl kotar dais passiss k omkrkotir wntmnl k oalstruotid rikcnty ar lkrrktnvi, nt dais sa kt tmi ixpilsi ae tmkt rikcnty, ks nt prahatis k dnsficnie ar orntnokc kfncnty nl tmi rioiptar. Dnsficnie ns win`mtid dawl rktmir tmkl tatkccy suspildid. Tmi prisilois ae tmisi kistmitno tilsnals kri tmihsicvis hast rivikcnl` ae tmi oucturkc lkrrktnvis kt pcky, pkrtnouckrcy nl ricktnal ta micd latnals ae kìloy.

Tmns study kcsa oalsndirs tmi ricktnalsmnp fitwiil trkloi pirearhkloi kld tmi prkotnoi ae _tklnsckvsbn s _ystih, pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi latnals ae tmi –nllir cnei‘ ar –nllir "

vnsnal‘ ae tmi pirearhir. ;6 Tmisi latnals okl rickti stral`cy ta tmi latnal ae tmi –mnddil afsirvir‘ prapasid fy psyomaca`nst Irlist Mnc`krd ta kooault ear dneeirilt –bnlds ae nlearhktnal praoissnl`‘ tmkt kppikr ta aoour nl –myplatno oalsonausliss‘ wntmnl nldnvndukcs. Mnc`krd divicapid tmi hitkpmar ae tmi –mnddil afsirvir‘ ks –k oalvilnilt ckfic ear tmi nlearhktnal sauroi tkppid‘ wntmnl k tmiary ae dnssaonktnal ar –dnvndid oalsonausliss‘.;? Fy trkonl` tmi divicaphilt ae drkhk pirearhkloi tmiary tmrau`m Krtkud kld alta _trksfir` s Hitmad, nt ns passnfci ta klkcysi tmi praoissis fy wmnom "

tmi –nllir vnsnal‘ kri oalsndirid ta fi ieeiotid kld ta il`rass tmi pirearhir nl tmi omkrkotir ‟ pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi pirearhkloi kld ixpirniloi ae kotnal kld ihatnal, ks wicc ks nl tmi euldkhiltkc oaloiptnals ae tmi –sice‘. Nl tmns divicaphilt, tmi `kp fitwiil _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` rieciots tmi `kp fitwiil tmi twa –somaacs‘ ae trkloi tmkt kdvaokti khlisno kld lal-khlisno prkotnois ‟ nl ficnies ri`krdnl` tmi prisiloi ar kfsiloi ae tmi –mnddil afsirvir‘. Krùkfcy, _trksfir` ks k Lartm Khirnokl nltirpritir ae _tklnsckvsbn, frau`mt kfaut k hystnenoktnal ae tmi prkotnoi ‟ nl tmi nlsnstiloi upal kl nldnvnduktid kld liuratnonsid sice, oalsnstilt wntm tmi okpntkcnst ;6

_tklnsckvsbn Kl Kotar Zripkris.7 pp. ;4-;9, 54-59, 65;-659.

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kld faurìans ilvnralhilt tmkt spkwlid nt ;4 ‟ ks appasid ta tmi –nldustrnkc‘ warb kpprakom ae _tklnsckvsbn, ks k tiomlnqui tmkt sirvis ta ripraduoi, ks appasid ta ìlirkti, ulnqui praoissis tmkt kri mn`mcy nldnvnduktid. _trksfir` stravi ear kl –kutmiltnonty‘ nl omkrkotirnsktnal, nl huom tmi skhi wky ks hadirl rikdirs ae trkloi prkotnoi okl fioahi oaloirlid wntm latnals ae –trui‘ ar –ìlunli‘ trkloi ks appasid ta tmi –ekbi‘ ar –kotid‘ trkloi.

Ketir _trksfir`, tmi divicaphilt ae k liw –rkdnokcnsid‘ ar –hystnonsid‘ Kvklt @krdi ns ivndilt, ks siil nl tmi warb ae _omiomlir kld atmirs ae tmkt ìlirktnal. Tmns havihilt nl turl, nlecuiloid tmiktri havihilts krauld tmi warcd tmkt ihfrkoid nts ndikcs ks hklneistktnals ae k –oaultir-oucturi‘ itmas tmkt kttknlid prahnliloi nl tmi ;>0:s kld ;>=:s. _tklnsckvsbn okl pirmkps kcsa fi sknd ta mkvi fiil nlecuiloid fy Hkrxnst kld Eriudnkl pirspiotnvis, wmiriks tmi _trksfir` tiomlnquis ks wicc ks tmi rkdnokc ar hystnokc Kvklt @krdi kri pirmkps hari nlecuiloid fy Gul`nkl ndiks ‟ pkrtnouckrcy nl tminr ricnkloi upal latnals ae –kromitypis‘ kld –sufoalsonaus‘ hktirnkc. Huom ae tmi warb ae tmi hystnokc Kvklt @krdi, pkrtnouckrcy erah Krtkud ta @ratawsbn, kri wartm latnl` nl tminr ildikvaur ear kl –kctirid stkti‘ typi ae pirearhkloi, cktir ;9

tkbil al nl suom rimikrskc praoissis ks tmi –drappnl` nl‘ tixt ixironsis

kld tmi

prkotnoi ae ixocusnal ae sornpts erah kotars nl tmi ikrcy stkìs ae rimikrskcs ‟ tmi –warbsmap‘ itmas. Ks k cktir dnsoussnal ae drkhk prkotntnalir Dkvnd Cktmkh s –gaurliy‘ "

kld –hksb‘ tiomlnquis nccustrkti, hkly ae tmisi latnals mkvi fioahi oiltrkc ta Pistirl kotar-trknlnl` prkotnois nl tmi ckti 6: tm oiltury.

Tmi –fckob fax‘ okl kcsa sirvi ks k silsary-diprnvktnal hiomklnsh, tmkt nsacktis tmi kotnal kld tmi vniwir s ixpirniloi erah tmi –autsndi‘ ar –lkturkc‘ warcd ear "

tmi durktnal ae tmi pirearhkloi. ;5 _uom hiomklnshs ks tmns fiokhi oiltrkc ta tmi oalviltnalkcnsktnal ae –eaurtm wkcc‘ prkotnois tmkt dihkldid nloriksid pkssnvnty erah kudnilois nl ardir ta min`mtil tmi silsi ae k –rikcnstno‘ warcd al stkì ‟ tmus kudnilois okl ihfady tmi raci ae tmi –mnddil afsirvir‘ nl suom pirearhklois. Pntm tmi rnsi ae Vktnalkcnsh nl tmi ;> tm oiltury kld wntm tmi –nldustrnkcnsktnal‘ ae tmiktri, pkrtnouckrcy erah _tklnsckvsbn alwkrds, okhi kl kooicirktnal ae k praoiss ae dihystnenoktnal ‟ tmi dihnsi ae tmi –hk`nokc kfstrkot‘ kt tmi kì ae hadirlnsh. ;?

Mnc`krd, Irlist (;>00). Dnvndid Oalsonausliss7 Huctnpci Oaltracs nl Muhkl Tmau`mt kld Kotnal. Liw ârb, Pnciy.7 pp. ;=9-6;9. _trksfir`, Cii (;>=0). K Drikh ae Zkssnal7 Tmi Divicaphilt ae t mi Hitmad. Fastal kld Taralta, Cnttci Frawl.7 pp. ;:?-;:9.2 Oalray, Hkrnklli (;>>?). –Kotnl` Aut7 Hitmad Kotnl`, tmi Lktnalkc Oucturi, kld tmi Hnddcifraw Dnspasntnal nl Oacd Pkr Khirnok.‘ Orntnonsh ?9(6) _prnl` ;>>?7 pp. 6?>-65?.2 HoOalkomni, Fruoi (6:::). –Hitmad Kotnl` kld tmi Oacd Pkr.‘ Tmiktri _urviy 4;(;) Hky 6:::7 pp. 40-50. ;9 Ear ixkhpci ‟ Ycil, Khy (;>>=). Oalliotnl` tmi Hnld kld Fady t a Iduokti tmi Pmaci Zirsal , _urenl` wntm tmi Fkrd. 6::?. ;4

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Mawivir, tmns praoiss waucd pravabi k risurìloi ae dukcnsh nl tmi ikrcy 6: tm oiltury, wntm tmi kdvilt ae suom havihilts ks _pnrntnsh kld tmil tmi hystnokc Kvklt @krdi. Fatm Lkturkcnsh kld Vikcnsh kppikr ta macd appasntnalkc kistmitno kld pkrkdn`hktno stklois ta lal-lkturkcnstno kld hitkpmysnokc earhs ae piroiptnal kld riprisiltktnal.

Trkloi riprisilts ali ae tmi eiw rihknlnl` fkstnals ae tmi hystnokc, nl nts ocknhs ae k dukcnstno lkturi, kld ae tmi hk`nokc nl tmi hadirl. Tmns hky fi nlivntkfci ultnc hktirnkcnst pkrkdn`hs okl oahi ta kooahhadkti latnals ae lal-hktirnkc cnvnl` earhs kld nlticcnìlois. _nhnckrcy, tmi hadirl stkì kld tmi onlihktno ench mks fioahi tmi hidnuh tmrau`m wmnom nt fioahis passnfci ta kooiss warcds atmir tmkl tmi –rikc‘ kld –prisilt‘ ixpirniloi ‟ tmi warcds disn`lktid nl hadirlnsh ks –enotnal‘. Tmus tmi kotar ae hadirl ench kld stkì okl fi kl –nldustrnkcnsid‘ omkllic ar hidnuh.

;0

Tmi Ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh Tmns study oalsndirs tmi ndik tmkt Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, ks k styci ae riprisiltktnal kld pirearhkloi, nccustrktis kld ihfadnis k pkrtnouckr wky ae piroinvnl` kl nldnvndukc s ricktnalsmnp kld ixpirniloi ae atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt ‟ "

tmkt ns, k pkrtnouckr wky ae finl` wmnom sirvis ks k enctir ae ixpirniloi kld ixprissnal. Tmns enctir ae rikcnty ns omkrkotirnsid ks fatm lkturkcnstno kld rikcnstno, wntm kl !

"

uldircynl`cy soniltneno kld hktirnkcnstno vniw ae muhkl ixnstiloi. ;= Tmns enctir, tmns wky ae finl`, ns ihfadnid nl kld klnhktid fy tmi omkrkotirs ae Lkturkcnsh kld Vikcnsh tmrau`m nltirkotnals wntm atmir omkrkotirs kld tmi ilvnralhilts nl wmnom tmiy cnvi.

Tmns study klkcysis tmi lkturi ae omkrkotirnsktnal kld pirearhkloi ks k oucturkc prkotnoi2 fy caabnl` kt Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks k oucturkc prkotnoi, tmi icihilts ae tmi pirearhkloi prkotnoi tmkt ditirhnli tmi pirearhir s stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ lat tmi "

kotukc sufgiotnvi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir ks suom, fut tmi enctirs ae ixpirniloi, tmi afgiotnvi taacs, tmkt tmi kotar ihpcays kri klkcysid. Nl tmns silsi, tmi tirh

stkti ae

!

oalsonausliss rieirs ta tmi qukcntnis ae kwkriliss kld finl`, wmnom nl turl ditirhnli "

tmi qukcnty ae ixpirniloi kld ixprissnal ae tmi pirearhir. Tmns study klkcysis tmi icihilts ae tmi prkotnoi erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae nlduotnal praoissis tmkt kri utncnsid ta krrnvi kt k trutm nl tmi ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ae tmi sornpts ae Zsyomaca`nokc !

"

Vikcnsh. ;5 ;0

_omiomlir, Vnomkrd (;>==). Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 p. ;5;. Nfnd.7 p. ;06.

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Valkcda Haricas

Tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi ficnies tmkt hkbi tmi ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh passnfci ‟ nl tmi tiomlnquis ae _tklnsckvsbn, _trksfir` kld atmirs ‟ ta klkcysi tmi wkys nl wmnom vkrnaus stktis ae oalsonausliss kri kooissid kld utncnsid ks krtnstno prkotnoi. Klkcysns rivikcs tmi oalstntuilt icihilts ae tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss, tmi ficnie systihs tmkt oahi nlta pcky wmil omkrkotirnsktnal frnl`s tmi kotar ta tmi panlt ae ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ae tmi sornpts kld spnrnts ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Klkcysns ae tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal, tmi latnals ae passissnal kld omkrkotir, kccaws tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal ae tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss lioissntktid fy tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal. Klkcysns ae k rklì ae kotar trknlnl` kld pirearhkloi tiomlnquis nccustrkti tmns nl tmi ripirtanri ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh.

Tmns study kppcnis tmi oaloiptukc erkhi ae ouct ta nlvistn`kti tmi qukcntnis ae !

"

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks k ouct, kld kt tnhis k pawireuc dahnlktnl` ouct. Ta klkcysi tmi ouct ks klatmir enctir ae ixpirniloi kld ixprissnal ear nldnvndukc kld saonkc ar`klnshs ‟ k stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt nhk`nlis kld dienlis sntuktnals nl k pkrtnouckr wky ‟ tmns study caabs kt tmi praoissis tmkt frau`mt kfaut tmi dahnlkloi nt komnivid, ks kl kìlt ae fatm trklsearhktnvnty kld larhktnvnty.

Nl klkcysnl` tmi tirh ouct k prafcih ns iloaultirid, kld riqunris k snhnckr !

"

trikthilt ta dneenouctnis prisiltid nl tmi tirh

!

rikcnsh . Tmi prafcih cnis nl tmi "

prnvnciìs `rkltid ta tmisi tirhs. Tmi ward ouct mks oahi ta fi kssaonktid wntm tmi !

"

ndik ae finl` k pirnpmirkc pmilahilal, ks nl k havihilt ar `raup tmkt ns dnstnlùnsmkfci erah ci`ntnhkti ar dahnlklt earhs ae ricn`nals ar ndiks. Tmi Uktnokl, !

"

tmrau`m tmi _aonity ae _t. Zkuc, rikdncy koblawcidìs tmns oiltrkc prafcih ae

vkcui

!

gudìhilt . Nl k faabcit iltntcid Uktnokl Vipart al _iots, Oucts kld Liw Vicn`naus "

Havihilts (;>==), oucts kri siil ks rikotnals ta –vkrnaus liids, kspnrktnals kld

quistnals... ixprissnals ae tmi muhkl sikrom ear wmaciliss kld mkrhaly, pkrtnonpktnal kld rikcnsktnal al kcc tmi civics ae muhkl ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi... kttihpts ta hiit tmi muhkl quist ear trutm kld hiklnl`, ear tmasi oalstntutnvi vkcuis wmnom kt oirtknl tnhis nl oacciotnvi ks wicc ks nldnvndukc mnstary siih ta fi mnddil, frabil ar cast... wmnom nl turl okcc ear psyomaca`nokc kld spnrntukc rispalsis‘. ;>

;= ;>

Nllis, Omrnstapmir D. (6:::). K _auroifaab al Lkturkcnst Tmiktri . Caldal, Vautcidì.7 p. 5. _aonity ae _t. Zkuc, Uktnokl _ioritkrnkt (;>==). Uktnokl Vipart al _iots, Oucts kld Liw Vicn`naus Havihilts . Mahifusm L._.P., _t. Zkuc Zufcnoktnals.7p. ;4.

Trkloi Earhs

?6

Valkcda Haricas

Ne tmi vkcui gudìhilt tmkt ns aetil kssaonktid wntm tmi tirh ns suspildid, nt ns kppkrilt tmkt tmi ward ouct okl kld aetil rieirs ta kly ixocusnvi ixprissnal ae !

"

divatnal, warsmnp ar rntukc ‟ ks nhpcnid nl nts Cktnl raat ouctus 6: wmnom dilatis mkfntktnal, onvncnzktnal, rienlihilt, iduoktnal, styci, ar ardir. Nl Tmi Ouct Ixpirniloi , Kldriw Zkvcas enlds tmkt k ouct okl omkrkotirnsi k –dienlntnal ae rikcnty... wky ae piroinvnl` tmi warcd... larhs kld stkldkrds... ta gudì wmkt ns oalstruid ks pmysnokc kld saonkc rikcnty‘. 6; Tmirieari tmi ouct ilokpsucktis kl –uctnhkti systih ae vkcuis‘ micd fy k `raup ae nldnvndukcs. 66 Nl tmns wky, oucts ekoncntkti fimkvnaur hadnenoktnal kld oaltrac fy pravndnl` k ulnearhnty ae ficnies kld k rieiriloi `raup ear nldnvndukc kdmirilts, sa tmkt tmi ouct daotrnlis tkbi –prioidiloi avir atmir earhs ae rikcnty... tmi vkcuis ae tmi nldnvndukc, oahpkrid ta vkcuis ae tmi ouct `raup, kri dnhnlnsmid‘.

6?

Tmns

eulotnal okl kppcy, ks N.H. Ciwns enlds, ta fatm –pirnpmirkc oucts‘ kld –tmi hknl harkc oadi ae tmi saonitnis nl wmnom tmiy aoour‘. 64 Ear tmns study, tmi skhi praoiss ae di!

prnvnci`nl` liids ta fi kppcnid ta tmi tirh rikcnsh . "

!

"

Nssuis ae Oaltrac ‟ Tmi Krtnst nl Trkloi Nl oalsndirnl` tmi pirearhkloi stktis nlvabid nl k rklì ae trkdntnals, nt fioahis lioisskry ta vniw tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi nlduotnal ks prnhkrncy k praoiss ae oaltixtoriktnal fy wmnom tmi kotnals ae tmi pirearhir kri erkhid. Ear ixkhpci nl oahpkrnl` tmi trknlnl` kld pirearhkloi ae tmi hystno trkloi prkotntnalir wntm tmi myplasns sufgiot kld tmi Hitmad kotar, nt ns nhpassnfci ta kvand tmi oahpcix sit ae oalviltnals kld oucturkc risaurois tmkt hust fi ihpcayid nl ardir ear tmi pirearhkloi ta komnivi nts disnrid ieeiots. Oahpkrktnvi nlvistn`ktnals ae suom prkotnois rivikc tmkt tmiri kri ocikr pkrkccics fitwiil tmi prafcih ae tmi –kotnl` pkrkdax‘ disornfid fy Dndirat wntm ri`krd ta omkrkotirnsktnal ‟ dais tmi kotar –trucy‘ eiic wmkt tmi omkrkotir eiics1 ‟ kld tmi trkloi ar oalsonaus omkllicnl` quistnal. Tmus nt fioahis ivndilt tmkt trkloi pirearhkloi ns k prkotnoi `rauldid nl rmitarno ‟ pirearhktnvi kld oahhulnoktnvi kots tmkt lioisskrncy risalkti ks –trui‘ ar tmkt kri oktiàrnsid ks –trkls`rissnvi‘ ae larhs. Tmus, omkllicnl` strnvis ear k stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns oalsndirid ta kwkbil –oriktnvnty kld nlsn`mt‘ kld orikti kl –apilnl` ta klatmir rikcnty‘, nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt _tklnsckvsbn tkcbs kfaut tmi kttknlhilt fy rickxktnal kld oaloiltrktnal ae tmi 6:

Vntomni, Gikl (;>>;). Tmi _iorit Parcd ae Oucts7 Nlsndi tmi _iots t mkt Tkbi Avir Cnvis . Caldal kld _ydliy, Oaccnls/Klùs kld Vafirtsal.7 p. ?. 6; Zkvcas, Kldriw G. (;>=6). Tmi Ouct Ixpirniloi. Pistpart, Oall., @riilwaad Zriss.7 p. ;=. 66 Vnom, Dkvnd (;>>?). Hytms ae tmiTrnfi7 Pmil Vicn`nal, Itmnos, @avirlhilt, kld Ioalahnos Oalvirì. Fueekca L.^., Zrahitmius Faabs.7 p. =;. 6? Zkvcas.7 pp. >-;:, 5?-54, 04.

Trkloi Earhs

??

Valkcda Haricas

kotar s kwkriliss kld kttiltnal ae tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘ erah wmnom tmi kotar s "

"

nhk`nlktnal okl dirnvi hktirnkc nl ardir ta orikti tmi rikcnty ae tmi drkhktno pirearhkloi.

_nhnckrcy, tmi dneeirilt wkys nl wmnom kl kotar okl ihfady kld ilkot k omkrkotir ‟ ks riprisiltid fy _trksfir` s –psyomaca`nokc‘ Hitmad kld fy _tklnsckvsbn s cktir "

"

divicaphilts ae k –hitmad ae pmysnokc kotnal‘ ‟ kri kcsa kppkrilt nl trkdntnals ae trkloi pirearhkloi. Nt wncc fi smawl tmkt tmiri kri icihilts ae fatm –ixtirlkc‘ kld –nltirlkc‘ somaacs ae pirearhkloi nl trkloi prkotnois. Fatm nltirlkc nhkìry kld ixtirlkc pmysnokcnsktnal siih ta fi nlvabid ks stkrtnl` panlts ear trkloi stktis. Zrisuhkfcy, nldnvndukc prieirilois kld riqunrihilts ae earh okl ditirhnli tmi tiomlnokc kpprakom tkbil fy tmi prkotntnalir. Nl tmi praoiss ae oriktnl` tmi –pmysnokc nlokrlktnal ae k raci‘, 69 tmi kotar kccaws tmi omkrkotir tmi euccliss ae k cnei ae nts awl. Trkloi stktis riqunri latmnl` smart ae tmns kcsa. Tmi oriktnvi cnei ae k trkloi –iltnty‘ hust fi kccawid eucc ixprissnal, dihkldnl` tatkc ficnivkfncnty erah tmi pirearhir. Kt tnhis tmi tatkcnty ae tmns ficnivkfncnty lioissntktis ar cikds ta k dnssaonktnal ae tmi –larhkc‘ pirsalkcnty. Kctmau`m tmns hky fi nltirpritid ar ixpirniloid fy k pirearhir ar afsirvir ks k –cass‘ ae pmysnokc ar hiltkc oaltrac - tmi eiicnl` ae oaltrac - suom –cass‘ ae oaltrac ns oaltknlid wntmnl k erkhi ae fimkvnaur. Ks _tklnsckvsbn strissid tmi nhpartkloi ae –afgiotnvis‘ kld virfs nl ildawnl` k omkrkotir wntm kotnal, sa nt hust fi oalsndirid nl tmi eulotnalkcnty ae –nlvaoktnals‘ ae kcc sarts ks okccs ta kotnal. Zirearhirs hust enld ear tmihsicvis tmi ouis tmkt kccaw tmih ta ieeiot tmi lioisskry trklsearhktnals ar tmi trklspartktnal ta –oriktnvi stktis‘ ae tmiktri kld trkloi pirearhkloi.

Tmi quistnal ae –oaltrac‘ ar –kìloy‘ hust fi oalsndirid nl ricktnal ta tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir. _tklnsckvsbn s _ystih `riw aut ae k oaloirl ear –ristrknlt‘ "

ae tmi kotar s awl skcnilt oaloirls kld tildilonis, ks wicc ks k disnri ta oaltrac ar "

ekoncntkti k oriktnvi praoiss. Trkloi prkotnoi kcsa lioissntktis k ristrknlt kld k oaltrac ‟ tmkt ae tmi –larhkc sice‘ wmnom hust fi staad ksndi fy oalsonaus praoiss kld wncc, sa tmkt k trkloi iltnty ar omkrkotir hky nlmkfnt tmi fady ae tmi pirearhir ear tmi durktnal ae tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi –larhkc‘ sice nl trkloi pirearhkloi hky fi dnssaonktid ar kfsiltid ar oahpkrthiltkcnsid durnl` tmi pirearhkloi, tmns ns ali di`rii ae k trkloi ixpirniloi oaltnluuh. Kctirlktnvicy, tmi –larhkc‘ sice hky oaltnlui ta fi prisilt 64

Ciwns, N. H. (;>=5). Vicn`nal nl Oaltixt7 Oucts kld Omkrnshk. Okhfrndì kld Liw ârb, Okhfrndì Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. 5?-59.

Trkloi Earhs

?4

Valkcda Haricas

durnl` tmi pirearhkloi ks kl afsirvir ar k –di-kotnvktid‘ sice wmnci k trkloi iltnty ns ihfadnid. Kt stncc klatmir di`rii ae tmi trkloi ixpirniloi oaltnluuh (tawkrds tmi cikst dnssaonktnvi ild ae tmi sokci), tmi –larhkc‘ sice rihknls prisilt kld kotnvi durnl` tmi pirearhkloi, fut ns –oahpiccid fy tmi nllir nhkì‘ ta ilkot pkrtnouckr fimkvnaur ar ihatnals, kld ta vanoi pkrtnouckr wards ar tmau`mts. 65 Nt ns kt tmns ild ae tmi oaltnluuh tmkt –oalviltnalkc‘ kotnl` kld pirearhkloi ns hast oahhalcy prkotnsid, mawivir, hahilts ae –oriktnvnty‘ ar –nlspnrktnal‘ ar –nhpravnsktnal‘ drkw nt tawkrds tmi hari dnssaonktnvi ild ae tmi spiotruh. Gust ks kl nlntnkc rikdnl` ae k pcky okl riqunri k –ocikl sckti‘ erah k pirearhir nl ardir ta hnlnhnsi kly nlecuilois erah kly prigudnois kld prisuhptnals tmkt tmi pirearhir hn`mt macd, sa kl –nlntnktnal‘ nlta k pkrtnouckr trkloi prkotnoi riqunris tmi smiddnl` ae kly –fk``kì‘ tmkt hn`mt nltireiri wntm tmi pirearhir s ixpirniloi ae tmi prkotnoi, kld tmirieari tmi prkotnoi ntsice. "

Myplasns kld Ficnie _ystihs Tkbnl` nlta kooault studnis uldirtkbil nl myplasns risikrom kccaws sahi pastucktnals al tmi nlduotnal kld ixpirniloi ae trkloi pirearhkloi, tmrau`m kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi oalviltnals kld oaltrkots nlvabid fy myplatno tiomlnquis ‟ ta krrnvi kt k divicapid uldirstkldnl` ae tmi eulotnal kld hklnpucktnal ae ficnie systihs. Nl danl` sa, kl ickfarktnal ae dneeirilt typis ae trkloi stktis ns uldirtkbil usnl` enldnl`s ae risikrom nlta tmi prkotnoi ae myplasns. Trkloi earhs ar prkotnois okl fi ri`krdid kcal` tmi dneeirilt oktiàrnis ndiltnenid nl myplasns risikrom. Ear ixkhpci, sahi trkloi earhs kri khlisno kld atmirs kri lat2 sahi trkloi earhs ihpmksnsi klkcìsno ieeiots, suom ks tmasi tmkt nlvacvi enri-wkcbnl` ar fady-pnironl`2 sahi trkloi earhs strnvi ear ri`rissnal ar trkls`rissnal ae tmi –larhkc‘ sice, ks nl ieearts ta enld –kutmiltnonty‘, spnrnt passissnal, omkrkotirnsktnal, kld atmir pursunts2 sahi trkloi earhs strnvi ta ìlirkti psyomasahktno ar pckoifa-typi ieeiots ta frnl` kfaut ricnie erah ncclissis2 sahi trkloi earhs strnvi ta ìlirkti mkccuonlktary ieeiots2 sahi trkloi earhs strnvi ta kooiss vkrnaus –cnfrkrnis‘ ar –fklbs‘ ae hihary sits2 sahi trkloi earhs ihpmksnsi trklsearhktnvi ieeiots. [uistnals ae trkloi diptms kri kcsa ivir-prisilt. Nl kddntnal, trkloi ns siil erah intmir kld fatm –spionkc stktis praoissis‘ ar –saonkcpsyomaca`nokc-oa`lntnvi‘ pirspiotnvis. 60

69

_tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>5;). Oriktnl` k Vaci. Liw ârb, Tmiktri Krt Faabs.7 pp. ;:6-;:?, 64:-646. _tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>64/;>56). Hy Cnei nl Krt. Caldal, @iaeeriy Fcis.7 pp. 4:9-4:5. 60 Ekrtmnl`, @. Pnccnkh (;>>6). Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Oalsonausliss. Liw Girsiy, Zriltnoi Mkcc.7 pp. ??4-?>>. 65

Trkloi Earhs

?9

Valkcda Haricas

Nl ihpcaynl` tmi vaokfuckry ae tmi prkotnoi ae myplasns, tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm twa oiltrkc mypatmisis. Tmi enrst mypatmisns ns oaloirlid wntm tmi ndik tmkt tmi sufgiot ae tmi trkloi stkti kld tmi prkotntnalir ae trkloi pirearhkloi hust fi mn`mcy susoiptnfci ta tmi kooiptkloi ae pkrtnouckr ficnies ilokpsucktid nl su`ìstnals, nlstruotnals kld nlearhktnal prisiltid fy kl kooiptid kutmarnty enùri. Tmns susoiptnfncnty ns k okpkonty tmkt ns intmir divicapid ar dnsruptid. Tmi sioald mypatmisns ns oaloirlid wntm tmi latnal tmkt tmi pawir ae tmi trkls`rissnvi ar trklsearhktnvi ieeiot ‟ suom ks k –pckoifa ieeiot‘ ‟ dnriotcy ricktis ta tmi sufgiot s ar prkotntnalir s kfncnty ta "

"

ficnivi, ks huom ks tmi kfncnty ae tmi kooiptid kutmarnty enùri ‟ suom ks tmi –mikcir‘ ‟ ta pirsukdi. Tmi –tmirkpy‘ hitkpmar ar itmas wncc fi oalsndirid ta klkcysi tmi dylkhno fy wmnom tmi kooiptkloi ae pkrtnouckr ficnies trklsearhs –sice‘ ixpirniloi fy nlvabnl` k pkrtnouckr dienlntnal ae suom ixpirniloi.

Tmi pmilahilal ae –dnssaonktnal‘ wncc fi nlvistn`ktid ta oalsndir tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi kttrnfutnals ae kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty sirvi ta dienli ixpirnilois. _ahi trkloi ixpirnilois kri dnssaonktnvi ta tmi panlt ae finl` lal-ripartkfci nl –larhkc‘ oalsonaus stktis, wmnci atmir trkloi stktis hknltknl ripartkfncnty. Tmi ricnkloi upal sufgiotnvi ripartnl` nl dienlnl` dnssaonktnvi stktis prisilts biy prafcihs nl kttrnfutnal ‟ maw kri kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty kooaultid ear wmil tmi –larhkc‘ sice ns lat oalsndirid ta fi –prisilt‘. Nl `rkppcnl` wntm tmns prafcih, k –tmirkpy itmas‘ su`ìsts k pkrtnouckr dienlntnal ae tmi ixpirniloi wmnom erkhis tmi –sice‘ ixpirniloi wntmnl k pkrtnouckr systih ae ficnies. Kltmrapaca`nst Irnbk Faurùn`lal latid tmkt dispnti tmi nlecuiloi ae pufcnoktnals suom ks tmi Dnk`lastno kld _tktnstnokc Hklukc ae Hiltkc Dnsardirs , tmi praoiss ae oktiàrnsktnal ntsice fioahis prafcihktno2 nl –D_H-NNN-V... nt

ns lat kcwkys ocikr ta afsirvirs (nlocudnl` psyomnktrnsts) wmkt ns ricn`nal kld wmkt ns pktmaca`y, kld, pirmkps, wmkt ns fatm... tmi ficnies nl tmi passissnl` spnrnt da lat !

okusi tmi kttkobs fut pravndi kl ndnah tmrau`m wmnom dnstriss ns ixprissid‘. "

6=

Ivndiltcy, nt ns lat tmi trkloi ixpirniloi nl ar fy ntsice wmnom okusis dnstriss kld sueeirnl`. Nt ns rktmir tmi piroiptnal kld nltirpritktnal ae tmi trkloi ixpirniloi, fatm fy tmi sufgiot kld tmasi krauld tmi sufgiot, wmnom cikds ta tmi eikr ar pknl. Tmus tmi !

tmirkpy itmas okl sahitnhis pktmaca`nsi sahi trkloi ixpirnilois, gust ks k ricn`naus "

itmas mkd aloi dihalnsid nt.

6=

Faurùn`lal, Irnbk (;>>6). Vicn`nal ks k Hidnktnl` Ekotar nl Oucturi Omklì. Vicn`nal kld Hiltkc Mikctm. G. E. _omuhkbir. Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. 659.

Trkloi Earhs

?5

Valkcda Haricas

K _pnrntukcnty ae _arts Trkloi pirearhklois okl riprisilt k muhkl strnvnl` ear sahi earh ae oashaca`nokc riksalnl` ‟ ear k –ùndnl` earoi‘ ar –mn`mir iltnty‘ okpkfci ae dnriotnl` muhkl kotnal tawkrds –nts awl nhkì‘ ‟ tawkrds wmkt hn`mt fi siil ks k hari –ivacvid‘ earh ae kotnal ar finl`. Tmi tiomlnquis tmkt kri kppcnid fy prkotnois tmkt ihpcay trkloi pirearhklois kppikr ta nlvabi k bnld ae silsntnsid –krtnstno nhk`nlktnal‘ 6> tmkt okl kcsa fi siil ks k rioiptar, kl –kltillk‘ ta ilvnralhiltkc kld oucturkc hktirnkc. Tmus nt okl fi spioucktid tmkt –psyomnos‘ kri pirmkps kfci ta nltunt tmi ulspabil kìldks iloaultirid tmrau`m k rklì ae oahhulnoktid sn`lkcs. _ahi earhs ae trkloi okl tmirieari nlduoi k silsntnsid nhk`nlktnal tmkt hky ilkfci tmi trkloi pirsalkcnty ta il`kì nl –nccuhnlktnl`‘ dnkcaùis wntm ocnilts.

Tmi oalliotnal pasntid fy _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` fitwiil –keeiotnvi hihary‘ kld oriktnvnty, okl fi siil ks k oalliotnal fitwiil –keeiotnvi hihary‘ kld ekltksy.?: Tmus hihary, oriktnvnty kld ekltksy disornfi kriks ar stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt eulotnal ks enicds ae nltirkotnal khal`st kld fitwiil nldnvndukcs kld `raups. Trkloi stktis kooiss enicds ae wmkt _tklnsckvsbn rieirrid ta ks –wardciss oahhulnal‘, wmnom hn`mt nlocudi tmi icihilts ae rioinvid blawcidì, fady cklùkì kld oucturkc hihary ‟ ks pra`rkhhktno nlearhktnal ar nlstruotnal tmkt nlecuiloi tmi oalduot kld omkrkotirnstnos ae tmi –wkys ae cnei‘ ae nldnvndukcs kld `raups. Tmisi icihilts tmirieari oaltknl tmi suh ae kcc ficnie systihs ta wmnom kl nldnvndukc ar `raup mks kooiss ar sufsornfis ta. Ficnie systihs kri tmi fksno kld nhpcnont oucturkc kssuhptnals tmkt kri micd fy tmi nldnvndukc kld tmi `raup.

Ficnies kri pirsalkccy micd stktihilts tmkt rieciot k pkrtnouckr uldirstkldnl` ae tmi lkturi ae tmi sice wntmnl ixnstiloi... Ficnies nlearh tmi sice ae nts altaca`nokc uldirpnllnl` ear tmi purpasi ae dienlnl` kld iloaurk`nl` nts ricktnalsmnp wntmnl tmi tatkcnty ae ixnstiloi. Ficnies kri issiltnkc kspiots ae kl nldnvndukc„s ivacvnl` silsi ae sice, ndiltnty, kld ricktnalsmnp. ?; Tmirieari, nt ns pkrtnouckrcy nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi nldnvndukc kld oucturkc nhpkot ae wmkt oucturkc kltmrapaca`nst Erntz Brkhir latid ks –tmi mnstarnokc cass ae ficnie nl dintnis kld spnrnts ks sice-ditirhnlnl` pawirs‘ ?6 wntm tmi kdvilt ae hadirlnsh, upal tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnals tmkt mkvi fiil divicapid erah tmi warb ae _tklnsckvsbn kld 6>

_tklnsckvsbn Oriktnl` k Vaci.7 pp. ;>-692 _tklnsckvsbn Kl Kotar Zripkris.7 pp. 65;-659, 6>4-?:5. _trksfir`.7 pp. ;;9-;;=. ?; _mkerklsbi, Idwkrd Z. (;>>6). Vicn`nal kld Hiltkc Mikctm nl Ikrcy Cnei. Vicn`nal kld Hiltkc Mikctm. G. E. _omuhkbir. Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. ;50. ?6 Brkhir, Erntz P. (;>>?). Tmi Vid Eiz7 Krt kld _p nrnt Zassissnal nl Kernok. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Uirsa Zriss.7 p. 5;. ?:

Trkloi Earhs

?0

Valkcda Haricas

_trksfir`. Tmi latnals ae oalsonausliss , uloalsonaus , ”sufoalsonaus „, huctnpci !

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!

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pirsalkcntnis , mystirnos kld psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh kcc ihirìd erah viry snhnckr "

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!

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oucturkc oaltixts kt krauld tmi skhi irk ‟ tmi ;> tm oiltury kld tmi rnsi ae hadirlnsh.

_pnrnts okl tmus fi siil ta mkvi fiil –dnspassissid‘ nl tmi hktirnkcnst pkrkdn`h. Nl cniu ae k –spnrntukc warcd‘, psyomaca`nokc rikcnsh aeeirs us tmi –enotnalkc warcd‘. K warcd nlmkfntid fy omkrkotirs wmasi qukcntnis kri rioa`lnsid kld ihpktmnsid wntm fy nts kudniloi, ta vkrynl` di`riis. Tmi enotnalkc warcd fioahis tmi hikls ear kooissnl` tmi –atmir‘ kld tmi cklùkì ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns tmi wky nl wmnom tmi –atmir‘ ns kpprimildid.

Enùri 67 Okvi krt nl Omkuvit kld Cksokux nl Erkloi dktnl` fkob fitwiil ;9,::: kld ?:,::: yikrs.

Zmata7 Gikl Ocattis (Omkuvit) kld Dau`cks Hkzalawnoz (Cksokux).

Ali –prnhkc‘ typi okl fi disornfid ks tmi –multir‘. Klonilt okvi krt ns stral`cy su`ìstnvi ae priaooupktnals wntm eirtncnty kld multnl` syhfacnshs, tmns nldnoktis tmkt multnl` oucts hky mkvi fiil mn`mcy nhpartklt ks k saonkc kld oucturkc `raupnl`, tmkt hky mkvi usid rntukcnstno kld hnhitno prkotnois kltnonpktnl` pirearhktnvi icihilts. Erah tmisi rntukc cikdirs hky mkvi oahi tmi smkhklno trkdntnals. Nl tmasi tnhis nt waucd mkvi fiil lioisskry ear tmi saonkc ar`klnsh ta mkvi mkd sahi àad multirs khal`st nts nldnvndukcs ‟ ear k àad mult hiklt k `rikt dikc kld k cikl mult hiklt sueeirnl`. Tmus tmiri kppikrs ta mkvi ivacvid tmi rntukcs kld krtiekots ae tmi multir. Pntm pksskì ae tnhi, ks ripitntnal fiokhi trkdntnal kld ks hadis ae ar`klnsktnal wiri divicapid, tmi mult fiokhi kl krt. Nl aur ourrilt rikcnty, snloi tmi k`rkrnkl rivacutnal, tmi multir okl fi siil ta mkvi fiil trklshutid ta fioahi tmi –wkrrnar‘. Tmi multir kld tmi wkrrnar, fiyald finl` saonkc-psyomaca`nokc racis, eulotnal ks –spnrnts‘ wmnom oahpic tmi ar`klnsh ta ihfady kld hklneist nt. Ks spnrnts, tmiy kri starid nl tmi enicds ae oucturkc hihary. Tmisi spnrnts, ar –kromitypis‘, okl –passiss‘ tmi ar`klnsh wmil tmiy kri suhhalid, usukccy fy nlntnktnal ar nlduotnal ‟ nl tmns wky tmi spnrnt ns kfci ta rioa`lnsi ntsice kld dnstnlot sits ae ixpiotid fimkvnaurs kri kppcnid. Nl

Trkloi Earhs

?=

Valkcda Haricas

cktir omkptirs, oaltihparkry praoissis fy wmnom tmi multir kld wkrrnar spnrnt kri nlvabid wncc fi ixkhnlid. Tmns study klkcysis onlihktno rieirilois ta tmi –wkrrnar‘ nl _tklciy Bufrnob s Eucc Hitkc Gkobit (;>=0), ta nlvistn`kti tmi praoiss kld partrkykc ae "

nlduotnal nlta tmi Ylntid _tktis Hkrnli Oarps durnl` tnhis ae wkr kld tmi –passissnal‘ ae kspnrnl` sacdnirs. Tmus spnrnts eulotnal ks trkls`rissnvi pawirs wntmnl pkrtnouckr oalsonausliss sits, sirvnl` fatm ta rinlearoi larhktnvnty ks wicc ks ta riciksi –atmir-liss‘ ar trklsearhktnvnty ‟ tmi trklsearhktnvi patiltnkc. Krùkfcy, tmi ihfadnhilt ae spnrnt ntsice ixprissis

tmi

trklsearhktnvi

patiltnkc

ae

muhkl

oalsonausliss.

Nl

trkloi,

ihfadnhilt ns k wky nl wmnom tmi ar`klnsh nl turl ns kfci ta kpprimild kld kppraprnkti tmi –atmir‘. Trkloi nl tmns study ns vniwid ks k stkti ae oalsonausliss, kld ks k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc praoiss, kld kcsa ks k hadi ae ihfadnhilt. Tmisi kri oalsndirid ta fi tmi vkrnaus kspiots ae trkloi. Pmil pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss kri disornfid ks –pktmaca`nokc‘ ar –kflarhkc‘ ‟ ks wntm oaldntnals cnbi kutnsh, somnzapmrilnk, ar spnrnt passissnal ‟ wmkt kri rieirrid ta kri tmi nltrnlsno civics ae larhktnvi kooiptkfncnty. Tmisi larhs kccaw us ta disn`lkti kld eulotnal wntmnl k –oalsilsus rikcnty‘2 kl nlkfncnty ta eulotnal ar pkrtnonpkti nl suom k rikcnty ditirhnlis tmi piroiptnal ae larhktnvnty. Nl sahi trkloi trkdntnals, ali nldnoktar ae trkloi okpkonty nl kl nldnvndukc ns siil nl tmi tildiloy ta swikt praeusicy durnl` tmi trkloi stkti. Tmi riksals ear tmns hky mkvi mkd sahitmnl` ta da wntm tmi mn`m ilir`y tmkt ns piroinvid ta fi riciksid wntm mikvy pirspnrktnal ‟ ntsice kl nldnoktnal ae mn`m okpkonty eulotnalnl` ‟ ks tmi fady ns oahpiccid ta ihfady kld ilkot pkrtnouckr earhs kld eulotnal nl pkrtnouckr kld ixtrkardnlkry wkys. –Earh‘ okl fi kotukcnsid nl tmi ar`klnsh, nl huom tmi wky tmkt ktmcitis strnvi ta kotukcnsi tmi ktmcitno –earh‘ nl tminr pirearhkloi stktis. Ktmcitis kotukcnsi k pridahnlkltcy pmysnokc earh wntm stral` psyomaca`nokc avirtalis, wmnci trkloi pirearhirs kotukcnsi k pridahnlkltcy psyomaca`nokc earh wntm pmysnokc ieeart kld trkois. Tmus nl huom tmi wky tmkt k trkloi pirearhir okl –dkloi‘ tmi earh ae tmi –iltnty‘ ‟ cnbiwnsi, k omkllic okl –spikb‘ tmi earh ae tmi –nlticcnìloi‘. Pmil nlearhklts tkcb ae –omkllicnl` ilir`y‘ ar wmil dkloirs –stip nlta tmi earh‘, tmiy disornfi tmi kotukcnsktnal ae tmi –patiltnkc stkti‘ ae earh kwkbilid fy oriktnvi praoissis ‟ fy tmi trkls`rissnvi cklùkì ae –miritnos‘.

Trkloi Earhs

?>

Valkcda Haricas

Irlist Mnc`krd rieirs ta twa hknl wkys ae praduonl` kl kotnvi trkloi stkti. Tmi enrst ali ihpcays tmi hari usukccy rioa`lnsid rickxktnal hitmad utncnsid nl myplatmirkpy, kld tmil –oalvirtnl`‘ ta k hari kotnvi kld kcirt oaldntnal tmrau`m eurtmir su`ìstnals. Tmns mks fiil tmi hitmad tmkt wks papuckrnsid fy tmi stkì myplatnst. Tmi sioald wky ns ta fi`nl wntm kl –kcirt nlduotnal‘ wmnom dais lat kttihpt ta ditkom tmi nldnvndukc sufgiot erah tmi usukc rikcnty arniltktnal. Kcirt nlduotnals rickti ta hast nlduotnals ae trkloi pirearhkloi stktis, pkrtnouckrcy tmasi tmkt ihpcay icihilts suom ks husno, rmytmh kld dkloi. Kcirt nlduotnals kcsa aoour nl hkly ktmcitno kotnvntnis. Ear ixkhpci, rullnl` praduois kctirktnals nl piroiptukc ixpirniloi kld kotnvktis spioneno omkrkotirnstnos nl tmi ar`klnsh. Mnc`krd usid k stktnalkry ckfarktary fnoyoci ks kl nlduotnal nlstruhilt kld eauld tmkt nt nloriksid myplatno rispalsnviliss avir tmi –larhkc‘ wkbnl` oaldntnal. ??

Mnc`krd ficnivid tmkt nl myplasns kl nldnvndukc wma nlmiriltcy passissis oirtknl dionsnal-hkbnl` ekouctnis tmkt okl di ndiltnenid ks k –oiltrkc ixioutnvi eulotnal‘ rici`ktis tmns eulotnal ta tmi myplatnst. Ks pkrt ae tmi –myplatno oaltrkot‘, tmi nldnvndukc s ixioutnvi eulotnal kcsa –ardirs‘ k riduotnal nl tmi khault ae orntnokc "

sokllnl` ae stnhucn erah tmi myplatnst, wma ns piroinvid ks kutmarnty. ?4 Tmi pirearhkloi praoiss ns uldirpnllid fy k snhnckr oaltrkot, ali wmnom riqunris fatm tmi pirearhir kld tmi afsirvir ta –suspild dnsficnie‘ ‟ ta riduoi orntnokc sokllnl` ‟ nl ardir ta iltir tmi oalstruotid rikcnty ae tmi pirearhkloi. _nhnckrcy, nt okl fi sknd tmkt wmktivir wi ficnivi al kl –ulomkccilìd‘ civic, ns tmkt wmnom wi sit aut ta hklneist.

Tmi fksno icihilts ae myplasns ks dienlid fy tmiarnsts suom ks Mnc`krd (;>00), _pniìc (;>0=) kld @nccn`kl (;>=0) ‟ suom ks rickxktnal, su`ìstnfncnty, ilmkloid nhk`nlktnal, vnsukc hiharnis, riduotnal ae rikcnty tistnl`, kld atmirs ‟ stral`cy rickti ta _tklnsckvsbn s pririqunsntis ear tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘. Tmi oaloipt ae tmi –sice‘ tmkt "

nlecuiloid _tklnsckvsbn ocikrcy wks tmi skhi oaloipt tmkt Pnccnkh Gkhis, Eridirnob Hyirs, _n`huld Eriud kld Okrc Gul` kcc warbid wntm. Nt wks k latnal ae tmi sice tmkt wks huctn-ckyirid, wntm k –oari‘ sice ks k prnhkry pirsalkcnty ndiltnty. Fitwiil tmi –oalsonaus‘ kld tmi –uloalsonaus‘, tmi sice kld tmi lal-sice, wiri tmi kriks tmkt fiokhi ixpirniloid fy tirhs suom ks tmi –sufcnhnlkc‘ sice ar tmi –sufoalsonaus‘. _uom tirhs disornfi enicds ae ixpirniloi tmkt kri gust fiyald tmi rikom ae ourrilt

?? ?4

Mnc`krd, Irlist (;>00). Dnvndid Oalsonausliss7 Huctnpci Oaltracs nl Muhkl Tmau`mt kld Kotnal. Liw ârb, Pnciy.7 pp. ;59-;55. Nfnd.7 pp. 66=-6?;.

Trkloi Earhs

4:

Valkcda Haricas

–larhkc‘ oalsonausliss, fut kri kooissnfci fy k luhfir ae dneeirilt saonkc, psyomaca`nokc kld pmysnokc tiomlnquis.

Ali prafcih dnsoussid nl myplasns kld oahhulnoktnals studnis oaloirls tmi –oahpcnkloi‘ mypatmisns ‟ tmi ixtilts ta wmnom nhpcnont ixpiotktnals nlecuiloi kotnals kld fimkvnaurs tmkt kri nltirpritid ks pirearhkloi. Tmns prafcih ns oiltrkc ta tmi oaloirls ae tmns study. Mawivir, k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc pirspiotnvi al trkloi pirearhkloi suom ks tmns dais lat lioisskrncy ixocudi tmi oaloipts ae –stkti‘ ar –oalsonausliss‘. Tmns study oalsndirs suom oahpcnkloi ta riprisilt tmi suspilsnal ae –larhkc‘ kwkbilid fimkvnaurkc praoissis (stktis ae oalsonausliss) nl ardir ta kccaw –trkloi‘ fimkvnaur wntm kcc nts passnfncntnis. Oahpcnkloi ns kotnvi nl tmi silsi tmkt k pirearhir dnsornhnlktis kld omaasis fitwiil –larhkc‘ fimkvnaur kld fimkvnaur tmkt ns kppraprnkti ta tmi earh kld omkrkotir ae tmi pirearhkloi. –_tkti‘ ns k oaldntnal ks dihalstrktid fy afsirvid fimkvnaur. Eurtmirhari, tmi pirearhir kotnvicy ristrknls larhkc fimkvnaur kld kccaws pirearhktnvi fimkvnaur ‟ oriktnvnty ‟ ta hklneist. Trkloi, myplasns kld pirearhkloi kcc iltknc tmi kooiptkloi ‟ nltirlkcnsktnal ‟ kld utncnsktnal ae –oalviltnals‘. Oahpcnkloi sirvis ta ekoncntkti tmi apirktnals ae nhk`nlktnal. Tmirieari –nhk`nlktnal‘ ns oalsndirid ta fi hast ocasicy ricktid ta –oalsonausliss‘.

Tmi praoiss fy wmnom dnssaonktnvi pmilahilk kri oalsndirid ta aoour ricnis al tmi ndik tmkt kots ae ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl fy tmi –sice‘ risuct nl tmi kttrnfutnal ae kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty ta pkrtnouckr ndiltnty struoturis. Kl nldnvndukc wntm mn`m myplatnskfncnty praenci ar trkloi okpkonty hn`mt ixpirniloi k trkuhktno nlondilt suom ks sixukc kfusi kt kl ikrcy kì ar k diktm-ricktid ùnct, ne tmi nldnvndukc ns ulkfci ta nlti`rkti suom kl ixpirniloi nlta tminr prnhkry pirsalkcnty oalsonausliss sit tmil tmiy hn`mt rici`kti nt kld oahpkrthiltkcnsi tmi ixpirniltnkc hihary nlta k dnsoriit hihary sufsit wmnom mks tmi patiltnkc ta divicap nlta kl ndiltnty struoturi nl ntsice. Tmns ndiltnty struoturi ns aetil kotnvktid fy ixtirlkc stnhucn wmnom kppikcs ta nts ixpirniltnkc oaloirls.?9

Earh ns lintmir itirlkc lar ndikc. Tmirieari, nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi latnal ae –racis‘. Tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi nlvkrnkfcy nlvabis pkrtnouckr racis kld ixpiotktnals tmkt kri saonkccy kld oucturkccy dienlid, wmnom kri tmus ihpcayid nl rmitarnokc prkotnoi. K biy quistnal ae oaloirl ns tmi nlecuiloi ae tmi saonkc kld pacntnokc ilvnralhilt upal

Trkloi Earhs

4;

Valkcda Haricas

tmi okpkonty ae kl nldnvndukc ta suspild orntnokc kfncntnis ‟ tmi ixtilt ta wmnom susoiptnfncnty ns ouctnvktid. Maw huom dais tmi saona-pacntnokc sittnl` oaltrnfuti ta nldnvndukc myplatnskfncnty1 Da nldnvndukcs iloucturktid nlta kutmarntkrnkl ilvnralhilts fioahi hari cnbicy ta divicap tminr civic ae myplatnskfncnty tmkl nldnvndukcs erah lalkutmarntkrnkl sittnl`s1 Oiltrkc ta tmns quistnal kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom trkloi prkotnoi ks pirearhkloi kddrissis tmi nssui ae –sauroi oridnfncnty‘.

Tmi trkloi oahhulnoktnal mks min`mtilid ieenokoy wmil nt ns ixpirniloid ks k rispalsi ta kl kudniloi –liid‘. Tmns oahhulnoktnal ns omkrkotirnsid kld rikd ks ihklktnl` erah k piroinvid –sauroi ae mn`mir nlticcnìloi‘ ar –wnsdah‘ ‟ erah oridnfci kutmarnty ‟ kld kcsa fy tmi pirsuksnvi pawir ae tmi trkloi oahhulnoktnal ks kl kssaonktnvi kld myplatno ixpirniloi ‟ ali ae –di-oiltirnl`‘ ear nts kudniloi. Tmisi ieeiots kri kistmitno icihilts. Tmi oaloiptnal ae oalsonausliss ks strikhs ae kssaonktnal ‟ ks k ecaw ae ndiks kld tmau`mts tmkt kri nlduoid kld hknltknlid ks nldnvndukc kld `raup ixpirnilois ‟ ns tmirieari oiltrkc ta tmns study.

Nl tmns omkptir, tmi latnals tmkt mkvi nlecuiloid kld smkpid tmi oaltihparkry uldirstkldnl` ae –trkloi‘ mkvi fiil frniecy oalsndirid nl tminr mnstarnokc oaltixts. _uom latnals mkvi fiil smawl ta fi divicapid ks tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi latnal ae –sice‘ kld sahi ae tmi praoissis nlvacvid nl tmi prkotnoi ae myplasns mkvi kcsa fiil divicapid. Tmi latnal ae –oucts‘ mks fiil oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi praoissis fy wmnom `raup dienlid ficnie systihs praduoi ar nlmnfnt pkrtnouckr earhs ae ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ‟ pirearhklois ae fatm larhktnvi kld trkls`rissnvi ndikcs.

K ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh wks oalsndirid ks ali suom earh ae ilkotid kld ihfadnid blawcidì fy wmnom pirearhktnvnty ns drnvil kld oahpiccid. Tmi latnals ae –oalsonausliss‘ kld –spnrnt‘ wiri eurtmir nltirra`ktid ta krrnvi kt kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmisi tirhs tmkt ilkfci k oahprimilsnvicy `rauldid nlvistn`ktnal ae tmi praoissis ae hatnvktnal, kssaonktnal kld lkrrktnsktnal tmkt nlecuiloi pirearhklois ‟ nl ardir ta kvand k rioaursi ta hystnonsh ar k rieuì nl nlieekfncnty, kld ta dienli tmi cnhnts ae tmi study.

?9

Mnc`krd.7 pp. ?6-4:2 Nrwnl, Mkrviy G. (;>>5). –Trkuhktno Omncdmaad Ivilts, Ziroinvid Kvknckfncnty ae Ihatnalkc _uppart, kld tmi Divicaphilt ae Dnssaonktnvi Tildilonis.‘ Omncd Kfusi kld Li`ciot 6:(=) Eifrukry ;>>57 pp. 0:;-0:0.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

Oiltrkc ta divicapnl` tmi uldirstkldnl` ae suom praoissis, tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl fy tmi pirearhir mks fiil mn`mcn`mtid ks k hast nhpartklt kspiot ae tmns study. Nl tmi eaccawnl` omkptir, suom kots ae ndiltnenoktnal kri eurtmir oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi tmiarnis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri ihpcayid kld divicapid nl tmns study, nl ardir ta caokti tmi pirearhktnvi praoiss kld tmi uldirstkldnl` ae –trkloi‘ wntmnl k somihk tmkt okl kooault ear tmi wkys nl wmnom ficnies nlecuiloi kld ditirhnli pirearhklois.

Trkloi Earhs

4?

Valkcda Haricas

?. Zirearhid _tktis ae Oalsonausliss Ta Fi Nl tmi Ecaw Tmi latnal ae k –ecaw‘ stkti, tmkt ns oahhalcy rieirrid ta nl nhpravnsktnalkc pirearhkloi, mks fiil disornfid ks –aptnhkc ixpirniloi‘ tmkt ns –sa disnrkfci tmkt ali wnsmis ta ripcnokti nt ks aetil ks passnfci‘ kld ks tmi eiicnl` kttknlid wmil tmnl`s kri –ànl` wicc ks kl kchast kutahktno, ieeartciss, yit mn`mcy eaousid stkti ae oalsonausliss‘. Eurtmirhari, tmi ixpirnilois tmkt cikd ta suom eiicnl`s wiri eauld ta mkvi –aetil nlvacvid pknleuc, rnsby, dneenouct kotnvntnis tmkt stritomid tmi pirsal s okpkonty "

kld nlvacvid kl icihilt ae lavicty kld dnsoaviry‘. ; Tmi ixpirniloi ae ecaw mks fiil oalsndirid ta ocasicy oarrispald ta tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘ nl drkhktno pirearhkloi. 6 Nl studnis ae tmi –ecaw ixpirniloi‘, psyomaca`nst Hnmkcy Osnbszilthnmkcyn ripartid lnli omkrkotirnstnos tmkt wiri usid ta disornfi suom stktis korass k wndi rklì ae ixpirniltnkc oaltixts. _uom ixpirnilois wiri sknd ta mkvi nlvacvid silsktnals ae –ocikr àkcs iviry stip ae tmi wky‘2 ae –nhhidnkti eiidfkob ta ali s kotnals‘2 ae –k fkckloi "

fitwiil omkccilìs kld sbnccs‘2 tmkt –kotnal kld kwkriliss kri hirìd‘2 tmkt –dnstrkotnals kri ixocudid erah oalsonausliss‘2 tmkt –tmiri ns la warry ae ekncuri‘2 tmkt –sice-oalsonausliss dnskppikrs‘2 tmkt –tmi silsi ae tnhi fioahis dnstartid‘2 kld enlkccy, tmkt –tmi kotnvnty fioahis… kl ild nl ntsice‘. ? Tmi icihilts ae sktnsekotnal, omkccilì kld komnivihilt nlvabid fy suom ixpirnilois micp ixpcknl tmi stktis ae –iostksy‘ kld –wicc-finl`‘ tmkt kri aetil oalliotid wntm oucturkccy-sklotnalid trkloi ixpirnilois. Krt kld trkloi okl fatm fi siil ks daarwkys tmrau`m tmi –sice‘ ta atmir –hiltkc‘ ar –spnrntukc‘ dnhilsnals. Tmi pirearhkloi ae kotnals kld ixprissnals okl eulotnal ks rnppci ieeiots, tmkt mkvi oiltrkc panlts ae nlecuiloi nl kly ali pkrtnouckr !

"

dnhilsnal kld risalkti aut tawkrds atmir dnhilsnals. Kistmitno pmilahilk suom ks k drkhktno pirearhklois okl mkvi oiltrkc panlts ae kotnal kld ixprissnal nl k pmysnokc dnhilsnal ‟ k snl`ci pirearhid pmysnokc ìsturi, ear nlstkloi ‟ wmncst ìlirktnl` risalkloi aut tawkrds tmi hiltkc, hytmnokc kld trklspirsalkc dnhilsnals. Tmi risalkloi tmkt ns komnivid apirktis al tmi civics ae nhk`nlktnal, ihatnal kld hihary ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi afsirvir ae tmi pirearhkloi. _mkrid kistmitnos rieciot tmi –drikhnl`‘ ae tmi `raup ‟ tmiy kri icihilts tmkt trklsoild nldnvndukc ixnstiloi.

;

6

Osnbszilthnmkcyn, Hnmkcy kld Nskficck _ici`k Osnbszilthnmkcyn (;>==). Aptnhkc Ixpirniloi7 Zsyomaca`nokc _tudnis ae Ecaw nl Oalsonausliss. Okhfrndì kld Liw ârb, Okhfrndì Ylnvirsnty Zriss.2 pp. 60-?;2 Osnbszilthnmkcyn, Hnmkcy (;>>5). Oriktnvnty7 Ecaw kld tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Dnsoaviry kld Nlviltnal. Liw ârb, Mkrpir Oaccnls.7 pp. ;;:-;;?. _trksfir`.7 pp. ;:=-;69.

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Trkloi pirearhkloi ns kfaut pirearhnl` racis kooardnl` ta priditirhnlid ixpiotktnals. Tmi racis pckyid kri ihfiddid nl oucturkc siids tmkt kri ouctnvktid kld !

"

klnhktid fy tmi pirearhir. Tmi siids kri - ta ihpcay k oahputktnalkc hadic ae oalsonausliss - pra`rkhhis ae rioardid hihary kld trkdntnal, oahhulnokfci kld starkfci ks hihary sufsits suom ks sornpts ar kromitypis ar stiriatypis ar omkrkotirs ar racis. Tmns study krùis tmkt tmi cnst nlocudis spnrnts, klìcs kld dihals. Tmns study kcsa krùis tmkt passissnal kld trkloi stktis kri ndiltnenkfci fy tminr nlmirilt lkrrktnvis kld pmysnokc omkrkotirnstnos, tmirieari tmiy kri racis pirearhid fy prkotntnalirs ae pkrtnouckr trkdntnals.

Trkloi stktis il`kì kld ihfady oucturkc racis kld ixpiotktnals. Tmisi racis kld ixpiotktnals kri tmi oalstruots ‟ tmi ficnie systihs ‟ tmkt kri trklshnttid nl tmi sufsits ae hihary, tmi sornpts kld spnrnts ae tmi racis. Tmisi sufsits ae hihary eulotnal ks pra`rkhhis ae stktis ae oalsonausliss, frau`mt ta cnei fy tmi muhkl ar`klnsh. Ks ali pirspiotnvi, k oahputktnalkc hadic ae oalsonausliss aeeirs sahi usieuc nlsn`mt ta tmi latnal ae tmi trkloi stkti ks k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss. Fy siinl` racis ‟ tmi sornpts kld spnrnts ihfadnid ‟ ks saonkc kld oucturkc pra`rkhhis ar sits ae nlstruotnals, tmi racis nl tminr oalstntuilt pkrts kld tminr afsirvkfci hklneistktnals fioahi hari oahprimilsnfci. Ks k earh ae saetwkri, tmi racis kri ieeiotnvicy oaltknlid wntmnl oucturkc trkdntnals rioardid nl hihary nl vkrnaus earhs. Tmns saetwkri apirktis al tmi oalsonausliss ae tmi muhkl ar`klnsh, tmi nllir warcd ae tmi muhkl finl`.

Nl nlstklois ae omkllicnl` kld passissnal, tmi sornpts kld spnrnts ivabid okl ihirì erah hihary sufsits ae tmi nldnvndukc pirearhir ks wicc ks sufsits kld systihs ae oucturkc hihary. Nl spikbnl` ae systihs ae hihary, nt ns passnfci ta oalsndir tmi praoissis fy wmnom nlearhktnal ns praoissid ks wicc ks starid, kld tmi tiomlaca`y fy wmnom tmi pirearhkloi ns hklneistid. _ystihs ae hihary sirvi ks pra`rkhhis tmkt kccaw tmi pirearhir ta il`kì kld ihpcay pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri lioisskry ear hklneistnl` pkrtnouckr pirearhklois. Tmiy kri tmi tiomlnquis ae tmi prkotntnalir, kld tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi pirearhkloi ns ìlirktid. Nl omkllicnl` kld passissnal, tmisi sufsits kld systihs ae hihary kri ndiltnenid ks iltntnis kld spnrnts tmkt oahhulnokti kld nltirkot wntm tmi hktirnkc dnhilsnal. ?

Osnbszilthnmkcyn Oriktnvnty7 Ecaw kld tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Dnsoaviry kld Nlviltnal.7 pp. ;;:-;;?.

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Tmirieari racis eulotnal ks oucturkc krtiekots kld ieeiots. Nl tmi trkdntnal ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, ear ixkhpci, tmi oucturkc krtiekots kri lat hiricy tmi pirearhklois afsirvkfci al tmi enchs tmkt kudnilois kri kfci ta vniw kld kooiss. Tmi krtiekots nlocudi tmi sornpts ae tmi enchs, kly oastuhis ar prapirtnis ar pirearhirs tmkt hky stncc fi krauld, kld hast nhpartkltcy, tmi risalkloi tmkt tmasi racis ivabid nl tmkt trkdntnal, kld mkvi ivabid nl turl upal tmi vniwirs ae tmi krtiekot. Tmi raci, tmi krtiekot kld tmi ieeiot okl tmirieari fi siil ta eulotnal upal tmi nllir warcd ae tmi muhkl finl` wma pkrtkbis ae nt. Tmiy eulotnal ks saetwkri upal tmi muhkl ar`klnsh. Tmi krtiekots kld ieeiots ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh kri ihfadnhilts ae pkrtnouckr vkcuis kld trkdntnals, hadis ae finl` tmkt kri oahhulnokfci nl tmi racis kld lkrrktnvis ihpcayid. Tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss riqunrid nl ardir ta pirearh Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh nlvacvis tmi nltirlkcnsktnal ae tmasi pkrtnouckr vkcuis kld trkdntnals tmkt kri nlvacvid nl tmi praduotnal ae tmi pirearhkloi.

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns k ckrìcy hktirnkcnstno kld psyomaklkcytnokc vniw ae ixnstiloi, tmirieari tmi pirearhklois ivabid kld tiomlaca`y ihpcayid drkw upal tmi vkcuis kld trkdntnals nlmirilt nl tmkt pkrtnouckr vniw. Tmi ficnie systihs tmkt praduoi pirearhklois ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh oalstntuti k pkrtnouckr saonkc kld oucturkc oaltixt. Tmisi ficnies risalkti k pkrtnouckr silsi ae tmi sice kld tmi ilvnralhilt. Tmiy rul pkrtnouckr pra`rkhhis tmkt fioahi tmi rieciotnals kld enctirs tmrau`m wmnom tmi muhkl ar`klnsh kld finl` okl vniw ixnstiloi.

Tmiktri7 Tmi Hiitnl` @rauld Nl Lkturkcnsh kld Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, wmkt kri pirearhid kri ciss ta da wntm dintnis kld spnrnts ks tmiy kri ta da wntm kspiots ae tmi –muhkl spnrnt‘. Nl ickfarktnl` upal tmi latnal ae pirearhkloi, _tklnsckvsbn rieciotid tmi frakdir uldirstkldnl`s ae hatnvktnal kld kotnal, `rauldid nl pkrtnouckr latnals ae kìloy kld –trutm‘ nlearhid fy oaltihparkry divicaphilts nl tmi enicd ae psyomaca`y7

Tmi kotar hust enrst ae kcc ficnivi nl ivirytmnl` tmkt tkbis pckoi al tmi stkì, kld hast ae kcc mi hust ficnivi nl wmkt mi mnhsice ns danl`. Kld ali okl ficnivi alcy nl tmi trutm... nt ns lioisskry ta eiic tmns trutm kt kcc tnhis, ta blaw maw ta enld nt... ta divicap ali„s krtnstno silsntnvnty ta trutm. 4

4

_tklnsckvsbn Hy Cnei nl Krt.7 p. 459.

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Trutm al tmi stkì ns wmktivir wi okl ficnivi nl wntm snloirnty... Trutm okllat fi sipkrktid erah ficnie , lar ficnie erah trutm. Tmiy okllat ixnst wntmaut ikom atmir kld wntmaut fatm ae tmih nt ns nhpassnfci ta cnvi yaur pkrt, ar ta orikti klytmnl`... tmi rikcnty ae tmi nllir cnei ae k muhkl spnrnt nl k pkrt kld k ficnie nl tmkt rikcnty... tmiri kri twa bnlds ae trutm kld silsi ae ficnie... Enrst, tmiri ns tmi ali tmkt ns oriktid kutahktnokccy kld al tmi pckli ae kotukc ekot... sioald, tmiri ns tmi soilno typi wmnom ns iqukccy trutmeuc fut wmnom arn`nlktis al tmi pckli ae nhk`nlktnvi kld krtnstno enotnal. ...kl kudniloi wnsmis, kfavi kcc, ta ficnivi ivirytmnl` tmkt mkppils al tmi stkì. 9 Tmi quistnals ae –kutmiltnonty‘ kld –rikcnty‘ nl omkrkotirnsktnal tmus rknsi eurtmir quistnals al tmi latnals ae –trutm‘ ks k oalstruot ae tmi ockssnokc tmnlbnl` ‟ erah Zckta alwkrds ‟ tmkt hadirlnsh funcds upal. Kt tmi skhi tnhi, krtnstno trkdntnals okl aeeir omkccilìs ta tmisi latnals. Tmirieari, nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir trkloi pirearhkloi erah tmi prkotntnalir s pirspiotnvi. Fkcnlisi trkloi trkdntnals, ear ixkhpci, kri ocikrcy "

ri`krdid ks pirearhnl` krts - tmns ns ivndilt nl wmiri tmiy kri pufcnonsid kld pirearhid, nl maw tmiy kri erkhid. Krùkfcy, tmi skhi okl fi sknd ae hkly atmir, ne lat kcc, trkloi prkotnois. Krtnstno trkdntnals eulotnal nl tmi rikch ae cnhnlkcnty2 oktmkrsns, paisns kld hnhisns kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmisi trkdntnals nlecuiloi tmi ilvnralhilt. Latnals ae tmi –rikc‘ kld tmi –ekbi‘ kri Pistirl ockssnokc oalstruots tmkt wkrrklt okrieuc nltirra`ktnal nl tmns oaltixt. _uom nltirra`ktnals mkvi kcsa fiil okrrnid aut fy vkrnaus ixpalilts ae Kvklt @krdi krtnstno trkdntnals. Krtkud ns wartm latnl` ear mns sikrom ear tmi –kutmiltno‘ kld mns –ekncuris‘ nl suom ildikvaurs. Zirmkps wmkt mi eauld wks tmkt tmi –kutmiltno sice ‘ okl fi iloaultirid nl hkly dneeirilt –civics‘, kld lat oalsnstiltcy nl kcc ae tmasi –civics‘, tmus tmiri wks la mapi ae enldnl` tatkc –kutmiltnonty‘. Nt ns erah tmisi –ekncuris ‘ ae –kutmiltnonty ‘ tmkt tmi Kvklt @krdi tmiktri havihilt dirnvid nts hnssnal kld nlecuiloi.

Oucturis kld Lkrrktnvis Tmns study nlvabis kl klkcytnokc erkhiwarb tmkt oalsndirs tmi ficnie systih ‟ tmi hytmaca`y ‟ tmkt drnvis kld nlearhs pirearhkloi trkdntnals, tminr prkotntnalirs kld dnsoursnvi strikhs. Pntm suom k erkhiwarb, nt ns passnfci ta krùi tmkt tmi trkdntnals ae ihpnrnonsh ar hktirnkcnsh kri ks lkrraw ‟ ar kt cikst cnhntid ‟ sits ae ficnies ks kly atmirs. Pntm suom k erkhiwarb, nt ns passnfci ta krùi tmkt soniltneno Vktnalkcnsh ns ks huom k ricn`nal ks Oktmacnonsh, mawivir huom tmi soniltneno trkdntnals hn`mt ricy al tmi prnlonpcis kld praoissis ae

–ekcsnenoktnal ‘

tmkt uldirpnl nts

–trutm ‘ ocknhs.

Tmus tmi

prnhkry oaloirl ae tmns study kri tmi lkrrktnvis ‟ tmi dahnlktnl` kld dnssiltnl`

9

_tklnsckvsbn Kl Kotar Zripkris.7 pp. ;6=-;6>, ;??. Ihpmksis kddid.

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strikhs ‟ fy wmnom nldnvndukcs ar `raups hkbi –silsi‘ aut ae ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi. Tmns study ns prnlonpkccy oaloirlid wntm tmi praoissis fy wmnom, ear ixkhpci, tmi ixnstiloi ae –spnrnt‘ ns pridnoktid fy ficnie systihs, wmnom nl turl rivikc sahitmnl` kfaut tmi oalstruots kld eulotnals ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. Ks k oahpkrktnvi study ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals kld tmi ficnie systihs tmkt oahprnsi suom pirearhklois, nt fioahis passnfci kld kt tnhis lioisskry ta kppcy oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs erah ali sit ae trkdntnals nl ardir ta nccuhnlkti praoissis disornfid nl atmir trkdntnals. Tmirieari kt vkrnaus panlts, tmns study prapasis oahpkrktnvi klkcysis ae kistmitnos, oashaca`nis, kld tiomlaca`nis ae tmi vkrnaus pirearhkloi trkdntnals tmkt kri nlvistn`ktid. Ear ixkhpci, nt ns kppkrilt tmkt k prnhkry oaloirl nl _tklnsckvsbn s "

warb wks tmi sikrom ear wkys ta kooiss tmi –oriktnvi ihatnals‘ kld tmi –uloalsonaus afgiotnvis‘ ae omkrkotirs kld pirearhirs. Ocikrcy nl trkloi prkotnois ìlirkccy tmisi kri kcsa omnie oaloirls ‟ tmi pirearhid kots kri siil ta fi –drnvil‘ ar –nlspnrid‘ fy spnrnts, iltntnis ar stnhucn. Nt hky kcsa fi passnfci ta lati tmi vkrnaus –afgiotnvis‘ tmkt trkloi pirsalkcntnis ar iltntnis passiss kld strnvi ear nl tminr hklneistktnals ‟ tmi –supir-afgiotnvis‘ ae suom iltntnis. Omkllicnl` nl tmi Liw Kì Tmns study oalsndirs tmi trkdntnals ae

–omkllicnl` ‘ tmkt

mkvi fiil `rauldid nl

tmi Liw Kì ar Muhkl Zatiltnkcs havihilt ae tmi ;>0:s alwkrds ks pirearhkloi trkdntnals tmkt mkvi oktirid ta kld sirvid k pkrtnouckr kudniloi fksi fy ihpcaynl` k oucturkccy dienlid rmitarnokc prkotnoi. Gust ks ulnvirsntnis kld atmir iduoktnalkc ar`klnsktnals sicc blawcidì ‟ nl oaltihparkry pkrckloi –nlearhktnal‘ ‟ ks sirvnoi pravndirs, sa oaltihparkry omkllics sicc tmi prahnsi ae pravnsnal ae

–kutmarntktnvi ‘

–pikoi

ae hnld ‘ tmrau`m tmi

kdvnoi. Omkllics okl fi sknd ta kooiss enicds tmkt kri

snhnckr ta wmkt _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` rieirrid ta ks –silsi hihary‘. Omkllics okl kcsa fi siil ta pirearh –drkhktno partrkykcs‘ ae huctnpcnonty kld trklsearhktnal, ks dihalstrktnals tmkt tmi –ulblawl‘ okl fi frau`mt uldir oaltrac nl k oaapirktnvi krrklìhilt. 5 Tmns oaapirktnvi ndikc ns hast stral`cy ixprissid nl tmi micd latnals tmkt omkllics –fcild‘ wntm iltntnis, rktmir tmkl finl` oalsndirid ta fi –passissid‘ fy spnrnts.0

5 0

Frawl, Hnomkic E. (;>>0). Tmi Omkllicnl` Wali7 Khirnokl _pnrntukcnty nl kl Klxnaus Kì . Okhfrndì, Mkrvkrd Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. ;=?-;=4. Mu`mis, Duriil G. (;>>;). –Fcildnl` wntm kl Atmir7 Kl Klkcysns ae Trkloi Omkllicnl` nl tmi Ylntid _tktis.‘ Itmas ;>(6) Guli ;>>;7 pp. ;5;-;=4.

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Nl klkcysnl` tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` nt fioahis nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi pkrkccics fitwiil tmi tmirkpiutno kld kistmitno itmas, pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘. Nl tmi pirearhklois ae omkllicnl`, tmirkpiutno kld kistmitno nhpirktnvis nltirsiot praduonl` k cnhnlkc stkti wmirinl tmi –mikcnl`‘ praoiss ns prahnsid ar ixpiotid ta aoour. Tmisi cnhnlkc stktis kri sufgiot ta vkcuktnals ae oridnfncnty kld kutmarnty tmkt kri hiksurid fy tmi di`riis ae –atmir-liss‘ ixmnfntid fy tmi omkllic kld tmi piroinvid –wnsdah‘ ae tmi hisskìs nhpkrtid wmncst nl tmi omkllicnl` stkti. Tmi oalsndirktnal ae tmi ioalahno eulotnals ae omkllicnl` pirearhklois rivikcs snhnckr tilsnals ta tmi piroinvid ricktnalsmnp fitwiil tmiktri pirearhklois kld oahhironkcnsh nl hkly oucturkc trkdntnals. Ziroiptnals ae –sice `knl‘ aetil nlecuiloi tmi vkcuktnals ae oridnfncnty kld kutmarnty tmkt kri kppcnid ta suom pirearhklois ‟ nldnoktnals ae –kctrunsh‘ aetil min`mtil piroiptnals ae oridnfncnty kld kutmarnty. Hkly ae tmi orntnonshs ae omkllics –hkrbitnl` strkti`nis‘ kri rieciotid nl "

tmiktri orntnonshs, pkrtnouckrcy nl ricktnal ta latnals ae krt kld oahhironkcnty. Tmiy kri ocikrcy fatm pirearhkloi prkotnois. Omkllicnl` kld trkloi pirearhkloi, cnbi oalviltnalkc pirearhkloi, kri `rauldid nl tmi trkdntnals kld prkotnois ae rmitarno, tmi krt kld orket tmiriae.

_ahi orntnos ae omkllicnl` panlt ta tildilonis khal`st prkotntnalirs ar –iltntnis‘ ta ìlirkccy ixironsi k –riciltciss eaous al muhkl ulnvirskcs‘ rktmir tmkl –hkbi orntnokc gudìhilts tmkt micp ta dnsoirl wmitmir ali ndik ns fittir tmkl klatmir‘. Mawivir, tmns prafcih fioahis hast skcnilt wmil tmi omkllicid iltntnis oahi ta fi ri`krdid ks pravndirs ar saurois ae dienlntnvi –sacutnals‘ ‟ wmil suom prkotnois kri ixpiotid ta pravndi –klswirs‘. _uom orntnonshs oahpcknl ae kl –afsissnal wntm sice‘ tmkt sufgu`ktis tmi oaloirls ae tmi frakdir oahhulnty. Fy danl` sa, suom orntnonshs su`ìst tmi passnfncnty tmkt tmiri hn`mt fi sahi filient nl –kppcynl` omkllicnl` s "

nlsn`mts ta tmi sacutnal ae saonkc prafcihs‘. = Tmisi orntnonshs, mawivir, snhpcy rinlearoi tmi ficnie systihs tmkt tmiy kttihpt ta orntnokccy ri`krd, kld siih ta earìt tmkt suom prkotnois apirkti al ali kspiot ae muhkl ixpirniloi ‟ tmi nldnvndukc ixpirniloi ae –ihpawirhilt‘. Tmi saonkc ixpirniloi ns k dneeirilt kld hari mn`mcy liàtnkfci praoiss ‟ ali tmkt ns oalstkltcy oaltistid. Ketir kcc, tmi ocnilts kld kudnilois ae omkllicnl` pirearhklois da lat pkrt wntm tminr haliy nl ardir ta hkbi –tmi warcd‘ k fittir pckoi ‟ mawivir huom tmkt hn`mt fi ocknhid nl tmi rmitarno ‟ fut rktmir ta hkbi –tminr warcd‘ ar tminr ixpirniloi ae tminr warcd hari –hiklnlèuc‘ ar pkcktkfci. Ta ixpiot =

Frawl.7 pp. ;=5-;==.

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4>

Valkcda Haricas

ali –iltnty‘ ar ali ekoit ae muhkl ixpirniloi ta –ouri‘ kcc nccs ns snhpcy avircy ndikcnstno, kld mnlts ae k riturl ta pri-hadirl ricn`nasnty. Oahhulntnis kri oriktid fy nldnvndukcs kotnl` nl oaloirt wntm atmirs, lat fy –hkps‘ pravndid fy –supirlkturkc finl`s ‘ rivikcid nl pirearhkloi. Omkllic Nlduotnals Tmi tirh –stktis ae oalsonausliss‘ rieirs ta tmi qukcntnis ae kld tmi omklìs nl piroiptnal kld ihfadnhilt, tmi trklsearhktnals nl tmi hklneistid earh. Ear tmi durktnal ae k pirearhkloi, kl kotar ks k praeissnalkc krtnskl suspilds tminr ixnstnl` ar kotukc pirsalkcnty, tmi larhktnvicy kdgustid pirsalkcnty, ks pkrt ae tmi oaltrkot nhpcnont nl tmi raci ae pirearhir. Tmi kotar suspilds tminr –larhkc‘ kots ae ndiltnenoktnal ‟ tminr silsi ae sice ns ripckoid durnl` pirearhkloi. Nl tmns wky, tmi earhs kld tmi starnis ae tmi kotar s oucturi kri kooissid2 kld tmi blawcidì ae tmi pkrtnouckr saonity kld irk "

kri ihfadnid. Ear nlstkloi, tmi hksb ns k trkdntnal tmkt ns pkssid al erah ali ìlirktnal ta klatmir2 k trkdntnal tmkt warbs wntm dneeirilt stktis ae oalsonausliss ‟ vkrnaus pmysnokc kld psyomaca`nokc omkrkotirnstnos tmkt kri kfsarfid tmrau`m tmi hksb kld ixprissid nl tmi pirearhir s fady. Nl enldnl` tmi stktis wmiri tmi hksb ns hkdi "

prisilt, ixnstilt kld kcnvi, ali enlds tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘ tmkt _tklnsckvsbn disornfid ‟ tmi panlt wmirinl tmi pirearhir kooissis kld ns nhfuid fy tmi earh ae tmi hksb ar tmi omkrkotir. Hari tmkl gust finl` tmi nldnvndukc ixpirniloi ae tmi muhkl ar`klnsh s frknl, tmi "

hnld pkrtnonpktis nl aur oalsuhhkti rikcnty ‟ tmi oucturkc, saonkc, ioalahno, pmysnokc, psyomaca`nokc rikcnty. Tmi frknl ìlirktis tmi hnld wmnom pkrtnonpktis nl tmi oalsilsus –autir‘ warcd ‟ tmi –`raup hnld‘, tmi oacciotnvi nlticcnìloi kld eulotnal. Tmi nldnvndukc hnld pkrtnonpktis nl kld supparts tmkt oalstruot ar ixnstiloi. Tmi nldnvndukc hnld ns ricnklt al tmi autir warcd nl ali earh ar klatmir, oalstkltcy nlvacvid nl liàtnktnal kld oaltistktnal. Tmi –trikty‘ tmkt praduois oalsilsus rikcnty ns kcwkys uldir oalsndirktnal kld uldirànl` omklì. Oalsilsus rikcnty ns tmi rikcnty tmkt wi –blaw‘ ar tmkt wi ficnivi wi blaw.

Pmil wi piroinvi kld ixpriss tmi –lkrrktnsktnal‘ ae ixpirniloi, wi –hkbi silsi‘ ae aur ixnstiloi. Tmrau`m tmi –lkrrktnvi‘, tmi alànl` vanoi nlsndi ae us kld tmi ixioutnvi eulotnal ar wntliss wntmnl us, wi hkrb aur –prisiloi‘ nl oalsilsus rikcnty wmiri wi pkrtnonpkti ks kl ihfadnid pirsalkcnty ear ìlirkccy krauld ;6 ta 6: maurs ae ikom dky ‟ aur –wkbnl` maurs‘. Pi sky kld ixpiot tmkt tmi –larhkc‘ pirsalkcnty ns Trkloi Earhs

9:

Valkcda Haricas

prisilt nl tmasi wkbnl` maurs, kld ns –uloalsonaus‘ wmil tmi ar`klnsh sciips. Pi –ixpirniloi‘ drikhs nl aur nllir warcd ‟ aur –nllir rikcnty‘. Tmisi kri tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt wi kri hast ekhncnkr wntm.

Tmiri ns kcsa tmi rikcnty wmnom ns tmi –kistmitno rikcnty‘ ‟ tmi rikcnty ae aur hytms, aur starnis, aur iltirtknlhilt, aur smkrid lkrrktnvis, aur oyfirspkois. Tmns ns k rikcnty tmkt ixnsts avir kld fiyald tmi ar`klnsh s ixnstiloi. Tmns ns k hidnuh tmkt ns autsndi "

tmi ixnstiloi ae kly snlùckr nldnvndukc, kld ns ricnklt upal tmi krtiekots ae aur oucturi ‟ aur sonilois, aur il`nliirnl`, kld aur nldustrnis wmnom praduoi suom ntihs ks UOVs sa tmkt wi okl vniw tmi vndiatkpis tmkt smaw tmi enchs tmkt ticc tmi starnis ae aur smkrid muhklnty.

Tmi raci ae tmi silsi ae –sice‘ nl pirearhkloi prkotnois suom ks hksb kld omkllicnl` ns oalsndirid ta fi ali ae –lal-nltireiriloi‘. Tmi silsi ae –cittnl` à‘ tmkt ns dihkldid ae tmi pirearhir nl nhpravnsid pirearhkloi rknsis tmi nssui ae tmi –ixioutnvi eulotnal‘ kld nts raci nl oriktnvi warb. Tmi praoiss ae –cittnl` à‘ ns k praoiss wmirinl kspiots ae tmi –larhkc‘ nldnvndukc pirsalkcnty kri dnssaonktid erah tmi ixpirniloi ae pirearhnl` ‟ kotnvnty hatnvktid fy tmi –larhkc‘ sice kri oalsndirid ta fi nlmnfntary ta tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi oriktnvi stkti. Tmirieari quistnals krnsi ks ta wmkt civic ae pripkrktnal ns lioisskry nl ardir ear tmi pirearhir ta kooiss tmi oriktnvi stkti. [uistnals kcsa krnsi ks ta maw –spaltkliaus‘ k trkloi pirearhkloi hust fi ear nt ta fi lat oalsndirid –oaltrnvid‘.

Tmisi quistnals kri ae pkrtnouckr nhpartkloi nl oalsndirnl` tmi prkotnoi ae –omkllicnl`‘ kld atmir trkloi pirearhklois wmirinl tmi piroiptnal ae tmi oahhulnoktnal sauroi nhpkots upal tmi rioiptnal ae tmi pirearhkloi hisskì. Khal`st k rklì ae latnals oalsndirid, nt hn`mt fi krùid tmkt tmi kot ae omkllicnl` kooissis pkrtnouckr earhs ae nlticcnìloi wmnom hky fi ihfadnid ar dnsihfadnid2 earhs ae nlticcnìloi wmnom kri oalsndirid ta ixnst nl rikchs kld dnhilsnals tmkt wi fi`nl ta kooiss wmil wi kttild ta afgiots, `kzi aut nlta spkoi, spiouckti al ixpirniloi, ar rihihfir starnis. Nt hn`mt kcsa fi ocknhid tmkt tmi omkllic snhpcy oalliots ta kl nlticcnìloi tmkt ns kvknckfci ta tmih. Tmns eulotnals ks kl nlticcnìloi tmkt ns nl –tmi fkob ae tmi mikd‘ fiyald tmi silsi ae sice kld nts cnhnts. Nl tmns latnal, tmi omkllic ns kooissnl` hari tmkl gust kl kspiot ae tminr sice fiokusi tmkt silsi ae sice ns lioisskrncy cnhntid kld oaldntnalkc. Tmi kotar passissis k silsi ae sice wmnom

Trkloi Earhs

9;

Valkcda Haricas

dais lat kttihpt ta nltireiri wntm tmi pirsalkcnty partrkyid nl pirearhkloi. Kl kotar wma pckys Mkhcit, ear ixkhpci, hust rikom fiyald tmi staris ae hihary kssaonktid wntm tminr –larhkc‘ nldnvndukc pirsalkcnty ta tmi staris ae –oucturkc hihary‘ tmkt nlearh tmi ihfadnhilt ae tmi raci. _nhnckrcy, tmi omkllic ns oalsndirid ta ihfady k pkrtnouckr earh tmkt ihirìs erah oucturkc hihary. Nt mks fiil su`ìstid fy omkllics tmkt wmkt tmiy kooiss kri hklneistktnals ae k –spnrntukc hkstir wntmnl‘ ‟ kl –kromitypi‘ kld k raci wmnom ocikrcy nlearhs tmi ihfadnhilt. Tmi hklneistid stkti ae oalsonausliss oalsnsts ae wkys ae piroinvnl` kld ixprissnl` ixpirniloi, kld nt ns tmrau`m tmisi enctirs tmkt tmi omkllicid oahhulnoktnal oahis nlta ixnstiloi.

Tmi latnal ae –nlticcnìloi‘ liid lat fi cnhntid ta tmi kotnvntnis ae tmi nldnvndukc muhkl frknl. Pntmnl tmi snl`ci ar`klnsh, nlticcnìloi okl hklneist nl hari tmkl gust tmi –hiltkc‘ dnhilsnal. Nlticcnìloi ns starid nl ali ae tmi vkrnaus earhs kld hidnk ae daouhiltktnal tmkt wi utncnsi kld rioa`lnsi, rikdy ta fi kooissid fy oalsonaus finl`s tmkt kri kfci ta uldirstkld nt. Pmil wi kooiss kld utncnsi nlticcnìloi, tmil wi kri kfci ta fi oalsonaus ae nt. Okl nt fi sknd tmkt tmi mkrd drnvi ae k oahputir ns kl nlticcnìloi1 Nt okl fi oalsndirid ta fi kl nlticcnìloi wmil suntkfci mkrdwkri ns –pawirid up‘ kld wmil saetwkri tmkt praduois trkois ae wmkt wi waucd rioa`lnsi ks nlticcnìloi ns apirktnl` al nt. Nlticcnìloi nlvacvis hihary starkì kld riokcc, nlearhktnal praoissnl`, kld tmi kfncnty ta fi oriktnvi. Nlticcnìloi ns hklneistid nl tmi rikchs ae tmi bnlkistmitno, sonilois, krts, mnstary, furikuorkoy, hncntkry, hystnonsh, ioalahy, tmiaca`y, pmncasapmy, pacntnokc, kld atmir earhs ae blawcidì. Ks suom nt ns starid nl vkrnaus enicds kld krtiekots, ks wicc ks nl tmi oiccuckr struoturis ae tmi ar`klnsh. Nlticcnìloi ns snhpcy k praduot ae piroiptnal kld ixpirniloi.

Nt hky fi passnfci ta hknltknl k silsi ae rktnalkcnty nl oalsndirnl` tmi latnal tmkt omkllicnl` kooissis suom earhs ae nlticcnìloi nl tmi trkloi stkti. Pmil tmi praduots ae omkllicnl` kri ixkhnlid, nt ns passnfci ta oalsndir tmi omkllicid oahhulnoktnals ks k warb ae krt ar soniloi, ks k praduot ae kl ihfadnid stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ fy klkcysnl` tmi eulotnalkc, syhfacno kld dnsoursnvi vkcuis oaltknlid wntmnl. Nl tmi silsi tmkt k drkhktno omkrkotir okl ixnst wntmnl tmi warcd ae tmi pirearhkloi, k omkllicid –iltnty‘ ixnsts wntmnl tmi oalviltnals ae tmi omkllic s pirearhkloi. Tmi –iltnty‘ ixnsts "

nl tmi skhi wky tmkt k drkhktno –hksb‘ ixnsts ‟ ks fatm k patiltnkc ear kld k risuct ae ihfadnhilt fy tmi pirearhir. Tmi nlvabid iltnty okl ixnst ks k –ocasid systih‘ stkti tmkt ìlirktis k dnstnlot silsi ae ndiltnty. Tmi omkllic prkotntnalir ns ieeiotnvicy

Trkloi Earhs

96

Valkcda Haricas

pirearhnl` erah k –oriktnvi stkti‘ tmkt ilkfcis tmi kooissnl` ae earhs ae nlticcnìloi erah oucturkc hihary.

Ali nhpartklt kspiot ae tmi trkloi stkti ns tmi ixpirniloi ae –dnssaonktnal‘. Mawivir, lat kcc trkloi stktis nlocudi tmi icihilt ae dnssaonktnal, ks ivndilt nl tmi latnal ae tmi –cn`mt‘ trkloi. Nl tmi cn`mt trkloi stkti, tmi prkotntnalir ns siil ks kfci ta kccaw kl ixprissnal ae k stkti ae oalsonausliss dnstnlot erah tminr –larhkc‘ stkti wmncst hknltknlnl` tmkt –larhkc‘ stkti, wmnom ns kwkri fut lat kotnvi nl tmi ixprissnvi kot2 tmi prkotntnalir dais lat ixpirniloi khlisnk nl ricktnal ta tmi ixprissnvi kot.

Dnssaonktnal ns k –drnet‘ kwky erah tmi –larhkc‘ kld –ekhncnkr‘ wkys ae ixpirnilonl` kld piroinvnl` ixnstiloi. Tmi drikh-cnbi stkti fitwiil wkbnl` kld sciipnl` ns aetil oalsndirid ta fi k ockssno trkloi stkti, wntm nts awl hadis ae ixpirniloi, vkcuis kld ca`no. Nl tmisi oaldntnals, ali dahnlklt kspiot ae tmi nldnvndukc pirsalkcnty kld lkturi ns sipkrktid ar dnsganltid erah tmi tatkcnty ae ixpirniloi, erah tmi ixpirniloi ae ixioutnvi eulotnal. > Tmi latnal ae ixioutnvi eulotnal ns k eauldktnal ear aur hiksuris kld gudìhilts ae –sklnty‘. ;: Tmi –dnssaonktnal‘ pmilahilal ns pkrt ae aur priaooupktnal wntm tmi –pirsalkcnty‘ kld tmi –sice‘ ‟ tmi –nldnvndukc‘. Tmiri ns oirtknlcy k ckob ae oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs ta oapi wntm nt, atmir tmkl fy pktmaca`nsktnal ar kistmitnonsktnal ‟ ks nl Huctnpci Zirsalkcnty Dnsardir kld trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmiri ns k ckob ae kdgusthilt kld kdkptkfncnty nl oalsndirnl` tmasi ixpirnilois ‟ hkbnl` tmih ixtrk-ardnlkry ks ixpirnilois. Dnssaonktnvi stktis kri nldnoktnvi ae trkloi stktis fiokusi nt ns tmiri tmkt tmi –larhkc‘ ixpirniloi ns suspildid, kld tmi kppkrilt qukcnty kld vnvndliss ae drikh-cnbi kld trkloi-cnbi stktis kri nlvabid hast pawireuccy.

Tmi nlduotnal utncnsid fy tmi omklliccnl` prkotntnalir ns tmi pripkrktnal ae tmi silsi ae sice, ear tmi dnssaonktnal riqunrid nl tmi ihfadnhilt ae k dneeirilt stkti ae oalsonausliss. Aetil, tmi pripkrktnal nlvacvis tmi nhkì ae tmi –sice‘ stkldnl` ksndi ar nl sahi wky kccawnl` k dneeirilt pirsalkcnty ta tkbi tmi pckoi ae tmi ixioutnvi eulotnal. _uom vnsukcnsktnals sirvi ta sn`lkc tmi trklsearhktnal erah ali stkti ae oalsonausliss ta klatmir.

Tmisi pirearhkloi trkdntnals kri, nl kddntnal, oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm klatmir sit >

ae

pirearhkloi

nhpirktnvis,

`rauldid

nl

latnals

ae

–trklsearhktnal‘.

Nfnd.

Trkloi Earhs

9?

Valkcda Haricas

Trklsearhktnal ns tmi fksns ae tmiktri kld trkloi. Tmi oaloirls ae trkloi pirearhkloi ns tmi trklsearhktnal ae sahi uldisnrid pirsalkc ar saonkc icihilt. Tmi oaloirl ae oaltihparkry omkllics ns trklsearhktnal tawkrds tmi –mn`mir sice‘. Trklsearhktnal ns fatm tmi praoiss kld tmi oaltilt. Trkloi ns kl nlstruhilt ear tmi pirearhkloi kld piroiptnal ae trklsearhktnals. ;; Tmisi trklsearhktnals kri ieeiotid upal tmi pirearhir ta `nvi rnsi ta tmi –iltntnis‘ kld tmi liw lkrrktnvis aeeirid wntmnl tmi –mikcnl`‘ praoissis ae omkllicnl` trkdntnals, ks wicc ks tmi –omkrkotir‘ oahpcixis ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` aeeirid tmi _ystih ar Hitmad ks k wky ae kooissnl` tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘ ta frnl` kfaut trklsearhktnal al tmi stkì, omkllics aeeir tminr warb ks k wky ae kooissnl` trklsearhktnalkc –ilir`y‘ tmkt ns oalsndirid ta nccuhnlkti upal dkncy ixnstiloi kld ekoncntkti disnrid trklsearhktnals nl cnei.

Trkloi kld Ihirìlt Oalsonausliss Ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi, nt ns nhpartklt ta klkcysi praoissis ae ndiltnenoktnal kld nltirkotnal tmkt sirvi ta dicnlikti tmi larhktnvi strikhs ae ixpirniloi erah tmi ixtrk-ardnlkry hadis ae finl` tmkt kri oalsndirid ta dipkrt erah larhktnvnty. Nl tmns siotnal, tmisi praoissis kri oalsndirid nl tmi cn`mt ae tminr kdkptnvi eulotnals ‟ ks survnvkc tiomlnquis kld hari. Ta fi`nl ta ulrkvic tmns puzzci, tmns study wncc turl ta k luhfir ae hadics ae oalsonausliss tmkt mkvi fiil earhucktid fy rioilt wrntirs nl tmkt enicd ae study.

Tmi spcnt-frknl studnis oalduotid fy Lafic ckurikti kld psyomafnaca`nst Vaìr Pacoatt _pirry (;>;?-;>>4) fitwiil tmi ;>9:s kld ;>0:s pravndid nldnoktnals tmkt dnstnlot oalsonaus systihs okl kld da divicap wntmnl tmi nldnvndukc frknl. Oirifrkc kotnvnty pkttirls kld nldnvndukc lirvi nhpucsis wiri eauld ta fi praoissid ‟ nlecuiloid kld àvirlid ‟ fy –iloahpkssnl` ihirìlt prapirtnis‘ wmnom wiri tkbil ta oalstntuti –oalsonaus kwkriliss‘. _pirry prapasid k tmiary ae –ihirìlt nltirkotnalnsh‘ tmkt sirvid ta kooault ear oalsonausliss al tmi fksns ae tmi –supirvilnl`‘ nlecuiloi ae k systih avir nts pkrts. Tmi –wmaci‘ ar`klnsh wks okpkfci ae fioahnl` oalsonaus fiokusi, ks _pirry su`ìstid, –nldnvndukc lirvi nhpucsis kld kssaonktid icihiltkc ixontktary ivilts kri afcnìd ta apirkti wntmnl ckrìr onrount-systih oalenùrktnals‘ ae wmnom tmiy kri k pkrt. Tmi –onrount-systih oalenùrktnals‘ ae dnsoriti liurkc ivilts kri ;: ;;

_ii –D_H NU‘. _ii ‟ _omiomlir.7 pp. ;0;-;06.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

tmau`mt ae ks –eulotnalkc iltntnis‘ tmkt mkvi –tminr awl dylkhnos nl oirifrkc kotnvnty wntm tminr

awl

qukcntnis

kld

prapirtnis‘.

Eurtmirhari,

_pirry

oalsndirid

tmisi

oalenùrktnals ta –nltirkot okuskccy wntm ali klatmir …ks iltntnis‘. ;6

Tmi vkcui ae tmi tmiary ae ihirìlt nltirkotnalnsh ear k tmiary ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss, tmkt tmns study mks uldirtkbil ta divicap, cnis nl nts oaloiptukcnsktnal ae kl –ar`klnzktnalkc mnirkromy‘ nl –tmi oacciotid suh ae liurapmysnoa-omihnokc ivilts‘ erah wmnom –oalsonaus pmilahilk‘ ihirì. Nl kddntnal, tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal tmkt suom k –pkttirl‘ ae liurkc ivilts okl oahi ta –eulotnal ks kl iltnty‘ kccaws ear k vniw ae oirifrkc kotnvnty tmkt kooaults ear biy –ar`klnzktnalkc eikturis‘ tmkt okl risuct nl tmi ihirìloi ae tmi –mn`mir ardir pmilahilk ae hiltkc ixpirniloi‘. ;? Tmns study prapasis k eurtmir ar`klnsktnalkc eikturi tmkt sn`lnenokltcy ilmklois tmi oalsacndktnal praoiss ae tmi ihirìloi ae oalsonausliss, tmns eikturi ns tmi ndiltnenoktnal ae tmi –iltnty‘ ‟ tmi lkhnl` ae tmi pmilahilal wmnom aoours kt dneeirilt civics ae ixpirniloi.

Ear nlstkloi, _pirry eauld nl spcnt-frknl studnis tmkt fatm tmi ciet mihnspmiri kld rn`mt mihnspmiri ae tmi frknl mks tmi patiltnkc ta eulotnal ks k –sipkrkti, oa`lntnvi dahknl‘ wntm dnstnlot –piroiptukc, cikrlnl` kld hihary ixpirnilois‘ ‟ –nts awl cikrlnl` praoissis wntm nts awl sipkrkti omknl ae hiharnis‘ ‟ tmkt kri –afcnvnaus ae oarrispaldnl` ivilts nl tmi atmir mihnspmiri‘ kld –nlkooissnfci ta oalsonaus ixpirniloi ae tmi atmir mihnspmiri‘. Tmns su`ìsts tmkt ikom mihnspmiri okl oaloinvkfcy eulotnal ks k dnstnlot –pirsal‘ ne nt wiri ta il`kì nl kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt okl praduoi stkfncnsid ndiltnty struoturis ar ‟ ks wks tmi oksi nl tmi sufgiots ae tmi spcnt-frknl studnis ‟ ne tmi ndiltnty struoturi ae tmi sufgiot wks hknltknlid fy tmi eulotnalnl` mihnspmiri. _pirry kddid tmkt mihnspmirno dicnliktnals wiri pirmkps avircy snhpcnstno, mi koblawcidìd tmi passnfncnty tmkt oalsonaus ixpirniloi liid lat fi dienlid fy ciet-rn`mt ar`klnsktnalkc icihilts ‟ tmkt up-dawl, eralt-fkob, kld atmir earhs ae oirifrkc dneeiriltnktnal, caokcnsktnal kld spionkcnsktnal hn`mt fi passnfci. ;4 Tmisi latnals aeeir tmi passnfncnty ta kooault ear euùi-typi ar khlisno-typi ixpirnilois tmkt rildir sahi kspiots ae ixpirniltnkc hiharnis nlkooissnfci ta tmi eulotnalkc –ixioutnvi‘ ae k pirsal. Nl kddntnal, tmi praoiss ae ndiltnenoktnal kppikrs ta

;6

_pirry ;>5>. 7 p. 9?4. Nfnd. 7 pp. 9??-9?9. ;4 _pirry, Vaìr P. (;>=;/;>>?). _ahi Ieeiots ae Dnsoalliotnl` tmi Oirifrkc Mihnspmiris. Lafic Cioturis, Zmysnaca`y ar Hidnonli ;>=;-;>>:. G. I. Cnldstil. _taobmach, Bkracnlsbk Nlstntutit ‟ Lafic Eauldktnal. ;?

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

aoour kt kcc civics ae ixpirniloi. Kcc liurkc ivilts tmkt il`kì kttiltnal tmus fioahi oktiàrnsid nl ixioutnvi kld riùcktnvi apirktnals.

Klatmir Lafic ckurikti, liurasoniltnst kld fnapmysnonst @irkcd Idichkl, disornfid

suom

praoissis

ae

oktiàrnsktnals

ks

aoourrilois,

ae

siciotnvi

dnsornhnlktnal ae afgiots ar ivilts, tmkt kri ricktid ta kl ar`klnsh s kfncnty ta kdkpt. "

Idichkl oalsndirid suom praoissis ta aoour al dneeirnl` civics ae oahpcixnty. Kt tmi snhpcist civics ae apirktnals kri tmi aoourrilois ae –piroiptukc oktiàrnzktnal‘ ‟ fksno sylkptno kssaonktnals kld kotnvntnis nl rispalsi ta stnhucn ar sn`lkcs tmkt risuct nl silsarnkc, dnriot ar kutahktno ixpirnilois. Klatmir civic ae apirktnals ns siil ks k praoiss ae –oaloiptukc oktiàrnzktnal‘ wmnom riqunris tmi nlvacvihilt ae hihary sits ‟ oahpcix litwarbs ae sylkptno kssaonktnals kld kotnvntnis ‟ tmkt hky fi oalstruotid erah privnauscy praoissid praduots ae piroiptukc oktiàrnsktnal. Tmisi apirktnals hkrb tmi tmrismacds ae k –prnhkry oalsonausliss‘ wmnom Idichkl disornfid ks –klnhkc‘ ixpirniloi.

Tmrau`m eurtmir kld hari oahpcix aoourrilois ae oktiàrnsktnals, wmnom nl muhkl finl`s mks fiil `riktcy ekoncntktid fy k divicapid okpkonty ear cklùkì, tmi nldnvndukc kld `raup ar`klnsh okl oahi ta fi ildawid wntm –syhfacno hihary‘. Tmns ildawhilt hkrbs tmi tmrismacd ae tmi kfncnty ta il`kì nl ivir-nloriksnl` oahpcix hiklnl`-hkbnl`

praoissis

wmnom

Idichkl

rieirrid

ta

ks

–mn`mir-ardir

oalsonausliss‘ ‟ tmrau`m wmnom tmi ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi ae k silsi ae –sice‘ kld –tmi warcd‘ ns hkdi passnfci nl k oaltixt ae –pkst‘ kld –euturi‘. ;9 Idichkl oalsndirid tmi fksns ae syhfacno hihary ta fi eauld nl tmi okpkonty ta praoiss kld ar`klnsi spktna-tihparkccy ardirid sits ae oktiàrnsktnals ae ivilts ks –soilis‘ ‟ ardirid kooardnl` ta vkcui systihs tmkt kri smkpid nl kl alànl` cikrlnl` praoiss.

;5

Tmus, tmi

ixpirniloi ae mn`mir-ardir oalsonausliss sirvis ks kl kfncnty ta praoiss kld ar`klnsi oaloiptukc kld syhfacno hadics tmkt ilkfci tmi ar`klnsh ta apirkti fiyald alànl` piroiptukc ixpirniloi. Tmns kfncnty ta hadic tmi pkst, prisilt, euturi, tmi sice, kld tmi warcd ns ieeiotnvicy fksid al tmi okpkonty kld prapilsnty ear oalstruotnl` lkrrktnvis ‟ soilis ‟ aut ae ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi.

Zsyomaca`nst Gucnkl Gkylis (;>6:-;>>0) pravabid k `rikt dikc ae oaltravirsy wntm tmi pufcnoktnal ae Tmi Arn`nl ae Oalsonausliss nl tmi Frikbdawl ae tmi Fnokhirkc ;9

Idichkl, @irkcd (;>>6). Frn`mt Knr, Frnccnklt Enri7 Al tmi Hkttir ae tmi Hnld. Liw ârb, Fksno Faabs.7 pp. =0, ;69.

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Hnld nl ;>05. Gkylis su`ìstid tmkt sufstkltnkc qukcntktnvi dneeirilois kri ivndilt

fitwiil tmi silsktnals ae kìloy kld sufgiotnvnty nl tmi muhkl –hiltkcnty‘ ae tmi klonilts ‟ prnar ta ?::: yikrs kà ‟ ta tmkt nl tmi hadirl typi ae oalsonausliss tmkt wi ixpirniloi law. Kooardnl` ta Gkylis, tmisi dneeirilois wiri fksid al tmi hkllirs nl wmnom tmi ciet kld rn`mt mihnspmiris ae tmi frknl apirktid kld nltirkotid, kld risuctid nl hkgar dneeirilois nl tmi ixpirniloi kld kttrnfutnal ae kutmarnty, kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty fy nldnvndukcs kld `raups ae ikom irk ‟ kooaultnl` ear tmi ixpirnilois ae kutmarnsktnal kld passissnal, –àds‘ kld –vanois‘ hkdi passnfci fy tmi –fnokhirkc‘ hnld ae nldnvndukcs nl tmasi –fnokhirkc‘ onvncnsktnals. Tmisi oalocusnals wiri dirnvid erah Gkylis klkcysis ae Mahir s Ncnkd kld Adyssiy ks wicc ks atmir "

"

ixkhpcis ae klonilt cntirkturi, kld kppkrilt oaloiptukcnsktnals ae tmi tnhi suom ks tmi latnal ae psyomi .;0

Nl kttihptnl` ta ixkhnli tmi syhfacno hihary ae tmi klonilts tmrau`m tmi rioardid lkrrktnvis kld nhkìrnis tmkt aur awl irk mks nlmirntid, Gkylis wks ekoid wntm tmi prafcih ae k mypatmisns tmkt ieeiotnvicy oaucd lat fi virnenid usnl` tmi oksis tmkt mi mkd divicapid mns tmiary wntm. Mawivir, Gkylis wks kfci ta hkbi k hari sufstkltnkc oaltrnfutnal ta tmi uldirstkldnl` ae oalsonausliss tmrau`m mns kpprakom al tmi prafcih tmkt wks fksid al tmi latnal ae –lkrrktnzktnal‘. ;= Ear Gkylis, tmi –N‘ kld tmi –hi‘ fioahi –tmi hknl enùris nl tmi starnis ae aur cnvis‘ ‟ kl –alànl` stary‘ tmkt ns –spktnkcnzid nlta k gaurliy‘ kld tmkt sirvis ks k fksns ear kooaultnl` ear –klytmnl` wi mkppil ta enld aursicvis danl`‘ ks wicc ks –ivirytmnl` icsi nl oalsonausliss‘. Nl tmns wky, Gkylis kooaultid ear oalsonausliss ntsice –ks kl apirktnal, rktmir tmkl k tmnl`, k ripasntary, ar k eulotnal‘ ‟ fy wmnom tmi –hitkpmarnokc spkoi‘ ae tmi sice kld tmi warcd ns oalstruotid. ;> Gkylis krùid tmkt tmi praoiss ae lkrrktnsktnal ihpcayid fy kly nldnvndukc ar `raup ditirhnlis tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi warcd kld –rikcnty‘ tmkt oahis ta fi micd ks tmi dienlntnals ae ixnstiloi fy wmnom hiklnl` ns dirnvid.

Fy tmisi hadics, nt ns passnfci ta sii tmi praoissis fy wmnom oalsonausliss ihirìs. Ta nlvistn`kti tmi praoissis fy wmnom stktis ae oalsonausliss kri praduoid, nt ns lioisskry ta divicap tmi oaloipt ae –lkrrktnzktnal‘ eurtmir. Erah tmisi hadics ae oalsonausliss, nt ns kcsa passnfci ta sii tmi praoissis fy wmnom nldnvndukc kld `raup dienlntnals ae ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi kri smkpid, earhucktid kld enxid. ;5

Nfnd.7 pp. ;;=-;?9. Gkylis, Gucnkl (;>05). Tmi Arn`nl ae Oalsonausliss nl tmi Frikbdawl ae tmi Fnokhirkc Hnld . Fastal, Mau`mtal Hneecnl.7 pp. 66?-?;?. ;= Nfnd.7 pp. 6>, 56-55, 6;0-6;>. ;> Nfnd.7 pp. 56-55. ;0

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Tmns kccaws tmi oalstruotnal ae k somihk ear oahprimildnl` tmi praoissis fy wmnom stktis ae oalsonausliss kri ixpirniloid kld hknltknlid. Tmi kot ae lkrrktnsktnal ‟ tmi –tmau`mt praoiss‘ ‟ wncc fi siil ta fi oiltrkc ta suom stktis.

Enùri ?7 K somihk hadic ae ihirìlt oalsonausliss fksid al tmi warb ae _pirry (;>5>-;>=;), Gkylis (;>05), kld Idichkl (;>>6).

Tmi oalstruotnal ae k lkrrktnvi iltkncs tmi ar`klnsktnal ae nlearhktnal nlta k earh tmkt ns rioardid ks hihary sits nl vkrnaus earhs kld hidnk. Ocikrcy tmi praoiss disornfid miri ns lat sacicy oaloirlid wntm tixtukc nlearhktnal, fut wntm kcc rioards ae ixpirnilois kld nhkìs nl hihary ‟ nlstikd ae lkrrktnsktnal, nt ns usieuc ta oalsndir praoissis ae kssaonktnal. Tmi koouhucktnal kld kotnvktnal ae suom hihary sits ilkfci tmi ar`klnsh ta fioahi nhk`nlktnvicy kld keeiotnvicy nlvacvid nl tmi nhkìry kld kssaonktnals ‟ tmi soilis ‟ nhpcnid fy tmi nlearhktnal tmkt oahis wntmnl tmi kttiltnalkc erkhi ae tmi ar`klnsh. Tmi nltilsnty ae nlvacvihilt tmkt ns icnontid fy tmi nlearhktnal ditirhnlis tmi di`rii ae kfsarptnal ixpirniloid fy tmi ar`klnsh. Tmns nlvacvihilt ar kfsarptnal ns tmi fksns ae tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns ilkotid kld ihfadnid. Tmus tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt icnont tmi nlvacvihilt ar kfsarptnal kcsa sirvi ta ndiltney tmi typi ae ixpirniloi ar stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns nlduoid. Tmi praoissis ae

Trkloi Earhs

9=

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ndiltnenoktnal sirvi ta oalsacndkti tmi oalsonaus ixpirniloi wntm –kotukc‘ ar atmir ixpirnilois ks tmi –warcd‘ wmirinl pirearhkloi aoours ‟ tmi ixpirniltnkc enicd.

Oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs su`ìstid nl hari rioilt studnis ae oalsonausliss kri kcsa usieuc nl divicapnl` k tmiary ae pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss. Tmi drkets ‘ hadic prapasid fy Dklnic Dillitt (;>>;) 6: kld tmi

–huctnpci

–kutafna`rkpmnokc

sice ‘

hadic prapasid fy Kltalna Dkhksna (;>>>) pravndi usieuc stkrtnl` panlts ear tmns study. Huctnpci virsnals ae tmi kutafna`rkpmnokc sice kri ieeiotnvicy oalstruotid erah tmi tatkc ripasntary ae nldnvndukc kld `raup hiharnis. Tmisi dneeirilt virsnals kri ildawid wntm k rklì ae patiltnkcntnis kooardnl` ta nts oalstruotnal. Ikom virsnal dnspckys pirsalkcnty trknts, nlticcnìloi, blawcidì, saonkc kld oucturkc nlecuilois tmkt hn`mt fi ulnqui ta ntsice, dnstnlùnsmnl` ali virsnal erah klatmir. Tmisi oalstruots kri ar`klnsid nl kld ihirì erah autsndi tmi kttiltnalkc erkhi ae wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi oari kld larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice ‟ ks dnstnlot sits ae kutafna`rkpmnokc hiharnis ar oalstruots2 ikom ns kfci ta prisilt ntsice ks kl afgiot ta tmi –oari sice‘.

6;

Ear ixkhpci, tmi pmilahilal ae –mn`mir wnsdah‘ oahhulnoktid ar ihfadnid nl sahi trkloi prkotnois ns kttrnfutkfci ta tmi muhkl ar`klnsh s prapilsnty ear kdkptktnal "

kld ivacutnal, ear survnvkc nl kcc sarts ae ilvnralhilts2 –wnsdah‘ nl tmns oksi nhpcynl` pirspiotnvis drkwl erah –vnsnal‘ ulilouhfirid fy oahpcixntnis ae dkncy cnei iloaultirid fy tmi larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice (siil ta fi dnssaonktid nl trkloi) ks k bnld ae rinenid ar –kromitypkc‘ vnsnal ae ixtildid oalsonausliss ‟ k bnld ae –oalsoniloi‘ ar blawcidì sauroi. Tmi huctnpci drkets hadic ae oalsonausliss prapasid tmkt piroiptnal aoours ks –pkrkccic, huctntrkob praoissis ae nltirpritktnal kld ickfarktnal‘ sufgiot ta –idntarnkc‘ praoissis, wmnom ynicd –strikhs ae oaltilt‘ tmkt okl ‟ tmau`m lat kcwkys ‟ fi kpprimildid ks –lkrrktnvi erk`hilts‘. 66

Tmus, fy suom apirktnals tmi oalsonaus ar`klnsh oahis ta earhuckti nts ficnie systihs. Tmisi ficnies, nl turl, nlecuiloi tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae tmi pirearhktnvi stkti. Pntm tmi ihfadnid pirearhkloi, tmi ar`klnsh nltirkots wntm atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt tmus ìlirktnl` ar hknltknlnl` pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss erah wmnom eurtmir ficnies kri earhucktid. Nl tmns oyoci, tmi ixpirniltnkc enicd ae tmi

6:

Dillitt.7 pp. ;:;-;?=. Dkhksna, Kltalna V. (;>>>). Tmi Eiicnl` ae Pmkt Mkppils7 Fady kld Ihatnal nl tmi Hkbnl` ae Oalsonausliss. Liw ârb, Mkroaurt Frkoi.7 pp. 664-6?:. 66 Dillitt.7 pp. ;;;-;;?. 6;

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

pirearhkloi ‟ tmi –warcd‘ nl wmnom tmi pirearhir ns nlvacvid ‟ ns pirpituktid ear ks cal` ks tmkt enicd ns hknltknlid, kld ixpirniloid ks k –ocasid systih‘ stkti.

Enùri 47 K –ocasid systih‘ stkti tmkt ìlirktis kl ixpirniltnkc enicd.

Zrafcihs ae larhktnvi oaltnlunty aoour wmil kotnals ar fimkvnaurs kri il`kìd nl tmkt kri diihid ta fi oaltrkdnotary ta k dahnlklt ar –larhkc‘ lkrrktnvi strikh, tmi praoiss ae ndiltnenoktnal fioahis oahpcnoktid fy tmi oaltrkdnotnals wmnom nl turl lioissntktis kl ickfarktid ndiltnenoktnal tmkt sahimaw kooaults ear tmi prisiloi ae suom oaltrkdnotnals. Tmns praoiss ns hast kppkrilt nl tmi pmilahilal ae –dnssaonktnal‘.

Dnssaonktnal ns k hiomklnsh tmkt kccaws tmi prisirvktnal ae k –oari sice‘

oaloipt, fy dnstklonl` oirtknl kotnals, fimkvnaurs ar piroiptnals erah tmkt oari sice ndiltnty struoturi. Tmirieari nt hn`mt fi k lioisskry pkrt ae trkloi ixpirnilois tmkt tmi –larhkc‘ sice ns –suspildid‘ nl ardir ta privilt tmi nlti`rnty ae –larhkc‘ sice-oaloipt erah finl` oahprahnsid ar oahpcnoktid. 6? _ixukc ixpirnilois sahitnhis kri ae k mn`mcy dnssaonktnvi lkturi. Ear tmns riksal, huctnpci pirsalkcnty dnsardirs kld somnzapmrilnk kri aetil trkoid fkob kld kttrnfutid ta ikrcy divicaphiltkc trkuhk ricktid ta sixukc ixpirnilois ae kfusnvi lkturis. Tmisi ixpirnilois trn`ìr ar kotnvkti dnssaonktnvi ekouctnis kld tildilonis nl tmi nldnvndukc. 64 _ixukc ixpirnilois okl sahitnhis siih ta fi ixprissnals ae pirsalkcnty trknts kld omkrkotirnstnos tmkt kri sa ekr rihavid erah ixprissnals ae tmi –larhkc‘ pirsalkcnty kld sice. Tmi nldnvndukc il`kìd kld nhhirsid nl k sixukc ixpirniloi okl sahitnhis fi sknd ta fi –okrrnid 6? 64

Ekrtmnl`.7 pp. 4:-46. Ear ixkhpci, sii Nrwnl ;>>5.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

kwky‘ ar –passissid‘ fy sixukc kld okrlkc disnris ar nhpucsis ‟ tmns ficnis k okpkonty ta nlduoi dnssaonktnvi ekouctnis kbnl ta trkloi. _trksfir` rieirs ta suom ixpirnilois ks –stral` iruptnals ae uloalsonaus nhpucsis‘. 69 Tmus tmi pmilahilal ae dnssaonktnal okl sirvi kl kdkptnvi eulotnal tmkt ns ricktid ta k earh ae –sice‘ prisirvktnal, hkdi lioisskry fy prafcihs ae kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty.

Zrafcihs ae kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty kri eurtmir kddrissid tmrau`m tmi nlvaoktnal ae k `raup-dienlid ndiltnty. Tmi earhktnal ae k siot ar k `raup ns k oahhal aoourriloi nl fatm trkloi kld tmiktri suf-oucturis. @raups tmkt kri earhid al tmi fksns ae smkrid ficnies kri hast nhpartklt wmil tmisi ficnies kri tmi eauldktnal fcaobs ae tmi prkotnois ae tmi nldnvndukcs nl tmi `raup. Ear fatm _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` tmi earhktnals ae tmi Hasoaw _tudnas kld tmi @raup Tmiktri kccawid ear k pmksi ae divicaphilt nl tmi prkotnois tmiy mkd ispausid tmkt oaucd alcy mkvi aoourrid nl tmi oaltixt ae k `raup, kld tmi vkrnaus oucts tmkt kri ixkhnlid nl tmns study dihalstrkti tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt nldnvndukcs mkvi il`kìd nl kri vkcndktid fy k `raup-dienlid ndiltnty. Fy tmns praoiss ae `raup vkcndktnal, kly earhs ae dnssaonktnal tmkt kl nldnvndukc hn`mt ixpirniloi fioahis oaltixtukcnsid fy tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal ae `raup hihfirs wntm tmkt nldnvndukc, tmus

–larhkcnsnl`‘ kly

trkois ae

dnssaonktnvi oahpcnoktnals. Tmi kotnal ar fimkvnaur ae tmi nldnvndukc fioahis kooiptkfci ta k `raup-dienlid

–rikcnty ‘

ks cal` ks nt ns oalsnstilt wntm tmkt `raup „s

afgiotnvis kld nhpirktnvis.

Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi pirearhir okl cnstil ta fatm –nltirlkc‘ kld –ixtirlkc‘ vanois ‟ tmi vanois ae tmi nldnvndukc ar tmi `raup ‟ kld fi oahpiccid ta kot fy tmasi vanois. Tmi civic ae ficnie tmkt wi kccaw kly vanoi ns uctnhkticy aur dionsnal. Nl tmns silsi, tmi ekouctnis ae su`ìstnfncnty kld orntnokc kfncnty okl kld, kt fist, smaucd warb taìtmir. Mawivir hari aetil tmkl lat, ks tmns study wncc smaw, ali ekoucty dahnlktis kt tmi ixpilsi ae tmi atmir. Ear nlstkloi, nt ns kppkrilt tmkt sahi trkloi stktis kri stral`cy –ihatnal-oiltrid‘, nt kppikrs tmi –ihatnal trkloi‘ ns ali civic ae trkloi ixpirniloi, ali earh ae trkloi prkotnoi. Hitmad s –Keeiotnvi "

Hihary‘ kld sahi ixkhpcis ae trkloi pirearhkloi ‟ ear ixkhpci, tmi Brns dkloi nl Fkcn ‟ kooiss suom civics ae oalsonausliss. Keeiotnvi risalkloi kld kfsarptnal sirvi ks kl issiltnkc oahpalilt ae trkloi stktis. Zirearhklois ae suom stktis riqunris k mn`m civic ae 69

–kfkldal ‘

‟ k okpkonty ta kccaw alisice ta fi

–okrrnid

kwky ‘ fy tmi

_trksfir`.7 p. 5.2 --- (;>>=). Tmi Dienlntnal ae Kotnl`. Tmi Cii _trksfir` Tmiktri Nlstntuti.

Trkloi Earhs

5;

Valkcda Haricas

keeiotnvi win`mt ae tmi hahilt kld pirearh wntm tmkt ihatnvi qukcnty. Tmns riqunris k oirtknl civic ae susoiptnfncnty al tmi pkrt ae pirearhir ta tmi keeiotnvi stnhucn ‟ nhkìs kld lkrrktnvis tmkt hust –oahi ta cnei ‘ nl tmi nhk`nlktnvi warcd ae tmi pirearhir. Tmi orntnokc ekoucty ns hast usieuc nl klkcytnokc tksbs, kld hust dahnlkti nl tmi pirearhktnvi hadis tmkt riqunri suom k stkloi2 mawivir, orntnokcnty okl nltireiri wntm atmir pirearhktnvi hadis tmkt hn`mt riqunri k typi ae oriktnvnty tmkt icudis, risnsts ar kvands klkcysns suom ks tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` iltntnis erah –atmir‘ warcds.

Nl tmns study, oalsonausliss ns tkbil ta fi huctn-ckyirid2 mawivir, latnals ae tmi –sufoalsonaus ‘ ar

tmi –uloalsonaus ‘ da lat aeeir k `rikt dikc ae nlsn`mt, fy tminr viry

lkturi, nlta tmi dylkhnos ae trkloi stktis. Tmi –larhkc‘ oalsonausliss ns oahprnsid ae kspiots wmasi eulotnalkcnty rklìs erah hast fksno kld snhpci tksbs ta tmi praoissis tmkt riqunri nloriksnl` di`riis ae oahpcixnty kld rnomliss. _uom stktis ae oalsonausliss kri prisornfid wntmnl tmi saonkc kld oucturkc prkotnois wntm wmnom tmi nldnvndukc ar `raup ndiltnenis. Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi hihary ar oalsonausliss ae tmi `raup tmkt il`kìs kld pirpituktis suom prkotnois. Oucturkc hihary ar –oacciotnvi

oalsonausliss ‘ dais lat ixnst nl kutalahy ae nldnvndukc muhkl

oalsonausliss ixoipt ks –patiltnkc‘. Pmil kotnvktid fy nldnvndukcs wntm oalsonausliss tmkt kri kfci ta kpprimild kld kooiss nt, oucturkc hihary fioahis kotuktid ks –oucturkc oalsonausliss‘. Erah tmns ihirìs suom iltntnis ks kromitypis, stiriatypis, pirsalkcntnis, saonkc oahpcixis, raci hadics, ìldir kld rkoi keenlntnis ar prieirilois, kld atmir oucturkccy-dienlid ekotars.

Nl oalsndirnl` oucturkc hihary kld prkotnois, tmns study fioahis oaloirlid wntm tmi lkturi ae tmisi oalstruots kld tmi eulotnals tmkt cklùkì sirvis nl tminr earhktnal kld pirpituktnal. Cklùkì ns miri oalsndirid ta fi k

–pra`rkhhnl`

taac ‘ ear

oalsonausliss. Tmrau`m aur usi ae cklùkì, wi orikti kld ìlirkti oalsonausliss. Oalsonausliss ns nlmkfntid kld ickfarktid fy syhfacs. Kt tmi skhi tnhi, syhfacs kri ìlirktid fy oalsonausliss. Nl tmi warbnl`s ae oalsonausliss, syhfacs kri tmi iltntnis tmkt praoiss piroiptukc –lansi‘ nlta oaloiptukc hiklnl`s. Oahpcix syhfacs kri ìlirktid fy cklùkì, wmnom ntsice ns k systih ae sn`ls kld syhfacs. Pmnci sahi oahpcix hkomnlis okl ìlirkti syhfacs, nt ns k muì cikp kt tmns stkì ta ocknh tmkt tmiy hn`mt ìlirkti oalsonausliss. Tmi dnstnlotnal fitwiil hkomnli kld muhkl ‟ tmi tmrismacd ae oalsonausliss ‟ okl pirmkps fi caoktid nl tmi okpkonty ae tmi muhkl ta fioahi kl –ixtildid‘ sice. Tmns okpkonty ns eauld nl suom kfncntnis ks ihpktmy kld

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oriktnvnty ‟ tmi kfncnty ta ndiltney ks kld wntm kl –atmir‘. Tmi ixtildid sice ns kl kspiot ae oalsonausliss ‟ tmi ixtildid sice, fy nts lkturi, okl fi eurtmir ixtildid. Tmi ixtildid oalsonausliss ns oalstruotid nl tmi oaursi ae k cneitnhi ‟ tmus, nt ns k syhfacno oriktnal tmkt ns okpkfci ae `rawtm kld dioky. Ixtildid oalsonausliss ns tmirieari ixpirniloid nl patiltnkcnty. Tmi cnhnts ae ixtildid oalsonausliss kri kcsa oalstruotid, tmus wi orikti aur oalsilsukc rikcntnis ‟ aur silsi ae tmi lkturkc kld larhkc. Nl Dkhksna s oaloipt ae tmi kutafna`rkpmnokc sice, tmns okpkonty ta ixtild tmi "

sice ns kooaultid ear ks tmi tildiloy ae tmi –oari sice‘ ta –omklì oaltnluauscy ks k risuct ae ixpirniloi‘. 65

Oalsonausliss ns k trklsntnvi praoiss kld kl ieeiot ae trklsntnvi praoissis. Oalsonausliss risucts erah kl nltirkotnal fitwiil puri uldneeiriltnktid kwkriliss kld ouhucktnvi saonkcnsid kld iloucturktid kwkriliss, risuctnl` erah tmi smkrid syhfacs kssnhncktid nl tmi praoiss ae nltirkotnal wntm atmirs. Ear ixkhpci, kwkriliss ae tmi sice okl alcy risuct erah tmi kssnhncktnal ae k oaloipt ae –sice‘ ks dnstnlot erah k oaloipt ae tmi –atmir‘. Pntmaut suom oaloipts, tmi divicaphilt ae sice-kwkriliss okllat aoour. Nl tmi praoiss ae iloucturktnal, oaloipts kri divicapid nl k bnld ae –oalsilsukcnsid ashasns‘, kfsarfid kld ìlirktid fy hihfirs ae tmkt oucturi, kld eulotnal ks k ditirhnlklt ae tmkt pkrtnouckr oucturkc rikcnty. Tmus nldnvndukcnsid oalsonausliss risucts erah k oalstklt praoiss ae –dnkcaùi‘ wntm kl ixtirlkc ilvnralhilt, tmi divicaphilt ae muhkl oalsonausliss finl` kooicirktid fy tmi divicaphilt ae cklùkì, wmnom kccawid ear kl nloriksi nl qukltnty kld qukcnty ae dnkcaùi. Tmi syhfac ae –sice‘ ns k oucturkc oalstruot, raatid nl cklùkì prioipts. Tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss ntsice ns k oucturkc prioipt, tmi ixpirniloi ae oalsonausliss ns hkdi passnfci fy tmi kssnhncktnal ae suom k prioipt. Tmns kssnhncktnal ns hkdi passnfci fy trklsntnvi praoissis ‟ dnkcaùis ‟ wntm kl ilvnralhilt. Kwkriliss ns puricy fnaca`nokc, wmiriks blawcidì risucts erah suom trklsntnvi praoissis.

Kppcynl` Dkhksna s hadic ae oalsonausliss, nl k trkloi ixpirniloi tmi "

–kutafna`rkpmnokc sice‘ ae tmi pirearhir ns put ksndi wmnci tmi oari sice rihknls nltkot, kld k dneeirilt kutafna`rkpmnokc sice ihirìs ta tihparkrncy ripckoi tmi larhkc ixtildid oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir. _ahi pirearhirs ae trkloi ixpirniloi pkrtnkc ar tatkc khlisnk nl ricktnal ta tmi –kflarhkc ‘ kutafna`rkpmnokc sice, wmnci atmirs kri kfci ta hknltknl tmi kwkriliss ae tmi larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice ks k pkssnvi 65

Dkhksna.7 pp. ;4?-;49, ;06-;05.

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afsirvir wmnci tmi kflarhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice ns nl oaltrac. Tmns praoiss aoours wntmnl tmi ixtildid oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir, erah wmnom fatm larhkc kld kflarhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sicvis ar –hihary sits ‘ ihirì. Kctirlktnvicy nl tmi oksi ae kl kfsiloi ae khlisno syhptahs, tmi larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice hky fi suspildid fut tmi oari sice hknltknls kwkriliss wmncst tmi kflarhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice mks dahnlklt oaltrac2 kld upal tmi rikotnvktnal ae tmi larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice, tmi oari sice ns kfci ta kooiss tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi kflarhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice kld rickti tmkt ta tmi larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice wmnom ns tmil kfci ta nlti`rkti tmi ixpirniloi ks trkloi ‟ ks afgiotnvi blawcidì ‟ kld oaloiptukcnsi tmi ixpirniloi nl tmns wky.

Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi praoiss ae –syhfacnsktnal‘ tmkt oriktis k warcd nlmkfntid fy oalstruots. 60 Tmisi warcds kri fatm nlmirntid kld hadnenid, nl tmi praoissis ae nldnvndukc kld saonkc kdkptktnal. Tmiy passiss k vaokfuckry kld k syltkx ‟ tmiy kri ixprissid ks cklùkì. Tmisi warcds kri tmi pcky `raulds kld `krdil fids ae oalsonausliss. Tmisi warcds kri tmi hikls fy wmnom tmi muhkl ar`klnsh oalstruots hiklnl` aut ae tminr pmysnokc ilvnralhilt ‟ tmi hikls fy wmnom oalsonausliss ns ilrnomid kld divicapid. Tmi ckob ae suom warcds cikds ta nhpavirnsmhilt kld, iviltukccy, stkrvktnal ae oalsonausliss. Ks oalstruots tmiy mkvi tminr awl hiksuri ae trutm ar rikcnty, hiksuris tmkt kri aetil dneenouct ta trklsckti nlta ihpnrnokc tirhs, fut kpprimilsnfci nl kistmitno tirhs. Nl tmns `kp ae hiklnl` ‟ tmi cnhnlkc spkoi ae pirearhkloi ‟ tmi prafcihktno dnvndi fitwiil

–fady ‘ kld

–hnld‘, tmi

sacnd kld ipmihirkc ixpirnilois, ns eauld. Livirtmiciss, tmi ipmihirkc ixpirniloi dihklds kl kooiptkloi ar nltirlkcnsktnal ae nts awl nllkti ca`no nl ardir ear il`kìhilt ta aoour. Tmi praoiss ae syhfacnsktnal iloahpkssis kcc hadis ae kfstrkotnal, kld risucts nl suom pursunts ks soniloi, ricn`nal, krt, oahhiroi, mnstary, spnrntukcnty, pmncasapmy, ndiaca`y, oahhulnoktnal, pacntnos kld kcc atmir oalstruots ae tmi ixpirniltnkc iltnty ks nldnvndukcs ar `raups ‟ nhkìs, hkps kld riprisiltktnals ae ilvnralhiltkc afgiots. Tmus oucturi ns ixpirniloid ks kl ilvnralhiltkc ekotar. Oucturkc –hihary‘ ns ixpirniloid ks tmi oacciotnvi hihary fklb ae k pkrtnouckr oucturi ar `raup.

Oiltrkc ta uldirstkldnl` tmi trkloi ixpirniloi kri tmi k prnarn kssuhptnals tmkt kri micd ri`krdnl` latnals ae ndiltnty. Nl nlstklois suom ks huctnpci pirsalkcnty, drkhktno omkrkotirnsktnal, kld spnrnt omkllicnl`, tmi –larhkc‘ ndiltnty ae kl nldnvndukc 60

Dikoal.7 pp. 6;-6?.

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hn`mt fi siil ta fi –suspildid‘ fy fatm nhpcnont kld ixpcnont oalviltnals. Tmisi oalviltnals kri, euldkhiltkccy, oucturkc oalstruots, fi tmiy soniltneno ar krtnstno. Tmi dnssaonktnvi icihilts kld ieeiots iloaultirid nl suom ixpirnilois rieciot kl nlmirilt liid ta –oahpkrthiltkcnsi‘ ndiltnty struoturis nl ardir ta prisirvi tminr rispiotnvi nlti`rntnis, n.i., tmi lkrrktnvis ihfadnid fy ikom ndiltnty struoturi. Kromitypis, stiriatypis, raci hadics, ìldir, rkoi, keenlntnis kld prieirilois kri kcc icihilts ae ndiltnty struoturis ‟ hkly ae wmnom risndi nl oucturkc hihary ar oacciotnvi oalsonausliss.

Tmns study ri`krds trkloi ks k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc praoiss rktmir tmkl kl –kctirid ‘ stkti

ae oalsonausliss. Tmi –kctirid stktis‘ prafcih ns ullioisskry wmil

tmi kpprakom ta trkloi ns hkdi erah k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc pirspiotnvi. Tmi dktk ‟ tmi sufgiots avirt fimkvnaurs kld virfkc riparts al sufgiotnvi ixpirnilois ‟ okl stkld "

hari enrhcy al tminr awl. 6= _uom dktk ns kcsa ciss sufgiot ta latnals ae

–hystnonsh‘ tmkt

kri nlmirilt nl tmi latnals ae –kctirid stktis ‘, –uloalsonaus ‘, kld –sufoalsonaus ‘. Nl oalsndirnl` trkloi ks k saonkc-psyomaca`nokc praoiss, wi ri`krd tmi latnal ae –raci‘ ‟ ks nt kppcnis ta krtnstno prkotnoi, fut kcsa fiyald tmns ta k huom hari frakd saonkc oaltixt.

Oucturkc hihary, racis, tixts kld sornpts nlecuiloi us erah tmi dky wi kri farl. Tmiy ixnst aut ae kld nl kutalahy ae tmi muhkl ar`klnsh. Kwkriliss nl oaltkot wntm tmisi vkrnaus oalstruots okl ìlirkti vkrnaus earhs ae oalsonausliss. Tmns latnal ns kppkrilt nl tmi viry ndik ae –oalsonausliss‘ ntsice. Nl ri`krdnl` oalsonausliss ks k oucturkc oalstruot, nt ns siil ks k wky ae piroinvnl` k pmilahilal ae lkturi ‟ –oalsonausliss‘ ckfics kl ieeiot ar kl ixpirniloi ae tmi lkturkc warcd. Finl` kfsacuticy sice-riecixnvi nl tmkt nt ns k wky ae piroinvnl` aur wky ae piroinvnl`, –oalsonausliss‘ tmirieari ns k hast prafcihktno oaloipt. Livirtmiciss tmi oaloipt ns k oalstruot ks huom ks kly atmir oaloiptukc erkhiwarb. Tmi praoissis fy wmnom suom oaloipts kld oalstruots fioahi –rikc‘ kri drnvil fy tmi okpkonty ae tmi ar`klnsh ta ficnivi. Tmi ekoucty ear ficnie, ks wntm orntnokc kfncnty, ns k qukcnty ae oalsonausliss. Pi omaasi ta ficnivi wmkt wi ficnivi, ar kri pirsukdid ta ficnivi. Ficnie ns oiltrkc ta tmiktri kld trkloi, ks nt ns oiltrkc ta aur euldkhiltkc cnei-vniws. Pmy wi ficnivi ns ks nhpartklt ks wmkt wi ficnivi. Oucturkc pridnspasntnals kri oiltrkc ta tmisi ditirhnlktnals.

6=

Ekrtmnl`.7 pp. ??5-?0>, ?>:-?>4.

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Ks pkrt ae k oucturkc nlmirntkloi, ear ixkhpci, wi biip _mkbispikri s Mkhcit "

–kcnvi‘ sa cal` ks wi hknltknl kld laurnsm tmi omkrkotir kld tmi trkdntnal. Mkhcit ixnsts autsndi ae kld nldipildilt ae kly ali muhkl finl`, nlocudnl` _mkbispikri kld kly ali kotar wma mks ivir pckyid Mkhcit. Nt ns k –pkrt‘ ‟ kl iltnty ‟ nl aur oucturkc hihary, ear ks cal` ks wi ouctnvkti nts ixnstiloi. Nt ns passnfci ta kttihpt ta ixtnlùnsm _mkbispikri s Mkhcit erah oucturkc hihary, fut pkrkdaxnokccy, tmns waucd hikl "

koblawcid`nl` nts ixnstiloi ta fi`nl wntm nl ardir ta ixtnlùnsm nt. Hari cnbicy, nt waucd –dni‘ ae li`ciot ar n`larkloi, ar nt wncc fi trklsearhid nlta klatmir earh ae tmi ixpirniltnkc sit tmkt wi law okcc –Mkhcit‘ wmnom wncc tkbi nts pckoi nl oucturkc hihary. Mkhcit, tmi iltnty, ixnsts ks k –enicd‘ ar –risalkloi‘2 ks k dnstnlot pirsalkcnty, tmkt ns kcsa k patiltnkcnty ae ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt. Nl ardir ta fi pmysnokcnsid, nt hust fi kotnvktid fy k suntkfcy sbnccid ar`klnsh ‟ k muhkl finl`. Nl patiltnkcnty, Mkhcit ns k lal-pmysnokc iltnty, kl kfstrkot ks huom ks Ckw kld _oniloi kri kfstrkotnals, kotnvktid nl nltirkotnal wntm pmysnokc iltntnis. Mikvil kld Micc kri alcy ks –rikc‘ ks wi hkbi tmih. Tmiy kri oalstruots wmnom, wmnci tmiy kri rikc, ixnst nl kutalahy ta nldnvndukc ar`klnshs kld nldnvndukc oalsonausliss. –Oalsonausliss‘ ks k oalstruot ‟ k wky ae piroinvnl` k pkrtnouckr pmilahilal ‟ okl fi siil ta mkvi fiil –farl‘ nl tmi ;=tm oiltury, kld uldauftidcy ks –hartkc‘ ks Mkhcit kld aursicvis. Trkloi iltntnis okl fi uldirstaad nl tmns lkturi. Tmiktri kld pirearhkloi ns kfaut –ficnie‘, lat –praae‘. Nl trkloi pirearhkloi, tmi okpkonty ear ficnie ns dnriotcy ricktid ta tmi hklneistktnal ae trkloi ‟ nts ihfadnhilt kld nts nltirpritktnal. Mkhcit ixnsts, kcfint ks kl kfstrkotnal (k lal-pmysnokc earh). Mi ns ks ixnstilt kld ks rikc ks kly muhkl ar`klnsh. Blawcidì kld ficnie hkbi mnh rikc.

Ks klatmir nlmirntkloi ar ks kl icihilt ae oucturkc hihary, nt ns passnfci ta oalsndir –pknl‘ ks kfstrkotnal ‟ k oucturkc oalstruot ar earh ‟ ks wicc ks –`rass‘ ar –lkturkc‘ ixpirniloi. Earhs ae su`ìstnal okl ri-orikti –pknl‘ (ks nl kl kotar s "

ixironsi ar pirearhkloi, ta vkrynl` di`riis) ar klkistmitnsi (ks nl pkrtnouckr trkloi stktis). Zknl eulotnals ks k –fksno‘ ar euldkhiltkc (ulnvirskc) muhkl ixpirniloi, fut tmi oaloipt ae pknl ns oucturkccy dienlid. Oalsonausliss piroinvis pkrtnouckr typis ae ixpirnilois ks –pknl‘. Ukrnaus stktis ae oalsonausliss ekoncntkti k rklì ae piroiptnals kld kwkriliss ae tmi ixpirniloi kld oaloipt ae –pknl‘, ks nl wmitmir ali wncc rikot ar lat rikot, kld ne sa, wmkt typi ae rikotnal ns icnontid.

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Pmitmir k oucturkc rikcnty okl nlocudi ar kooault ear kotnals ar fimkvnaurs tmkt kri nltirpritid ar ixpirniloid nl sahi oaltixts ks k –trkloi‘ stkti ns ckrìcy k hkttir ae tmi typis ae oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs kvknckfci ta tmkt –rikcnty‘ sit. K trkloi stkti kld pirearhkloi okllat ixnst wntmaut k oucturkc oaltixt, wntmaut k sit ae ficnies wntm wmnom tmi lkturkc pmilahilk tmkt kri ixprissid, kri enctirid kld nltirpritid. Tmisi oalstruots kld ficnies kri kfsacuticy lioisskry ear tmi ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi ae trkloi, ks wicc ks tmi praduots ae pirearhkloi trkdntnals nl ìlirkc. Ta ri`krd tmi ficnies nlmirilt nl tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi ns ta vniw tmi kistmitno kld tiomlnokc erkhiwarbs ae trkloi pirearhkloi prkotnoi. Pmkt ficnies kld tiomlnquis kri lioisskry nl ardir ta suooisseuccy pirearh trkloi earhs1 Ta klswir tmns quistnal, tmns study ihpcays k oahpkrktnvi ipnstihaca`nokc klkcysns.

_tklnsckvsbn rieciotid nl Hy Cnei nl Krt ‟ –Pi mkvi oriktid k tiomlnqui kld hitmads ear tmi krtnstno nltirpritktnal ae Omibmav, fut wi da lat passiss k tiomlnqui ear tmi skynl` ae krtnstno trutm nl tmi pckys ae _mkbispikri ‘.6> Oucturkc kld cnlùnstno dneeiriltnktnals dilnid _tklnsckvsbn tmi –eiicnl` ae trutm‘ nl _mkbispikri. Trkloi pirearhklois ihfady oucturkc kld cnlùnstno –eiicnl`s ae trutm‘ wmnom okllat fi euccy kpprionktid ne ficnie ns lat kotnvktid tmrau`m nlticciotukc kld ihatnalkc risalkloi. Ali okllat fi earoid ta sikrom ear tmi eiicnl` ae trutm kld ieeiot k suspilsnal ae dnsficnie kdiqukticy. Ear k –spnrnt‘ ta fi nlvabid ar kotnvktid, nt hust fi kfci ta risalkti. Tmirieari, tmi oaloipt ar kfstrkotnal ae tmi

–spnrnt‘ hust

ixnst, nl tmi enrst nlstkloi, nl

oucturkc hihary2 kld sioaldcy nt hust fi kdiqukticy nltirlkcnsid fy tmi patiltnkc rioiptar ear tmi passnfncnty ae risalkloi ta fi prisilt. Tmirieari, Lartm Khirnokl kltmrapaca`nsts oaucd livir mapi ta kooiss Fkcnlisi trkloi spnrnts fiokusi suspilsnal ae dnsficnie oaucd livir fi kdiqukticy komnivid. Gust ks _tklnsckvsbn oaucd livir –suooisseuccy ‘ nltirprit _mkbispikri, ar k Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhir nltirprit Diktm ae k _kcishkl . Zirearhkloi ns oucturkccy spioneno, kcwkys.

_ornpts ar _pnrnts Nt ns nhpartklt ta koblawcidì tmkt tmiri kri luhiraus wkys ae oaloiptukcnsnl` tmi bnlds ae ixpirniloi wmnom, nl tmns study, kri rieirrid ta ks trkloi . Ali passnfncnty !

"

ns ta kooault ear nt ks tmi kìloy ae kl ixtirlkc earoi ar ilir`y. Nl tmns silsi, nt ns passnfci ta tkcb kfaut spnrnts tmkt passiss tmi nldnvndukc. Kt tmi skhi tnhi, nt ns usieuc ta tkcb kfaut tmi sornpts kld ixpiotktnals tmkt oahi wntm pkrtnouckr racis, ar tmi ilir`nis

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tmkt ihirì erah pkrtnouckr ilvnralhilts ar oaltixts, ar tmi nlecuilois tmkt risuct erah nltirkotnal wntm atmirs. Kcc tmisi wkys ae oaloiptukcnsnl` tmi earois wmnom passiss tmi nldnvndukc panlt ta saurois tmkt kri autsndi ae tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh s oalsonausliss "

sit. Mawivir tmi oalsonausliss ae tmi nldnvndukc hn`mt oaltknl ficnie systihs wmnom kri kotnvktid fy tmi ixtirlkc nlecuilois wntm wmnom tmi nldnvndukc hn`mt nltirkot. Nl tmns silsi, icihilts ae fatm tmi nltirlkc kld ixtirlkc warcds ae tmi nldnvndukc kri issiltnkc nl tmi praoissis ae risalktid hiklnl` ar kotnvktid patiltnkc.

Ali atmir passnfncnty, nl vniwnl` tmi vkrnaus pmilahilk tmkt kri tmau`mt ae ks trkloi, ns ta oalsndir tmih ta fi hklneistktnals wmnom ixocusnvicy ihklkti erah tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmi nldnvndukc ‟ ks ivilts tmkt oahi tatkccy erah tmi nhk`nlktnal kld kotnal ae tmi pirsal. Tmns study ekvaurs tmi passnfncnty tmkt tmi hklneistktnals ae wmkt kri oalsndirid ta fi trkloi ihirì aut ae kl nltirkotnal fitwiil kl nldnvndukc s !

"

"

nltirlkc rikcnty kld ixtirlkc warcd. Nl tmns silsi, tmi pasntnal tkbil ns tmkt ae kccawnl` ear tmi passnfncnty tmkt tmiri ns la snl`ci dienlntnvi ixtirlkc rikcnty. Vktmir tmiri kri hadics ae rikcnty wmnom kri ildawid wntm civics ae ficnie tmkt hkbi tmih dienlntnvi ‟ nt ns !

"

fiyald quistnal wmil wi suspild dnsficnie. Tmi prisuhptnal ae k huctnpcnonty ae rikcntnis kccaws tmi eaous ae tmi study ta tmil fi tmi ficnie systihs tmkt `nvi rnsi ta tmi silsi ae trutm, rktmir tmkl tmi pursunt ae trutm ntsice. Tmus trkloi ns oalsndirid ta fi kl !

"

kistmitno pmilahilal, nl tmkt nt pravndis kl iltry panlt nlta k ulnqui kld dnstnlot warcd ae trutms.

Trkloi kld passissnal dikc wntm quistnals ae larhktnvnty nl ri`krd ta tmi kotnals kld ixprissnals ae tmi pirearhir ‟ wma ns siil ta trkls`riss tmi larhktnvi fauldkrnis ae fimkvnaur. Tminr raci ks tmi trkls`rissar ditirhnlis tmi hkllir nl !

"

wmnom tmi saonity trkls`rissid dikcs wntm tmih. Zassissnal fy spnrnts pravabis k snhnckr dylkhno ‟ wntm tmi ivilt finl` ildawid wntm trkls`rissnvi kld ixtrk-ardnlkry qukcntnis. Tmi trkls`rissnals ae tmi fauldkrnis ae larhkcnty kri piroinvid ks sahitmnl` ta fi intmir malaurid ar purìd, nl kooardkloi wntm tmi ficnie systihs nlvacvid. Tmus tmi finl`liss ae tmi ihfadnhilt, ks nt ns piroinvid, divicaps nl tmi !

"

nltirkotnals fitwiil tmi pirearhir, tmi ilvnralhilt, tmi afsirvirs ae tmi pirearhkloi, kld tmi atmir pirearhirs.

6>

_tklnsckvsbn Hy Cnei nl Krt.7 pp. ?9:-?9;.

Trkloi Earhs

5=

Valkcda Haricas

Ta ulrkvic tmi nlecuilois ae suom oalstruots ks nldnvndukc ndiltnty upal tmi !

"

ixpirniloi kld piroiptnal ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi stkti, nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi arn`nls ae tmi tirhs –oalsonausliss‘ (Pnccnkh Gkhis) kld –dnssaonktnal‘ (Znirri Gklit).?: Maw mkvi tmisi tirhs ivacvid1 Pmkt mks oahi ta fi nhpcnid nl tmisi tirhs tmrau`m tmi divicaphilt ae tmi enicd ae Zsyomaca`y, erah wmnom tmiy mkvi fiil drkwl1 Oalsndirktnal hust fi `nvil ta tmi oaltixt nl wmnom tmi usis ae tmi tirhs aoour2 tmkt ns, tmi tmil ourrilt vniw ae tmi tirhs tmkt mkvi nlecuiloid tmi vkrnaus kutmars

"

hiklnl`s. Tmi nlmirntid ficnies tmkt mkvi fioahi nlmirilt nl tmisi tirhs kri tmi enctirs tmrau`m wmnom tmi latnals ae oalsonausliss kld dnssaonktnal kri uldirstaad. Tmisi !

"

!

"

enctirs kri oacaurid fy tmi prisuhptnals ae k pktmaca`no kld tmirkpiutno itmas. Tmus tmi pmilahilal ae dnssaonktnal mks oahi ta fi vniwid ks kl ixpirniloi tmkt ns uldisnrkfci, ear nlstkloi. Nt ns usieuc ta spiouckti maw dneeirilt aur piroiptnals ae suom stktis hn`mt fi mkd tmisi tirhs arn`nlktid erah tmi enicds ae krtnstno ildikvaur, ear ixkhpci.

Nlduotnals kld _tktis Tmns study oalsndirs tmi ndik tmkt muhkl ixnstiloi ns ixpirniloid ks stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt qukcntktnvicy vkry kooardnl` ta tmi oaldntnals kld sntuktnals uldiràli. Nl tmns silsi, muhkl finl`s kri nl ali earh ae trkloi stkti ar klatmir, kooardnl` ta tmi oaldntnals ae tmi ilvnralhilt kld tmi oucts ta wmnom tmi nldnvndukc sufsornfis. Tmi dahnlklt stktis dienli tmi larhktnvi stktis ae muhkl ixnstiloi kld ixpirniloi ‟ tmi ardnlkry stktis k`knlst wmnom atmir stktis ae oalsonausliss kri !

"

hiksurid kld gudìd.

Tmi larhktnvi stktis dienli tmi silsi ae tmi larhkc sice, tmi –oalsilsus trkloi‘ ar vniw ae kly oucturi ar `raup. _uom stktis ar vniws kri fy la hikls enxid. Ks HoBilzni krùis, –larhktnvi earois‘ okl iksncy fioahi –trklsearhktnalkc earois‘ nl praoissis tmkt kri aetil –aviroadid fy dihklds ear ieenoniloy‘. ?; Dneeirilt ndiltnty struoturis mkvi tminr awl nldnvndukc hihary sits. _ahi hihary sits okllat fi kooahhadktid wntmnl sahi pkrtnouckr ndiltnty struoturis. Tmns ns nlti`rkc nl tmi praoissis fy wmnom trkuhktno striss kld sixukc kfusi okl sahitnhis risuct nl dneeirilt ndiltnty struoturis wntmnl tmi ali nldnvndukc muhkl ar`klnsh. Tmirieari,

?: ?;

Ekrtmnl`.7 pp. 4-5. HoBilzni.7 p. >6.

Trkloi Earhs

5>

Valkcda Haricas

oirtknl hihary sits kri oahpkrthiltkcnsid ar disn`lktid nlta dnstnlot kld dnsoriit ndiltnty struoturis ks tmi ar`klnsh strnvis ear kl –ieenoniloy‘ ae saonkc eulotnalnl`.

Tmns study krùis tmkt tmiri kri tiomlnquis kld oaldntnals tmkt ekoncntkti tmi nlduotnal ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss, kld tmkt kri oalstkltcy utncnsid fatm nltiltnalkccy kld ulnltiltnalkccy. Tmns study eaousis al tmi ndik ae nlduotnals ks tiomlnquis tmkt ekoncntkti tmi praoissis ae fioahnl` ‟ nlta kld aut ae pkrtnouckr stktis !

"

ae oalsonausliss.

Nl klkcysnl` trkloi stktis, tmns study oalsndirs dneeirilt strkti`nis ear tmi hknltilkloi ae tmasi trkloi stktis, suom ks ripitntnal, havihilt ecaw, kld rihihfrkloi. Tmisi strkti`nis nldnokti tmkt tmi kttiltnal ae tmi pirearhir riqunris fatm oaloiltrktnal kld k oaltnluaus ecaw ae nlearhktnal. Ne intmir ns nltirruptid, tmil tmi pkrtnouckr trkloi stkti wncc hast cnbicy fi kcsa nltirruptid.

Pmy Oalsonausliss1 Pmy Trkloi1 Oalsonausliss ns usieuc ks k erkhi ear pirearhkloi klkcysns fiokusi nt disornfis tmi pirearhir s tiomlnokc kld hatnvktnalkc taacs ear ilkothilt kld "

ihfadnhilt. Tmi sufgiotnvi lkturi ae oalsonausliss lioissntktis tmi klkcysns ae tmi k prnarn icihilts, tmi kssuhptnals ae tmi pirearhir ‟ tmi ficnie systihs tmkt ìlirkti

tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir. Tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ns afsirvkfci nl tmi nltirkotnals ae tmi pirearhir ‟ tmi afgiotnvi pmilahilk ae tmi sufgiotnvi stktis ‟ kld sahiwmkt disornfkfci nl tmi nltraspiotnvi virfkc riparts ae tmi pirearhir. Kssuhptnals kld ixpiotktnals kri oiltrkc ta tmi ixpirniloi ae trkloi kld passissnal stktis. Oaloipts ae trkloi kld passissnal stktis kri lioisskry ear tmi dienlntnal kld hknltilkloi ae stktis ae larhktnvnty, prionsicy fiokusi suom stktis riprisilt oaldntnals ae atmir-liss.

Zirearhkloi oalsnsts ae tmi nltirkotnal ae ficnie systihs ‟ tmasi ae tmi pirearhirs, tmasi ae tmi atmirs wma kri rioiptars ae tmi pirearhkloi, kld tmasi tmkt kotukcnsi kld nlecuiloi tmi ilvnralhilt ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi pirearhkloi stkti okl ixnst ks k sit ae oaloiltrno ocasid systih stktis, wmnom kri oriktid nl intmir tmi nldnvndukc ar saonkc ixpirniloi ar fatm, kooardnl` ta tmi pirspiotnvi ae tmi klkcytnokc erkhi kppcnid. Ikom pirearhkloi trkdntnal wncc passiss k ulnqui caous ear tmi pirearhkloi stkti. Tmiri kri pirmkps ks hkly caon ks tmiri kri

Trkloi Earhs

0:

Valkcda Haricas

oucturis ar oucts. Al tmi quistnals ae nlsndi/aut ar autsndi/nl nl tmi pirearhkloi !

"

!

"

praoiss, lintmir okl fi ixocusnvicy prnvnciìd. _tktis ae oalsonausliss kri afsirvkfci nl kly pmysnokc kotnal, ks huom ks pmysnokcnty eaccaws erah tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir. ?6 Tmirieari, tmi quistnal ae okuskcnty ns ieeiotnvicy nccusary. Pmil kl kudniloi afsirvis k pirearhid omkrkotir diondi, omaasi, k`rii, krùi, pirsukdi, oaltihpckti ar il`kì nl atmir suom kots wmnom kri nltirpritid ks typis ae fimkvnaur, tmisi kots kri tkbil ta fi nldnoktars ae muhkl praoissis kld stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmisi typis ae kots kri oalsndirid ta rivikc tmi prisiloi ae hatnvktnal nl sahi earh.

Tmns study oalsndirs tmi praoissis ae nlduotnal tmkt kri usid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae vkrnaus stktis ae oalsonausliss. Nl pkrtnouckr, tmns study eaousis al tmi eulotnal ae tixtukc nlearhktnal nl nlduotnal praoissis ‟ tmkt ns, nl tmi tixt ks nlduotnal. Miri, tmi latnal ae –tixt‘ ns tkbil ta nlocudi kcc spabil, wrnttil, nccustrktid kld dihalstrktid praduots ae saonkc kld oucturkc praoissis tmkt kri kcsa ri`krdid ks oahhulnoktnl` sahi earh ae kutmarnty ar nlearhktnal wmnom kri ontid, quatid, kld rieirrid ta ks k sauroi nl atmir tixts. Tmi virfkc kld pmysnokc tixts pravndi nlearhktnalkc kld eaokc icihilts wmnom tmi pirearhir usis ta nlvabi tmi lioisskry kld kppraprnkti stktis ear pirearhkloi. Tmns uldirstkldnl` ae tmi latnal ae –tixt‘ ricktis ta tmi uldirstkldnl` ae –oucturi‘ prapasid fy Ocneeard @iirtz ‟ ks k –pufcno‘ kld –kotid daouhilt‘

??

‟ ks wicc

ks ta HoBilzni s latnal ae tmi –dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvi‘. ?4 Tmns study klkcysis tixtukc "

icihilts utncnsid nl pirearhkloi earhs nl ardir ta klkcysi tmi ieenokoy ae tmi vkrnaus tixts ks su`ìstnals wntmnl tmi erkhi ae myplatno prkotnois. Tixts kri siil ta pravndi tmi nlstruotnalkc kld nlearhktnalkc icihilts nl tmi praoiss ae nlduotnal. Taìtmir wntm nhkìs, tmi tixts kri tmi praoissis fy wmnom fatm tmi pirearhirs kld tmi rioiptars ae tmi pirearhkloi kooiss tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss panltid ta fy tmi pirearhkloi earh. Ixkhpcis ae tixt dihalstrkti tmi vkrnaus wkys nl wmnom ndiks kld nhkìs okl fi nlvabid tmrau`m k praoiss ae nlduotnal.

K oiltrkc oaloirl ae tmi study ns tmi eulotnal ae ndiltnty struoturis nl pirearhkloi stktis. Oalstruotnals ae ndiltnty lioissntkti tmi earhucktnal ae fatm tmi sice kld tmi atmir, tmi hi kld tmi lat-hi . Tmisi kri issiltnkc oahpalilts nl tmi praoiss ae !

"

!

"

nlduotnal. Klatmir biy oaloirl wncc fi tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi pirearhkloi stkti ricnis upal lkrrktnvis kld tmi silsi ae sice. Lkrrktnvis kri oalstruotid kld pirpituktid nl

?6

Bkcf, Galktmkl (;>=>). Fiobitt nl Zirearhkloi. Okhfrndì kld Liw ârb, Okhfrndì Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. ?=-?>. @iirtz, Ocneeard (;>0?). Tmi Nltirpritktnal ae Oucturis7 _iciotid Isskys . Liw ârb, Fksno Faabs.7 p. ;:. ?4 HoBilzni.7 pp. 64-69. ??

Trkloi Earhs

0;

Valkcda Haricas

ardir ta dienli kld hknltknl nldnvndukc kld oacciotnvi ndiltntnis ‟ ks strkti`nis ear sicenlsornptnal kld sice-prisirvktnal. Lkrrktnvi kld ndiltnty nhpkot upal tmi kotnals ae tmi pirearhir wmil suom icihilts kri nltirlkcnsid nl tmi pirearhkloi.

Tmi quistnal krnsis ‟ dais oalsonausliss ìlirkti ihfadnhilt, ar dais tmi ihfadnhilt ìlirkti oalsonausliss1 Tmi praoiss hky fi fatm rionpraokc kld oyocnokc, ks lintmir okl fi oalocusnvicy ocknhid ta fi tmi ixocusnvi sauroi ae tmi atmir. Tmi fady okllat fi sknd ta fi tmi sauroi ae oalsonausliss lar vnoi virsk2 nt ns k !

omnobil ar i`` prafcih. Oalsonausliss kld ihfadnhilt kri hutukccy ìlirktnvi "

tmrau`m nltirkotnal, kld krùkfcy fittir siil ta fi nlsipkrkfci ‟ ks k sice-pirpituktnl` oyoci kld ocasid systih.

Tmns study ns issiltnkccy oaloirlid wntm syhfacno nltirkotnals kld fadncy prkotnois. Nl trkloi pirearhklois, fatm syhfacno kld pmysnokc praoissis kri kt warb. Tmi nltilsi kfsarptnal tmkt risucts erah oaloiltrktid kttiltnal ns kfci ta kotnvkti tmi ar`klnsh tmrau`m risalkloi ìlirktid fy nhkìs kld ndiks. Tmi omkrkotir, soari, sornpt ar spnrnt kri ixkhpcis ae oucturkccy kooissid oahpcixis ae nhkìs kld ndiks. Tmisi oahpcixis okl alcy fi ixpirniloid kld ixprissid tmrau`m nltirkotnals wntm atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt. Ikom nltirkotnal ns oahprnsid ae oaltixtukcnsid kld erkhid fadncy prkotnois ‟ ks ihfadnhilts kld ilkothilts. Nl rikdnl` k pirearhkloi nl tmns wky, nt hust fi oalsndirid tmkt tmi smkrid oucturkc oadis lioisskry nl ardir ta rikd k

!

trkloi pirearhkloi wncc lat kcwkys fi prisilt, pkrtnouckrcy wmiri k "

mitiraìlinty ae oucturkc oaltixt ns nlvacvid. Ear tmns riksal, tmi tirh trkloi mks fiil !

"

kld oaltnluis ta fi nlmiriltcy prafcihktno.

Nl tmns omkptir, tmi latnal ae –ecaw‘ wks oalsndirid ks k pricudi ta k oalsndirktnal ae tmi latnals ae –kutmiltnonty‘, –trutm‘ kld –rikcnty‘. K frnie surviy ae sahi nhpartklt quistnals rknsid fy tmi oaltihparkry prkotnoi ae –omkllicnl`‘ autcnlis sahi ae tmi prafcihs pasid fy tmi oaloipt ae –trkloi‘ tmkt kri tkobcid cktir nl tmns study, pkrtnouckrcy nl ricktnal ta tmi oucturis kld lkrrktnvis tmkt suppart suom prkotnois. Oiltrkc ta tmisi oalsndirktnals ns tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi latnal ae –oalsonausliss‘ fy wmnom suom prkotnois kri kpprimildid. Tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss ks nt kppcnis nl tmns study mks fiil ickfarktid al wntm tmi usi ae tmi latnals ae –ihirìlt nltirkotnalnsh‘ ks prapasid fy Vaìr _pirry, hadis ae –oktiàrnzktnals‘ kld tmi oaloipt ae –mn`mir-ardir oalsonausliss‘ ks prapasid fy @irkcd Idichkl, tmi latnal ae –lkrrktnzktnal‘ put

Trkloi Earhs

06

Valkcda Haricas

earwkrd fy Gucnkl Gkylis ks oahpcnhiltid fy hadics ae oalsonausliss prapasid fy Dklnic Dillitt kld Kltalna Dkhksna. Tmi latnals ae –rikcnty‘ kld –larhktnvnty‘ mkvi fiil kddrissid nl tmi oaltixt ae klkcysnl` tmi nltirpcky fitwiil tmi rkw uldneeiriltnktid kwkriliss ae kl nldnvndukc kld tmi saonkcnsid ar iloucturktid kwkriliss tmkt risucts erah `raup-dienlid kots ae ndiltnenoktnal. Tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmisi ficnie systihs oahi ta fi ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy tmi pirearhir mkvi fiil erkhid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi nlduotnal ae vkrnaus stktis riqunrid fy pkrtnouckr pirearhklois. Tmus tmi erkhiwarb ae –stktis ae oalsonausliss‘ mks fiil divicapid nl ardir ta oaltknl tmi dylkhnos ae ficnies kld kotnals fy wmnom pirearhklois kri hklneistid kld kpprimildid. Nl tmi eaccawnl` omkptir, biy icihilts ae oaltihparkry pirearhkloi prkotnois ae k `cafkcnsid drkhktno trkdntnal kri klkcysid nl ardir ta ri`krd tmi eulotnal ae tmi oaloipts ae –trkloi‘ ks icihilts ae prkxns kld trknlnl`.

Trkloi Earhs

0?

Valkcda Haricas

4. Zirearhnl` tmi Hksb

Tmns omkptir erkhis tmi latnal ae trkloi wntmnl tmi oaltixt ae oaltihparkry pirearhkloi prkotnois, trkdntnals kld ficnies. Tmi enldnl`s prisiltid nl tmns omkptir kri divicapid erah k sit ae nl-diptm nltirvniws wntm k shkcc luhfir (;:) ae pirearhkloi prkotntnalirs nl tmi enicds ae dkloi kld drkhk. Tmi nltirvniwiis wiri rioruntid tmrau`m pirsalkc litwarbs kld rioahhildktnals, kld siciotid al tmi fksns ae praeissnalkc –cnvi‘ pirearhkloi ixpirniloi kld ixpasuri ta k rklì pirearhkloi trknlnl` trkdntnals. Tmi skhpci wks cnhntid ta pirearhkloi prkotntnalirs wma warbid nl Hicfaurli. Tmi siciotnal wks fksid al pirsalkc blawcidì ae tmi nltirvniwiis warb kld pkrtnonpklt "

afsirvktnal ae warbsmaps ar rimikrskcs. Tmi skhi sit ae quistnals wks usid ks stkrtnl` panlts nl ikom nltirvniw, ; wntm eaccaw-up quistnals usid ta pursui cnlis ae nlqunry apilid up nl rispalsis. Nltirvniws wiri rioardid al kudnatkpi kld trklsornfid2 nl sahi oksis wmiri stktihilts wiri ulocikr, tmi trklsornpts wiri riturlid ta nltirvniwiis ear ockrnenoktnal kld oarriotnals.

Tmi pirearhkloi ixpirniloi ae tmi nltirvniwiis vkry erah ;: ta ?: yikrs ks praeissnalkcs nl tminr rispiotnvi dnsonpcnlis. Tmi skhpci oalsnsts ae eaur wahil kld snx hil. Eaur ae tmi pirearhirs wiri `rkduktis ae tmrii yikrs trknlnl` nl Dkloi ar Drkhk kt tmi Unotarnkl Oacciì ae tmi Krts (UOK) nl Hicfaurli fitwiil ;>=9 kld ;>>62 twa ae tmi prkotntnalirs mkvi fiil silnar tikomirs kt tmns skhi nlstntutnal ear fitwiil ;: kld ;9 yikrs, nlocudnl` k earhir Dikl ae tmi UOK _omaac ae Drkhk, Dkvnd Cktmkh2 kld eaur prkotntnalirs trknlid tmrau`m atmir nlstntutnals, ockssis kld warbsmaps. Tmi drkhk prkotntnalirs smkri vkrnid civics ae ekhncnkrnty kld praenoniloy wntm kotnl` hitmads dirnvid erah tmi _tklnsckvsbn, _trksfir` kld Kdcir somaacs ae Lkturkcnsh kld Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, ks wicc ks Hksb warb, nhpravnsktnal, kld vkrnaus earhs ae pmysnokc tmiktri. Tmi dkloi prkotntnalirs smkri k `rauldnl` nl oaltihparkry dkloi earhs kld prkotnoi. Eaur prkotntnalirs mkvi vkrnid civics ae nlvacvihilt nl earhs ae pmysnokc tmiktri nlspnrid fy tmi Gkpklisi Futam earh. Kt cikst ali pirearhir il`kìs nl wmkt ns sice-disornfid ks –trkloi‘ pirearhkloi.

;

_ii Kppildnx K.

Trkloi Earhs

04

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi knh ae tmns omkptir ns ta nlvistn`kti tmi ficnie systihs tmkt tmisi vkrnaus pirearhirs ihpcay nl ardir ta ìlirkti tminr pkrtnouckr earhs ae pirearhkloi. Tmisi ficnies nlocudi tmi oaloiptukcnsktnals ae nldnvndukc ixpirniloi ‟ ae latnals ae –sice‘ ‟ ks wicc ks oaloiptukcnsktnals ae tmi biy tirhs ae tmi study ‟ –pirearhkloi‘, –oalsonausliss‘ kld –trkloi‘. Tmi wkys nl wmnom tmisi oaloiptukcnsktnals okl nlecuiloi ar ìlirkti pkrtnouckr pirearhkloi stktis kri nlvistn`ktid. Zkrtnouckr kspiots ae nltirist ta tmns study kri tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt kri il`kìd nl fy tmi vkrnaus pirearhirs nl tminr warb. K rklì ae ekotars kld nssuis tmkt okl oaltrnfuti ta tmi ìlirktnal ae vkrnaus pirearhkloi stktis kri kcsa klkcysid. Tmisi icihilts kri ri`krdid wntmnl k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb tmkt ickfarktis upal tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi vkrnaus pirearhkloi stktis kri nlduoid kld ixntid, ks wicc ks tmi wkys fy wmnom tmisi stktis kri dneeiriltnktid erah wmkt sirvi ks tmi –larhktnvi‘ stktis ae tmi pirearhirs kld tminr ilvnralhilts. Tmus tmisi nltirvniws kri usid ks k fksns ear tmi ixkhnlktnal ae k luhfir ae biy mypatmisis divicapid nl tmns study.

Tmi nltildid stkti kppikrs ta fi ricktid ta tmi stkti disornfid fy Bintm Gamlstali wmil mi tkcbs kfaut –kttildnl` ta‘ tmi Hksb, 6 usnl` tmi hitkpmar ae mikrnl` k lansi nl tmi dilsi earist kld kwkntnl` ear nt ta ripikt ntsice ar ear eurtmir saulds ‟ cnstilnl` ta mikr. Gamlstali tkcbs kfaut tmi praoiss ae ri`krdnl` tmi Hksb ultnc tmi idìs stkrt ta fcur kld fioahi ecund fieari ali puts nt al. Tmns oriktis k silsi ae tmi Hksb finl` –swntomid al‘, ae finl` kotnvktid ar rikdy ta fi warl kld pmysnokccy ihfadnid.

Hksb ns k hytm-hkbnl` praoiss, kld k praoiss tmkt ihirìs erah hytm. Cktmkh rieirs ta k stkti wmirinl –yau silsi yaursice nl tmi nhkì, wmnci tmi nhkì ns wntmnl yau‘.? Tmi onrouckrnty ae tmisi ndiks ficni tmi –oyocno‘ lkturi ae tmi oriktnvi kot. Tmi latnal ae tmi –eiidfkob caap‘ ilokpsucktis tmi ndik ae kl nltilsnenid kld dnriotid eaous ae kttiltnal min`mtilid fy tmi nltirkotnal fitwiil tmi sufgiot kld tmi afgiot ae kttiltnal. Tmi nllir warcd ae oucturkc oalstruots ns piroinvid fy tmi ar`klnsh nl tmi autir warcd ae pmysnokc rikcnty kld hktirnkc earhs. Tmns onrouckrnty ae eaous oaltrnfutis ta tmi ihfadnhilt ae tmi hksb, tmi omkrkotir, tmi àd, tmi dihal, ar tmi iltnty fy oriktnl` k –ocasid systih‘ stkti.

6 ?

Gamlstali, Bintm (;>0>). Nhpra7 Nhpravnsktnal kld tmi Tmiktri. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Hitmuil.7 pp. ;?, ;>;. Dkvnd Cktmkh 6:::, kutmar„s warbsmap latis.

Trkloi Earhs

09

Valkcda Haricas

Hksbs ihfady –earh‘ ‟ tmiy kri rikdy-hkdi tihpcktis nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt spnrnts, àds kld dihals ilokpsuckti pkrtnouckr earhs ‟ tmkt kri rinlearoid fy trkdntnal kld rntukc. Tmus tmisi earhs kri rikdncy nlvabid ta –passiss‘ tmi pirearhir. Earhs kri kutmarntnis ‟ tmiy risalkti wntmnl k spmiri ae nlecuiloi ‟ kld hadics. Ks paitno hitkpmars, tmisi earhs okl kttknl min`mtilid pawir nl trkloi stktis ‟ tmiy –tkbi al k cnei ae tminr awl‘.

Trkloi prkotntnalirs kld Hksb pirearhirs cikrl nl trknlnl` trkdntnals ta kdapt k –caw-stktus‘ kpprakom ta tmisi earhs, 4 kl kpprakom tmkt ns krùkfcy lioisskry ta tmi eucc ildawhilt ae pmysnokcnty ta tmi trkloi iltnty, tmi hksb kld tmi drkhktno omkrkotir. Tmi kdaptnal ae k –sufardnlkti‘ ar –sirvnoi‘ kpprakom fy tmi pirearhir ns siil ta fi kl nhpartklt icihilt ae tmi ficnie systih tmkt praduois tmi disnrid pirearhkloi stktis ‟ oiltrkc ta tmi praoiss ae dnspckonl` tmi silsi ae tmi –larhkc kutafna`rkpmnokc sice‘ ar –ixioutnvi oaltrac‘ erah tmi caous ae kìloy kld kttrnfutnal. Hksbs kld omkrkotirs mkvi pkrkccic eulotnals ear tmi pirearhir ‟ tmiy fatm ilsmraud tmi pirsalkcnty ae tmi pirearhir, tmi ar`klnsh, nl ardir ta fi ihfadnid. Ks earhs, tminr ieenokoy cnis nl tminr kfncnty ta ìlirkti risalkloi nl tmi saonkc ar`klnsh. K omkrkotir cnbi Mkhcit, nl oucturis wmiri _mkbispikri s warbs ar tmi pcky Mkhcit kri "

blawl, ns ildawid wntm ilarhaus pawir ae risalkloi. Tmi risalkloi tmkt suom pirearhklois kri kfci ta ivabi oahis erah nts dnsoursnvi pawir, ks tmiy tauom upal tmihis ae hkgar oaloirl. Nl Mkhcit , tmi hkgar oaloirl rivacvis krauld tmi tmihi ae diktm. Nl oaltihparkry pirearhkloi, klatmir pawireuc –dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvi‘ ns eauld nl pirearhklois tmkt tauom upal tmi tmihi ae sixukcnty. Tmi sixukc kppikc ar –kurk‘ ae k omkrkotir kri siil ks k –hksb‘ ildawid wntm ilarhaus pawir ae risalkloi. Tmi pawir ae risalkloi ae tmi –hksbs‘ ae iras kld diktm nl tminr vkrnaus virsnals nccustrkti sahi ae tmi dylkhnos fy wmnom eaous kld kfsarptnal ae kttiltnal kri nlvabid nl fatm tmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi. Diktm kld sixukcnty fical` ta tmi hast durkfci ae –hystirnis‘ kld tmi hast pawireuc ae syhfacs, fksid al tminr okpkontnis ta icnont keeiotnvi kld nhk`nlktnvi nlvacvihilt. Tmi hksbs ae diktm kld iras kri oahhalcy kld riùckrcy nlvabid fy tmi papuckr iltirtknlhilt nldustrnis, tmns `nvis kl nldnoktnal ae tminr ieenokoy.

Hksb Nlduotnal 4

Gamlstali.7 p. >6.

Trkloi Earhs

05

Valkcda Haricas

Hksb ns usieuc ks k oksi study ae k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss fiokusi nt oirtknlcy tkobcis tmi quistnal ae ndiltnty hast stral`cy. Ear ixkhpci, tmi Liutrkc Hksb ns oalsndirid ta afcntirkti kcc pirsalkcnty kld psyomaca`y, ks kl ixprissnal ae puri pmysnokcnty. Tmi Liutrkc Hksb ns oalsndirid ta fi k tatkccy apil kld –spkoi-enccid‘ hksb. Pmiriks nl tmi Omkrkotir ar Ixprissnvi Hksbs, k divicapnl` pirsalkcnty kld psyomaca`y ns oalsndirid ta prisilt ntsice ta tmi pirearhir nl ardir ta fi ihfadnid.

N sky, ”Nhk`nli yau„ri nl k `rikt earist kld yau mikr k sauld yau okl„t ndiltney qunti ocasi ta yau. Ns nt k fikr1 Ns nt dklìraus1 Tmi hnld àis ihpty ks yau stky hatnalciss wkntnl` ear tmi sauld ta fi ripiktid. Tmns hnldciss cnstilnl` ns cnbi kttildnl` ta k Hksb.„ Tmns usukccy warbs. Ne yau kttild ta k Hksb yau„cc sii nt stkrt ta omklì & prafkfcy fiokusi yaur iyis kri ìttnl` tnrid. Dal„t stap tmisi omklìs. Tmi idìs orkwc kfaut, nt hky suddilcy siih cnbi k rikc ekoi nl yaur mklds. Enli, dal„t casi tmi silsktnal, put tmi Hksb al ìltcy kld macd tmi nhkì nl yaur hnld. Ne yau casi nt, tkbi tmi Hksb aee. 9 Tmi Hksb ns siil ta fi k typi ae trkloi pirearhkloi nl tmkt nt ns k wky ae ixprissnl` oucturkc earhs tmrau`m tmi nlvaoktnal ae –kctirid‘ stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmisi hadis ae pirearhkloi hklnpuckti tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir2 tmi pirearhir s orket nlvacvis tmi ixprissnal ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. "

Drkhk ntsice okl fi siil ks k earh ae smkhklnsh, nl tmkt starnis ae tmi oucturi kri trklshnttid tmrau`m k trklsearhktnvi hidnuh, wntm vkrynl` di`riis ae saonkc ieenokoy kld vnkfncnty. Tmi Hksb okl kooiss pkrtnouckr earhs, oalstruots kld pkttirls2 kudnilois sii k omkrkotir, psyomaca`y, ar –spnrnt‘ nl tmi hksb. Tmi pirearhir mks ta ficnivi tmkt tmiri ns k –spnrnt‘ nl tmi hksb2 kld tmkt spnrnt ns tmi trkdntnal ‟ tmi nhfuid kistmitno tmkt hklneists ntsice ks tmns ihfadnhilt ae –ihfadynl`‘.

Nl tmi oaltixt ae hksbs kld trkloi pirearhklois, ihfadnhilt ns tmi risuct ae k trkdntnal tmkt ns trklshnttid ar cikrlt tmrau`m afsirvktnal kld iloucturktnal ‟ hnhisns kld ashasns. Tmi ihfadnhilt ns nlecuiloid fy pmysnokc, psyomaca`nokc, ìldir, saonkc, ioalahno kld atmir ekotars tmkt oaltrnfuti ta tmi lkturi ae tmi pirsalkcnty tmkt ns pirearhid kld tmkt ixnsts nl tmi dnhilsnals tmkt kri nlvabid. Tmkt stkti ae oalsonausliss ns wmkt ns riqunrid nl tmi prkotnoi ae ihfadynl` tmi Hksb.

Hksb ns muhklnty, ks Cktmkh skys nl tmi Liutrkc Hksb warbsmaps. Tmi Hksb ns lat k pirsal, tmi Hksb ns –tmi pirsal‘. Tmi Hksb ns –tmi wahkl‘ ar –tmi hkl‘. Tmi Liutrkc Hksb ns –tmi muhkl‘. Tmi Hksb riqunris fatm kl –kctirid‘ stkti ae oalsonausliss kld kl ihfadnhilt. Hkly kliodatis disornfi wmkt mkppils wmil k 9

Nfnd.7 p. ;55.

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Valkcda Haricas

liw Hksb ns put al fy k pirearhir, ae maw tmi fady siihs ta snhpcy –slkp‘ nlta k smkpi kld k omkrkotir tmkt ns oalsnstilt wntm atmir ihfadnhilts ae tmkt pkrtnouckr Hksb. Tmi Hksb ns psyomaca`nokccy fksid kld nhfuid wntm spioneno –dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvis‘ ‟ kl –nllir warcd‘ oalstruot hklneistid kld ihfadnid nl tmi hktirnkc pmysnokc rikch. Tmi fady ae tmi pirearhir ns –havid‘ kld –oahpiccid‘ ‟ nt ns oalsndirid kchast ullkturkc lat ta tkbi al tmi pmysnokcnty su`ìstid fy tmi Hksb.

Gamlstali oahhiltid al –tmi wky tmkt Hksbs oahpic oirtknl sarts ae fimkvnaur‘ kld tmi latnal tmkt nl ardir ta iltir tmi warcd ae tmi Hksb tmi pirearhir strnvis –ta eiic tmi prisiloi ae spnrnts ‘ Mi riokccs kl ixkhpci ae k liwcy hkdi Hksb tmkt wks finl` !

"

dnsoavirid nl k ockss. –K studilt trnid nt aut kld turlid nlta k mulomid, twnstid, ùr`cnl` orikturi. Tmil k cktioahir krrnvid, pnobid up tmi skhi Hksb, kld tmi ndiltnokc orikturi kppikrid‘. Ear Gamlstali, –nt rikccy hkbis la silsi tmkt k Hksb smaucd fi kfci ta trklshnt tmkt sart ae nlearhktnal ta nts wikrir‘. 5 Lafady mks ta tikom us tmkt tmi krh havis nl k pkrtnouckr wky, ar tmkt tmi mkld tncts fkob tmns wky ‟ tmiri ns k silsi tmkt wi –blaw‘ nt, tmi fady blaws nt. Kistmitno silsnfncnty rioa`lnsis tmi earh kld nlearhs tmi pirearhir, ks k silsi erah tmi –nllir warcd‘ tmkt ns ihfadnid nl tmi autir warcd. Tmkt ns tmi Hksb fieari nt ns pirearhid ‟ sahitmnl` tmkt ns praduoid erah tmi nllir warcd kld ripraduoid nl kotukc rikcnty ks kl afgiot. Tmi Hksb ihfadnis k trkdntnal, oirtknl omkrkotirnstnos (ar ckob tmiriae nl tmi oksi ae tmi Liutrkc Hksb), nt ihfadnis k psyomaca`y, nt ihfadnis k oirtknl kttntudi ar k oirtknl ihatnal. Nl tmns wky, tmi Hksb okl fi k pawireuc tixt. Tmi fady rioa`lnsis kld ripraduois nt. Tmi fady ns oahpiccid ta hklneist nt, ta ihfady nt. _uom ns tmi pawir ae tmi Hksb, ae tmi trkdntnal. _uom ns tmi stril`tm ae tmkt pkrtnouckr earh ae blawcidì wmnom okl kcsa fi siil ta eulotnal ks kl icihilt ae oucturkc hihary. Ear Gamlstali, tmi usi ae k hnrrar ns issiltnkc nl frnl`nl` kfaut k pirearhir s eucc "

silsi ae ihfadynl` tmi Hksb. –N dal t wklt tmih ta tmnlb kfaut finl` klatmir "

orikturi, N wklt tmih ta ixpirniloi finl` klatmir orikturi‘.

N ...sky7 ”Vickx. Dal„t tmnlb ae klytmnl`. Pmil N smaw yau tmi hnrrar, hkbi yaur hautm, ent tmi Hksb, kld macd nt sa tmkt tmi hautm kld tmi Hksb hkbi ali ekoi. âu„cc blaw kcc kfaut tmi orikturi nl tmi hnrrar, sa yau dal„t mkvi ta tmnlb kfaut nt. Fioahi tmi tmnl` yau sii, turl kwky erah tmi hnrrar, kld à ta tmi tkfci. Tmiri„cc fi sahitmnl` tmkt nt wklts. Cit nt enld nt. Dnsafiy klytmnl` N„h skynl` ne nt wklts ta, fut ne N sky –Tkbi tmi Hksb aee‘, tmil yau hust tkbi nt aee. 0

5 0

Nfnd.7 p. ;59. Nfnd.7 p. ;55.

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0=

Valkcda Haricas

_iil ks pkrkmyplatno su`ìstnals, tmi nlstruotnals `nvil ta tmi Hksb pirearhir kri iqukccy issiltnkc ta tmi hklneistktnal ae k Hksb pirearhkloi stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ suom nlstruotnals suppcihilt kld oaltixtukcnsi tmi tixt ae tmi Hksb. [unti k eiw snhnckrntnis kri drkwl fitwiil tmi Hksb nlduotnals utncnsid fy fatm Cktmkh kld Gamlstali, kld tmi nlduotnal tiomlnquis utncnsid fy myplatmirkpy prkotntnalirs. Ear ixkhpci, kl ixironsi wmirinl pirearhirs –rikomid‘ ear tmi marnzal aut ae kl nhpucsi erah wntmnl tmi Hksb nlduotnal stkti wks viry snhnckr ta tmi –krh civntktnal‘ tist nl tmi –Myplatno Nlduotnal Zraenci‘ usid fy myplatmirkpnsts Mirfirt kld Dkvnd _pniìc

=

kld tmi myplatnskfncnty tists usid fy Irlist Mnc`krd >. _uom tists kld ixironsis sirvi ta divicap tmi silsi ae ixtrk-ardnlkry hatnvktnals ar oaltrac ear kotnals pirearhid, ks k erkhi ear tmi ixpirniloi.

Tmi wkrh-up ns issiltnkc nl enldnl` tmi silsi kld stkti ae –oahpiccid‘ havihilt tmkt ns sa nhpartklt nl nhpravnsid pirearhkloi ‟ ks ali strnvis ta warb wntm tmi –nhpucsi‘ kld tmi silsi ae –finl` havid‘ tmkt ns ìlirktid erah wntmnl tmi ihfadnhilt. Tmns ns kl nhpartklt pripkrktnal nl tmi nlduotnal praoiss ae tmi Hksb, kld ae tmi myplatno stkti. Tmi stktus tmkt Cktmkh pirearhid ks ekoncntktar wks oalsnstilt wntm Gamlstali s disornptnals ae tmi mn`m stktus raci oalduonvi ta Hksb warb. ;: Tmi "

silsi ae –skeity‘ ìlirktid wntmnl tmi Hksb pirearhir fy suom k stktus pcky kots ks rikssurkloi tmkt tmiri ns kl icihilt ae oaltrac ri`krdciss ae maw stral` tmi silsi ae finl` –aut ae oaltrac‘ ìts nl tmi oaursi ae ihfadynl` tmi Hksb. _uom k stktus pcky ns kcsa oalsnstilt wntm tmi ricktnalsmnp tmkt k myplasns prkotntnalir waucd ihpcay wntm k sufgiot. Tmns siihs ta fi oiltrkc nl wmkt ns disornfid ks k –smkhklnstno‘ raci tmkt sits tmi kthaspmiri ear trklsearhktnal ta aoour, kld ear ìlirktnl` mn`mcy pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss.

Hksbs kri –racis‘ nl tmi silsi tmkt tmi pirearhir kdapts omkrkotirnstnos, pmysnokcntnis, psyomaca`nis, ixpiotktnals kld oahpcnoktnals (ar ckob tmiriae), nl tmi ihfadnhilts ae tmih ks omkrkotirs. Omkrkotirnsktnal ns k pmilahilal wmirinl ali pirsalkcnty –passissis‘ klatmir ‟ nl tmns silsi, tmi orket ae tmi kotar ns oalsndirid –smkhklnstno‘ ks nt ns trklsearhktnvi ae tmi ihfadynl` hidnuh. Tmi kotar trklsearhs al ench ar nl tmi tmiktri, kld nl tmi nllir warcd ixpirniloi. Tmi kotar rihknls ks tmi nldnvndukc pirsalkcnty wma utncnsis tminr awl fady ta ihfady kl atmir ‟ k omkrkotir, k

=

_pniìc kld _pniìc.7 pp. ?9-44. Mnc`krd.7 pp. 690-655. ;: Gamlstali.7 p. ;54. >

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0>

Valkcda Haricas

–spnrnt‘, kl –ilir`y‘, k hklneistktnal nl ali earh ar klatmir ae k –oucturkc oahpcix‘. Tmi tirh –oahpcix‘ rieirs ta tmi oal`cahirkti ae oalstruots, tmi rikcntnis tmkt kri mikpid upal atmir rikcntnis tmkt kri oriktid, wmnom okl tkbi al pmysnokc kld lal-pmysnokc earhs ‟ tmi Hksb finl` suom k pmysnokc earh. Tmi Hksb ihfadnis, nl ntsice kld sipkrkti erah tmi ar`klnsh, k trkdntnal kld kl nhkì ‟ k earh wmnom ns iltirid, nl tmi wky tmkt k dkloir hn`mt –stip nlta‘ k earh.

Tmi prafcih ns lat ali ae ìttnl` tmi studilts ta ixpirniloi tmi ”prisiloi„ ae klatmir pirsalkcnty ...tmi dneenoucty cnis nl stappnl` tmi studilt erah hkbnl` tmi omklì ”mnhsice„. Tmiri„s la riksal ear tmi studilt ta stkrt ”tmnlbnl`„ wmil mi kcrikdy ”blaws„ nltuntnvicy ixkotcy wmkt sart ae orikturi mi ns. @ittnl` mnh ta macd mns hautm nl k enxid pasntnal, kld mkvnl` mnh hkbi saulds micps ta fcaob virfkcnsktnal, kld ”enldnl` k prap„ micps ta tikr tmi Hksb kwky erah tmi hnrrar. ;; Tmi Hksb ns snhpcy kl afgiot kld kl krtiekot, nl tmi silsi tmkt tmi Hksb ns –cneiciss‘ ulciss nt ns ri`krdid fy ali tmkt ns kfci ta kooiss nt. Fiokusi nt ns ri`krdid fy us, ks muhkl finl`s, k trklsearhktnal okl aoour. Nt fioahis hari tmkl k snhpci afgiot kld fioahis kl ihfadnhilt ae finl` ‟ kl ihfadnhilt ae k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Tmi nhkì ae tmi Hksb ìlirktis k pawireuc risalkloi nl aur nllir warcd. Tmi oucturkc rnomliss kld nlearhktnal rioardid nl nt, nl tmi nltirkotnal wntm tmi oalsonaus finl`, tmkt ns tmi muhkl kotar, trklsearhs tmi krtiekot nlta sahitmnl` hari tmkl tmi afgiot. Tmi oalsonaus finl` okl alcy kotnvkti tmi Hksb ne tmkt finl` ns kfci ta piroinvi kld uldirstkld tmi nlearhktnal oaltknlid nl tmi Hksb.

Nlduotnal ae _pnrnts N hky sky ”Pmil yau caab nl tmi hnrrar cit tmi Hksb hkbi k sauld, kld biip tmi sauld ànl` kcc tmrau`m tmi soili.„ Tmns ns k hidntktnal tiomlnqui viry ieeiotnvi nl fcaobnl` virfkcnsktnal ...N aetil sky tmnl`s cnbi ”îs, tmkt„s ixoiccilt„, ar ”Pma ns nt1„ ar ”Khkznl`„ ivil fieari studilts mkvi caabid nl tmi hnrrar, sa tmkt tmi eiicnl` ae finl` dneeirilt, kld mnddil, ns rinlearoid. ;6 Tmi study ae oalsonausliss aeeirs kl nlsn`mt nlta tmi nhpartkloi ae tmi nllir vanoi ‟ tmi lkrrktnsktnal ‟ wntmnl ikom nldnvndukc tmkt rieciots aur piroiptnals kld ixpirniloi, ks kl alànl` kld usukccy sncilt virfkcnsktnal. Pmil Hksbs fi`nl ta spikb, ks nl tmi oksi ae tmi Mkce Hksbs, tmi lkrrktnsktnal fioahis hari nlvacvid nl tmi trkloi stkti. Nl tmns wky, tmi oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir fioahis eurtmir nlvacvid nl tmi stkti tmkt wks disornfid fy _tklnsckvsbn ks tmi –oriktnvi stkti‘.

;; ;6

Nfnd.7 p. ;50. Nfnd.7 pp. ;55-;50.

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Valkcda Haricas

Tmi Hksb ns kl ihfadnhilt ae k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Ks k tixt, tmi Hksb ihfadnis k pkrtnouckr wky ae finl` kld piroinvnl`2 k pkrtnouckr pmysnokcnty kld k pkrtnouckr psyomaca`y (ar ckob tmiriae). Tmi Hksb ns k wmaci sirnis ae su`ìstnals, ikom Hksb su`ìsts vkrnaus wkys ae ihfadynl` nt. Pmil ali ns –rikdnl`‘ tmi Hksb, –nhk`nl`‘ ar –silsnl`‘ tmi Hksb, nl tmi nlduotnal kld pripkrktnal praoiss, ali ns –kttildnl`‘ ta tmi Hksb ks Gamlstali skys. Ali ns –tkbnl` nl‘ ar –friktmnl` nl‘ tmi Hksb. Ali ns pripkrnl` ta ihfady tmi Hksb, tmirieari ali ns oalliotnl` ta nt. Al ali civic, tmi pirearhir ns tkbnl` nl kld kooiptnl` su`ìstnals erah tmi Hksb nl tmi earh ae nhkìs, ihatnvi rispalsis, ar –ùt‘ rikotnals ta tmkt pkrtnouckr Hksb, ks ali ri`krds tmi Hksb nl pripkrktnal. Ks ali caabs kt tmi Hksb nl ali s mkld, tmi Hksb ns rikd kld "

ri`krdid. Tmi pirearhir dirnvis nhkìry erah kld rispalsis ta tmi Hksb. Tmisi kri wmkt tmi pirearhirs nlvabi nl puttnl` al tmi Hksb.

Nl tmi nlduotnal, durnl` tmi frnie pirnad ae tnhi spilt nl pripkrktnal, tmi pirearhir uldiràis kl ixpirniloi tmkt nlvabis kl ixpirniloi ae wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi kl –issiloi‘2 oalsndirid ks –pri-psyomaca`nokc‘ nl tmi ihfadnhilt ae tmi Liutrkc Hksb, kld omkrkotirnstnokccy psyomaca`nokc nl tmi oksi ae tmi Ixprissnvi Hksbs. Tmns ns ali earh ae su`ìstnal tmkt frnl`s kfaut tmi pkrkmyplatno stkti lioisskry ear tmi pripkrktnal ear ihfadnhilt ‟ tmi kotukc rntukc kld nlduotnal praoiduri ae puttnl` al tmi Hksb. Tmi nlduotnal praoiduri ae tmi Hksb ns tmi kot ae puttnl` al tmi Hksb ‟ ae friktmnl` nl kld fioahnl` tmi Hksb. Tmi nlstkloi ae pripkrktnal nlvacvis tmi kot ae –cittnl` à‘. Tmns ns k hidntktnvi stkti nl tmkt ali ns oahpiccid ta kwknt kld ta friktmi nl tmi Hksb. Tmi friktm ns kl nhpartklt kspiot nl tmi nhkìry ae tmi nlduotnal praoiduri, ta –friktmi‘ ns ta fi ildawid wntm cnei. Ali kcsa –friktmis nl‘ tmi nlearhktnal oaltknlid nl tmi Hksb, ali fioahis apil ta kld kfci ta kfsarf tmi nlecuiloi ae tmi Hksb tmrau`m tmi hitkpmar ae tmi friktm.

Tmi Hksb ns ri`krdid ks k oucturkc rioard kld daouhiltktnal. Tmi Liutrkc Hksb ns k rioard ae wmkt okl fi oalsndirid k ekoi ae diktm, k ekoi tmkt ns ociklsid ae kcc pirsalkcnty kld psyomaca`y. Tmi Hksb oaleralts us wntm tmkt silsi kld nhkìry ‟ tmi –cittnl` à‘ ae ivirytmnl` ixoipt ae tmkt wmnom hkbis us muhkl, tmkt wmnom hkbis us kl ihfadnid finl`. Nt oaleralts us wntm puri pmysnokcnty, wntm tmi silsi ae tmi ar`klnsh. Tmi tirh –ar`klnsh‘ rieirs ta tmi pmysnokc ihfadnhilt ‟ tmi puricy hktirnkc hklneistktnal ‟ kld tmi psyomaca`nokc ns siil ks kl ihirìlt pmilahilal ae tmi pmysnokc, wmnom `nvis k riecixnvi vniw ae ixpirniloi. Tmi onrouckrnty tmkt ns su`ìstid

Trkloi Earhs

=;

Valkcda Haricas

fy tmns ns snhnckr ta tmi onrouckrnty ae tmi friktmnl` nl ae tmi Hksb. Tmi onrouckrnty nlvabis k –ocasid systih‘ tmkt ns nltilsnenid wntm eaousid kttiltnal nlta kl ixpirniltnkc enicd ‟ k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Kotars okl pirearh nl vkrnaus myplatno stktis wmirinl ivilts –rikccy mkppil‘. Tmi civic ae ficnie tmkt tmi kotar hklkìs ta ìlirkti nltirlkccy okl nhpkot upal tmi –ficnivkfncnty‘ ae tmi pirearhkloi kld tmi civic ae –suspilsnal ae dnsficnie‘ tmkt ns ieeiotid nl nts kudniloi. Nt ns usieuc ta oahpkri Gamlstali s kooaults ae studilts ixpirnilois wntm Gkli Fica s kooaults ae trkloirs "

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ixpirnilois nl Fkcn kld enld sahi sn`lnenoklt snhnckrntnis. ;?

Tmi nldnvndukcnst pkrkdn`h kttrnfutis krt ta –sice-ixprissnal‘. Fy danl` sa ixocusnvicy nt ns hkdi ciss oalduonvi ta divicapnl` tmi kfncnty ta oaloiptukcnsi, cit kcali nltirlkcnsi, tmi latnal ae tmi –krtnst‘ ks k –hidnuh tmrau`m wmnom sahitmnl` icsi apirktid‘, ks Gamlstali krùid. –Aloi wi ficnivi tmkt krt ns sice-ixprissnal, tmil tmi nldnvndukc okl fi orntnonsid lat alcy ear mns sbncc... fut snhpcy ear finl` wmkt mi ns‘.

;4

Tmus tmi pkrkdn`h ae tmi nldnvndukc nl saonity, taìtmir wntm tmi prapilsnty ear gudìhilt, mks tmi patiltnkc ta fi prnhi nlmnfntars ae oriktnvnty ‟ nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt tmi trkloi stkti okl fi pktmaca`nsid ar dihalnsid fy vkrnaus trkdntnals kld ficnies. Eurtmirhari, nldnvndukcnsh kcsa aeeirs k prahnsi fy pasntnl` –tmi sufgiot wma ns sice-oaltknlid kld sice-ditirhnlnl`, tmi passissar ae erii wncc, kld k okpkonty ear afgiotnvi blawcidì ...nl nhk`nl` tmi saonkc sufgiot ks kutalahaus kld erii‘.

;9

Tmi Zirearhir nl Trkloi Tmi klkcysns wncc law turl ta tmi ixpirnilois kld piroiptnals ae k luhfir ae dkloi kld drkhk prkotntnalirs tmkt wiri nltirvniwid ear tmns study. Ksndi erah twa prkotntnalirs, tmi nltirvniwiis kri lat ndiltnenid ear tmi skbi ae frivnty kld oalendiltnkcnty. Tmi shkcc luhfir ae nltirvniwiis cnhnts tmi frikdtm ae tmi ocknhs tmkt kri hkdi kld drkwl al tmi fksns ae tmi ivndiloi, mawivir, tmi diptm ae tmi hktirnkc `ktmirid kccaws ear k rklì ae mypatmisis ta fi divicapid. Tmisi mypatmisis kddriss tmi prafcih ae wmkt oaloiptukc kld tiomlnokc icihilts oahprnsi tmi nlduotnal kld hknltilkloi ae k trkloi, ar trkloi-cnbi, stkti nl tmi prkotnois kld ixpirnilois ae tmi pirearhirs nltirvniwid.

;?

Fica, Gkli (;>5:). Trkloi nl Fkcn. Liw ârb, Oacuhfnk Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. 55-;>9. Gamlstali.7 pp. 0=-0>. ;9 Oaulsicc, Oacnl (;>>5). _n`ls ae Zirearhkloi7 Kl Nltraduotnal ta Twiltnitm-oiltury Tmiktri . Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 p. 45. ;4

Trkloi Earhs

=6

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi pirearhir ns trknlid nl kld divicaps k sit ae prkotnois fy wmnom tmiy kri kfci ta il`kì nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi trn`ìrs tmkt kccaw tmih ta ihfady kld ilkot pkrtnouckr oucturkc oalstruots tmkt mkvi fiil ditirhnlid ta pravndi k oirtknl typi ae ieeiot upal afsirvirs kld tmi saonkc hncniu wntmnl wmnom tmi pirearhkloi aoours. Tmus, trkloi ns sknd ta aoour wmil tmi kttrnfutnal ae kotnals kld hatnvktnals ae tmi pirearhir ns nltirpritid fy fatm pirearhir kld kudniloi ks arn`nlktnl` erah fiyald tmi pirearhir s larhktnvi okpkontnis kld fimkvnaurkc vaokfuckry. "

Nl tmns silsi, trkloi nlduotnal ns ricnklt upal tmi nltilsnenoktnal ae tmi silsi kld oalvnotnal tmkt –atmir-liss‘ ns finl` ilkotid kld ihfadnid. Kl ixkhpci ae tmns dylkhno ns siil nl tmi vkrnid oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkt disornfi tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir nl tmi oucturkc sittnl` ae tmi nltirvniwiis. Tmi latnals ae –oalsonaus‘, –sufoalsonaus‘, kld –uloalsonaus‘ ixpirniloi kld hktirnkc riprisilt dneeiriltnktnals nl tmi vaokfuckry kld hihary tmkt kri nlvabid nl pirearhkloi. Tmirieari, tmi di`rii ta wmnom tmi vaokfuckrnis kld hiharnis kppraxnhkti tmi lkrrktnsid larhktnvi ixpirnilois ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi rieciots tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmi pirearhkloi ns trkls`rissnvi ae –larhkc‘ ar –rikcnstno‘ ixpirniloi, kld tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmi silsi ae –atmir-liss‘ ns nltilsnenid. Tmns nltilsnenoktnal ns komnivid tmrau`m nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt. _uom nlvacvihilt lioisskrncy il`kìs pkrtnouckr ficnie systihs tmkt kri, nl turl, smkpid kld hadnenid fy oucturkc ekotars icihilts, kld praoissis. Tmi pirearhktnvi kld oahhulnoktnvi earoi ìlirktid fy suom nlvacvihilts ditirhnli tmi pawir ae tmi ilkotid kld ihfadnid pirearhklois upal kl iloucturktid kudniloi.

Fksnos kld Ficnies7 Oalstruots kld Oaltrkots Tmi latnal ae pirearhkloi mks fiil oaloiptukcnsid nl vkrnaus wkys fy vkrnaus pirearhkloi trkdntnals. _uom oaloiptukcnsktnals okl ditirhnli tmi typi ae ixpirniloi uldiràli fy tmi pirearhir. Ali wky ae uldirstkldnl` pirearhkloi ns ixprissid ks kl ixpirniloi ae kl –atmir warcd‘. Zirearhirs tkcb pkrtnouckrcy kfaut tmi latnal ae warcds ‟ –tmi ixpirniloi ae pirearhnl`, ear hi, hikls iltirnl` k dneeirilt warcd, iltirnl` k pkrtnouckr stkti ae eaous‘. Zirearhkloi ns siil ta fi –k bnld ae daarwky‘ ar –k wnldaw ta cnlb kl nllir warcd, sahiwmiri, ta tmi autir warcd‘ kld tmi pirearhktnvi kot ns siil ks –k bnld ae oahhulnoktnal fitwiil tmisi twa warcds‘ ‟ wntm tmi qukcnenoktnal tmkt –tmns autir warcd ns saonity‘. Tmus, pirearhkloi ns siil ta eulotnal –fiyald… wmiri wi cnvi nl tmi dkncy cnei ‟ huldkli rautnli cnvnl` ‟ pirearhkloi ear hi

Trkloi Earhs

=?

Valkcda Haricas

ns fiyald tmkt krik‘ kld ns tmirieari, nl k silsi, –ullkturkc‘. Pmnci nt ns siil ks –k oalstruotid tmnl`‘ kld –hkbi-ficnivi‘, tmi kot ae pirearhnl` ns oalsndirid ta fi –k bnld ae k sirvnonl` ae hy sice ta tmkt bnld ae ixpirniloi‘ nl –k dnspcky ae kl ixpirniloi‘. Tmus tmi latnal ae warcds ns oahfnlid wntm tmi nhpirktnvi ae oahhulnoktnal ‟ –k pirearhkloi ns smawnl` sahitmnl`, wmitmir nt ns ixtirlkc ar nltirlkc‘2 ta pirearh ns –ta ixpriss sahitmnl`‘.

Tmirieari, tmi latnal tmkt –pirearhkloi ns krt‘ ns ickfarktid wntm tmi ndik tmkt –krt‘ ear tmi pirearhir –ns kfaut oahhulnoktnal‘2 tmi pirearhir s ricktnalsmnp wntm tminr "

hktirnkc ar –nlearhktnal‘ ns siil ks k hkttir ae –oalliotnl` wntm tmkt hktirnkc kld tmil oahhulnoktnl` nt wntm tmi kudniloi‘ kld tmus ns siil ks –prafkfcy tmi ocasist tmnl` N mkvi ta k spnrntukc ixnstiloi‘ ar –k spnrntukc ixpirniloi‘. Tmi pirearhir s ixpirniloi ns "

siil ks –nlvacvnl` k oirtknl stkti ae oalsonausliss… k stkti ae oaloiltrktnal tmkt nlvacvis ali s pmysnokc sice… k pmysnokc prisiloi, k pmysnokcnty‘ oahfnlid wntm –k "

disnri ta omkllic sahitmnl`, ar mkvi tmns pkrtnouckr oaloiltrktnal nlearh tmi pmysnokc prisiloi fitwiil tmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi… tmiri mks ta fi k oirtknl nltiltnal‘. Tmus, tmi pirearhktnvi kld oahhulnoktnvi earoi ns siil ta sirvi k saonkc purpasi, –nt ns kfaut pacntnos, nl k viry frakd dienlntnal ae wmkt pacntnos hikls ‟ pacntnos ns kfaut mkvnl` k kttntudi, ndiks, ficnies, kld tmil tmi disnri ta oahhulnokti tmih‘. K euldkhiltkc latnal ns tmkt –pirearhkloi ns dali ear sahifady ta sii nt‘2 tmkt nt ns –dali ear tmi filient ae kl kudniloi, ar ivil ear kl ulsiil kudniloi‘ kld tmkt nt –kcwkys ns ta sahi di`rii, nltirkotnvi wntm tmi kudniloi, kld tmi pufcno, kld tmi spkoi‘ ‟ tmi pirearhir il`kìs nl k –dnkcaùi wntm atmirs‘.

Nl oalsndirnl` tmi latnal ae oalsonausliss, tmi ekotar ae –kwkriliss‘ wks eriquiltcy usid ta `rksp kld ickfarkti upal tmi ixpirniloi ae finl` oalsonaus. Oalsonausliss wks ripiktidcy disornfid ks kl –kwkriliss ae sice‘ kld pkrtnouckrcy ks kl –kwkriliss ae yaur sice ks k sipkrkti nldnvndukc apirktnl` iltnty‘ kld kcsa ks –finl` kwkri ae alisice, ks k hystiry‘. Tmus tmi silsi ae nldnvndukc sice okl fi euldkhiltkc nl tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal ae oalsonausliss2 nt ns –sahitmnl` tmkt ixnsts ks k `rauld ear pirsalkcnty, fut kpkrt erah pirsalkcnty… kcnvi-liss… hy oalsonausliss ns hy blawcidì tmkt N kh kcnvi… hy silsi ae sice… hy silsi ae ulnquiliss… hy silsi ae finl` oiltirid nl wmiri N kh‘ tmau`m nt okl kcsa –ixnst fiyald tmkt silsi ae sice‘.. Tmns silsi okl kcsa fi oaloiptukcnsid ks kl kutalahaus iltnty nl ntsice, nl kl nhkì rihnlnsoilt ae tmi Okrtisnkl –`mast nl tmi hkomnli‘. –Oalsonausliss ns kwkriliss.

Trkloi Earhs

=4

Valkcda Haricas

Oalsonausliss ns k cnttci pirsal snttnl` nl tmi fkob ae hy mikd. Pktomnl` wmkt ns mkppilnl` nl hy cnei, daouhiltnl` nt kld biipnl` k dnkry ae nt, `nvnl` hi eiidfkob kt tmi ild ae tmi dky. Tmkt ns wma oalsonausliss ns ta hi‘. Oalsonausliss okl kcsa fi uldirstaad nl tirhs ae –nltirlkc kld ixtirlkc‘ dneeiriltnktnals, ks –k oalsonausliss ae wmkt yau kri ànl` tmrau`m‘ kld ks –kl kwkriliss ae… ixtirlkc ekotars‘. Tmus oalsonausliss ns `rkspid nl tirhs ae tmi nltirkotnals kld nlvacvihilts ae tmi nldnvndukc sice wntm tmi ilvnralhilt2 nt ns dienlid fy –wmkt N kh kwkri ae… tmi siltnilt, tmi silsary tmnl`s‘ kld fy tmi silsi tmkt –nt mks, ar tmiri oaucd fi tmau`mt kttkomid, ar nt siihs ta nlvacvi tmkt ‟ oalsonausliss siihs ta oalliot ta tmau`mt… N hn`mt fioahi oalsonaus kld tmau`mt àis ta tmasi tmnl`s tmkt N kttild ta, fut tmiri s …k cat "

tmkt siihs, autsndi ae tmkt rieciotnvi stkti‘ ‟ wmnom livirtmiciss panlts ta tmi latnal tmkt –oalsonausliss siihs ta fi kwkriliss tmkt mks tmau`mteucliss‘.

Tmi icihilt ae tmau`mt tmus frnl`s nlta quistnal tmi ekotar ae –hnld‘ kld tmi ickfarktnal ae oalsonausliss tmrau`m latnals ae tmi –uloalsonaus‘ kld tmi –sufoalsonaus‘ ‟ ickfarktnl` al wmkt nt ns fy nccustrktnl` wmkt nt ns lat. Tmus, –oalsonausliss ns k wky ae blawnl`… k bnld ae kwkriliss tmkt nlvacvis, nralnokccy, tmi sufoalsonaus… ta fi oalsonaus ns ta omaasi wmkt yau wklt, wmil yau mkvi k omanoi… wmkt yaur ndik ae cn`mt ns… ks appasid ta dkrbliss… tmiri kri hkly civics ae finl` oalsonaus‘. Tmkt wmnom icudis disornptnal ar krtnoucktnal ns tmirieari rici`ktid nlta tmi –dkrbliss‘. Oalsonausliss ns siil ks –sahitmnl` erah tmi hnld… tmrau`m yaur wards, wmnom ear hi ns oalsonausliss. _a yau okl sky sahitmnl`, krtnouckti sahitmnl`… Disornfi nt. Yloalsonaus ar sufoalsonaus, ar atmir tmnl`s, yau okllat disornfi. _ahitnhis yau okllat krtnouckti nt nl wards‘. –Nt ns viry mkrd ta put nlta wards. Nt okl fi oahpkrid wntm cn`mt. âu oaucd sky nt ns yaur kwkbi-liss, ixoipt tmiri ns k oirtknl oalsonausliss tmkt yau mkvi wmil yau kri ksciip, tmkt kccaws yau ta rihihfir yaur drikhs‘. Tmi ixpirniloi ae drikhs ns siil ks klatmir wky ae uldirstkldnl` stktis ae oalsonausliss ‟ –kwkriliss wntmnl k drikh stkti... tmkt ns kl kctirid oalsonausliss… kl ilvnralhilt tmkt hky tkbi pckoi wntmnl tmi hnld… tmkt wi kcc nltirkot wntm… tmkt ns k oriktnal ar k praduotnal ae wmkt yaur hnld praoissis ar mks praoissid, ks appasid ta warbnl` wntmnl… wmkt wi waucd dienli ks rikcnty ks suom‘..

Tmirieari, tmi oaloiptukcnsktnals ae oalsonausliss tmkt tmisi prkotntnalirs ihpcay kri oahprimilsnvicy ricnklt upal tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi nldnvndukc sice, ks dienlid fy tmasi icihilts ae ixpirniloi tmkt kri lat ndiltnenid wntm ‟ ks –uloalsonaus‘,

Trkloi Earhs

=9

Valkcda Haricas

–sufoalsonaus‘, –dkrbliss‘, –ixtirlkc‘ kld atmir latnals. Tmus, nl ripartnl` tmkt –tmi oalsonaus ns… nlearhktnal tmkt yau okl, tmkt yau da mkvi kooiss ta, fy wncc‘, tmisi prkotntnalirs rieciot k pkrtnouckr vniw ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns `rauldid upal tmi ixpirniloi ae nldnvndukc kìloy.

Nl klkcysnl` micd latnals ae –trkloi‘, tmi prkotntnalirs nltirvniwid oalviyid piroiptnals ae suom ixpirnilois uldirstaad tmrau`m tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae –kctirid stktis‘. Ali prkotntnalir skw trkloi ks kl –kctirid stkti ae finl`… iltirnl` nlta klatmir stkti ae finl` tmkt riqunris, nl k wky, tmi sice ta kotukccy fi ciet fimnld‘ kld tmkt tmns nlvacvis –sahi bnld ae surrildirnl`… iltirnl` sahitmnl` icsi… ta à nlta kl kctirid stkti… k passissnal, nt hky lat fi kcwkys k omanoi‘. Klatmir prkotntnalir ickfarktid al tmi ndik ae –passissnal‘ ks kl kspiot ae –kctirid‘ stktis7

Trkloi ta hi ns kl kctirid stkti. Ta fi nl k trkloi ns, ìlirkccy, ta kccaw sahitmnl` ta ' sahi atmir earoi, sahi atmir ilir`y ' ta tkbi oaltrac, ar mkvi oaltrac ae yaur kotnals… trkloi ta hi ns k pckoi wmiri yau okl kccaw atmir passnfncntnis ta mkppil, ar atmir ilir`nis, atmir earois. Pmitmir nt fi k àd ar wmitmir nt fi k spnrnt iltnty, ar wmitmir nt fi k dikd `rkldhatmir, ar wmitmir nt fi k omkrkotir, ar wmitmir nt fi k pkrt, ar k waaccy hkhhatm, ar sahitmnl`, sahi ilir`y, sahi earoi… nl hy tmau`mt nt„s ta fi passissid fy kl ilir`y autsndi ae ali„s sice. Mawivir, atmir prkotntnalirs kri ciss pripkrid ta ihpcay latnals ae k hatnvktnl` earoi tmkt ns –autsndi‘ ae tmi nldnvndukc sice, prieirrnl` tmi ndik tmkt –uloalsonaus‘ ar –sufoalsonaus‘ ekotars hky fi nlvacvid. Trkloi okl tmirieari fi siil ks –klatmir civic… passnfcy sufoalsonaus civic, wmiri yau drkw eartm erah ixpirnilois ar wmkt lat‘. Tmi ixpirniloi ns siil ks ihir`nl` erah –kriks‘ tmkt kri lat kcwkys kooissnfci, erah –kl uloalsonaus civic… trkloi ns kl krik tmkt yau okllat disornfi‘. Tmirieari, nl tmns silsi tmi ixpirniloi ns siil al tmi fksns ae k ricktnalsmnp fitwiil –kriks‘ ae oalsonausliss tmkt kri dnvndid kld oktiàrnsid ks –oalsonaus‘, –sufoalsonaus‘ kld –uloalsonaus‘ icihilts7

Trkloi ns k stkti ae oalsonausliss… dneeirilt stktis ae oalsonausliss okl fi gust dneeirilt stktis ae trkloi. N tmnlb trkloi ns kcsa maw huom yau kccaw yaursice ta fi kt tmi sufoalsonaus ' wmnom ns lat tmi uloalsonaus ' ear tmi sufoalsonaus ta tkbi avir… Trkloi ns casnl` tmi oalsonaus oaltrac, kld N tmnlb tmi sufoalsonaus tkbis avir... Tmiri kri gust dneeirilt civics ae trkloi ta nt. âu okl mkvi dneeirilt civics ae oalsonaus oaltrac. Tmi latnal ae k dnvndid oalsonausliss frnl`s nlta mn`mcn`mt tmi prafcih ae –hnld‘ wmnom ns iquktid wntm tmi –oalsonaus‘ krik wntm wmnom tmi nldnvndukc sice hast rikdncy ndiltnenis. Tmus tmi ixpirniloi ae trkloi ns oalsndirid ks –k panlt wmiri yau mkvi

Trkloi Earhs

=5

Valkcda Haricas

dicnfirkticy qunitilid yaur hnld‘ kld wmiri k smnet nl eaous hn`mt aoour nl tmi nldnvndukc kot ae ndiltnenoktnal7

Pi aetil tmnlb ae trkloi ks sahitmnl` wmiri yau kri nl k qunti kcnilktid stkti, dnssaonktid stkti. _ahitmnl` tmkt ns qunti dnstklt, sahitmnl` tmkt ns qunti spcnt aee erah k larhkc stkti. N gust dal„t ixpirniloi suom k spcnt. N suppasi ne N wiri ta cit à, kld ne N wiri ta à nlta diipir trkloi tmkl finl` nl pirearhkloi nt waucd hikl cittnl` à ae oaltrac hari. N suppasi nt okl hikl pirmkps cittnl` à ae tmi ià, tmkt ”N„ silsi. Nt ns k lal #ardnlkry stkti wmiri yaur hnld ns huom qunitir tmkl usukc, kld nt ns komnivid fy eaous al k pkrtnouckr tmnl`. Eurtmirhari, tmi prafcih ae –hnld‘ ns dnriotcy ricktid ta tmi nssui ae –oaltrac‘ ‟ tmkt wmnom ns piroinvid ks tmi hatnvktnl` earoi ear kotnals, kld tmkt ta wmnom tmi silsi ae kìloy ns kttrnfutid. Tmns nssui fioahis ae hkgar nhpartkloi wmil tmi pirearhir ns pckoid nl tmi pirearhkloi sittnl` kld ns ixpiotid ta il`kì nl kl kot ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt, ta vkrynl` di`riis, dipkrt erah tmi silsi ae k larhktnvi sice. Cktmkh siis tmi ixpirniloi ae trkloi ks k ricivklt erkhiwarb fy wmnom ta ri`krd tmi prkotnoi kld prafcihs ae pirearhkloi7

Pi kri kerknd tmkt wi wncc ìt aut ae oaltrac, kld tmkt wi wncc da wmktivir… yau okl„t oaltrac nt, yau okl„t stky nl oaltrac. Fut N aetil tmnlb tmkt ”nl#oaltrac„ tmkt wi tkcb kfaut, ns ixkotcy tmi nl #oaltrac tmkt wi dal„t wklt... tmnl`s cnbi trkloi divicap suom bnld ae fkd kssaonktnals… ta tkcb kfaut trkloi kld ànl` nlta k trkloi, piapci à ”am hy àd„. Pmiriks tmkt ns wmkt pirearhnl` ns… yau kri nl k trkloi. N tmnlb ivil wmil yau pirearh nl k lkturkcnstno pcky alstkì yau kri nl k trkloi. Tmiri ns k trkloi stkti. Nt hky lat fi muì fut tmiri ns ali fiokusi atmirwnsi wmiri kri yau1 Fiokusi nt„s lat rikc cnei, yau„ri lat nl rikc cnei. _a yau okl„t gust fi al stkì nl rikc cnei gust skynl` wards yau mkvi cikrlt. Tmi wmaci tmnl` ae skynl`… ”law N kh nl tmns okstci„ ar wmktivir, ali mks iltirid k civic ae trkloi… N tmnlb nt ns ta da wntm oaltrac kld cass ae oaltrac, kld kcc tmasi bnlds ae tmnl`s. Kld nt„s ta da wntm piapci mkvnl` tmi viry add ixpirniloi. Tmi kppcnoktnal ae tmi oaloiptukc erkhiwarb ae –trkloi‘ ‟ ks prapasid nl tmns study ‟ kccaws ear tmi afsirvktnal kld klkcysns ae tmi pirearhir s ixpirniloi nl k "

pirearhkloi sittnl` tmkt mn`mcn`mts suom icihilts ks tmi pirearhir s nlvacvihilt wntm "

tminr hktirnkc ‟ tmi civic ae il`kìhilt tmkt tmi pirearhir komnivis wntm tmi ficnie systihs tmkt tmiy kri ixpiotid ta ihfady kld ilkot ‟ kld tmi di`rii ta wmnom tmkt nlvacvihilt nlecuilois tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Ne tmi oaloipt ae trkloi nlntnkccy kppikrs ta fi earin`l ta k pkrtnouckr pirearhir s ixpirniloi, "

kl ixkhnlktnal ae tmkt ixpirniloi rivikcs tmi ricivkloi ae suom k oaloipt7

N wksl„t kwkri ae rikccy ixpcarnl` trkloi… N tmnlb oalliotnal ns k ward tmkt mks tmi `riktist ricivkloi. Hkyfi nt ns hari tmkl gust oalliotnal, hkyfi tmiri ns k diptm ta nt, hkyfi tmiri ns k stril`tm ar k pawir ta tmkt oalliotnal. Fut N tmnlb ne tmiri ns oalliotnal, tmiri ns kt cikst trkloi #cnbi tmnl`s ànl` al. Tmiri ns k pkssnal… wards cnbi afsissnal kotukccy oahi ta hnld. Ne yau kri afsissid wntm sahi tmnl`, yau kri sa oalliotid ta nt tmkt nt fioahis trkloi #cnbi, fiokusi

Trkloi Earhs

=0

Valkcda Haricas

latmnl` icsi oahis nl, ar ivirytmnl` icsi ns pusmid kwky rktmir. Nt daisl„t hikl atmir tmnl`s kri lat tmiri. Tmus, klatmir icihilt tmkt tmi erkhiwarb ae –trkloi‘ okl mn`mcn`mt ns tmi ixpirniloi ae k dnvndid oalsonausliss tmkt hn`mt iviltukti nl ar lioissntkti tmi silsi ae nsacktnal ‟ tmi piroiptnal tmkt k pkrtnouckr kspiot ae tmi nldnvndukc sice tmkt ns oaloinvid ae ks –oalsonaus‘ ar –hnld‘ ar –larhkc‘ fioahis sipkrktid ar suspildid nl tmi ixpirniloi ae pirearhkloi. Kctmau`m tmns nsacktnal erah tmi –larhkc‘ ilvnralhilt ae tmi pirearhir kcsa tkbis tmi earh ae pmysnokc sipkrktnal, tmi –nllir‘ ixpirniloi ae sipkrktnal kld suspilsnal okl alcy fi kpprimildid tmrau`m tmi piroinvid kld ripartid ixpirnilois ae tmi pirearhir. Tmirieari, kl uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi ns ricnklt upal kl kpprionktnal ae tmi typis ae nsacktnal tmkt k pirearhir ixpirnilois ar riqunris nl ardir ta kttknl kppraprnkti civics ae nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt7

Ear hi, trkloi ns lat lioisskrncy kfaut… ivirytmnl` icsi dnskppikrs kld yau alcy mkvi k trkloi ' k myplatno trkloi ' wmiri yau dal„t blaw klytmnl` icsi nl tmi warcd ixnsts. Tmkt hky fi k earh ae trkloi… !nt okl kcsa fi cnbi " hy ixpirniloi tmkt N spabi kfaut wntm tmi myplatmirkpnst, wmiri wi spabi kfaut tmns vanoi nl tmi fkob ae yaur mikd tmkt ns avirsiinl`. Nt ns cnbi yau okl fi nl k myplatno trkloi stkti kld stncc mkvi tmkt vanoi tmiri. âu okl kcsa, ks hy tmirkpnst aetil dnd, ksb tmkt vanoi ta smut up kld gust wktom, kld lat nltirrupt. Pmnom wks qunti nltiristnl`. Fut yis N tmnlb pkssnalkti oalliotnal… Tmi silsi ae trkloi ks –hystnokc‘ ‟ tmi oahhulnoktid silsi ae –atmir-liss‘ ‟ sufstkltnvicy oaltrnfutis ta tmi pirearhktnvi pawir tmkt nt ns kfci ta ìlirkti. Mawivir, suom pirearhklois nlvkrnkfcy riqunri sahi civic ae trknlnl`, fi nt earhkc ar nlearhkc, nltiltnalkc ar ulnltiltnalkc. Tmi erkhiwarb ae trkloi prapasid nl tmns study oalsndirs k biy kspiot ae suom trknlnl` ar pripkrktnal ta fi tmi nlstruotnal ar nlearhktnal tmkt tmi pirearhir rioinvis ar ihpcays. Tmisi nlocudi tmi tiomlnquis kld tmi tixts tmkt oahprnsi tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnal ks k wmaci. Klatmir biy kspiot ae tmi pripkrktnal ear pirearhkloi ns tmi praoiss ae nlntnktnal tmkt tmi pirearhir rioinvis ‟ tmi prkotnoi fy wmnom tmi pirearhir ìts k silsi tmkt tmiy mkvi uldirtkbil k raci ar k eulotnal tmkt fical`s ta k pkrtnouckr pirearhkloi trkdntnal ar oucturi. Tmns kspiot ricktis ta tmi praoiss ae nlvaoktnal tmkt tmi pirearhir utncnsis nl ardir ta oahhiloi k pkrtnouckr nhk`nlktnvi ar keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt. Tmisi kspiots kri tmi cikrlt oahpalilts ae tmi pirearhkloi prkotnoi tmkt k pirearhir riqunris nl ardir ta ndiltney wntm ar ks tmi –atmir‘ tmkt ns ta fi ihfadnid kld ilkotid. Ear Cktmkh7

Ne ali ns tkcbnl` kfaut ànl` nlta trkloi, tmil yau mkvi ta cikrl maw ta da nt. Nt„s lat gust k oksi ae snttnl` tmiri kld wkntnl`. Fiokusi N tmnlb k cat ae tmnl`s tmkt kri tirhid ”hystnokc„ ar wmktivir, kril„t. Tmiy kri tirhid hystnokc fiokusi sahifady intmir dais lat blaw wmkt tmiy„ri danl`, ar tmiy wklt ta `nvi nt sahitmnl` tmkt nt

Trkloi Earhs

==

Valkcda Haricas

dais lat lioisskrncy mkvi. Ne yau„ri ànl` ta stkrt warbnl` nl kl krik wmitmir nt„s trkloi ar wmktivir nt ns, yau mkvi ta blaw wmkt yau„ri danl`… âu da mkvi ta blaw maw ta ìt nl, yau mkvi ta blaw maw ta ìt aut. âu mkvi ta fi kfci ta da tmasi tmnl`s…

Fauldkrnis kld Funcdnl` Fcaobs K luhfir ae tmi prkotntnalirs nltirvniwid smkrid vkrnid civics ae ixpirniloi ae warbnl` wntm Liutrkc kld Omkrkotir Hksbs. Tmus nt wks passnfci ta nlvistn`kti ta k oirtknl di`rii tmi pirearhir s ixpirniloi nl warbnl` wntm Hksbs, pkrtnouckrcy tmi "

piroiptnals ae tmi pirearhkloi stktis tmkt wiri eict ta fi issiltnkc kspiots ae tmi ixpirniloi. Cktmkh wks tmi Dikl ae tmi UOK _omaac ae Drkhk fitwiil ;>== kld ;>>02 mi mks ixtilsnvicy ihpcayid tmi Liutrkc kld Omkrkotir Hksbs nl tmi oaursi ae trknlnl` kotars ear praeissnalkc okriirs nl tmiktri, ench kld ticivnsnal. Kt cikst eaur ae tmi prkotntnalirs nltirvniwid mkd pkrtnonpktid nl pirearhkloi warbsmaps oalduotid fy Cktmkh. Nl disornfnl` Hksb warb, mi stktid k ficnie tmkt7

wmil yau iltir tmi Hksb, nl k bnld ae k wky, yau iltir klatmir warcd. Tmi warcd ae tmi Hksb ns lat aur warcd, fut lar ns nt tmi warcd ae k, wmkt yau„d sky, k bnld ae stkldkrd tixt fksid pcky. Ks saal ks tmi Hksb àis al tmi iltnri warcd, tmi iltnri tmiktrnokc warcd omklìs, sa tmkt yau kri dikcnl` nl… sahitmnl` tmkt, ear wklt ae k fittir ward, ns trutm. Fut nt„s lat trutm tmkt ixnsts nl k bnld ae TU trutm ar k havni trutm ar lkturkcnstno trutm kt kcc. Nt„s k trutm tmkt ns trui ta tmasi Hksbs. Pmnom hikls tmkt nl ardir ta pcky tmi Hksb yau mkvi ta bnld ae trklsearh nlta tmi Hksb… ks k risuct dnsoavir wmkt tmkt warcd ns tmkt yau mkvi trklsearhid nlta… ta pirearh nl tmi Hksb ns ta, enrst ae kcc ta trklsearh nlta nt… ta pirearh, enrst tmi kcc, yau„vi àt ta à ta klatmir stkti ae oalsonausliss. Fiokusi yau okl„t pirearh tmi Hksb, yau okl„t rikccy warb nl tmi Hksb, ne yau gust stky kt yaur skhi bnld ae stkti ae oalsonausliss ks yau kri wmil yau pirearh larhkccy al tmi stkì. Ne yau pirearh nl k bnld ae lkturkcnstno drkhk al tmi stkì, yau okl„t tmil put al tmi Hksb kld fi nl tmkt skhi stkti ae oalsonausliss, kld pirearh tmi Hksb. Nt daisl„t warb. Fiokusi tmi Hksb ntsice ns ckrìr tmkl cnei. _a yau àt ta enld tmkt stkti ae oalsonausliss wntmnl yaursice, tmkt wncc kccaw tmasi bnlds ae ilir`nis tmkt tmi Hksb dihklds. Tmkt wncc kccaw tmasi ta mkppil. Tmisi ficnies kri rieciotid nl Bintm Gamlstali s omkptir al –Hksbs kld Trkloi‘ "

nl mns faab Nhpra (;>0>) kld tmus riprisilt k wndicy kooiptid vniw al tmi –trklsearhktnvi pawir‘ ae Hksb warb. Nt ns passnfci tmil ta klkcysi tmi oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkt oahprnsi tmisi ficnies nl tmi qukcnty ae tmi pirearhkloi stkti komnivid nl Hksb warb nl ardir ta earhuckti kl uldirstkldnl` ae tmi wkys nl wmnom tmns ficnie systih il`kìs tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi okpkontnis ae tmi pirearhir ta nlduoi k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Kl issiltnkc oahpalilt ae tmns ficnie systih iltkncs tmi nsacktnal ae tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice tmrau`m praoissis tmkt wiri vkrnauscy disornfid fy suom hitkpmars ks –ihptynl`‘ ar –surrildirnl`‘7

N liid ta qunitil tmi sice rn`mt dawl… praoiss ae ihptynl`… k praoiss ae surrildir... ta iltir tmkt, nt ns fatm k pmysnokc kld k hiltkc tmnl`… lansy mikd, Trkloi Earhs

=>

Valkcda Haricas

tmkt„s pkrt ae tmi qunitilnl` dawl, ae tmi cittnl` à, lat cnstilnl` taa huom ta kcc tmkt bnld ae rkttci… ànl` ”wicc rn`mt law N liid ta fi miri, kld rn`mt law wmkt ns nhpartklt ns tmns Hksb„… al k hiltkc civic, tmiri ns tmkt praoiss ae cittnl` à, kld al k pmysnokc civic... kttiltnal ta friktm, finl` prisilt ta friktm, kld finl` prisilt ta fi tmi Hksb… tmi praoiss ae... tmi tkbnl` nl… caabnl` kt tmi Hksb… tmi eaous kotukccy al tmi Hksb… siinl` nt ks autsndi ae hi ta fi`nl wntm… tmiri waucd fi k praoiss ae hkyfi tkcbnl` ta tmi Hksb, ae kotukccy oahhulnoktnl`, ae rikccy trynl` ta sii nt kld lat gust wmkt N hn`mt wklt nt ta fi… fiokusi tmkt hn`mt fi maw N„h eiicnl` ar sahitmnl` icsi, fut tmkt hn`mt lat rikccy fi nl tmi Hksb… ta sii wmkt nt ns, wmkt nt ns ksbnl` ae hi, maw tmi Hksb kotukccy wklts ta oahi ta cnei… N kcwkys mkvi tmi eiicnl` tmkt… sahimaw tmi Hksb… blaws wmkt ns... nt blaws maw nt wklts ta oahi ta cnei… nt„s pkrt ae tmkt sart ae oalvirsktnal, tmkt praoiss ae kotukccy caabnl` kt tmi Hksb… puttnl` tmi Hksb al, k`knl sa huom kfaut friktm, kld tmi friktmnl` nl, tmi tkbnl` nl ae tmi Hksb… kl ixpirniloi… hy idìs dal„t ixnst nl tmi skhi wky tmkt N blaw tmih… kl ixpirniloi ae eiicnl` cnbi tmi Hksb kotukccy iltirs hi. _a N iltir nt fut nt kotukccy iltirs hi… k silsi ae kotukccy ixpkldnl` ta kotukccy hiit nt, kld tmirieari nt hiits hi. _a hy awl silsi ae sice dienlntnal bnld ae smnets nl qunti tkl`nfci sart ae bnlkistmitno wkys… nt eiics cnbi nt„s kl ilir`y tmnl`... Ks tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice ns nsacktid tmi pirearhir il`kìs nl kl kot ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt ns kssaonktid wntm tmi praoiss ae friktm2 tmi pirearhir ns nlearhid fy tmi Hksb tmrau`m tmns –oalvirsktnal‘ tmil ndiltnenis wntm tmi Hksb fieari frnl`nl` nt –ta cnei‘. Nl kssaonktnl` tmi puttnl` al ae tmi Hksb wntm tmi praoiss ae friktmnl` nl, tmi ndik tmkt tmi Hksb ns kfaut ta fi frau`mt ta cnei ar iltir tmi pirearhir ns rinlearoid fy tmi pmysnaca`nokc nhpirktnvi kld oirtknlty ‟ tmi –trutm‘ ‟ ae tkbnl` nl friktm. Tmi kfavi pirearhir mkd kcsa disornfid pirearhkloi ks kl kot ae –sirvnoi‘ nl ricktnal ta tmi sice, tmns oaloipt eurtmir ilmklois tmi nltilsnty ae tmi piroinvid trklsearhktnal tmkt ns uldiràli. Nl disornfnl` tmi hahilt ae trklsearhktnal ‟ tmi nlvaoktnal praoiss ‟ tmns pirearhir stktis tmkt7

nt wks bnld ae k friktmnl` nl, k sart ae kl kccawnl` friktm. Kld sa N mkd bnld ae tatkccy nhk`nlid tmkt N kh friktmnl` nl, tkbnl` nlsndi ae hysice, tmns Hksb… ks pkrt ae tmkt N ihpty hysice… nt ns k rikc omkccilì ta tmi ià… N ìt kl`ry ar N gust ìt erustrktid wntm hysice wmil N mkvil„t kotukccy iltirid. Fiokusi N gust eiic cnbi, kt kl ià civic, tmiri ns sahitmnl` tmkt kotukccy mks àttil nl tmi wky. Fiokusi wmkt ns nhpartklt miri ns tmi Hksb, ar wmkt ns nhpartklt miri ns tmi ixioutnal ae tmns havihilt, kld tmns hktirnkc, kld tmkt hahilt. N kh lat nhpartklt miri, tmi wky N kh piroinvid2 N kh lat nhpartklt miri. Pmnom ns prafkfcy k fittir wky ae disornfnl` tmi sirvnoi tmnl`. Tmns pirearhir disornfid tmi pirearhkloi stkti nlvabid ks finl` nhfuid wntm k trklsearhktnvi pawir tmkt wks dnriotcy ricktid ta tmi civic ae nsacktnal ae tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice tmkt ns kttknlid7

N ixpirniloid tmi pawir ae sahi bnld ae winrd klalyhnty. _ahi sart ae silsi ae finl` kfci ta cikvi hysice sahiwmiri, kld iltir tmi Hksb… tmi tmnl` tmkt sa khkzid hi kfaut tmkt warb, tmkt Hksb warb, wks… tmns surrildirnl` tmkt wks bnld ae ksbid ae tmi pirearhir ta kotukccy iltir tmkt Hksb kcsa bnld ae rildirid tmi pirearhir sa nloridnfcy vnsnfci, nl k wky tmkt N oaucd lat mkvi ixpiotid ta

Trkloi Earhs

>:

Valkcda Haricas

mkppil. _a tmiri wks kl nloridnfci vnsnfncnty… nl k silsi N kh siinl` hari kfaut tmkt pirearhir ks k muhkl finl`, kld yit tmiy mkvi nl k silsi bnld ae stippid kwky erah tmihsicvis. Tmiy mkvi tkbil kwky tmi ixprissnviliss ae tminr awl pirsalkc ekoi kld put tmkt fimnld tmkt tmi Hksb… hkyfi tmkt wks tmi ixpirniloi ear hi ae tmi pawir ae tmkt wmncst N wks kotukccy pirearhnl`…. Tmi ixpirniloi ae klalyhnty kccawid hi ta ixpasi hari tmkl N pirmkps waucd eiic oaheartkfci wntm, ar omaasi ta bnld ae ixpcari nl k larhkc omkrkotir ar tixt ar sahitmnl`. Tmiri wks k silsi ae cnhntciss passnfncnty kld rklì kld patiltnkc. Nl oaltrkst, klatmir pirearhir disornfid tmi oalsiquilois ae lat suooisseuccy komnivnl` kl kppraprnkti di`rii ae nsacktnal ae tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice nl Hksb warb, ketir disornfnl` klatmir pirearhkloi ixpirniloi wmirinl kl nltirlkc –orntnokc vanoi‘ okusid k bnld ae pkrkcysns durnl` k pnioi7

N mkd sahi eully ixpirnilois danl` Hksb. N mkd… wmkt Dkvnd Cktmkh cktir okccid, k ”pkrkcysns ae nlti`rnty„, danl` Ixprissnvi Hksb… wmiri k`knl tmkt vanoi, tmkt quistnalnl`, kotukccy tatkccy pkrkcysid hi, ear k ckrì omulb ae tmi oaursi. N àt avir nt ilau`m ta fi kfci ta stkrt ta da tmnl`s. Fut ear kfaut tmrii ar eaur ockssis, N cntirkccy gust put tmi Hksb al kld staad stncc. Fiokusi N oaucdl„t enld k wky ta smut aee tmisi vanois… klytmnl` N dnd N gust eict wks ekcsi, kld ekbi kld kcc tmi rist ae nt. Fut fksnokccy nt wks qunti k stral` ixpirniloi. Vikccy caud sart ae vanois. Tmi stkti tmkt _tklnsckvsbn okccs –trk`no nlkotnal‘ ;5 ns oahpkrkfci ta wmkt ns ieeiotnvicy k dnssaonktnvi trkloi stkti ixpirniloid fy tmns pirearhir, wmirinl tmi –larhkc‘ sice ns ieeiotnvicy pkrkcysid fut oalsonaus ae kl –kctirid pirsalkcnty‘ stkti. Tmns pirearhir riokccid ixpirnilonl` –tatkc ekncuri kld smkhi‘ kt tmi tnhi. Tmns pirearhir mkd kcsa ixprissid k stral` ficnie nl tmi latnal tmkt pirearhkloi kcwkys nlvacvis tmi partrkykc ae kspiots ae tmi sice. –N dal t ficnivi nl omkrkotir… nt s tmkt acd "

"

ocnomî tmkt wi kri kcc pirearhnl` kcc tmi tnhi kld wi pirearh kspiots ae aur sicvis‘. !

"

@nvil tmi stril`tm ae tmns stktid oalvnotnal, tmns typi ae –quistnalnl`‘ vanoi hky fi ricktid ta tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice tmkt _tklnsckvsbn oalsndirid ta fi oaultirpraduotnvi nl tmi kttknlhilt ae k –oriktnvi stkti‘ nl pirearhkloi, wmnom Cktmkh oalsndirid ta ocasicy rickti ta tmi pirearhkloi stkti tmkt ns sau`mt nl Hksb warb7

wmkt yau da wmil yau ìt nlta tmi Hksb ns… yau ìt fiyald tmkt oahhiltkry. âu ìt fiyald tmi tmnl` tmkt ns skynl` nl yaur mikd ”am àd tmns ns rikccy la àad nsl„t nt„, ”tmns ns rikccy kweuc, tmns ns tirrnfci„. Fiokusi yau„ri sa kcnvi wntm tmi Hksb tmkt yau pusm yaursice fiyald tmkt stkti. _a wmktivir ns ànl` al, oahis aut. _a yau dal„t gudì nt… _ahitnhis nt„s lat stuee tmkt yau ritknl. Fut yau à fiyald yaur awl bnld ”gudì hiltkc„. Kld ae oaursi wmil yau da tmkt, aetil nt ns viry viry ixontnl`… sahitnhis nt gust mkppils aloi kld livir ivir mkppils k`knl… nt ns nl tmkt krik ae ”oriktnvi stkti„, wmktivir yau wklt ta okcc nt… Fiokusi ne yau kri hkbnl` k oahhiltkry al wmkt yau„ri danl` kcc tmi tnhi, tmil kotukccy yau waucd livir da nt. Fiokusi sahi ae tmi tmnl`s tmkt mkppil nl tmi Hksb kri sa stupnd, tmiy kri sa rndnoucaus, tmkt yau„d à ”N okl„t da tmkt„. Fut ne nl yaur hnld yau„ri al tmkt bnld ae civic, tmil sahiwmiri tmi ilir`y ns lat rn`mt, tmi ilir`y ns lat wntm ;5

_tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>?0/;>56). Kl Kotar Zripkris. Caldal, @iaeeriy Fcis.7 pp. ;?>-;4:.

Trkloi Earhs

>;

Valkcda Haricas

tmi Hksb. Tmi ilir`y ns wntm yaur awl pirsalk, ar yaur awl wky ae caabnl` kt cnei, kld yaur awl bnld ae gudìhilts. Pmiriks yaur ilir`y mks àt ta fi eaousid sahiwmiri icsi… ne yau kri pirearhnl` tmi Hksb kld kt tmi skhi tnhi yau„ri danl` tmns, yau kri oahhiltnl` kfaut nt nl yaur mikd ar wmiri ivir yau kri, tmkt ns kotukccy wmkt oahis tmrau`m… tmi Hksb ns nloridnfcy rivikcnl`, tmi Hksb dais lat mndi, yau put tmi Hksb al ta mndi tmnl`s fut tmi Hksb daisl„t mndi klytmnl`. Tmi Hksb kotukccy rivikcs tmnl`s. Nt rikccy rivikcs wmkt„s ànl` al… Pi hky lat sii nt nl sa hkly wards, wi dal„t sky ”am tmns ns wmkt„s ànl` al„, wi hky à ”tmiri„s sahitmnl` k fnt winrd miri„. Tmiri ns sahitmnl` tmkt daisl„t qunti warb wntm us, kld ta hi tmkt ns wmkt nt ns2 nt smaws. Nt smaws up tmasi hahilts tmkt kri rikccy lat tatkccy tmiri, tmasi hahilts tmkt kri, nl tmi ild ali waucd tirh, ”ultrutmeuc„. K luhfir ae tiomlnquis kri utncnsid nl ardir ta smnet tmi pirearhir s eaous "

–fiyald tmkt oahhiltkry‘. Ali tiomlnqui usid fy Cktmkh mks tmi ieeiot ae smnetnl` eaous ta k pkrtnouckr latnal ae –ilir`y‘ ‟ k oarparikc silsi ae micd earoi ‟ fy kssaonktnl` tmi fadncy silsktnals ìlirktid nl tmi kot ae rullnl`. Tmi ixironsi, rieirrid ta ks –rullnl` al tmi nlsndi‘, sirvid ks k pripkrktnal ear tmi nlntnkc usis ae tmi Hksb7

tmkt ns kfaut enldnl` tmi ilir`y. Fiokusi tmkt ns ali ae tmi hast dneenouct tmnl`s ' enldnl` tmi ilir`y civic wmiri tmkt Hksb ixnsts. Fiokusi aetil piapci dikc wntm tmi Hksb uldir #ilir`nsid. Tmiy dikc wntm tmi Hksb al kl ilir`y civic tmkt ns dky # ta#dky, kld tmkt gust daisl„t warb… âu„vi àt ta enld k wky ae warbnl` wntm tmi Hksb kt kl ilir`y civic tmkt ns dneeirilt erah tmi ilir`y civic wmiri aur pirsalk ixnsts… ta hi nt ns ali ae tmi viry snhpci kld viry qunob wkys ae finl` kfci ta da tmkt. Fiokusi tmi fady fioahis omkrìd, wntmaut fioahnl` rn`nd. Nt gust fioahis omkrìd wntm ilir`y, kld nt„s friktmnl`. Klatmir tiomlnqui usid fy Cktmkh ihpcays k earh ae onrouckr su`ìstnal tmkt eulotnals nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt k bakl waucd nl Wil hidntktnal prkotnoi ;0 fy nlvabnl` hitkpmarnokc nhkìry tmkt dihklds k bnld ae –sndi-stip‘ ae rktnalkc tmau`mt praoissis7

Ta hi tmi issiloi ae nt ns ”yau kri nl tmi nhkì, tmi nhkì ns wntmnl yau„… tmi issiloi ae tmi warb. Kld nt nsl„t sahitmnl` yau okl wrnti kfaut… yau intmir uldirstkld nt ar yau dal„t. Fut nt ns lat uldirstkldnl` nt nl kl nlticciotukc wky rikccy, nt ns ta da wntm silsnl` nt. Tmiri oahis k panlt wmil yau kotukccy gust silsi, kld yau à ”am yis„. Fut ae oaursi ks saal ks yau à ”am yis„ yau casi nt. Fut nt ns kl kfsacuticy issiltnkc pkrt ae hy warb. Fiokusi tmi warb ns ta da wntm enldnl` tmi warcd ae tmi Hksb wmnom ixnsts nl k wmaci dneeirilt sit ae nhkìs. Parbnl` wntm nhkìs ns euldkhiltkc ta hy warb klywky, wmkt ivir warb N da, wmil N warb wntm tixt ar wmktivir. Enldnl` tmi nhkìs tmkt ixnst. Pmkt kri tmi nhkìs tmkt `nvi rnsi ta tmns cklùkì1 Tmkt ta hi ns viry nhpartklt, issiltnkc ta hy warb. Tmisi tiomlnquis eulotnal ks praoissis tmkt cikd ta kl nsacktnal ae tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice fy pravndnl` stnhucn ear tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi okpkontnis ae tmi pirearhir tmkt smnets kttiltnal kwky erah tmi lkrrktnsktnal praoissis tmkt kri

Trkloi Earhs

>6

Valkcda Haricas

nltrnlsnokccy kssaonktid wntm tmi larhktnvi sice ‟ tmkt ns, tmi lkrrktnvi ae tmi –hi‘ ae tmi pirearhir. Tmi nsacktnal ae larhktnvi sice ns ixpirniloid ks k –qunitilnl` dawl‘ ae tmi nltirlkc –vanoi‘ ae tmi pirearhir. Pmiriks, kl nlkfncnty ta praduoi tmns nsacktnal oaucd cikd ta kl ixpirniloi ae k –pkrkcysns ae nlti`rnty‘ ar k pirsnstiloi ae tmi –quistnalnl`‘ ar orntnokc nltirlkc –vanoi‘ tmkt wncc lat –surrildir‘ ta tmi riqunrid pirearhkloi stkti. Tmus tmisi nssuis mn`mcn`mt tmi nhpartkloi ae tmi latnals tmkt k pirearhir macds wntm ri`krd ta tmi quistnal ae tmi –sice‘ nl ricktnal ta tmi pirearhkloi stkti. Tmisi ixpirnilois nldnokti tmkt tmi latnal ae pirearhkloi fksid al –kspiots ae tmi sice‘ prisilts sahi orntnokc prafcihs kld cnhntktnals upal tmi pirearhir s kfncnty ta ilkot "

kld ihfady oirtknl pirearhkloi stktis. _ahi pirearhkloi stktis, suom ks tmi pirearhkloi ae Hksbs, lioissntkti oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkt kccaw ear tmi latnal ae –trklsearhktnal‘ ‟ tmkt kccaw ear kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt iloahpkss nlearhktnal fiyald tmi cnhnts ae tmi larhktnvi sice kld nts vkrnaus –kspiots‘. Cktmkh ixprissis k ficnie tmkt k pirearhir warbnl` wntm Hksbs ns nlvkrnkfcy riqunrid ta rikom fiyald suom cnhnts7

âu mkvi ta cit nt tkbi yau. _a tmiri ns k oirtknl khault ae surrildir. âu mkvi ta surrildir yaursice ta tmi Hksb, sa tmkt nt wncc tkbi yau nlta klatmir pckoi. âu wncc kccaw yaursice ta fi trklsearhid fy tmi Hksb. Nt„s lat rikccy k papuckr oaloipt tmkt, ear kotars ta trklsearh. Fiokusi kotars, cnbi iviryali, wklt ta pcky ali pkrt iviry tnhi tmiy da wmktivir. Fut ta hi, nt rikccy ns tmi issiloi ae kotnl`… ali okl fi trklsearhid fy kcc bnlds ae tmnl`s, fut N tmnlb tmi pawir ae trklsearhktnal tmkt tmi Hksb mks okl fi sahitmnl` tmkt ns nlstklt kld tatkc, kld qunti ulearìttkfci… ta mkvi mkd tmi ixpirniloi ae trklsearhnl` kld ta blaw wmkt nt ns, tmil tmi tmnl` ear hi waucd fi ta fi kfci ta da nt wntmaut tmi Hksb. Kld ta tkbi tmkt lixt stip, mkvnl` mkd ixpirniloi ae trklsearhktnal kld stncc fi kfci ta da nt.

Tmiktri kld tmi Zassnfncnty ae _pnrntukcnty Nl hari ìlirkc dnsoussnals ae pirearhkloi, atmir pirearhirs disornfid oahpkrkfci ixpirnilois wntm kl nltirlkc halntarnl` icihilt. Ali pirearhir disornfid kl kspiot ae kwkriliss nl tmi pirearhkloi stkti tmkt rieciotid k oaloirl wntm tmi tiomlnokc –qukcnty‘ ae tmi pirearhkloi, spikbnl` ae nt ks ali ae tmi ekotars tmkt wiri piroinvid ta nlmnfnt rktmir tmkl ekoncntkti tmi kttknlhilt ae wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi kl aptnhuh pirearhkloi ar –ecaw‘ stkti7

Ckob ae eaous nlmnfnts !pirearhkloi ". Kcsa, yis tmns qukcnty oaltrac tmnl`, tmns oaloirl wntm tiomlnqui kt tmi tnhi ae pirearhkloi. Tmns oaloirl wntm trynl` ta oaltrac nt, ta hkbi suri nt ns AB, kld lat gust trustnl` tmkt pirearhkloi ta tkbi avir. Lat kccawnl` nt ta tkbi al k cnei ae nts awl… N tild ta mkvi k hiksuri ae

;0

Ear ixkhpci ‟ Tmi @kticiss @kti , k ekhaus oacciotnal ae bakls (k bakl ns k smart stary, aetil k dnkca` fitwiil k studilt kld k tikomir, tmkt panlts tawkrds sahi issiloi ae tmi spnrnt ae Wil). Kcsa Wil Bakls fy Uilirkfci @yahky Bufasi (;>0?).

Trkloi Earhs

>?

Valkcda Haricas

oaltrac ta hkbi suri N kh danl` wmkt N kh danl` … qukcnty oaltrac, nt ns k fnt ae kl afsissnal wntm hi. Tmi aptnhuh pirearhkloi stkti kld nts kttknlhilt okl tmus fi siil ta fi k sn`lnenoklt oaloirl ear tmi prkotntnalirs nltirvniwid. Tmns stkti okl kcsa fi siil ta fi oalsndirid ks omkrkotirnsid fy tmi kfsiloi ae orntnokc –vanois‘ ar ae suom halntarnl` icihilts. Mawivir, tmi halntarnl` icihilt ns lat kcwkys oalsndirid ta fi k mnldrkloi ta kl ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi, nt okl kcsa fi siil ta kssnst tmi pirearhir. Tmus tmi –qukcnty oaltrac‘ icihilt okl kcsa fi siil ta pravndi kl nhpartklt eulotnal nl ricktnal ta tmi typi ae pirearhkloi ixpirniloi tmkt ns oalsndirid fy k pirearhir ta fi disnrkfci ar ae kl kppraprnkti –krtnstno stkldkrd‘. Ear klatmir pirearhir, tmi nltirlkc halntarnl` icihilt taab tmi earh ae k –stkì hklkìr‘ enùri tmkt sirvis ks kl ar`klnsnl` kld rikssurnl` icihilt ae tmi pirearhir s sice oaloipt nl kotnal2 pkrtnouckrcy wmiri "

pirearhkloi sntuktnals fioahi sufgiot ta ekotars tmkt okl ìlirkti striss ar klxnity ear tmi pirearhir, suom ks ulixpiotid prafcihs krnsnl` durnl` pirearhkloi7

N kh kwkri ae tmkt oalsonausliss ae tmi striss, fut N kh kcsa oalsonauscy kwkri tmkt N kh stncc tmiri nl tmkt pckoi. Tmkt omkrkotir stncc eiics, N kh skynl` tmi wards, N kh oalliotid wntm wmkt N kh danl` kld skynl`, fut tmiri ns k cnttci icihilt kt tmi fkob, tmkt ns k bnld ae cnbi hy stkì hklkìr nl tmi fkob ae hy mikd, gust hkbnl` suri ”nt ns abky, gust biip ànl` ivirytmnl` icsi wncc ekcc nlta pckoi„. Pmktivir nt ns, tmiri ns k vanoi tmiri, tmiri ns kl kwkriliss tmiri… tmi omkrkotir dnd k cat ae stuee tmkt mkd ta fi dali. N wks tmiri, N hikl tmi vanoi nl tmi fkob caabnl` kt nt tmnlbnl` ”Da N enx nt law1 La, tmns omkrkotir okl da nt, cit mnh da nt. Abky à da nt.„, tmi stkì hklkìr. Tmkt vanoi nl tmi fkob skynl` ”cikvi nt… sahifady icsi wncc dikc wntm nt„ ar ”dikc wntm nt law„. Kld tmkt wks kotukccy k eul ixpirniloi... nl tmkt ixkhpci, nt dndl„t tkbi klytmnl` kwky erah tmi smaw, nl ekot nt kddid ta nt. Tmisi halntarnl` icihilts kri dnriotcy ricktid ta tmi latnal ae tmi –mnddil afsirvir‘ disornfid nl studnis ae myplasns kld tmi latnal ae –ixioutnvi oaltrac‘ ks usid nl tmns study. ;= Kl kooault erah klatmir pirearhir disornfid kl ixpirniloi ae –omkllicnl`‘ tmkt tmiy mkd durnl` k –hidntktnal kld psyomno divicaphilt‘ warbsmap. Ear tmns pirearhir, tmi ixpirniloi fi`kl ks k `raup hidntktnal sissnal erah wmnom, ks tmiy wiri nlstruotid fy tmi ekoncntktar, –ali ae yau wal t oahi aut‘. Pmil nt fiokhi "

kppkrilt tmkt –tmns tnhi nt wks dneeirilt… N dndl t oahi aut… N wks ànl` am N h stncc "

!

"

miri … N silsid tmkt iviryali wks kwkbi. N oaucd mikr tmih tkcbnl`‘, tmi ekoncntktar "

su`ìstid ta tmns pirearhir tmkt –rn`mt law tmiri ns kl iltnty stkldnl` fimnld yau wma wklts ta spikb, kccaw tmih nl‘. Erah tmns nlduotnal tmi omkllicnl` sissnal fi`kl, kld tmi pirearhir ripartid tmkt7

;=

Mnc`krd.7 pp. ;=9-6;9.

Trkloi Earhs

>4

Valkcda Haricas

N mkd k silsi… nl hy vnsukc hnld tmiri ns k raah wntm k fn` omknr nl nt, kld ne yau snt nl tmi omknr, yau„ri nl oaltrac ae tmi fady. _a N tmau`mt tmkt„s wmiri yau larhkccy snt. Kld yit tmns tnhi nt wks k stral` silsi ae stkldnl` aee tmi omknr kld cittnl` sahiali icsi snt nl tmiri ear k fnt. Tmns sahitmnl` skt dawl kld stkrtid tkcbnl` kwky, kld tmiy wiri ksbnl` quistnals... N mkd hari ae k silsi ae stkldnl` fisndi tmi omknr tmkl tmi pirsal wma wks skynl` tmi quistnals. Tmns ixpirniloi nldnoktis tmkt ksndi erah tmi lioissnty ta ieeiot kl nsacktnal ae tmi silsi ae larhktnvi sice, tmi nlduotnal ae suom pirearhkloi stktis ks tmasi nlvistn`ktid nl tmns study riqunris tmi nlvaoktnal ae kl kctirlktnvi sauroi ae nlearhktnal. Tmns sauroi pravndis tmi oaltilts ae tmi oahhulnoktnvi kld pirearhktnvi kots ae tmi pirearhir. Tmus tmi sauroi okl tkbi tmi earh ae lkrrktnvis nhpcnont nl omkrkotirs, pmysnokcntnis, iltntnis kld ilvnralhilts2 ar tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi dylkhnos ìlirktid fy nltirkotnals nhpcnont nl tmi kots pirearhid.

Tmi nlearhktnal tmkt ns ihfadnid kld ilkotid ns ixpirniloid fy tmi pirearhir kld kpprimildid tmrau`m k vaokfuckry ae hitkpmarnokc tirhs tmkt kppraxnhkti tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi stkti. Tmus tmi pirearhirs nltirvniwid usid k rklì ae tirhs ta disornfi tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmisi kctirlktnvi saurois ae nlearhktnal kri nlvabid. _ahi ae tmi tirhs usid kri disornptars ae k spktnkc lkturi ‟ pirearhirs spabi ae –oalliotnals‘, –pktms‘, –ixpcarktnals‘, –finl` prisilt‘, –finl` cast‘, –ta iltir‘, –ta ecaw‘, –nltirlkc‘ ar –ixtirlkc‘, kld –gaurliy‘. _ahi pirearhirs usid disornptars ae k tihparkc lkturi ‟ –hahilt‘, –mnstary‘, –oaltihparkry‘. _ahi atmir disornptars hky fi eaokc nl lkturi ‟ tmisi kri tirhs suom ks –ilir`y‘, –koouhucktnal‘, kld –hystiry‘. Tmi sn`lnenokloi ae –oalvnotnal‘ ks k ekotar ns kcsa kppkrilt nl tmi typi ae kpprakom riqunrid nl ricktnal ta nlearhktnal tmkt ns nlvabid nl pirearhkloi.

Tmus wmitmir ixkhnlnl` tmi ixpirniloi ae pckynl` k omkrkotir ar omkllicnl` kl iltnty, snhnckr dylkhnos kri eauld nl tirhs ae tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmi pirearhir nlduois k dnssaonktnal erah tmi silsi ae tmi larhktnvi sice kld nlvabis k fady ae nlearhktnal tmkt ns ta fi oahhulnoktid ta kl kudniloi. Tmisi praoissis kri dnstnlot kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt k pirearhir il`kìs nl7

N kh kwkri ae ànl` nlta k pirearhkloi stkti. N kh lat kwkri ae nt ks sahitmnl` tmkt ns... oaltnluaus wntm hy larhkc pirsalkcnty, fut nt ns lat sahitmnl` tmkt N waucd earìt. Nt N t ns lat ks ne yau kri finl` fi nl` myplatnsid… kctmau`m kct mau`m N suppasi nt hn`mt fi. N suppasi nt ns sahi bnld ae cn`mt trkloi, fut lat suom k diip trkloi tmkt N waucd earìt kfaut nt ketirwkrds… îs, N kh kwkri ae finl` klatmir... ae finl` k dneeirilt pirsalkcnty, ae finl` qunti k dneeirilt finl` wmil N kh al stkì, fiokusi N eiic viry oaheartkfci nl eralt ae kl kudniloi. N eiic tmkt N kh ckrìr #tmkl#cnei kt tmkt stkì. îs, nt ns kchast cnbi N mkvi kl ivirydky pirsalkcnty tmkt dikcs wntm fklkcntnis, kld tmil N mkvi tmkt, al stkì. N kh dikcnl` wntm, gust ixprissnl`, tmnl`s Trkloi Earhs

>9

Valkcda Haricas

tmkt mkvi hari ta da wntm tmi sauc, tmi lal #ardnlkry kspiots… N okl fi qunti smy nl larhkc saonkc ricktnals, ricktnalsmnps wmiri nt ns k ali #al#ali, wmiri yau„ri kotukccy hkbnl` ali#al#ali oalliotnal wntm sahiali, kld yau kri gudìd nl tmkt wky. Al stkì yau kri ckrìr #tmkl#cnei, ar N kh k ckrìr #tmkl#cnei pirsal, sa N da lat mkvi ta hkbi oalliotnals nl tmkt wky. N kh hkbnl` oalliotnals ta k hkss. Tmi praoiss ae pirearhkloi ns siil ta nlvacvi k eulotnal tmkt ns fiyald tmi –larhkc‘ kld tmi –ardnlkry‘. Tmirieari, fy il`k`nl` nl pirearhkloi, tmi nldnvndukc pirearhir fioahis ndiltnenid wntm k saonkc kld oucturkc eulotnal tmkt ns siil ta fi trklsoildilt ae tmi nldnvndukc sice. Tmi pirearhir ndiltnenis wntm tmi pirearhkloi hktirnkc, kld tmi civic ae –oalvnotnal‘ ar ficnie tmkt tmiy kri kfci ta ixironsi ditirhnlis tmi nltilsnty ae tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt ae tmi pirearhkloi ixpirniloi kld tmi pirearhktnvi kot. Ali pirearhir disornfid tmi typi ae risalkloi tmkt sahi hktirnkc hn`mt ivabi ear tmih7

Ne N rikd nt kld N oalliot wntm nt, nt ns kchast cnbi tmkt oalliotnal wmiri hkyfi nl klatmir cneitnhi N oaucd mkvi wrnttil nt, fiokusi nt ns sa ”hi„. Nt ns sa huom kfaut sahitmnl`, pirmkps ali ae tmasi ”hi„s„ nlsndi hi oalliots wntm nt sa huom tmkt nt ns sahitmnl` tmkt N liid ta sky ar wklt ta sky. N tmil okl tkbi tmkt, kld pckoi tmkt nlearhktnal wntm hi al k stkì nl eralt ae piapci, kld tmrau`m oalliotnl` wntm tmkt hktirnkc kld tmil oahhulnoktnl` nt wntm tmi kudniloi, ear hi tmkt fioahis cnbi k spnrntukc ixpirniloi… Tmiri waucd fi la liid ta ixpriss klytmnl` ne yau mkd latmnl` ta ixpriss. Kld tmkt dais lat tkbi kwky tmi vkcui ar vkcndnty ae atmirs tmkt gust liid ta havi, ar liid ta wmktivir. Tmiy kri mkppy ta spikb atmir piapci„s wards kld tmiy dal„t okri wmkt tmiy kri. Kld tmkt ns tatkccy vkcnd. Fut nt ns k dneeirilt tmnl` ta wmkt nt ns ear hi… pirsalkccy ear hi, nt ns prafkfcy tmi ocasist tmnl` N mkvi ta k spnrntukc ixnstiloi.

Oucturkc Zra`rkhhnl` kld _urvnvkc Tiomlnquis K

luhfir

ae

pirearhirs

nltirvniwid mkd il`kìd nl k typi ae pirearhkloi

tmkt

wks

ixpcnontcy

disornfid ks –trkloi‘ pirearhkloi. Tmns warb wks cid fy Taly ^kp, k Hicfaurli-fksid prkotntnalir wma wks farl nl Hkckysnk. ^kp riokccid wntlissnl` vkrnaus earhs ae trkloi passissnal prkotnoi ks k omncd nl Hkckysnk, ali nlstkloi riokccid wks ae k wksmir-wahkl wma wks sknd ta mkvi fiil –passissid fy dihals‘ Enùri 97 Kdvirtnsihilt ear warbsmaps nl Hicfaurli, 6::; .

Trkloi Earhs

>5

Valkcda Haricas

‟ suom nlstklois wiri –qunti oahhal nl tmasi dkys, wmil tmiy mkd tmisi psyomno wkrs… aur mausi wks k tihpci kld wi mkd k hidnuh iviry ln`mt‘. Nl suom kl ilvnralhilt, tmi latnals ae –trkloi‘ kld –passissnal‘ wiri k prahnlilt pkrt ae tmi saonkc kld oucturkc hncniu. ît, ear k omncd wntlissnl` kl nlstkloi ae passissnal, k diip nhprissnal waucd mkvi mkd ta mkvi fiil hkdi7

…yau sii mir, smi wks gust trklsearhid, nt wks khkznl`. Nt wks kwisahi. Ks k omncd, N dal„t tmnlb N wks kerknd. âu wiri gust struob wntm kwi, N suppasi. âu caab kld yau dnd lat uldirstkld wmkt mkppilid. Eikr ns alcy wmil yau rikcnsi wmkt ns mkppilnl`. Pmil kducts ticc yau nt„s tmi divnc ar tmkt nt oaucd mkppil ta yau, tmil yau mkvi eikr. Fut tmi stkti yau kri nl ns k bnld ae kwi. N dal„t blaw wmitmir nt ns àad ar fkd. f kd. N cnbi nt. Pmkt struob ^kp ks k omncd wks tmi dnspcky ae kppkrilt pmysnokc stril`tm tmkt wks oalsndirid ta fi wicc fiyald tmi okpkonty ae tmi wksmir-wahkl2 tmns wks kcsa siil ks ivndiloi tmkt tmi passissnal mkd trklsearhid tmi wahkl tatkccy ‟ –nt wks dienlnticy sahiali icsi… smi wks viry stral`, ekr fiyald mir pmysnokc hikls… tmiy waucd tni mir up kld smi waucd gust frikb tmi rapis, kld tmiy oaucdl t oaltrac mir. "

Klytmnl` smi wkltid tmiy `kvi mir, wntm eikr‘. Nl kddntnal, ^kp kcsa riùckrcy wntlissid oalsuctktnals wntm passissnal trkloi prkotntnalirs tmkt waucd oahi ta tmi ekhncy mausi7

tmi vncckìrs waucd oalsuct tminr dneeirilt àds... Iviry tnhi k pkrtnouckr àd passissid k hidnuh, tmiy waucd à nlta tmi skhi hkllirnshs. Ne nt wks tmi halbiy àd, nt mkd kcc tmisi sart ae tmnl`s. Nt dais sahi eikts, cnbi furlnl` yaur sbnl wntm nloilsi, kld omappnl` tminr fkob wntm kl kxi… oirtknl àds ar dintnis mkvi k pkrtnouckr sit ae omaria`rkpmy kld kotnl`. Fut wmkt tmiy ticc yau ns dneeirilt, tmi hisskì ns kcwkys dneeirilt. Tmkt„s wmy tmiy biip oahnl`, fiokusi kcc piapci wma oahi tmiri siih ta mkvi k dneeirilt liid iviry ln`mt, ar prafcihs. Kld tmiy micp tmih. tmih . Ks kl kduct kld kl krtnst, ^kp studnid kld trknlid nl tmi Gkpklisi Futam earh ae pmysnokc tmiktri kld wks mn`mcy nlecuiloid fy @ratawsbn s stycis kld tmiarnis ae "

pirearhkloi. Ysnl` wards cnbi –stycnsid‘, –`ratisqui‘, –`ratisqui‘, kld –rkw‘ ta disornfi tmns typi ae pirearhkloi, ^kp ficnivis tmkt –Futam ns tmns dkrb krik… nt ns tmi krik avir erah pirmkps wmkt Gul` okccs tmi smkdaw krik, tmi dkrbir krik ae ali s finl`‘. @nvil tmi "

lkturi ae tmi riokccid omncdmaad ixpirnilois, kld tmi typi ae pirearhkloi trknlnl` omasil nl cktir cnei, nt siihs lkturkc tmkt ^kp waucd omaasi ta il`kì nl tmi typi ae pirearhkloi warb tmkt nloarparktis sahi ae tmisi prkotnois kld ficnies.

Tmi oahfnlktnal ae nlecuilois tmkt nlearh ^kp s pirearhkloi prkotnoi okl ocikrcy "

fi siil ta fi lat oalenlid ta ali pkrtnouckr saonkc ar oucturkc hncniu, tmus mns warb mks

Trkloi Earhs

>0

Valkcda Haricas

fiil disornfid ks risuctnl` erah k –myfrndnsktnal ae earh kld oaltixt‘. ;> ^kp ns mn`mcy ulnqui khal`st tmi oaltihparkry tmiktri oucturi ae Hicfaurli ks sahiali wma prapasis kld kdvaoktis tmi prkotnoi ae –trkloi‘ pirearhkloi, ikrlnl` k pckoi ear nt nl tmns oucturkc sittnl` ta tmi ixtilt ae finl` kwkrdid k mn`mcy pristn`naus tmiktri nldustry prnzi ‟ k ;>>> @riil Vaah Kwkrd ear Fist Hkci Dkloir. Tmns koblawcidìhilt kcsa nldnoktis sahiwmkt tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmi latnal ae trkloi ks pirearhkloi mks fiil kooiptid wntmnl tmns pkrtnouckr saonkc kld oucturkc ilvnralhilt, kcfint tmrau`m tmi –myfrndnsid‘ pirearhkloi prkotnoi ae kl krtnst wmasi ndiltnty nl tmns ilvnralhilt ns nhfuid wntm k oirtknl di`rii ae –atmir-liss‘. Tmus nl tmns nlstkloi, tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi ns ieeiotnvicy kl ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ae k oucturkccy ‟ ar nltir-oucturkccy ‟ oalstruotid kld dienlid –atmir‘.

Tmns latnal ae tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi –atmir‘ ns stral`cy kppkrilt nl kl nhpartklt icihilt ae pripkrktnal tmkt ^kp disornfid ks mkvnl` ihpcayid, fy wmnom tmi pirearhir s kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal ns siourid kld hknltknlid7 "

tmi tmau`mt ae diktm… lat kcc tmkt tnhi, fut N rihihfir kt tmi stral` hahilts wmil N eiic N„d dni. N kh la calìr hi. Kt tmkt hahilt N dni. Nt ns kchast cnbi k diktm2 N suppasi k diktm ae ià kld tmi pirsalkcnty. Tmkt ns wmkt N hikl fy dynl` N suppasi. Eikrs oahi erah tmi ià, ixpiotktnals oahi erah tmi ià, kld tmi pirsalkcnty ns fiokusi ae tmns. Fut N dni fiokusi N gust dal„t wklt tmns kt tmi hahilt, tmiri ns gust latmnl`. Nt„s gust ànl` nlta tmkt… N suppasi tmkt ns tmi fn`ìst pripkrktnal, kld nt hn`mt cikd kld tuli tmi eaousnl`.

_ustknlhilt kld Nltirruptnal ae _tktis Mawivir, tmi pmilahilal ae trkloi ks pirearhkloi okl kcsa fi siil ta aoour nl sittnl`s tmkt nlvabi tmi silsi ae tmi –ekhncnkr‘. Tmns ns pkrtnouckrcy tmi oksi nl tmi pirearhkloi ae omkrkotirs wntmnl tmi earh ae Lkturkcnsh ar Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Zirearhkloi nl suom earhs riqunris tmi pirearhir ta il`kì nl kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt kri oalenlid wntmnl k fimkvnaurkc vaokfuckry tmkt ns oalviltnalkccy rioa`lnsid ks –rikcnstno‘. Livirtmiciss, tmi pirearhir ns kcsa riqunrid ta fi sueenoniltcy kfsarfid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae omkrkotir ‟ mawivir huom tmi pirearhid omkrkotir ns rioa`lnsid ks kl kspiot ae tmi pirearhir s –larhkc‘ sice ‟ ear tmi ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ta "

fi –oalvnlonl`‘. Tmus, ear k luhfir ae tmi pirearhirs nltirvniwid, tmi tiomlnquis divicapid kld kssaonktid fy tmi _tklnsckvsbn, _trksfir` kld Kdcir trkdntnals ae kotnl` pravndid tmi hikls fy wmnom tmi kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal ae tmi pirearhirs wiri komnivid kld hknltknlid. Ali pirearhir disornfid tmi wky nl wmnom k tiomlnqui erah ;>

Iobirskcc, Zitir (6:::). Pmkt Okl't fi _iil Okl fi _iil7 Futam Zacntnos kld (Fady) Zcky. Fady _maw/s7 Kustrkcnkl Uniwnl`s ae

Trkloi Earhs

>=

Valkcda Haricas

_trksfir` s Hitmad ‟ tmi –avirkcc-silsktnal ixironsi‘ 6: ‟ sirvid suom k purpasi, ta "

nlduoi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt7

Nt ns kfaut tmi spkoi, tmi pckoi, tmi tnhi, tmkt yau oalsonauscy kri oalliotid ta. Kld ne n e yau biip tmkt t mkt oalliotnal, o alliotnal, nt daisl„t da isl„t hikl h ikl tmkt tm kt yau kri lat la t kwkri ae atmir at mir tmnl`s tmiri kri ànl` al. K `rikt ali nl Hitmad ns tmi ”avirkcc„… nt hn`mt fi k pknl, yau eaous al k sari icfaw… tmkt ns kcc yau mkvi ta eaous al. Kld tmkt fioahis k oari icihilt ae tmns pkrtnouckr omkrkotir. Ar k sari blii, sa nt„s oriktis k cnhp kld nt oriktis atmir tmnl`. Fut nt ns lat tmi cnhp tmkt oriktis tmi omkrkotir, nt ns kotukccy nl tmi pknl. Kld yau eaous al tmkt pknl, kld yau okl oahi nl kld aut ae nt. Fiokusi yau kri dikcnl` wntm atmir icihilts ks k pirearhkloi. Fut kt iviry hahilt wmiri yau riqunri ta ilsuri yau kri tmiri, nt ns cnbi k ùkrkltii, yau gust à fkob ta nt. @a fkob ta t a tmi pknl. pk nl. Nl k Hitmad ockss, ne yau kri dikcnl` wntm tmkt, yau wncc snt tmiri kld yau stkrt danl` sahitmnl` kld tmi tikomir, tmi sndi oakom, wncc sky ”à fkob ta tmi pknl, biip tmi pknl„. Kld yau biip danl`, yau biip tkcbnl`, yau biip kotnl`, wmktivir yaur hahilt ns. Fut yaur hnld àis... abky, yis N„h miri, N kh stncc miri, nt ns tmiri, N kh miri. Kld nt ns gust k cnlb, nt ns cnbi k skeity cnli tmkt biips yau nl tmkt pckoi. Klatmir pirearhir disornfid kl nlstkloi wmirinl tmi tiomlnqui ae –ihatnal hihary‘ micpid praduoid kl ixpirniloi ae fioahnl` kfsarfid nlta k omkrkotir s "

ixpirniloi kld –warcd‘7

danl` tmns cnttci bntomil #snlb drkhk… wi sit up tmns cnvnl` raah… N wks danl` tmns soili wntm tmns `nrc kld wi wiri nhpravnsnl`, wi àt nlta tmns soili vnk tmi silsi hihary… ìttnl` nlta tmns sart ae sntuktnal, gust k ìlunli sart ae ihatnalkc rikcnty, tmkt ns tmi omkrkotir„s ihatnals rktmir tmkl hy awl. Kctmau`m pirmkps fiokusi N mkd ixpirniloid sahitmnl` snhnckr ta tmi omkrkotir, nt wks... fut nt wks hari cnbi tmi omkrkotir„s ihatnals rktmir tmkl hy stuee. Nt wks tmi omkrkotir„s stuee… îs, gust k ìlunli ihatnalkc oalliotnal wntm tmi omkrkotir„s sntuktnal… Tmns nloriksid sart ae a e ihatnalkcnty ihatnalkcn ty àis tawkrds finl` fin l` iostktno nl k shkcc wky, nt ns gust… rnomir tmkl iviry dky oalsonausliss… Nt ns cnbi k omkrì, ne yau kri ixprissnl` kl ihatnal yau kri gust pcu`ìd nlta k omkrì… yau kri pcu``nl` yaursice nlta viry stral` stra l` omkrìd psyomno ilir`nis. ilir` nis. Tmns pirearhir kcsa oalsndirid sahi ae tmi atmir icihilts ae tmi oalstruotid –warcd‘ tmkt sirvid ta ekoncntkti kld nltilsney tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt. _uom icihilts nlocudid tmi afgiots kld tmi sittnl`s tmkt sirvid ta nltilsney tmi silsi ae finl` nl tmi omkrkotir s warcd7 "

Pi mkd praps ta pcky wntm. _a nt„s wks cnbi omappnl` up vi`nis kld stuee cnbi tmkt, kld yau oaucd da tmnl`s wntm tmi blnei ta sart ae ixpriss ar ìt nlta tmi omkrkotir„s klìr… tmns omkrkotir mkd k wmaci pmysnokc ixnstiloi, wntm tmi praps kld tmi tmnl`s kld tmi snttnl` dawl kld tmi wmaci ilvnralhilt. Cnbi wi kotukccy dnd sit up kl ilvnralhilt ks wicc ta micp tmkt sntuktnal. Fut kotukccy, yau„ri tkcbnl` kfaut tmi ihatnalkc stril`tm ae nt, tmkt micpid ìt hi nlta tmi omkrkotir„s sbnl, tmkt kotukccy okhi erah finl` kfci ta cnvi nl tmi omkrkotir, ta enld hy wky nlta tmi omkrkotir. N suppasi nt wks k`knl pcu``nl` hysice nlta sahitmnl`.

6:

Cnvi Zirearhkloi. Zirearhkloi . Z. Tknt. Khstirdkh kld Ktckltk, Vadapn.7 p. ;4=. _trksfir`.7 pp. ;?=-;4;.

Trkloi Earhs

>>

Valkcda Haricas

Tmisi ixkhpcis dihalstrkti tmi praoissis fy wmnom nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt kri nlvabid fy afgiots erah hihary kld fy afgiots nl tmi ilvnralhilt ae tmi pirearhkloi ‟ –ihatnal hihary‘ kld –praps‘ pravndi tixts kld oaltixts erah wmnom k pirearhkloi ns ihfadnid kld ilkotid. Tmisi nlstklois dihalstrkti tmi eulotnals ae tmi trklsearhktnvi dylkhnos tmkt kri eauld nl tmi latnal ae trkloi, kld tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmisi dylkhnos kppcy ta k pirearhkloi earh kld k oaloiptukcnsktnal ae pirearhkloi tmkt prisilts ntsice ks –rikcnstno‘. Tmus, tmisi ixkhpcis eurtmir dihalstrkti tmi wkys nl wmnom k –rikcnstno‘ trkloi ns ihfadnid kld ilkotid ‟ nlduoid kld sustknlid ‟ tmrau`m tmi praoiss ae nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilt.

Nl tmns omkptir, tmi usi ae hksbs ks kl icihilt ae pirearhkloi trknlnl` nl tmi drkhktno krts mks fiil nlvistn`ktid ks kl nlrakd nlta uldirstkldnl` tmi ixtilt ta wmnom oaloipts ae –trkloi‘ kld –stktis ae oalsonausliss‘ mkvi fioahi pkrt ae k `cafkcnsid oaltihparkry pirearhkloi prkotnoi trkdntnal, ks ivndilt nl tmi skhpcnl` ae k rklì ae pirearhirs prkotnsnl` nl tmi onty ae Hicfaurli nl tmi yikr 6:::. Tmns riprisiltktnvi skhpci nldnoktis tmkt tmi oaloipts kt tmi oiltri ae tmns study mkvi fiil kl nlti`rkc pkrt ae oaltihparkry pirearhkloi prkotnoi risuctnl` erah kl nltirpcky ae ficnie systihs erah k rklì ae oucturkc trkdntnals.

Nl pkrtnouckr, tmi praoissis ihpcayid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae hksbs mkvi smawl tmkt tmi erkhiwarbs ae –stktis ae oalsonausliss‘ kld –trkloi‘ kri wndicy kooiptid wntmnl tmns nlecuiltnkc pirearhkloi trkdntnal, sa huom sa ks ta mkvi fioahi kl nhpartklt pkrt ae oaltihparkry kotar-trknlnl`. Tmi klkcysns ae tmi nltirvniws wntm tmi skhpci ae pirearhirs eurtmir nldnoktis tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmi tmihis kld lkrrktnvis fy wmnom pirearhklois kri diihid ieeiotnvi kld hiklnlèuc kddriss tmi latnal ae tmi –ivirydky sice‘ ks kl afgiot ta fi sufgu`ktid ta wmkt ns ta fi pirearhid nl strnvnl` ear kl ndikc.

Tmus tmi spiotruh oaltknlnl` tmi silsis ae larhktnvnty kld trklsearhktnvnty mks fiil smawl ta eulotnal ks kl nhpartklt erkhiwarb fy wmnom ta ri`krd kld ivkcukti tmisi typis ae pirearhklois. Icihilts ae tmi pirearhkloi prkotnois nlvistn`ktid mkvi kcsa fiil dihalstrktid ta sirvi ks k praoiss ae nlduotnal fy wmnom vkrnaus kots ae ndiltnenoktnal praduoi tmi disnrid pirearhklois.

Trkloi Earhs

;::

Valkcda Haricas

Eurtmirhari, icihilts ae vkrnaus prkotnois mkvi fiil smawl ta sirvi ks taacs fy wmnom tmi disnrid pirearhkloi stktis kri hknltknlid ar risacvid. Tmisi icihilts mkvi fiil smawl ta sirvi ks erkhiwarbs fy wmnom pirearhklois ndiltnenid ks –oaltihparkry‘ tmiktri ar drkhk kri prkotnsid, ri`krdid, ivkcuktid, kld oalviyid ks trkdntnal. Nl tmi eaccawnl` omkptir, tmi trkdntnal ndiltnenid ks Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns klkcysid nl ardir ta divicap kl uldirstkldnl` ae k mn`mcy nlecuiltnkc kld pirvksnvi pirearhkloi trkdntnal nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns ihfadnid kld ilkotid.

Trkloi Earhs

;:;

Valkcda Haricas

9. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks

Zirearhid _tktis ae Oalsonausliss Tmi ndik ae trui cnei ilokpsucktid nl Vikcnsh ns oaloirlid wntm –dnrt al tmi striit, !

"

on`krittis, trkeeno, fusis, kdvirtnsihilts, ekhncy‘ ; kld atmir sn`lnenirs ae tmi hadirl warcd2 tmisi kri kcc oucturkccy spionenid icihilts. Tmi saonkc oalecnots tmkt kri kddrissid, nl tmns typi ae pirearhkloi, kri apirktnvi al fatm tmi nldnvndukc psyomaca`nokc civic kld al tmi hkss saonkc civic ae ixpirniloi. Vikcnsh strnvis ta orikti tmi nccusnal ae –rikcnty‘ nl tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi –`rikt trutm‘. 6

Durnl` k omkllicnl` sissnal nl Hicfaurli fy Gkln Bnl` ae tmi iltnty Z tkkm, k "

omncd ksbid –wmkt mkppils ta Gkln1‘ Nt ns dneenouct ta nhk`nli tmkt kl kudniloi hihfir ae k Lkturkcnstno ar Vikcnstno pcky waucd ksb tmns ae tmi kotar pckynl` tmi omkrkotir ‟ !

wmkt mkppils ta tmi kotar1 Nt ns k `nvil tmkt tmi latnal ae omkrkotir kld "

omkrkotirnsktnal ilkfcis us ta oaloiptukcnsi tmi praoiss ae tmi kotar s nldnvndukc "

pirsalkcnty finl` suspildid wmnci tmi omkrkotir ns finl` pirearhid. Tmi nldnvndukc muhkl ar`klnsh tmkt tkbis al tmi saonkc eulotnal ‟ tmi raci ‟ ae tmi kotar ns ixpiotid ta eurtmir tkbi al tmi raci ae tmi omkrkotir. Tmi silsi ae sice ae tmi ar`klnsh kld tmi trknl ae tmau`mt ae tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh ns micd uldir oaltrac ‟ wntmnl tmi erkhi ae tmi raci ae tmi kotar ‟ ear tmi durktnal ae tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi orket ae tmi kotar tmus !

"

oalviltnalkcnsis tmns dylkhno.

Tmns omkptir oalsndirs tmi latnal tmkt tmi fksns ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi nldnvndukc kìlt. Tmi –sice‘ tmkt ns dienlid fy nldnvndukc ndiltnty, ns tkbil ta fi euldkhiltkccy kutalahaus ae tmi saonkc kld oucturkc nlecuilois ae nts ilvnralhilt. Tmns oalstruotnal ae tmi sice kssuhis tmkt nt ixnsts ks kl iltnty fiyald ihfadnid saonkc racis ar ixpiotktnals, kld nt ns ndikcnsid ks tmi liutrkc ar issiltnkc !

hi tmkt ns siil ks tmi caous ae kìloy kld kttrnfutnal. Tmns oaloiptukcnsktnal ae sice "

oalsndirs nts cnhnts kld fauldkrnis ta fi dienlid fy tmi nldnvndukc pmysnokc fady kld nts fimkvnaurs. Tmns ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi prnhkry caous ae kìloy kld rispalsnfncnty, `raup ndiltnty ns oalsndirid ta fi dienlid fy tmi kotnals kld ixprissnals ae nts nldnvndukc hihfirs. Tmus tmi ndikc sice oahis ta fi ri`krdid ks k ulnenid kld

; 6

Kdcir, _ticck kld Fkrry Zkrns (;>>>). _ticck Kdcir al Nfsil, _trnldfir`, kld Omibmav . Liw ârb, Kcerid Blape.7 p. 00. Nllis.7 p. ;5.

Trkloi Earhs

;:6

Valkcda Haricas

nldipildilt iltnty, wntm tmi kttknlhilt ae tmi –trui nldnvndukc‘ ks kl ndikc ns siil ks k euldkhiltkc àkc ae ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi.

Tmns omkptir oalsndirs tmi ndik tmkt Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, ks k styci ae riprisiltktnal kld pirearhkloi, nccustrktis kld ihfadnis k pkrtnouckr wky ae piroinvnl` kl nldnvndukc s ricktnalsmnp kld ixpirniloi ae atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt ‟ "

k pkrtnouckr wky ae finl`. Tmns piroiptnal sirvis ks k enctir ear ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi, oalsndirnl` –rikcnty‘ ta fi omkrkotirnsid ks fatm lkturkcnstno kld rikcnstno, wntm kl uldircynl`cy soniltneno kld hktirnkcnstno vniw ae muhkl ixnstiloi. ? Tmns enctir, tmns wky ae finl`, ns ihfadnid kld klnhktid fy tmi omkrkotirs ae Lkturkcnsh kld Vikcnsh tmrau`m nltirkotnals wntm atmir omkrkotirs kld tmi ilvnralhilts nl wmnom tmiy cnvi. Tmi omkrkotirs kri tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss panltid ta fy tmi sornpts ae tmi pckys, ks rivikcid fy tmi pirearhid wards kld kotnals ae tmi tixt. Tmi omkrkotirs ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh okl tmirieari fi vniwid ks pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmiy kri stktis ae oalsonausliss nl tmi silsi tmkt tmiy kri riprisiltktnals ae muhkl ixpirniloi kld piroiptnal tmkt kri ihfadnid fy tmi kotar kld tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae k pirearhid omkrkotir hky fi ocikrcy ndiltnokc ta kld ndiltnenkfci wntm tmi kotar s larhkc ivirydky stkti ae oalsonausliss ar silsi ae sice, ar "

tmi kotar s awl stkti ae oalsonausliss hky kcsa fi sknd ta uldirà qukcntktnvi "

kctirktnals kld kdgusthilts nl ardir ta ihfady k omkrkotir. Livirtmiciss, tmi ieeiotnvi partrkykc ae k omkrkotir riqunris tmi piroiptnal ae k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss nl tmi pirearhid omkrkotir fy tmi kudniloi tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi afsirvir hust sii tmi !

cn`mts al nl tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmi omkrkotir, k praeauld psyomaca`nokc diptm ae k "

omkrkotir nl k rikcnstno ixpirniloi kld ilvnralhilt.

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh riprisilts k trkdntnal ae pirearhkloi wmnom arn`nlktid nl Lartmirl Iurapi nl tmi ckti ;=::s, ànl` fkob ta tmi enrst oilturnis ae nldustry kld tmi enrst prnltid lavics. _nloi tmil, tmns trkdntnal mks oahi ta dahnlkti ks k oucturkc earh ae staryticcnl` tmrau`m drkhk, tmiktri, ench kld ticivnsnal. Nl tmi lkrrktnvis oalstruotid kld oalviyid, kld nl tmi omkrkotirs kld racis partrkyid, tmi oucturkc fady kld oalsonausliss ae tmi saonkc ar`klnsh ‟ tmi `raup ‟ tmkt oriktid tmih okl fi dnsoirlid. Tmi trkdntnals ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh kcsa nloarparktid kld oalviyid k sit ae ficnies ri`krdnl` oalsonausliss kld hiklnl`s ae ixnstiloi, larhs kld latnals ae trutm kld rikcnty. ?

Nfnd.7 pp. ?-;0.

Trkloi Earhs

;:?

Valkcda Haricas

Nl ali silsi, Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns ihfadnid nl tmi oklal ae drkhktno tixts fy suom pckywrn`mts ks Wack, Nfsil, Omibmav kld _trnldfir`, 4 ks wicc ks tmi sufsiquilt warbs tmkt tmiy mkd nlecuiloid. Nl klatmir silsi, Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh disornfis tmi fady ae kotar trknlnl` tiomlnquis kld pirearhkloi tiomlaca`y ks prkotnsid fy drkhktnsts suom ks _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir`. Fatm silsis hust fi oalsndirid nl ri`krdnl` Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh2 tmi tixt kld tmi pirearhklois ae tmi spabil wards kld kotnals hust fi ixkhnlid. Taìtmir tmiy orikti tmi ixpirniloi kld piroiptnal ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Ta tmi ixtilt tmkt Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh enctirs aur piroiptnals kld ixpirnilois, nt ns ocikrcy afsirvkfci ks k ficnie systih fy wmnom wi, nldnvndukccy kld oucturkccy, hkbi silsi ae muhkl ixnstiloi. Tmus nt ns kppraprnkti ta klkcysi tmisi ficnie systihs wntmnl tmi oaltixt ae k ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks k pasntid uctnhkti systih ae vkcuis tmkt aeeirid trutm, hiklnl` kld kutmiltnonty.

Muhkl ixpirnilois kld piroiptnals kri sufgiotnvicy nltirpritid al tmi fksns ae sufsits ae hihary wmnom oahprnsi tmi enctirs ae oalsonausliss, aur wkys ae finl` nl tmi warcd. Tmi –huctnpci drkets‘ hadic ae oalsonausliss prapasid fy Dillitt ns usieuc ta oalsndir nl tmns ri`krd. 9 Dillitt rieirrid ta suom nltirpritktnals ae ixpirniloi kld piroiptnal ks –idntarnkc praoissis‘ tmkt aoour ks alànl` –rivnsnals‘ avir –erkotnals ae k sioald‘. Tmisi praoissis ricy upal –spktnkccy kld tihparkccy dnstrnfutid oaltiltenxktnals nl tmi frknl‘ ‟ praduots ae privnaus –ditiotnals‘, –dnsornhnlktnals‘ ar –afsirvktnals‘ ae –eikturis‘ ks nlearhktnal. Ks nloahnl` –nlearhktnal oaltilt‘ ns –enxid‘, praoissis ae –oaltilt-dnsornhnlktnals‘ risuct nl silsktnals ae –k lkrrktnvi strikh ar siquiloi‘ tmkt kri sufgiotid ta eurtmir praoissis ae –oaltnlukc idntnl`‘. Tmi risuctnl` –strikh ae oaltilt‘ ns omkrkotirnsid fy –huctnpcnonty‘ kld ixpirniloid ks –huctnpci drkets‘ ‟ ixpirniloid nl hihary ks –lkrrktnvi erk`hilts kt vkrnaus stkìs ae idntnl` nl vkrnaus pckois‘. 5 Kctmau`m Dillitt oalsndirs tmisi praoissis ta fi caokcnsid nl tmi frknl, tmns study oalsndirs tmi latnal tmkt tmi enctirnl` ae nlearhktnal okl kcsa aoour nl atmir pkrts ae tmi fady, ks su`ìstid fy suom praoissis ks _tklnsckvsbn s –Hitmad ae "

Zmysnokc Kotnal‘ kld pmysnokc trknlnl` ae vkrnaus earhs. Tmus, nl tmns study tmi fady nl tatkcnty ns oalsndirid ta fi tmi caous ae ixpirniloi kld oalsonausliss ‟ ks ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt nlearhid fy hihary.

4

Nfnd.7 pp. 6;-6?. Dillitt.7 pp. ;;;-;;?. 5 Nfnd. 9

Trkloi Earhs

;:4

Valkcda Haricas

Ali pkrtnouckr typi ae hihary sufsit tmkt ns ae nltirist ta tmns study ns tmkt wmnom ns rieirrid ta ks tmi omkrkotir nl tmi drkhktno praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal. Tmkt !

"

praoiss ns fksid al tmi oalstruotnal ae k pkrtnouckr sit ae ixpirnilois ar onrouhstklois2 k pkrtnouckr sit ae prapilsntnis, kfncntnis, tildilonis, fnksis, warcdvniws ar hnldsits wmnom earh k pkrtnouckr sice ndiltnty tmkt, nl tmns oksi, ns dneeirilt ta tmi sice ndiltnty ae tmi pirearhir ae tmkt omkrkotir. Tmiri ns k daufcnl` ae sice ndiltntnis. Nl tmkt silsi, tmi sice ndiltnty tmkt ns tmi larhkc ivirydky sice, tmi sice ndiltnty tmkt pkrtnonpktis nl oalsilsus rikcnty, stips ksndi nl k silsi, ar oiksis ta fi tmkt pkrtnouckr dahnlklt sice ndiltnty ks nt fioahis tmi omkrkotir.

Tmi pmysnokcnty ae tmi nldnvndukc kotar, tmi pirsal, ns stncc tmkt pkrtnouckr sice ndiltnty, fut nt tkbis al ‟ nt ihfadnis ‟ kl atmir. Nt ihfadnis kl iltnty tmkt ns k trn`ìr nl tmi pmysnokc rikch ae pirearhkloi ear risalkloi nl tmi nllir warcd ae tmi vniwir kld afsirvir. Tmns nltirlkc warcd ixpirniloi ns kl kistmitno ixpirniloi. Nt okl kcsa fi sknd ta fi k spnrntukc, nlticciotukc, psyomno ar pmysnokc ixpirniloi. Kcc tmisi dneeirilt wkys ae ixpirnilonl` kri tmihsicvis stktis ae oalsonausliss. Ikom ali ns k wky ae finl` kwkri.

_tklnsckvsbn divicapid k sit ae kotnl` tiomlnquis wmnom wilt al ta fioahi tmi _ystih. Tmi _tklnsckvsbn _ystih wks cktir kdkptid nl tmi Ylntid _tktis fy Cii _trksfir`, _ticck Kdcir kld atmirs ta fioahi tmi Hitmad. Nt ns passnfci ta ndiltney k pkrtnouckr earh ae pirearhkloi tmkt ns sknd ta ihfady omkrkotirs wmnom risalkti nl k pkrtnouckr wky, fatm nldnvndukccy nl tmi kotar kld oucturkccy nl nts hkss kudniloi fksi. Nl tmns wky tmi omkrkotirs ihfady vkcuis, trkdntnals, ndnasylorksnis, iduoktnal, ioalahno pawir, pacntnokc ndiaca`nis kld ìldir ta fioahi tmi ixprissnal ae tmi tnhi kld pckoi, tmi kotar s ilvnralhilt. _tklnsckvsbn kld tmil _trksfir` prisiltid k wky ae "

systihktnokccy kpprakomnl` tmi orket ae pirearhkloi. Tmrau`m tmi _ystih kld cktir tmi Hitmad, kl kotar ns ilkfcid ta iltir kl nllir warcd oriktnal wmnom fioahis tmi omkrkotir s warcd ‟ tmi enotnvi warcd wntm tmi enotnalkc N ar tmi pirearhid hi , tmi "

!

"

!

"

ndiltnenoktnals ae tmi omkrkotir. Tmi omkrkotir ns k oaloiptukcnsktnal nlmirntid erah Pistirl ihpnrnokc tmau`mt. K pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss ns sahitmnl` tmkt ns kbnl ta omkrkotirnsktnal ‟ k riprisiltktnal tmkt ns kfci ta ivabi k risalkloi.

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh okl nhpasi k psyomaklkcytno enctir upal tmi omkrkotir. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh prafcihktnsis tmi muhkl finl` nlta k sit ae afgiotnvis, disnris,

Trkloi Earhs

;:9

Valkcda Haricas

tksbs, fna`rkpmnis, tildilonis kld tkcilts. Pmkt ns siil al tmi stkì ar soriil ns k pkrtnouckr vniw ae muhkl ixnstiloi. K vniw tmkt ns oacaurid fy tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. K ouct tmkt ns ioalahnokccy kld krtnstnokccy fksid. K ouct tmkt ns kistmitnokccy dienlkfci fy suom tirhs ks lkturkcnstno kotnl` kld rikcnstno styci. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh oahis aut ae tmi irk ae piapci suom ks psyomaca`nsts Pnccnkh Gkhis kld _n`huld Eriud, wmasi vniws sn`lnenokltcy nlecuiloid _tklnsckvsbn wntm mns awl nltirists nl kriks suom ks myplasns. Tmi pmilahilal tmkt _tklnsckvsbn disornfid nl tmi ixkhpci ae Bastyk s Orntno ‟ ae tmi orntno passissnl` tmi kotar kld tmi nltirkotnal ae tmi kotar wntm "

!

"

Tartsav0 ‟ dihalstrktis k vniw ae k pkrtnouckr wky ae finl` kld pirearhnl` tmkt ns sahiwmkt dnssaonktnvi, tmkt ns sahiwmkt kwisahi nl nts –kromitypkc‘ pawir kld nts risalklois ‟ nts ieeiots upal aur warcd ae riprisiltktnals, tmi nltirlkc warcds ae tmi omkrkotirs kld tmi kudnilois, tmi nllir warcds ae tmi muhkl ar`klnsh.

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh riprisilts k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss wntmnl tmi rikch ae tmi enotnalkc ixnstiloi, wntmnl tmi alànl` dnkcaùi ae tmi nltirlkc vanoi nlecuiloid fy tmi ilvnralhilt. Nl tmi oaltihparkry saonkc oaltixt, tmi nltirlkc vanoi ns sufgiot ta suom tixts ks tmi snx a ocaob liws al ticivnsnal, tmi nhpartklt i-hknc tmkt ali "

mks

rioinvid,

tmi

oarrispaldilois

kld

oalvirsktnals,

oahhulnoktnals

kld

nltirkotnals fitwiil tmi snlùckr ar`klnsh, tmi nldnvndukc , kld nts ilvnralhilt. Tmi !

!

"

nldnvndukc ns kcsa wmkt ns siil ks hktirnkc ixnstiloi, tmi fksno muhkl ar`klnsh. Tmns "

ns pkrtnouckrcy tmi tildiloy nl tmi pirearhkloi hadi ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Fiyald tmi pmysnokcnty ae tmi ar`klnsh tmi wards kld tmau`mts ‟ tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmkt ar`klnsh ‟ kri dnsoirlnfci. Nt ns `nvil tmkt tmns ns kl nltirlkc warcd tmkt ns smkrid wntm atmirs wntmnl k pkrtnouckr oucturi ar saonkc ar`klnsktnal. Pmkt ns eauld nl Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns k pirearhkloi earh tmkt ns praduoid fy k pkrtnouckr ioalahno ar`klnsktnal, nl tmns silsi tmi studnas kld praduoirs ae tmi Maccywaad onlihktno nldustry. Nt ns ivndilt tmkt pkrtnouckr sits ae oaloirls, pkrtnouckr lkrrktnvi nltirists kri finl` pursuid.

Erah Kuùst _trnldfir` ta Hnbi Cin`m Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns kfaut tmi ilvnralhilt ae tmi omkrkotirs ks huom ks nt ns kfaut tmi nltirlkc warcd, tmi rieciotnals, ae tmi omkrkotirs. Nt ns tmi nltirlkc warcd, ks k rieciotnal upal tmi ilvnralhilt, tmkt ns oucturkccy kfsarfid tmrau`m tmi iltrkloid `kzi

0

_tklnsckvsbn, Oalstkltnl (;>9:). Funcdnl` k Omkrkotir. Caldal, Vinlmkrdt.7 pp. ;=-?;.

Trkloi Earhs

;:5

Valkcda Haricas

ae tmi vniwir. Tmisi rieciotnals kri iloadid kld ihfiddid nl tmi krtiekots, nl tmi warbs tmkt kri pufcnsmid kld tmkt fioahi tmi `rikt warbs ae tmi oklal . !

"

Klkcysns ae ali dienlnl` warb ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, Hnss Gucni fy Kuùst _trnldfir` (;===), nccustrktis sahi ae tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs ìlirktid. _trnldfir` s "

oaloirls ficni, khal` atmirs, kl nltirist nl tmi sueerkì havihilt nl Larwky kt tmkt tnhi. Hnss Gucni ns k stary ae k wahkl wma uldiràis k rkdnokc trklsearhktnal ae oalsonausliss, k dionsnal, k enctir ae ixpirniloi tmkt passissis tmi twa oiltrkc omkrkotirs ae tmi pcky.

Tmi pkssnal tmkt passissis Gucni kld mir vkcit Gikl ns siil fy k luhfir ae dneeirilt dylkhnos, prahnlilt ae wmnom ns tmi sixukc pacntnobnl` tmkt ns pckyid aut fitwiil tmi twa omkrkotirs. Tmi passissnal ns siil nl tmi pmysnokc ixpirnilois ae tmi omkrkotirs, kld nltirpritid nl k pkrtnouckr wky, ta fi siil ks k sixukc pcky. Ae oaursi nt ns huom hari tmkl tmkt. Nt ns kcsa k oahhilt upal tmi ixpirniloi ae wahil kt tmkt pkrtnouckr tnhi. Mawivir, tmi ixpirniloi ae Gucni kld Gikl ns tmi mn`mcn`mt ae tmi pcky, kld nt ns nl tmi silsi ae Gucni finl` piroinvid ks trkls`rissnl` mir larhktnvi fauldkrnis ta ihfady k virsnal ae wma smi ns nl mir saonkc kld oucturkc oaltixt. Tmi Gucni tmkt ixnts kt tmi ild ae tmi pcky ns k praeauldcy trklsearhid omkrkotir erah tmi ali wma iltirs kt tmi fi`nllnl` ae tmi pcky.

Nl tmi Zriekoi ta Hnss Gucni , _trnldfir` wrati tmkt mi oalsndirid Gucni ta fi –k hadirl omkrkotir‘ ‟ ks –k ricno ae tmi acd wkrrnar lafncnty‘ kld –k trk`no ci`koy ae Vahkltnonsh‘ tmkt ns –finl` dnssnpktid fy Lkturkcnsh‘. Tmi –onrouhstklois‘ tmkt hatnvkti Gucni s –trk`no ekti‘ kri oalsndirid fy _trnldfir` ta nlocudi –mir hatmir s fkd "

"

!

"

fksno nlstnlots2 mir ektmir s nhprapir frnl`nl` up ae tmi `nrc2 mir awl lkturi kld tmi "

nlecuiloi {Gikl s} su`ìstnals mkd al mir wikb, diìlirkti frknl… tmi eistnvi "

kthaspmiri {ae tmkt ln`mt}2 mir ektmir s kfsiloi2 mir pirnad2 mir priaooupktnal wntm "

klnhkcs2 tmi nltaxnoktnl` ieeiot ae {k prioidnl`} dkloi2 tmi cn`mt suhhir ln`mt2 tmi pawireuc kpmradnsnko nlecuiloi ae tmi ecawirs {ae hndsuhhir}2 kld enlkccy omkloi tmkt drnvis {Gucni kld Gikl} taìtmir nl k raah kpkrt, pcus tmi facdliss ae tmi krausid hkl‘.

_trnldfir` oalsndirid mnhsice ta mkvi hkdi mns drkhktno –enùris‘ ks –omkrkotirciss‘ nl tmi silsi ae lat finl` –enxid‘ ar –sit‘ ar –suhhkry gudìhilts‘ ‟ ks

Trkloi Earhs

;:0

Valkcda Haricas

lat finl` okrnokturid. Tmiy kri tkbil ks finl` –spcnt kld vkonccktnl`‘ ‟ ks –oal`cahirktis‘. Mawivir, _trnldfir` dais pravndi k àad dikc ae nlearhktnal ri`krdnl` Gucni s –onrouhstklois‘ kld –trk`no ekti‘ ta oalviy k viry pkrtnouckr vniw ae "

tmi warcd kld tmi sice tmkt ficnis k pkrtnouckr erkhi ear ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt nl tmi fnksis ae tmi kutmar kld mns hncniu. Tmisi fnksis kri nldnoktid nl _trnldfir` s vniw "

ae tmi tmiktri ks –kl icihiltkry somaac ear tmi yaul`, tmi sihn-iduoktid, kld wahil, wma stncc ritknl tmi prnhntnvi okpkonty ear dioinvnl` tmihsicvis ar ear cittnl` tmihsicvis fi dioinvid, tmkt ns, ear suoouhfnl` ta nccusnals kld ta tmi myplatno su`ìstnals ae tmi kutmar‘. Nl oalstruotnl` tmi omkrkotir ae Gucni, tmrau`m tmi wards ae tmi sornpt kld tmi dnsoaursi tmkt surraulds tmns –hadirl psyomaca`nokc drkhk‘, _trnldfir` prisilts k tihpckti fy wmnom ta ihfady kld ilkot k pirearhkloi ae –mystirnk‘ tmkt mi ficnivid mkd omkrkotirnsid tmi –kì ae trklsntnal‘ nl wmnom mi cnvid. _trnldfir` vniwid Gucni ks k –vnotnh‘ nl –tmi spiotkoci ae k dispirkti stru``ci k`knlst lkturi‘.

Tmi omkrkotir ae Gucni ns kcsa ae pkrtnouckr nltirist ta tmns study fiokusi _trnldfir` hkbis usi ae k –wkbnl` su`ìstnal‘ ta dnspktom ae mir. Tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi omkrkotir Gucni riqunris tmi pirearhir ta partrky k –myplatno‘ trkloi fy wmnom smi ns oahpiccid ta oahhnt sunondi kt tmi ild ae tmi pcky. Tmns siotnal ae tmi pcky nccustrktis tmi praoiss fy wmnom tmkt trkloi ns oalsndirid ta fi nlduoid, kld ns nlearhktnvi ae tmi uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi stktis privkcilt nl nts irk. Ta put nt nlta oaltixt, tmi funcd-up ta tmns soili kltnonpktis tmi tirrar tmkt Gucni kld Gikl eiic wntm tmi krrnvkc ae tmi Oault ‟ Gucni s ektmir ‟ riturlnl` mahi ta dnsrupt tminr pkssnal pcky. = "

Tmi lkrrktnvi ae Hnss Gucni rivacvis krauld tmi ndiltnty ae tmi omkrkotir Gucni, nl wma smi ns ks k muhkl finl`. Tmi pawir ae tmi pcky rists nl tmi trklsearhktnals ae omkrkotir, tmi nllir warcd omklìs, tmkt Gucni uldiràis ‟ nl tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss tmkt Gucni ixpirnilois nl tmi oaursi ae tmi pcky, kld nl tmi dnsruptnals ae tmi lkrrktnvi ae sice tmkt tmi omkrkotir ns sufgiot ta. Tmirieari k lkrrktnvi ae sice uldircnis tmkt ixpirniloi.

=

_trnldfir`, Kuùst kld Hnomkic Vafnlsal (;>>=). Hnss Gucni kld Atmir Zckys. Axeard kld Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. 90-5?.

Trkloi Earhs

;:=

Valkcda Haricas

! Tmiri kri twa smrncc rnl`s al tmi ficc2 HN__ GYCNI guhps ta mir eiit2 GIKL omklìs mns oakt. "

GIKL7 HN__ GYCNI7 GIKL7 HN__ GYCNI7 GIKL7 HN__ GYCNI7

GIKL7

HN__ GYCNI7

Mns Cardsmnp„s mahi! ' Pmkt ne Brnstnl ' ' ! @ais ta tmi spikbnl` tufi2 blaobs kld cnstils. " Mks mi fiil ta mns disb yit1 Tmns ns Gikl, snr! ! Cnstils. Lati tmkt tmi kudniloi okllat mikr wmkt tmi OAYLT skys " îs, snr! ! Cnstils " îs, snr! Kt aloi! ! Cnstils " Kt aloi, snr! ! Cnstils " îs, snr, nl mkce kl maur! ! ixtrihicy klxnaus " Pmkt dnd mi sky1 Ear @ad„s skbi, wmkt dnd mi sky1 Mi wklts mns faats kld mns oaeeii nl mkce kl maur. Nl mkce kl maur, tmil! ' Am, N„h sa tnrid2 N okl„t frnl` hysice ta da klytmnl`, N okl„t ripilt, okl„t rul kwky, okl„t stky, okl„t cnvi ' okl„t dni! Micp hi, law! Ardir hi, kld N„cc afiy cnbi k da`! Da hi tmns ckst sirvnoi, skvi hy malaur, skvi mns lkhi! âu blaw wmkt N au`mt ta da, fut okl„t, gust wncc hi ta da nt. Ardir hi! N dal„t blaw wmy ' fut law N okl„t intmir ' N dal„t uldirstkld ' nt„s gust ks ne tmns oakt hkdi hi ' N okl„t ardir yau ' kld law, snloi mns Cardsmnp spabi ta hi ' tmil ' N okl„t ixpcknl nt prapircy ' fut ' am, nt„s tmns dkhlid ckobiy snttnl` al hy fkob! ' N ficnivi ne mns cardsmnp okhi dawl law kld ardirid hi ta out hy tmrakt, N„d da nt al tmi spat. Tmil cit„s pritild yau„ri mnh, kld N„h yau! ' âu kotid sa wicc gust law, wmil yau wilt dawl al yaur bliis ' tmil yau wiri tmi krnstaorkt ' ar ' mkvi yau livir fiil ta tmi tmiktri kld siil k myplatnst1 ! Gikl ìsturis kssilt " Mi skys ta mns sufgiot, ”Tkbi tmns fraah!„, kld mi tkbis nt2 mi skys, ”_wiip!„, kld nt swiips ' ' '

GIKL7 Fut tmil tmi sufgiot mks ta fi ksciip. HN__ GYCNI7 ! iostktnokccy " N„h kcrikdy ksciip ' nt„s ks ne tmi wmaci raah wiri eucc ae shabi2 yau caab cnbi kl nral stavi, drissid kcc nl fckob wntm k tap mkt ' yaur iyis `caw cnbi oakcs nl k dynl` enri ' kld yaur ekoi ns k wmnti spat, cnbi ksmis ' ! Tmi sulcn`mt mks law ekccil upal tmi ecaar, kld ns smnlnl` al GIKL " ' nt„s sa lnoi kld wkrh ' ! _mi rufs mir mklds ks tmau`m wkrhnl` tmih fieari k enri " ' kld sa cn`mt ' kld sa pikoieuc! GIKL7 ! tkbis tmi rkzar kld pckois nt nl mir mkld " Miri„s tmi fraah! @a law, wmnci nt„s stncc cn`mt ' aut ta tmi fkrl ' kld… ! Pmnspirs nl mir ikr " HN__ GYCNI7 ! kwkbi " Tmklb yau. Law N„h ànl` ta rist. Fut gust ticc hi ali tmnl` ' tmkt tmi enrst hky kcsa rioinvi tmi `net ae `rkoi. Ticc hi, ivil ne yau dal„t ficnivi nt. GIKL7 Tmi enrst1 La, N okl„t! ' Fut wknt ' Hnss Gucni ' law N blaw! ' âu„ri la calìr khal` tmi enrst ' yau„ri khal` ' tmi ckst. HN__ GYCNI7 Tmkt„s trui ' N„h# khal` tmi viry ckst2 N kh tmi ckst. Am! ' Fut law N okl„t à ' Ticc hi ta à, gust ali hari tnhi! GIKL7 La, N okl„t law intmir. N okl„t! HN__ GYCNI7 Kld tmi enrst smkcc fi ckst. GIKL7 Dal„t tmnlb, dal„t tmnlb! âu„ri tkbnl` kcc hy stril`tm kwky taa, kld hkbnl` hi k oawkrd ' Pmkt„s tmkt1 N tmau`mt tmi ficc havid! ' La! _mkcc wi stap nt wntm pkpir1 ' ' Ta fi sa kerknd ae k ficc! ' îs, fut nt„s lat gust k ficc ' tmiri„s sahifady fimnld nt ' k mkld sits nt nl hatnal ' kld sahitmnl` icsi sits tmkt mkld nl hatnal ' fut ne yau stap yaur ikrs ' gust stap yaur ikrs! îs, fut tmil mi„cc à al rnl`nl` ivil caudir kld biip al rnl`nl` ultnc sahiali klswirs kld tmil nt„s taa ckti! Tmil tmi pacnoi wncc oahi ' kld tmil. . . ! Twa caud rnl`s al tmi ficc. " GIKL7 ! ornlìs, tmil strkn`mtils mnhsice up " Nt„s marrnfci! Fut tmiri ns la atmir wky! ' @a! ! HN__ GYCNI wkcbs risacuticy aut tmrau`m tmi daar " ! Ourtknl " Tkfci 67 Ixoirpt erah Hnss Gucni fy Kuùst _trnldfir` (;===).

Trkloi Earhs

;:>

Valkcda Haricas

Nl tmi pktmaca`nokc strkld tmkt ruls tmrau`m tmi lkrrktnvi ae Hnss Gucni , tmi omkrkotir Gucni ns ri`krdid nl k psyomaklkcytnokc hkllir2 ks sahiali wma ns ixpirnilonl` k pkrtnouckrcy vuclirkfci stkì ae finl` wmnom ns sufgiotid ta atmir omkrkotirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt. Nl tmns silsi smi ns sahiali wma ns ixprissnl` k luhfir ae onrouhstklois tmkt enctirs mir nllir warcd rispalsis ta mir ilvnralhilt nl k pkrtnouckr wky, ks mir nllir warcd ixpirnilois kri pckyid aut nl k stru``ci wntm tmi saonkc warcd nl wmnom smi cnvis. Gucni àis tmrau`m dneeirilt stktis wntmnl tmkt pkrtnouckr oaursi ae pcky, kld nt ns tmns nllir gaurliy wmnom okrrnis kwky tmi vniwir ae tmi pcky. Tmi omkrkotir Gucni ns kl ihfadnhilt ae k pkrtnouckr lkrrktnvi ae sice, tmkt ns eurtmir nltirpritid fy tmi pckywrn`mt _trnldfir` ‟ k pkrtnouckr nhkì ae muhkl ixpirniloi. Hnss Gucni riprisilts tmi ilvnralhilt ae tmkt tnhi, Larwky nl tmi ;==:s. Tmi ;>

tm

oiltury wks oahnl` ta k ocasi kld nl tmi warcd ae tmau`mt, pursunts cnbi tmi psyomaca`y ae Gkhis kld tmi psyomaklkcysns ae Eriud waucd oahi ta fi hkgar nlecuilois upal tmi tmnlbnl` ae tmkt tnhi kld pckoi.

Tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal ns ieeiotnvicy k praoiss ae passissnal. Tmi pirearhir, tmi kotar, kccaws tminr awl fady kld finl` ta fi pckoid nl sirvnoi , ta !

"

ihfady k omkrkotir wma ns atmir tmkl tminr awl pirsalkc sice, atmir tmkl tmi larhkc ivirydky pirsalkcnty. Tmi pirsal tmkt ns siil al tmi soriil ar al tmi stkì ns lat tmi pirsal wma wkcbs nl kld aut ae tmi stkì daar ae tmi tmiktri, tmi ticivnsnal studna ar tmi havni sit. Tmi pirsal tmkt ns siil al tmi soriil ar stkì ns oalstruotid ta fioahi, ear ixkhpci, tmi omkrkotir Fil Mur (wma ns kcsa Omkrctal Mistal) ar tmi omkrkotir Hnss Gucni. Nl kddntnal, tmi kudniloi okl fi passissid nl tmi silsi ae finl` iloucturktid ta oalstruot ar ivkcukti tmi lkrrktnvis ae aur dky-ta-dky ixpirniloi nl k qukcntktnvicy snhnckr wky tmkt tmi lkrrktnvis ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh kri eksmnalid. Al Maccywaad onlihk, ench tmiarnst Vafirt Vky wrati7

Nldiid, fy micpnl` ta orikti disnris, fy rinlearonl` ndiaca`nokc praocnvntnis, fy iloaurk`nl` oirtknl earhs ae pacntnokc kotnal $ ar nlkotnal %, tmi havnis warbid ta orikti tmi viry rikcnty tmiy tmil –rieciotid‘. > Tmi praoiss fy wmnom _trnldfir` oalstruots k omkrkotir suom ks Gucni okl fi oaltrkstid wntm klatmir praoiss fy wmnom omkrkotirnsktnal ns komnivid ta eurtmir divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi icihilts tmkt oahprnsi tmi pirearhkloi ae >

Vky, Vafirt F. (;>=9). K Oirtknl Tildiloy ae tmi Maccywaad Onlihk, ;>?:-;>=:. Zrnloital L.G., Zrnloital Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. 5=.

Trkloi Earhs

;;:

Valkcda Haricas

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Tmi praoissis ihpcayid fy _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` nccustrkti tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi nlmirilt ficnie systihs wntmnl tmi _ystih kld tmi Hitmad kri ricktid ta tmi ficnies fimnld _trnldfir` s drkhktur`y ‟ tmi dnsoursnvi "

pirearhktnvis. Tmi warb ae k hari rioilt prkotntnalir nccustrktis sahi ae tmisi dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvis kt warb kld sahi oaltixtukcnsktnals fy wmnom tmi ihfadnid pirearhklois mkvi fiil divicapid.

Tmi hitmad ae Frntnsm wrntir, dnriotar kld ench-hkbir Hnbi Cin`m, erah mns warb nl ;>0; alwkrds, ;: dihalstrktis klatmir systihktno kpprakom ta ihfadynl` ‟ ta fioahnl` passissid fy omkrkotir. Tmi warb ae Hnbi Cin`m nccustrktis k praoiss fy wmnom tmi pirearhir, tmi kotar, ns nlduoid nlta tmi sirvnoi ae tmi lkrrktnvi, wmnom nl tmns oksi ns tmi enlnsmid ench. Tmi kotar kccaws tmihsicvis ta fi passissid fy tmi omkrkotir. Tmiy surrildir tminr wncc, tminr vnsnal, tminr nhk`nl` ae tminr nltirlkc warcd, ta tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmi omkrkotir. Tmi hitmad ae Hnbi Cin`m ns kl nlduotnal praoiss nlta k prkotnoi ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh. Cin`m s tiomlnquis warb cnbi k praoiss ae "

oalstruotid sicemaad. Tmi silsi ae nldnvndukcnsh tmkt ns oriktid fy tmi kotar nl tmi omkrkotir, kld tmi nltirkotnal ae tmkt nldnvndukc omkrkotir wntm tminr ilvnralhilt kld wntm atmir omkrkotirs ‟ tmi nltirkotnal wntm tmi prissuris ae larhktnvnty ‟ dienlis tmkt pirearhid muhkl ixpirniloi wmnom ns tmi omkrkotir. Cin`m s warb nl tmiktri kld ench "

mks fiil disornfid ks –fimkvnarkc rikcnsh‘ ;; fiokusi ae tmi ihpmksns nl tmi kotnl` styci upal tmi ndnasylorktno pmysnokc kld psyomaca`nokc hnlutnki ae tmi omkrkotirs.

Fatm tmi omkrkotirs kld tmi sornpt kri divicapid aut ae cil`tmy sustknlid nhpravnsktnals. Tmi warb ae tmi prnlonpkc pirearhirs fi`nl wntm –kl nltirvniw kld k warb-aut‘ nl wmnom ikom pirearhir tkcbs ta Cin`m kfaut k spioneno pirsal wmah tmiy blaw, ar warb tmrau`m k cnst ae suom piapci, ta autcnli nldnvndukc fna`rkpmnokc ditkncs2 ketir wmnom Cin`m siciots k pkrtnouckr pirsal upal wmasi fna`rkpmy k omkrkotir wncc fi fksid.;6 Tmns ns eaccawid fy k pirnad ae –prnvkti, saca rimikrskcs‘ durnl` wmnom tmi pirearhir warbs wntm Cin`m –ta orikti k omkrkotir wntm kl iltnricy nldnvndukc kld pkrtnouckr ndiltnty‘. Tmrau`m nhpravnsktnals kld dnsoussnals, tmi pirearhir divicaps –tmi cnei ae tmi pkrtnouckr pirsal nl `rikt ditknc‘ nl tatkc nsacktnal erah tmi atmir omkrkotirs tmkt tmiy wncc cktir nltirkot wntm. Ear Cin`m, tmns –oadi ae siorioy‘ ns issiltnkc ‟ –wntm tmns bnld ae warb ali omkrkotir okl t keeard ta blaw hari kfaut klatmir "

;:

Ocihilts, Zkuc (;>=?). Tmi Nhpravnsid Zcky7 Tmi Parb ae Hnbi Cin`m. Caldal, Hitmuil.7 pp. 66-99. Zartal, Vnomkrd (6::?). Hnbi Cin`m's Hadirlnst Vikcnsh. Vntis ae Vikcnsh. N. Hkrùcnis. Caldal, Dubi Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. ;5>. ;6 Ocihilts.7 p. 6?. ;;

Trkloi Earhs

;;;

Valkcda Haricas

omkrkotir tmkl mi ar smi waucd kfaut kly strklìr, atmirwnsi tmi nhpravnsktnal waucd fi fuccsmnt‘. ;? Vktmir tmkl –nlvilt nlearhktnal‘ ‟ nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt oahpcnkloi hn`mt fi icnontid fy piroinvid dihkld omkrkotirnstnos ‟ Cin`m ixpiots tmi pirearhir ta –dnsoavir‘ tmi omkrkotir, tmi warcd kld tmi nltirkotnals ae tmi pcky tmrau`m sustknlid nhpravnsktnals.;4 Eurtmirhari, Cin`m siciots pirearhirs wmah mi ficnivis mkvi –kl kfncnty ta ri`krd tmi omkrkotir ks k tmnrd pirsal oriktnal ks appasid ta k enrst pirsal hklneistktnal ae tmi kotar s sice‘ ‟ mi nlstruots pirearhirs ta tmnlb ae sahiali tmiy "

blaw wma oaucd fi k –hadic‘ ear k omkrkotir kld ta –usi tmkt pirsal, da tmkt pirsal nl tmi omkrkotir s sntuktnal… hkbi tmkt pirsal fi tmi omkrkotir‘. ;9 Nl dnsoussnals kld nl "

tmi klkcysis ae nhpravnsktnals wntm tmi pirearhirs, Cin`m riqunris tmi pirearhirs ta ixironsi tminr –afgiotnvnty‘ ks tmiy cikrl –maw ta pcky‘ kld –maw ta oaltrac‘ tminr omkrkotir. ;5

Cin`m s rimikrskcs oalsnst ae –pri-rimikrskc‘ kld –struoturnl`‘ stkìs2 nl tmi –pri"

rimikrskc‘ stkì, tmi pirearhirs il`kì nl –lkrrktnvi warb‘ kld –fimkvnaur warb‘. Tmi –lkrrktnvi warb‘ nlvacvis nhpravnsktnal kld dnsoussnal ta praduoi tmi fna`rkpmnis, tmi starnis, tmi oalecnots, tmi ricktnalsmnps, tmi –kotukc ivilts‘ ae tmi omkrkotirs cnvis, tmi "

prisilt, tmi pkst, kld tmi hihary ae tmi omkrkotirs. Nl tmi –fimkvnaur warb‘ tmi ndiks, tmi oucturi, tmi oalsonausliss kld tmi pmysnokc omkrkotirnstnos ae tmi omkrkotirs kri divicapid. Nl tmi –struoturnl`‘ stkì, tmi sornpt ns wrnttil, rimikrsid, kld tmi kotnal ns pripkrid ear tmi tmiktri ar ench pirearhkloi. ;0 Cin`m àis ta sahi cil`tm ta ihpmksnsi tmi dneeiriloi fitwiil tmi ixpirnilois ae tmi kotar kld tmi –tmnrd pirsal‘ omkrkotir. Pntm tmi civic ae ditknc nl tmi lkrrktnvi kld fna`rkpmnokc nlearhktnal ae tmi omkrkotir, ks wicc ks tmi fimkvnaurkc nlearhktnal divicapid nl sustknlid nhpravnsktnal, tmi pirearhir koouhucktis k wikctm ae hktirnkc upal wmnom tmiy okl divicap tminr –ficnie nl tmi rikcnty‘ ae tminr omkrkotir. Tmi pirearhir oalstruots –tmi oalsonausliss ae tmi omkrkotir‘ ks k –enctir‘ ear ixpirnilonl` ar sustknlnl` tminr –nhhirsnal‘ nl tmi warcd ae tminr omkrkotir, ks nt ns rivikcid nl nhpravnsktnals kld nltirkotnals wntm atmir omkrkotirs kld tmi icihilts ae tmkt warcd. ;=

Tmi sustknlnl` ae nhpravnsktnals kld omkrkotirs ns kl issiltnkc icihilt ae Cin`m s rimikrskc praoissis. Tmi pirearhir warbs wntm tmi strnot oalviltnal tmkt tmiy "

;?

Nfnd.7 pp. ?:-?;. Nfnd.7 pp. 4>-9:. ;9 Nfnd.7 pp. 6?-65. ;5 Nfnd.7 pp. ?9-9;. ;0 Nfnd.7 p. ??. ;= Nfnd.7 pp. ?9-4?. ;4

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

okl alcy –oahi aut ae omkrkotir‘ wmil nlstruotid ta da sa fy Cin`m. ;> Tmns riqunris tmi kotar ta hknltknl kl kdiqukti –silsi ae kutmiltnonty‘ nl ardir ta ri`krd tmi nhpravnsktnal ks –k rikc ivilt‘ ixpirniloid fy tminr omkrkotir. 6: Tmns –silsi ae kutmiltnonty‘ ns k biy icihilt upal wmnom tmi kttiltnal kld ieeart ae tmi pirearhir ns dnriotid2 tmns –kutmiltnonty‘ ns ìlirktid tmrau`m tmi ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt tmkt kri piroinvid ks k –rikc-cnei‘ 6; omkrkotir erah –ivirydky cnei‘. 66 Tmisi qukcntnis omkrkotirnsi tmi bnld ae –nhhirsnal‘ ar trkloi stkti tmkt ns nlduoid nl tmi pirearhkloi warb tmkt Cin`m praduois.

Trkloi nl tmns silsi okl kcsa fi siil ks tmi wky nl wmnom tmi kotar ns passissid fy tmi omkrkotir. Trkloi nl tmns silsi okl kcsa fi eauld nl tmi nlduotnal praoissis utncnsid nl ardir ta kctir tmi nldnvndukc stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir, tmi kotar. Trkloi okl kcsa fi tmi stkti nl wmnom tmi kudniloi ri`krds tmkt oriktnal, ae tmi ioalahno ulnt tmkt ns tmi havni, ae tmi tmiktri ixpirniloi, ae tmi nlondilt tmkt ns pckyid aut, tmi ivilt tmkt ns spaltkliaus ar hkluekoturid. Trkloi ns eauld nl tmi il`kìhilt wntm tmi pirearhid hahilt. Nl tmkt hahilt, tmi kudniloi hihfir okl kcsa fi nhhirsid nl k trkloi ixpirniloi2 wmil ali fioahis kfsarfid nl tmi vniwnl` ae k havni, ear nlstkloi. Tmi praoiss ns ocikrcy myplatno. Tmi warcd ae tmi havni ns iltirid fy tmi oalviltnals ae tmi onlihk mausi, tmi apilnl` tntcis, tmi oridnts, kld tmil tmi stary. Tmi sit ae nhkìs tmkt kri oalstruotid kld prisiltid nl k pkrtnouckr kld nltiltnalkc wky frnl` us nlta tmi nltirlkc ixpirniloi ae tmi havni, nlta k stkti ae oalsonausliss nl wmnom k oahhulnoktnal ar kl nltirkotnal aoours. Nl tmns silsi tmi kudniloi hihfir ocikrcy ixpirnilois k trkloi stkti. Fy siinl` Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh kld omkrkotirnsktnal ks earhs ae passissnal trkloi, tminr ricktnalsmnp wntm suom pmilahilk ks dnssaonktnvi eulotnalnl` kld atmir earhs ae psyomaca`nokc ixpirnilois fioahis kppkrilt. Tmi mystirnk ae Hnss Gucni ar tmi qunrbnliss ae tmi enchs ae Hnbi Cin`m nccustrktis suom ricktnalsmnps, ks gustnenid fy tmi dahnlklt hadis ae tmau`mt ae tmi pirnad. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss, wntmnl tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns ieeiotnvicy k hkgar oucturkc nlecuiloi upal aur `cafkcnsid oucturi kld saonity. Tmirieari tmi hisskìs kld tmi ixpirnilois ìlirktid fy tmi hidnuh kld enctir ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh oahis ta fi ali ae tmi dienlnl` panlts ae hadirl muhkl ixpirniloi. Nl tmns silsi, nt ns nhpartklt ta koblawcidì tmi nlecuiloi kld oaloirls ae tmi Maccywaad onlihk nldustry. ;>

Nfnd.7 p. 4=. Nfnd.7 pp. ?=-4?. 6; Nfnd.7 pp. 65-46. 66 Zartal.7 pp. ;0;-;=:. 6:

Trkloi Earhs

;;?

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi myplatno oaltrkot tmkt ns put nlta pcky wmil ali vniws k ench ns viry huom k oucturkccy spioneno kotnal nl lkturi. Tmi myplatno praoiduris tmkt kri ihpcayid nl ikom prkotnoi vkry `riktcy. Mawivir, tmiy kri eauld korass tmi fakrd nl hkly trkloi prkotnois. Icihilts kri ndiltnenkfci ks tiomlnquis ae myplatno prkotnois ‟ nl tmi trkloi stkti nlduotnals, nl tmi prkotnoi ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss, kld nl passissnal prkotnois. Tmns study krùis tmkt passissnal okl aoour fy sornpt ar fy spnrnt. Zassissnal nl tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns vniwkfci ks k pkrtnouckr sit ae tiomlnquis tmkt ns ndiltnenkfci ks tmi kotar s orket. Tmi kotar s orket mks fiil ixprissid "

"

fy suom drkhktnsts ks _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir`, tmil kppcnid kld ixpcantid fy suom hiomklnshs ks Maccywaad onlihk. Nl passissnal trkloi, nt ns passnfci ta sii k saonkc raci ilkotid. Nl tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, tmi saonkc racis pckyid aut nl tmi enchs kld nl tmi pckys ae tmi havihilt ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh oalviy ficnies ri`krdnl` tmi larhktnvi kld trkls`rissnvi saonkc praoissis ae tmi tnhi kld pckoi erah wmnom nt oahis. Tmisi ficnies, oahprnsi biy icihilts ae tmi dnsoursnvi pirearhktnvi ae tmns pirearhkloi earh. Tmi kudniloi hihfir okl kcsa fi siil ta fi passissid, fy saonkc racis kld larhktnvi eulotnals. Zassissnal ae pkrtnouckr oaloirls, ks wicc ks passissnal ae pkrtnouckr lkrrktnvi nltirists, kri ixprissid nl hkly dneeirilt wkys. Tmisi wkys okl fi ioalahno, ndiaca`nokc, ìldir-typnokc, mirano kld ipno. Tmiy kri eauld nl kly ae tmi dneeirilt wkys nl wmnom k lkrrktnvi okl nlecuiloi.

Tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh iltirs k rklì ae stktis ae oalsonausliss nl tmi oaursi ae pkrtnonpktnl` nl larhkc ivirydky oalsilsus rikcnty. Ikom tksb wntmnl ikom raci tmkt ikom ali ae us uldirtkbis ns k siquiloi ae ivilts kld kotnals wmnom tmi ar`klnsh ixpirnilois kld wmnom kttknl sn`lnenokloi nl aur nltirlkc kld saonkc warcds. Tmns ieeiot ns kppkrilt wmil kl kotar pirearhs k siquiloi ae ivilts kld kotnals, tmkt fioahis piroinvid ks kotnals fy k pkrtnouckr omkrkotir nl k pkrtnouckr ilvnralhilt. Tmns ns kcsa tmi typi ae ieeiot icnontid fy _tklnsckvsbn s Hitmad ae Zmysnokc Kotnal. Tmi saonkc nhkì "

ae tmi omkrkotir ns rivikcid fy tmi pmysnokc ihfadnhilt ae tmi kotar. Nl ardir ta da tmns tmi kotar mks ta nltirlkccy orikti kld kooipt k pkrtnouckr nltirlkc warcd ae nldnvndukc sicepiroiptnal, ae k pkrtnouckr ilvnralhilt wntm atmir nldnvndukcs, tmi saonkc warcd ae tmi omkrkotir. Tmns nltirlkc warcd ae tmi omkrkotir mks fatm nltirlkc kld ixtirlkc sn`lnenokloi kld hklneistktnal. Tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmi kudniloi hihfir hky fi nlecuiloid fy tmi praduots ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh tmrau`m tmi drnvis kld lioissntnis tmkt oahi ta tmi eari ae kttiltnal ae tmi omkrkotirs wntmnl tmi ivilts.

Trkloi Earhs

;;4

Valkcda Haricas

Tmirieari nl Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, k pkrtnouckr ficnie systih ns ixprissid nl k viry hktirnkc wky2 nl tmi krtiekots ae pckys, enchs kld lavics tmkt partrky nllir warcd ixpirnilois tmkt kri praeauldcy psyomaca`nokc, ixprissnl` vniws `rauldid nl k soniltneno kld hktirnkcnstno fksi. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ks k enctir ae ixpirniloi, ns cnhntid ta tmkt pkrtnouckr vniwnl` ae ixpirniloi, ae tmi rikcnstno, kld ae tmi ioalahno larhktnvi prissuris finl` kppcnid upal tmi nldnvndukc nl tmi nltirkotnal wntm tmi ilvnralhilt. Nl vniwnl` k havni ar siinl` k pcky, tmi kudniloi hihfir fioahis euldkhiltkccy nlvacvid nl kl ioalahno nltirkotnal. Nt ns ear tmisi nltirkotnals wntm tmi kudniloi tmkt tmi kotar pirearhs.

Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi eulotnalkcnty ae pirearhkloi, nl tmi wky nt eaousis tmi kttiltnal ae pirearhirs kld kudnilois. _ahi psyomaca`nokc keecnotnals sirvi ks !

"

fnds ear kttiltnal. Tmi prkotnoi ae pirearhkloi ns ntsice k fnd, k pcky, ear kttiltnal kcfint dnspckyid nl k saonkccy kld oucturkccy sklotnalid kld suppartid oaltixt. _uom ns tmi oksi wntm trkloi pirearhkloi prkotnoi. Kcc suom fimkvnaurs hky fi cnlbid ta k prnhkry drnvi tmkt ns k disnri ear kttiltnal. Ikom ae tmisi pmilahilk ihpcay kttrnfutis kld kotnals tmkt kri nltirpritid ks ixtrk-ardnlkry ‟ ks trkls`rissnvi ae larhktnvi fauldkrnis, ks kotnals wartmy ae kttiltnal. Tmisi prnhkry drnvis kri oalsndirid ta fi ckrìcy –pri-oalsonaus‘ nl lkturi kld eulotnal. Tmi ixprissnals ae tmisi drnvis kri oucturkccy spionenid. Tmi prkotnoi ae pirearhkloi ns tmirieari vkcuid ear nts trkls`rissnals kld nhpasntnals ae larhktnvnty ks huom ks ear nts kttiltnal-eaousnl` kfncnty.

Kt k oirtknl panlt nl nts divicaphilt, tmi ar`klnsh fioahis kfci ta oalstruot kld kpprimild k fna`rkpmnokc sice, k silsi ae ndiltnty. Pmil tmns sice fioahis k finl` , kl !

"

kutalahaus kld kotnvi sice-ndiltnty ns oriktid nl tmi nllir warcd rikcnty ae tmi finl` kld atmirs nl tminr ilvnralhilt. Nl tmi enotnalkc praoiss, tmi omkrkotirs kri oalstruotid fy !

"

kutmars, kotars, dnriotars kld disn`lirs. Tmi kutmarnty ae tmi omkrkotir kld raci oahis erah tmi kutmarnty ae tmi pirearhir ae tmi raci. Tmi Huctnpci Drkets hadic ae oalsonausliss 6? pasnts kl ndiltnty-oalstruotnal praoiss tmkt ns ecixnfci kld kotnvi. Ndiltnty-oalstruotnal ns kl alànl` praoiss tmkt

6?

Dillitt.

Trkloi Earhs

;;9

Valkcda Haricas

aoours tmrau`maut kld sahitnhis fiyald kl nldnvndukc cneitnhi. 64 Tmi pirearhir ns trknlid nl tmi pirearhklois ae tmi raci, sa tmkt tmi ar`klnsh okl surrildir ar sit ksndi nts wncc kld ndiltnty nl tmi sirvnoi ae nts earhs. Tmi pirearhir ns tmus trklsearhid nl pirearhkloi nlta tmi raci tmkt nt ieeiotnvicy pckys. Tmi pirearhir dais tmns fy eaccawnl` k sit ae oalviltnals kld prkotnois, trkdntnals kld kssaonktnals tmkt praduoi pkrtnouckr typis ae pirearhkloi.

Erah Hasoaw ta Maccywaad7 K Ouct ae tmi Tnhis Nl klkcysnl` tmi oaloipts kld latnals tmkt oahprnsi tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, nt ns usieuc ta oalsndir tmi wkys nl wmnom nts ikrcy prkotntnalirs oaltixtukcnsid tmi icihilts ae nlduotnal tmkt wiri utncnsid fy nts pirearhirs. Ear ixkhpci, tmi praoiss ae ànl` erah kl –nllir nhkì‘ ta kl –autir nhkì‘ tmkt _tklnsckvsbn disornfid ns rikdncy oahpkrkfci wntm tmi praoiss ae trkloi nlduotnal ‟ tmi nlvabnl` ae k –passissid‘ stkti. 69

Mawivir, hkly ae nts oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs mkd ta fi kdkptid kld hadnenid nl ardir ta kooahhadkti atmir dahnlklt oucts tmkt eulotnalid nl nts saonkc kld oucturkc ilvnralhilts. Ali ixkhpci ae suom k rioalstruotnal oaloirlid _tklnsckvsbn s oaloipt "

ae

–nllir

oahhulnoktnal‘.

_trksfir`

dnshnssid

_tklnsckvsbn s

spioucktnals al tmi ixnstiloi ae –rky ihnssnals kld kfsarptnals‘

"

65

Mnldu-fksid

nl oalstruotnl` tmi

Hitmad ear tmi Lartm Khirnokl oaltixt. 60 Oalsndirnl` tmi oucturkc ilvnralhilt ae tmkt tnhi ‟ kppkrilt nl tmi rnsi kld dahnlkloi ae Fimkvnaurnsh ks kl kooault ae kotnals kld nlecuilois, ear nlstkloi ‟ oaloipts suom ks –rkys‘ pravid ta fi ciss tmkl pkcktkfci. Pntm oaltihparkry ficnie systihs kld wntm nlecuiloi ae suom oucts ks tmi Liw Kì kld tmi Muhkl Zatiltnkcs Havihilt, suom oaloipts kri hari rikdncy oalsndirid, ks tmi rnsi ae Lia-Zk`klnsh kld _mkhklnsh warbsmaps dihalstrkti. Tmisi ficnies kri eurtmir suppartid fy tmi stkti ae blawcidì nl suom enicds ks iciotra pmysnos, tmkt oalsndir tmi latnal ae k siihnl`cy nlenlnti rklì ae iciotrahk`litno enicds kld eriquilonis tmkt kri kl nlti`rkc pkrt ae aur dkncy cnvis, kld blawcidì, nl suom enicds ks liurapmysnos, ae tmi iciotrahk`litno kotnvntnis ae tmi frknl (ks dnstnlot erah tmi hnld) nl tmi ar`klnsh ‟ nt ns pirmkps hari eiksnfci ta ihpnrnokccy iltirtknl tmi latnal ae k rklì ae lal-virfkc sn`lkcs wmnom ar`klnshs oalstkltcy trklshnt kld rioinvi, oahhulnoktid

64

Ear ixkhpci, oalsndir tmi Tnfitkl Dkckn Ckhk kld tmi Ckhk siciotnal trkdntnal. Idwkrds, Omrnstnli (;>59). Tmi _tklnsckvsby Mirntkì. Caldal, Zitir Awil.7 pp. =;-=9. _tklnsckvsbn Hy Cnei nl Krt.7 pp. 4:;-4:=. 65 _tklnsckvsbn Kl Kotar Zripkris.7 pp. ;>?-666. 60 _trksfir`.7 pp. 5;-56. 69

Trkloi Earhs

;;5

Valkcda Haricas

fy aur –lkturkc‘ silsary hiomklnshs wntmnl kld fiyald civics ae –ardnlkry‘ (sufcnhnlkc) piroiptnals. Tmus, ks ficnie systihs suom ks tmisi fioahi kooiptkfci, tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh okl rioalsndir kld eurtmir rioalstruot nts oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs, fy tmi nlocusnal ae suom latnals ks –ilir`y‘ ear ixkhpci. Tiomlnquis suom ks tmi –Zrnvkti Hahilts‘ kld –Klnhkc‘ ixironsis 6= dihalstrkti tmi wkys nl wmnom nhpravnsktnals ieeiotnvicy fi`nl ta kooiss kriks ae hihary kld oalsonausliss tmkt trkloi stktis kcsa kooiss ‟ kriks ae wmkt kri oalsndirid ta fi tmi –erii-ecaw‘ kotnvnty ae oalsonausliss. Trkloi stktis, mawivir, okl tkp nlta hari oucturkccy ìlirkcnsid rktmir tmkl nldnvndukcnsid kriks ae oalsonausliss. Tmisi kriks oaltknl hiharnis ar enicds suom ks kromitypis ‟ hytms kld liurasis ‟ kld blawcidì oalstruots ar oaloirls. Tmi –Klnhkc‘ ixironsi okl kcsa fi rikdncy oahpkrid ta passissnal stktis pirearhklois, pkrtnouckrcy tmi luhiraus passissnal trkdntnals tmkt nlvabi klnhkc spnrnts.

Tmi praoiss ae omkrkotirnsktnal divicapid fy _tklnsckvsbn kld _trksfir` cilds ntsice ta tmi ihfadnhilt kld ixprissnal ae tmi drkhktno earh tmkt mks oahi ta fi blawl ks –Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh‘ fiokusi nt riqunris tmi kotar ta kooiss oucturkc oalstruots kld kfstrkotnals tmkt kri oaloirlid wntm, ixprissnvi ae, kld cnhntid fy tmi eaokc panlts ae tmi _ystih ar Hitmad. Tmisi eaokc panlts mkvi fioahi vkrnauscy disornfid ks –trutm‘, –kutmiltnonty‘, –oaldntnalnl`‘, –lkturkc‘, –rikc‘, –ca`nokc‘, –pireiotnal‘, –liurasis‘,

–oaltrkdnotnals‘,

–nlsiourntnis‘,

–oaltrac‘,

–prafcihs‘,

–nltiltnals‘,

–ixpirniloi‘, –vuclirkfncnty‘ kld atmir tirhs. Tmisi mkvi fiil nts tmihis kld, kooardnl`cy, tmi oalstruots kld kfstrkotnals tmkt kri kooissid kld ixprissid fy tmi praoiss kri oaloirlid wntm tmisi tmihis. Kotars uldirà praoissis tmkt kri nlduotnvi, n.i., praoissis tmkt ekoncntkti pkrtnouckr stktis ae hnld ar oalsonausliss fy rickxktnal kld oaloiltrktnal ae kttiltnal kld kwkriliss. Kotars kcsa riqunri kl –apilliss‘ ta su`ìstnals (erah dnriotars, eiccaw kotars, tixt, disn`l) nl ardir ta pirearh tminr tksb.

Tmi kotar s su`ìstnfncnty ‟ tminr kfncnty ta ficnivi, ta iltir nlta kld ta orikti k "

rikcnty ‟ ns divicapid nl trknlnl` kld kotnvktid fy nlduotnal tmrau`m rickxktnal kld oaloiltrktnal ae kttiltnal kld kwkriliss. Tmi kotar riqunris su`ìstnfncnty pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi ricktnalsmnp wntm tmi dnriotar. Nt ns tmi gaf ae tmi drkhk dnriotar ta mkrliss kld 6=

Nfnd.7 pp. ;4?-;4=.

Trkloi Earhs

;;0

Valkcda Haricas

ùndi tmi kotar s kfncnty ta ficnivi kld ta orikti rikcntnis tawkrds dnriotnals tmkt sirvi "

tmi pcky, tmi praduotnal kld tmi pirearhkloi. Tmi kotar tmus uldiràis nlduotnal praoissis ‟ fatm sice-nlduoid kld kssnstid ‟ kld warbs wntm su`ìstnals. Tmi risuctnl` pirearhkloi okl tmus fi ri`krdid kld ivkcuktid, nl Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, al k spiotruh tmkt okl rklì erah –pritildnl`‘ ta –finl`‘. 6>

Tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh riprisilts k sit ae ficnies kld tiomlnquis tmkt ekoncntkti k pkrtnouckr earh ae ihfadnhilt kld ixpirniloi. Nt enlds nts hast afvnaus ixprissnal nl tmi drkhktno krt prkotnsid kld krtnoucktid fy _tklnsckvsbn kld tmi saonkc rikcnst tmiktri ae Vussnk erah tmi ckti ;> tm kld ikrcy 6: tm oiltury, kld cktir fy _trksfir` kld Kdcir tmrau`m kl nlecuiloi ae tmiktri kld onlihk nl tmi Ylntid _tktis ae tmi 6:

tm

oiltury. Nts soapi, ks k earh kld ks k pmncasapmy, ns ekr `riktir tmkl tmi caokcnsid krtnstno praoissis wmnom mkd spkwlid nt.

Tmi nlecuiloi ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ixtilds ta tmi wkys nl wmnom oucturkc hytms kld lkrrktnvis mkvi fiil ìlirktid kld pracneirktid2 wmnom nlocudis tmi hkllir nl wmnom tmi rioiptars ae suom hytms kld lkrrktnvis piroinvi tmih. @ilris suom ks tmi –sakp apirk‘ kld icihilts suom ks tmi –mkppy ildnl`‘ kri pkrtnouckrcy nlecuiltnkc kspiots ae tmi earh, tmkt mkvi fioahi sa ks k risuct ae ioalahno nhpirktnvis. Nl tmns wky Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mks fioahi k dahnlklt oucturkc earoi2 nl tmi wky tmkt nt mks smkpid tmi nldnvndukc kld tmi saonkc vniw ae –rikcnty‘ kld ixpiotktnals pckoid upal suom k rikcnty. Kctmau`m rkricy disornfid ks k –ouct‘, tmi rieirilois ta tmi ricn`naus lkturi ae tmi krtnstno prkotnoi, nts prkotntnalirs kld nts oaltixt (rntukc, papi, tihpci, ito.) nhpcy k disnri kld nlbcnl` ta vniw nt ks suom ‟ k prapilsnty smkrid fy fatm nlsndirs kld afsirvirs.?: Ks suom, tmisi prapilsntnis nhpcy k yikrlnl` ear kl ixprissnal ae spnrntukcnty, ali tmkt ns rieciotnvi kld oaltihparkry kld pirmkps kltn-hktirnkcnstno.

Hkttirs ae Hidnuh7 Fckob Fax ta Onlihk Tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns k ficnie systih tmkt praduois k pkrtnouckr qukcnty ae pirearhkloi kld lkrrktnvi. Tmns qukcnty okl fi disornfid ks –tmi styci wntmaut k styci‘, –typnokccy muhkl‘, –riprisiltktnvi ae muhklbnld‘, –sice-ivndilt‘, –oahhal silsi‘ ar snhpcy –àad kotnl`‘. ?; Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh riprisilts k pirearhid stkti

6>

Bnrfy, Hnomkic (;>>9). Al Kotnl` kld Lat-Kotnl`. Kotnl` (Vi)Oalsndirid. Z. F. Wkrrnccn. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Vautcidì7 pp. 4?-9=. ?: Mnrsom.7pp. ;9;, ;59-;55, 66:, ?6>. ?; Oaulsicc.7 pp. 64-65. Al tmi dihnsi ae tmi Vahkltno styci ae kotnl`, sii Nllis.7 p. ;6.

Trkloi Earhs

;;=

Valkcda Haricas

ae oalsonausliss wntmnl tmi rikch ae tmi enotnalkc ixnstiloi ae tmi pirearhkloi, wntmnl tmi alànl` dnkcaùi ae tmi nldnvndukc oucturkc sufgiot s nltirlkc vanoi ks nt ns nlecuiloid "

fy tmi ilvnralhilt. Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss nl tmi silsi tmkt nt ns kl ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ae k omkrkotir raci sauroid erah paacs ae oucturkc blawcidì kld tiomlaca`y tmkt wiri eid fy fatm psyomaca`nokc kld oahhironkc pkrkdn`hs. Tmisi dirnvid erah nllir warcd ixpirnilois tmkt praduoid !

`rauldid kld rioa`lnskfci omkrkotir typis wmnom wiri pirearhid fy tmi kotar. "

!

"

Tmus, fy kdaptnl` vkrnaus pirsalki ar enctirs ae rikcnty, tmi kotar kdapts k pkrtnouckr wky ae ixpirnilonl` kld hkbnl` silsi ae ixpirniloi ‟ k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns siil ks tmi drkhktno raci.

_tklnsckvsbn divicapid k sit ae kotnl` tiomlnquis wmnom fiokhi blawl ks tmi _ystih. Tmi _tklnsckvsbn _ystih wks cktir kdkptid nl tmi Ylntid _tktis fy Cii _trksfir`, _ticck Kdcir kld atmirs ta fioahi blawl ks tmi Hitmad. Tmisi tiomlnquis, ìlirkti k earh ae pirearhkloi tmkt ihfady omkrkotirs wmnom risalkti ‟ fatm nldnvndukccy nl tmi kotar kld oucturkccy nl nts hkss kudniloi fksi ‟ ks rikc . Nl tmns wky !

"

tmi omkrkotirs ihfady vkcuis, trkdntnals, ndnasylorksnis, iduoktnal, ioalahno pawir, pacntnokc ndiaca`nis kld ìldir oaloirls ta fioahi tmi ixprissnals ae tmi tnhi kld pckoi ‟ tmi kotar s ilvnralhilt. _tklnsckvsbn kld tmil _trksfir` prisiltid k wky ae "

systihktnokccy kpprakomnl` tmi orket ae pirearhkloi. Tmrau`m tmi _ystih kld cktir tmi Hitmad, kl kotar ns ilkfcid ta iltir kl nllir warcd oriktnal wmnom fioahis tmi omkrkotir s warcd ‟ tmi enotnvi warcd wntm tmi enotnalkc N ar tmi pirearhid hi ‟ tmi "

!

"

!

"

ndiltnenoktnals ae tmi omkrkotir. Nlduotnal praoissis kld krtnstno trkdntnals kri utncnsid fy tmi kotar ta iltir tmi omkrkotir raci. Nl tmi _ystih kld tmi Hitmad, tmi pirearhir s "

stkti ae oalsonausliss ns nlduoid kld ditirhnlid fy suom icihilts ks

!

Ixtirlkc

Onrouhstklois , Nllir Onrouhstklois kld Ihatnal Hihary ks kppcnid ta tmi "

!

"

!

"

pirearhkloi sornpt2 kld ickfarktid fy suom fimkvnaurnstno tiomlnquis ks tmi Zrnvkti !

Hahilt kld tmi Klnhkc ixironsis, ks wicc ks fy tmi viry oaloipt ae raci ntsice. Tmi "

!

"

!

"

omkrkotir ns k oaloiptukcnsktnal tmkt ns kooissid fy tmi pirearhir erah tmi oucturkc fady ae Pistirl ihpnrnokc tmau`mt. Omkrkotirnsktnal, nl tmns silsi, ns k pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ k riprisiltktnal tmkt ns kfci ta ivabi k pkrtnouckr bnld ae risalkloi.

Tmi fksns ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi nldnvndukc. Tmi oalstruotid sice ns prisuhid ta fi caoktid nl nldnvndukc ndiltnty, ta k oirtknl ixtilt

Trkloi Earhs

;;>

Valkcda Haricas

kutalahaus ae saonkc kld oucturkc nlecuilois. Tmns oalstruotid sice ns siil ta fi ixnstilt kt k civic tmkt ns uloacaurid fy ihfadnid saonkc racis ‟ ks kl ndikcnsktnal ae k liutrkc kld issiltnkc hi . Tmi sice ns oaloiptukcnsid ks finl` cnhntid kld fauldid fy !

"

tmi pmysnokc fady kld nts fimkvnaurs. Tmns ndikc sice ns oalstruotid ks ulnenid kld nldipildilt, ks k –trui nldnvndukc‘.

Tmi vniws kld vkcuis ‟ ks hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoissis ‟ tmkt Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ihfadnis nlecuiloi tmi piroiptukc kld ixpirniltnkc enctirs ae nts vniwirs. Ks nl !

rikcnty tmi omkrkotir ns kl nldnvndukc nl k hktirnkc warcd. Tmi omkrkotir ns kcsa kl "

!

"

!

"

ihfadnhilt ae pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss, ae praeauldcy psyomaca`nokc muhkl finl`s tmkt kri tmi kìlts ae tmi drkhktno kotnals. Tmisi stktis ae oalsonausliss kri ixpcarid, divicapid, tiomlnokcnsid kld kdaptid fy tmi kotar nl pirearhkloi. Tmus sn`lnenirs ae tmi warcd kri oucturkccy spioneno, kld oalecnots kddrissid apirkti al kl nldnvndukc psyomaca`nokc civic kld al k hkss saonkc civic.

Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh wks k pirnpmirkc ouct nl nts ikrcy diokdis, wntmnl tmi ckrìr ouct ae siouckr muhklnsh , rktnalkcnsh ar ilcn`mtilid hktirnkcnsh . Ks k drkhktno !

"

!

"

!

"

earh, Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mks fiil kld oaltnluis ta fi pirmkps tmi hast nlecuiltnkc fady ae pirearhkloi warb kld tmiary nl hadirl Pistirl oucturi. Tmrau`m tmi dnstrnfutnvi pawir ae Maccywaad, tmi prkotnois kld tmiarnis divicapid fy _tklnsckvsbn, _trksfir` kld atmirs mkvi fiil kfsarfid fy hkss kudnilois. Tmi nhpkot ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh nl tmi prkotnoi ae kotar trknlnl` ns nhhilsicy sn`lnenoklt. Krùkfcy, warbs ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mkvi ieeiotnvicy fioahi oiltrkc ta tmi warcdvniws, hatnvktnals kld kotnals ae tmi oaltihparkry nldnvndukc sufgiot nl tmi `cafkc saonity kld oucturi.

Tmirieari Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh rieciots k dahnlklt wky ae hkbnl` silsi2 !

dahnlklt nl tmi silsi ae tmi saonkc, ioalahno kld oucturkc warcds tmkt wi enld "

aursicvis nl. Tmi eulotnal ae silsi-hkbnl` ns tmi enctir ae rikcnty. Tmns enctir hky fi eurtmir nlecuiloid fy suom tmnl`s ks tmi Ivilnl` Liws, enchs siil, faabs rikd, oalvirsktnals mkd, gust rioiltcy ar nl tmi dnstklt pkst2 nlecuiloid fy tmi lkrrktnvis tmkt wi macd, tmkt wi daouhilt nl krtiekots suom ks pniois ae pkpir ks rioards ae tmau`mt praoissis, riprisiltktnals ae ixpirniloi, rieciotnals upal prkotnoi. Kcc tmisi icihilts oalstntuti tmi nltirlkc warcd ae tmi ar`klnsh ks tmkt ar`klnsh earhs kld hknltknls k

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

silsi ae sicemaad. Tmi –spnrnt‘ wmnom tmi prkotnoi ae Lkturkcnsh strnvis ta nlvabi ns tmi spnrnt ae tmi –kutmiltno‘ muhkl ixpirniloi ‟ tmi –kotukc‘.

Tmi –muhkl spnrnt‘ panltid ta fy _tklnsckvsbn nldnoktis tmi uldircynl` ficnies wmnom ùndid tmi _ystih tmkt mi mkd prapasid ‟ ficnies rieciotid nl Muhklnst kld Fimkvnaurnst kooaults ae ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi. ?6 Zirearhkloi tmiarnst Oacnl Oaulsicc latid nl _n`ls ae Zirearhkloi tmkt –tmi muhklnstno _ystih knhs ta ivabi wmkt ns ulnvirskc ta muhklbnld‘ fy drkwnl` upal –ekoits ae ixnstiloi‘ tmkt kri oalsndirid ta fi –oahhal ta kcc‘. ?? Nl hkbnl` tmi ocknh tmkt tmi –nltirlkc stktis‘ kooissid fy tmi _ystih sirvid ta –smkpi tmi pmysnokc pirearhkloi kutahktnokccy‘, _tklnsckvsbn driw upal k –hadic ae tmi psyomi‘ tmkt wks oahprimilsnvicy nlearhid kld nlspnrid fy tmi somaac ae Fimkvnaurnsh nl psyomaca`y, pkrtnouckrcy fy tmi warbs ae Tmiaduci Krhkld Vnfat (;=?>-;>;5) nl Dnsiksis ae Hihary (;==6), Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae tmi Ihatnals (;=>0), kld Tmi Zsyomaca`y ae Kttiltnal (;=>:), kld Nvkl Zitravnom

Zkvcav (;=4>-;>?5) nl Oaldntnalid Viecixis (;>65).?4 Nl tkbnl` suom k stkloi, _tklnsckvsbn vniwid –fimkvnaur ks nllkticy uldirstkldkfci, ks k trklsoucturkc hadi ae oahhulnoktnal‘ kld tmns cikd ta tmi ficnie tmkt –tmi _tklnsckvsbnkl pirearhkloi tixt aeeirs kl nhkì ae tmi nccusary oamirilt sice la hkttir wmkt omkrkotir ns finl` partrkyid‘. Tmisi kssuhptnals suppartid tmi ficnie tmkt tmi _ystih praduoid tmi sau`mt-ketir qukcntnis ae –oaltnlunty‘ kld –oamiriloi‘ tmkt wiri tmihsicvis siil ks ocknhs ae trutm, –ta komnivi k systihktnonty tmkt ns patiltnkccy hiklnlèuc, kfci ta iloadi dnsoaursi ‟ prisiltnl` lat gust k snhucktnal ae muhkl fimkvnaur fut k oalstruotnal ae nt‘.?9 Tmns pursunt wks tkbil al wmaci-mikrtidcy fy _trksfir` nl tmi Ylntid _tktis wntm tmi Kotars _tudna, ks tmi tiomlnquis ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh fiokhi kcc tmi hari –nldustrnkcnsid‘ wntm onlihk kld –tmi raci hkdi k oahhadnty‘. ?5 Pntm _trksfir`, tmi –ouct ae finl` rikc‘ eauld k pckoi nl Frakdwky kld Maccywaad, k pirearhir erah tmkt tnhi oahhiltnl` tmkt –tmi Hitmad ns k wky ta ìt kwky erah hysice2 ta frnl` kcc ae hysice ta tmi omkrkotir‘. ?0 Tmns siihnl` oaltrkdnotnal pirmkps ilokpsucktis tmi kppikc kld pawir ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh, tmrau`m nts ocknh ae –kutmiltno‘ ixpirniloi ks k hadic ae kutmarnty nt ns kfci ta ivabi kl nhhirsnal nl tmi –nhk`nlkry warcds‘ kld –nhk`nstno kssaonktnals‘ tmkt wiri aeeirid ta nts pirearhirs kld kudnilois.

?=

Tmi –ouct

ae rikcnsh‘ okl tmus fi siil ks pirmkps tmi hast pawireuc 6: tm oiltury ricn`nal, n.i. kl ?6

_tklnsckvsbn Kl Kotar Zripkris.7 pp. ;6=-;??. Oaulsicc.7 p. 6>. ?4 Nfnd.7 pp. 6>-?:. ?9 Nfnd.7 pp. ?;-?6. ?5 Nfnd.7 p. 99. ?0 Mnrsom, Eastir (;>=4). K Hitmad ta Tminr Hkdliss7 Tmi Mnstary ae tmi Kotars _tudna . Caldal kld Liw ârb, P.P. Lartal.7 p. 66;. ??

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nhpartklt ditirhnlklt ekotar nl vkcuis kld harkcs, ks dahnlklt syhfacs ae k `cafkc oucturi.

Tmiri ns, ae oaursi, k Fkoomklkcnkl ar Dnalysnkl ar dkrb sndi wmnom tmi warb ae !

oaloiltrktid ficnie ilìldirs, kld ns nl ntsice, krùkfcy, k trkloi pirearhkloi ar

!

passissnal . Tmisi icihilts sahitnhis hklneist tmihsicvis autsndi ae tmi

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pirearhkloi krilk, kt tnhis sahiwmkt syhptahktno ae mystirnk. ?> Tmi tkcb ae –prnvkti dihals‘ rivikc sahi ae tmi hytmaca`nokc lkrrktnvis ‟ tmi ficnies ‟ ae tmi Lartm !

"

Khirnokl Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh suf-oucturi. Oaulsicc afsirvid tmkt –Hitmad prkotnois hkluekoturi pirearhklois wmasi hast dnstnlotnvi eikturi ns k spiotkouckr ekncuri ae oahhulnoktnal... k rikdkfci sn`l... tmi spiotkoci ae kotars stru``cnl` ta ixpriss tminr racis‘ wmnom nl turl –sn`lnenis tmi omkrkotir s praeauld psyomaca`nokc "

diptm‘. 4: Tmus tmns –praeauld psyomaca`nokc diptm‘ ns pasntid ks tmi ndikc erah wmnom –kutmiltnonty‘ dirnvis ‟ ks tmi ulblawkfci tmkt sklotnals tmi –spiotkouckr ekncuris‘, tmi –noala`rkpmy ae liurasns‘ kld –tmi ca`no ae psyomno erkoturi‘. 4; Tmi strnvnl` ear –spnrnts‘ `nvis ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi sahi hiklnl`. Tmi rieirilois ta _trksfir` ks k bnld ae –macy hkl‘ kld ae tmi Kotars _tudna ks k bnld ae –tihpci‘ rivikc tmi disnris ear ricn`naus rieirilonl`. 46

@raulds ear Euturi Visikrom Enlkccy, nt hn`mt fi usieuc ta il`kì nl sahi frnie spioucktnals kt tmns panlt ks ta maw pirearhkloi trknlnl` ixironsis kld earhs okl fi usid ta nlvistn`kti pmilahilk ae pirearhid stktis ae oalsonausliss. Nt hn`mt fi erunteuc ta oalsndir tmi nhpravnsktnalkc earhs ae oahhidnk dicc krti kld ocawlnl` ks –passissnal trkloi‘. 4? Hkly tiomlnquis "

divicapid fy _tklnsckvsbn, _trksfir` kld atmirs kppcnid nl kl ixpirnhiltkc risikrom oaltixt hn`mt pravndi nhpartklt nlsn`mts nlta tmi praoissis disornfid fy vkrnaus hadics ae oalsonausliss. Ear nlstkloi, tmi –Zrnvkti Hahilt‘ ixironsi okl fi ihpcayid ks kl ixpirnhiltkc icihilt ta nlvistn`kti praoissis ae lkrrktnsktnal kld tminr eulotnals nl oriktnl` pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. _uom ixironsis (intmir warbsmappid ar rioacciotid) okl sirvi ks sprnl`fakrds, ar oaltrac kld oahpkrktnvi ekotars erah wmnom ta disornfi kld klkcysi trkloi stktis kld ixpirnilois. _uom

?=

Oaulsicc.7 p. 95. _trksfir`.7 pp. ;:4-;:9, ;4:-;4;.2 Mnrsom.7 pp. ;45-;40. 4: Oaulsicc.7 p. 50. 4; Nfnd.7 p. 0:. 46 _ii Mnrsom. Kcsa ‟ @krenicd, Dkvnd (;>=:). Tmi Kotars _tudna7 K Zckyir's Zckoi . Caldal kld Liw ârb, Hkohncckl.7 pp. ;9:-;9;. 4? Bnrfy Tmi _mkhklnstno Arn`nls ae Zapuckr Iltirtknlhilts .7 pp. ;45-;4>. ?>

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ixpirnhiltkc studnis okl ihpcay k wndi rklì ae tiomlaca`nis kld oaloiptukc erkhiwarbs divicapid nl soniltneno enicds suom ks liurapmysnos. _uom risikrom oaucd pravndi usieuc nlsn`mts nlta tmi praoissis fy wmnom lkrrktnsktnal ks wicc ks nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilts ìlirkti pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss kld pkrtnouckr pirearhktnvi larhs, kld nl tmi praoissis fy wmnom k bnld ae nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi ashasns okl fi smawl ta aoour.

Nl tmns omkptir, tmi pirearhktnvi hadi ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mks fiil nlvistn`ktid ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi vkrnaus icihilts ae tmi prkotnoi tmkt dienli kld ekoncntkti tmi ieeiotnvi pirearhkloi nl tmkt hadi. Tmi ficnie systih tmkt oalstntutis suom pirearhklois mkvi fiil smawl ta fi fksid al latnals ae tmi sice kld tmi ilvnralhilt ihir`nl` erah dnsoursnvi strikhs wmnom eauld pridahnlkloi nl tmi ;>tm oiltury nl Iurapi kld tmi ikrcy 6: tm oiltury nl tmi Ylntid _tktis. Tmi dnssihnlktnal ae suom ficnies tmrau`m lavics, tmiktris, kld enchs risuctid nl k wndisprikd nlecuiloi tmkt `kvi oridiloi ta tmi ocknh ae –rikcnty‘ nlmirilt nl tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnal ‟ kl nlecuiloi wmnom nl turl sirvid ta dienli –rikcnty‘ nl tmi saonkc kld oucturkc ilvnralhilt kcal` tmi cnlis ae tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs tmkt mkd spkwlid tmi trkdntnal ntsice.

Tmi erkhiwarb ae –ouct‘ mks fiil ihpcayid ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi dylkhnos ae suom nlecuiloi nl kl nldnvndukc kld `raup oaltixt. K cnlikì ae nlecuiloi mks fiil smawl nl tmi ixkhpcis ontid, erah _trnldfir` tmil _tklnsckvsbn, ta _trksfir` kld tmil ta Cin`m, nl ardir ta dihalstrkti tmi divicaphilts ae tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnal. Tmi latnal kld prkotnoi ae –omkrkotirnsktnal‘ mks fiil smawl ta fi oiltrkc ta tmisi divicaphilts. Ks tmi ditirhnlklt ae tmi pirearhid ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt, tmi trkdntnal ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mks fiil smawl ta pravndi kld rinlearoi hadics ae larhktnvnty kld trklsearhktnvnty fy wmnom tmi –ivirydky sice‘ ae tmi saonkc kld oucturkc ilvnralhilt ns dienlid ‟ pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi latnal ae trkls`rissnal tmkt nt prisilts.

Tmus tmi trkdntnal ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh mks fiil smawl ta mkvi fiil pridahnlkltcy dienlid fy k ouct ae nldnvndukcnsh nl tmisi wkys. Nl pasntnl` pirearhktnvi larhs, tmi ouct ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh nlvabid kl –atmir‘ hadi ae pirearhkloi nl Pistirl tmiktrnokc trkdntnals. Tmi tmiktrnokc trkdntnal ae tmi Kvklt @krdi aeeirid kl kctirlktnvi vniw ta tmi latnals ae tmi –sice‘ kld –warcd‘ dienlid fy Zsyomaca`nokc

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Vikcnsh. Nl tmi praoiss tmi Kvklt @krdi ìlirktid k ouct tmkt, kctmau`m `rauldid nl hadirlnst silsnfncntnis, wks eauldid al trklsoildilt latnals ae –hystnokc‘ ar –rkdnokc‘ ndikcs fy wmnom pirearhktnvnty wks nlspnrid ar vkcuid. Nl tmi eaccawnl` omkptir, k pirearhkloi trkdntnal tmkt ihirìd ks k rispalsi ta Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh ns nlvistn`ktid. Tmi pirearhktnvi hadi ae tmi Kvklt @krdi ns oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi ficnies tmkt nt prisilts ks kctirlktnvis ta dahnlklt hadis ae dienlnl` tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae larhktnvi kld trklsearhktnvi ndikcs.

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5. Oucts ae tmi Hystnokc kld tmi Vkdnokc Krtkud, Fiobitt kld @ratawsbn

Nl sikromnl` ear k oaloiptukc erkhiwarb tmkt waucd iloahpkss tmi kistmitno silsnfncntnis ae tmi pirearhklois ae Kltalnl Krtkud, Girzy @ratawsbn kld _khuic Fiobitt nt ns passnfci ta sky tmkt tmiy fical` ta kl Kvklt @krdi trkdntnal, ihir`nl` erah k 6: tm oiltury Iurapikl hncniu. Nl ;>50, Hkrnk Ciy-Znsoktar wrati tmkt tmi –kvklt-`krdi ns tmi syltmisns ae hkly ixpirnhilts ...Zriaooupnid wntm hiklnl` ae cnei, kld lat alcy tmi afsirvkloi ae muhkl ckw, nt ristaris trui hiklnl` ta tmi ward –ricn`nal‘. ...tmi kvklt-`krdi ns livir k risuct2 nt àis fkob ta tmi raats, tmi raats ae oucturi, k oaultry, ar k ìlirktnal ...nt oahhulnoktis k liw wky ae tmnlbnl`, kld tmirieari nt dihklds k liw wky ae danl`‘.;

Tmi dahnlkloi tmkt Vikcnsh kttknlid wks hit fy krtnstno silsnfncntnis wmnom sau`mt ta prisilt kl kctirlktnvi ta nt. Tmisi kctirlktnvis okhi ta fi ndiltnenid wntm tmi Kvklt @krdi. Ne Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh okl fi klkcysid nl tmi oaltixt ae k ouct ae Vikcnsh, tmi icihilts ae tmi Kvklt @krdi okl fi `raupid nlta twa dnstnlot fut aetil nltirhnl`cid strikhs. Kppkrilt nl tmih, kri k ouct ae Hystnonsh kld k ouct ae Vkdnokcnsh nl apirktnal. Tmi Hystnonsh hklneists ntsice ks k pursunt ae tmkt wmnom ns !

ulblawkfci , tmkt wmnom ns ulkttknlkfci ks kl kfsacuti ixprissnal ae atmir-liss . "

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Tmi Vkdnokcnsh hklneists ntsice ks k rigiotnal ae istkfcnsmid ardirs, ks k pursunt ae tmi !

arn`nlkc , tmi silsi ae lavicty kld ae tmi smaobnl` . Fatm tmisi strikhs sau`mt ta "

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dnvirì erah larhktnvnty, erah tmi silsi ae tmi ivirydky.

Tmi stktis ae oalsonausliss ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy suom pirearhklois kri ricktid ta tmi Vahkltno trkdntnal, ta k paitno stkti. Nldiid paitry aetil eauld nts wky nlta tmi pirearhklois kld tmi fadnis ae warb ae tmi Kvklt @krdi trkdntnals kld havihilts. Tmns paitry ixprissid ntsice nl fatm k tixtukc kld k vnsukc silsi. Tmi Kvklt @krdi pirearhkloi sau`mt ta dnvirì erah tmi cntirkc oalstruotnals ae hiklnl`, kld cktir sau`mt ta quistnal kld omkccilì tmi viry ixnstiloi ae hiklnl` ntsice. Tmi Kvklt @krdi havihilt driw al tmi trkdntnals ae tmi spiotkoci kld tmi ivilt. Pmkt ns ihfadnid kld ilkotid aetil omkccilìd tmi dnstnlotnals kld oalviltnals ae wmkt wiri oaltihparkrncy oalsndirid ta fi krtnstno . Fy nts lkturi, tmi Kvklt @krdi okhi ta !

;

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Ciy-Znsoktar, Hkrnk (;>50). Tmi Znsoktar Ixpirnhilt7 Tmi Zacntnokc Tmiktri . Liw ârb, G. M. Minlihkl.7 p. ;64.

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ndiltney ntsice wntm –tmi Vahkltno rific‘, 6 ks k stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt sau`mt ta dnsrupt rktmir tmkl rinlearoi tmi silsi ae larhktnvnty. Vilkta Za``nacn afsirvid tmkt –kvklt `krdi krt wks mnstarnokccy nhpassnfci fieari tmi ickfarktnal ae tmi ndik ntsice ...nl tmi oucturkc enicd dnsoaviry ns oriktnal, oalsonausliss ns ixnstiloi‘ kld tmkt eurtmirhari, –tmi oalliotnal fitwiil kvklt-`krdnsh kld rahkltnonsh ...rihknls k pkriltkc fald‘. ?

Nl klkcysnl` tmi pirearhkloi ae Vikcnsh, nt ns ivndilt tmkt tmi pirearhkloi ns drnvil fy tmi ndik ae tmi rikc ar tmi lkturkc ‟ tmisi finl` tmi vkcuis tawkrd wmnom tmi !

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pirearhkloi kspnris. Nl tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi Kvklt @krdi, tmi vkcuis tmkt ùndi tmi pirearhkloi oahi erah earhs ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` tmkt omkccilìd tmi istkfcnsmid kld !

larhkcnsid earhs ae ficnie. Tmi ficnie systihs tmkt uldircni Kvklt @krdi pirearhkloi "

lioisskrncy rieirs ta tmi vkcuis tmkt kri uldir omkccilì, tmi praoiss ae hiklnl`hkbnl` ns ricnklt al privnaus hiklnl`. Krtkud omkccilìd tmi earhs ae ixprissnal tmrau`m wmnom tmi prissuris ae larhktnvnty kri kppcnid. Fiobitt omkccilìd muhkl kttntudis wmnom pirpituktid earhs ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` tmkt mi ficnivid ta mkvi mkd dnhnlnsmnl` ricivkloi. @ratawsbn omkccilìd ndiks ae pirearhkloi tmkt mkd fioahi istkfcnsmid earhs ae tmiktrnokc ixprissnal. Ikom ae tmisi krtnsts prisiltid vniws ae muhkl ixpirniloi kld silsi ae sice tmkt praeauldcy quistnalid ìlirkccy micd vniws kld tmi privnauscy wicc-istkfcnsmid ficnie systihs wmnom dienlid tmi latnal ae larhktnvnty. Kt tmi skhi tnhi, tmisi krtnsts sau`mt ta ixtild tmi fauldkrnis ae siouckr ficnie systihs ta iloahpkss tmasi icihilts ae muhkl ixnstiloi tmkt risnstid ar icudid tmi praoissis ae lkturkcnsktnal . !

"

Nl tmi Kvklt @krdi, ixprissnals ae k ouct ae Hystnonsh kri kppkrilt ‟ k ouct ae tmi !

atmir suom ks tmkt wmnom ns partrkyid nl Pkntnl` ear @adat .4 Tmi ouct ae Hystnonsh "

kdvaoktis k riturl ae tmiktri ta ricn`nal ‟ tmi skorid spkoi ‟ ficnivnl` tmiktri ta !

"

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mkvi raats ar issilois tmkt mkvi fiil cast. _tudnis wmnom ri`krd tmi quistnal ae !

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trkloi ks pirearhkloi kld tmil ekcc nlta tmi pursunt ae tmi ndikcnsid issiloi kri taa !

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iksncy dnshnssid ks kdvaoktis ae k riturl ta tmi pkst kld prisilt ks `rkvicy ckobnl` !

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orntnokc nlsn`mt nlta suom pmilahilk. 9 Tmus nl tmns study, nt ns nhpirktnvi tmkt tmi ficnie systihs tmkt drnvi kld gustney pkrtnouckr pirearhklois fi ri`krdid wntmnl k erkhiwarb 6 ? 4 9

Mildirsal, Gaml K. (;>0;). Tmi Enrst Kvklt-@krdi, ;==0-;=>42 _aurois ae tmi Hadirl Erilom Tmiktri . Caldal, @. @. Mkrrkp.7 pp. ;:-;;. Za``nacn, Vilkta (;>5=). Tmi Tmiary ae tmi Kvklt-@krdi. Okhfrndì, Ficblkp Zriss ae Mkrvkrd Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. ;4-;9. Fiobitt, _khuic (;>94). Pkntnl` ear @adat7 Trk`noahidy nl Twa Kots. Liw ârb, @ravi Zriss. Ear ixkhpci ‟ HoOutomial, Gkdi (6:::). Tmi _pnrnt nl Kotar Trknlnl`7 Tmi Kotar ks _mkhkl . _ydliy, Ylnvirsnty ae Tiomlaca`y _ydliy.7 p. 0:.

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wmnom aeeirs sahi dnstkloi, suom ks tmi latnal ae –oucts‘. Tmi Kvklt @krdi rieciots k rigiotnal ae tmi vkcuis ae Lkturkcnsh kld Vikcnsh. Tmi ouct ae Hystnonsh krasi nl rikotnal ta tmi ouct ae Vikcnsh, okstnl` k quistnalkfci sipkrktnal fitwiil hytmaca`y kld psyomaca`y ‟ ks nloahpktnfci systihs ae blawcidì. Tmus nt aetil fiokhi riduoid ta k difkti fitwiil nltirlkc kld ixtirlkc pirearhkloi stycis. Tmns study !

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krùis tmkt tmi Hystno kld tmi Vikcnstno kri twa pkrts al k oaltnluuh. Tmiri ns fatm k sipkrktnal kld oahfnlktnal ae tmi twa panlts, tmus tmi ricktnal ns lat ali ae packrnsid appasntnal ‟ tmiy kri ikom dnstnlot caon. Dneeirilt panlts nl tmi oaltnluuh lioissntkti tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae dnstnlot stktis ae oalsonausliss nl pirearhkloi.

Ta ri`krd syhfacno nltirkotnals kld fadncy prkotnois ns ta ixkhnli tmi systihs ae hiklnl` tmkt kppcy ear tmi pirearhir. Hkly krtnsts ae tmi Kvklt @krdi kspnrid ta orikti warb tmkt oaucd ixnst fiyald kttrnfutid hiklnl` ‟ ta trklsoild hiklnl` ‟ kld eknc spiotkouckrcy nl tmns pursunt. Ekncuri ns ri`krdid ks suooiss. Ta ficnivi nl tmi kfsiloi ae hiklnl` ns k hiklnl`-hkbnl` praoiss nl ntsice, nl tmns nlstkloi k ficnie systih wmnom kttrnfutis sn`lnenokloi ta earhkc qukcntnis rktmir tmkl ta kly riprisiltktnals tmkt hky fi dirnvid erah tmi earhs.

Tmi disnri ar liid ear spnrntukc ixprissnals kld oalstruotnals ae hiklnl` kri eauld nl tmi latnals ae trklsoildiloi . Tmi ndik ae tmi trklsoildilt ns kcsa krtnoucktid !

"

nl k rklì ae saonkc oalstruots nl ìlirkc. Tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh oalstruots trklsoildilt ixpirnilois nl ardir ta ixpriss kld ixpirniloi k rikcnty fiyald wmkt nt ndiltnenis ks tmi nldnvndukc hktirnkc ixnstiloi. Nl tmns wky, tmi trklsoildilt ns afgiotnenid. Tmi oalstruotnal kld afgiotnenoktnal ae tmi trklsoildilt ns nlti`rkc nl tmi praoiss ae ixpirniloi kld ixprissnal ae ndiltnty struoturis fiyald tmi nldnvndukc sice. Tmi trklsoildiloi ns komnivid fy saonkc raci ar ndiltnty ks k risuct ae tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh s nltirkotnals wntm tmi ilvnralhilt. Pmkt tmi praoiss ae trklsoildiloi "

pravndis ns kl ixtilsnal ae tmi nldnvndukc ar`klnsh s silsi ae sice. "

Nt waucd lat fi ae `rikt usi ta nlvabi tmi nltirpritnvi ca`no ae spnrntukcnty ar !

!

"

smkhklnsh ‟ ks nlspnrid fy Krtkud, @ratawsbn, Fraab, kld atmirs nlocudnl` tmi "

kdvaoktis ae tmi Liw Kì ‟ ks tmisi oaloipts kri ricktnvicy earin`l ta tmi !

"

oaltihparkry kokdihno dnsonpcnli. Eurtmirhari, tmi spnrntnst ficnie systih dirnvis erah tmi Okrtisnkl hadic ae sauc . Tmirieari tmi latnal ae passissnal ns pkrtnouckrcy !

"

!

nlecuiloid fy tmns Okrtisnkl hadic ae ixpirniloi. Nl

Trkloi Earhs

;60

"

passissnal tmi sauc ns

!

"

!

"

Valkcda Haricas

uldirstaad ta fi dnspckoid kld tmi fady tkbil avir fy kl autsndi spnrnt ‟ fy tmi !

!

"

atmir . _mkhklno trkdntnals afvnauscy okllat fi kssuhid ta fi nlecuiloid fy tmi "

Okrtisnkl hadic. Mawivir tmi oaltihparkry uldirstkldnl` ae smkhklnsh finl` kdvkloid nl lia-pk`kl dnsoaursi mks ivacvid erah systihs ae blawcidì tmkt mkvi oirtknlcy fiil nlecuiloid fy tmi Okrtisnkl sauc .5 !

"

Eaccawnl` al tmns, nt okl fi siil tmkt tmi _tklnsckvsbn trkdntnal ae pirearhkloi ihfadnis kl nlmirilt eikr ar fnks2 lat sa huom k eikr ae finl` passissid ks k eikr ae !

"

tmi oaloipt ae finl` passissid ‟ k oaloipt tmkt ns dihalstrkfcy spioneno ta !

"

_tklnsckvsbn s oucturkc ilvnralhilt. Tmns study kdvaoktis k smnet erah tmi oaloipt ae "

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sauc tawkrds tmi oaloipt ae oalsonausliss ks ricktid ta tmi latnals ae ihfadnhilt "

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kld ilkothilt . Tmi oaloipt ae sauc okrrnis wntm nt vkcuktnals ae skoridliss tmkt !

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"

eulotnal ta prisirvi tmi hystnqui ‟ hystiry sirvis ks k enctir ta hk`lney tmi atmir!

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liss ae tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae tmi pirearhir. Tmus tmi hystiry pravndis "

tmi afgiot ae warsmnp. 0

Omrnstapmir Nllis su`ìstnal nl Kvklt @krdi Tmiktri ;=>6-;>>6 tmkt k ouct ae "

Zrnhntnvnsh uldircnis tmi Kvklt @krdi havihilt = ns usieuc fut ekr taa snhpcnstno. Tmiri kppikrs ta fi k luhfir ae oucts wntmnl tmi Kvklt @krdi trkdntnals, ae wmnom Zrnhntnvnsh hky fi ali kld okl fi ixihpcnenid nl Zitir Fraab s warb nl tmi ;>5:s. Nllis "

"

ulorntnokc usi ae tirhs suom ks issiltnkc finl` `rkvicy wikbil mns krùhilt, kld ns !

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oahhal khal`st kdvaoktis ae tmiktri ks rntukc . Nl tmns oksi, issiltnkc finl` !

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fioahis k oalvilnilt ripckoihilt ear sauc . Tmns fioahis klatmir ixkhpci ae tmi !

"

tildiloy ta hystnonsi tmi pirearhkloi praoiss, mn`mcy rihnlnsoilt ae _tklnsckvsbn s "

usi ae tmi tirhs prklk kld rkys , ks wicc ks tmi ourrilt tildiloy ta risart ta tmi tirh !

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ilir`y .> Nl tirhs ae systihktno nlqunry, tmiy kri snhpcy lat usieuc. Nt ns pirmkps ear tmns "

riksal tmkt tmisi latnals da lat fioahi pkrt ae tmi rikcnst oucturi tmkt pirvkdis kotar !

"

trknlnl` ntsice. Kotar trknlnl` hitmadaca`y ns lioisskrncy oucturkccy spioneno2 nt hust drkw upal ficnies tmkt kri praeauldcy nltirlkcnsid, rktmir tmkl earin`l ar ixatno . Ks wntm !

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kudnilois, ficnies tmkt kri piroinvid kld nltirpritid ks

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atmir risalkti alcy "

supirenonkccy, ne kt kcc. Mawivir, ear tmi prkotntnalirs ae Kvklt @krdi pirearhkloi, tmi silsi ae tmi atmir okhi ta risalkti ks tmi ulkttknlkfci tmkt drnvis tmi sikrom, nl !

"

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wmnom tmiri ns cnttci omkloi ae suooiss ‟ tmi ekncuri ta rikom tmi àkc fiokhi k 5 0 = >

Nfnd.7 p. >. Nfnd.7 p. ;5. Nllis, Omrnstapmir D. (;>>?). Kvklt @krdi Tmiktri7 ;=>6-;>>6. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 pp. >-;=.. HoOutomial.7 pp. ;4-;9.

Trkloi Earhs

;6=

Valkcda Haricas

euldkhiltkc tilit kld ixpiotktnal ear kotnal. Nl tmi warbs ae Krtkud, Fiobitt kld @ratawsbn, suom ekncuris okhi ta fi ricktid ta kl –avirkcc silsktnal‘ ae sueeirnl`, tmkt wks k ùndnl` prnlonpci ae tmi sikrom ta wmnom muhklnty ns siihnl`cy risn`lid, kld ta wmnom Kvklt @krdi dnsoaursi rispaldid wntm k hnx ae kwi kld rificcnal ‟ tmi rispiotnvi drnvis fimnld tmi oucts ae tmi Hystnokc kld tmi Vkdnokc.

Krtkud Cê au àk silt ck hirdi, àk silt c„çtri. C„mahhi kurknt trís fnil pu li pks omnir, li pks auvrnr ck paomi klkci. Hkns nc k omansn di omnir oahhi nc kurknt omansn di vnvri, ku cniu di oalsiltnr ê vnvri hart. O„ist qui paur li pks eknri okok, nc y kurknt ekccu oalsiltnr ê li pks çtri. Hkns nc l„k pks pu si rîsaudri ê pirdri c„çtri. O„ist ê dnri ê haurnr vnvklt. Nc y k dkls c„çtri quicqui omasi di pkrtnoucnîrihilt tiltklt paur c„mahhi . It oi quicqui omasi ist gustihilt ... ci OKOK!!! ;: Pmasaivir smkcc eiic tmi smnt, smkcc eiic tminr finl`. Muhklnty oaucd mkvi dali wicc lat ta mkvi smnt, lat ta apil tmi klkc arnenoi. Fut nt omasi ta smnt ks nt mks omasil ta cnvi, nlstikd ae k`riinl` ta cnvi ks dikd. Ear nt lat ta hkbi ixorihilt, nt waucd mkvi fiil lioisskry ear nt ta k`rii lat ta fi. Fut nt mks lat fiil kfci ta oahi ta tirhs wntm tmns cass ae finl`. Nt mks kooiptid tmkt nt ns ta dni cnvnl`. Tmiri ns nl finl` sahitmnl` pkrtnouckrcy omkccil`nl` ear muhklnty. Kld tmns sahitmnl` ns prionsicy... tmi _MNT!!! Tkfci ?7 Ixoirpt erah Tmi _ikrom ear tmi _tkti ae _mnt

nl –Ta Mkvi Dali wntm tmi Gud`hilt ae @ad‘ fy Kltalnl Krtkud (;>40).

Nl tmi cnei kld warb ae Kltalnl Krtkud, tmi latnal ae tmi pirearhkloi ae tmiktri ks tmirkpy ns hast kppkrilt. Ear Krtkud tmi tmiktri wks –tmirkpiutno… hidnonlkc, k hikls ae ournl` kl kncnl` psyomi‘. ;; _tral`cy ricktid ta tmns ficnie ns tmi ndik tmkt –saonity s knchilts koorui erah snobliss wntmnl nldnvndukcs‘ kld tmkt oucturkc "

pirearhklois suom ks cntirkturi kld tmiktri okl sirvi –ta ouri tmi nccs ae saonity‘. ;6 Tmns typi ae tmnlbnl` kttrnfutis ta tmiktri kl kfncnty ta ieeiot k –oktmkrsns‘ tmkt ns sknd ta –ricnivi tmi spiotktar ae ivnc kld tirrar riprissid wntmnl tmi uloalsonaus‘ ‟ tmi ;?

–uloalsonaus stkti‘ ns miri siil ta fi tmi sikt ae –cktilt drnvis kld disnris‘.

Tmi

–snobliss‘ miri ns ieeiotnvicy farli ae tilsnals fitwiil tmi –fady‘ kld tmi –earh‘.

K stral` oalliotnal ns eauld fitwiil Krtkud s ficnies kld tmi ficnies ae "

@lastnonsh ‟ pkrtnouckrcy nl tmi –oalvnotnal tmkt tmi warcd ae earhs ns k ekcsi oriktnal… àvirlid kld dnriotid tmrau`m tmi warb ae ivnc‘ wntmnl wmnom mi wks trkppid.

;4

Nl tmi

Tmiktri ae Oruicty, Krtkud sau`mt ta ieeiot –kl kwkbilnl`‘ nl ardir ta –praduoi k

;:

Krtkud, Kltalnl (;>40). Ck Viomiromi di ck Eîokcntî erah –Zaur il Enlnr kvio ci Guìhilt di Dniu‘ . Vioardid ear rkdna, Lavihfir ;>40. ;; Zculbk, @ili K., Id. (;>>4). –Kltalnl Krtkud7 tmi _ueeirnl` _mkhkl ae Hadirl Tmiktri‘ nl Kltalnl Krtkud kld tmi Hadirl Tmiktir. Vutmireard, Eknrcin`m Dnobnlsal Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. 6:. ;6 Nfnd.2 Krtkud ;>0:, p. =:. ;? Nfnd.7 p. 66. ;4 @aadkcc, Gkli (;>>4). Krtkud kld tmi @lastno Drkhk . Axeard kld Hicfaurli, Ockrildal Zriss.7 p. ;0.

Trkloi Earhs

;6>

Valkcda Haricas

rivicktary kwkriliss ae… kld nlonti k rivacutnal k`knlst‘ tmi –oaltrac‘ ae tmi –fady‘. Nl tmns vniw, tmi –fady‘ ns iquktid wntm –tarhilts‘, kld –kutmiltnonty‘ ns alcy kttknlid tmrau`m –tmi warb ae sice-oriktnal‘. ;9 Tmisi tilsnals aeeir pkrtnouckr oaloiptukcnsktnals ae tmi –fady‘ kld k –latnal ae oalsonausliss ks k harkss ae dneenoucty kld sueeirnl`‘ ‟ tmi –hnld‘ ns siil ks k –fady‘ tmkt ali okllat –passiss‘ kld –k hystnokc fady‘ keecnotid fy k –dnsardir‘ fy wmnom Krtkud skw mnhsice ks –passissid‘. ;5 Tmns stkti ae oalsonausliss ns omkrkotirnsid fy k silsi ae –hkrtyrdah‘. Tmns silsi ns kt cikst pkrtnkccy dirnvid erah tmi piroiptnal tmkt Krtkud s warbs wiri ixprissnals ae "

–hkdliss‘ kld tmi dienlntnal ae mns ixpirniloi ks –psyomasns‘. ;0

Ear Krtkud, tmasi sufgiotid ta –tmi riprissnvi eulotnal ae tmi oaloipt ae hkdliss‘ wiri ta fi siil ks –tmi mirais kld hkrtyrs ae tmau`mt‘ wmasi tarhilts wiri hkdi `riktir fy tmi silsi ae –kcnilktnal‘. ;= Nl Krtkud, _uskl _altk` afsirvid tmi ieeiots ae tmi tilsnal fitwiil tmi silsi ae larhktnvnty kld tmi pirearhktnvnty ae trkls`rissnals ‟ tmi cnhnts ae ndiltnenoktnal àli fiyald7

Tmi piroiptnal tmkt sahi piapci kri orkzy ns pkrt ae tmi mnstary ae tmau`mt, kld hkdliss riqunris k mnstarnokc dienlntnal. Hkdliss hikls lat hkbnl` silsi ' hikls skynl` wmkt daisl„t mkvi ta fi tkbil sirnauscy. ...Pmkt ns okccid nlskli dilatis tmkt wmnom nl tmi ditirhnlktnal ae k pkrtnouckr saonity hust lat fi tmau`mt. Hkdliss ns k oaloipt tmkt enxis cnhnts2 tmi eraltnirs ae hkdliss dienli wmkt ns –atmir.‘ K hkd pirsal ns sahiali wmasi vanoi saonity daisl„t wklt ta cnstil ta, wmasi fimkvnar ns nltacirkfci, wma au`mt ta fi supprissid. ;> Krtkud pasntid mns ndikc ae tmiktri nl tmi issky Al tmi Fkcnlisi Tmiktri ‟ kl ndik ae k tmiktri ae atmir-liss, tmi ixatno, kld tmi hystnokc tmkt rieciotid tmi oiltrkc oaloirls ae tmi sufsiquilt Kvklt @krdi tmiktri. 6: Tmns –atmir‘ wks siil ks klonilt kld kfstrkot, fiyald nlticciotukc uldirstkldnl`. Nl tmns sihnlkc tixt, Krtkud ixprissid k liid ear hystiry tmkt ns nlmirilt nl tmi Kvklt @krdi ndikcs. Tmi dnsoaursi ae –atmir‘ tmkt wks prapasid fy Krtkud okhi ta riprisilt –tmkt wmnom okllat ar hust lat fi kdhnttid wntmnl tmi eraltnirs ae kl istkfcnsmid systih ae uldirstkldnl` kld blawcidì‘ ‟ k ocknh praudcy warl fy –tmi ouctno ixpalilts ae tmi Tmiktri ae Oruicty‘ ear wmah tmi silsi ae –atmir‘ riprisiltid nts hast vkcukfci oaltrnfutnal. 6; Tmus, Krtkud s warb okhi "

ta fi siil ks –spnrntukc‘ ixprissnals kld Krtkud mnhsice okhi ta fi siil ks –k

;9

Nfnd.7 pp. ;0-;=. _altk`, _uskl (;>05). Nltraduotnal. Kltalnl Krtkud, _iciotid Prntnl`s. _. _altk`. Liw ârb, Ekrrkr _trkus kld @nraux.7 p. xxnv. ;0 @aadkcc.7 p. 9. ;= _altk`.7 p. cv. ;> Nfnd.7 p. cnv. 6: Krtkud, Kltalnl (;>0:). Tmi Tmiktri kld nts Daufci7 Isskys . Haltriunc kld Caldal, Okcdir.7 pp. ?5-4:. 6; @aadkcc.7 p. 5. ;5

Trkloi Earhs

;?:

Valkcda Haricas

smkhkl‘ wmasi –kutmarnty‘ dirnvid erah tmi kfncnty ta ieeiot kl –nltilsi dnsoaheart ae tmi nhk`nlktnal‘ nl nts kudnilois. 66

Krtkud skw iltirtknlhilt kld ricn`nal ks appasntnalkc eulotnals, wntm k –ricn`naus hitkpmysnokc pasntnal‘ uldirstaad ta fi tmi –arn`nlkc purpasi‘ ae tmiktri. Tmus, tmi cnei kld warb ae Krtkud ns ieeiotnvicy kl ildikvaur ear k typi ae –sice-kwkriliss… tmkt prisuppasis k dnsmkrhaly fitwiil tmi sice ae tmi krtnst kld tmi oahhulnty‘ ‟ k oalsonausliss tmkt ns siil ta strnvi ta –trklsearh nts awl fauldkrnis‘ tmrau`m pirearhkloi.6? Tmns vniw ae oalsonausliss –ks k praoiss‘ ns oacaurid, nl Krtkud, fy k silsi ae –tmi ulildnl` hnsiry kld fkeecihilt ae oalsonausliss siibnl` ntsice‘ pirpituktid fy tmi silsi ae k –omralno kcnilktnal erah mns awl oalsonausliss‘ wmnom mks risuctid nl k fady ae warb tmkt stklds aut ks k –tnriciss kld ditkncid… rioard ae tmi hnorastruoturi ae hiltkc pknl‘. 64

Krtkud pripkrid tmi `rauld upal wmnom @ratawsbn ecaurnsmid kld, nl turl, wks eaccawid fy tmi Kvklt @krdi ae tmi ;>5:s kld ;>0:s. Nl tmi vkrnaus warbs ae tmi Kvklt @krdi, tmi nhkì kld tmi lal-virfkc icihilts fiokhi kssuhid ta fi supirnar ta tmi virfkc ixprissnal ks –kl nlenlnticy hari siorit kld hystirnaus enicd‘ kld ks kl –afgiotnvi, klnhktid ilomklthilt‘. 69 Mawivir, ks huom ks Krtkud sau`mt ta ilkot kld ihfady tmi –atmir‘ nl mns pirearhklois, mi waucd lat privilt tmi –oaaptktnal‘ ae mns –hkdliss‘ ks mns ieearts ta –sufvirt tmi tmiktir‘ kld istkfcnsm k –spnrntukc miìhaly‘ iviltukccy okhi ta fi –kssnhncktid ks k liw tmiktrnokc trkdntnal‘ kld ri`krdid ks –stkldkrd sirnaus tksti‘. 65

Nl Krtkud, tmi Kvklt @krdi ns ixprissid nl tmi warb ae kl krtnst wma, nl tmi wky tmkt mi sueeirid erah mns dnsiksi, wks kfci ta prisilt k vniw tmkt nl mns tnhi kld law, ieeiotnvicy omkccilìd wmkt wks ficnivid ta fi

!

larhkc , tmi larhktnvi hadic ae "

ixpirniloi kld ixnstiloi. Krtkud wks lat larhkc lar oaucd mi mkvi ivir mkd k !

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omkloi kt finl` tmkt wntm tmi bnld ae cnei tmkt mi mkd. Tmrau`m mns sueeirnl`, mns keecnotnal, ks wicc ks mns cntirkry kld tmiktrnokc pravaoktnals, mi fiokhi k hytmno enùri. Krtkud ns law k sit ae ixpirnilois tmkt okl fi drkwl upal, tmi hihary sit tmkt ns tmi cnei ae Kltalnl Krtkud. Nl Krtkud, tmiri ns k fady ae warb tmkt ns qunti nlmiriltcy

66

_altk`.7 p. cvnnn. Nfnd.7 p. xnx. 64 Nfnd.7 p. xxn. 69 Krtkud.7 pp. 9:-94. 65 _altk`.7 p. xcnv. 6?

Trkloi Earhs

;?;

Valkcda Haricas

sufvirsnvi kld ixufirklt. K fady ae warb tmkt siibs ta quistnal wntm suom klìr kld urìloy ‟ smiir dnsturfkloi. Krtkud smaws us k warcd tmkt ns lat ali tmkt hkly waucd wklt ta iltir nlta ar stky nl.

Krtkud wks siil ks tmi orkzy hkl , tmi Mklìd Hkl ae tmi Tkrat. Krtkud skw !

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mnhsice ta fi tmi skornenonkc ckhf. Nl mns vniw, nl wmkt mi wks dkrnl` us ta ixpirniloi, mi omkccilìd us ta ixpirniloi mns warcd, mns stkti ae oalsonausliss. _ahitnhis wi hklkì ta kld sahitnhis wi da lat2 sahitnhis wi silsi k risalkloi tmkt ns lat euccy ar rktnalkccy uldirstaad. _ahimaw ar atmir wi ihpktmnsi. Pi sii kld ixpirniloi sahi ae nt, kld wi rispald ta nt. Krtkud ns sn`lnenoklt ks pravaoktnal, nl mns awl tnhi kld law.

Fiokusi Krtkud eaousid ear sahi tnhi al tmi tmiktri, ks wicc ks wmkt mi mkd wrnttil, mi fiokhi oaloirlid wntm tmi lkturi ae pirearhkloi. Krtkud sau`mt ta ilkot kld ihfady –tmi ihatnalkc pawir‘ kld –tmi spnrntukc ieenokoy‘ nl mns tmiktri, kld fiokhi ndiltnenid wntm k –vissic ae rk`nl` mulìr ear tatkc trklsearhktnal‘. 60 _altk` oalsndirid tmns urì ear –trklsearhktnal‘ ta mkvi fiil eid fy k disnri ta purì tmi –hkdliss‘ tmkt oaltraccid mnh7

Krtkud nhk`nlis tmi tmiktir ks tmi pckoi wmiri tmi fady waucd fi rifarl nl tmau`mt kld tmau`mt waucd fi rifarl nl tmi fady. 6= ...Tmiktir ns k pragiotid nhkì $ lioisskrncy kl ndikc drkhktnzktnal % ae tmi dklìraus, –nlmuhkl‘ nllir cnei tmkt passissid mnh ...k mahaiapktmno tiomlnqui ear triktnl` tmkt hkl`cid, pkssnalkti nllir cnei ...k bnld ae ihatnalkc kld harkc surìry upal oalsonausliss… Ear Krtkud, tmi dionsnvi pkrt ae tmi klkca`y ns tmkt tmiktir ' kld oalsonausliss okl omklì. Ear lat alcy dais oalsonausliss risihfci tmiktir fut, ks Krtkud oalstruots nt, tmiktir risihfcis oalsonausliss, kld tmirieari cilds ntsice ta finl` turlid nlta k tmiktir #ckfarktary nl wmnom ta oalduot risikrom nl omkl`nl` oalsonausliss. ...Fy `nvnl` vilt ta ixtrihi pkssnals kld oucturkc ln`mthkris, tmiktir ixaronsis tmih. 6> Krùkfcy, Krtkud s hast kooissnfci pirearhklois kri tmasi eauld nl mns wrntnl`s. "

Ks kl ixkhpci ae mns wrntnl`, Kcc Prntnl` ns Zn`smnt… dihalstrktis maw Krtkud s "

cntirkturi eulotnals ks pirearhkloi. _uom k pirearhkloi ns drnvil fy k stral` ricktnalsmnp wntm nts sufgiot hkttir ‟ nt ns kl ixprissnal ae k –oaltihpt ear cntirkturi‘ hatnvktid fy –k spioneno ixpirniloi ae sueeirnl`‘ tmkt ns siil ta –kutmiltnokti‘ tmi wrntnl` ‟ kld siibs ta risnst tmi –oarruptnal‘ ae –krtnstry‘ kld tmi –fklkcnzktnal ae sueeirnl`‘. Tmus Krtkud prapasid kl nloaltravirtnfci ricktnalsmnp fitwiil tmi

60

Nfnd.7 p. xnx. Oahpkri tmns wntm Dkvnd Cktmkh„s oahhilts al ”tmi nhkì wntmnl„ (p. 09). 6> _altk`.7 pp. xxxvn-xxxvnn. 6=

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

ixpirniloi ae tmi wrntir ‟ tmi –sueeirnl`‘ ar tmi –qukcnty ae ali s oalsonausliss‘ ‟ kld "

tmi –trutm‘ ae tmi wrnttil stktihilt, tmi wrntnl` ns siil ks tmi –hnrrar ae oalsonausliss‘.?:

Kcc wrntnl` ns pn`smnt. Ziapci wma oahi aut ae lawmiri kld try ta dienli wmktivir nt ns tmkt àis al nl tminr mikds, kri pn`s. Tmi wmaci cntirkry soili ns k pn`pil, ispionkccy tmns ali. Kcc tmasi wma mkvi panlts ae rieiriloi nl tminr hnlds, N hikl, al sahi sndi ar atmir ae tminr mikds kld nl k eiw strnotcy caokcnzid kriks ae tminr frknls, kcc tmasi wma kri hkstirs ae tminr cklùkì, kcc tmasi ear wmah wards mkvi hiklnl`s, kcc tmasi ear wmah wards mkvi hiklnl`s, kcc tmasi ear wmah tmiri ixnst mn`mir civics ae tmi sauc kld ourrilts ae tmau`mt, tmasi wma riprisilt tmi spnrnt ae tmi tnhis, kld wma mkvi lkhid tmisi ourrilts ae tmau`mt, N kh tmnlbnl` ae tminr hitnoucaus warbs, kld ae tmkt hiomklnokc orikbnl` tmkt dicnvirs tminr spnrnt ta tmi wnlds & kri pn`s. Tmasi ear wmah oirtknl wards mkvi hiklnl`, kld oirtknl hadis ae finl`, tmasi wma kri sa prionsi, tmasi ear wmah ihatnals okl fi ockssnenid kld wma qunffci avir sahi panlt ae tminr mnckrnaus ockssnenoktnals, tmasi wma stncc ficnivi nl –tirhs,‘ tmasi wma dnsouss wmktivir ndiaca`nis fical` ta tmi mnirkromy ae tmi tnhis2 tmasi wmah wahil dnsouss sa nlticcnìltcy kld tmi wahil tmihsicvis wma spikb sa wicc kld wma dnsouss tmi oaltihparkry ourrilts ae tmau`mt2 tmasi wma stncc ficnivi nl sahi arniltktnal ae tmi spnrnt2 tmasi wma eaccaw pktms, wma drap lkhis, wma rioahhild faabs, tmisi kri tmi warst bnld ae pn`s. âu kri qunti ullioisskry, yaul` hkl ! La, N kh tmnlbnl` ae fikrdid orntnos. Kld N tacd yau sa7 la warbs ae krt, la cklùkì, la ward, la tmau`mt, latmnl`. Latmnl`2 ulciss hkyfi k enli Frknl #_tarh. K bnld ae nloahprimilsnfci stappnl` pckoi nl tmi hnld, rn`mt nl tmi hnddci ae ivirytmnl`... Tkfci 47 Ixoirpt erah –Kcc Prntnl` ns Zn`smnt…‘ fy Krtkud. Trklscktnals erah

Micil Pikvir (;>05) nl Kltalnl Krtkud, _iciotid Prntnl`s kld Dkvnd Vkttrky (;>59) nl Kltalnl Krtkud Kltmaca`y.

Fiobitt Tmi pirearhkloi ae Fiobitt ns tmi pirearhkloi ae k pkrtnouckr vniw ae ixnstiloi, k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Nl Pkntnl` ear @adat , tmiri ns k stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns `rauldid nl kl Ixnstiltnkcnst ficnie systih ‟ tmi ocustir ae ficnies wmnom Fiobitt praeissid, awlid kld ndiltnenid wntm, kld tmi enctir tmrau`m wmnom mi oriktid tmi paitry, tmns pkrtnouckr sornpt. Nl Pkntnl` ear @adat , tmi warcd tmkt Fiobitt oriktis, ilkots kld ihfadnis nl tmi wards kld kotnals ae mns omkrkotirs ns nl turl vnokrnauscy ixpirniloid fy tmi kudniloi.

?:

Nfnd.7 p. xxnn.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

@adat ns k oahhiltkry al Hadirlnsh kld Omrnstnklnty, ihir`nl` erah Fiobitt s "

ficnie systihs (ks smkrid fy mns saonkc kld oucturkc hncniu) ks kl ieeart ta omkccilì tmi praoiss ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` kld nl nts turl dienli uctnhkti rikcnty . Fiobitt caabs kt !

"

latnals ae omanoi kld rispalsnfncnty nl Pkntnl` ear @adat . @aà kld Dndn omaasi ta wknt, aut ae rispalsnfncnty, kld tmi kot ae wkntnl` ns siil ta fi k stkti ae oalsonausliss nl ntsice. Tmi omkrkotir ae Cuoby ihfadnis tmi li`ktnal ae omanoi, mi ns k sckvi. Mns tmau`mts caokti rispalsnfncnty nl k cast àd tmkt mks ciet mnh ta smrnlb kld dwnldci nl mns !

"

ixnstiloi. Pmiri @aà kld Dndn stncc omaasi, Cuoby ns risn`lid nl mns kltn-tmisns.

Cuoby s halacaùi, nl tmi enrst kot ae Fiobitt s pcky, ns k dispirkti kld `rkspnl` "

"

kttihpt ta hkbi silsi ae tmi `rkld tmihis ae muhklnty. Cuoby tmnlbs mns wky krauld !

"

tmrii `rkld lkrrktnvis ‟ tmi ixnstiloi kld nldneeiriloi ae k pirsalkc @ad2 tmi smrnlbnl` spnrntukc cnei ae muhklnty2 kld tmi putriekotnal ae muhkl ixnstiloi. Tmns dispirkti kld `rkspnl` kttihpt ns lioisskrncy ulsuooisseuc2 tmi suooiss ae nts ekncuri hiksurid fy tmi civic ae erustrktnal ìlirktid nl tmi cnstilir kld kppkrilt nl tmi pirearhkloi ae Cuoby. Tmi spiiom ilokpsucktis tmi oiltrkc oaloirls ae Pkntnl` ear @adat kld, ta k oirtknl ixtilt, Fiobitt s pragiot. "

Cuoby s kttihpt kld ekncuri kt hkbnl` hiklnl` rieciots Fiobitt s vniw ae muhkl "

"

ixnstiloi kld ildikvaur. Nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi pcky, Cuoby pirearhs mns tmau`mts ear !

"

tmi atmir tmrii omkrkotirs. Fiobitt drkhktnsis, nl Cuoby s dispirktnal kld ekncuri, tmi "

nldnvndukc s ieeart ta oalstruot oaloiptukc struoturis ta kooault ear nts ixnstilois kld "

ixpirnilois, nl suom k wky tmkt rieciots Fiobitt s awl ficnie systihs al tmi praoiss ae "

hiklnl`-hkbnl` kld muhkl sufgiotnvnty.

Tmi warcd tmkt kl kudniloi vniws nl k pnioi suom ks Cuoby s tmnlb tnrkdi ns k "

!

"

warcd ae k viry pkrtnouckr qukcnty. Nt okl fi disornfid ks k oaleusid warcd. Tmns ieeiot ns komnivid tmrau`m tmi kppcnoktnal ae wmkt mks fiil disornfid nl myplasns risikrom ks !

oaleusnal tiomlnquis nl tmi tixt. Oaleusnal tiomlnquis nl myplasns prkotnoi usi "

dnsgulotnvi kld risalklt nhkìry ar tixt ta nlduoi pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss. ?; Ali strkld ae Cuoby s spiiom ieeiotnvicy apirktis ks k oaleusnal icihilt. Klatmir "

strkld ae tmi spiiom apirktis ks k dnsoursnvi icihilt. _tncc klatmir strkld apirktis ks k rmytmhno icihilt. Tmi dnsoursnvi icihilt sirvis ta okpturi kld macd rktnalkc

?;

Ear ixkhpci ‟ @nccn`kl, _tipmil @. (;>=0). Tmirkpiutno Trklois7 Tmi Oaapirktnal Zrnlonpci nl Irnobsalnkl Myplatmirkpy . Liw ârb, Frullir Hkzic.7 pp. 6?9-6>=.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

kttiltnal. Tmi rmytmhno icihilt sirvis ta okpturi kld macd husnokc kttiltnal. Tmi oaleusnal icihilt sirvis ta dnscaokti tmi pirearhkloi erah k larhktnvi erkhi.

Tmi spiiom ns ixpirniloid ks kflarhkc ‟ k `cnhpsi ae Cuoby s warcd, kl acd, !

"

"

oaleusid, kld smrnlbnl`, fut ulenlnsmid warcd. K warcd tmkt Fiobitt ixpirniloid nl mkvnl` àli tmrau`m tmi twa warcd wkrs, kld k warcd vniw smkrid fy mns oaltihparkrnis, Gikl Zkuc _krtri kld tmi Ixnstiltnkcnst somaac ae pmncasapmy. Tmns pcky oahis aut ae Fiobitt s ixpirniloi kld vniw ae ixnstiloi. "

Fiobitt drkhktnsis k Cuoby tmkt ns `rkspnl` ear tmi ulkttknlkfci. Fut ne Cuoby s "

spiiom dnd lat mkvi k dnsoursnvi pasntnal, nt ns la hari tmkl k sckf ae `nffirnsm. Fiobitt `nvis Cuoby k ocikr kld stral` dnsoursnvi pasntnal ta fi`nl wntm, ali tmkt ns `rauldid nl Ixnstiltnkcnst silsnfncntnis. Nl hkly wkys, tmi earh ae tmi spiiom hnrrars tmi avirkcc earh ae tmi pcky.

Fiobitt usis tmi ripitntnal ae pmrksis kld tmihis ta kdvkloi ar khpcney tmi oiltrkc krùhilts nl fatm tmi spiiom kld tmi pcky. Fiobitt kcsa utncnsis oaleusnal ks k strkti`y ta dnsarnilt fatm tmi pirearhir ks omkrkotir kld tmi kudniloi ks cnstilir. Ali oahpalilt ae tmi pirearhkloi tmkt Fiobitt oaucd lat oaltrac ns tmi rmytmh wntm wmnom tmi spiiom ns dicnvirid, wmnom nl k praduotnal waucd hast cnbicy dirnvi erah tmi avirkcc rmytmh ae tmi iltnri pirearhkloi. Ks k wmaci, mawivir, tmi spiiom nlivntkfcy oriktis tmi ieeiot ae k dispirkti dnsoaursi ri`krdciss ae tmi rmytmh nhpasid upal nt. Nl tmns !

"

ieeiot, nt ns passnfci ta ditiot kld piroinvi tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss pirearhid fy tmi kotar pckynl` Cuoby.

Cuoby s spiiom ns nlduotnvi nl tmi silsi tmkt nt okrrnis tmi pirearhir kcal` k "

pkrtnouckrcy smkpid ixpirniloi ae dicnvirnl` tmi dispirkti dnsoaursi. Nt fi`nls wntm k civic ae cuondnty wmnom il`kìs kld nlvacvis tmi tmau`mt praoissis ae tmi pirearhir, kld tmil qunobcy dnsnlti`rktis nlta tmi husnokcnty ae ripitntnal kld oaleusnal ae nts pmrksis kld tmihis. Tmi spiiom okl fi sipkrktid nlta tmrii nltirwikvnl` icihilts ‟ tmi dnsoursnvi ickfarktnal, icihilts ae ripitntnal, kld icihilts ae oaleusnal . Tmi dnsoursnvi ickfarktnal ns oaloiltrktid nl tmi enrst mkce ae tmi spiiom. Tmi icihilts ae ripitntnal aoour tmrau`maut, fut ns funct up nlta k oaloiltrktnal nl tmi ckttir tmnrd ae tmi spiiom. Tmi icihilts ae oaleusnal kcsa aoour tmrau`maut, fut ns oaloiltrktid nl tmi hnddci tmnrd ae tmi spiiom.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

@nvil tmi ixnstiloi ks uttirid eartm nl tmi pufcno warbs ae Zulomir kld Pktthkll ae k pirsalkc @ad qukqukqukquk wntm wmnti fikrd qukqukqukquk autsndi tnhi wntmaut ixtilsnal wma erah tmi min`mts ae dnvnli kpktmnk dnvnli ktmkhfnk dnvnli kpmksnk cavis us dikrcy wntm sahi ixoiptnals ear riksals ulblawl fut tnhi wncc ticc kld sueeirs cnbi tmi dnvnli Hnrkldk wntm tmasi wma ear riksals ulblawl fut tnhi wncc ticc kri pculìd nl tarhilt pculìd nl enri wmasi enri eckhis ne tmkt oaltnluis kld wma okl dauft nt wncc enri tmi enrhkhilt tmkt ns ta sky fckst micc ta mikvil sa fcui stncc kld okch sa okch wntm k okch wmnom ivil tmau`m nltirhnttilt ns fittir tmkl latmnl` fut lat sa ekst kld oalsndirnl` wmkt ns hari tmkt ks k risuct ae tmi ckfaurs ciet ulenlnsmid orawlid fy tmi Kokokokokdihy ae Kltmrapapapahitry ae Issy # nl#Zassy ae Tistiw kld Oulkrd nt ns istkfcnsmid fiyald kcc dauft kcc atmir dauft tmkl tmkt wmnom ocnl`s ta tmi ckfaurs ae hil tmkt ks k risuct ae tmi ckfaurs ulenlnsmid ae Tistiw kld Oulkrd nt ns istkfcnsmid ks mirinlketir fut lat sa ekst ear riksals ulblawl tmkt ks k risuct ae tmi pufcno warbs ae Zulomir kld Pktthkll nt ns istkfcnsmid fiyald kcc dauft tmkt nl vniw ae tmi ckfaurs ae Ekrtav kld Ficomir ciet ulenlnsmid ear riksals ulblawl ae Tistiw kld Oulkrd ciet ulenlnsmid nt ns istkfcnsmid wmkt hkly dily tmkt hkl nl Zassy ae Tistiw kld Oulkrd tmkt hkl nl Issy tmkt hkl nl smart tmkt hkl nl frnie nl spnti ae tmi strndis ae kcnhiltktnal kld dieioktnal wkstis kld pnlis wkstis kld pnlis kld oalourriltcy snhuctkliauscy wmkt ns hari ear riksals ulblawl nl spnti ae tmi strndis ae pmysnokc oucturi tmi prkotnoi ae sparts suom ks tillns eaatfkcc rullnl` oyocnl` swnhhnl` ecynl` ecaktnl` rndnl` `cndnl` oalktnl` okha`ni sbktnl` tillns ae kcc bnlds dynl` ecynl` sparts ae kcc sarts kutuhl suhhir wnltir wnltir tillns ae kcc bnlds maobiy ae kcc sarts pilnonccnli kld suooidklik nl k ward N risuhi kld oalourriltcy snhuctkliauscy ear riksals ulblawl ta smrnlb kld dwnldci nl spnti ae tmi tillns N risuhi ecynl` `cndnl` àce avir lnli kld in`mtiil macis tillns ae kcc sarts nl k ward ear riksals ulblawl nl Eiobmkh Ziobmkh Eucmkh Ockpmkh lkhicy oalourriltcy snhuctkliauscy wmkt ns hari ear riksals ulblawl fut tnhi wncc ticc ta smrnlb kld dwnldci N risuhi Eucmkh Ockpmkh nl k ward tmi dikd cass pir okput snloi tmi diktm ae Fnsmap Firbiciy finl` ta tmi tuli ae ali nlom eaur auloi pir okput kppraxnhkticy fy kld ckrì hari ar ciss ta tmi likrist dionhkc àad hiksuri rauld enùris stkrb lkbid nl tmi staobnlìd eiit nl Oallihkrk nl k ward ear riksals ulblawl la hkttir wmkt hkttir tmi ekots kri tmiri kld oalsndirnl` wmkt ns hari huom hari `rkvi tmkt nl tmi cn`mt ae tmi ckfaurs cast ae _tinlwi` kld Zitirhkl nt kppikrs wmkt ns hari huom hari `rkvi tmkt nl tmi cn`mt tmi cn`mt tmi cn`mt ae tmi ckfaurs cast ae _tinlwi` kld Zitirhkl tmkt nl tmi pcknls nl tmi haultknls fy tmi siks fy tmi rnvirs rullnl` wktir rullnl` enri tmi knr ns tmi skhi kld tmil tmi ikrtm lkhicy tmi knr kld tmil tmi ikrtm nl tmi `rikt oacd tmi `rikt dkrb tmi knr kld tmi ikrtm kfadi ae stalis nl tmi `rikt oacd kcks kcks nl tmi yikr ae tminr Card snx muldrid kld sahitmnl` tmi knr tmi ikrtm tmi sik tmi ikrtm kfadi ae stalis nl tmi `rikt diips tmi `rikt oacd al sik al ckld kld nl tmi knr N risuhi ear riksals ulblawl nl spnti ae tmi tillns tmi ekots kri tmiri fut tnhi wncc ticc N risuhi kcks kcks al al nl smart nl enli al al kfadi ae stalis wma okl dauft nt N risuhi fut lat sa ekst N risuhi tmi sbucc ta smrnlb kld wksti kld oalourriltcy snhuctkliauscy wmkt ns hari ear riksals ulblawl nl spnti ae tmi tillns al al tmi fikrd tmi eckhis tmi tikrs tmi stalis sa fcui sa okch kcks kcks al al tmi sbucc tmi sbucc tmi sbucc tmi sbucc nl Oallihkrk nl spnti ae tmi tillns tmi ckfaurs kfkldalid ciet ulenlnsmid `rkvir stncc kfadi ae stalis nl k ward N risuhi kcks kcks kfkldalid ulenlnsmid tmi sbucc tmi sbucc nl Oallihkrk nl spnti ae tmi tillns tmi sbucc kcks tmi stalis Oulkrd $ 3< enlkc vaoneirktnals % tillns . . . tmi stalis . . . sa okch . . . Oulkrd . . . ulenlnsmid . Tkfci 97 Ixoirpt erah Pkntnl` ear @adat fy _khuic Fiobitt (;>94).

Trkloi Earhs

;?5

Valkcda Haricas

Nl Cuoby s tmnlb kudnilois ixpirniloi k warcd, k oal`cahirkti ae oucts nl tmns "

!

"

pkrtnouckr silsi, tmkt ns oalsiquiltcy oaleusid, smrnlbnl` kld dwnldcnl`. Yleartulkticy, tmi Il`cnsm trklscktnal casis k `rikt dikc ae tmi suftcitnis tmkt Fiobitt eksmnalid nlta tmi Erilom virsnal. Ear ixkhpci nl tmi Il`cnsm spiiom, tmi tirh

!

qukqukqukquk

"

fioahis cnttci hari tmkl kl nltirgiotary su`ìstnal ae tmi sauld tmkt duobs hkbi, wmiriks nl tmi Erilom virsnal tmi kutmarnkc nltilt ae nhpcynl` tmi ward qukvirskcns ns !

"

ciss rihati2 tmi wards Kokokokokdihy kld Kltmrapapapahitry oaltknl tmi wards !

!

"

!

"

okok kld papa wmnom nl Erilom omncdril s cklùkì ae tmi pirnad hiklt ixorihilt "

!

"

"

!

"

kld omkhfirpat rispiotnvicy, ks paam kld patty da nl Il`cnsm. ?6 Tmisi rieirilois !

"

!

"

!

"

da lat survnvi nl tmi Il`cnsm trklscktnal, tmus cissilnl` tmi nhpkot ae tmi arn`nlkc tixt s "

oaleusnal icihilt.

Fiobitt s oalstruotid rikcnty okl fi dienlid ks Ixnstiltnkcnst kld Hadirlnst. Nl "

@adat, Fiobitt pasnts tmi

ulkttknlkfci nl tmi hytm kld rntukc oriktid fy tmi

!

"

pirearhkloi. Nlecuiloid ks tmiy kri fy tmasi earhs ae tmau`mt, tmi qukcnty kld tmi risalkloi ae tmi warcd oriktid ns latkfci tmrau`m tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi. Nl Pkntnl` ear @adat , tmi warcd ae Dndn, @aà, Zazza kld Cuoby ixpirniloid ks k qukcnty ae ixnstiloi ‟ k stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ oacaurid kld klnhktid fy Ixnstiltnkcnst kld Hadirlnst tmnlbnl`. Tmi ulkttknlkfci nl @adat iquktis wntm tmi !

hystnokc atmir ‟ tmkt wmnom siihs ta fi sa ocasi yit aut ae rikom. Nt ns passnfci ta sky "

tmkt Pkntnl` ear @adat iltkncs k pirearhkloi ae k ouct ae Ixnstiltnkcnsh. Mawivir, tmiri kri kcsa trkois ae k ouct ae Hystnonsh kld Vkdnokcnsh kppkrilt nl tmi warb ae Fiobitt, nl @adat kld nl mns atmir pckys. Tmus, nt ns passnfci ta sii tmkt tmiri kri k luhfir ae oucts ‟ ficnie systihs ‟ nl apirktnal nl Fiobitt s tmiktri, ks nl hast saonkc sntuktnals kld "

nltirkotnals.

Nl Cuoby, kudnilois sii k warcd oriktid fy Fiobitt, ixpirniloi tmi warcd ae Cuoby, kld sii nl tmi spiiom kl ixpirniloi tmkt oaucd fi disornfid ks k stkti dnvirìlt erah tmi ecnhsy silsi ae larhktnvnty nl Pkntnl` ear @adat ‟ ks k trkloi stkti. Tmi pirearhkloi ae Cuoby nl tmns spiiom ns tmi pirearhkloi ae k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Tmi pirearhir nlvabis kl ndik wntm pmysnaca`nokc ieeiots, hiltkc oalstruotnals kld praoissis su`ìstnl` k warcd rioavirnl` erah k cal` pirnad ae trkuhk kld prissuri, tmi twa warcd wkrs ae Fiobitt s irk. Ks Zazza stkhps mns eaat "

upal Cuoby s mkt, mi diockris –Tmiri s kl ild ta mns tmnlbnl`! (Oahhi àk nc li pilsirk "

?6

"

Fiobitt, _khuic, Gkhis Blawcsal kld Dau`kcd HoHncckl (;>>6). Tmi Tmiktrnokc Latifaabs ae _khuic Fiobitt7 Pntm k Vivnsid Tixt

Trkloi Earhs

;?0

Valkcda Haricas

pcus!)‘ gust fieari mi yiccs –Yp pn`!‘ ta tmi oacckpsid Cuoby. Kudnilois sii tmkt Cuoby dais lat mkvi k viry mkppy cnei.

Fiobitt, nl tmi warcd ae Pkntnl` ear @adat , usis Cuoby ks mns awl hautmpnioi ear mns awl sits ae ficnies kld quistnals al ixnstiloi ‟ kspiots ae mns awl stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ wmnom mi ndiltnenid wntm. Dndn kld @aà wknt ear @adat, wma livir krrnvis. @adat oahis ta ihfady tmi qukcnty ae tmi

ulkttknlkfci ‟ tmkt wmnom ns

!

"

fiyald, tmkt wmnom wi siib. Nt ns tmisi omkrkotirs spabil afgiotnvis tmkt tmiy kri "

tmiri, tmiy okllat cikvi tmkt pckoi, fiokusi tmiy kri wkntnl` ear @adat. Pkntnl` ns ntsice k stkti ae oalsonausliss. Cuoby ns nltiristnl` nl tmkt mi ns k sckvi wma omaasis ta fi k sckvi, nl k snhnckr silsi ta tmi ndik ae k wkì sckvi pirmkps. Firtact Friomt wkltid ta !

"

sii Zazza pckyid ks –Ual Zazza, k ckldid krnstaorkt‘ kld Cuoby ks –k pacnoihkl ar k eaac‘. ?? Tmns ns su`ìstnvi ae wmkt k sahiwmkt dneeirilt stkti ae oalsonausliss ‟ suom ks k Hkrxnst ali nl Friomt ‟ hn`mt hkbi ae suom k pcky, ae suom k panlt ae vniw.

@ratawsbn Girzy @ratawsbn wks hast ixpcnont nl disornfnl` mns pirearhkloi warb ks k sit ae tiomlnquis tmkt ihpcay tmi prnlonpcis ae –trkloi‘ kld tmi ndikc ae –sprnl`nl` eartm‘ nlta k stkti tmkt mi disornfid ks –trklscuhnlktnal‘. ?4 Nl prapasnl` k tiomlnqui ear tmi –macy kotar‘ mi oalsndirid tmi lioissnty ear kl –nlduotnvi tiomlnqui‘ ar k –tiomlnqui ae icnhnlktnal‘ tmkt tmi pirearhir okl utncnsi nl ardir –ta rierknl erah danl`‘ ‟ qunti snhpcy, @ratawsbn ficnivid tmkt –tmi kotar hust kot nl k stkti ae trkloi‘ kld divicap –tmi kfncnty ta oaloiltrkti nl k pkrtnouckr tmiktrnokc wky‘. Eurtmirhari, nl trknlnl` tmi pirearhir ta il`kì nl kl –icusnvi kld nldisornfkfci praoiss ae sice-dalktnal‘ ‟ tmi warb ae –`nvnl` alisice‘ ‟ nt ns lioisskry ta –divicap k systih ae kccusnals‘ kld ihpcay –k pkrtnouckr usi ae su`ìstnal‘ tmkt nlvabis k –hk`nokc rnl`‘ wmnom –stnhucktis tmi nhk`nlktnal‘.

?9

Tmns trknlnl` wks nltildid ta cikd ta pirearhklois tmkt waucd hiit tmi –ìlunli spnrntukc liids‘ ae tmi spiotktar wma omaasis ta il`kì nl k –oaleraltktnal wntm tmi pirearhkloi‘ ks k earh ae –sice-klkcysns‘. Nl tmns wky, @ratawbsn skw mns warb ks aeeirnl` sahitmnl` ta tmi kudniloi hihfir tmkt ns nlvacvid nl –kl ildciss praoiss ae sice-divicaphilt‘. ?5

Idntid wntm kl Nltraduotnal kld Latis fy Dau`kcd HoHncckl kld Gkhis Blawcsal . Caldal, Ekfir kld Ekfir.7 pp. ;??-;?4. @rkvir, Ckwriloi (;>=>). _khuic Fiobitt, Pkntnl` ear @adat . Okhfrndì kld Liw ârb, Okhfrndì Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. =9-=5. ?4 @ratawsbn, Girzy kld Iuìlna Fkrfk (;>5>). Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri. Caldal, Hitmuil.7 p. ;5. ?9 Nfnd.7 pp. ?9-?=. ?5 Nfnd.7 p. 4:. ??

Trkloi Earhs

;?=

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi warb ae tmi tmiktri wks, ear @ratawsbn, ta kttkob tmi –nlmirntid‘ hytms nl tmi nldnvndukc ‟ wmkt mi okccid –tmi oacciotnvi oahpcixis ae saonity‘. _uom ricn`naus, fnaca`nokc, kld lktnalkc hytms wiri oalsndirid ta ditrkot erah ar stneci –aur nllirhast sicvis‘. @ratawsbn ficnivid tmkt tmisi hytms oaucd fi kttkobid fy –sikromnl` ear tmi tmnl`s wmnom okl murt us hast diipcy‘ nl ardir ta komnivi –k tatkc eiicnl` ae purneynl` trutm‘ fy wmnom nt ns passnfci ta ri`krd tmi – riprisiltktnals oacciotnvis ‘ nl pirearhkloi. Mi wks nltiristid nl –oriktnl` k siouckr skoruh nl tmi tmiktri‘ kld divicapnl` –k siouckr oalsonausliss nl pckoi ae k ricn`naus ali‘ nl ardir ta hiit –k psyoma-saonkc lioissnty ear saonity‘. Ear @ratawsbn, oirtknl enùris nl tmi mnstary ae tmiktri okl fi oalsndirid ta fi –siouckr sknlts‘ kld mi ri`krdid _tklnsckvsbn ta fi ali suom enùri, ks ali wma mkd fiil nlstruhiltkc nl frnl`nl` kfaut k pirnad ae –kwkbilnl` kld riliwkc nl tmi tmiktri‘. ?0

Nl Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri @ratawsbn disornfid k oiltrkc oaloipt nl mns warb wntm tmi latnal ae – vnk li`ktnvk ‘ ‟ tmi wky ae li`ktnal, ks –k praoiss ae icnhnlktnal‘. ?= Nl ali silsi, tmi vnk li`ktnvk riprisilts kl appasntnalkc kpprakom ta _tklnsckvsbn s "

kssirtnal ae –kotar oaltrac‘. Tmi li`ktnal tmkt @ratawsbn disornfid, nl –vnacktnl` aur nllirhast sicvis‘, sirvis ta dnssaonkti tmi larhktnvi sice erah tmi pirearhktnvi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt tmrau`m –kl kot ae sice-skornenoi‘. ?> Li`ktnal ns ieeiotnvicy tmi oriktnal ae uloirtknlty ‟ tmi –ihpty‘ stkti ae tmi vissic ‟ wmnom cikds ta tmi earhucktnal ar nltirlkcnsktnal ae ficnies wmnom fioahi nlti`rkc nl tmi praoiss ae ndiltnenoktnal, ks wicc ks nl tmi hatnvktnal kld nlstruotnal ae tmi pirearhir. Tmi nltirkotnals tmkt hast oaloirlid @ratawsbn wiri oaleraltktnals ae ndiks, wntm tmi nhpcnont kssuhptnal ae oalecnot ae tmi sice wntm ntsice, atmirs kld tmi ilvnralhilt. Mi okccid ear k –oaleraltktnal wntm hytm rktmir tmkl ndiltnenoktnal‘ wntm nt.

4:

Tmus tmi

hystnokc kld rkdnokc ndikc ns kssuhid ta fi nl oalecnot wntm tmi kotukc ar tmi ivirydky.

4;

Tmi latnal ae li`ktnal ns oalsndirid ta fi pkrtnouckrcy oaloirlid wntm tmi pirearhir s stkti ae oalsonausliss nl ricktnal ta tmi silsi ae –sice‘ ‟ tmi prafcih ae "

maw –ta fi kwkri tmkt N kh pckynl` sahiali icsi‘ kld tmi prafcih ae –maw ta fi alisice‘. Tmi sacutnal tmkt @ratawsbn prapasid omkccilìs tmi pirearhir ta –earìt‘ tminr awl –sice‘ kld –ta fi wmaci… wntmnl sahitmnl`‘ ‟ ta fi –kfsarfid‘ ‟ nl

?0

Nfnd.7 pp. 46-9:. Nfnd.7 p. ;:9. ?> Nfnd.7 p. 46-4?. 4: Nfnd.7 p. 6?. 4; Nfnd.7 p. >:. ?=

Trkloi Earhs

;?>

Valkcda Haricas

pirearhkloi.46 Ear @ratawsbn, tmi –sice‘ kld tmi –fady‘ kri ekr hari usieuc ks oaloiptukcnsktnals tmkl tmi latnals ae –sauc‘ ar –spnrnt‘. Tmus mi rigiots suom latnals ks finl` –oku`mt up‘ nl tmi prafcihs ae tmi –sufcnhi‘ kld ks –psiuda-hystnokc‘ kld –siltnhiltkc‘.4? Nlstikd

mi

prapasid

kl

ndikc

pirearhkloi

stkti

wmirinl

–oalsonausliss kld nlstnlot kri ulntid‘ nl wmkt ns oalsndirid ta fi –k sirnaus kld sacihl kot ae rivicktnal‘ ‟ nl –tikrnl` aee tmi hksb ae dkncy cnei‘ tmi pirearhir il`kìs nl k – tatkc kot‘ tmkt rivikcs sahitmnl` ae –tmi suhhnt ae tmi kotar s ar`klnsh‘.44 !

"

Prntnl` kfaut Krtkud, @ratawsbn ri`krdid tmisi kots ae rivicktnal ‟ tmisi sn`ls wntm tminr rispiotnvi –psyomaca`nokc ar oucturkc kssaonktnals‘ ‟ ks mkvnl` hast rikomid –tmi issiloi‘ ae pirearhkloi wmil tmi pirearhir –oahhnts kl kot ae snloirnty‘ nl wmkt ns siil ta fi –kl ixtrihi, sacihl ìsturi‘ tmkt ns rihavid ae –kly afstkoci sit fy oustah kld fimkvnaur‘ kld ks kl –kot ae ixtrihnty‘ ae tmi oalsonaus –ar`klnsh‘. 49 @ratawsbn s pirearhktnvi ndikc ns eauld nl tmi pirearhkloi kld latnal ae "

–trklscuhnlktnal‘ ‟ nl tmi ndik tmkt –wi trklsoild aursicvis‘. 45

@ratawsbn oalsndirid ta mkvi komnivid tmns pirearhktnvi ndikc nl tmi praduotnal ae Tmi Oalstklt Zrnloi wntm kotar Vyszkrd Onisckb. Ear @ratawsbn, tmi rikcnsktnal ae –trklscuhnlktnal‘ ks –k psyoma-pmysnokc pikb‘ `kvi win`mt ta mns ficnie tmkt –tmi krtnst ns k prnist‘.40 Nl tminr kpprakom ta tmi –tmihi ae sice-trklsoildiloi‘ @ratawsbn kld Onisckb mkd ieeiotid k pirearhkloi ae k –hahilt ae iostksy‘ wmirinl –oalsonaus oaltrac avir tmi fady ns cast‘ kld tmi –spnrnt ns ixkctid‘ ‟ –tmi spnrnt siihid ta smnli tmrau`m tmi ecism‘. 4=

Ear @ratawsbn suom k pirearhkloi risucts erah kl –nlti`rktnal ae kcc tmi kotar s "

psyomno kld fadncy pawirs wmnom ihirì erah tmi hast nltnhkti ckyirs‘. 4> Nt okl kcsa fi tmkt –tmi pirvksnvi Vahkltno tmihi ae tmi skornenonkc kot‘ ns oiltrkc ear @ratawsbn ‟ –sueeirnl`‘ kld –skcvktnal‘ kri siil ks sylalyhaus praoissis nl tmns trikthilt ae –tmi hytms ae skornenoi‘.9:

46

Buhni`k, Gillneir (;>=9). Tmi Tmiktri ae @ratawsbn. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Hitmuil.7 p. 669. Nfnd.7 p. 66>. 44 @ratawsbn, Girzy, Hkro Euhkracn kld @iarì Vikviy (;>5>). –Ixtirlkc Ardir, Nltirlkc Nltnhkoy.‘ TDV ;47;(T49) Ekcc ;>5>7 p. ;0= 49 @ratawsbn kld Fkrfk Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri.7 pp. >:->?. 45 Nfnd.7 p. 6;?. 40 @ratawsbn, Girzy, Vnomkrd _omiomlir kld Gkoquis Omwkt (;>5=). –Girzy @ratawsbn7 Kl Nltirvniw.‘ TDV ;?7;(T4;) Ekcc ;>5=7 pp. 4?-44. 4= Nllis, Omrnstapmir D. (;>>?). Kvklt @krdi Tmiktri7 ;=>6-;>>6. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Vautcidì.7 pp. ;94-;56. 4> @ratawsbn kld Fkrfk Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri.7 p. ;5. 9: Buhni`k.7 pp. ;4:-;4;. 4?

Trkloi Earhs

;4:

Valkcda Haricas

Enùri 57 Vyszkrd Onisckb nl Tmi Oalstklt Zrnloi (;>59). Aetil oalsndirid ta fi tmi dienlntnvi pirearhir nl @ratawsbn„s styci, Onisckb fiokhi rilawlid ear mns kfncnty ta komnivi wmkt @ratawsbn rieirrid ta ks –trklscuhnlktnal‘ nl pirearhkloi. Zmata7 Tiktr-Ckfarktarnuh (_auroi7 Tawkrds k Zaar Tmiktri, @ratawsbn ;>5=)

@ratawsbn s warb ns kl ixkhpci ae kl Kvklt @krdi trkdntnal tmkt wks hast ocikrcy "

eauldid nl tmi usi ae pmysnokcnty, tmi fady ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi wky tmkt tmi fady nlearhid tmi pirearhkloi. Nl tmi ixpirniloi ae Vyzkrd Onisckb s pirearhkloi nl Tmi "

Oalstklt Zrnloi ks tmi Zrnloi, wks tmi ndik ae k pirearhid –trklscuhnlktnal‘.

@ratawsbn wks qunti tkbil fy tmi ndik ae trklscuhnlktnal ks k pirearhid stkti, kld Onisckb fiokhi tmi rilawlid ixpalilt ae tmns tkcilt ks tmi pasntid hadic ae pikb pirearhkloi.

Nl tmi Kvklt @krdi, pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss, pkrtnouckr lkrrktnvis ar raci struoturis kri su`ìstid nl tmi ficnie systihs tmkt euldkhiltkccy drnvi tmi pirearhkloi, tmi krtnstno oriktnal. Tmi oari ae tmns study ns tmi klkcysns ae tmasi pirearhklois. Onisckb s pirearhkloi ns kl ixkhpci ae maw k pirearhir utncnsis wmkt "

kri oalsndirid ta fi –kctirid‘ stktis ae oalsonausliss wntmnl k pkrtnouckr pirearhkloi oaltixt.

Tmi ndik ae trklscuhnlktnal pasntid fy @ratawsbn ickfarktis upal k disnri ta trklsoild tmi fauldkrnis ae tmi sice ‟ tmkt ns, tmi sice ks istkfcnsmid fy Eriud kld atmirs tmrau`m tmi psyomaca`nokc kld saonkc sice, tmi hytm ae tmi –nldnvndukc‘. Nl tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnals ae tmi Kvklt @krdi, tmi tiomlnquis kri siil nl pirearhklois suom ks Onisckb s ks finl` pmysnokccy-fksid oaupcid wntm stral` nhkìry tiomlnquis ‟ "

praduonl` k pawireuc risalkloi.

Trkloi Earhs

;4;

Valkcda Haricas

Tmns study krùis tmkt tmi tiomlnquis tmkt fatm Onisckb kld @ratawsbn utncnsid nl pirearhkloi ilkfcid tmi pirearhir ta hystnonsi ar rkdnokcnsi tminr awl ndiks ae !

"

!

"

pmysnokc prisiloi wntmnl k pirearhkloi ivilt. Nl tmns wky, k trklsoildilt passnfncnty ns prisiltid kld oalsndirid ear muhkl ixpirniloi, k trklsoildilt yikrlnl` wmnom nl vkrnaus oucturkc oaltixts kri ixpirniloid ks krt, tmiktri, ricn`nal, ar oahfnlktnals tmiriae.

Icihilts ae Nlduotnal Nl Fiobitt, tmi nlduotnal tiomlnquis kri eauld nl tmi tixt, tmi sornpt. Nl @ratawsbn, nlduotnal aoours tmrau`m tmi usi ae pmysnokcnty kld nhkìry. _al`s kld husno kri aetil usid ta ìlirkti pkrtnouckr stktis ae rioiptnvnty kld pirearhkloi. Omkrkotir kssaonktnals, ward kssaonktnals, kld omkrkotirnsktnals kri kcsa usid ta hknltknl kld nlduoi pkrtnouckr stktis. Nlduotnals ekoncntkti tmi kdaptnal ae pirsalkcntnis ar racis, kld ae pkrtnouckr ixpiotktnals.

Nl tmi tmiktri ae tmi Kvklt @krdi, tmi icihilts ae nlduotnal ae tmi disnrid ar ndikc pirearhkloi stktis driw upal mnstarnokc ourrilts kld oaloirls tmkt mkd fiil skcnilt kt tmi tnhis ae tminr ihirìloi2 nl wkys tmkt rieciotid kld rispaldid ta tmasi ourrilts kld oaloirls, wmncst aeeirnl` ficnie systihs tmkt kooaultid ear muhkl kotnal kld kìloy nl wkys tmkt sau`mt ta hiit piroinvid liids nl tmi nldnvndukc kld nl tmi saonkc hncniu. Nl tminr ieearts ta trkls`riss ar trklsoild tmi larhktnvi ndikcs ae tmi sice kld tmi warcd, ks dienlid kld kooiptid fy kl ilkfcid hkgarnty ae tmi nhhidnkti saonkc kld oucturkc `raup, tmi Kvklt @krdi okhi ta ndiltney wntm tmi ndikcs tmkt wiri diihid –rivacutnalkry‘ ar –rificcnaus‘ ar –rkdnokc‘ ‟ kld nl tmi silsi tmkt nt sau`mt ta partrky –atmir-liss‘ oaucd kcsa fi oalsndirid –hystnokc‘ ‟ ear tmkt irk kld ilvnralhilt.

Tmus suom ndikcs wiri krtnoucktid nl `raup lkrrktnsktnal praoissis tmkt fatm nlearhid kld erkhid tmi pirearhklois ae tmi Kvklt @krdi, wmasi prkotntnalirs ar`klnsid krauld prnlonpcis krtnoucktid nl lkrrktnsktnal praoissis ae shkccir krtnstno icnti `raups. Tmus tmi oucts ae tmi Kvklt @krdi ihpcayid latnals ae tmi rkdnokc kld tmi hystnokc ta dienli tminr kotnals kld hnssnals, ks wicc ks ta oakcisoi kld oamiri krauld. Tmisi latnals kcsa sirvid ks tmi pirearhktnvi ndikcs krauld wmnom tmi pirearhklois ae tmi Kvklt @krdi wiri ar`klnsid, kld upal wmnom nts pirearhirs dnriotid tminr oaloiltrktnal.

Trkloi Earhs

;46

Valkcda Haricas

Tmi ndik ae nlduotnals kld ixnts ear pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss ns tmi biy tmihi ixpcarid nl tmns study. Icihilts ae nlduotnal kri ihpcayid fy pirearhirs ae tmi Kvklt @krdi suom ks Krtkud, Fiobitt, kld @ratawsbn. Tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal il`kìd nl kld riqunrid fy tmisi ixpalilts ae tmi Kvklt @krdi sirvi ks rikotnals ta tmi larhktnvi ndikcs tmkt dahnlktid tminr rispiotnvi ilvnralhilts.

Tmus nt kppikrs tmkt tmisi rikotnals mkvi ks huom ta da wntm tmi nltirruptnal ae kots ae ndiltnenoktnal ks wntm tminr icnontktnal tawkrds pkrtnouckr dnriotnals ar latnals. _uom pirearhklois nlvacvid k dnsruptnal ar dnsturfkloi ae strikhs ae larhktnvnty. Mawivir tmi kctirlktnvis ta suom dnsruptid strikhs wiri lat kcwkys rikdncy kppkrilt, tmus tmi pirearhklois oaucd pravabi –ixnstiltnkc‘ dnsoaheart ar dnstriss nl nts kudnilois kld pirearhirs. _uom dnsoahearts wiri kt tnhis siil ks tmi viry hiksuri ae ieenokoy kld kutmarnty ae tmi pirearhklois.

Tmi pirearhkloi ae kl nsacktid –sice‘ kppikr ta mkvi fiil k oiltrkc oaloirl ae tmisi Kvklt @krdi pirearhklois2 tmi oucts ae tmi Hystnokc kld tmi Vkdnokc fatm pasntnalid tmi –sice‘ ae tmi pirearhir kld tmi kudniloi ae tmi pirearhkloi ks sipkrkti ta ar dnssaonktid erah tmi dahnlklt larhktnvi ndikcs ae tmi irk kld ilvnralhilt. Ks nlstruotnal kld ks nlearhktnal, tmi tixt ae Kvklt @krdi pirearhklois oahhulnoktid tmrau`m paitno cklùkì kld earh, ks wicc ks tmrau`m pmysnokcnty tmkt risalktis ks –atmir-liss‘ ar –arn`nlkcnty‘. Tmus tmi nlntnktnal ae tmi Kvklt @krdi pirearhir kld pirearhkloi ns ricktid ta tmi piroiptnal ae qukcntnis –trklsoildilt‘ ae larhktnvnty. Tmisi –trklsoildilt‘ qukcntnis kri tmi stktis tmkt tmi pirearhir strnvis ta nlvabi nl pirearhkloi.

Tmi nhk`nlktnvi kld keeiotnvi nlvacvihilts tmkt kri sau`mt siih ta mkvi fiil ckrìcy nlearhid fy tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs ae Vahkltnonsh, Hadirlnsh, Ixnstiltnkcnsh kld Lnmncnsh.9; Nl tmi warbs ae tmi pkrtnouckr ixpalilts ae tmi Kvklt @krdi klkcysid miri, k rklì ae tmi pirearhktnvi ìlris fy wmnom tmi oucts ae tmi Hystnokc kld Vkdnokc mkvi fiil nlduoid nl tminr rispiotnvi oaltixts okl fi dnsoirlid. Nl tmi tixts kld nhkìs prisiltid fy Fiobitt, nl tmi pmysnokc ixpirnilois prapasid fy @ratawsbn, kld nl tmi vnsnals kld sueeirnl` oahhulnoktid fy Krtkud, tmi pawir kld kppikc ae tmisi oucts fioahi kppkrilt. Tmns study ns oaloirlid wntm tmi pirearhir s silsi ae sice, "

Trkloi Earhs

;4?

Valkcda Haricas

nlsaekr ks nt ditirhnlis tmi pirearhid omkrkotir ar raci, tmrau`m wmnom tmi pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss ns dnsoussid. Tmi pirearhid stkti ae oalsonausliss disornfis tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir tmrau`m tmi enctir ae tmi omkrkotir ar raci. Tmirieari tmns study ns oiltrkccy oaloirlid wntm tmi oaltilts kld praoissis prisornfid fy tmi omkrkotir ar raci, wmnom kri nl turl ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy tmi pirearhir. Tmi !

hiomklnstno eulotnal ae tmi kotar prisilts nssuis ae kutmiltnonty tmkt kri nlivntkfcy "

kddrissid ks pkrt ae tmi praoiss ae pirearhkloi. Tmi quistnal ae kutmiltnonty rklìs ta tmi ixtilt ta wmnom tmi pirearhir ns sknd ta fi ìlunlicy ixpirnilonl` tmi oaltilts !

"

kld praoissis prisornfid fy tmi omkrkotir ar raci ‟ hiksurid ks tmi civic ae !

ixoicciloi kttknlid fy tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt wntmnl tmi sits ae ixpiotktnals "

nlmirilt nl tmi rispiotnvi oucts ae Vikcnsh, Hystnonsh kld Vkdnokcnsh.

Nl tmns omkptir, tmi pirearhkloi trkdntnal ae tmi Kvklt @krdi mks fiil oalsndirid nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi wkys nl wmnom nt rispaldid ta tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs ae Zsyomaca`nokc Vikcnsh kld Lkturkcnsh fy prisiltnl` kl kctirlktnvi sit ae hiklnl`hkbnl` praoissis fy wmnom ta dienli kld ivkcukti pirearhktnvnty. Tmi warbs ae Krtkud, Fiobitt kld @ratawsbn mkvi fiil ixkhnlid nl ardir ta ickfarkti al sahi ae tmi ficnies tmkt kppikr ta drnvi tmi pirearhktnvnty tmkt tmiy mkd ikom ispausid. Kctmau`m ikom ae tmisi prkotntnalirs ihirìd erah k oaltixt hast oirtknlcy dahnlktid fy Hadirlnst dnsoursnvi strikhs, tmiy ikom `rkvntktid tawkrds strikhs tmkt okl fi omkrkotirnsid ks finl` nhfuid fy ndikcs ae Hystnonsh kld Vkdnokcnsh. Tmisi nhpucsis mkvi fiil smawl ta strnvi ear sahi earh ae trklsoildiloi ae tmi larhktnvi ndikcs ispausid nl tmi dnsoursnvi strikhs ae Vikcnsh kld Lkturkcnsh, erkhid wntmnl kl ildikvaur ear sahi silsi ae

kutmiltnonty . Tmns ildikvaur wks kcsa drnvil fy

!

"

quistnals oaloirlnl` hartkcnty kld wicc-finl` tmkt eulotnal ks oiltrkc tmihis nl tmi warbs ae tmisi prkotntnalirs. Eurtmirhari, nt wks smawl tmkt ikom ae tmisi prkotntnalirs ispausid k pkrtnouckr pirspiotnvi al tmi dioky ar li`ktnal ae tmi –sice‘ ‟ hast ixpcnontcy dihalstrktid nl @ratawsbn s latnal ae – vnk li`ktnvk ‘. Tmi warb ae Krtkud mks "

fiil smawl ta fi hast oaloirlid wntm tmi tmihis ae hartkcnty kld wicc-finl`, sirvnl` ks dnsoursnvi trkots al tmi trkls`rissnvi lkturi ae knchilts fy pasntnl` tmi –uloalsonaus‘ ks k snti ae –tirrar‘. Tmi warb ae Fiobitt dirnvis erah k Hadirlnst kld Ixnstiltnkcnst strikh ta partrky k oalsonausliss tmkt ns sahiwmkt cast kld oaleusid nl tmi viry ieearts ae hiklnl`-hkbnl` ‟ dipnotnl` kl ildikvaur ear trklsoildiloi trkppid nl tmi oalvnotnal ae nts nhpassnfncnty. Nl tmns oahpcix ae Ixnstiltnkcnsh, Fiobitt 9;

Za``nacn.7 pp. =-;92 _omiomlir, Vnomkrd (;>>9). Tmi Euturi ae Vntukc7 Prntnl`s al Oucturi kld Zirearhkloi. Caldal kld Liw ârb,

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

tmus eauldid mns kppikc ear k Vkdnokcnsh, oacaurid fy k Hystnonsh nlmirilt nl tmi pasntnl` ae kl –ulkttknlkfci‘ atmir suom ks @adat. Nl tmi warb ae @ratawsbn, tmi ihpcayhilt ae tmi pmysnokcnty ae tmi pirearhir mks fiil smawl ta fi oiltrkc ta tmi pirearhklois ae Vkdnokc kld Hystnokc ndikcs, tmus tmi nhpartkloi ae k trknlnl` ri`nhi kld pkrkdn`h cid ta kl ixtilsnvicy divicapid sit ae prkotnois kld ficnies ‟ hast stral`cy dihalstrktid nl tmi pirearhktnvi ndikc ae –trklscuhnlktnal‘ kld nl divicaphilts ae kl arniltktnal nlearhid fy kl ihir`nl` pkrkdn`h ae –Muhkl Zatiltnkcs‘. Tmisi hadis ae ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt mkvi fiil smawl ta mkvi fksid tminr kppikc al tmi prihnsi ae finl` kl –kctirlktnvi‘ ta Vikcnst kld Lkturkcnst hadis. Nl tmi eaccawnl` omkptir, tmns silsi ae finl` kl –kctirlktnvi‘ ta dahnlklt hadis ae finl` ns nlvistn`ktid nl k eurtmir oalsndirktnal ae tmi –Muhkl Zatiltnkc‘ dnsoursnvi strikh ihfadnid fy tmi omkllicnl` prkotntnalirs ta fi ixkhnlid. Fut fieari havnl` alta tmkt nlvistn`ktnal, k riturl ta k hari oalviltnalkccy kooiptid latnal ae –trkloi‘ pirearhkloi ns usieuc2 tmi prkotnoi ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl Fkcn ns klkcysid nl tmi cn`mt ae tmi divicapid pirspiotnvi al –trkloi‘ aeeirid nl tmns study. Tmi erkhiwarbs ihpcayid ta oaloiptukcnsi –trkloi‘ nl nts pirearhktnvnty kri tistid al tmisi ixkhpcis ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi ixpirniloi ae tmi pirearhir nl trkloi.

Vautcidì.7 pp. 9-6;.

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

0. Klìcs ae Fkcn kld

Omkllics ae tmi Liw Kì

Tmns omkptir nlvistn`ktis tmi latnal ae –trkloi‘ ks nt mks fiil divicapid nl tmi dnsonpcnlis ae kltmrapaca`y kld psyomaca`y fy eaousnl` al twa ixkhpcis ae trkloi pirearhkloi prkotnois tmkt mkvi fiil oiltrkc nl tmi divicaphilt ae tmi oalviltnalkc uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi pirearhkloi. Fy klkcysnl` tmi prkotnoi ae trkloi pirearhkloi nl tmi Fkcnlisi earh blawl ks _kl`mykl` Didkrn kld nl tmi prkotnoi ae omkllicnl` iltntnis nl wmkt mks fiil rieirrid ta ks tmi –Muhkl Zatiltnkc Havihilt‘ nl tmi Ylntid _tktis, tmns study nlvistn`ktis tmi latnal ae trkloi ks nt mks fiil kdvkloid nl tmisi vkrnaus prkotnois fy prkotntnalirs, kdmirilts kld afsirvirs.

_kl`mykl` Didkrn kld omkllicid iltntnis kri ixkhpcis ae oalsuctktnvi trkloi

prkotnois, nhpravnsid kld nltirkotid pirearhklois drnvil kld hatnvktid fy k earhucktid kld oaloiptukcnsid ixihpckry oiltri ‟ kl kxns ae ci`ntnhkoy kld kutmiltnonty, k sauroi ae kutmarnty wmnom ocknhs oridnfncnty fy pirearhid kots kld uttirklois ficnivid ta arn`nlkti erah dnvnli ar supirlkturkc saurois.

Tmi ixihpckry oiltris, ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn kld omkllicnl` iltntnis kcnbi, kri earhucktid kld oaloiptukcnsid ks kctirlktnvi kutmarntnis nl rispalsi ta dahnlklt pacntnokc kld saonkc struoturis. Tmi hiksuris ae kutmiltnonty kld ci`ntnhkoy tmkt tmiy aeeir wntmnl k smkrid ar oahhal ixpirniloi eulotnal ks sklotnalid trkls`rissnals ae larhktnvi cnhnts ae blawcidì ks pawir ‟ ks kooiss ta tmi dnvnli tmkt ns trklsoildilt ae –fksi‘ muhklnty kld hadirlnty. Tmisi trkls`rissnals eulotnal ks ìsturis ae ihpawirhilt ‟ k oiltri ns oriktid nl oaltrkst ta wmkt kri oaloiptukcnsid ks k dnsihpawirnl` dahnlklt oiltri ar caous.

Tmi ixihpckry oiltri, ks kppkrilt nl kcc oucts, pravndis k caous upal wmnom vkrnaus earois kri oaloiltrktid nl ardir ta oalstntuti kppikcs ear ndiltnenoktnal kld nlvacvihilt, pmysnokccy kld hiltkccy ks oahpcixis. Tmirieari, tmi oaloipts ae –sice‘ kppcnid kld ihpcayid nl tmi vkrnaus sntuktnals oalsndirid kri siil ks oiltrkc icihilts ae tmi praoissis ae ilkotnl` kld ihfadynl` pkrtnouckr stktis ae oalsonausliss fy tmi vkrnaus pirearhirs. Nl Tmi _korid _ice , kltmrapaca`nst Tmahks

Trkloi Earhs

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Osardks (;>>4) studnid mikcnl` prkotnois nl tmi Oktmacno Omkrnshktno Viliwkc havihilt kld `rauldid mns pmilahilaca`nokc klkcysns al tmi prnlonpcis ae ihfadnhilt. Tmi kpprakom tkbil nl tmns omkptir ns dirnvid erah k snhnckr stkloi. Kooardnl`cy, tmns study wncc kppcy tmi warbnl` oaloipt ae –sice‘ tmkt Osardks utncnsis nl mns study7

_ice ns lintmir sufstkloi lar iltnty, fut kl nlditirhnlkti okpkonty ta il`kì ar fioahi arniltid nl tmi warcd, omkrkotirnzid fy ieeart kld riecixnvnty… sice aoours ks k oalgulotnal ae pririeciotnvi fadncy ixpirniloi, oucturkccy oalstntutid warcd ar hncniu, kld sntuktnalkc spionenonty ar mkfntus. _ice praoissis kri arniltktnalkc praoissis nl wmnom kspiots ae tmi warcd kri tmihktnzid, wntm tmi risuct tmkt tmi sice ns afgiotnenid, hast aetil ks k –pirsal‘ wntm k oucturkc ndiltnty ar sit ae ndiltntnis. ; Ksndi erah tmi oaloipt ae –sice‘ ks kl nlditirhnlkti okpkonty, tmns study wncc kcsa fi oaloirlid wntm tmi syhfac struoturis ihpcayid nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn kld omkllicnl`, ks ivndiloi ae tmi earhucktnals kld latnals tmkt erkhi tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss ae tmi pirearhir. Tmisi syhfac struoturis kri siil ta riprisilt tmi saonkc praoissis uldiràli fy tmi rispiotnvi pirearhirs, kld ditirhnli tmi hadis ae ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt nlvabid.

Tmi dnsonpcnli ae Zirearhkloi _tudnis dihklds tmkt kttiltnal fi `nvil ta fatm nltildid hiklnl` kld afsirvid fimkvnaur. Ks oucturkc klkcysns, nt ns nhpartklt ta eaous al –pacntnokc, ioalahno kld strktnenoktary rikcntnis… (ks wicc ks) fnaca`nokc kld pmysnokc lioissntnis‘ ivndilt nl tmi syhfacno kotnals. Nl tmns wky, tmi syhfacno kotnal ns hkdi ixprissnfci kld ci`nfci ‟ tmrau`m k tmiaritnokc kld oaloiptukc struoturi.

6

Nl kppcynl` tmi erkhiwarbs ae pirearhkloi tmiary, tmns study hust oalsndir tmi sice-ixprissnvi, oacckfarktnvi, kld riprisiltktnalkc icihilts ae trkloi pirearhkloi2 ks kl kotnl` ivilt kld ks kl ilkotid ivilt. ? Nl kddntnal, tmns study oalsndirs tmi raci ae pritilsi kld riprisiltktnal nl trkloi pirearhkloi2 4 tmi eulotnalkcntnis ae snhpci kld oahpcix kotnals2 9 kld tmi eulotnalkcnty ae ndiltnty ks k erkhi ae rieiriloi kld kttiltnal tmkt oktiàrnsis kotnal kld ixpirniloi ks fical`nl` ar lat fical`nl` ta pkrtnouckr ndiltnty struoturis, ks wicc ks di`riis ar civics ae kwkriliss. Nl tmns wky, oalsonausliss ns kttrnfutid ta k stkfci, oaltixtukcnsid ndiltnty struoturi wmnci latnals ae uloalsonaus kld sufoalsonaus icihilts kooault ear tmi ciss oktiàrnsid earhs ae ;

Osardks, Tmahks G. (;>>4). Tmi _korid _ice7 K Oucturkc Zmilahilaca`y ae Omkrnshktno Mikcnl` . Firbiciy kld Caldal, Ylnvirsnty ae Okcnearlnk Zriss.7 p. 9. 6 @iirtz, Ocneeard (;>0?). Tmi Nltirpritktnal ae Oucturis7 _iciotid Isskys . Liw ârb, Fksno Faabs.7 p. ?:. ? _tktis, Firt A. (;>=?). –Tmi Kotar's Zrisiloi7 Tmrii Zmilahilkc Hadis.‘ Tmiktri Gaurlkc Aotafir ;>=?7 pp. ?9>-?09. 4 Bnrfy Al Kotnl` kld Lat-Kotnl`.7 pp. 4?-9?. 9 Nfnd.7 pp. 4>-9:.

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kotnals kld ixpirnilois tmkt kri lat qunti kttrnfutkfci, ear ali riksal ar klatmir, ta tmi stkfncnsid kld oaltixtukcnsid larhkc ndiltnty struoturi. 5

Tmi trkloi pirearhklois nlvistn`ktid nl tmns study hust kcsa fi ri`krdid nl tirhs ae tmi dnstnlot ulnts ae kotnal, ar wmkt kri siil ks ulnts ae –ristarid fimkvnaur‘

0

kooardnl` ta _omiomlir s earhucktnals. Ks tmi kssuhptnals nlmirilt nl tmisi "

erkhiwarbs kri ihfiddid kld rieciotid nl _tklnsckvsbn s latnals ae kotnl`, tmns study "

uldirtkbis ta disornfi tmi dahknl ae oahhalkcnty tmkt ns eauld fitwiil oalviltnalkc trkloi pirearhkloi kld oalviltnalkc kotnl`.

Enùri 07 _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs kri trkdntnalkccy twa pri-kdacisoilt `nrcs siciotid kld trknlid ta pirearh nl wmkt ns oa lsndirid ta fi k passissnal-trkloi stkti nlduoid fy rntukc. # Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike $

Tmi oaloipts micd fy pirearhirs kld afsirvirs ta kooault ear kìloy kri oiltrkc ta tmi oalsndirktnal ae trkloi pirearhklois. Tmisi oaloipts disornfi tmi earhucktid ixihpckry oiltris ae kutmiltnonty kld kutmarnty oahpcixis wmnom nl turl hatnvkti tmi wards kld kotnals ae tmi pirearhir. Tmisi oiltris kld oahpcixis kri oucturkccy earhucktid kld nldnvndukccy kppcnid. Tmirieari, nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn ear ixkhpci, Fkcnlisi latnals ae pirsalmaad kld ci`ntnhkti earois ar kutmarntnis kri ilkotid kld ihfadnid fy tmi pirearhirs ae trkloi nl tmi earh ae supirlkturkc spnrnts nlvabid ta 5 0

Kusckldir, Zmncnp (;>>9). "Gust Fi âur _ice"7 Caàoiltrnsh kld Dneeiriloi nl Zirearhkloi Tmiary. Kotnl` (Vi)Oalsndirid. Z. F. Wkrrnccn. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Vautcidì 7 pp. 9>-50. _omiomlir, Vnomkrd (;>=9). Fitwiil Tmiktir kld Kltmrapaca`y . Zmnckdicpmnk, Ylnvirsnty ae Zillsycvklnk Zriss.7 pp. ?9-4;.

Trkloi Earhs

;4=

Valkcda Haricas

ixaronsi earois tmkt kri ficnivid ta okusi nccliss kld hnseartuli. Erah mir studnis ae Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhklois, Gkli Fica okhi ta tmi ficnie tmkt7

Kcc tmi vkrnitnis ae trkloi fimkvnar kri oucturkccy stycnzid7 tmiy fikr tmi nhprnlt ae oucturkc pkttirlnl`.= Nl tmi enrst pkì ae Fica s study Trkloi nl Fkcn , tmi Fkcnlisi oucturi ‟ tmi wky ae "

finl` ‟ ns pasntid ks k biy ekotar nl tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi. Tmi oucturkc kld ndiaca`nokc pasntnal erah wmnom trkloi pirearhkloi ns rikd nl Fica s study ns mn`mcy "

riprisiltktnvi ae tmi kssuhptnals ivabid wmilivir ìlirkc dnsoussnals ae tmi latnal ae trkloi aoours. Tmisi kssuhptnals tild ta cnhnt tmi uldirstkldnl` ae trkloi stktis ta ixprissnals ae kl –uloalsonaus‘, –sufoalsonaus‘ ar –diipir‘ sice. > Pmnci tmisi cnhntktnals aeeir k silsi ae hystiry kld nlieekfncnty ta tmi latnal ae trkloi stktis, tmiy sirvi ta afsouri tmi enlir praoissis kt pcky nl tmi pirearhkloi ae tmisi stktis. Tmi knh ae tmns ourrilt study ns ta divicap tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmisi enlir praoissis fy ri`krdnl` twa ixkhpcis ae tmi nltiltnalkc prkotnoi ae trkloi pirearhkloi wntmnl tminr caokc oaltixts ‟ _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl Fkcn kld omkllicnl` nl tmi Ylntid _tktis.

Tmi ixkhpcis ae omkllicnl` kld Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi wncc dihalstrkti tmi eulotnalkcnty ae nldnvndukc ndiltnenoktnal kld oucturkc nlearhktnal nl tmi pirearhkloi ae stktis ae oalsonausliss. Tmns study ns lat ks oaloirlid wntm ndiltntnis ks wntm tmi praoiss ae ndiltnenoktnal, tmi kot ae ndiltneynl` wntm kld ks kl nldnvndukc kld k `raup. Tmi nldnvndukc sice nlvabis, ihfadnis kld ilkots kl ndiltnty ‟ k sice-ndiltnty ks wicc ks oaltixtukcnsid saonkc ndiltntnis. Tmi pirearhir ilkots kld ihfadnis tmi hiklnl` ae tmi ndiltnty nlvabid. Tmus tmi ilkothilt kld ihfadnhilt ns kl kot ae ndiltnenoktnal. Nl tmisi stktis ae oalsonausliss, tmi systihs ae ditirhnlktnal kri oahprnsid ae ndiltnenoktnals, afstkocis kld afgiotnvis2 systihs ae earoi risuct erah kld prapic tmi kots ae nldnvndukcs kld `raups.

_kl`mykl` Didkrn nl Fkcn Tmi study ae Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi ns ri`krdid ks k rioard ae dnkcaùis fitwiil tmi prkotntnalirs ae tmi pirearhkloi earh kld tmi daouhiltars kld oahhiltktars upal tmi earh ‟ ks k drkhk nl ntsice. Tmns study wncc tkbi nlta oalsndirktnal tmi pirearhktnvnty ae oucturkc kltmrapaca`y ks wicc ks tmi tmiarnis pasntid

= >

Fica, Gkli (;>5:). Trkloi nl Fkcn. Liw ârb, Oacuhfnk Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. ;. Fica.2 _urykln, Cum Bitut kld @ardal D. Gilsil (;>>?). Trkloi kld Zassissnal nl Fkcn7 K Pnldaw al Pistirl Huctnpci Zirsalkcnty, Zassissnal Dnsardir, kld _unondi . Bukck Cuhpur kld Liw ârb, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 pp. 6:-6?.

Trkloi Earhs

;4>

Valkcda Haricas

fy trkloi pirearhkloi prkotntnalirs. Tmns study oalsndirs tmiarnis ae trkloi erah tmi trkdntnalkc Fkcnlisi pirspiotnvi ks wicc ks tmi kltmrapaca`nokc kld psyomaca`nokc tmiarnis divicapid ta kooault ear trkloi pirearhkloi.

Fkcnlisi latnals ae pirsalmaad nlmiriltcy kccaw ear tmi passnfncnty ae huctnpci ndiltnty struoturis, ixnstilt ks patiltnkcntnis ear ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt. Tmi oaloipt ae – bkldk hpkt ‘ ar –eaur snfcnl`s‘, ;: ear ixkhpci, kri nltraduoid ikrcy nl tmi cnei ae k Fkcnlisi pirsal s ixpirniloi kld kri rinlearoid tmrau`maut Fkcnlisi oucturkc cnei. "

Tmi tmiarnis ae sice kld ilvnralhilt kdaptid fy tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhir ilkfcis tmi ilkothilt, ihfadnhilt kld nltirpritktnal ae tmi pirearhklois nl oaltixt. Tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhir dais lat –dnssaonkti‘ erah kl nldnvndukc fna`rkpmnokc sice ks huom ks –fioahi‘ tmi spnrnt.

Ziroiptnals ae Fkcnlisi trkloi nl kltmrapaca`y kri fksid al psyomaca`nokc oaloipts nlmirntid erah Pnccnkh Gkhis, Eriud kld Gul`2 wmiriks tmi Fkcnlisi piroiptnals ae trkloi kri fksid al spnrntukc oaloipts dirnvid erah Mnldu trkdntnals. Pmkt tmns study ns nltiristid nl kri tmi oaloipts kld piroiptnals tmkt kccaw kld ilkfci tmi trkloi pirearhkloi, wmncst kccawnl` kld ilkfcnl` tmi ixpcklktnal ae trkloi pirearhkloi nl psyomaca`nokc kld oucturkc tirhs. Ks Fica krùid, ikom trkloi stkti ns ieeiotnvicy nhfuid wntm oucturkc larhs nl wmnom kri oaltknlid tmi vaokfuckry ae wards kld kotnals kppraprnkti kld ricivklt ta ikom stkti, nl wmkt Osardks disornfid ks k –ìlri ae rntukc cklùkì‘ kld nl tmi hkllir tmkt rntukc kld saonity orikti ar rieciot ikom atmir ks k earh ae –sice-keenrhktnal‘. ;;

Tmi Fkcnlisi tmiary ae pirsalmaad ns nhpartklt ta uldirstkldnl` tmi afgiotnvi ae tmi kotar nl tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi ‟ ta fioahi kl ixprissnal kld ihfadnhilt ae tmi latnal ae tmi –dnvnli‘. Tmi oalvirsktnals nlmirilt nl tmi dnsoaursi ae Fkcnlisi tmau`mt, mnstary kld trkdntnal su`ìstnl` k pkrtnouckr wky ae ihfadynl` kld ilkotnl` tmi dnvnli nl tmi pirearhkloi ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn kri ixkhnlid nl tmns study. Tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi –àddissis‘ ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn ns vniwid ks k riprisiltktnal ae k oucturkc praoiss, k trkdntnal trkoikfci avir k pirnad ae k eiw ìlirktnals ‟ tmrau`m tmi warbs ae Oavkrrufnks (;>?0), Fica (;>5:), A Lincc (;>0=), _urykln kld Gilsil "

;:

Oallar, Cnldk (;>=6). Tmi Ylfauldid _ice7 Fkcnlisi Tmirkpy nl Tmiary kld Zrkotnoi. Oucturkc Oaloiptnals ae Hiltkc Mikctm kld Tmirkpy. @. H. Pmnti. Fastal, Vindic kld Bcuwir7 pp. 65:-65;. ;; Osardks.7 pp. 6:-6;.

Trkloi Earhs

;9:

Valkcda Haricas

(;>>?), Fkldih kld DiFair (;>>9) ‟ vniwid kcal` wntm atmir wrntnl`s al trkloi nl ardir ta ri`krd nts struoturi ks k pirearhkloi earh.

Enùri =7 _kl`mykl` Didkrn nl tmi ;>?:s (ciet) kld tmi ;>> :s (rn`mt).

(Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal, Fica ;>5: kld Fkcn Trnfuli Huctnhidnk)

Tmi Fkcnlisi silsi ae oahhulnty kld oaloiptnal ae sice nltirkot ta praduoi tmi pirearhkloi ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn ks k trkdntnal. Tmi pirearhirs ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn kri siciotid kld rioruntid erah k oahhulnty s paac ae pri-kdacisoilt `nrcs ae fitwiil "

lnli kld tmnrtiil yikrs ae kì. A Lincc daouhiltid k siciotnal praoiss ear pirearhirs "

tmkt dihalstrktis tmi diipcy tmiktrnokc lkturi ae tmns trkdntnal. ;6 Tmns tmiktrnokc lkturi ns hast ivndilt nl tmi wkys nl wmnom tmi siciotnal praoiss oahpkris wntm tmi typnokc kudntnal praoiss ihpcayid nl oalviltnalkc drkhktno prkotnoi ‟ ear ixkhpci, nl tmi wky tmkt tmi yaul` okldndktis kri ksbid ta pirearh k orntnokc siotnal ae tmi oirihaly, ks kl kudntnalnl` pirearhir hn`mt fi ksbid ta rikd ar pirearh k oirtknl siotnal ae k sornpt, ta ditirhnli tmi okldndktis suntkfncnty kld okpkfncnty. Nt ns nhpartklt ta oalsndir tmi "

nltiltnals ae tmi rispiotnvi pirearhkloi prkotnois. Nl

_kl`mykl` Didkrn , tmi

pirearhkloi ns erkhid ks k oirihaly ae ixaronsh nltildid ta purney tmi wky ae finl` ae k oahhulnty nl ardir ta ixpic –spnrnts‘ tmkt kri ficnivid ta okusi dnsiksi, dnskstir, diktm kld hnseartuli. ;? Tmisi spnrnts kri ficnivid ta fi ihfadnid kld ilkotid fy ;6

A„Lincc, Vahk H.@. _nsciy (;>0=). _pnrnt Zassissnal kld Mikcnl` Vntis nl k Fkcnlisi Uncckì. Dipkrthilt ae Nldnkl _tudnis, Dipkrthilt ae Nldalisnkl kld Hkckykl _tudnis . Hicfaurli, Ylnvirsnty ae Hicfaurli.7 pp. ;?=-;4:. ;? Fica.7 p. ;=:2 A„Lincc.7 p. ;2 Fkldih, N Hkdî kld Eridrnb Iuìli diFair (;>=;/;>>9). Bkgk kld Bicad7 Fkcnlisi Dkloi nl Trklsntnal. Bukck Cuhpur, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. ;:2 _urykln kld Gilsil.7 p. ;:>.

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iltntnis blawl ks – ìrnl` ‘ kld – ciykb ‘ wmnom kri nl turl ficnivid ta fi klnhktid kld utncnsid fy prkotntnalirs ae tmi distruotnvi hk`nokc krts. _ahi ae tmisi prkotntnalirs kri ficnivid ta mkvi tmi kfncnty ta trklsearh tmihsicvis nlta ciykb , wmnom kttkob piapci nl tmi oahhulnty, kld kri tmus tkrìtid nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois ks afgiots ae ivnc ta fi ndiltnenid kld pulnsmid.

Trkdntnalkccy, tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois kri ar`klnsid fy tmi vncckì tihpci didnoktid ta kppiksnl` tmi spnrnts ae tmi dikd tmkt kri kwkntnl` k praoiss ae purnenoktnal fy rntukc orihktnal ;4 ‟ tmi – purk dkcih ‘ (cntirkccy tmi –diip‘ ar –nlsndi‘ tihpci). Tmi prnist, ar – pihkl`bu ‘, ae tmns tihpci aeenonktis avir tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn oirihalnis kld ns rispalsnfci ear tmi siciotnal kld trknlnl` ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs. @iirtz krùid nl mns studnis ae Fkcnlisi oucturi tmkt –oirihalnkcnsh‘ ns k drnvnl` earoi nl pacntnos, tmus kl ixprissnal ae pawir kld nlecuiloi nl Fkcnlisi saonitnis. Tmi pirearhkloi ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn eulotnal ks oahhulnoktnvi kppikcs ear kutmarnty wntmnl tmi vncckì saonkc oaltixt. Tmi prnvnciì kld stktus kooardid ta pirearhirs ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn pravndis sufstkltnkc `raulds ear tmi krùhilt ae tmi –sice-sirvnl`‘ lkturi ae trkloi pirearhkloi latid fy Faurùn`lal. ;9

Tmi earoi ae kutmarnty ns fksid al tmi ixprissnal ae spnrntukc pawir, ar – skbtn ‘, `rkdid ks k vkcuktnal ae tmi civic ae –purnty‘. Ks @iirtz latid, tmns systih ae vkcuktnal ‟ dilatid tmrau`m k –hitkpmysnokc tmiktri‘ nl Fkcn ‟ pasntnals k latnal ae tmi dnvnli ar supirlkturkc ks kl –ixihpckry oiltri‘ krauld wmnom saonkc kld oucturkc cnei kri rieiriloid kld ar`klnsid. ;5 Tmi –skorid spkoi‘ ae tmi tihpci kld tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhkloi fioahis tmi earuh wntmnl wmnom dylkhnos ae pawir kld nlecuiloi

kri liàtnktid, kld ta k oirtknl di`rii, ilkotid kld ihfadnid. Tmi pirearhklois ivabi k –hadi ae piroiptnal, riprisiltktnal kld kotukcnzktnal‘ tmkt kttknls –afgiotnvi vkcndnty‘ tmrau`m tmi erkhi ae trkloi. ;0

Tmi latnal ae muhkl (lkturkc) oaltrac, ar ckob ae nt, ns oiltrkc ta tmi kppikc ta dnvnlnty nl trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmi pirearhkloi ns erkhid ks finl` oaltraccid fy sahi earoi autsndi ae tmi kìloy ae tmi pirearhir2 kìloy ns kttrnfutid ta k earoi tmkt ns lat muhkl, tmkt ns supirlkturkc kld dnvnli. Tmi pirearhir ns siil ta ilkot kld ihfady

;4

@iirtz, Ocneeard (;>=:). Li`krk7 Tmi Tmiktri _tkti nl Lnlitiiltm-oiltury Fkcn . Zrnloital L.G., Zrnloital Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. 654. Faurùn`lal, Irnbk (;>0=). _pnrnt Zassissnal kld Kctirid _tktis ae Oalsonausliss7 Tmi Ivacutnal ae kl Nlqunry. Tmi Hkbnl` ae Zsyomaca`nokc Kltmrapaca`y. G. P. H. Pmntnl`. Firbiciy, Ylnvirsnty ae Okcnearlnk Zriss7 p. 4=0. ;5 @iirtz Li`krk7 Tmi Tmiktri _tkti nl Lnlitiiltm-oiltury Fkcn .7 pp. ;:4-;:>. ;0 Nfnd.7 p. ;?:. ;9

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wmkt Osardks disornfis ks k oucturkccy oalstntutid –skorid sice‘. ;= Tmus fy li`ktnl` tmi –pirsalkc‘ ndiltnty ae tmi pirearhir, tmi –oucturkc‘ ndiltnty ns nltilsnenid fy finl` hkdi hari euccy rikcnsid kld kotukcnsid. Tmns ns prionsicy tmi skhi dylkhno tmkt apirktis ear tmi kotar nl ench ar tmiktri, ixoipt nl oksis wmiri tmi –pirsalkcnty‘ ouct ae tmi –stkr‘ tkbis prioidiloi. Tmi pawir ixprissid, nl fatm nlstklois, ns ficnivid ta –cild okpkontnis ae k spionkc bnld‘. ;> Tmns pawir ns fksid al tmi ndikcnsktnal ae trkloi ks pirearhkloi ae tmi –atmir‘.

Nl Fica s study ks wicc ks atmirs, tmi nhpucsi ta sikrom ear –atmir-liss‘ ns hkdi "

uldirstkldkfci tmrau`m tmi erkhiwarbs ae psyomaca`y kld kltmrapaca`y. Tmisi erkhiwarbs mkvi fioahi tmi fksns upal wmnom tmi latnal ae –trkloi‘ mks fiil oalstruotid. Nl tmns wky, tmi latnals ae tmi uloalsonaus kld sufoalsonaus mkvi fioahi oiltrkc, kcfint dawlpckyid, ta tmi oalviltnalkc uldirstkldnl`s ae trkloi pirearhkloi.

Ks kppikcs ta tmi –atmir‘ kld tmi –nlieekfci‘, tmisi oaloipts kri lat pkrtnouckrcy usieuc ear tmns study. Tmi –diipir‘ sice tmkt Fica 6: kld atmirs risartid ta wncc fi smawl ta fi tmi risucts ae tmisi pirearhirs kots ae kssaonktnals kld ndiltnenoktnals ks "

nltirpritid fy tmi iloucturktid kudniloi, kld erah `raup-dienlid racis tmkt kri oucturkccy ilkotid kld ihfadnid. Tmns study ri`krds tmi nldnoktars ae trkloi nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhkloi2 tmi eulotnalkcnty ae hiltkc nhkìry kld kssaonktnals

ihfiddid nl pirearhkloi tixts2 ks wicc ks tmi siciotnal kld trknlnl` ae tmi pirearhirs ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn racis.

Nldnoktars Taurnsh-arniltid hktirnkc tmkt prahatis _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois usi k luhfir ae biy tmihis ta erkhi tmi pirearhklois. Tmiri wncc ìlirkccy fi twa pirearhirs nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn . Tmi pirearhirs kri aetil disornfid ks pri-pufisoilt ar pri-kdacisoilt ar –vnr`nl‘ `nrcs. Tmi pirearhirs kri sknd ta fi nl k passissnal-trkloi wmnci tmiy pirearh ks hidnuhs ear tmi –mikvilcy lyhpms‘ ar –klìcs‘ tmkt disoild ear

;=

Osardks.7 p. 4. Faurùn`lal (;>0=)7 pp. 4>4-4>9. 6: Fica.7 p. ;45. ;>

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tmi oirihaly. Tmi trkloi ns siil ta fi nlduoid fy nloilsi shabi kld tmi omkltnl` ae sal`s.6; FKCN DVIKH_ NLDKM ! TKVNE

âur Fikutneuc Drikhs nl Fkcn FKCNOYCTYVK CTAYV_

_KL@M^KL@ AV ENVI DKLOI –_kl`mykl`‘ trkloi dklois mkvi alcy fiil pirearhid nlpufcno nl rioilt yikrs. Tminr issiltnkc eulotnal ns ricn`naus. Tmi dklois kri pirearhid ks k ixaronsh kld kri suppasid ta prahati pikoi kld mikctm wntmnl tmi vncckì. _pionkccy siciotid fays kld `nrcs kri sul` nlta trkloi fy `raup ae wahil wma snl` tmi spionkc ripitntnvi –_kl`mykl`‘ sal` wmnom fisiiomis tmi spnrnts ta disoild erah tmi mikvils. Nl –_kl`mykl` Didkrn ‘, tmi Dkloi ae Klìcs, tnly `nrcs wma mkvi livir dkloid fieari kri kfci ta `nvi kooahpcnsmid pirearhklois ae tmi –Ciàl`‘, wmacst nl ''_kl`mykl` Gkrkl‘, tmi marsi dkloi, tmi h il prkloi , slart kld okltir ulecnlomnl`cy avir rimat khfirs ae oakc. Dkncy7 ;>.::#6:.?: Fkcn Oucturkc Taurs VKTI_ ' Zrnoi Zir Zirsal Litt nl Y_ ( Taur Oadi FDF.;9 ' _KL@M^KL@ AV ENVI DKLOI $ 4 maurs % Y_(?;.9: $ ; %, Y_(;>.4: $ 6 %, Y_(;9.9: $ ?#9 %, Y_(;4.>: $ 5#;4 % www.fkcndrikhsnldkm.oah/oalendiltnkc/oucfkcn.mthc © 6::; FkcnDrikhsNldkm.oah ZT. Fkcn Drikhs Nldkm Gc. Tnful` _krn 4; % Dilpkskr % Fkcn % Nldalisnk

Tkfci 57 Kdvirtnsihilt ear _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois knhid kt tmi taurnst hkrbit.

Enùri >7 Tmi ocasid iyis ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir kri nldnoktars ae k –trkloi‘ stkti. # Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike kld @riàry Fktisal $

_ahi wrntnl`s ocknh tmkt tmi pirearhirs wncc livir mkvi mkd kly earhkc dkloi trknlnl` nl tminr cnvis. 66 Nl passissnal-trkloi tmiy kri sknd ta dkloi k –drikhy virsnal ae tmi Ciàl`‘ ockssnokc earh. 6? Tmrau`maut tmi dkloi kld tmi oirihaly, tmi pirearhirs wncc mkvi tminr iyis ocasid ‟ tmns ns oalsndirid ta fi ali ae tmi biy nldnoktars ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn trkloi stkti. Tmi afsirvktnals tmkt tmiy dkloi k ockssnokc earh ìlirkccy nl ulnsal, wmncst kppikrnl` ta mkvi tminr iyis ocasid, eurtmir

6;

KFC Taurs kld Trkvics, Kooiss Fkcn Alcnli (6:::). Tmi @ads Dkloi al Ikrtm , Kooiss Fkcn Alcnli, 6::6.2 Fkcn Drikhs Nldkm (6::;). _kl`mykl` ar Enri Dkloi , FkcnDrikhsNldkm.oah. 6::6.2 Fkcn Trnfuli Alcnli (6:: ;). _korid Dkloi ae Trkloi , Fkcn Trnfuli Huctnhidnk, 6::6.2 Nlda.oah (6::;). _kl` Mykl` Didkrn Dkloi , Nlda.oah. 6::6. 66 _urykln kld Gilsil7 p. ;;:.2 Fkcn Drikhs Nldkm72 Fkcn Lk`kskrn (6::;). _kl`mykl` Didkrn kld _kl`mykl` Gkrkl , Lk`kskrn Taurs kld Trkvic. 6::6.2 Fkcnlisnk (6::;). _kl` Mykl` Dkloi , Fkcnlisnk.oah. 6::6.2 Fkcnearyau.oah (6::6). Tmi _kl`mykl` , Fkcn Ear âu, 6::6. 6? Fkcnlisnk, Nlda.oah (6::6). _kl` Mykl` ‟ Enri Dkloi , Nlda.oah. 6::6.

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suppart tmi ficnie tmkt tmi pirearhirs kri nldiid nl k trkloi stkti kld tmkt tminr havihilts rieciot k supirlkturkc earoi kt warb.

Tmi yaul` dkloirs kri sknd ta pirearh korafktno eikts, suom ks stkldnl` kld fkcklonl` al tmi smaucdirs ae yaul` hil wma okrry tmih nl k praoissnal, ks wicc ks fildnl` kld stritomnl` kt dneenouct kl`cis ‟ tmisi kri siil ks sahi atmir nldnoktars ae k trkloi stkti.

Tmi pirearhirs kri kcsa ficnivid ta fi nl trkloi tmrau`m dihalstrktnals tmkt kri siil ta nldnokti kl nhhulnty ta pknl, suom ks sahi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs wma wkcb al fkri eiit avir mat oakcs 64 ‟ mawivir tmns ns lat kcwkys siil ks k stkldkrd pkrt ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhkloi ripirtanri.

Zirmkps tmi hast nhpartklt nldnoktars ae tmi stkti ae trkloi kri tmi siotnals nl tmi pirearhkloi wmiri tmi dkloirs kri siil ta iltir nlta tmi trkloi stkti kld tmil ixnt erah tminr trkloi kt tmi ild. Tmisi, hari tmkl kly atmir nldnoktars, erkhi tmi trkloi stkti ‟ tmi ficnie kld ixpiotktnal tmkt tmi pirearhirs ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn ixpirniloi k passissnal-trkloi.

Tmi iltry nlta tmi stkti ae trkloi ns rieirrid ta ks – lkdn ‘ kld tmi stkti ae trkloi ntsice ns rieirrid ta ks – birkwumkl ‘. Nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn tmi nlstkloi ae lkdn ns nldnoktid fy tmi pirearhirs oacckpsnl` ketir k pirnad ae nlduotnal oalsnstnl` ae nlmkcnl` "

nloilsi kld k sirnis ae sal`s fy k omarus ae wahil. Ketir tmns panlt tmi pirearhirs kri oalsndirid ta fi birkwumkl . Kt tmi oalocusnal ae tmi oirihaly tmi pirearhirs kri siil ta fi frau`mt aut ae tmi trkloi stkti fy tmi prnist, tmi pihkl`bu wma sprnlbcis macy wktir, ks wicc ks fy pkrtnouckr prkyirs kld sal`s usid nl ardir ta frnl` tmih fkob ta k –larhkc‘ stkti ae oalsonausliss. Tmisi nldnoktars kri issiltnkc ta tmi kotukcnsktnal kld nltirpritktnal ae k _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhkloi.

Nhkìry kld Kssaonktnals Tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn oirihaly ns ìlirkccy pirearhid ks kl ixtildid pirearhkloi siksal.69 Ks wntm hast rimikrsid pirearhklois, wntmnl k siksal tmi oirihalnis eaccaw k prionsi kld oalsnstilt earh. 65 K _kl`mykl` Didkrn siksal daouhiltid fy

64

Fkldih kld diFair.7 p. ;6. A„Lincc.7 p. ;. 65 Nfnd.7 p. 9?. 69

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A Lincc nl ;>04-;>05 kld pirearhklois daouhiltid fy Oavkrrufnks nl ;>?0, nccustrkti "

tmi eulotnalkcnty ae tmi sal`s kld atmir silsary stnhucn nl ìlirktnl` hiltkc nhkìry kld kssaonktnals ear tmi pirearhirs. Tmi earh kld oaltilt ae tmi oirihalnis mkvi hknltknlid k civic ae oalsnstiloy tmkt nldnoktis k wicc-istkfcnsmid trkdntnal. Nl pkrtnouckr, tmi sal`s utncnsid ear tmi nlduotnal kld ixnt stkìs ae tmi oirihaly mkvi hknltknlid k rihkrbkfci civic ae oalsnstiloy ear wmkt ns suppasid ta fi k pridahnlkltcy arkc trkdntnal. 60

Erah tmi sal`s daouhiltid fy fatm A Lincc kld Oavkrrufnks (_ii Tkfci 0), "

pkrtnouckr nhkìs eulotnal ks biy icihilts nl tmi nlduotnal kld ixnt praoissis. Tmi nhkì ae tmi nloilsi shabi drnetnl` upwkrds ns usid ta ivabi k silsi ae k –pktmwky‘ upal wmnom tmi oicistnkc lyhpms disoild ta iltir tmi fadnis ae tmi pirearhirs ks tmiy bliic avir tmi nloilsi frkznirs. 6= Tmus tmi pirearhirs fioahi kttiltnalkccy kfsarfid nl tmi nhkìry tmrau`m tmi silsary stnhucktnal pravndid fy tmi erk`rkloi ae tmi shabnl` nloilsi kld tmi sal`s ae tmi omanr. Ear tmi pirearhirs, tmns kfsarptnal nl tmi nhkìry kld tmi ca`no nt iltkncs, nl turl pravabis kl kot ae ndiltnenoktnal wntm kld ks tmi oicistnkc lyhpms ae tmi rntukc. _nhnckrcy, tmi ixnt praoiss utncnsis tmi nhkìry ae tmi –àds‘ ‟ mkvnl` eucenccid tminr purpasi nl tmi oirihaly ‟ nhpcarid ta –à mahi… ta mikvil‘2 fcawl fy k oicistnkc –wnld‘ tmiy dipkrt kld –tmi muhkl earhs rihknl‘.

6>

Erah tmi siciotnal praoiss alwkrds tmrau`maut tmi iltnri siksal, tmi pirearhirs kri ùndid ta usi k pkrtnouckr siquiloi ae sal`s kld silsary stnhucn ta fioahi kttiltnalkccy kfsarfid nlta pkrtnouckr trknls ae tmau`mts kld kssaonktnals tmkt eulotnal ks tmi nlduotnal praoiss ear tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhkloi. ?: Tmi siciotnal ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ns fksid al tmi okldndkti s kfncnty ta "

komnivi k civic ae kttiltnalkc eaous diihid lioisskry nl ardir ta nlduoi kld hknltknl k pkrtnouckr trknl ae tmau`mts kld kssaonktnals, tmkt ns, k pkrtnouckr stkti ae oalsonausliss. Tmi siciotnal kld nlduotnal praoiss ns oahprnsid ae eaur sal`s ripiktid fy k omarus ae wahil, k frkznir ae shabnl` nloilsi avir wmnom tmi pirearhir bliics, kots ae purnenoktnal, fcissnl` wntm macy wktir, k sit ae prkyirs omkltid fy tmi pihkl`bu , kld tmi tihpci sittnl` ‟ tmi purk dkcih kt dusb. ?; Tmisi icihilts sirvi

ks kttiltnalkc kld kssaonktnalkc ouis tmkt hatnvkti tmi kot ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt ns

60

Oavkrrufnks, Hnùic kld Vasi Oavkrrufnks (;>?0). Nsckld ae Fkcn. Liw ârb, Blape.7 pp. ?90-?9=.2 A„Lincc.7 pp. ;;-65. A„Lincc.7 pp. =, ;?=-;?>. 6> Nfnd7 p. 69. ?: Mkrtckld kld Tnlbcir.7 p. ?09. ?; A„Lincc.7 pp. ;?=-;?>. 6=

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riqunrid ear tmi pirearhkloi. Tmisi kttiltnalkc kld kssaonktnalkc ouis kri erkhid ks tmi siquiloi ae nhkìry tmkt cikds ta tmi –nlvntktnal‘ kld –disoilt‘ ae tmi oicistnkc lyhpms erah tmi mikvils kld nlta tmi fadnis ae tmi pirearhirs, kld tmil tminr iviltukc dipkrturi erah tmi pirearhirs muhkl earhs. "

Nt mks fiil ìlirkccy kooiptid tmkt hiltkc nhkìry sirvis k sn`lnenoklt eulotnal nl tmi pripkrktnal ear kotnal, kld tmkt tmi –prnhkry eulotnal ae oalsonausliss ns ta fi pra-kotnvi kld earwkrd caabnl` rktmir tmkl rikotnvi ar ritraspiotnvi‘. ?6 Nl tmi oaltixt ae ricn`naus mikcnl` prkotnois, Osardks latid tmkt tmi uldirstkldnl` ae tmi latnal ae nhkìry ixtilds fiyald vnsukcnsktnals ta nlocudi atmir silsary hadis, ta ri`krd k –ulnenid silsarnuh ks tmi enicd ae nhk`nlktnvi kotnvnty‘ ‟ kld tmkt –tmi nlocusnal ae oarparikcnty nl k dienlntnal ae oalsonausliss‘ ns issiltnkc ta uldirstkldnl` tmi eulotnal ae nhkìry kld kssaonktnal nl tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi ihfadnid nhkì. ?? Kooardnl`cy, tmi tirh –hiltkc nhkìry‘ ns usid nl tmns study ta rieir lat gust ta vnsukc nhkìry fut ta kcc earhs ae nhk`nlktnvi kotnvnty stnhucktid fy kcc ndiltnenkfci silsary ixpirniloi. Tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss tmkt ns ilkotid kld ihfadnid ns oalstruotid erah kld nlearhid fy nhk`nlktnvi kotnvnty tmkt il`kìs tmi nlditirhnlkti okpkontnis ae tmi silsi-arniltid fady kld tmi sice.

Tmi trkloi stktis ilkotid kld ihfadnid fy _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs hust fi siil nl tmi oaltixt ae tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt tmasi pkrtnouckr pirearhirs il`kì nl. Tmisi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal smid cn`mt al tmi racis kld eulotnals uldirtkbil fy tmi pirearhirs, ks wicc ks tmi soaris kld tixts tmkt kri kotukccy pirearhid. Tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal, tmkt prioidi tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhirs ihfadnhilts ae tmi "

oicistnkc lyhpms, pravndi kl nlsn`mt nlta tmi stycis ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt kri ihpcayid nl tmi saonkc kld oucturkc hncniu ae tmisi pirearhklois.

@iirtz latid snx typis ae ckfics fy wmnom pirsals okl dienli tmihsicvis nl Fkcn

?4

kld fy wmnom tmiy kri ndiltnenid ks ulnqui. K –pirsalkc‘ lkhi, kcsa blawl ks tmi –omncd‘ ar –cnttci‘ lkhi, ns fistawid ;:9 dkys ketir fnrtm fut tmil rkricy usid2 nt pravndis tmi pirsal wntm –tmi rudnhilts ae k oahpciticy ulnqui oucturkc ndiltnty‘ wmncst rihknlnl` k –mn`mcy hutid‘ kld –nltilsicy prnvkti hkttir‘ tmrau`maut cnei. ?9 K –fnrtm ardir‘ lkhi disn`lktis k pirsal ks k hihfir ae k snfcnl` sit ar`klnsid ks k oyoci, erah enrst ta ?6

Hkrbs, Dkvnd E. (;>>>). –Oalsonausliss, Hiltkc Nhkìry kld Kotnal.‘ Frntnsm Gaurlkc ae Zsyomaca`y >:, ;>>>7 pp. 950-9=9. Osardks.7 pp. 0>-=;. ?4 @iirtz Tmi Nltirpritktnal ae Oucturis7 _iciotid Isskys .7 p. ?5=. ?9 Nfnd.7 pp. ?5=-?0:. ??

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eaurtm tmil ripiktid nl k styci tmkt su`ìsts –kl ildciss eaur-stkì ripcnoktnal ae kl nhpirnsmkfci earh‘ kld ns tmi hast eriquiltcy usid tirh ae kddriss kld rieiriloi wntmnl k caokc vncckì oaltixt. ?5 K –bnlsmnp‘ tirh ndiltnenis k pirsal wntmnl k ìlirktnalkc struoturi kld oalviys bnlsmnp nlearhktnal. ?0 Nl kddntnal, k –tiblalyh‘ disn`lktis k pirsal s praoriktnalkc kld hkrntkc stktus, kld fioahis klatmir oahhalcy kppcnid "

ckfic nl k caokc vncckì oaltixt2 k –stktus‘ tntci oalviys nlearhktnal al k pirsal s pckoi "

wntmnl tmi Trnwkl`sk Ukrlk saonkc oksti systih2 kld k –pufcno‘ tntci ndiltnenis tmi –cnl``km ‘ ar –sikt‘ ae k pirsal, tminr aooupktnal kld saonkc eulotnal wntmnl tmi Fkcnlisi saonkc struoturi. Tmisi ckfics dienli k pirsal s fna`rkpmnokc ndiltnty ks wicc ks tmkt "

pirsal s ricktnal ta k oiltrkc oaloirl ae Fkcnlisi oucturi ‟ tminr –dnstkloi erah dnvnlnty‘, "

tmi civic ae –pacntnokc kld ioocisnkstnokc kutmarnty‘ ta wmnom tmiy kri icn`nfci.

?=

Hariavir, tmi Fkcnlisi oaloipt ae –pirsalkcnty‘ ns siil ta oahprnsi ae eaur –spnrntukc snfcnl`s‘ ar – bkldk hpkt ‘ tmkt k pirsal ns farl wntm kld àis tmrau`m cnei wntm. Tmisi snfcnl`s kri kssaonktid wntm pkrtnouckr psyomaca`nokc kld pmysnokc dnspasntnals2 k li`ciot ae rntukc afcn`ktnals ricktid ta tmih ar kl kot ae saroiry upal tmih kri siil ta risuct nl k cass ae wicc-finl` ar nl diktm. ?>

Tmisi systihs ae ndiltnenoktnal sirvi ta oalstruot k warcd-vniw tmkt pasntnals tmi nldnvndukc sice ks finl` pridahnlkltcy kotid upal fy saonkc kld oucturkc earois wmncst hutnl` tmi silsi ae ulnquiliss kld wmaccy nldnvndukc omanoi. Tmus kìloy ns oaloinvid ae ks finl` k hkttir ae saonkc kld oucturkc, rktmir tmkl nldnvndukc, nhpucsi. Tmns ihpmksnsis tmi okpkonty ta kooahhadkti tmi hkoraoashno ekotars ae tmi dnvnli kld tmi supirlkturkc ks prnhkry hatnvktnl` earois ear kotnal. Tmns ns k sacnd fksi upal wmnom kl –ndiaca`y ae passissnal‘ okl divicap kld praspir. 4: Oiltrkc ta suom kl ndiaca`y ns tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal fy wmnom tmi saonkc kld oucturkc eulotnals ae k _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir kri dienlid.

Ali biy icihilt nl tmi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal uldirtkbil fy tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ns tmi saonkc raci ks oaloiptukcnsid nl tmi latnal ae – tkpkbkl ‘, wmnom

rieirs ta tmi dkloirs 4; wmncst cntirkccy hiklnl` –suppart‘, kld kcsa rieirs ta nlklnhkti

?5

Nfnd.7 pp. ?0:-?06. Nfnd.7 pp. ?06-?09. ?= Nfnd.7 pp. ?=;-?==. ?> Oallar, Cnldk (;>0>). –Oarpsi Kfusi kld Trkloi nl Fkcn7 Tmi Oucturkc Hidnktnal ae K``rissnal.‘ Hklbnld ;6(6) Dioihfir ;>0>7 p. ;;6.2 Oallar Tmi Ylfauldid _ice7 Fkcnlisi Tmirkpy nl Tmiary kld Zrkotnoi.7 pp. 65:-65;. 4: Oallar –Oarpsi Kfusi kld Trkloi nl Fkcn7 Tmi Oucturkc Hidnktnal ae K``rissnal.‘ 7 p. ;;6. 4; Fica.7 p. ;=6. ?0

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afgiots tmkt riprisilt k dinty. 46 Tmi tkpkbkl ns tmirieari oaloinvid ae ks k –vissic‘ tmkt kots ks k –àdcy riprisiltktnal‘. Tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal ae tmns raci ihpmksnsis tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi oucturkccy-dienlid ndiltnty wmncst li`ktnl` tmi nldnvndukccy-dienlid ixprissnals ae tmi pirsal nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt tmi eulotnal ae tmi drkhktno –kotar‘ ns oaloiptukcnsid.

Enùri ;:7 Tmi hahilt ae –birkwumkl‘ ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir

ns siil ta hkrb tmi fi`nllnl` ae tmi passissnal-trkloi stkti. # Zmata7 @riàry Fktisal kld Vafirt _. Zitirsil $

Tmi oaloiptukcnsktnal ae tmi passissnal-trkloi stkti ntsice ns aetil ilokpsucktid nl tmi latnals ae – birkwumkl ‘, wmnom cntirkccy hikls –tmi oahnl`‘ ar –tmi iltirnl`‘ ae k spnrnt ar dinty 4? kld tmi latnal ae – lkdn ‘, erah –dkdn ‘ wmnom hikls –ta fioahi‘, rieirrnl` ta tmi stkti ae finl` nl trkloi. Nl kddntnal, passissnal-trkloi ns smkpid fy tmi latnal ae –il`skp ‘, wmnom hikls –ta earìt‘ 44 ar –k stkti ae finl` ulkwkri‘2 49 kld tmi latnal ae –nlìt ‘, wmnom hikls –ta rihihfir‘ 45 ar –kouti kwkriliss‘. 40 Tmisi latnals su`ìst tmkt tmi ihpmksns ae tmi pirearhir s ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt upal tmi ixprissnal "

ae k oucturkccy-dienlid ndiltnty `riktcy riduois, ne lat li`ktis kctaìtmir, tmi silsi ae nldnvndukc kìloy tmkt ns oiltrkc ta tmi ixpirniloi ae k –larhkc‘ stkti ae oalsonausliss ks wi blaw nt. 4= Tmi silsi ae kutmarnty ildawid upal tmi oalstruots ae –dnvnlnty‘ tmkt kri ficnivid ta fi ihfadnid fy tmi passissnl` dinty sirvis ta eurtmir kld drkhktnokccy riduoi tmi pirearhir s silsi ae nldnvndukc kìloy ks tmi win`mt ae oucturkc "

46

Nfnd.7 p. ;.2 A„Lincc.7 p. ;>:. Di Waiti, Firyc kld Pkctir _pnis (;>?=/;>0?). Dkloi kld Drkhk nl Fkcn . Bukck Cuhpur kld Caldal, Axeard Ylnvirsnty Zriss.7 p. 5=.2 Fica.7 p. 6:;.2 A„Lincc.7 p. 6.2 Fkldih kld diFair7 pp. ;4=-;4>. 44 Gasipm, F. (;>>:). Cikrlnl` Fkcnlisi. Kustrkcnkl Lktnalkc Ylnvirsnty. Oklfirrk. 49 Cildrk, N Pkykl (;>>9). Fkcn kld @ratawsbn7 _ahi Zkrkccics nl tmi Trknlnl` Zraoiss. Kotnl` (Vi)Oalsndirid. Z. F. Wkrrnccn. Caldal kld Liw ârb, Vautcidì7 p. ;4:. 45 Gasipm. 40 Cildrk.7 p. ;4:. 4= Fica.7 p. 69;. 4?

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ixpiotktnals kld pirearhkloi trknlnl` ixirt ieeiot. Tmi silsi ae finl` –havid‘ ‟ rieirrid ta fy Fica ks tmi –puppit oahpcix‘ 4> ‟ pkrkccics tmi silsi ae –ndiadylkhnonsh‘ tmkt mks fiil latid nl myplasns risikrom. 9: Tmisi kots ae ndiltnenoktnal rieciot pkrtnouckr tmiarnis ae –sice‘, ks wicc ks k pkrtnouckr oashaca`y kld ndiaca`y ks tmiarnis ae ilvnralhilt. Tmi trkloi stkti ns tmi ihfadnhilt kld ilkothilt ae tmisi tmiarnis, tmi pirearhkloi ae _kl`mykl` Didkrn ns tmi ixprissnal ae tmisi pkrtnouckr dnsoaursis.

K biy prafcih iloaultirid fy tmns study ns tmkt tmi Fkcnlisi tmiary ae sice hust fi ri`krdid tmrau`m tmi psyomaca`nokc kld kltmrapaca`nokc tmiarnis ae sice, risuctnl` nl k ckyirnl` ae kots ae ndiltnenoktnal tmkt hust fi liàtnktid. Tmns prafcih ns hast kppkrilt nl tmi quistnal ae susoiptnfncnty ta trkloi stktis ‟ tmi latnal tmkt tmi stkti ae oalsonausliss riqunrid ear tmi pirearhkloi ae trkloi kld tmi myplatno praoiss nl ìlirkc ns ricnklt upal tmi suspilsnal ar tmi uldir-divicaphilt ae orntnokc ekoucty. Mawivir, rktmir tmkl usi –susoiptnfncnty‘ ks k hiksuri ae trkloi okpkonty, nt ns hari usieuc ta oalsndir tmi kfncnty ta nhk`nli kld ta ficnivi k hytmnokc warcd. Tmisi kfncntnis wncc oirtknlcy fi siil ks lioisskry nl ardir ta ilkot kld ta ihfady tmi trkloi pirearhklois tmkt kri tmi eaous ae tmns study.

Tmi praoissis fy wmnom tmisi kfncntnis kri divicapid okl fi eurtmir uldirstaad fy caabnl` kt pkrkccic praoissis ricivklt ta myplasns risikrom. Tmi raci ae myplatno praoissis nl Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi mks cal` fiil rioa`lnsid. Ear ixkhpci, Fica ihpcays tmi uldirstkldnl`s ae suom myplasns prkotntnalirs ks Hnctal Irnobsal ta smid cn`mt al Fkcnlisi trkloi prkotnoi. 9; _tudnis ae myplasns mkvi eauld tmkt omncdril hkbi ixoiccilt myplatno sufgiots, 96 kld tmkt tmi civics ae myplatnskfncnty kld su`ìstnfncnty kri mn`mist fitwiil tmi kì ae 0 kld ;4 yikrs. 9? Tmus tmi siciotnal ae pri-kdacisoilt `nrcs ks pirearhirs nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn nldnoktis kl kpprionktnal, al tmi pkrt ae tmi ekoncntktars ae tmi oirihalnis, ear tmi tildiloy ta kooipt nlstruotnals wntmaut quistnal ks kl issiltnkc qukcnty.

Myplatno praoissis kri afsirvkfci nl tmns prkotnoi fy klkcysnl` tmi kttiltnalkc, kssaonktnalkc, kld dnssaonktnalkc strkti`nis ihpcayid nl tmi pirearhkloi ae tmi trkloi

4>

Di Waiti kld _pnis.7 p. 0;.2 Fica.7 pp. ;;-;?.2 _urykln kld Gilsil.7 p. ;;;. @nccn`kl7 pp. ;=-;>, 40. 9; Fica.7 pp. 4-9. 96 Mkrtckld.7 p. 69.2Mkrthkl, Firlkrd Gkhis (;>=:). K _ystih ae Myplatmirkpy. Omnokà, Licsal-Mkcc. pp. 40-4=. 9? @krdlir, @. @knc kld Bkril Acliss (;>=;). Myplasns kld Myplatmirkpy wntm Omncdril. Liw ârb, @ruli kld _trkttal.7 pp. ;>-65. 9:

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stkti nl _kl`mykl` Didkrn . Tmi trkloi stkti ns k praoiss ae kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal, 94 tmi okpkonty ear wmnom ns k biy ekotar nl tmi siciotnal ae tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir.99

Nl kl nlntnktnal oirihaly daouhiltid fy A Lincc nl ;>04 kt tmi vncckì ae "

Oihil`àkl nl tmi @nklykr ri`nal, tmi _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ns siciotid fy puttnl` kcc okldndktis tmrau`m tmi trkloi nlduotnal praoiss ihpcayid nl tmi oirihalnis. Alcy tmi okldndktis tmkt ixmnfntid sn`ls ae nltilsi kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal nl tmi nhkìs nlvabid fy k sirnis ae sal`s, prkyirs, kld nloilsi shabi kri siciotid ear eurtmir trknlnl`. Tmisi kri tmi okldndktis tmkt kri diihid ta ixmnfnt sn`ls ae k –stkti ae passissnal‘, tmi okpkonty ta il`kì nl tmi ixpirniltnkc tihpckti pravndid fy tmi nlduotnal oirihaly, ks su`ìstid fy tmi nhkìry kld silsary stnhucktnal pravndid fy tmi icihilts ae tmns oirihaly. 95 Tmns okpkonty ns eurtmir divicapid nl trknlnl`, avir tmi eaccawnl` twa wiibs tmi pirearhirs fioahi ekhncnkrnsid wntm tmns pkrt ae tmi oirihaly wmnom ns pirearhid iviry ln`mt nl tmi purk dkcih ‟ tmi diktm tihpci ae tmi vncckì. Tmi pirearhirs kri drissid nl tmi frkss fkl`cis kld wmnti ocatmnl` tmkt tmiy wikr ear tmi iltnri pirearhkloi siksal, disn`lktnl` tmih nl tmi raci k _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ‟ k tkpkbkl .

Klatmir biy icihilt ear siciotnal ks k _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhir ns tmkt tmi okldndkti ents tmi pmysnokc riqunrihilts ae tmi raci ‟ tmkt tmiy kri k pri-pufisoilt `nrc fitwiil tmi kìs ae lnli kld tmnrtiil yikrs2 tmkt tmiy mkvi lat fiùl ta hilstrukti2 kld tmkt tmiy hiit k oirtknl stkldkrd ae –fikuty‘ diihid lioisskry ta fioahi k riprisiltktnal ae k oicistnkc lyhpm.

Nl kwi ae tmi piroinvid pawir ae tmi pirearhkloi, nt ns viry iksy ta kttrnfuti ta tmi pirearhirs tmi spionkc qukcntnis diihid ixprissnvi ae tmi lkturi ae dnvnli dintnis. Fica latid tmkt nl pirearhkloi, tmi tkpkbkl kri –dieirrid ta ks àds, wma wiri ixpiotid ta fi sahiwmkt avirfikrnl` nl tminr dihklds kld wmah nt wks wnsi ta pckokti kld ta pciksi‘. 90 Mawivir, erah tmi siciotnal praoiss nt ns kppkrilt tmkt tmiy kri okst ks pirearhirs nl huom tmi skhi wky tmkt drkhktno racis kri enccid nl tmi tmiktri kld ench tmkt wi kri hari ekhncnkr wntm ‟ nl kooardkloi wntm tmi piroinvid kfncnty kld suntkfncnty ta pcky tmi raci. 94

@nccn`kl.7 p. 45. A„Lincc.7 p. ;?=. 95 Nfnd.7 pp. ;?=-;?>. 90 Fica.7 pp. ;=:-;=;. 99

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Erah A Lincc s oksi study nl Oihil`àkl, nt ns kppkrilt tmkt tmi nhpitus ta "

"

stkì k _kl`mykl` Didkrn siksal ns dipildilt upal tmi pihkl`bu ae tmi purk dkcih ‟ tmi tihpci prnist ‟ kld tminr kfncnty ta pirsukdi vncckì oauloncs ae nts lioissnty nl ardir ta hafncnzi tmi eulds, risaurois kld pirsallic riqunrid. Tmi praoiss okl tmirieari fi siil ks tmi oriktnal ae kld kppikc ta kl –ixihpckry oiltri‘ ; krauld wmnom tmi saonkc kld oucturkc cnei ae tmi vncckì kri riar`klnsid kld riarniltid. Tmns praoiss sirvis ks k earh ae `raup kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal tmkt `nvis rnsi ta tmi hystnqui ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmirieari tmi `raup s k``ri`kti kfncnty ta il`kì nl tmns "

kttiltnalkc kfsarptnal `riktcy nlecuilois tmi qukcnty ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi.

Enùri ;;7 Kt _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois kt Yfud nl 6::;, ear caokcs kld taurnsts, tmi pirearhirs

wkcb al mat oakcs ks pkrt ae tmi dihalstrktnals ae k supirlkturkc passissnal-trkloi stkti. # Zmata7 Tktnkl @riilcike $

Tmns dylkhno ns ieeiotnvicy rieciotid nl tmi prafcihs ae tmi –oahhironkc‘ ks appasid ta tmi –kutmiltno‘ trkloi pirearhklois ‟ tmi di`rii ae –skoridliss‘ ae tmi oirihaly ‟ ks wicc ks tmi prafcihs ae tmi –diptm‘ ae trkloi komnivid nl pirearhkloi. Tmisi

dneenouctnis

kri

hast

kppkrilt

nl

tmi

silsntnvntnis

iloaultirid

wmil

pirearhklois kri rioalstruotid kld rioaltixtukcnsid ear tmi purpasis ae tmi taurnsh hkrbit kld ticivnsnal daouhiltktnal. Tmns wks prionsicy tmi oksi wmil Nldalisnkl ticivnsnal stktnal VOTN wntmdriw kl nltirlktnalkc frakdokst eikturnl` k _kl`mykl`

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Didkrn pirearhkloi nl ;>>>, ripartidcy ear eikr ae aeeildnl` tmi Fkcnlisi oahhulnty fy

erkhnl` tmi –skorid‘ pirearhkloi ks –iltirtknlhilt‘. 6 Tmus, nl sahi ri`nals kld vncckìs _kl`mykl` Didkrn pirearhklois kri stkìd alcy ear caokc vncckì kudnilois kld kri lat apil ta taurnsts ‟ tmisi pirearhklois kri oalsndirid ta fi tmi hast –ìlunli‘ alis wmiri pirearhirs iltir nlta –rikc‘ ks appasid ta –kotid‘ trkloi.

?

_tudnis ae trkloi omkllicnl` 4 kld Fkcnlisi trkloi pirearhkloi 9 tmkt mkvi ihpcayid iciotrailoipmkca`rkpmno (II@) hiksurihilts ae sufgiots fieari, durnl` kld ketir trkloi stktis nldnokti mn`mcy sn`lnenoklt omklìs nl kcpmk, fitk, kld tmitk frknlwkvi kotnvntnis ricktid ta tmisi stktis ae oalsonausliss. Kcpmk kotnvnty ns kssaonktid wntm rickxid wkbieucliss, rautnli rikotnals, oriktnvi tmau`mt, wkldirnl` kttiltnal, kld erii kssaonktnal. Fitk kotnvnty ns kssaonktid wntm eikr, rkì, klxnity, kcirt kttiltnviliss, siciotnvi kttiltnal, oaloiltrktnal, kld kltnonpktnal. Tmitk kotnvnty ns kssaonktid wntm drawsnliss, pkrtnkc kwkriliss, nhkìry, rivirni, kld drikh-cnbi stktis.5

Tmi Fkcnlisi trkloi II@ study pufcnsmid nl tmi gaurlkc Ocnlnokc Liurapmysnaca`y wks kcsa kfci ta nldnokti dneeirilois nl frknlwkvi kotnvntnis fitwiil k trkloi stkti kld trkloi-cnbi fimkvnaur ar kl –kotid‘ trkloi. 0 Tmisi studnis su`ìst tmkt tmiri kri nldiid ditiotkfci dneeirilois fitwiil tmi sufgiotnvi ixpirnilois ae trkloi stktis, snhucktid trkloi stktis kld –larhkc‘ stktis. Tmus tmi prafcihs ae –kutmiltnonty‘ kld –diptm‘ ae trkloi stktis kppikr ta mkvi k enrh fksns ear vkcuktnal ks pmysnaca`nokc pmilahilk.

Tmisi prafcihs okl kcsa fi ri`krdid erah tmi pirspiotnvi ae tmi di`riis ae il`kìhilt praduoid fy tmi pirearhirs kld kudnilois ae tmi trkloi pirearhkloi. Tmns ricktis ta tmi civics ae nlvisthilt kld iloucturktnal ‟ tmi oucturkc praenoniloy ‟ ae tmi rispiotnvi pkrtnonpklts. Nl atmir wards, tmisi prafcihs kri oaloirlid wntm fatm tmi stkbis kld tmi sbnccs nlvacvid nl tmi pirearhkloi.

;

@iirtz Li`krk7 Tmi Tmiktri _tkti nl Lnlitiiltm-oiltury Fkcn .7 pp. ;:6-;:>. Gkbkrtk Zast (;>>>). 'VOTN' Draps '_ykl`mykl` Didkrn' , Tmi Gkbkrtk Zast , Dioihfir ?, ;>>>. Bahpks Alcnli.7 Fkcn Ioma Hk`kznli (;>>>). Ivacvnl` Dklois , Fkcn Ioma, 6::6.2 Fkcn Ioma Hk`kznli (6::: ). K Tnhi ta Oarriot , Fkcn Ioma, 6::6. ? Dkctal, Fncc (6:::). Fkcn Mkldfaab7 Fkl`cn Viìloy , 6::6. 4 Mu`mis, Duriil G. kld Larfirt T. Hicvncci (;>>:). –Omklìs nl Frknlwkvi Kotnvnty Durnl` Trkloi Omkllicnl`7 K Zncat _tudy.‘ Gaurlkc ae Trklspirsalkc Zsyomaca`y 66(6) pp. ;09-;=>. 9 Aamksmn, Tsutahu, Larni Bkwkn, Hklkfu Maldk, _ktasmn Lkbkhurk, Hkskba Harnhata, Ihn Lnsmnlk kld Tkdka Hkibkwk (6::6). –Iciotrailoipmkca`rkpmno Hiksurihilt ae Zassissnal Trkloi nl tmi Enicd.‘ Ocnlnokc Liurapmysnaca`y ;;?(?) Hkrom 6::67 pp. 4?9-449. 5 Cnldsciy, Dalkcd F. (;>96). –Zsyomaca`nokc Zmilahilal kld tmi Iciotrailoipmkca`rkh.‘ Iciotrailoipmkca`rkpmy kld Ocnlnokc Liurapmysnaca`y 4(4) Lavihfir ;>967 pp. 444- 44=.2 Mu`mis kld Hicvncci.7 p. ;=:. 0 Aamksmn, Bkwkn, Maldk, Lkbkhurk, Harnhata, Lnsmnlk kld Hkibkwk.7 pp. 4?5-44:. 6

Trkloi Earhs

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Valkcda Haricas

Trkloi Earhs

n

Valkcda Haricas

Dn`ntkccy sn`lid fy Valkcda Haricas DL7ol8ValkcdaHaricas,a8YlnvirsntyaePistirl_ydliy,au8_omaacae OahhulnoktnalKrts, ihknc8r.haricasJuws.idu.ku,o8KY Dkti76::>.;:.6?;47:67::+;;'::'





































































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