top science 5º.pdf

Top Science 5 PRIMARY TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK

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Introduction Top Science 5 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a range of materials designed to complement the Student’s Book and the Teacher’s Book. These materials contribute to the flexible nature of Top Science: students in the same class can be given worksheets at different levels, or weaker students can complete the tasks with stronger peers. Teachers with more contact hours can make use of these photocopiable materials as and when they need them. There are three categories of worksheets: reinforcement, extension, and assessment. Use them for revision purposes, for extension practice, as progress tests, assessment, or for homework. The worksheets can be photocopied and filed in a folder.

Reinforcement and extension worksheets There are forty-two reinforcement worksheets. These materials constitute a flexible tool: they can be worked on after the relevant section in the Student’s Book, before the Activities sections, or as extra preparation for the unit assessment. The answer keys are provided. There are fifteen double-page extension worksheets, one for each unit of the Student’s Book. These worksheets can be used for fast finishers or to extend class work. Depending on their level, students can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s Book or other sources. The answer keys are provided.

12

The Earth’s crust

5

ReinfoRcement

Name

Date

Name

The Earth’s crust is made up of rocks. Over time, these rocks wear down and break apart. Soil is made up of the remains of rocks and of living things.

Date

These groups of stars are constellations. And of all the constellations, there is one that is easily recognised by everyone: the Big Dipper, also known as Ursa Major or the Big Bear.

The Earth’s crust is continually changing because of erosion, transport and deposition, and sedimentation.

The Big Dipper is located in the northern hemisphere. It is made up of seven stars. Three of these stars seem to form the handle and four appear to form the bowl of a dipper, another name for a ladle or scoop.

Match.

The rock breaks apart.

Water enters cracks in the rock and freezes.

EXTENSION

Scorpions and dragons, princesses and hunters, chariots and arrows... If you look up at the sky on a clear night, from a place without pollution, you will see hundreds of stars that form outlines of interesting shapes.

Remember

1

Star gazing

URSA MINOR

URSA MAJOR

The star at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper is the North Star, also known as Polaris or the Pole Star. Another way to find the North Star is to draw a line through the last two stars of the bowl of the Big Dipper. This line will point to the North Star.

When water freezes, it expands.

◾ Now, explain how water causes rocks to break down.

Close by is the constellation of Cepheus, which represents the legendary king of Ethiopia, Cefeo. Beyond Cepheus you can see Cassiopeia, which will look like an M or W, depending on the season. Winter is the best time of year to see the constellations Orion, the hunter, and Canis Major, the dog which followed Orion. In total, there are 88 constellations.

2

1

Number these processes in the correct order. Wind carries the eroded material.

Wind and water erode a mountain.

Read and answer. What is a constellation?

The material settles at the foot of another mountain.

3

Write an example for each case.

What constellation does the Pole Star belong to? In what hemisphere is it?

Rivers and streams

Wind

Seawater

Erosion Transport

What constellation has the shape of a hunter and his dog?

Sedimentation

20

Top Science 5 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.

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Diagnostic tests There are six double-page diagnostic tests. They are to be completed at the start of the school year to give an indication of the student’s basic level of Science and English. The answer keys are provided. 6

History

Name 1

6

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Date

5

Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.

6

Complete the chart.

Look at the picture. Circle five errors. ◾ Why are they errors?

2

Match. Millenium

10 years

Decade

1,000 years

Century

100 years

Many thousands of years ago

◾ Write the century. 69

1115

1789

203

1456

1894

2,000 years ago

1,000 years ago

People lived in… People travelled in/on… Historical remains:

3

4

What is a timeline?

7

Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.

8

Write one example for each.

Make your own timeline. 20

I was born…

An important monument in your Autonomous Community or City:

A famous historic person from your Autonomous Community or City:

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Individual results chart The individual results chart indicates areas in which a student has achieved acceptable competence and highlights areas which require additional practice.

Individual results chart

IndIvIduAL RESuLTS CHART

name

date Yes

NP*

Yes

Comments

The human body and health

Matter, energy and machines

Identify the function of bones, muscles and joints.

describe the properties of mass, matter and volume.

understand a diagram of the human body.

Identify examples of physical and chemical changes.

Identify the organs of the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems. Explain how the brain allows us to see. Recognise the components of the digestive system. Identify healthy habits. Recognise what makes up a healthy diet Identify the four main stages of life

Living things Identify and describe life processes.

Identify types of energy sources. differentiate renewable from non-renewable sources of energy. describe white light and know the primary colours of light. differentiate between simple and compound machines.

Population, economy and maps

understand how plants make food.

differentiate between municipalities, comarcas, etc.

name the main characteristics of vertebrates Recognise molluscs, arthropods, jellyfish and earthworms.

differentiate natural growth from migratory growth. Recognise the responsibilities of political organisations.

Identify the parts of an insect.

distinguish between the three main economic sectors.

Protecting the environment

Know how to use the points of a compass to find directions.

describe the Earth’s orbit and name the four phases of the Moon.

Interpret scales on maps.

Identify the processes involved in the changes of state of water. describe the water cycle. Identify rocks and minerals. describe the components of soil.

Comments

Recognise the physical properties of some materials.

Identify the parts of a flower.

differentiate invertebrates from vertebrates.

NP*

Time and space Relate historic remains to different periods in history. Relate people and inventions to their time in history.

Identify producers and consumers. Identify features of landscapes.

104

NP: needs practice.



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Assessment worksheets There is a double-page unit assessment worksheet and one multiplechoice test for each unit. In addition, there are three double-page term assessments and three term tests. There is one double-page final assessment and a three-page final test. 1

Living things

Name 1

1

ASSESSmEnt 6

Date

Match. tissue

Answer the questions.

a group of similar cells

organism

a group of similar tissues

system

a group of similar organs

What is a cell?

organ

Why do we call cells living things?

7 2

a group of various systems

Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for each.

Label the parts of a cell. Helpful bacteria: Harmful bacteria:

8

3

How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain.

4

Answer the questions.

Write the name of the kingdom.

They depend on other organisms for food. They are fixed to something; they cannot move by themselves.

They eat other living things and can move from one place to another.

Where are unicellular living things found? They use sunlight and substances from the soil and air to make their own food. How can we see unicellular living things?

5

The smallest and most abundant of all living things.

Write in order from the simplest to the most complex. system

organ

cell

9

organism

tissue

Answer the questions. Why are viruses not included in any of the five kingdoms?

What kingdom do algae belong to?

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111


Term assessment worksheets Activities include labelling illustrations and diagrams, filling in the blanks, matching, True/False, wordsearches, and many more activities.

1

1

TERM ASSESSMENT

Name

Date

6

Write the name of a living thing for each example. Producer

1

Primary consumer

What animal kingdom does each living thing belong to?

Secondary consumer

They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves. They depend on other organisms for food. They can move by themselves.

7

They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things.

2

Write the name of the Earth’s layers. The outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and made up of rocks. The layer of the atmosphere which is essential to life on Earth.

Match.

All the water on Earth, which can be solid, liquid or gas. A group of similar cells

A group of various systems A group of similar organs

A group of similar tissues

3

Complete the diagram.

an organ a tissue

8

Complete the chart. Types of rock

an organism

How it is formed

Examples

a system

Plants

Flowering plants

9

Complete the sentences. The A

4

What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis? What do plants give off during photosynthesis?

The

is the closest star to the Earth. is a group of stars that seems to form a pattern in the sky. are large, sphere-shaped bodies which travel around the Sun in an orbit. are giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.

Our

5

is called the Milky Way.

10 Write the names of the planets.

Define the words. Ecosystem

Inner planets

Parasite Biosphere

Outer planets

164



165

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Unit test worksheets All the unit tests have ten multiple-choice questions. These worksheets test the basic concepts of the unit. These can be completed after the unit assesment worksheets, or used as quick revision activities.

The Earth

TEST 4

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The inner layer of the geosphere is a. the crust.

7. In a volcano, magma goes up through a vent called a. the magma chamber.

b. the mantle.

b. the volcanic cone.

c. the core. 2. The removal of soil and rock material by water, wind or ice is a. erosion.

c. the volcanic chimney. 8. The remains of living things found in sedimentary rocks are a. fossils.

b. transport.

b. coal.

c. sedimentation. 3. The energy in the interior of the Earth produces a. transport and sedimentation of rock material. b. the rock cycle.

c. petroleum. 9. The ozone layer is found in a. the troposphere. b. the stratosphere. c. the geosphere.

c. earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 4. Basalt is an igneous rock formed by

10. Sand settling on the bottom of oceans is an example of

a. the atmosphere.

a. erosion.

b. volcanoes.

b. transport.

c. wind erosion.

c. sedimentation.

5. The layer closest to the Earth’s surface is a. the hydrosphere. b. the stratosphere. c. the troposphere. 6. The three components of soil are a. solid, liquid and gas. b. erosion, transport and deposition. c. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.


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Other resources Top Science 5 Activity Book

PRIMARY

STUDENT’S MATERIAL

Student’s Book

Activity Book

Top Science 5 PRIMARY


9 788468 00195 1

ISBN 978-84-680-0195-1

At the end of the Activity Book, 5 thereTop areScience two Let’s do it! and two Read and do! pages per term. In addition, there are instructions for students to play a Scientists of the year quiz. Activity Book

Activity Book

The Activity Book is designed to provide further practice for both the content and the language objectives of the course. It contains full-colour illustrations and diagrams, and a range of graded activities to reinforce the course content and to encourage learner autonomy. There are three or four double pages per unit.



Teacher’s Resource Book

Teacher’s Book

TEACHER’S MATERIAL


Class Audio CD

Teacher’s Resource Book

Teacher’s Book

DIGITAL MATERIAL

ALSO AVAILABLE • Digital Flashcards, Posters and Web bank • Teacher’s Resources and Maps

• Science Posters • Science Tasks Booklet • Language Companion CD-ROM

• i-book • Interactive Whiteboard Activities

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Top Science i-solutions has these components: CD 1

• Digital ﬂashcards • Digital posters • Web bank

CD 2

• Teacher’s Resources and Maps

CD 3

• i-book

CD 4

• Interactive Whiteboard Activities

Minimum requirements and instructions: See readme·txt ﬁle in each CD.


5 PRIMARY

Top Science 5 offers 4 CDs designed to bring digital resources to the classroom. These CDs provide materials for interactive whiteboard presentations and practice, hands-on experiments and computer work for students. Top Science i-solutions is a box set containing four CDs which offer digital components for the CLIL Science classroom.

i-solutions


T o p Scien ce i-s o lutio n s

i-solutions

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Digital resources

CD 1 Digital Flashcards, Posters and Web bank

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• The digital posters can be printed when required.

CD 2

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CD 2


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Teacher’s Resource Book and Maps

• Teacher’s Resources and Maps

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CD 2

CD 3

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CD 3 i-book The i-book provides the core course material of the Teacher’s Book and the Student’s Book in interactive format. It can be used in the classroom or for class planning.

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CD 2 This CD contains the digital version of the Teacher’s Resource Book in PDF format. The worksheets can be printed for individual use, or projected onto an interactive whiteboard for group activities. In addition, this CD provides blank and completed physical and political maps of the world, Europe and Spain.

• Digital Flashcards • Digital Posters • Web Bank

©2 011 R

CD 2

• The Web bank includes some of the best, free web links for teaching Science, Geography and History. These links provide access to valuable resources to help with lesson planning as well as ways to personalise classes and cater to students’ need.


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CD 1

• The flashcard bank has over 200 images which can be projected onto an interactive whiteboard or printed and used as conventional flashcards. Each image offers the option of listening to the audio and viewing the written word.

• i-book

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CD 4

CD 4 Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) Activities

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There are five interactive activities per unit on this CD. These can be used to help reinforce the main concepts of each unit in a different and fun way.


• IWB Activities

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Contents Worksheets REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Individual results chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Unit assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Unit tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Term assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Term tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Final assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Final test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Answer keys REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Term assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

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Reinforcement worksheets 1 Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

22 Movement and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2 Tissues, organs, systems and organisms . . . . 10

23 Gravity and movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3 Bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa . . . . . . . . 11

24 The Inner Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4 Plant classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

25 Mountains and river basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

26 The Spanish coasts and islands . . . . . . . . . . 34

6 Sexual reproduction in plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

27 The climates of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7 Asexual reproduction in plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

28 The Mediterranean climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

8 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

29 Oceanic, subtropical and mountain climates . . 37

9 Nutrition in ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

30 Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

31 The watersheds of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

11 The Earth’s layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

32 The population of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

12 The Earth’s crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

33 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

13 Rocks on the Earth’s crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

34 The territorial organisation of Spain . . . . . . . . 42

14 Volcanoes and earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

35 The political institutions of Spain . . . . . . . . . . 43

15 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

36 Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Age . . . . . . . . . . . 44

16 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

37 The Neolithic Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

17 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

38 The Metal Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

18 Matter and its properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

39 The Iberians, Celts and the first colonists . . . . 47

19 Pure substances and mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

40 Roman Hispania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

20 Chemical changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

41 The beginning of the Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . 49

21 Changes of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

42 Life in the Christian Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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1

Cells

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember All living things are made up of cells. Cells are like tiny sacks full of liquid. They have three main parts: the membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cells are living things. They carry out the life processes of nutrition, reproduction and sensitivity.

1

Label the parts of the cell.

2

Read the definitions and write the part of the cell. This part controls the function of the cell: This part contains lots of organelles that carry out different functions: This part surrounds the cell and separates it from the outside:

3

Write animal cell or plant cell. Then, complete the sentences.

Animal and plant cells are different. Animal cells can be Plant cells are


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Tissues, organs, systems and organisms

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Multicellular living things are made up of many different types of cells. Similar cells that carry out a common function are grouped together to form a tissue. Tissues are organised to form organs. Organs are made up of a group of tissues that work together to carry out a common function. Organs form systems which work together to carry out a common function. When all the systems work together, they form an organism, which is a complete living thing.

1

Write in order from the least complex to the most complex. system

2

3

cell

1.

2.

4.

5.

organism

organ

tissue

3.

Write two examples for each. Tissues

Organs

Systems

What is an organism?

4

Complete the sentences.

are multicellular living things that eat other living things.

are multicellular living things that make their own food.

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3

Bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Fungi can be unicellular, but most are multicellular. They cannot move by themselves. They do not make their own food. Like animals, they depend on other organisms for food. Bacteria are unicellular. They are the smallest living things. Algae and protozoa belong to the fifth kingdom of living things. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

1

2

Write the names of the five kingdoms of living things. 1.

2.

4.

5.

3.

Answer the questions. How can some bacteria be helpful? Why are fungi fixed to other things?

3

Complete the sentences. protozoa

unicellular

bacteria

multicellular

microbes

are a kingdom of living things. They are called

because

they can only be seen through a microscope. They are . Algae and

belong to the fifth kingdom of living things.

They can be unicellular or .

4

Write T (true) or F (false). All fungi produce mushrooms.

Algae belong to the fungi kingdom.

All bacteria are multicellular.


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4

Plant classification

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Plants can be classified into two main groups: non-flowering and flowering. Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers, seeds or fruit. They reproduce with spores. There are two main groups of non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns. Flowering plants produce flowers and seeds in order to reproduce. There are two main groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms do not produce fruit. The seeds are grouped together in cones. Angiosperms produce fruit with seeds inside.

1

Complete the chart. non-flowering plants Plants can be classified as

2

Write angiosperm or gymnosperm. A

3

B

C

D

Complete the sentences. non-flowering

leaves

mosses

and

plants.

spores

plants

ferns

are the two main groups of

are special cells that germinate and grow into new

. Mosses absorb water through their stems and .

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5

Photosynthesis

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Photosynthesis is a complex chemical process. It enables plants to manufacture food from water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight. Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight. It is found in special organelles called chloroplasts inside plant cells. Plants release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis.

1

Label the parts of a plant. stomata

sunlight

root hairs

carbon dioxide

xylem vessels

2

Answer the questions. What time of day does the process of photosynthesis take place? How do mineral salts enter plants? What is chlorophyll?

3

Match. phloem vessels xylem vessels

raw sap elaborated sap


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Sexual reproduction in plants

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. They have male parts and female parts. Stamens are the male parts of the flower. Pollen is produced in the anther. The pistil is the female part. It contains the ovary, which contains ovules. Ovules become seeds. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the ovary within the same plant or between plants of the same type. After pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow.

1

Label the parts of the flower.

2

Write T (true) or F (false). Then, write the correct sentences. Plants that use wind pollination produce very small quantities of pollen. The stamen and pistil are protected by the corolla and the calyx. Plants that use insect pollination have small, unattractive flowers.

3

Explain how each plant carries out reproduction.

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Asexual reproduction in plants

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Many plants can reproduce without flowers or seeds. This is called asexual reproduction. These plants use parts of themselves to reproduce. Tubers are subterranean stems. Part of the stem grows above the ground and develops leaves. Part grows underground and develops roots. Rhizomes are specialised stems. They extend horizontally below the ground. Stolons are specialised stems which extend horizontally above the ground from the mother plant.

1

Match and explain how the stems grow. Stolon

1

Rhizome

2

Tuber

3

2

Answer the questions. How does a cutting produce a new plant? How does grafting produce a new plant?

3

What types of asexual reproduction in plants are useful in agriculture?


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Ecosystems

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember An ecosystem is made up of a community of living things in a physical environment. Living things in an ecosystem interact with each other and with their environment. The environment determines the types of living things found in an ecosystem. In turn, living things can modify their environment.

1

Complete the sentences. An ecosystem is made up of a

and a community of .

Living things in an ecosystem interact with each other and with their . Living things can

2

their environment.

Look at the picture and answer the questions. What elements make up this ecosystem? What living things inhabit this ecosystem? Could a giraffe live in this ecosystem? Explain. How do living things modify this environment?

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Nutrition in ecosystems

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember In ecosystems, living things eat other living things. – Plants are producers. They make their own food. – Consumers are living things that eat other living things. There are three types of consumers: primary, secondary and tertiary. Food chains and food webs show how plants and animals in an ecosystem are connected to one another by their food relationships.

1

Number the living things in this food chain in order.

◾ Now, write producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer.

2

3

Write two examples for each type of consumer. Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

Complete the sentences. species

Many different and one food

webs

food

can exist in an ecosystem,

can appear in various food chains. That’s why

are the best way to show food relationships in ecosystems.


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10


Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Our environment consists of everything that affects our lives: atmosphere, water, soil, climate and other living things. Human activity has a negative affect on the environment and the world’s ecosystems. Environmental problems caused by people include global warming, pollution, deforestation and loss of biodiversity.

1

2

Write six factors that make up our environment. 1.

4.

2.

5.

3.

5.

Write a sentence about environmental problems using each pair of words. farmland – deforestation hunting – loss of biodiversity

3

What human activities in the picture modify the environment?

4

Explain why the loss of an animal or plant species in an ecosystem is a serious problem.

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11

The Earth’s layers

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Earth is made up of a series of layers. The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth. It has three concentric layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The hydrosphere is all the water on Earth. This water can be solid, liquid or gas. The atmosphere is the layer of air which surrounds the Earth. It is divided into layers. The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface. The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere.

1

Complete the chart. core

atmosphere crust

mantle

troposphere

geosphere

3

hydrosphere

stratosphere

Z ] ] ] [ ] ] ] \

Z ] ] [ ] ] \

2

Which layer of the Earth does each thing belong to? The water in a river.

The rocks in a mountain.

The air we breathe.

What part of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? How does ozone protect the Earth?


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The Earth’s crust

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Earth’s crust is made up of rocks. Over time, these rocks wear down and break apart. Soil is made up of the remains of rocks and of living things. The Earth’s crust is constantly changing because of erosion, transport and deposition and sedimentation.

1

Match. 1

2

The rock breaks apart.

3

Water enters cracks in the rock and freezes.

When water freezes, it expands.

◾ Now, explain how water causes rocks to break down.

2

Number these processes in the correct order. Wind carries the eroded material.

Wind and water erode a mountain.

The material settles at the foot of another mountain.

3

Copy the chart and write an example for each case. Rivers and streams

Wind

Sea water

Erosion Transport Sedimentation

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Rocks on the Earth’s crust

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Rocks can be classified into three types, depending on how they are formed. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. In this type of rocks, fossils can be found. Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks. Metamorphic means ‘change’.

1

Complete the chart. ROCKS Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic rocks

are formed when

are formed from

are formed when

for example

for example

for example

basalt

gypsum

marble

2

Write T (true) or F (false). Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies. Metamorphic means ‘pressure’. Fossils are the remains of living things that are transformed into rocks. Rocks can change into another type of rock over thousands or millions of years. Petroleum is a solid rock.


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Volcanoes and earthquakes

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember There is an enormous amount of energy in the interior of the Earth. This energy can produce earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes are strong movements of the Earth’s crust caused by the sudden release of energy from beneath the surface. Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s crust where magma comes to the surface.

1

Complete the sentences. There is an enormous amount of in the interior of the Earth. When it is released, it can cause earthquakes and volcanic .

are strong movements of the Earth’s . Volcanoes are

openings in the Earth’s

2

where

comes to the surface.

Label the parts of a volcano.

◾ Read the definitions and write the words. Magma rises through this circular opening in the Earth’s crust.

A vent which magma goes up through.

Magma when it comes to the Earth’s surface.

An accumulation of rock fragments and ash around a crater.

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The Solar System

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Solar System consists of the Sun, the eight planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids and comets.

1

2

Read the definitions and write the words. The Sun and all the celestial bodies that surround it.

Large, sphere-shaped bodies that orbit the Sun.

Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun.

Giant balls of ice that orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.

Complete the chart. THE SOLAR SYSTEM

inner planets

3

outer planets

dwarf planet

Find and circle the two errors. Then, write the correct texts. Shooting stars are bodies that are too large to burn up completely, so they crash into the Earth. Meteorites are small celestial bodies the size of dust particles. They burn up as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere.


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The Universe

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Stars are giant spheres of gas. In their interior, they produce an enormous amount of energy. This energy gives off light and heat. A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky. A galaxy is a collection of thousands or millions of stars. Galaxies also contain rocks and gases. Our Solar System belongs to a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.

1

Complete the chart. THE SUN

Colour

2

Size

Luminosity

Brightness

Complete the sentences. A

is a collection of thousands or millions of stars. Galaxies also contain

rocks and gases. They have different shapes: , or . Our Solar System belongs to a spiral galaxy called the

3

.

Explain the differences between a constellation and a galaxy.

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Space exploration

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Space exploration began in the 1950s. These are the most important events: 1957. The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. 1961. Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to travel into outer space. 1969. Neil Armstrong became the first human being to set foot on the Moon.

1

Complete the crossword puzzle. 6

▾

8

▾ 1

▸ 7

▾ 3

2

▸

▸ 4

5

▸

▸

1. The spacecraft that landed on the Moon in 1969 (two words). 2. The first artificial satellite, launched into space by the Soviet Union in 1957. 3. The surname of the first human to see the planet Earth from outer space. 4. The unmanned exploration vehicle Spirit landed on this red planet. 5. Artificial satellites are launched into space using… 6. Unmanned spaceships designed to explore the far reaches of the Universe (two words). 7. Space vehicles that can take off and land like aeroplanes. (Space...) 8. The name of the first astronaut to walk on the Moon (two words).


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Matter and its properties

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Everything in the Universe is made up of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles, called atoms. Matter has two types of properties: General properties are common to all matter. Examples are mass, volume and temperature. Specific properties vary from one substance to another. They enable us to distinguish one substance from another. Examples are colour, hardness and density.

1

2

Write mass, volume or density.

is the relationship between the mass and the volume of an object.

is the amount of matter in an object.

is the amount of space an object occupies.

and

is a specific property of matter.

are general properties of matter.

Complete the chart. MATTER

properties

properties

density

is measured in

litres or millilitres

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Pure substances and mixtures

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Pure substances consist of just one type of matter. Mixtures consist of two or more pure substances. Mixtures can be: Heterogeneous: you can see the different components. Homogeneous: you cannot see the different components. Different methods can be used to separate mixtures of substances, for example: filtration, decantation, magnetic separation or evaporation.

1

Correct these false sentences. Mixtures consist of one pure substance.

Alloys are a type of heterogeneous mixture.

Pure substances are homogeneous mixtures.

2

How would you separate the different substances in these mixtures? Choose the best answer. Explain. Water and sawdust filtration

decantation

evaporation

decantation

evaporation

decantation

evaporation

because Oil and water filtration because Water and salt filtration because


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Chemical changes

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember A chemical change, or chemical reaction, occurs when a substance changes into one or more other substances. Chemical reactions include oxidation, combustion, photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

1

What is a chemical change? Write an example.

1

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

What happens to the ice cubes? Can water change into ice? Can ice change into water? Can wood change into ashes? Can ashes change into wood? Which picture shows a chemical change? Explain.

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Changes of state

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember A change of state occurs when matter changes from one state to another. Changes of state are melting, solidification, vaporization, condensation, sublimation and reverse sublimation.

1

Write the changes of state. Then, circle the words in the wordsearch. A gas becomes a liquid.

A liquid slowly changes into a gas at a lower temperature than boiling.

A solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid.

A solid becomes a liquid.

A liquid quickly changes into a gas when the substance reaches a certain temperature.

C Q O A C S L P S M B Y

2

O R L Y Z N T P U W S O

N A N O K J B K B L W X

D R Y S V B O I L I N G

E V A P O R A T I O N V

N D W E V H L D M V I T

S E I R C F I S A T R P

A Q M T A T R E T O M G

T F U J M N S R I N G A

I C H E N Y P E O T A T

O L U Y P G O P N U H W

N B D X M E L T I N G A

What is reverse sublimation? Explain and write an example.


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Movement and speed

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember A still body will not move unless a force acts upon it. If a body is in motion, it will continue to move in a straight line, until a force makes it stop or change direction. Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects. Speed tells us how fast something moves. To calculate speed, we divide the distance by the time it takes to travel this distance.

1

Answer the questions. What makes a body move, change direction or stop? How is speed calculated?

2

Describe what is happening in the picture.

movement friction

3

Calculate the answer.

If a car takes four hours to travel 300 kilometres, what is its speed?

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Gravity and movement

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface. Gravity slows down objects moving in an upwards direction Gravity accelerates objects moving in a downwards direction.

1

Circle the correct word and write the complete sentence.

Friction

Gravity

is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface.

When you throw a ball, gravity pushes the ball upwards downwards .

2

Explain what is happening to this moving ball.


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The Inner Plateau

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Inner Plateau is a very extensive plain in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. There are two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau: the Central Mountain Chain and the Mountains of Toledo. The Central Mountain Chain divides the Inner Plateau in two: the Northern Sub-plateau and the Southern Sub-plateau.

1

Complete the chart.

MOUNTAIN RANGES ON THE INNER PLATEAU

Mountain Chain

Sub-plateau

◾ Now, look at the map and label the relief features of the Inner Plateau. N

Cantabrian Sea

W

E S

ATLANTIC OCEAN

ea S ean n a Scale terr Medi 0 110

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Kilometres

M

C

a 32 r 189725 _ 0008-0050.indd

32

a

n

t

á

b

r

i

c

o

127683p28 Top Science 5 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.

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25

Mountains and river basins

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Four mountain ranges surround the Inner Plateau: the Mountains of Leon, the Cantabrian Chain, the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Morena Range or Sierra Morena. Beyond the Inner Plateau there are five mountain ranges: the Galician Massif, the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Baetic Mountain Chain. There are two principal river basins beyond the Inner Plateau: the Guadalquivir basin and the Ebro basin.

1

Write the names. Mountain ranges surrounding the Inner Plateau River basins lying beyond the Inner Plateau Mountain ranges lying beyond the Inner Plateau

◾ Look at the map and label the mountains and river basins.

Cantabrian Sea

N W

E S

ATLANTIC OCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Medi

terr

an

Se ean

a Scale

0

110

Kilometres

M

a

r

C a

n

t á

127683p29

b


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r

i c

o

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26

The Spanish coasts and islands

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember The Spanish coasts lie along the Cantabrian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain has two large archipelagos. The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea. The Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean.

1

Use these names to label the coasts and archipelagos. Cantabrian Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

Canary Islands

Balearic Islands

A

N

O W

E S

B

C

E

D

2

Write the names of the islands.

Canary Archipelago

127683costas de Espana

Balearic Archipelago

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The climates of Spain

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember There are five climates in Spain: Mediterranean climate

Subtropical climate

Continental Mediterranean climate

Mountain climate

Oceanic climate

1

Use the key and colour the map.

Orange

Mediterranean climate

Red

Yellow


Green

Oceanic climate

Purple

127683climas Espana


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Subtropical climate Mountain climate

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The Mediterranean climate

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember The Mediterranean climate exists in the regions near the Mediterranean Sea. Temperatures are mild, and there is little precipitation. The Continental Mediterranean climate exists in the inland regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Temperatures are very low in winter and very high in summer. There is little precipitation.

1

Match.



◾ Which regions of Spain have these climates? 127683climasmediterraneo



2

Describe temperature and precipitation for each type of climate. Temperatures Mediterranean climate

Precipitation Temperatures


Precipitation

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Oceanic, Subtropical and Mountain climates

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Oceanic climate exists in the northern regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Temperatures are mild all year round, and precipitation is abundant. Subtropical climate exists on the Canary Islands. There is little precipitation, and temperatures are mild all year round. Mountain climate exists in mountain regions. Temperatures are low, and there is abundant precipitation.

1

Read and write the type of climate. The climate in the northern regions. Temperatures are mild because the ocean is near.

There is abundant precipitation. The climate in the Canary Islands. Temperatures are mild all year round.

There is little precipitation. The climate in mountain regions.

Temperatures are low. There is abundant precipitation.

2

Look at the temperatures and precipitations on the graphs. Write the climate. °C

°C

°C

170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25

140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

20 15 10 5 0

J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D

20 15 10 5 0 –5



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30 25 20 15 10 5

40 30 20 10 0

0


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30

Rivers

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember Rivers are large flowing bodies of water. They start in the mountains when rain accumulates or snow melts. The ground over which a river flows is called a riverbed. The course is the route of the river from its source to its mouth. The flow is the amount of water the river carries. A river has a regular flow regime when it carries a similar amount of water all year round. A river has an irregular flow regime when it carries a lot of water at some times of the year and little water at other times.

1

2

Read the definitions and write the names. The route of a river from its source to its mouth.

The ground over which a river flows.

The amount of water a river carries.

Bodies of flowing water which start in the mountains when rain accumulates or snow melts.

Label the picture. upper course

middle course

lower course

delta

meander

tributary

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reservoir

course


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The watersheds of Spain

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember A watershed is an area where all the rivers flow into the same sea. There are three main watersheds in Spain: The rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are short and very steep. The majority of the rivers in the Mediterranean watershed are short. The majority of the rivers in the Atlantic watershed are long.

1

Tick the correct answer. Most rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea have a regular flow regime.

are very steep.

are short and do not carry much water.

The rivers in the Inner Plateau are the shortest on the Iberian Peninsula. the longest on the Iberian Peninsula. part of the Cantabrian watershed. Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are short and very steep. They have irregular, abundant flow regimes. long and very steep. They have irregular, abundant flow regimes. short and very steep. They have regular, abundant flow regimes. In the Canary Islands, there are rivers.

2

gullies.

many tributaries.

Investigate and complete the index card about the River Jucar. River Jucar Source: Mouth: Watershed: Flow: Flow regime:


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The population of Spain

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The population of Spain is growing because of natural growth and immigration. The population density is greater in coastal areas and on the islands. Inland provinces are less densely populated, with the exception of Madrid.

1

Read the text and explain why it is not correct. In Spain, the birth rate is lower than the death rate, so, natural growth is positive. Also, there are more emigrants than immigrants, so migratory growth is positive too.

2

Write the provinces. Cantabrian Sea N

F R A N C E ASTURIAS

A CORUÑA

CANTABRIAVIZCAYA GUIPUZCOA

LUGO W

E

ALAVA BURGOS

PONTEVEDRA PALENCIA ZAMORA VALLADOLID

S

P O R T U G A L

O C E A N

KEY

Country border Province border POPULATION DENSITY (inhabitants/km2) Less than 10 From 10 to 30

GIRONA

RIOJA

OURENSE

ANDORRA

NAVARRE

LEON

A T L A N T I C

HUESCA LLEIDA BARCELONA

SORIA

ZARAGOZA

SEGOVIA TARRAGONA SALAMANCA

GUADALAJARA

TERUEL

AVILA MADRID IS

CASTELLON CUENCA

TOLEDO

CACERES

L

VALENCIA

E

A

R

LA

S

ND

IC

A

B

CIUDAD REAL BADAJOZ

ALBACETE

From 31 to 60

ALICANTE CORDOBA

From 61 to 100

JAEN

MURCIA

From 101 to 600 HUELVA

More than 600

SEVILLE

S

GRANADA

e

a

ALMERIA

MALAGA

ATLANTIC OCEAN CADIZ Ceuta

LAS PALMAS

MOROCCO

n e a a n r r t e d i M e Melilla

Scale 0

97

Kilometres

SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE

Two provinces with less than 10 inhabitants per km2.

Two provinces with more than 600 inhabitants per km2.

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Services

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The tertiary sector is also called the service sector. The tertiary sector does not provide us with material goods. Instead, it includes activities which provide services such as educational, health, financial, administrative, trade, tourism, transport and communications services. In Spain, 65 out of every 100 people work in the tertiary sector.

1

Complete the crossword puzzle. 1. Service used so that products can reach shops and consumers. 2. The buying and selling of products. 3. The type of trade within a country. 4. The sector that employs 65% of the active population. 5. Products which are sold to other countries. 6. Travel to other places for the purpose of relaxation or fun. 7. Type of tourism popular in Spain’s mountain and coastal areas. 1

2

▾

3

▾

▾

4▸

5▸

6▸ 7▸

2

What are three types of transport? Give examples.


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The territorial organisation of Spain

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Spain is divided into 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities. The Spanish borders are: North: France, Andorra and the Cantabrian Sea. East: the Mediterranean Sea. South: the Mediterranean Sea, Morocco and the Atlantic Ocean. West: Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

1

Complete the charts. Natural borders

2

Political borders

North

North

South

South

East

West

West

Label the borders of Spain on the map. B

N W

E

C

A

D

S

E

F CANARY ISLANDS

G

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The political institutions of Spain

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember The Constitution is the most important law in Spain. All other laws must be in accordance with the Constitution, including laws passed by the Autonomous Parliaments. The Constitution establishes the rights and obligations of citizens, the form of government and the organisation of institutions.

1

Tick the correct answer. Then, write the complete sentence. Spain is a Parliamentary

Monarchy. Constitutional

The Head of State is the King.

the President.

The Congress of Deputies and the Senate make up the Parliament.

the Government.

The President of the Government is elected by the King.

the Congress of Deputies.

2

Complete the chart. Institution

Duties

Made up of (people)

Head of State Parliament Government Courts of Justice


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Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Age

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest. It is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages. In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings were nomads. They lived in the open, in caves or in simple huts. They hunted, fished and gathered fruits and plants to survive. They lived in tribes. They made simple tools from wood, bones and stone. They painted animals on cave walls and made small sculptures.

1

Match. Prehistory is

Prehistory starts with

Prehistory is divided into

the appearance of human beings and ends with the appearance of writing.

three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.

the first period in history and also the longest.

◾ Now, write the complete sentences.

2

Complete the text. In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings ate what they found in nature. They fished, hunted and fruit. These men and women were , people who move continually without settling in one place. They lived in , small groups formed by several families. They made

from animal bones, and they painted

the inside of .

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The Neolithic Age

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Neolithic Age is the second period of Prehistory. People cultivated crops and kept animals in stables. They built the first villages and became sedentary. They made polished stone tools, and they learnt how to make pottery and cloth. They painted cave walls with scenes of people dancing, hunting and gathering.

1

Write the characteristics of human beings during the Neolithic Age. In the Palaeolithic Age human beings

2

In the Neolithic Age human beings

were nomads

gathered fruits and roots

hunted

wore clothes made of skins

Look at the painting. Then, answer the question. What period does this painting belong to? Explain.

3

Match. Polished stone tools Simple tools from wood, bones and stone

Palaeolithic

Neolithic

They made more sophisticated tools such as hoes and sickles. They hit one stone against another until they obtained the shape they wanted.


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The Metal Ages

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember In the Metal Ages, people learned to make objects out of metal. Villages attracted many people and grew into towns. The wheel, the sail and the plough were invented. People built monuments with huge stones. They were called megalithic monuments.

1

Look at the timeline. Why is it not correct?

Prehistory The Metal Ages 1,000,000 years ago

Neolithic 7,000 years ago

Palaeolithic 6,000 years ago

2

Write Palaeolithic, Neolithic or Metal Ages. People lived in towns.

People lived in villages.

People lived in caves.

People hunted and gathered fruit.

People farmed and kept animals.

People became soldiers and traders.

People built megalithic monuments.

People painted human figures on cave walls.

People painted animals on cave walls.

They made tools from polished stone.

They made tools from metal.

They made simple tools from stone.

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The Iberians, the Celts and the first colonists

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.: the Iberians and the Celts. The Iberians lived in the south and east of the Peninsula. The Celts lived in the centre of the Peninsula and on the Atlantic coast. The first colonists – the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians – arrived from across the Mediterranean Sea.

Use the key and colour the map. Then, answer the questions.

Cantabrian Sea LUCENSES

BR

AC

AR

I

ASTU

Celtic and Celtiberian zone

OCEAN

C

S VA

I AE

CO

NE

S

LU

VETTONES

SO

N

LA

AREVACI

CA

RP

LUSITANI

E

ANI IET

EDETANI

N TA

red

AT L A N T I C

C VA

CANTABRI

RES

ES

1

I

OR CELTICI

blue

ET AN

I

CONTESTANI

BASTE

TA

MEDITERRANEAN

TURDETANI

Iberian zone

NI

SEA

Celtic and Celtiberian zone Iberian zone

In what part of the Peninsula did the Iberians live? Where did the Celts179247U14p166 live? íberos y celtas en la península Write the names of three Iberian tribes and three Celtic tribes.

2

Wordsearch. Circle the names of the three colonising civilizations. Circle one colony of each civilization. Then, write them down. U P S P R T M W

S C B H F P H C

D A K O L X F A

G R E E K X S R

W T Q N T V A T

R H S I M F G A

B A X C V L U G

N G I I Y Z N O

K I N A F R T N

S N A N C N U O

C I C W D U M V

G A D I R Z N A

S N L L R Y M B


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Roman Hispania

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula started in 218 B.C. and ended in 19 B.C. The Romans divided Hispania into provinces, introduced the laws of the Roman Empire, spread the use of Latin, founded cities and introduced Christianity. There were two groups of people in Hispano-Roman society: free people and slaves.

1

2

Read the definitions and write the words. A mixture of stones, cement and sand used in Roman construction.

The language spoken by the Romans.

The name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula.

The official religion of the Roman Empire beginning in 380 A.D.

The name of the wars fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians.

Pictures made with tiles of stone or coloured glass.

The only pre-Roman language which has survived.

People without rights who were owned by another person.

Complete the text. Over 2,000 years ago, the Romans defeated the

and conquered

the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans called it . The Romans divided Hispania into . The Roman language was . The inhabitants of Hispania adopted Roman customs. In 380 A.D.,

became the official religion throughout the Roman Empire.

The Romans were excellent builders. They used two new materials for building: cement and

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They decorated floors and walls with paintings and .


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41

The beginning of the Middle Ages

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember In the fifth century, the Visigoths conquered the Iberian Peninsula and made Toledo the capital of their kingdom. In 711 A.D., the Moors, or Muslims invaded the Visigoth kingdom and conquered much of the Peninsula. At first Al-Andalus was an emirate, then a caliphate. The Christians who lived in the north of the Peninsula organised themselves into kingdoms and counties.

1

Circle the correct answer. Then, write the sentence. The Visigoths were…

a. Muslims.

b. a Germanic tribe.

a. Toledo.

b. Cordoba.

The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was…

2

Write the correct dates. Then, number the sentences chronologically: 1, 2 and 3. In the year , the emir Abd-ar-Rahman III became a caliph and established the caliphate of Cordoba. In the year , Prince Abd-ar-Rahman I proclaimed himself an independent emir and Al-Andalus separated from Damascus. In the year , Muslims invaded the Peninsula and turned Al-Andalus into an emirate, a province which depended on the caliph of Damascus.

3

Write the names of the Christian Kingdoms or counties in the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning of the Middle Ages. In Cantabria

*

In the Pyrenees

*

The Kingdom of Asturias , the Kingdom of

and the Kingdom of


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42

Life in the Christian Kingdoms

Name

Reinforcement

Date

Remember Society in the Christian Kingdoms was divided into the privileged and the non-privileged. During these times, Romanesque and Gothic buildings were constructed. – Romanesque buildings were not very tall. They had very thick, stone walls with few windows. The doors and windows had round arches. – Gothic buildings were tall with thinner walls. The had large doors and the windows had pointed arches. They were often decorated with stained glass.

1

Complete.

SOCIETY IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

2

Look at the photo. Is it a Romanesque or a Gothic church?

◾ Write some differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

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Extension worksheets 1 Parts of a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2 Plant adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3 Ecosystems in danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4 Volcanic eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5 Star gazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6 Eureka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7 Newton’s apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 8 Teneguia, a very young mountain . . . . . . . . . . 66 9 The Azores Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 10 Batuecas Natural Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 11 Spain’s ageing population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 12 Organisation of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 13 Our ancestors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 14 The Roman legions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 15 The Way of St James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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1

Parts of a cell

Name

EXTENSION

Date

The invention of the microscope allowed scientists not only to discover that all animals and plants are made up of cells, but also to see that cells are made up of different parts and organelles which carry out different functions. Ribosomes Tiny organelles which produce protein.

Cytoplasm

Centrosome

Liquid which contains the organelles.

Small cylinders which take part in cell division.

Membrane Covering which surrounds the cell and separates it from the outside.

Mitochondrion Rod-shaped organelles which obtain energy.

Vacuoles Sacs which store substances.

Nucleus Structure which controls the cell’s functions.

Endoplasmic reticulums Sacs which produce and transport proteins.

Cells have different functions, and they have different shapes and sizes, but all cells have a membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. A nerve cell, which transmits nerve impulses, is different from a red blood cell, which carries oxygen.

1

Answer the questions. What is the part that controls the cell’s functions? Why do cells need to carry out the life processes of nutrition and reproduction?

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1 2

Look at the animal cell on the previous page. Label the parts of this plant cell. Don’t forget the chloroplast!

ch

◾ Now, write about two differences you observed. 1. 2.

3

Match the cell types with their functions. nerve

●

●

forms part of the bones

bone

●

●

takes part in reproduction

muscle

●

adipose

●

blood sex (spermatozoid) epithelial

●

m akes up the skin and covers other parts of the body

●

transmits messages and orders. Processes information

●

●

h elps the body move

●

●

s tores fat and protects body organs

●

transports oxygen and other substances throughout the body

●


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2

Plant adaptation

Name

EXTENSION

Date

Plants react to their environment and often have to adapt in order to survive. We can classify plant adaptation in several ways: Adapting to rainfall In humid areas, plants can grow close to each other because there is plenty of water. In dry areas, plants grow farther apart because water is scarce. Adapting to soil Different types of soil allow different types of plants to survive. This depends on the conditions of the soil. For example, ivy grows well in rich, loose soil. Venus’s navel is able to grow in the cracks of rocks where there is very little soil.

Structural adaptations The structure of cacti helps them survive extremely hot and dry climates. A cactus plant can retain large amounts of water in its fleshy stem. Tough skin keeps water inside from evaporating. The olive tree also grows in hot, dry climates. It has adapted by growing hard, impermeable leaves. Adapting to fauna Some plants develop defence systems to avoid being eaten by animals. For example, the castor oil plant produces venom. Rose bushes have thorns. Thyme plants give off an unpleasant smell that repels herbivores.

1

Answer the questions. Why do plants have to protect themselves from animals? Why do plants living in dry areas need to grow farther apart?

2

How do plants adapt to changes in the seasons? Write an example.

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2 3

Complete the chart with two examples for each type of adaptation. to rainfall

to soil Adaptation

to fauna

structural

4

5

Look at the pictures. How have these plants adapted to low rainfall or low light?

Stem:

Leaves:

Roots:

Stem:

Look at the picture. Name two types of adaptations of waterlillies. Explain.


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3

Ecosystems in danger

EXTENSION

Name

Date

All over the planet Earth, on land and at sea, there are entire ecosystems in danger of extinction. This maps shows some of the richest and most endangered ecosystems on Earth. Bering Sea Siberia Lake Baikal

Mediterranean coastline Rocky Mountains

Jungles of Guinea Indian Ocean

Jungles of Liberia

Madagascar

Amazon rainforest Cape of Good Hope

Bering Sea: an area of reproduction for grey whales, located in the northern Pacific Ocean. Rocky Mountains: an area with some of the most characteristic landscapes of North America. Amazon rainforest: the home to thousands of unique species of plants and animals. Mediterranean coastline: a diverse ecosystem, especially for plants, birds and insects. Equatorial jungles of eastern Africa: have some rare species such as the dwarf hippopotamus and the okapi. Cape of Good Hope: home to unique flora and fauna: zebras, antelopes, baboons, insects, whales, hundreds of species of birds, and more.

1

Siberia: the taiga here is one of the largest natural forests in the world. Lake Baikal: the largest lake in Asia. It contains 20% of all the fresh water on Earth. Madagascar: the location of some of the richest and most exotic flora and fauna on Earth. Indian Ocean: the largest corral reefs on Earth are found here.

What does this map show?

2

Find Spain on the map. Is there an ecosystem in danger near Spain? Which one?

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3 3

Complete the crossword puzzle. 1. Permanent destruction of trees and vegetation. 2. The longest river in South America.

6

▾ 1▸ 2▸

3. The ocean that is home to important corral reefs. 4. The sea in the northern Pacific Ocean which is rich in fishing resources. 5. A large lake in Asia.

3▸ 4▸ 5▸

6. A type of natural forest. A large one is in siberia.

4

Research and write a brief report about an ecosystem near where you live. Include pictures or your own drawings. Ecosystem: Location: Living things: Physical environment: Types of pollution:


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4

Volcanic eruptions

Name

EXTENSION

Date

Have you ever seen a film or television programme about volcanic eruptions? Many documentaries have captured the moment in which a peaceful mountain landscape is turned into fiery fountains of lava. As you know, volcanic activity can vary greatly. Some volcanoes are extremely active, meaning they erupt quite often and violently. Other volcanoes are less active, and they erupt less frequently, with less intensity. Some volcanoes are dormant, meaning they seem to be asleep because they have not erupted for many years. Other volcanoes are considered extinct. According to how they erupt, volcanoes are classified into four groups. Hawaiian eruptions. There are no explosions with this type of eruption. The lava is fluid, so it runs down the side of the volcano. They get their name from the volcanoes found on the islands of Hawaii. Strombolian eruptions. These are passive eruptions, so they are less dangerous than most. The lava is fluid. They are characterised by small but frequent explosions which can occur over thousands of years. They are named after the volcano Stromboli, in Italy, which has been in eruption for hundreds of years. Vulcanian eruptions. These are violent, noisy eruptions. The volcano comes to life suddenly after a dormant period and releases large clouds of ash. The magma that is released is viscous, meaning it does not flow easily and it dries quickly. The name comes from Vulcano in the Aeolian Islands off the coast of Italy, near Sicily. Pelean eruptions. These are extremely violent eruptions. As dense magma rises through the chimney, it cools and blocks the crater of the volcano. This builds up pressure inside the volcano because the magma and gases cannot escape. Finally, the volcano erupts in an extremely violent explosion, releasing the gas and lava. This type of eruption is named after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique, which completely destroyed this island in the Caribbean Sea.

1

Where do the names of the four types of eruptions come from?

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4 2

Identify and label each type of volcanic eruption. A

B

3

C

D

Explain the difference between lava and magma.

4

Ancient Romans worshipped a god named Vulcan. Find out who Vulcan was and fill in the information card. God of Son of Husband of Lived under ◾ Answer the questions. What is the name of a famous painting of Vulcan? Who painted it? In what museum can you see this painting?


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5

Star gazing

EXTENSION

Name

Date

Scorpions and dragons, princesses and hunters, chariots and arrows... If you look up at the sky on a clear night, from a place without pollution, you will see hundreds of stars that form outlines of interesting shapes. These groups of stars are constellations. And of all the constellations, there is one that is easily recognised by everyone: the Big Dipper, also known as Ursa Major, the Plough, or the Big Bear. The Big Dipper is located in the northern hemisphere. It is made up of seven stars. Three of these stars seem to form the handle and four appear to form the bowl of a dipper, another name for a ladle or scoop.

URSA MINOR

URSA MAJOR

The star at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper is the North Star, also known as Polaris or the Pole Star. Another way to find the North Star is to draw a line through the last two stars of the bowl of the Big Dipper. This line will point to the North Star. Close by is the constellation of Cepheus, which represents the legendary king of Ethiopia, Cefeo. Beyond Cepheus you can see Cassiopeia, which will look like an M or W, depending on the season. Winter is the best time of year to see the constellations Orion, the hunter, and Canis Major, Orion's dog. In total, there are 88 constellations.

1

Read and answer. What is a constellation? What constellation does the Pole Star belong to? In what hemisphere is it? What constellation has the shape of a hunter and his dog?

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5 2

Connect the dots to draw five constellations.

URSA MAJOR URSA MINOR

DRAGON

CEPHEUS CASSIOPEIA

◾ Where is the Pole Star? Circle it and explain its position.

3

Read these words backwards to find out the names of some of the stars that make up the constellation of Orion. Now write them correctly. 1. esuegleteB

2. legiR

3. xirtalleB

4. akatniM

5. katimlA

6 malinlA

7. hpiaS


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6

Eureka

EXTENSION

Name

Date

About 2,200 years ago, Hieron, King of Syracuse, in Sicily, commissioned a solid gold crown. The crown was beautiful, but Hieron was worried because he suspected that the goldsmith was dishonest. Perhaps he had stolen part of the gold and used less valuable metals.

Can you find out if the crown is made of solid gold?

I will try to find the solution.

Hieron called Archimedes, the wisest man in the city. A week later, while he was taking a bath, Archimedes thought of a solution. Archimedes took two bowls of water. He placed the crown in one bowl. In the other one, he placed another crown of solid gold with the same mass.

Eureka! I’ve got it! I’ve found the solution.

1

Look how the water spills out of the bowl. The goldsmith tried to cheat you!

Read and tick the correct answer. How did Archimedes find out that the goldsmith had cheated Hieron? Because one of the bowls had more water than the other. Because both bowls contained the same amount of water. What did Archimedes base his conclusions on? Changing the shape of a body also changes its volume. Two equal masses of the same substance have the same volume.

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6 2

Why is the block of lead smaller than the block of cork if they both have the same mass? Explain.

Lead 1 kg

Cork 1 kg

3

Look at the pictures of the ring in the liquid. Why is the second picture wrong? ◾ Calculate the density of the ring. Its mass is 30 grams. Its volume is 1.5 cm3.

4

Look for information and answer the questions. Who was Archimedes? Where was he born? What were Archimedes’ most important contributions to science? What does the word eureka mean?


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7

Newton’s apple

Name

EXTENSION

Date

Many historical events have elements of reality and legend. This is certainly the case with the discovery of the Universal Law of Gravitation. The legend tells the story of how Isaac Newton was resting under an apple tree. When an apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head, Newton suddenly discovered the Law of Gravity. In reality, Newton observed how an apple fell from a tree towards the ground. This inspired him and made him start thinking. ‘Why do objects always fall downwards towards the Earth and not upwards towards the Sun?’ Using mathematical equations, Newton formulated one of the most important laws of physics. Thanks to the apple, this English scientist realised that there is an invisible force called gravity that attracts all objects towards the centre of the Earth.

1

Answer the questions. Who was Isaac Newton? What is gravity? Why did a falling apple make Newton think of gravity?

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7 2

Read this newspaper story about the apple tree that inspired Isaac Newton.

21 September 2006

Newton’s apple falls during Hurricane Gordon At 10 o’clock this morning, a very strong wind caused the only apple growing on Newton’s apple tree this year to fall to the ground. This tree was planted in front of the House of Science in A Coruña in honour of the great 17th century English scientist. In 1666, the apple that Newton observed, fell straight to the ground towards the centre of the Earth. But today, the apple did not fall straight to the ground. Instead, it landed at some distance from the tree. This apple had two forces working on it at the same time: the force of gravity and the force of the strong winds of Hurricane Gordon. Remember, gravity is not the only force of nature on Earth.

◾ What other forces do you know about? Write.

3

Apples play a role in many historical events and legends. Match. Eve and the apple Paris and the golden apple Newton’s apple William Tell’s apple

The Universal Law of Gravitation The Trojan War The expulsion from paradise The independence of Switzerland

Do you know any other stories in which an apple plays an important role? Write the name. What kind of plant is the apple tree?


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8

Teneguia, a very young mountain

Name

EXTENSION

Date

In 1971, the inhabitants of La Palma in the Canary Islands were witnesses to the birth of a new mountain. This is how it happened: at 3:00 p.m. on 26th October, the volcano Cumbre Vieja erupted. A deep, 200-metre-long crack opened up in the earth. For three weeks, the earth continued to tremble. It seemed as though the eruption was never going to end. So much lava flowed out of the volcano’s cone and into the sea that it made the island larger. Finally, on 18th November 1971, the eruption ended and the lava stopped flowing. Everything was calm again. Now, La Palma had a new mountain: the Teneguia.

1

Answer. What happened? Where did it happen? When did it happen?

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8 2

Read, then complete the chart. Mount Vesuvius, the volcano that buried three cities Location: Naples, Italy

Height: 1,279 metres

Last eruption: 1944

Mount Vesuvius is not a very tall volcano, but its eruption in AD 79 was deadly. It completely buried and destroyed the Roman cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae. Over 16,000 people died.

Mauna Kea, the tallest volcano in the world Location: Hawaii, USA


Last eruption: 4,500 years ago

This dormant volcano is about a million years old. When measured from the ocean floor, it is more than 9,000 metres tall. It is so tall that is has regular snowfalls.

Etna, the most active volcano in Europe Location: Sicily, Italy


Last eruption: 2001

Mount Etna first erupted in 423 BC. Since then, it has erupted over 200 times and killed thousands of people.

Krakatoa, the volcano that destroyed an island Location: Indonesia

Height: 813 metres

Last eruption: 2010

Krakatoa’s eruption in 1883 was catastrophic. The explosion was so powerful that two-thirds of the island disappeared. It produced deadly tsunamis that destroyed villages in Java and Sumatra. A thick cloud of ash and dust affected the weather around the world. Over 30,000 people died. It was the loudest eruption in history: people 3,500 kilometres away heard the explosion.

European volcanoes

Non-European volcanoes

Name Country Height

This volcano is famous because


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9

The Azores Islands

EXTENSION

Name

Date

The Azores are a group of nine Portuguese islands located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. They are part of Macaronesia, which is made up of five archipelagos near the continent of Africa: the Azores Islands, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, the Madeira Islands and the Savage Islands.

1

E

PORTUGAL

The Azores

SPAIN

ES

IA

S

Madeira Islands Savage Islands

ON

AT L A N T I C OCEAN

AR

The Azores high pressure system, known as the Azores High, is an anticyclone named after the Azores Islands because it forms above them. When this area of high pressure reaches the Iberian Peninsula, it is responsible for fine weather conditions: dry, sunny and warm.

W

Canary Islands

AC

The climate in the Azores is mild and regular all year long. Temperatures average 20º C. Precipitation is abundant, especially from November to May.

N

M

The Azores are volcanic islands. Ponta do Pico, on Pico Island, is the highest mountain in Macaronesia and in Portugal. Its peak measures 2,351 metres above sea level.

ÁFRICA

Cape Verde Islands

Tick the correct answer. The Azores Islands belong to Portugal.

Spain.

The Canary Islands make up part of the Azores Islands.

Macaronesia.

Africa.

127683macaronesia Portugal.

Ponta do Pico volcano is the highest peak in the Canary Islands. the highest peak in Portugal. the highest peak in Europe. The Azores high pressure system is responsible for good weather in the Iberian Peninsula. good weather in Africa. rain in the Azores.

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9

2

Why do we associate good weather with dry, hot weather? When it rains, isn’t the weather also good? Think and explain.

3

Make a chart from this data. Average temperatures in Spain (Cº) J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

7

7

11

13

16

22

24

24

20

16

10

7

Average precipitation in Spain (l/m2) J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

50

48

55

44

47

13

8

18

39

78

60

55

Cº

l/m2

30

120

25 20 15 10 5 0

4

J

F

M

A

M

J J months

A

S

O

N

D

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

At what time of year does the Azores High affect Spain the most? Explain.


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10

Batuecas National Park

EXTENSION

Name

Date

In the year 2000, this area in the south of the province of Salamanca was declared Batuecas National Park. Its rich flora and fauna have fascinated people for at least four thousand years. Approximately 4,000 years ago, prehistoric man admired the deep valleys, streams and waterfalls of this area. Many caves containing Neolithic paintings of animals, such as fish and mountain goats, have been found in the park. In the 15th century, Carmelite Monks founded a convent here because it was the ideal place for them to live a peaceful and solitary life.

Chorro Waterfall La Alberca

Batuecas Monastery

Several rivers pass through the park. The Rivers Francia, Alagon and Batuecas all belong to the Tagus river basin. The River Agadon is part of the Duero river basin. Along the River Batuecas is possibly the most beautiful spot: the Chorro Waterfall. It is ten metres high, and many people think it looks like paradise. Today, Batuecas National Park is the home of many protected species: the wolf, the lynx, the royal eagle and the black stork.

1

Read, think and answer. In which province is Batuecas National Park? What Autonomous Community does this province belong to? When did people first settle in the Batuecas area? What is the name of this period in history? What religious order founded the Batauecas Monastery? In what century was it founded? What protected species are found in Batuecas National Park?

2

What rivers flow through Batuecas National Park? What watershed do they belong to?

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10 3

Why can rivers of different river basins be in the same watershed? Explain.

4

Circle the names of the main tributaries of the River Tagus and the River Duero. Then, classify them. O G Z U T B O W P P A C

E U J R O A N I R I B R

R A E M R G E D E S L A

O D B C M E G A T U O U

V A L D E R A D U E Y P

A R A E S I L O C R L A

S R N H Y F B T A G J T

J A R A M A E K L A Y I

I M D D E L R X A S H E

D A O A S O C A G D A T

Y H P J O M H S O I D A

M O D A C X E I N R T R

Tributaries of the River Tagus

Tributaries of the River Duero

5

Look for this information: Where is Babia? In which Autonomous Community is it located? What is the main river that flows through this Autonomous Community?


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11

Spain’s ageing population

Name

EXTENSION

Date

Spain is getting old. The number of people who are over 65 years old has been increasing in recent decades. At the beginning of the 20th Century, five out of every 100 Spaniards were over 65. Today, 17 percent of the population is over 65. This percentage will continue to increase in the coming years. It is estimated that in the year 2020, twenty percent of the Spanish population will be over 65. There are two reasons for this: Lower birth rate: in the last 50 years, the birth rate has gone from five children per woman to 1.4 children per woman. Higher life expectancy: in other words, people are living longer. In 1900, a person born in Spain could expect to live an average of 35 years. Today, the average life expectancy in Spain is 81 years.

1

Read and answer. Why has the Spanish population aged in recent decades? What is the life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain?

2

The Spanish population is getting older. What are some of the consequences? Give examples.

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11 3

4

Match. A statistical study of a human population.

Death rate

The ratio between births and the population.

Demographics

The ratio between deaths and the population.

Population density

The number of inhabitants per square kilometre.

Birth rate

Moving from one country to another.

International emigration / immigration

Make population pyramids. Sex

Age groups

Women

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

1,100,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,400,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 1,900,000 1,800,000

Sex

Men

Age groups

Women

Men

1,200,000 1,100,000 1,100,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 1,900,000 2,100,000 2,000,000 1,900,000

45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

1,700,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 700,000 600,000

1,700,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 900,000 900,000 700,000 500,000 300,000

To make your population pyramids, transfer the data from the chart above to the axes. Then, draw the corresponding horizontal line for each age group and gender. Men

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

Age groups 85+ 80-84 75-70 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 population

Women

1,000,000

2,000,000


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12

Organisation of Spain

Name

EXTENSION

Date

In December 1978, the Spanish people approved the Constitution by referendum. The Constitution is the most important law in Spain. It guarantees freedom and equality for all citizens. It also guarantees political pluralism. In addition, it includes the national institutions, the form of government and the organisation of Spain’s territory. Spanish territory is organised in municipalities, provinces and Autonomous Communities. Every Spanish citizen lives in a municipality. The municipality belongs to a province, and the province belongs to an Autonomous Community. Several municipalities in the same region which share similar characteristics can be grouped into a comarca. In Spain, there are 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities: Ceuta and Melilla.

1

Read, think and explain. What is a referendum? Name four of the national institutions of Spain. How is Spain’s territory organised?

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12 2

Complete the index card about your province.

Name: Capital: Autonomous Community: Borders:

3

Complete the crossword puzzle. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

The most important law in Spain. It establishes the rights and obligations of all citizens. The largest of the Balearic Islands. The leader of the government, elected by the Congress of Deputies and named by the King. The lower chamber of the Parliament: Congress of . The capital of Extremadura. An Autonomous City. How each island is governed in the Canary Islands. The Head of State. A small country which borders the north of Spain. The upper chamber of the Parliament. It is responsible for creating and approving laws and for controlling the government. 2

3

▾

1

▾

▾

4

▾ 6▸ 5

▾

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13

Our ancestors

Name

EXTENSION

Date

Present day human beings evolved over a long, slow process. Our first ancestors walked the Earth some five million years ago. They are called the Australopithecus. They walked upright. Homo habilis appeared three million years ago. They walked upright and lived in small groups of families. They got their food by hunting and gathering fruits and roots. They were the first human beings to make tools. Homo erectus appeared 1,600,000 years ago. Their bodies were similar to ours: they stood upright and could be as tall as 180 cm. They were omnivores and they hunted. They made stone axes and wooden spears. Homo erectus discovered fire and used it for cooking and keeping warm. Homo antecessor lived 800,000 years ago. They were hunters and gatherers. They made tools from wood and bones. Remains of this species have been found in Atapuerca in the province of Burgos. Homo neanderthalensis appeared about 200,000 years ago. They were the first humans to bury their dead. Homo sapiens sapiens, also called Cro-Magnon, appeared about 150,000 years ago. We belong to this species of human beings. They were sedentary. They were also the first humans to farm and keep livestock. They made clothes from animal skins. They were excellent hunters and fishermen. They also made cave paintings that still exist today. Homo sapiens had larger, more highly developed brains. In Latin, homo sapiens means wise man.

1

Tick the correct answer. They are our first ancestors.

We belong to this species.

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens sapiens

Australopithecus

Homo antecessor

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo erectus

They were the first human beings to make tools.

They discovered fire.

Homo erectus



Homo antecessor

Homo habilis

Homo erectus

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13 2

When did Homo antecessor live? Where can we find some of their remains?

3

4

Match. Homo habilis

buried their dead

3 million years ago

Homo neanderthalensis

had highly developed brains

200,000 years ago


discovered fire

150,000 years ago

Homo erectus

walked upright

1,600,000 years ago

What species of Homo is this? Explain.

5

Complete the timeline with the name of the human species.

5,000,000 years ago

1,600,000 years ago

3,000,000 years ago

150,000 years ago

800,000 years ago


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200,000 years ago

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14

The Roman legions

EXTENSION

Name

Date

The Roman legions made the Roman Empire great. Most legionaries were well-trained and disciplined professional soldiers. They made up the best army of their day, and they were very successful. They steadily conquered new territories. At one point, Rome controlled the Mediterranean Sea, part of central Europe and even the British Isles. The main division of the army was the legion. Each legion had about 6,000 elite soldiers. A legion was divided into ten cohorts led by a senior officer called a legate. Each cohort was made up of 600 soldiers who were led by another senior officer. These cohorts were then divided again into three maniples with about 200 legionaries in each one. Finally, each maniple was made up of two centuries each containing a hundred men. Centurions were in charge of both the centuries and the maniples.

1

How was the Roman army organised? Look at the organigram and complete the key.

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14 2

3

Match. Lorica: armour

Scutum: shield

Pilum: spear

Galea: helmet

Gladius: sword

Greave: leg protector

Look at this Roman army camp. Then read the definitions and write the words.

Praetorium

Porta decumana

Porta principalis Tentoria dextra Intervallum

Fossa

Porta praetoria Porta principalis sinistra

Via praetoria Vallum Via principalis

Main entrance to the camp.

Porta Praetoria

Gate opposite the main entrance.

Ditch to protect the camp.

Defensive barrier made of wood.

Space between the tents and the vallum.

General’s large tent.

Soldiers’ tents.

Gate on the left.

Gate on the right.

Road crossing from the left to the right side of the camp.

Road going from the main entrance to the rear entrance.


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15

The Way of St James

Name

EXTENSION

Date

A pilgrim is a believer who travels long distances to visit a sacred place. Since the Middle Ages, Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela have been the main destinations of pilgrimages. The passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ happened in Jerusalem. Rome is home to the Pope and the place where Saint Peter died. It is believed that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. For centuries, pilgrims have walked the Way of St James to Compostela to show their devotion to St James. This journey can often take months. During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, pilgrims from all over Europe walked Way of St James. On their journey, they slept in monasteries, hospitals and inns. Since the Middle Ages, the Way of St James has had several routes: The French Way starts in Saint Jean Pied de Port, France. It crosses Navarre, Rioja, Castile-Leon and Galicia. The Northern Way starts at the French border in Irun. It goes along the Cantabrian coast. The Primitive Way starts in Asturias and passes through Lugo, where it joins the last part of the French Way. The Silver Way starts in Andalusia. It crosses Extremadura, Castile-Leon, and southern Galicia. When pilgrims arrive at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, they go through the western entrance, through the beautiful Portico de la Gloria.

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Answer the questions. What have been the main destinations of pilgrimages since the Middle Ages? Why do people make pilgrimages to these places?

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15 2

What is a relic? What relic is in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela? Find out and explain.

3

4

Use the key and colour the different routes of the Way of St James.

red

French Way

blue

Northern Way

green

Primitive Way

yellow

Silver Way

Santiago Look at the parts of 127683Camino the Porticodede la Gloria.

archivolts

tympanum column mainel

◾ Now, write T (true) or F (false). Archivolts are decorative bands that follow the shape of an arch. The mainel is a column that divides the open space of a door into two parts. The tympanum is a decorated semicircular space above a door. Columns are vertical elements which support the weight of a building.


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Answer key 1 CELLS 1. Label the parts of the cell. Left: cytoplasm, nucleus. Right: membrane. 2. Read the definitions and write the parts of the cell. nucleus; cytoplasm; membrane. 3. Write animal cell or plant cell. Then, complete the sentences. plant cell; animal cell. Animal cells can be many different shapes. Sometimes their shape is very irregular. Plant cells are bigger and have a regular shape. They have a hard cell wall around the membrane. 2 TISSUES, ORGANS, SYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS 1. Write in order from the least complex to the most complex. Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism. 2. Write two examples for each. M. A. (Model answer) • Tissues: muscle tissue, epidermis of a plant. • Organs: heart, leaf of a plant. • Systems: muscular system, digestive system. 3. What is an organism? When all the systems work together, they form an organism, which is a complete living thing. 4. Complete the sentences. Animals; Plants. 3 BACTERIA, FUNGI, ALGAE AND PROTOZOA 1. Write the names of the five kingdoms of living things. Animal, plant, fungi, bacteria, the fifth kingdom. 2. Answer the questions. • Bacteria can help make yoghurt, cheese and bread. • Fungi cannot move by themselves. 3. Complete the sentences. Bacteria; microbes; unicellular; protozoa; multicellular. 4. Write T (true) or F (false). F; F; F. 4 PLANT CLASSIFICATION 1. Complete the chart. flowering plants; Non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns; Flowering plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms. 2. Write Angiosperm or Gymnosperm. Angiosperm, angiosperm, gymnosperm, angiosperm.

Reinforcement

2. Answer the questions. • This process only takes place during the day. • Mineral salts dissolve in water. Then, plants absorb this water through their tiny root hairs. • Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight. 3. Match. Phloem vessels: elaborated sap Xylem vessels: raw sap 6 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS 1. Label the parts of the flower. Left top to bottom: pistil; ovule. Right top to bottom: anther; stamen; ovary. 2. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, write the correct sentences. F, plants that use wind pollination produce large quantities of pollen; T; F, plants that use insect pollination have large attractive flowers. 3. Explain how each plant carries out reproduction. This is a dandelion. Wind separates the seeds from the plant. The seeds travel long distances as they float in the wind, reaching the stigmas of other flowers. A bee is pollinating the flower. The plant has attractive flowers, which bees like. The pollen grains stick to the bees, and they carry them to the stigma of other flowers. 7 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS 1. Match and explain how the stems grow. 1 Tuber. Tubers are subterranean stems. Part of the stem grows above the ground and part grows underground. 2 Rhizome. Rhizomes are specialised stems which extend horizontally below the ground. 3 Stolen. Stolens are specialised stems which extend horizontally above the ground from the mother plant. 2. Answer the questions. • A cutting is a fragment of a stem with a bud. It produces a new root and becomes a plant. • Grafting is when a fragment of one plant is joined to another plant. The grafted fragment grows exactly like the plant it came from. 3. What types of asexual reproduction in plants are useful in agriculture? Many kinds are useful. For example, tuber: potatoes; rhizome: onions; stolens: strawberries. Using cuttings and grafting are also useful.

3. Complete the sentences. Mosses; ferns; non-flowering; Spores; plants; leaves. 5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Label the parts of a plant. Top to bottom: stomata; carbon dioxide; xylem vessels; root hairs.

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Answer key Reinforcement 8 ECOSYSTEMS 1. Complete the sentences. physical environment; living things; environment; modify. 2. Look at the picture and answer the questions. • This ecosystem is made up of the physical environment and the living things which inhabit it. • People, seals, walruses, fish, and seagulls. • A giraffe could not live in this ecosystem because there are no plants and the climate is too cold. Giraffes need a warm climate and plants to eat. • People modify this ecosystem by building igloos from ice and sawing holes in the ice for fishing. Birds and seals eat many of the fish. 9 NUTRITION IN ECOSYSTEMS 1. Number the living things in this food chain in order. 1 Grass (producer). 2 Grasshopper (primary consumer). 3 Mouse (secondary consumer). 4 Fox (tertiary consumer). 2. Write two examples for each type of consumer. M. A. • Primary consumer: aphid, sheep. • Secondary consumer: frog, fox. • Tertiary consumer: human being, tiger. 3. Complete the sentences. food chains; species; webs.

2. Which layer of the Earth does each thing belong to? • The water in a river: hydrosphere. • The rocks in a mountain: geosphere. • The air we breathe: atmosphere. 3. What part of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? How does ozone protect the Earth? The ozone layer is in the upper stratosphere. Ozone is a gas that acts as a barrier against the Sun’s ultraviolet rays. 12 THE EARTH’S CRUST 1. Match. 1 Water enters cracks in the rock and freezes. 2 When water freezes, it expands. 3 The rock breaks apart. ◾ Now, explain how water causes rocks to break down. Rainvwater enters the cracks in a rock. When the temperature is low, the water freezes. As the water freezes, it expands and breaks the rock apart. 2. Number these processes in the correct order. 1 Wind and water erode a mountain. 2 Wind carries the eroded material. 3 The material settles at the foot of another mountain. 3. Copy the chart and write an example for each case. M. A. Rivers and streams Rivers and streams erode river beds, slowly creating valleys and canyons.

Wind carries loose soil and sand, eroding the lower part of rocks.

Seawater erodes the lower parts of cliffs.

Transport

Rivers and streams carry sand and pieces of rock.

Wind picks up particles of sand from the ground and carries them in the air.

Seas carry sand and pieces of rock.

Sedimentation

Mud settles at the bottom of rivers and streams.

In the desert, the wind carries sand and deposits it to form sand dunes.

Sand settles at the bottom of the ocean and on beaches.

1. Write six factors that make up our environment. M. A.: People, animals, buildings, parks, climate, water.

3. What human activities in the picture modify the environment? M. A. The tractor ploughing the land, the construction of buildings, fences, streets, motorways, electrical power lines, farm animals, etc.

Seawater

Erosion

10 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

2. Write a sentence about environmental problems using each pair of words. M. A.: Deforestation occurs when people cut down trees to make space for farmland. Hunting is one cause of the loss of biodiversity.

Wind

4. Explain why the loss of an animal or plant species in an ecosystem is a serious problem. M. A. It is a serious problem because all living things are part of a food chain. When one species disappears, the living things that feed on this species are affected. 11 THE EARTH’S LAYERS 1. Complete the diagram. Left labels: atmosphere: stratosphere; troposphere. Right labels: geosphere: core; mantle; crust. Below right: hydrosphere.


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Answer key Reinforcement 13 ROCKS ON THE EARTH’S CRUST

17 SPACE EXPLORATION

1. Complete the chart. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies. Example: granite. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. Example: coal. Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks. Example: slate.

1. Complete the crossword puzzle. 1 Apollo eleven 5 Rockets 2 Sputnik 6 Space probes 3 Gagarin 7 Shuttles 4 Mars 8 Neil Armstrong

2. Write T (true) or F (false). T; F; T; T; F.

1. Write mass, volume or density. • Density is the relationship between the mass and the volume of an object. • Mass is the amount of matter in an object. • Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. • Mass and volume are general properties of matter. • Density is a specific property of matter.

14 VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES 1. Complete the sentences. energy; eruptions; Earthquakes; crust; crust; magma. 2. Label the parts of a volcano. Left top to bottom: volcanic chimney; magma chamber. Right top to bottom: crater; volcanic cone. ◾ Read the definitions and write the words. crater; volcanic chimney; lava; volcanic cone. 15 THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. Read the definitions and write the words. Solar System; planets; asteroids; comets. 2. Complete the chart. Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Dwarf planet: Pluto. 3. Find and circle the two errors. Then, write the correct texts. Shooting stars are small celestial bodies the size of dust or sand particles. They burn up as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorites are bodies that are too large to burn up completely, so they crash into the Earth. 16 THE UNIVERSE 1. Complete the chart. THE SUN Colour: yellow. Size: medium-sized. Luminosity: the most luminous star in the sky. Brightness: the brightest star in the sky.

18 MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

2. Complete the chart. Left column top to bottom: General properties mass, volume, temperature grams or kilograms Right column top to bottom: Specific properties colour, hardness 19 PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES 1. Correct these false sentences. Mixtures consist of two or more pure substances. Pure substances consist of just one type of matter. Alloys are a type of homogeneous mixture. 2. How would you separate the different substances in these mixtures? Choose the best answer. Explain. (M.A.) • Water and sawdust: filtration because with this method we can separate a liquid from a solid. • Oil and water: decantation because with this method we can separate two substances with different densities. • Water and salt: evaporation because with this method the water evaporates and leaves the salt.

2. Complete the sentences. galaxy; elliptical; spiral; irregular; Milky Way. 3. Explain the differences between a constellation and a galaxy. M. A.: A constellation is much smaller than a galaxy. It is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky, for example, Ursa Major. A galaxy may contain millions of stars. They have different shapes, for example, the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy.

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Answer key Reinforcement 20 CHEMICAL CHANGES

2. Describe what is happening in the picture. M.A.

1. What is a chemical change? Write an example. M.A. A chemical change occurs when a substance changes into another substance, for example, when iron oxidises, it changes into rust. 2. Look at the pictures and answer the questions. • What happens to the ice cubes? They melt. • Can water change into ice? Yes, if we freeze water. • Can ice change into water? Yes, when ice melts. • Can wood change into ashes? Yes, if we burn it. • Can ashes change into wood? No. A chemical change has occurred. • Which picture shows a chemical change? Explain. The picture of the wood burning. It is an example of combustion. 21 CHANGES OF STATE 1. Write the changes of state. Then, circle the words in the wordsearch. • A gas becomes a liquid: condensation. • A liquid slowly changes into a gas at a lower temperature than boiling: evaporation. • A solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid: sublimation. • A solid becomes a liquid: melting. • A liquid quickly changes into a gas when the substance reaches a certain temperature: boiling. C

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The ball is moving. Friction between the ball and ground makes the ball slow down. Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects. Eventually, the ball will stop. 3. Calculate the answer. If a car takes four hours to travel 300 kilometres, its speed is 300 divided by 4: 75 kilometres per hour. 23 GRAVITY AND MOVEMENT 1. Circle the correct word and write the complete sentence. • Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface. • When you throw a ball, gravity pushes the ball downwards. 2. Explain what is happening to this moving ball M.A. The force you use to throw a ball pushes the ball forward and applies speed to it. At the same time, gravity pushes the ball downwards. It starts to move downwards, faster and faster. The result of these two movements makes the ball move in a curved direction. 24 THE INNER PLATEAU 1. Complete the chart. MOUNTAIN RANGES ON THE INNER PLATEAU Central Mountain Chain

Mountains of Toledo

Northern Sub-plateau

Southern Sub-plateau

◾ Now, look at the map and label the relief features of the Inner Plateau. Northern Sub-plateau, Central Mountain Chain, Southern Sub-plateau, Mountains of Toledo.

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25 MOUNTAINS AND RIVER BASINS

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1. Write the names.

B

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2. What is reverse sublimation? Explain and write an example. M.A. This is when a gas becomes a solid, without first becoming a liquid. For example, when air saturated with water vapour is cooled, it forms frost.

Mountains ranges surrounding the Inner Plateau: the Mountains of Leon, the Cantabrian Range, the Iberian Mountain Chain, the Sierra Morena. River basins lying beyond the Inner Plateau: the Guadalquivir river basin and the Ebro river basin. Mountain ranges lying beyond the Inner Plateau: the Galician Massif, the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Chain, the Baetic Mountain Chain. ◾ Look at the map and label mountains and river basins. Top row: Cantabrian Chain, Basque Mountains, Pyrenees Left column: Sierra Morena, Guadalquivir river basin Right column: Ebro river basin, Baetic Chain 26 THE SPANISH COASTS AND ISLANDS

22 MOVEMENT AND SPEED 1. Answer the questions. • What makes a body move, change direction or stop? A body moves, changes direction or stops when a force acts upon it. • How is speed calculated? To calculate speed, we divide the distance by the time it takes to travel this distance.

1. Use these names to label the coasts and archipelagos. A Cantabrian Sea, B Atlantic Ocean, C Balearic Islands, D Canary Islands, E Mediterranean Sea. 2. Write the names of the islands. Canary Archipelago: Lanzarote, La Palma, Tenerife, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Gran Canaria. Balearic Archipelago: Menorca, Mallorca, Cabrera, Ibiza, Formentera.


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Answer key Reinforcement 27 THE CLIMATES OF SPAIN 1. Use the key and colour the map. See Student Book, page 107. 28 THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE 1. Match. Mediterranean climate: the dark grey area. Continental Mediterranean climate: the medium grey area. ◾ Which regions of Spain have these climates? Mediterranean climate: the regions near the Mediterranean Sea, from Catalonia to Andalusia. The Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla also have this climate. Continental Mediterranean climate: the inland regions of the Iberian Peninsula, including the Inner Plateau and the Ebro river basin. 2. Describe temperature and precipitation for each type of climate. Mediterranean climate. Temperatures: mild. Precipitation: little rain especially in the summer. Continental Mediterranean climate. Temperatures: more extreme, very low in summer and high in winter. Precipitation: it normally rains in the spring and in the autumn. 29 OCEANIC, SUBTROPICAL AND MOUNTAIN CLIMATES 1. Read and write the type of climate. The climate in the northern regions: Oceanic climate. The climate in the Canary Islands: Subtropical climate. The climate in mountain regions: Mountain climate. 2. Look at the temperatures and precipitations on the graphs. Write the climate. Oceanic, Mountain, Subtropical. 30 RIVERS 1. Read the definitions and write the names. • The route of a river from its source to its mouth: course. • The ground over which a river flows: riverbed. • The amount of water a river carries: flow. • Bodies of flowing water which start in the mountains when rain accumulates or snow melts: rivers. 2. Label the picture. Left column: reservoir, tributary, meander, delta. Right column: upper, middle course, lower course.

2. Investigate and complete the index card about the River Jucar. M.A. • Source: Iberian Mountain Chain • Mouth: Mediterranean Sea • Watershed: Mediterranean • Flow: not much water • Flow regime: irregular 32 THE POPULATION OF SPAIN 1. Read the text and explain why it is not correct. It is not correct because natural growth is positive as the birth rate is higher than the death rate. There are more immigrants than emigrants, so migratory growth is positive. 2. Write the provinces. Provinces with fewer than 10 inhabitants per km2: Soria and Teruel. Provinces with more than 600 inhabitants per km2: Barcelona and Madrid. 33 SERVICES 1. Complete the crossword puzzle. 1 Transport. 2 Trade. 3 Domestic. 4 Tertiary. 5 Exports. 6 Tourism. 7 Rural. 2. What are three types of transport? Give examples. M. A. Land transport: lorries. Sea transport: cargo ships. Air transport: aeroplanes. 34 THE TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION OF SPAIN 1. Complete the charts. Natural borders: North: Cantabrian Sea. South: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. East: Mediterranean Sea. West: Atlantic Ocean. Political borders: North: France and Andorra. South: Morocco. West: Portugal. 2. Label the borders of Spain on the map. A Atlantic Ocean; B Cantabrian Sea; C France; D Andorra; E Portugal; F Mediterrean Sea; G Morroco

31 THE WATERSHEDS OF SPAIN 1. Tick the correct answer. • Most rivers that flow into the Mediterranean are short and do not carry much water. • The rivers in the Inner Plateau are the longest on the Iberian Peninsula. • Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are short and very steep. They have regular, abundant flow regimes. • In the Canary Islands, there are gullies.

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Answer key Reinforcement 35 THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF SPAIN 1. Tick the correct answer. Then, write the complete sentence. Spain is a Parliamentary Monarchy. The Head of State is the King. The Congress of Deputies and the Senate make up the Parliament. The President of the Government is elected by the Congress of Deputies. 2. Complete the chart. Institution Head of State

2. Look at the painting. Then, answer the question. It is from the Neolithic Age because it shows a hunting scene. It shows very simple figures. 3. Match. Polished stone tools – Neolithic – They made more sophisticated tools such as hoes and sickles. Simple tools from wood, bones and stone – Palaeolithic – They hit one stone against another until they obtained the shape they wanted. 38 THE METAL AGES

Duties He is Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish Armed Forces.

Made up of (people) The King

He represents Spain in its relations with other countries. Parliament

It creates and approves laws and controls the government.

the Congress of Deputies and the Senate

Government

It governs the country in accordance with the laws approved by parliament. It also establishes economic, social and political objectives, and is responsible for international relations.

the President and the ministers

Courts of Justice

They ensure that laws are obeyed and judge anyone accused of committing a crime.

judges and magistrates

36 PREHISTORY: THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE 1. Match. Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest. Prehistory starts with the appearance of human beings and ends with the appearance of writing. Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages. 2. Complete the text. In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings ate what they found in nature. They fished, hunted and gathered fruit. These men and women were nomads, people who move continually, without settling in one place. They lived in tribes, small groups formed by several families. They made simple tools from animal bones, and they painted the inside of caves. 37 THE NEOLITHIC AGE 1. Write characteristics of human beings during the Neolithic Age. They were sedentary; they cultivated crops; they kept animals in stables; they wore clothes made of cloth.

1. Look at the timeline. Why is it not correct? The periods of Prehistory are not in the correct order. The correct order is Palaeolithic: 1,000,000 years ago. Neolithic: 7,000 years ago. The Metal Ages: 6,000 years ago. 2. Write Palaeolithic, Neolithic or Metal Ages. People lived in towns: Metal Ages. People lived in villages: Neolithic. People lived in caves: Palaeolithic. People hunted and gathered fruit: Palaeolithic. People farmed and kept animals: Neolithic. People became soldiers and traders: Metal Ages. People built megalithic monuments: Metal Ages. People painted human figures on cave walls: Neolithic. People painted animals on cave walls: Palaeolithic. They made tools from polished stone: Neolithic. They made tools from metal: Metal Ages. They made simple tools from stone: Palaeolithic. 39 THE IBERIANS, THE CELTS AND THE FIRST COLONISTS 1. Use the key and colour the map. Then, answer the questions. See Student Book page 166. The Iberians lived in the south and east of the Peninsula. The Celts lived in the centre of the Peninsula and on the Atlantic coast. M. A.: Iberian tribes: Bastetani, Edetani, Laietani. Celtic tribes: Vettones, Astures, Cantabri.

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2. Wordsearch. Circle the names of the three colonising civilizations. Circle one colony of each civilization. Then, write them down. Greek: Saguntum; Carthaginian: Cartago Nova; Phoenician: Gadir.


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40 ROMAN HISPANIA 1. Read the definitions and write the words. A mixture of stones, cement and sand used in Roman construction: concrete. The language spoken by the Romans: Latin. The name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula: Hispania. The official religion of the Roman Empire beginning in 380 A. D.: Christianity. The name of the wars fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians: Punic Wars. Pictures made with tiles of stone or coloured glass: mosaics. The only pre-Roman language which has survived: Basque. People without rights who were owned by another person: slaves.

2. Look at the photo. Is it a Romanesque or a Gothic church? Romanesque ◾W rite some differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture. M. A. Gothic buildings are taller. The walls of Gothic buildings are thinner than the walls of Romanesque buildings. There are more windows. Often the windows are made of stained glass. The arches in Romanesque buildings are round, but the arches of Gothic buildings are pointed.

2. Complete the text. Over 2,000 years ago, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans called it Hispania. The Romans divided Hispania into provinces. The Roman language was Latin. The inhabitants of Hispania adopted Roman customs. In 380 A.D., Christianity became the official religion throughout the Roman Empire. The Romans were excellent builders. They used two new materials for building: cement and concrete. They decorated floors and walls with paintings and mosaics. 41 THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Circle the correct answer. Then, write the sentence. • The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe. • The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was Toledo. 2. Write the correct dates. Then, number the sentences chronologically: 1, 2 and 3. 1. In the year 711, Muslims invaded the Peninsula and turned Al-Andalus into an emirate, a province which depended on the caliph of Damascus. 2. In the year 756, Prince Abd-ar-Rahman I proclaimed himself an independent emir and Al-Andalus separated from Damascus. 3. In the year 929, the emir Abd-ar-Rahman III became a caliph and established the caliphate of Cordoba. 3. Write the names of the Christian Kingdoms or counties in the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning of the Middle Ages. In Cantabria: The Kingdom of Asturias; The Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile In the Pyrenees: the Kingdom of Navarre, the Kingdom of Aragon and the Catalan Counties. 42 LIFE IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS 1. Complete. Left column: privileged; noblemen, clergy. Right column: non-privileged; peasants, craftsmen, merchants.

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Answer key 1 PARTS OF A CELL 1. Answer the questions. The nucleus. Cells need to carry out the life processes of nutrition, reproduction and sensitiviy because they are living things. 2. Look at the animal cell on the previous page. Label the parts of this plant cell. Left top to bottom: cytoplasm; nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum; chloroplast. Right top to bottom: ribosome; vacuole; mitochondrion; cell wall. ◾ Now, write about two differences you observed. 1. Animal cells have an irregular shape. Plant cells have a regular shape. 2. Plant cells have a hard cell wall around the membrane. 3. Match the cell types with their functions. Nerve: transmits messages and orders. Processes information. Bone: forms part of the bones. Muscle: helps the body move. Adipose: stores fat and protects body organs. Blood: transports oxygen and other substances throughout the body. Sex (spermatozoid): takes part in reproduction. Epithelial: makes up the skin and covers other parts of the body.

1. Answer the questions. Plants have to protect themselves from animals so the animals don’t eat them. Water is scarce in dry areas, so plants grow farther apart in order to have access to more water. 2. How do plants adapt to changes in the seasons? M. A. Some plants produce flowers in spring. Seeds germinate in spring. Fruit ripens in summer and autumn. Many trees lose their leaves in autumn. Bulbs hibernate underground in winter. 3. Complete the chart with two examples for each type of adaptation. M. A. Adaptation to rainfall growing close together, growing far apart

Adaptation to fauna

5. Look at the picture. Name two types of adaptations of waterlillies. Explain. M. A. The leaves of the water lily are large and convex so they can float. The stems are flexible so they don’t break in the current. 3 ECOSYSTEMS IN DANGER 1. What does this map show? It shows some of the richest and most endangered ecosystems on Earth. 2. Find Spain on the map. Is there an ecosystem in danger near Spain? Which one? The Mediterranean Coast is in danger. 3. Complete the crossword puzzle. 6 ▾ 1▸

D

E

4▸

F

B

O

R

E

S

T

A

T

I

2▸

A

M

A

Z

O

N

3▸

I

N

D

I

A

N

E

R

I

N

G

5▸

B

A

I

K

ivy, Venus’s navel rose bushes, thyme

Structural adaptation cacti, olive trees 4. Look at the pictures. How have these plants adapted to low rainfall or low light? M. A. • Cactus stem: thick, fleshy stem for storing water. • Cactus roots: shallow roots which spread out to collect water. • Ivy leaves: broad leaves to receive more sunlight. • Ivy stem: vines which grow around the tree so they receive sunlight from all directions.

89

N

L

4 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 1. Where do the names of the four types of eruptions come from? Hawaiian: from volcanoes on the islands of Hawaii. Strombolian: from the Stromboli volcano in Italy. Vulcanian: from Vulano, one of the Aeolian islands off the coast of Italy. Pelean: from Mount Pelee on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean Sea. 2. Identify and label each type of volcanic eruption. A. Pelean, B. Vulcanian, C. Hawaiian, D. Strombolian. 3. Explain the difference between lava and magma. Magma is liquid rock stored deep inside the Earth. When magma comes to the surface, it is called lava. 4. Ancient Romans worshipped a god named Vulcan. Find out who Vulcan was and fill in the information card. • God of fire and metal. • Son of Jupiter and Juno. • Husband of Venus. • Lived under Mount Etna. ◾ Answer the questions. The Forge of Vulcan was painted by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez. It is in the Prado Museum.


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A

O

4. Research and write a brief report about an ecosystem near where you live. Include pictures or your own drawings. O. A.

2 PLANT ADAPTATION

Adaptation to soil

EXTENSION

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Answer key EXTENSION 5 STAR GAZING 1. Read and answer. A constellation is a group of stars that seems to form a pattern in the sky. For example, Ursa Major, in the Northern Hemisphere. The Pole Star belongs to Ursa Minor also known as the Little Dipper. It can be seen in the Northern Hemisphere. Orion is the constellation of the hunter. His dog is the constellation Canis Major. 2. Connect the dots to draw five constellations. O. A. ◾ Where is the Pole Star? Circle it and explain its position. The Pole Star is at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper. 3. Write these words backwards to find out the names of some of the stars that make up the constellation of Orion.

• What does the word eureka mean? Eureka means ‘I’ve found it’. This word is used when we make a discovery or when we find a solution to something. 7 NEWTON’S APPLE 1. Answer the questions. M. A. • Who was Isaac Newton? He is one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important advances in the fields of physics, mathematics, and chemistry. He discovered gravitational force, calculus and the three Universal Laws of Motion. • What is gravity?

1. esuegleteB: Betelgeuse

Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface.

2. legiR: Rigel 3. xirtalleB: Bellatrix

• Why did a falling apple make Newton think of gravity?

4. akatniM: Mintaka

When Newton saw the apple fall to the ground, he began to wonder why it fell towards the Earth’s surface. He concluded that the force of gravity attracted all bodies towards the centre of the Earth.

5. katimlA: Almitak 6. malinlA: Alnilam 7. hpiaS: Saiph

2. Read this newspaper story about the apple tree that inspired Isaac Newton.

6 EUREKA

◾ What other forces do you know about? Write.

1. Read and tick the correct answer. • How did Archimedes find out that the goldsmith had cheated Hieron? Because both bowls contained the same amount of water. • What did Archimedes base his conclusions on? Two equal masses of the same substance have the same volume. 2. Why is the block of lead smaller than the block of cork if they both have the same mass? Explain. The block of lead is smaller because it has less volume. It occupies less space than the block of cork. 3. Look at the pictures of the ring in the liquid. Why is the second picture wrong? Because if we put an object in a liquid, the volume of the liquid plus the object is greater, not smaller, than the volume of the liquid alone. ◾ Calculate the density of the ring. Its mass is 30 grams. Its volume is 1.5 cm3. The density is 20 grams per cubic centimetre. (30 divided by 1.5 = 20) 4. Look for information and answer the questions. M. A. • Who was Archimedes? Where was he born? Archimedes was a mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer and inventor. He was born in Syracuse, Italy.

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• What were Archimedes’ most important contributions to science? Besides the Archimedes’ Principle, he also discovered why pulleys work and invented the compound pulley.

M. A. The force of friction, magnetic force, contact forces, etc. 3. Apples play a role in many historical events and legends. Match. Eve and the apple: The expulsion from paradise. Paris and the golden apple: The Trojan War. Newton’s apple: The law of universal gravitation. William Tell’s apple: The independence of Switzerland. • Do you know any other story in which an apple plays an important role? O.A. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. • What kind of plant is the apple tree? O.A. Apple trees are deciduous. (They lose their leaves in the autumn). Apple trees are angiosperms because they have flowers. 8 TENEGUIA, A VERY YOUNG MOUNTAIN 1. Answer. • What happened? The volcano Cumbre Vieja erupted. So much lava flowed out of the volcano’s cone that it formed a new mountain: the Teneguia. • Where did it happen? On La Palma in the Canary Islands. • When did it happen? On 18th November 1971.


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Answer key EXTENSION 2. Read, then complete the chart. European volcanoes Mount Vesuvius Mount Etna Italy Italy 1,279 metres 3,322 metres In 79 A.D., it buried It is the most active Hurculaneum, Pompeii volcano in Europe. and Stabiae.

Name Country Height This volcano is famous because

9 THE AZORES ISLANDS

2. What rivers flow through the Batuecas National Park? What watershed do they belong to? The Rivers Francia, Alagon, Agadon and Batuecas. They belong to the Atlantic watershed.

1. Tick the correct answer. • The Azores Islands belong to Portugal. • The Canary Islands make up part of Macaronesia. • Ponta do Pico volcano is the highest peak in Portugal. • The Azores high pressure system is responsible for good weather in the Iberian Peninsula. 2. Why do we associate good weather with dry, hot weather? O. A. 3. Make a chart from this data. Cº

l/m2

30

120

25 20 15 10 5 0

J

F

M

A

M

J J months

A

S

O

N

D

Non-European volcanoes Mauna Kea Krakatoa The United States of America Indonesia 4,205 metres 813 metres In 1883 an explosion It is the tallest volcano killed over 30,000 in the world. people.

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

4. At what time of year does the Azores High affect Spain the most? Explain. In the spring and summer, because this is when the weather in Spain is hot and dry. 10 THE BATUECAS NATIONAL PARK 1. Read, think and answer. • In which province is Batuecas National Park? Salamanca. What Autonomous Community does this province belong to? Castile and Leon. • When did humans first settle in the Batuecas area? 4,000 years ago. What is the name of this period of history? The Neolithic Age. • What religious order founded the Batauecas Monastery? In what century was it founded? The Carmelite order founded the monastery in the 15th century. • What protected species are found in Batuecas National Park? The wolf, the lynx, the royal eagle and the black stork.

3. Why can rivers of different river basins be in the same watershed? Explain. M.A. A watershed is an area where there can be several rivers and their river basins. All the rivers are in the same watershed because they flow into the same sea. 4. Circle the names of the main tributaries of the River Duero and the River Tagus. Then, classify them. Tributaries of the River Tagus: Guadarrama, Tietar, Alberche, Jarama and Alagon. Tributaries of the River Duero: Pisuerga, Tormes, Valderaduey, Adaja and Esla. 5. Look for this information: Where is Babia? In which Autonomous Community is it located? What is the main river that flows through this Autonomous Community? Babia is in the province of Leon in the Autonomous Community of Castile–Leon. The main river that flows through Castile–Leon is the River Duero. 11 SPAIN’S AGEING POPULATION 1. Read and answer. Why has the Spanish population aged in recent decades? The Spanish population has aged in recent decades because of the lower birth rate and higher life expectancy. What is the life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain? The life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain is 81 years. 2. The Spanish population is getting older. What are some of the consequences? Give examples. M. A. Fewer child day care centres and schools are needed. More retirement centres and nursing homes are needed. More hospitals and health care centres need to specialise in caring for older people. More people will need to retire later, when they are over 65. Pensions may be affected. 3. Match. A statistical study of a human population: demographics. The ratio between births and the population: birth rate. The ratio between deaths and the population: death rate. The number of inhabitants per square kilometre: population density. Moving from one country to another: international emigration / immigration.


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Answer key EXTENSION 4. Make population pyramids. Men 300,000 500,000 700,000 900,000 900,000 1,100,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 1,900,000 2,000,000 2,100,000 1,900,000 1,500,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,100,000 1,200,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

Age groups 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

population

5. Complete the timeline with the name of the human species. 5,000,000 years ago: Australopithecus. 3,000,000 years ago: Homo habilis 1,600,000 years ago: Homo erectus. 800,000 years ago: Homo antecessor. 200,000 years ago: Homo neanderthalensis 150,000 years ago: Homo sapiens sapiens or Cro-Magnon.

Women 600,000 700,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,900,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,400,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,100,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

14 THE ROMAN LEGIONS 1. How was the Roman army organised? Look at the organigram and complete the key. Left column: legion; cohort. Right column: maniple; century. 3,000,000

12 ORGANISATION OF SPAIN 1. Read, think and explain. What is a referendum? A referendum is when citizens vote ‘yes’ or ‘no’ on a law or proposal. Name four of the national institutions of Spain: the Head of State, the Parliament, the Government and the Courts of Justice. How is Spain’s territory organised? In Spain, there are 50 provinces. There are 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities. 2. Complete the index card about your province. M. A. Name: Malaga; Capital: Malaga; Autonomous Community: Andalusia; Borders: Provinces of Cadiz, Seville, Cordoba and Granada and the Mediterranean Sea 3. Complete the crossword puzzle. 1 Constitution; 2 Mallorca; 3 President; 4 Deputies; 5 Merida; 6 Melilla; 7 Inter-island Council; 8 King; 9 Andorra; 10 Senate; 11 Parliament. 13 OUR ANCESTORS 1. Tick the correct answer. They are our first ancestors: Australopithecus. They were the first human beings to make tools: Homo habilis. They discovered fire: Homo erectus. We belong to this species: Homo sapiens sapiens. 2. When did Homo antecessor live? Where can we find some of their remains? Homo antecessor lived 800,000 years ago, in the Paleolithic Age. Some remains of this species are in Atapuerca in the province of Burgos. 3. Match. Homo habilis: walked upright; 3 million years ago. Homo neanderthalensis: buried their dead; 200,000 years ago. Homo sapiens sapiens: had highly developed brains; 150,000 years ago. Homo erectus: discovered fire; 1,600,000 years ago. 4. What species of Homo is this? Explain. This is homo erectus because he is carrying a torch. Homo erectus discovered fire.

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2. Match. Lorica – chest protection; pilum – spear in his right hand; gladius – sword at his waist; scutum – shield in his left hand; greave – protection on his shins. 3. Look at this Roman army camp. Then read the definitions and write the words. Gate opposite the main entrance: Porta decumana. Ditch to protect the camp: Fossa. Defensive barrier made of wood: Vallum. Space between the tents and the vallum: Intervallum. General’s large tent: Praetorium. Soldiers’ tents: Tentoria. Gate on the left: Port principalis sinistra. Gate on the right: Port principalis dextra. Road crossing from the left to the right side of the camp: Via principalis. Road going from the main entrance to the rear entrance: Via praetoria 15 THE WAY OF ST JAMES 1. Answer the questions. What have been the main destinations of pilgrimages since the Middle Ages? Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela. Why do people make pilgrimages to these places? The passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ happened in Jerusalem. Rome is home to the Pope and the place where Saint Peter died. It is believed that the remains St James are buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. 2. What is a relic? What relic is in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela? Find out and explain. A relic is a body part or a personal item of a saint. The relic in Santiago de Compostela is the remains of the body of the apostle Saint James. 3. Use the key and colour the different routes of the Way of St James. Solid, dark line: French Way (red); Solid, light line: Northern Way (blue); Arch shaped dashed line: Primitive Way (green); Vertical dashed line: Silver Way (yellow). 4. Look at the parts of the Portico de la Gloria. Now, write T (true) or F (false). T; T; T; T.


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Diagnostic tests 1 The human body and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2 Living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4 Matter, energy and machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5 Population, economy and maps . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Individual results chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

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1

The human body and health

Name 1

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Date

Read the definitions and write the words. Hard, strong, rigid organs that form the skeleton.

A place where bones join together.

Elastic organs which hold moveable joints together.

2

Label the diagram. Colour the organs which are part of the digestive system.

3

Look at the diagram. How does the brain allow us to see?

4

Write a sentence about healthy habits using these words. hygiene

rest

exercise

good posture

healthy diet

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1 5

Write T (true) or F (false). The respiratory system continually moves blood around the body. Blood circulates through blood vessels. The stomach is the organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body. Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels. The kidneys clean blood and produce urine.

6

Look at the food wheel and answer the questions.

Name the food groups in the food wheel. What types of food should we eat a lot of? Give three examples of food we should only eat a little of.

7

Write the four main stages of life. Women can have children.

Our milk teeth fall out.

A boy’s voice gets deeper.

Our bones become fragile.


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2

Living things

Name 1

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Date

Look at the pictures. What life processes can you see? Explain. The life process is nutrition because the rabbit is eating.

2

Label the parts of the flower. stamen stigma sepal petal

3

Label the diagram. Plants need

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Plants produce


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2 4

Write some differences between vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

5

Complete the chart. Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

They breathe through Their body is covered with Their limbs are Their reproduction is

6

Match. mollusc arthropod jellyfish earthworm

7

Label the parts of the insect.


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3


Name 1

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Date

Describe the Earth’s orbit.

2

Name the four Moon phases.

3

Complete the chart. freezing

melting

solid

4

condensation

liquid

evaporation

gas

Read about the water cycle. Number the sentences in order. Water vapour condenses and forms clouds.

Wind moves the clouds over the land.

Rain falls into rivers and goes to the sea.

Some rain goes into the ground as groundwater.

Water from clouds falls as rain, snow or hail.

5

1 Water from the sea evaporates.

Look at the pictures. Write three properties of air.

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3 6

Complete the definitions.

refers to temperature, wind and precipitation

at a particular time and place.

7

8

is the typical weather pattern in one area over a long time.

Tick the true sentences. All minerals are made up of only one substance.

Minerals are the solid part of the Earth.

Rocks are made up of only one mineral.

Rocks are the solid part of the Earth.

What is soil? Explain.

9

Look at the picture and answer the questions. Which living thing is the producer? Which living thing is the secondary consumer?

10 Label the picture. bay

mountain

river

cape

plain

cliff

11 Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or City.


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4

Matter, energy and machines

Name 1

Matter Volume

3

4

5

Date

Match. Mass

2

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Everything around us is made of this. The amount of space an object occupies. The amount of matter in an object.

Are these examples of a physical change or a chemical change? Water freezes.

Butter melts.

Iron rusts.

A candle burns.

Write a material for each property. strong

elastic

flexible

transparent

What type of energy do they have? food

lightning

uranium

petrol

Complete the chart. Energy sources

renewable

for example

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for example

petroleum


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4 6

Is this sentence true? Explain. White light is made up of all the colours of light.

7

Complete the sentence. The primary colours of light are

8

Match the types of simple machines.

pulley

9

lever

ramp

Complete the chart. one or few parts lever

ramp

pulley

simple

compound

two or more simple machines working together

Machines can be

are made up of

for example

are made up of


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carpenter

5

Population, economy and maps

Name

1

farmer

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Date

Tick the correct option. A municipality is made up of one or several provinces. one or several cities or towns governed by a local council. A comarca is larger than a municipality.

smaller than a municipality.

The basic services in a comarca are located in the oldest municipality. the municipality with the best means of transport and communication. A province is made up of many municipalities.

an Autonomous Community.

Spain is divided into two Autonomous Communities and 17 Autonomous Cities. 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities.

2

Write the difference between natural growth and migratory growth.

3

Match. Makes the laws and approves the budgets of an Autonomous Community.

European Parliament

Responsible for organising municipal services.

Autonomous Community Parliament

Proposes laws for the member countries.

Local Council

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5 4

Write the definitions and jobs in the correct box. Obtains resources directly from nature. Provides services for people. Transforms raw materials into manufactured products.

Economic sector

miner shoemaker carpenter

Definition

architect lawyer farmer

Jobs

Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector

5

Look at the map. In which direction should you walk to reach these places?

Dor Wood

Upton

River Severn

Mount Sky

Green Wood N

Middletown W Blue Lake

6

E

Church Town

S

From Upton to Middletown:

From Mount Sky to Blue Lake:

From Church Town to Mount Sky:

Match the scales to the maps. N

N W

Puig Major

E S

n ta un m Tra

a

W

E Puig Major

e ng Ra

S u m Tra

aR an nt

Menorca ge an

Mallorca Eivissa/Ibiza

Mallorca Mediterranean Sea

If the scale is

0

0 Kilometres

25

Mediterranean Sea Formentera

47

10

, will Mallorca appear larger or smaller? Explain.

127679_Físico de Mallorca_BIS

127679_Físico de Mallorca


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0 Kilometres

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6

History

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Name 1

Date

Look at the picture. Circle five errors. ◾ Why are they errors?

2

Match. Millenium

10 years

Decade

1,000 years

Century

100 years

◾ Write the century.

3

69

1115

1789

203

1456

1894

What is a timeline?

4

Make your own timeline. Date

Event I was born.

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6 5

Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.

6

Complete the chart. Many thousands of years ago

2,000 years ago

1,000 years ago

People lived in People travelled in/on Historical remains

7

Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.

8

Write one example for each. An important monument in your Autonomous Community or City: A famous historic person from your Autonomous Community or City:


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Individual results chart Name

Date Yes

NP*

Comments

The human body and health Identify the function of bones, muscles and joints. Understand a diagram of the human body. Identify the organs of the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems. Explain how the brain allows us to see. Recognise the components of the digestive system. Identify healthy habits. Recognise what makes up a healthy diet. Identify the four main stages of life.

Living things Identify and describe life processes. Identify the parts of a flower. Understand how plants make food. Differentiate invertebrates from vertebrates. Name the main characteristics of vertebrates Recognise molluscs, arthropods, jellyfish and earthworms. Identify the parts of an insect.

Protecting the environment Describe the Earth’s orbit and name the four phases of the Moon. Identify the processes involved in the changes of state of water. Describe the water cycle. Identify rocks and minerals. Describe the components of soil. Identify producers and consumers. Identify features of landscapes.

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Individual results chart

Yes

NP*

Comments

Matter, energy and machines Describe the properties of mass, matter and volume. Identify examples of physical and chemical changes. Recognise the physical properties of some materials. Identify types of energy sources. Differentiate renewable from non-renewable sources of energy. Describe white light and know the primary colours of light. Differentiate between simple and compound machines.

Population, economy and maps Differentiate between municipalities, comarcas, etc. Differentiate natural growth from migratory growth. Recognise the responsibilities of political organisations. Distinguish between the three main economic sectors. Know how to use the points of a compass to find directions. Interpret scales on maps.

History Relate historic remains to different periods in history. Relate people and inventions to their time in history.

NP: Needs practice.


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Answer key

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

1 THE HUMAN BODY AND HEALTH 1. Read the definitions and write the words. Bones, joints, muscles. 2. Label the diagram. Colour the organs which are part of the digestive system. Left column: lungs, heart; right column: mouth, stomach, intestines. Colour: mouth, stomach, intestines. 3. Look at the diagram. How does the brain allow us to see? The eye captures information which is sent to the brain. The optic nerve sends this information from the eyes to the brain. The brain receives and interprets this information. This is how we see. 4. Write a sentence about healthy habits using these words. M. A.: Some good habits are hygiene, rest, exercise, good posture and a healthy diet. 5. Write T (true) or F (false). F; T; F; T; T. 6. Look at the food wheel and answer the questions. Six groups: cereals, fats, proteins, dairy products, vegetables, fruits. We should eat a lot of the foods that appear larger in the food wheel. We should eat only a little of the foods that appear smaller in the food wheel. M. A.: Cookies, meat and cheese. 7. Write the four main stages of life. Women can have children: adulthood; Our milk teeth fall out: childhood; A boy’s voice gets deeper: adolescence; Our bones become fragile: old age. 2 LIVING THINGS 1. Look at the pictures. What life processes can you see? Explain. The life process is nutrition because the rabbit is eating. Sensitivity because the cat is reacting to something it sees. Reproduction because the turtle is laying eggs, which will be offspring. 2. Label the parts of the flower. Left column: petal, stigma; right column: stamen, sepal. 3. Label the diagram. Plants need: carbon dioxide, sunlight, minerals and water. Plants produce: oxygen and food for other living things. 4. Write some differences between vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Vertebrates have skeletons made up of bones. For example: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians. Invertebrates are animals without bones. For example: jellyfish, worms, molluscs and arthropods. 5. Complete the chart. Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

They breathe through

gills

gills and lungs

lungs

lungs

lungs

Their body is covered with

scales

they have bare skin

scales

feathers

hair or fur

Their limbs are

fins

legs

legs

wings and legs

most have four legs

Their reproduction is

oviparous

oviparous

oviparous

oviparous

viviparous

6. Match. Left column: jellyfish, arthropod; right column: mollusc, earthworm. 7. Label the parts of the insect. Left column: head, thorax, leg(s); right column: antenna(e), wing(s), abdomen. 3 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Describe the Earth’s orbit. The Earth’s orbit is when the Earth orbits the Sun. We call this movement revolution. This takes 365 days. Revolution causes the seasons. 2. Name the four Moon phases. New moon, waxing moon, full moon and waning moon. 3. Complete the chart. Top labels: melting, evaporation; bottom labels: freezing, condensation.

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Answer key DIAGNOSTIC TEST 4. Read about the water cycle. Number the sentences in order. 1. Water from the sea evaporates. 2. Water vapour condenses and forms clouds. 3. Wind moves the clouds over the land. 4. Water from clouds falls as rain, snow or hail. 5. Rain falls into rivers and goes to the sea. 6. Some rain goes into the ground as groundwater. 5. Look at the pictures. Write three properties of air. Air is invisible. Air occupies space. Air has weight. 6. Complete the definitions. Weather. Climate. 7. Tick the true sentences. All minerals are made up of only one substance. Rocks are the solid part of the Earth. 8. What is soil? Explain. Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface, it is made up of water, air, the remains of rocks, animals and plants. 9. Look at the picture and answer the questions. The grass is the producer. The owl is the secondary consumer. 10. Label the picture. Left column: mountain, bay, cape; right column: river, plain, cliff. 11. Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or City. O. A. 4 MATTER, ENERGY AND MACHINES 1. Match. Mass: The amount of matter in an object. Matter: Everything around us is made of this. Volume: The amount of space an object occupies. 2. Are these examples of a physical change or a chemical change? Water freezes: physical change. Iron rusts: chemical change. Butter melts: physical change. A candle burns: chemical change. 3. Write a material for each property. M. A.: Strong: steel. Flexible: leather. Elastic: rubber. Transparent: glass. 4. What type of energy do they have? Food: chemical energy. Uranium: nuclear energy. Lightning: electrical energy. Petrol: chemical energy. 5. Complete the chart. M.A. Renewable: for example, sunlight, wind. Non-renewable: for example, petroleum, coal. 6. Is this sentence true? Explain. True, because if we hold a glass prism up to a white wall, when white light passes through the prism, we can see all the colours of the rainbow on the wall. 7. Complete the sentence. The primary colours of light are red, green and blue. 8. Match the types of simple machines. From left to right: pulley, ramp, lever. 9. Complete the chart. Machines can be simple: are made up of very few parts, for example, the inclined plane, the pulley, the lever. Machines can be compound: are made up of two or more simple machines working together. 5 POPULATION, ECONOMY AND MAPS 1. Tick the correct option. A municipality is made up of one or several cities or towns governed by a local council. A comarca is larger than a municipality. Basic services in a comarca are located in the municipality with the best means of transport and communication. A province is made up of many municipalities. Spain is divided into 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities. 2. Write the difference between natural growth and migratory growth. Natural growth is the difference between the number of people who are born in an area in one year and the number of people who die. Migratory growth is the difference between the number of immigrants who come to live in a place and the number of emigrants who leave.


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Answer key DIAGNOSTIC TEST 3. Match. Makes the laws and approves the budgets of an Autonomous Community: Autonomous Community Parliament. Responsible for organising municipal services: Local council. Proposes laws for the member countries: European Parliament. 4. Write the definitions and jobs in the correct box. Economic sector

Definition

Jobs

Primary sector

Obtains resources directly from nature.

• miner • farmer

Secondary sector

Transforms raw materials into manufactured products.

• shoemaker • carpenter

Tertiary sector

Provides services for people.

• architect • lawyer

5. Look at the map. In which direction should you walk to reach these places? From Upton to Middletown: You should walk east. From Mount Sky to Blue Lake: You should walk south. From Church Town to Mount Sky: You should walk north. 6. Match the scales to the maps. The 0__25 scale belongs to the map of Mallorca, the 0__47 scale belongs to the Balearic Islands. Mallorca Island will appear larger because each centimetre is equal to 10 kilometres in reality. 6 HISTORY 1. Look at the picture. Circle five errors. The athlete, the motorbike, the helicopter, the mobile and the armoured soldier. M. A.: They are errors because at that time, they were either from the future or from the past. 2. Match. Millenium – 1,000 years, decade – 10 years, century – 100 years. 69: the 1st century, 1115: the 12th century; 1789: the 18th century; 203: the 3rd century; 1456: the 15th century; 1894: the 19th century. 3. What is a timeline? A timeline is a drawing which shows important events in chronological order (the order in which they happened). 4. Make your own timeline. O. A. 5. Number in order from the oldest to the most recent. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3, 6. 6. Complete the chart. Many thousands of years ago

2,000 years ago

1,000 years ago

People lived in

caves or simple huts, later in villages.

domus, insulae and villas.

Noblemen lived in castles. Peasants lived in huts built in villages near the castle.

People travelled in/on

on foot, in carts and in sailboats.

on foot, on horseback, in horse-drawn carriages and in sailboats.

on foot, on horseback, in horse-drawn carriages, and in sailboats.

Historical remains

Cave paintings, simple tools and clay pots.

Theatres, circuses, temples, bath houses, aqueducts, and Latin.

Romanesque and Gothic churches.

7. Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain. It is from Medieval times, 1,000 years ago. M. A.: During this age, noblemen lived in castles built on hills. The castles had guard towers and were surrounded by walls made of thick stones. 8. Write one example for each. O. A.

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Assessment

Unit assessments

Unit tests

1 Living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112

142

2 The plant kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114

143

3 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

116

144

4 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

145

5 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120

146

6 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

147

7 Forces and movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

124

148

8 The relief of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126

149

9 The climates of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128

150

10 The rivers of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130

151

11 Population and the economy of Spain . . . . . . .

132

152

12 Institutions of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134

153

13 Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136

154

14 Ancient history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

138

155

15 The Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140

156

Term assessments Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Term tests Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Answer keys Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Term assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

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1

Living things

ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

Answer the questions. What is a cell? Why are cells living things?

2

Label the parts of a cell.

3

How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain.

4

Answer the questions. Where are unicellular living things found? How can we see unicellular living things?

5

Write in order from the simplest to the most complex. system

organ

cell

organism

tissue

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1 6

Match. tissue organism system organ

7

a group of similar cells a group of similar tissues a group of similar organs a group of various systems

Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for each. Helpful bacteria: Harmful bacteria:

8

Write the name of the kingdom.

They depend on other organisms for food. They are fixed to something; they cannot move by themselves. They eat other living things and can move from one place to another. They use sunlight and substances from the soil and air to make their own food. The smallest and most abundant of all living things.

9

Answer the questions. Why are viruses not included in any of the five kingdoms? What kingdom do algae belong to?


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2

The plant kingdom

Name 1

Date

Complete the chart.

Plants

flowering

mosses

2

ASSESSment

Answer the questions. What are spores? What plants have spores?

3

How are angiosperms different from gymnosperms? Explain.

4

Look at the picture. How would you classify this plant?

5

Read the definitions and write the words. The process plants use to make their own food.

Carbon dioxide enters through these tiny pores situated on the underside of the leaves.

Chlorophyll is found in these special organelles inside plant cells.

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2 6

Circle the picture that shows photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Oxygen

◾ Now, explain your choice.

7

Look at the pictures. Explain the process of pollination and how it can happen in two ways. Anther

Pistil

8

Read the text and cross out the three errors. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen of one flower to the shoot of another flower. After pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow. Fruit forms from the ovule. Then, seeds are formed from the ovary.

9

Label the type of asexual reproduction. A

B

C

10 How do plants carry out the proces of sensitivity? Give examples.


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3


Name 1

ASSESSment

Date

What is an ecosystem? Explain.

2

Can a pond be an ecosystem? Explain.

3

Write a definition for each word. Population Habitat

Community

4

Which factors influence living things in these environments? Terrestrial

5

Aquatic

Number the pictures in order to make a food chain.

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3 6

7

Write an example for each. Producer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

8

Match. Parasites

Predators

Scavengers

9

Animals that eat the dead bodies of other animals.

Animals that hunt other animals for food.

Animals that feed off other living things without killing them.

Explain how people affect the environment.

10 What can responsible governments do to protect the environment? ◾ Write an example of a protected area.


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4

The Earth

Name 1

2

ASSESSment

Date

Complete the sentences. The

is the layer of air which surrounds the Earth.

The

is the solid part of the Earth.

The

is all the water on Earth.

Label the layers of the geosphere. A

B

3

C

Now, write the characteristics of each layer.

4

Number the processes of weathering in order. River water deposits the pieces of eroded soil and rock material in other places. River water carries pieces of eroded soil and rock material. The river erodes soil and rock material from the river bed.

5

Look at the picture. Explain how this geographical feature was made.

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4 6

What are the three components of soil?

7

Write a definition for each. A volcanic eruption An earthquake

8

Label the parts of a volcano.

9

Complete the chart. Types of rocks, depending on how they are formed

for example

for example

for example

10 What is the rock cycle? Explain.


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5

The Universe

ASSESSment

Name 1

2

Date

Write the names of the planets in order, starting with the closest to the Sun. 1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

8.

Answer the questions. Which planets in the Solar System are mainly composed of gas? Which planets in the Solar System have a rocky surface? Which are the two planets closest to the Earth?

3

What is the difference between a satellite and a dwarf planet?

4

Complete the text. The Moon is a satellite of the planet , which belongs to the

System.

The only star of the Solar System is the , which belongs to a galaxy called the .

5

What are comets? When do they show a bright tail?

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5 6

Write T (true) or F (false). The Earth is the brightest celestial body in the sky. The Milky Way is an elliptical shaped galaxy. Constellations are giant spheres of gas. In their interior, they produce enormous amounts of energy. The Kuiper Belt is made up of asteroids.

7

Read the definitions and write the words. A collection of thousands or millions of stars. Small celestial bodies that burn up as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere.

8

Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun.

A group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky.

Write the four properties of stars.

9

What kind of celestial body is this? What are its characteristics?

10 Answer the questions. Who is Neil Armstrong? What was the name of the first artificial satellite launched into space? Who was Yuri Gagarin?


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6

Matter

ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

What are general properties of matter? Give three examples.

2

Name three specific properties of matter.

3

4

Write the names of the units we use to measure. The amount of matter in an object.

The amount of space an object occupies.

Explain the difference between mass and volume.

5

Look at the picture. Which substance is the densest? Explain.

oil

water

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6 6

Tick the correct box. Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

Pure substance

Seawater Granite Sugar Soil Steel Water

7

8

9

What method would you use to separate the substances in each mixture? Water and oil

Sand and iron filings

Water and coffee grounds

Complete the sentences.

is when a gas becomes a liquid.

is when a liquid becomes a gas.

is when a liquid becomes a solid.

is when a solid becomes a liquid.

is when a solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid.

If we wash a glass and leave it to drain, a while later the glass will be dry. What happened to the water on the glass?

10 Write change of state or chemical change. Paper burns and changes into ashes.

Iron oxidises and changes into rust.

Clothes are hung out to dry in the Sun.

Lava cools and changes into hard rock.


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7

Forces and movement

Name 1

ASSESSment

Date

What is friction?

2

Read and answer the question. As a cyclist approaches a stop sign, he stops pedalling. However, the bicycle keeps moving. What must the cyclist do to stop the bicycle? Explain.

3

Look at the picture. Answer the question. Why is it so difficult to stop when ice skating?

4

Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction.

5

Solve the problem.

A motorist drives 100 kilometres in one hour. How many kilometres will he drive in three hours if he maintains the same speed?

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7 6

What is gravity?

7

Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall? Explain.

8

Draw the direction in which the ball will move.

9

Look at the picture and answer the questions. A

Why kind of machine are they using? What is this machine used for?

B

In which picture does the boy need to use less force? Explain.

10 What is a third-class lever? Give an example.


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8

The relief of Spain

Name 1

ASSESSment

Date

Which territories make up Spain?

2

Name the three rivers that cross the Inner Plateau.

3

Name the two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau.

4

Read and underline the two mistakes. The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. It is triangular in shape. The River Guadalquivir flows across it, and it is surrounded by the Baetic Mountain Chain, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean.

5

Name the five mountain ranges which lie beyond the Inner Plateau.

6

Read and name the mountain range. A mountain range in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. The mountains are not very high, less than 1,300 metres. There are few valleys between these mountains. This complicates transport networks between the Inner Plateau and Andalusia. The name of this mountain range is

7

What two seas or oceans bathe the Galician coast? Describe this coast.

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8 8

Answer the questions. What are Spain’s two large archipelagos? What is the highest peak in Spain? Where is it? What is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago?

9

Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

10 Complete the map with the names of the relief features. Cantabrian Sea

N W

A

E

B C

S

D

ATLANTIC OCEAN

E F

Scale 0 81

G

Kilometres

H ATLANTIC OCEAN

M

a

r

C

it Med

a

n

t

á

b


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i

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a

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9


ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

What is climate?

2

What factors affect climate?

3

Read and name the climate. In inland Spain, on the Inner Plateau and in the Ebro river basin, temperatures are extreme because these regions are a long way from the coast. Winter temperatures can be 4 ºC, while summer temperatures are around 23 ºC. Precipitation normally occurs in spring and autumn. Rainfall is about 400 l/m2 during the year. The climate is

4

Cross out the plants that are not typical of Mediterranean forests. holm oak

5

tabaibas

eucalyptus

fir tree

lavender

oak tree

rosemary

Which climate is shown in the climate graph? °C

l/m2

30 25 20 15 10 5

40 30 20 10 0

0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

J F M A M J J A S O N D

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9 6

Complete the chart. Mediterranean climate

7

Temperatures

mild

Precipitation

little rain


Oceanic climate

Subtropical climate

Mountain climate

Look at the picture of vegetation in the Canary Islands. Why is it not correct? tabaiba

laurel forest

Canary Islands pine

8

What is the climate? Use the key and colour. Red Yellow


Green

Oceanic climate

Blue

Mountain climate

Orange

9


Subtropical climate

Write about the vegetation in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

10 Why does Spain have such a variety of climates? Think and explain.


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10

The rivers of Spain

ASSESSment

Name 1

2

Date

Write the definitions. flow

flow regime

Explain the influence of relief on rivers.

3

Identify the three watersheds in Spain. Use the key and colour. N W

Cantabrian Sea

E

Red

Mediterranean watershed

S

ATLANTIC OCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Me

Ceuta

Melilla

4

Yellow

Atlantic watershed

Green

Cantabrian watershed

ea

di

te

r

n ra

S n ea Scale

0

220

Kilometres

Why are rivers in the Atlantic watershed longer than rivers in the Cantabrian watershed? 127679vertientes E s pana

5

Complete the chart with the name of the watershed. Watershed

Characteristics The majority of rivers are short. They do not carry much water. They have an irregular flow regime. The rivers are short and very steep. They have quite regular, abundant flow regimes.

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10 6

Identify the rivers on the map. Then, write if each river is a main river or a tributary. N

Cantabrian Sea

E

W

10 1 9 2

63

S

46

75

14

ATLANTIC 27

OCEAN

89 3 10

58

an ne a rr te di e M

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Ceuta

Melilla

a Se

0

Scale 140

Kilometres

U10- 3

7

8

9

Pisuerga

Sil

Tagus

Mundo

Gallego

Narcea

Segura

Miño

Guadalquivir

Ebro

Which river basin are these rivers in? Aragon

Genil

Tormes

Tietar

Read the definitions and write the words. A small lake.

A coastal lagoon in Valencia.

The largest glacial lake in Spain.

Deep channels where water flows when it rains heavily.

Describe the rivers and lakes in your Autonomous Community or City.


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11

The population and the economy of Spain

Name 1

ASSESSment

Date

Name three types of migration Spain experienced in the 20th Century.

2

What is the formula we use to calculate population density?

3

Write the descriptions. The population density of Spain’s inland provinces. The population density within each province.

4

Explain why the Spanish population is growing.

5

Complete the text. Today, the population in Spain is over because of the

6

million. This increase has happened

and . The population is concentrated in

and on the .

Is the population in your Autonomous Community or City growing? Explain.

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11 7

The active population of Spain is divided into three economic sectors. Read the graph and explain. Tertiary sector (65 %)

Primary sector (5 %)

8

Secondary sector (30 %)

Write T (true) or F (false). Then, corrected the false sentences. The active population works in three sectors: agriculture, livestock farming and fishing. In Spain, cereals, grapes and olives are the most abundant irrigated crops. The secondary sector includes industry and trade. The tertiary sector employs more people than any other sector.

9

Explain the difference between domestic trade and foreign trade.

10 Answer the questions. What economic sector employs the most people in your Autonomous Community or City? What are the main jobs in this sector? How important is agriculture?


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12

Institutions of Spain

ASSESSment

Name 1

2

Date

Write the name of the capital of each Autonomous Community. Aragon

Canary Islands

Extremadura

Galicia

What is the difference between a natural border and a political border?

3

4

5

What are the natural and political borders of Spain? North

East

South

West

Write the name of the Autonomous Community. The Autonomous Community with the most provinces.

The Autonomous Communities that border the Atlantic Ocean.

The Autonomous Community that borders Andorra.

Complete the chart with the names of the institutions. Autonomous Communities and Autonomous Cities

Institutions

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Provinces

Municipalities


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12 6

Complete. The , approved in , is the most important law in Spain. The Head of State is the . His main duties are

.

The government is made up of the President and his

.

The government is responsible for

.

The parliament of Spain is called Las Cortes. It is made up of two chambers:

and .

It is responsible for

.

The Courts of Justice are responsible for

.

They are made up of and .

7

Write two rights and two obligations which the Constitution establishes. Rights: Obligations:

8

9

Who elects these people? The President of the Government

The members of Las Cortes

Who attends a cabinet meeting?

10 What are the main responsibilities of an Autonomous Community parliament?


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Prehistory

ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

What is Prehistory?

2

Complete the timeline to show the three periods of Prehistory.

1,000,000 years ago

years ago

years ago

3

Complete these sentences about human beings in the Palaeolithic Age. They lived in They ate They lived for only about They made simple tools from They painted

4

Underline the two errors. Explain why this information is not correct. In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women lived in tribes. They were hunters and farmers. They made tools from stone and bronze. They painted animals on the walls and ceilings of caves and made small stone sculptures which represented women.

5

Number in order starting from the oldest.

spear or harpoon

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metal dagger

ceramic bowl


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13 6

Complete the text. About 7,000 years ago, human beings became crop farmers and . They built villages. People learned to

stone in order to make more sophisticated

tools. Two other important developments were the making of and pottery. They painted scenes of in caves. This period is known as the .

7

Look at the picture. What period of Prehistory is it? Explain.

8

Compare. The Neolithic Age

The Metal Ages

Where did people live? What tools did they use? What works of art did they make?

9

Label menhir, dolmen or cromlech.

10 Write about your Autonomous Community or City. What kind of Prehistoric remains have been found there? What period do they belong to?


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14

Ancient History

ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

Complete the text. Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.: the

and the . Then, the first colonists arrived from

across the Mediterranean Sea: the , the and the .

2

Complete.

THE CELTS

Their houses were

3

They ate

They were expert

Complete the chart. Phoenicians

Greeks

Carthaginians

They came from They settled on Founded colonies such as

4

Use the key and colour the map. Cantabrian Sea

red

Celtic and Celtiberian zone

blue

Iberian zone

green

Phoenicians

yellow

Greeks

orange

Carthaginians

VA

CCA

EI

ES

OCEAN

ASTURES

LU

VETTONES

CA

N

Emporion

AREVACI LA

RP AN ET

I

AT L A N T I C

SO

Rhode

NI I E TA

Saguntum

Hemeroskopeion CONTESTANI

CELTICI TURDETANI

NI E TA BAST Sexi Abdera Malaca

Gadir

Ebyssos

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Cartago Nova

138189736 Test_Diagnostic TestTop8Science p 1 5 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L. 189725 _ 0111-0165.indd

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14 5

What group of people lived in your Autonomous Community before the Roman conquest?

6

Answer the questions. When did the Roman conquest of Hispania begin? Who did the Romans defeat in the Punic Wars? Why did the Romans occupy Hispania? What were the last territories that the Romans conquered?

7

Describe the Roman way of life.

8

The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces. What were their names?

9

Write correct versions of these sentences. In 218 B.C., the Carthaginians arrived in Ampurias and defeated the Romans. In Hispania, each province was ruled by an emperor. There were two groups of people in Roman society: merchants and farmers.

10 What aspects of Roman culture have survived until today? Think and answer.


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15

The Middle Ages

ASSESSment

Name 1

Date

Read the text and name the kingdom. Before the year 400 A.D., the Roman Empire frequently came under attack from Germanic tribes, who came from the north of Europe. One of these Germanic tribes arrived in Hispania and founded a kingdom with Toledo as its capital.

2

Write correct versions of these sentences In 711 A.D., an army of Moors arrived from Africa and invaded the Roman Empire. At first, Al-Andalus was a caliphate which depended on the caliph of Damascus. The emir Abd-ar-Rahman III took the title of caliph and established the caliphate of Granada.

3

Put the events in chronological order. Taifas

4

Caliphate

Independent emirate

Kingdom of Granada

Conquest and Emirate

Look at the map. What period of the Middle Ages does it show? Explain. CHRISTIAN ZONE MUSLIM ZONE

5

Answer the questions. Where were the first Christian Kingdoms? Who was Pelayo?

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15 6

Circle the names of the Christian Kingdoms that existed in the Iberian Peninsula around 1200. Kingdom of Navarre Kingdom of Asturias

Crown of Aragon

Kingdom of Granada

7

Kingdom of Leon

Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom of Castile

Complete the text. In 1212, the Battle of

took place. The armies of Castile, Navarre

and Aragon together defeated the Moorish troops. After this battle, King Ferdinand III and, after him, Alfonso X, conquered nearly all of . Only one Muslim territory remained on the Peninsula: the Kingdom of , which was conquered in 1492 by the .

8

Look at the picture and answer. What kind of building is it? Describe the walls. Describe the arches. What period does this building belong to? Explain.

9

What is the difference between mozarab and muladi?

10 Answer the questions. What materials did Moorish architects use? Describe the walls. What kind of arches did they use?


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Living things

TEST 1

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. All living things are made up of

7. Bacteria are

a. systems.

a. unicellular living things.

b. bacteria

b. multicellular living things.

c. cells.

c. non-living things.

2. The covering which surrounds a cell and separates it from the outside is

8. Living things are classified into large groups called

a. the membrane.

a. systems.

b. the nucleus.

b. kingdoms.

c. the cytoplasm.

c. animals and plants.

3. Organelles are in

9. The smallest living things are

a. the membrane.

a. plants.

b. the nucleus.

b. bacteria.

c. the cytoplasm.

c. fungi.

4. Multicellular living things are made up of

10. Protozoa belong to

a. one cell.

a. the bacteria kingdom

b. a large number of cells.

b. the fifth kingdom.

c. bacteria and fungus.

c. no kingdom.

5. A group of organs that work together to carry out a common function make up a. a system. b. an organism. c. tissues. 6. Multicellular living things that cannot move by themselves and depend on other organisms for food are a. plants. b. animals. c. fungi.

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The plant kingdom

TEST 2

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The two main groups of non-flowering plants are

7. The final stage in plant reproduction is a. germination.

a. angiosperms and gymnosperms.

b. pollination.

b. fungi and mushrooms.

c. growth.

c. mosses and ferns. 2. Gymnosperms a. do not produce fruit. b. produce seeds inside the fruit. c. do not have flowers. 3. Raw sap reaches the leaves by travelling through

8. Plants reproduce asexually when a. more than one plant is involved. b. they reproduce without flowers or seeds. c. pollen from one plant reaches another. 9. Rhizomes are

a. the xylem vessels.

a. underground stems.

b. the phloem vessels.

b. fragments of one plant joined to another.

c. the blood vessels. 4. Plants make their own food through a. pollination. b. photosynthesis. c. germination. 5. In respiration, plants a. take in carbon dioxide.

c. cuttings. 10. When leaves react to changes in the environment by turning to face the Sun, the plant is carrying out the process of a. nutrition. b. reproduction. c. sensitivity.

b. give off oxygen. c. take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. 6. Anthers a. are the female part of a flower. b. produce pollen. c. protect the seeds.


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TEST 3

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. A community of living things in a physical environment is

6. Carnivorous animals that hunt other animals for food are

a. a natural area.

a. producers.

b. an ecosystem.

b. parasites.

c. biodiversity.

c. predators.

2. An ecosystem made up of planet Earth and all the living things that inhabit it is

7. are the best way to show food relationships in ecosystems.

a. the biosphere.

a. Food wheels

b. biology.

b. Food chains

c. biodiversity.

c. Food pyramids

3. All members of one species living in the same ecosystem is

8. All the species of living things in an ecosystem is

a. a species.

a. biodiversity.

b. a population.

b. the environment.

c. a community.

c. biology.

4. In aquatic ecosystems, are the producers.

9. All the populations that interact in an ecosystem make up

a. plants

a. a community.

b. bacteria

b. an organism.

c. algae

c. a species.

5. Primary consumers are a. plants.

10. Animals that eat the dead bodies of other animals are

b. carnivorous animals.

a. scavengers.

c. herbivorous animals.

b. predators. c. producers.

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The Earth

TEST 4

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The inner layer of the geosphere is a. the crust.

7. In a volcano, magma goes up through a vent called

b. the mantle.

a. the magma chamber.

c. the core.

b. the volcanic cone.

2. The removal of soil and rock material by water, wind or ice is a. erosion.

c. the volcanic chimney. 8. The remains of living things found in sedimentary rocks are

b. transport.

a. fossils.

c. sedimentation.

b. coal.

3. The energy in the interior of the Earth produces

c. petroleum. 9. The ozone layer is found in

a. transport and sedimentation of rock material.

a. the troposphere.

b. the rock cycle.

c. the geosphere.

b. the stratosphere.

c. earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 4. Basalt is an igneous rock formed by

10. Sand settling on the bottom of oceans is an example of

a. the atmosphere.

a. erosion.

b. volcanoes.

b. transport.

c. wind erosion.

c. sedimentation.

5. The layer closest to the Earth’s surface is a. the hydrosphere. b. the stratosphere. c. the troposphere. 6. The three components of soil are a. solid, liquid and gas. b. erosion, transport and deposition. c. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.


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The Universe

TEST 5

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. Large sphere-shaped bodies that orbit the Sun in an almost circular path are

6. The first human to see the Earth from outer space was

a. satellites.

a. Pedro Duque.

b. planets.

b. Yuri Gagarin.

c. galaxies.

c. Neil Armstrong.

2. The amount of energy produced in the nucleus of a star is its

7. Giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path are

a. luminosity.

a. comets.

b. brightness.

b. planets.

c. colour.

c. asteroids.

3. Man-made objects designed to orbit the Earth are

8. Galaxies can have different shapes: a. elliptical, spiral or round.

a. comets.

b. spherical, elliptical or irregular.

b. artificial satellites.

c. elliptical, spiral or irregular.

c. asteroids.

9. Spaceships designed to explore the far reaches of the Universe with no human crew are

4. Saturn is a. an outer planet. b. a satellite.

a. comets.

c. a dwarf planet.

b. space probes.

5. The closest star to the Earth is a. Ursa Major.

c. space shuttles. 10. The planet farthest from the Sun is

b. the Milky Way.

a. Mercury.

c. the Sun.

b. Neptune. c. Uranus.

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Matter

TEST 6

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The amount of matter in an object is its a. mass. b. density. c. volume. 2. The method used to separate homogeneous mixtures of substances with different densities is a. decantation. b. filtration. c. evaporation. 3. Condensation is when a. a liquid becomes a solid. b. a solid becomes a gas. c. a gas becomes a liquid. 4. Chemical changes occur when a. a substance changes into one or more substances. b. a substance changes its state. c. a substance changes its size or colour. 5. We calculate the density of an object by a. dividing its volume by its mass. b. dividing its mass by its volume. c. dividing its mass and volume by its density.

6. An alloy is a. a mixture of pure substances in which one substance is a gas. b. a heterogeneous mixture in which one or more of the substances is a liquid. c. a homogeneous mixture in which one or more of the substances is a metal. 7. is when a solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid. a. Sublimation b. Solidification c. Vaporisation 8. is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance combines with oxygen. a. Photosynthesis b. Oxidation c. Combustion 9. Mass, volume and temperature are a. characteristic properties. b. specific properties. c. general properties. 10. Mineral salts dissolved in water is a a. heterogeneous mixture. b. homogeneous mixture. c. magnetic mixture.


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Forces and movement

TEST 7

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects.

6. is a simple machine that reduces friction with the ground.

a. Friction

a. The lever

b. Gravity

b. The wheel

c. Speed

c. The pulley

2. Gravity is the force which a. attracts all bodies towards the atmosphere.

7. If a car takes three hours to drive 210 kilometres, its average speed on this journey is a. 700 km. per hour.

b. attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface.

b. 210 km. per hour.

c. makes all bodies stop.

c. 70 km per hour.

3. A pulley is

8. When we throw a ball, it moves in

a. a compound machine.

a. a straight direction.

b. a singular machine.

b. a curved direction.

c. a simple machine.

c. an inclined direction.

4. If a body is in motion and no force makes it stop or change direction, a. it will continue to move in a straight line. b. it will continue to move in a zigzag. c. it will be attracted towards the Earth’s surface.

9. Our arms are examples of a. first-class levers. b. second-class levers. c. third-class levers. 10. A slope or ramp that makes it easier to lift heavy objects is a. a lever.

5. Gravity is the force which a. slows down objects moving in an upwards direction.

b. an inclined plane. c. a pulley.

b. slows down objects moving in a downwards direction. c. accelerates objects moving in an upwards direction.

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The relief of Spain

TEST 8

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. is in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.

6. The Tramuntana Range is on the island of a. Tenerife.

a. The Inner Plateau

b. Menorca.

b. The Pyrenees

c. Mallorca.

c. The Sierra Morena 2. The Picos de Europa belong to a. the Sierra Morena. b. the Cantabrian Range. c. the Pyrenees. 3. The Andalusian coast is bathed by a. the Mediterranean Sea and the Cantabrian Sea. b. the Atlantic Ocean. c. the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

7. There are two mountain ranges in the Inner Plateau: a. the Central Mountain Chain and the Mountains of Toledo. b. the Cantabrian Range and the Mountains of Leon. c. the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Basque Mountains. 8. Aneto is the highest mountain in a. the Sierra Morena. b. the Pyrenees. c. the Baetic Mountain Chain.

4. On the edges of the Inner Plateau, there is high moorland called

9. The longest coast in Spain is

a. La Alcarria.

a. the Mediterranean.

b. the Mountains of Toledo.

b. the Atlantic.

c. the Duero river basin.

c. the Cantabrian.

5. is part of the Iberian Mountain Chain. a. The Morena Range b. The Moncayo Range c. The Galician Massif

10. The Guadalquivir river basin is surrounded by a. the Pyrenees, the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Catalan Coastal Chain. b. the Baetic Mountain Chain, Sierra Morena and the Atlantic Ocean. c. the Baetic Mountain Chain, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Mediterranean Sea.


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TEST 9

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. is the characteristic state of the atmosphere in a place over a number of years. a. Weather

6. Beech trees are typical in a. Oceanic climates. b. Mountain climates. c. Subtropical climates.

b. Meteorology 7. Mountain climates are colder because

c. Climate 2. The climate in the Balearic Islands is a. Mediterranean.

b. temperatures fall when land is closer to the ocean.

b. Subtropical. c. Continental Mediterranean. 3. In an Oceanic climate, precipitation is a. abundant all year round. b. abundant in summer.

8. In areas with a Mediterranean climate, precipitation is more abundant in b. winter.

4. Regions near receive more heat. a. the Poles

c. spring and autumn. 9. Laurel forests are typical in a. Catalonia.

b. the Equator

b. Galicia.

c. rivers

c. the Canary Islands.

5. The European fan palm and esparto grass grow a. in the mountain areas in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. b. in the Canary Islands. c. in the more arid areas in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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c. as altitude increases, temperatures rise.

a. summer.

c. abundant in spring.

150

a. as altitude increases, temperatures fall.

10. On the peaks in mountain areas, grow. a. only grass and some shrubs, such as broom b. oak trees c. pine and fir forests


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The rivers of Spain

TEST 10

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The variation in the flow of a river throughout the year is a. the flow regime. b. the bed. c. the course. 2. The Ebro is the longest river in a. the Atlantic watershed. b. the Mediterranean watershed. c. the Cantabrian watershed. 3. The Mequinenza reservoir is in the river basin of a. the River Tagus. b. the River Duero. c. the River Ebro. 4. Rivers which flow into another river are a. streams. b. tributaries. c. main rivers. 5. The smallest watershed in Spain is

6. Lake Gallocanta is a. a mountain lake, formed by the accumulation of rainwater. b. a lake on the plains, formed by the accumulation of rainwater. c. a coastal lagoon, formed by the accumulation of rainwater. 7. Each main river and its tributaries flow over a low-lying plain called a. a reservoir. b. a relief. c. a river basin. 8. The rivers of Galicia have a. an abundant flow and a regular flow regime. b. a low water level in summer. c. an irregular flow regime. 9. There are no continuous watercourses in the Canary Islands because a. the mouth of the river is close to the ocean.

a. the Mediterranean watershed.

b. the climate is very dry.

b. the Atlantic watershed.

c. the rivers start in the mountains, far from the ocean.

c. the Cantabrian watershed.

10. The Jucar River starts in a. the Baetic Mountain Chain. b. the Catalan Coastal Chain. c. the Iberian Mountain Chain.


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Population and the economy of Spain Name

TEST 11

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The Spanish population is growing because of

6. are the most abundant livestock in Spain.

a. a rising birth rate and emigration.

a. Lambs

b. positive natural growth and immigration.

b. Pigs c. Cows

c. positive natural growth and emigration. 2. Retired people are a part of of a country.

7. In Spain, 65 out of every 100 people work in a. the construction sector.

a. the active population

b. the industrial sector.

b. the unemployed population

c. the service sector.

c. the inactive population 8. Population density in Spain is highest 3. Products made and sold within the same country are examples of a. domestic trade.

b. near the Pyrenees. c. in the countryside.

b. foreign trade.

9. The secondary sector includes

c. community trade. 4. The most important sector in the Spanish economy is a. the primary sector.

a. agriculture and livestock farming. b. construction and industry. c. trade and transport. 10. Travelling to other places for the purpose of relaxation or fun is

b. the secondary sector. c. the tertiary sector. 5. is the number of inhabitants per square kilometre. a. Population density

a. in the cities.

a. transport. b. trade. c. tourism.

b. Natural growth c. Population evolution

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Institutions of Spain

TEST 12

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. Spain.

is a natural border of

6. Autonomous Communities and Autonomous Cities are governed by

a. The Mediterranean Sea

a. a president and ministers.

b. Andorra

b. an Autonomous Parliament, a president and a government.

c. The Cantabrian Range

c. deputies and senators. 2. The Spanish Constitution was passed in the year a. 1987.

7. The territory of every province is divided into

b. 1798.

a. Autonomous Communities.

c. 1978.

b. Autonomous Cities. c. municipalities.

3. The most important law in your Autonomous Community or City, after the Constitution, is

8. is responsible for creating and approving laws.

a. municipal ordinances.

a. The Head of State

b. provincial laws.

b. The Parliament

c. the Statutes of Autonomy.

c. The President of the Government

4. In the west, Spain borders a. the Mediterranean Sea. b. Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. c. France. 5. The Commander-in-chief of the armed forces is a. the King. b. the Minister of Defense. c. the President of the Government.

9. , Spain’s borders are the Atlantic Ocean, Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea. a. In the south b. In the north c. In the east 10. The Parliament is made up of two chambers, the Congress of Deputies and a. the Government. b. the Senate. c. the Supreme Court.


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Prehistory

TEST 13

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The first period in history is

7. Writing appeared about

a. the Neolithic Age.

a. 3,000 years ago.

b. the Middle Ages.

b. 30,000 years ago.

c. Prehistory.

c. 3,000,000 years ago.

2. Human beings became crop farmers in a. the Palaeolithic Age.

8. During the Neolithic Age, people made tools

b. the Neolithic Age.

a. by hitting one stone against another.

c. the Metal Ages.

b. with polished stone.

3. In the Metal Ages, human beings

c. with cement. 9. During the Metal Ages, human beings lived in

a. invented the plough. b. discovered fire. c. made tools from animal bones.

a. towns. b. caves.

4. In the Palaeolithic Age, people

c. small villages.

a. were crop farmers and animal farmers. b. were soldiers and traders. c. hunted animals and gathered fruits and roots. 5. During the , artists painted archers and people dancing on cave walls.

10. During the Neolithic Age, human beings became a. nomads. b. citizens. c. sedentary.

a. Palaeolithic Age b. Neolithic Age c. Metal Ages 6. In the Metal Ages, people made objects out of a. stone and bones. b. clay and wood. c. copper, bronze and iron.

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Ancient History

TEST 14

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The Iberians lived in a. the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula. b. the south and west of the Iberian Peninsula. c. the east and north of the Iberian Peninsula. 2. The Romans and the Carthaginians fought each other in

7. Many of today’s laws in Spain are based on a. Iberian law. b. Roman law. c. Hispanic law. 8. Hannibal was the leader of a. the Carthaginian army. b. the Roman army. c. the Greek army.

a. the Baetic Wars. b. the Punic Wars.

9. The Celts lived in

c. the Hispanic Wars.

a. hill forts. b. cement homes.

3. The Phoenicians came from

c. town houses.

a. northern Europe. b. Asia.

10. The Roman language was

c. northern Africa.

a. Latin.

4. In 218 B.C., the Romans arrived in

b. Greek. c. Italian.

a. Ampurias. b. Corduba. c. Gallaecia. 5. Emporion was a

colony.

a. Phoenician b. Greek c. Carthaginian 6. The Celts were expert a. construction workers. b. tradesmen. c. metalworkers.


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The Middle Ages

TEST 15

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was a. Cordoba.

6. was the first king of the Crown of Aragon.

b. Toledo.

a. Ramon Berenguer IV

c. Oviedo.

b. Fernando III c. Alfonso I

2. In the year 1212, a. the Moors invaded the Visigoth kingdom.

7. The were Christians who continued to practise their religion.

b. the caliphate of Cordoba was established.

a. Muladis

c. the Battle of Navas de Toloso took place.

c. Jews

3. The main part of cities in Al-Andalus was a. the medina.

b. unions.

c. the souq (the market).

c. districts.

4. There were two groups of people in the Christian Kingdoms: a. the privileged and the non-privileged. b. the noblemen and the clergy. c. craftsmen and merchants. 5. The caliphate of Cordoba was established by b. Abd-ar-Rahman III. c. Almanzor.

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8. In the Middle Ages, craftsmen from the same trade formed a. guilds.

b. the mosque.

a. Pelayo.

b. Mozarabs

9. construction.

were used in Gothic

a. Metal arches b. Pointed arches c. Round arches 10. At the end of the Middle Ages, only one Moorish territory remained, a. the Nasrid Kingdom of Cordoba. b. the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. c. the Nasrid Kingdom of Castile and Leon.


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Answer key 1 LIVING THINGS 1. Answer the questions. Cells are the smallest parts that make up a living thing. Cells are living things because they carry out life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. 2. Label the parts of a cell.

assessments

2 THE PLANT KINGDOM 1. Complete the chart. Plants: n on-flowering: ferns, mosses; flowering: gymnosperms, angiosperms. 2. Answer the questions.

Left: cytoplasm.

Spores are special cells that germinate and grow into a new plant.

Right top to bottom: membrane; nucleus.

Non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns.

3. How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain. Plant cells are usually bigger than animal cells. They have a regular shape. Animal cells can be different shapes: spherical, cubic, star-shaped or very irregular. 4. Answer the questions. They are found everywhere: in water, in soil, in the air and in our bodies. We can only see them through a microscope. 5. Write in order from the simplest to the most complex. Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism. 6. Match. tissue: a group of similar cells. organism: a group of various systems. system: a group of similar organs. organ: a group of similar tissues. 7. Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for each. M. A. Because they can only be seen through a microscope. • Helpful bacteria: the bacteria we use to make yoghurt or bread. • Harmful bacteria: the bacteria which causes pharyngitis or cholera. 8. Write the name of the kingdom. fungi kingdom; animal kingdom; plant kingdom; bacteria kingdom. 9. Answer the questions. Because viruses are so small and simple that scientists cannot agree if they are living things or not. Algae belong to the fifth kingdom. TEST 1 1. c, 2. a, 3. c, 4. b, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. b.

3. How are angiosperms different from gymnosperms? Explain. Gymnosperms have small, simple flowers. They do not produce fruit. The seeds are grouped together in cones. Angiosperms have large, beautiful flowers. They produce fruit with seeds inside. 4. Look at the picture. How would you classify this plant? This is an apple tree. It produces fruit, so it is an angiosperm. 5. Read the definitions and write the word. top to bottom: photosynthesis; stomata; chloroplast. 6. Circle the picture that shows photosynthesis. The first diagram. ◾ Now, explain your choice. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. 7. Look at the pictures. Explain the process of pollination and how it can happen in two ways. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the ovary within the same plant or between plants of the same type. This can happen by insect pollination or wind pollination. 8. Read the text and cross out the three errors. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen of one flower to the shoot (ovary) of another flower. After pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow. Fruit forms from the ovule (ovary). Then, seeds are formed from the ovary (ovule). 9. Label the type of asexual reproduction. Stolon; tuber; rhizome. 10. How do plants carry out the process of sensitivity? Give examples. M. A.: Plants react to changes in the environment. For example: Stems and leaves grow towards light. Vines wrap themselves round a support and grow along it. TEST 2 1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c.


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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 3 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

10. What can responsible governments do to protect the environment?

1. What is an ecosystem? Explain. An ecosystem is made up of a community of living things in a physical environment. 2. Can a pond be an ecosystem? Explain. Yes, because a pond is a specific physical environment, and there are living things which interact with each other in a pond.

M. A.: They can make nature reserves and national parks to protect ecosystems. They can pass laws to protect animals and to restrict hunting and fishing. ◾ Write an example of a protected area. O. A. TEST 3 1. b, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. c, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. a, 10. a.

3. Write a definition for each word. • Population: all the members of one species living in the same ecosystem. • Habitat: the place within an ecosystem where a population lives. • Community: all the populations that interact in an ecosystem. 4. Which factors influence living things in these environments? M. A. Terrestrial: climate, soil conditions, the terrain. Aquatic: salinity, amount of light, type of seabed or riverbed. 5. Number the pictures in order to make a food chain. 1 Grass, 2 snail, 3 small bird, 4 bird of prey. 6. Write an example for each. M. A. • Producer: grass. • Primary consumer: grasshopper. • Secondary consumer: frog. • Tertiary consumer: stork. 7. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? Food chains show how the species in an ecosystem are connected to one another by food relationships. Food webs are better at showing how plants and animals are interconnected because they are a combination of various food chains. 8. Match. Parasites: Animals that feed off other living things without killing them. Predators: Animals that hunt other animals for food. Scavengers: Animals that eat the dead bodies of other animals. 9. Explain how people affect the environment. M. A.: People affect the environment with their actions, for example, cutting down trees, burning fossil fuels, hunting animals, building constructions.

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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 4 THE EARTH 1. Complete the sentences. atmosphere; geosphere; hydrosphere. 2. Label the layers of the geosphere. A crust; B mantle; C core. 3. Now, write the characteristics of each layer. The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and made up of rocks. It is thicker beneath the continents and thinner beneath the oceans. The mantle is the middle layer of the Earth. It is made up of very dense, rocky substances. The core is the inner layer of the Earth. It is made up primarily of iron. The core is divided into the outer core, which is liquid and the inner core, which is solid. 4. Number the processes of weathering in order. 1 The river erodes soil and rock material from the river bed. 2 River water carries pieces of eroded soil and rock material. 3 River water deposits the pieces of eroded soil and rock material in other places. 5. Look at the picture. Explain how this geographical feature was made. The river has eroded the river bed, creating a canyon. 6. What are the three components of soil? The solid components are a mixture of minerals and organic matter. The liquid component is water, which contains dissolved minerals. The gas component is air, which contains carbon dioxide and oxygen. 7. Write a definition for each. • A volcanic eruption: when magma comes to the Earth’s surface through an opening in the crust. • An earthquake: a strong movement of the Earth’s crust caused by the sudden release of energy from below the surface. 8. Label the parts of a volcano.

5 THE UNIVERSE 1. Write the names of the planets in order, starting with the closest to the Sun. 1. Mercury, 2. Venus, 3. Earth, 4. Mars, 5. Jupiter, 6. Saturn, 7. Uranus, 8. Neptune. 2. Answer the questions. The outer planets are mainly composed of gas. The inner planets have a rocky surface. Venus and Mars are the planets closest to the Earth. 3. What is the difference between a satellite and a dwarf planet? Satellites are small celestial bodies that orbit the planets. Dwarf planets are spherical bodies that orbit the Sun. They are much smaller than planets. 4. Complete the text. Earth; Solar; Sun; Milky Way. 5. What are comets? When do they show a bright tail? Comets are giant balls of ice. They orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path. When they get close to the Sun, they show a bright tail that reflects light. 6. Write T (true) or F (false). F; F; F; T. 7. Read the definitions and write the words. galaxy; shooting stars; asteroids; constellation. 8. Write the four properties of stars. Colour, size, luminosity, and brightness. 9. What kind of celestial body is this? What are its characteristics? This is a spiral galaxy. It is a collection of thousands or millions of stars. It also contains rocks and gases. 10. Answer the questions.

Left top to bottom: crater, volcanic chimney.

He was the first human being to set foot on the Moon.

Right top to bottom: volcanic cone; lava; magma chamber.

Sputnik I.

9. Complete the chart. M. A.

He was the first person to travel into outer space. He was the first person to see the planet Earth from outer space.

Types of rocks, depending on how they are formed: Igneous rocks, for example, granite.

TEST 5

Sedimentary rocks; for example, coal.

1. b, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. b.

Metamorphic rocks; for example, marble. 10. What is the rock cycle? Explain. The rock cycle is a set of processes which form and change rocks over time. The processes can take thousands or millions of years. TEST 4 1. c, 2. a, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c, 6. a, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.


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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 6 MATTER

7 FORCES AND MOVEMENT

1. What are the general properties of matter? Give three examples.

1. What is friction? Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects. Friction happens when two things rub against each other. The direction of the force of friction is always contrary to the movement.

The general properties of matter are common to all matter, for example, mass, volume and temperature. 2. Name three specific properties of matter. • Colour. • Hardness. • Density. 3. Write the names of the units we use to measure. • The amount of matter in an object. Grammes or kilogrammes. • The amount of space an object occupies. Millilitres or litres. 4. Explain the difference between mass and volume. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Volume is the space an object occupies. 5. Look at the picture. Which substance is the densest? Explain. Water is the densest substance. The oil is floating on the water so it is less dense than the water. 6. Tick the correct box.

2. Read and answer the question. • What must the cyclist do to stop the bicycle? Explain. He must stop pedalling and use the brakes. The brakes increase the friction on the wheels and make the bicycle stop. 3. Look at the picture. Answer the question. • Why is it so difficult to stop when ice skating? It is difficult to stop when ice skating because there is very little friction between the skates and the ice. 4. Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction. Movement: an arrow pointing to the left. Friction: an arrow pointing to the right. 5. Solve the problem.

Homogeneous mixture: seawater, steel. Heterogeneous mixture: granite, soil. Pure substance: sugar, water.

100 × 3 = 300. He will drive 300 kilometres in three hours. 6. What is gravity?

7. What method would you use to separate the substances in each mixture? • Water and oil: decantation. • Sand and iron filings: magnetic separation. • Water and coffee grounds: filtration. 8. Complete the sentences. • Condensation is when a gas becomes a liquid. • Vaporisation is when a liquid becomes a gas.

Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface. 7. Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall? Explain. Gravity makes the ball fall to the ground. As nothing interrupts the force, the speed of the ball continues to increase.

• Solidification is when a liquid becomes a solid.

8. Draw the direction in which the ball will move. It will move up and to the right.

• Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid.

9. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

• Sublimation is when a solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid. 9. If we wash a glass and leave it to drain, a while later the glass will be dry. What happened to the water on the glass? The water evaporated. In other words, it changed from a liquid to a gas. 10. Write change of state or chemical change. • Paper burns and changes into ashes: chemical change. • Iron oxidises and changes into rust: chemical change.

• Why kind of machine are they using? An inclined plane. • What is this machine used for? It makes it easier to move heavy objects. • In which picture does the boy need to use less force? Explain. In picture B. Because the smaller the angle between the plane and the ground, the smaller the force required. 10. What is a third-class lever? Give an example. (M. A.) In third-class levers, the force is applied between the fulcrum and the load. Example: our arms.

• Clothes are hung out to dry in the Sun: change of state. • Lava cools and changes into hard rock: change of state.

TEST 7 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. b, 9. c, 10. b.

TEST 6 1. a, 2. a, 3. c, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. c, 10. b.

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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 8 THE RELIEF OF SPAIN 1. Which territories make up Spain? Spain covers most of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa. 2. Name the three rivers that cross the Inner Plateau. The Duero, the Tagus and the Guadiana. 3. Name the two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau. The Central Mountain Chain and the Mountains of Toledo. 4. Read and underline the two mistakes. The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. It is triangular in shape. The River Guadalquivir flows across it, and it is surrounded by the Baetic Mountain Chain, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean.

9 THE CLIMATES OF SPAIN 1. What is climate? Climate is the characteristic state of the atmosphere in a place: the temperatures, precipitation and wind over a number of years. 2. What factors affect climate? Distance from the sea, altitude and proximity to the Equator. 3. Read and name the climate. • The climate is the Continental Mediterranean climate. 4. Cross out the plants that are not typical of Mediterranean forests. Cross out tabaibas, eucalyptus and fir tree. 5. Which climate is shown in the climate graph?

5. Name the five mountain ranges which lie beyond the Inner Plateau.

Subtropical climate.

The Galician Massif, the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Betic Mountain Chain.

6. Complete the chart.

6. Read and name the mountain range. • The name of this mountain range is the Sierra Morena or Morena Range. 7. What two seas or oceans bathe the Galician coast? Describe this coast. It is bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and Cantabrian Sea. The Galician coast is a high rocky coast, with many inlets. The principal capes are Finisterre and Ortegal. 8. Answer the questions. • What are Spain’s two large archipelagos? The Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. • What is the highest peak in Spain? Where is it? Mount Teide, in Tenerife. • What is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago? Mallorca. 9. Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City. O. A. 10. Complete the map with the names of the relief features. A Cantabrian Range, B Pyrenees, C Iberian Chain, D Catalan Coastal Chain, E Central Mountain Chain, F Mountains of Toledo, G Morena Range, H Betic Chain. TEST 8 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b.

Mediterranean climate: mild temperatures; little rain. Continental Mediterranean climate: very cold in winter and very hot in summer; precipitation only in spring and autumn. Oceanic climate: mild temperatures; abundant precipitation. Subtropical climate: mild temperatures; little rain. Mountain climate: cold in winter, cool in summer; abundant precipitation. 7. Look at the picture of vegetation in the Canary Islands. Why is it not correct? Top to bottom: The Canary Islands pine is typical in the mountain areas. Laurel forests are typical in areas of medium altitude. Tabaibas are typical in areas of low altitude. 8. What is the climate? Use the key and colour. See SB page 107. 9. Write about the vegetation in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City. O. A. 10. Why does Spain have such a variety of climates? Think and explain. M. A. Because Spain has both coastal regions and inland regions a long way from the coast. Spain’s relief is varied with extensive mountainous regions as well as large plains. TEST 9 1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. c, 10. a.


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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 10 THE RIVERS OF SPAIN

11 THE POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY OF SPAIN

1. Write the definitions.

1. Name three types of migration Spain experienced in the 20th Century.

• flow: the amount of water the river carries. • flow regime: the variation in the flow of a river throughout the year. 2. Explain the influence of relief on rivers. Relief affects the length and speed of rivers. Rivers are short when they rise in mountains near the sea. Rivers are long when they rise a long way from the sea. 3. Identify the three watersheds in Spain. Use the key and colour. See Student Book page 119. 4. Why are rivers in the Atlantic watershed longer than rivers in the Cantabrian watershed? Rivers in the Atlantic watershed are longer than rivers in the Cantabrian watershed because they rise in mountains a long way from the Atlantic Ocean, which they flow into. 5. Complete the chart with the name of the watershed. Mediterranean: The majority of rivers are short. They do not carry much water. They have an irregular flow regime. Cantabrian: The rivers are short and very steep. They have quite regular, abundant flow regimes. 6. Identify the rivers on the map. Then, write if each river is a main river or a tributary. 1 Narcea: tributary

6 Gallego: tributary.

2 Miño: main river 7 Tagus: main river 3 Sil: tributary 8 Guadalquivir: main river 4 Pisuerga: tributary 9 Mundo: tributary 5 Ebro: main river

10 Segura: main river

7. Which river basin are these rivers in?

2. What is the formula we use to calculate population density? Divide the total number of inhabitants in a place by its surface area. 3. Write the descriptions. The population density of Spain’s inland provinces: they are less densely populated than on the coasts and on the islands, with the exception of Madrid. The population density within each province: the population is concentrated in the cities, particularly the capital city. 4. Explain why the Spanish population is growing. The Spanish population is growing because of positive natural growth and immigration. 5. Complete the text. Today, the population in Spain is over forty-seven million. This increase has happened because of positive natural growth and immigration. The population is concentrated in the cities and on the coasts. 6. Is the population in your Autonomous Community or City growing? Explain. O. A. 7. The active population of Spain is divided into three economic sectors. Read the graph and explain. M. A.: In Spain, five out of every 100 people work in the primary sector. Thirty out of every 100 people work in the secondary sector. Sixty-five out of every 100 people work in the tertiary sector. 8. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, corrected the false sentences.

Aragon: Ebro river basin Genil: Guadalquivir river basin Tormes: Duero river basin Tietar: Tagus river basin 8. Read the definitions and write the words. A small lake: pond. A coastal lagoon in Valencia: Albufera. The largest glacial lake in Spain: Lake Sanabria. Deep channels where water flows when it rains heavily: gullies. 9. Describe the rivers and lakes in your Autonomous Community or City. O. A.

F: The active population works in three sectors: the primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector. F: In Spain, cereals, grapes and olives are the most abundant dry crops. F: The secondary sector includes industry and construction. T. 9. Explain the difference between domestic trade and foreign trade. Domestic trade is commerce within a country. Foreign trade is commerce with other countries. 10. Answer the questions. O. A. TEST 11

TEST 10 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.

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International emigration, internal migration and international immigration.

1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. c, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.


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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 12 INSTITUTIONS OF SPAIN 1. Write the name of the capital of each Autonomous Community. Aragon: Zaragoza; Canary Islands: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife; Extremadura: Merida. Galicia: Santiago de Compostela. 2. What is the difference between a natural border and a political border? Natural borders are natural landforms that separate two countries, for example, rivers, mountains or deserts. Political borders are lines established by agreement between two countries. 3. What are the natural and political borders of Spain? North: France, Andorra, the Bay of Biscay;

7. Write two rights and two obligations which the Constitution establishes. M. A. Rights: freedom of speech and access to health-care. Obligations: obeying laws and paying taxes. 8. Who elects these people? The President of the Government: Congress of Deputies Members of Las Cortes: Spanish citizens 9. Who attends a cabinet meeting? The president and government ministers. 10. What are the main responsibilities of an Autonomous Community parliament? Making laws, approving budgets, electing the President of the Autonomous Community from among its members.

East: the Mediterranean Sea; South: the Mediterranean Sea, Morocco and the Atlantic Ocean;

TEST 12 1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b.

West: Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Write the name of the Autonomous Community. The Autonomous Community with the most provinces: Castile-Leon. The Autonomous Communities that border the Atlantic Ocean: Andalusia, the Canary Islands and Galicia. The Autonomous Community that borders Andorra: Catalonia. 5. Complete the chart with the names of the institutions. Autonomous Communities and Cities: Autonomous Parliament, president and government. Provinces: Provincial Council. In the Canary Islands, an Inter-island Council. Municipalities: mayor and local councillors. 6. Complete. The Constitution, approved in 1978, is the most important law in Spain. The Head of State is the King. His main duties are Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish Armed Forces and to represent Spain in its relations with other countries. The government is made up of the President and his ministers. The government is responsible for governing the country in accordance with the laws approved by parliament. The parliament of Spain is called Las Cortes. It is made up of two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. It is responsible for governing the country in accordance with the laws approved by parliament. The Courts of Justice are responsible for ensuring that laws are obeyed and for judging anyone accused of a crime. They are made up of judges and magistrates.


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Answer key ASSESSMENTs 13 PREHISTORY

8. Compare. Neolithic

The Metal Ages

Villages

Towns

What tools did they use?

Polished stone

Copper, bronze and iron

What works of art did they make?

Paintings of hunting scenes, people dancing or gathering fruit

Megalithic monuments

1. What is Prehistory? Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest. On the Iberian Peninsula, it starts with the appearance of human beings, about a million years ago, and ends with the appearance of writing, about 3,000 years ago. 2. Complete the timeline to show the three periods of Prehistory. 1,000,000 years ago: Palaeolithic Age

Where did people live?

7,000 years ago: Neolithic Age

9. Label menhir, dolmen or cromlech.

6,000 years ago: Metal Ages 3. Complete these sentences about human beings in the Palaeolithic Age. They lived in the open or in caves or simple huts. They ate what they found in nature. They lived for only about twenty years. They made simple tools from wood, bones and stone. They painted animals on the walls and roofs of caves. 4. Underline the two errors. Explain why this information is not correct. In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women lived in tribes. They were hunters and farmers. They made tools from stone and bronze. They painted animals on the walls and ceilings of caves and made small stone sculptures which represented women. In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women were not farmers. They gathered fruits and roots. They did not make tools from bronze. They made simple tools from wood, bones and stone. 5. Number in order starting from the oldest. 1 spear or harpoon, 2 ceramic bowl, 3 metal dagger 6. Complete the text. About 7,000 years ago, human beings became crop farmers and animal farmers. They built villages. People learned to polish stone in order to make more sophisticated tools. Two other important developments were the making of cloth and pottery. They painted scenes of hunting and dancing in caves. This period is known as the Neolithic Age. 7. Look at the picture. What period of Prehistory is it? Explain. M. A. It is the Neolithic Age. It shows a village near a river, crops, stables for animals and several pots.

cromlech, menhir, dolmen. 10. Write about your Autonomous Community or City. What kind of Prehistoric remains have been found there? What period do they belong to? O. A. TEST 13 1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. c, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c.

14 ANCIENT HISTORY 1. Complete the text. Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.: the Iberians and the Celts. Then, the first colonists arrived from across the Mediterranean Sea: the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians. 2. Complete. Their houses were round and not organised in streets. They ate the food they produced. They were expert metalworkers. 3. Complete the chart. M. A. Phoenicians: came from Asia; settled on the coast of Andalusia; founded Gadir, Sexi and Abdera. Greeks: came from Greece; settled on the Mediterranean coast; founded Rhode, Emporion and Saguntum. Carthaginians: came from Africa; settled on the Balearic Islands and in the east of the Peninsula; founded Ebusus and Cartago Nova. 4. Use the key and colour the map. See Student Book page 170. 5. What group of people lived in your Autonomous Community before the Roman conquest? M. A. 6. Answer the questions. When did the Roman conquest of Hispania begin? It began in 218 B.C. Who did the Romans defeat in the Punic Wars? They defeated the Carthaginians.

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Answer key ASSESSMENTs Why did the Romans occupy Hispania? They were attracted by its natural resources, especially metals. What were the last territories that the Romans conquered? They conquered the north last (Asturica Augusta). 7. Describe the Roman way of life. The inhabitants of Hispania gradually adopted Roman customs. They learnt to speak Latin, and they became Christians. 8. The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces. What were their names? Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconense, Gallaecia and Cartaginense. 9. Write correct versions of these sentences. In 218 B.C., the Romans arrived in Ampurias and defeated the Carthaginians.

6. Circle the names of the Christian Kingdoms that existed in the Iberian Peninsula around 1200. Kingdom of Leon, Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Portugal 7. Complete the text. In 1212, the Battle of Navas de Tolosa took place. The armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon together defeated the Moorish troops. After this battle, King Ferdinand III and, after him, Alfonso X, conquered nearly all of AlAndalus. Only one Muslim territory remained on the Peninsula: the Kingdom of Granada, which was conquered in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs. 8. Look at the picture and answer.

In Hispania, each province was ruled by a governor.

What kind of building is it? It is a church.

There were two groups of people in Roman society: free people and slaves.

Describe the walls. They are thick stone walls.

10. Write correct versions of these sentences. M. A.: Many Roman buildings still remain standing, for example, the aqueduct in Segovia, and the Roman theatre and amphitheatre in Merida. Many people in Spain are Christians. Spanish, Galician and Catalan are Latin-based languages.

Describe the arches. They are round. What period does this building belong to? Explain. (M. A.) It is Romanesque because the building is not very tall and the walls are very thick. The windows are small. The arches are round. 9. What is the difference between mozarab and muladi?

TEST 14 1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. a, 10. a.

The Mozarabs were Christians who continued to practise their religion in Al-Andalus. The Muladi were Christians who accepted the Muslim religion. 10. Answer the questions.

15 THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Read the text and name the kingdom. The Visigoth kingdom. 2. Write correct versions of these sentences. In 711 A.D., an army of Moors arrived from Africa and invaded the Visigoth kingdom. At first, Al-Andalus was an emirate which depended on the caliph of Damascus.

What materials did Moorish architects use? They used poor materials such as plaster and brick. Describe the walls. They were highly decorated. What kind of arches did they use? They used many kinds including horseshoe-shaped arches. TEST 15 1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. b, 10. b.

The emir Abd-ar-Rahman III took the title of caliph and established the caliphate of Cordoba. 3. Put the events in chronological order. 1 Conquest and Emirate, 2 Independent emirate, 3 Caliphate, 4 Taifas 5 Kingdom of Granada 4. Look at the map. What period of the Middle Ages does it show? Explain. M. A. It shows the beginning of the Middle Ages because most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are Muslim territory. 5. Answer the questions. Where were the first Christian Kingdoms? They were in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Who was Pelayo? He was a Visgoth nobleman who founded the Kingdom of Asturias.


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1

TERM ASSESSMENT

Name 1

2

Date

Identify the kingdom. They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves.

They eat other living things. They can move by themselves.

They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things.

Match. A group of similar cells A group of various systems A group of similar organs A group of similar tissues

3


4

a tissue

an organism

a system

Plants

Flowering plants

an organ

What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis?

5

Define the words. Ecosystem Parasite Biosphere

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1 6

7

Write an example for each of these living things. Producer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Write the names of the Earth’s layers. The outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and made up of rocks. The layer of the atmosphere which is essential for life on Earth. All the water on Earth, which can be solid, liquid or gas.

8

Complete the chart. Types of rock

9

How they are formed

Examples

Complete the definitions. The A

is the closest star to the Earth.

is a group of stars that seems to form a pattern in the sky.

The

are large, sphere-shaped bodies which orbit around the Sun.

Our

is called the Milky Way.

are giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.

10 Write the names of the planets. Inner planets

Outer planets


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2

TERM ASSESSMENT

Name 1

Date

Answer the questions. What are the two types of properties of matter? What is volume? What are the two types of changes in matter? When do chemical changes occur?

2

Define three methods used to separate different substances in a mixture.

3

Explain the difference between the force of gravity and the force of friction.

4

Write the class of lever.

5

Describe the Cantabrian coast. Location: Characteristics: Main landforms:

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2 6

7

Write an example for each relief feature. A mountain chain on the Inner Plateau.

A mountain range surrounding the Inner Plateau.

A river basin beyond the Inner Plateau.

A mountain range beyond the Inner Plateau.

Describe the temperatures and precipitation of an Oceanic climate. ◾ What regions of Spain have an Oceanic climate?

8

Describe the vegetation of a Mediterranean forest.

9

Write the names of the rivers numbered on the map.

FRANCE ANDORRA

1

R.

R...............

UG PO

RT

O C E A N

5

.... .... ...

2

AL

A T L A N T I C

1

Llobregat

R.

M iñ o

Na lón

R.

R.

n R. Ne r vió

Cantabrian Sea

2

R. ..........

3

........ R. .........

4

..... ...... ...... R. ..

R. Se gu ra

Se

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Ceuta

3

r R. Júca

Me Melilla

t di

er

ra

n

a

n ea

5

Scale 0

4

150

Kilometres

U10-3

10 Name the three main watersheds in Spain.


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3

TERM ASSESSMENT

Name 1

Date

What is population density? ◾ Now, calculate the population density of Asturias.

Asturias

2

Inhabitants

Surface area (km2)

1,084,341

10,604

Population density

Explain the graph. This part represents the active population of Spain.

Tertiary sector (65 %)

Primary sector (5 %)

3

4

Secondary sector (30 %)

Give examples of jobs in each economic sector. Primary sector

Secondary sector

Service sector


Political institutions of Spain

the King

parliament

judges

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3 5

Copy and complete the chart. Palaeolithic Age

Neolithic Age

Metal Ages

Where did people live? What tools did they use? What works of art did they make?

6

Name three inventions from the Metal Ages. Look at the map. What does it show?

Cantabrian Sea GALL AE C I A

OCEAN

7

Pompaelo Asturica Augusta TA R R AC O N E N S I S Numantia Cesaraugusta

LUSITANI A

Olisipo

AT L A N T I C

8

Tarraco

Toletum

C A RTAG I N E N S I S

Emerita Augusta Hispalis

Main Roman roads

Corduba

BA E T I C A

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Who were the colonizing civilizations in Spain? Where did they settle?

179247U14p170h2 vías romanas

9

Answer the questions. When was the Battle of Navas de Tolosa? What armies fought each other? Which army won?

10 Describe Romanesque buildings.


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TERM 1 TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. All living things are made up of a. bacteria.

6. are carnivorous animals that hunt other animals for food.

b. cells.

a. Scavengers

c. bones and muscles.

b. Parasites

2. things.

are the smallest living

c. Predators 7. The ozone layer is in the upper

a. Fungi

a. troposphere.

b. Bacteria

b. hydrosphere.

c. Algae

c. stratosphere.

3. do not produce fruit. The seeds are grouped together in cones.

8. is the removal of soil and rock materials by water, wind or ice.

a. Gymnosperms

a. Sedimentation

b. Fungi

b. Transport

c. Angiosperms

c. Erosion

4. is made when raw sap mixes with carbon dioxide.

9. are the four planets closest to the Sun.

a. Elaborated sap

a. Dwarf planets

b. Phloem vessels

b. The outer planets

c. Chlorophyll

c. The inner planets

5. is made up of all the populations that interact in an ecosystem.

10. is a collection of thousands or millions of stars.

a. A population

a. A constellation

b. An individual

b. A comet

c. A community

c. A galaxy

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TERM 2 TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. in an object.

is the amount of matter

6. goes from Estaca de Bares Point to the Miño estuary.

a. Mass

a. The Galician coast

b. Density

b. The Atlantic coast

c. Volume

c. The Mediterranean coast

2. Minerals are a. pure substances.

7. The climate of the regions in the north of the Peninsula is

b. homogeneous substances.

a. the Oceanic climate.

c. heterogeneous substances.

b. the Mediterranean climate.

3. is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects. a. Gravity

c. the Mountain climate. 8. In the north of the Canary Islands with the highest altitudes, there are many

b. Friction

a. eucalyptus forests.

c. Speed

b. oak forests.

4. In , the force is applied between the fulcrum and the load.

c. laurel forests. 9. The River Duero is in

a. first-class levers

a. the Mediterranean watershed.

b. second-class levers

b. the Cantabrian watershed.

c. third-class levers

c. the Atlantic watershed.

5. The Picos de Europa are in

10. The Serena reservoir is in

a. the Cantabrian Range.

a. the Guadiana river basin.

b. the Iberian Mountain Chain.

b. the Tagus river basin.

c. the Sierra Morena.

c. the Ebro river basin.


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TERM 3 TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. The Spanish population is growing because of a. positive natural growth and immigration. b. high birth rate and high death rate. c. emigration and natural growth. 2. The active population includes

7. The Phoenicians founded a. Gadir. b. Cartago Nova. c. Rhode. 8. The Emperor completed the Roman conquest of Spain. a. Hannibal

a. children under 16 and retired people.

b. Augustus

b. students and people who are ill.

c. Viriathus

c. people who are of legal working age and are employed. 3. employs the most people and generates the most wealth in Spain. a. The primary sector

9. The Muslims arrived from Africa and invaded the Visigoth kingdom in a. 308. b. 711. c. 1212.

b. The secondary sector c. The tertiary sector 4. In Spain, the Head of State is a. the President. b. the King. c. the President and the Parliament. 5. In the Palaeolithic Age, people a. were nomads.

10. After the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, there were four kingdoms: a. the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon, Al-Andalus, the Kingdom of Navarre. b. the Crown of Castile, Al-Andalus, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Navarre. c. the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Navarre.

b. became sedentary. c. lived in villages. 6. The wheel was invented in a. the Palaeolithic Age. b. the Neolithic Age. c. the Metal Ages.

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Answer key

TERM assessments

TERM 1 ASSESSMENT 1. Identify the kingdom. They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves: fungi kingdom. They eat other living things. They can move by themselves: animal kingdom. They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things: bacteria kingdom. 2. Match. A group of similar cells: a tissue. A group of various systems: an organism. A group of similar organs: a system. A group of similar tissues: an organ. 3. Complete the diagram. Flowering plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns. 4. What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis? Water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight. 5. Define the words. Ecosystem: all the living things and the physical environment in one place. Parasite: a living thing that feeds off other living things without killing them. Biosphere: the planet Earth and all living things that inhabit it. 6. Write an example for each of these living things. M. A. Producer: a plant (grass). Primary consumer: a herbivore (rabbit). Secondary consumer: a carnivore (owl). 7. Write the names of the Earth’s layers. The crust; the troposphere; the hydrosphere. 8. Complete the chart. Igneous rocks: formed when magma cools and solidifies. Examples: granite and basalt. Sedimentary rocks: formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. Examples: coal and sandstone. Metamorphic rocks: formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks. Examples: marble and slate. 9. Complete the definitions. Sun; constellation; planets; galaxy, Comets. 10. Write the names of the planets. Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars. Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. TERM 1 TEST 1. b, 2. b, 3. a, 4. a, 5. c, 6. c, 7. c, 8. c, 9. c, 10. c.


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Answer key TERM ASSESSMENT TERM 2 ASSESSMENT 1. Answer the questions. What are the two types of properties of matter? Matter has general properties and specific properties. What is volume? Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. What are the two types of changes in matter? Chemical changes and changes of state. When do chemical changes occur? Chemical changes occur when substances change into other substances. 2. Define three methods used to separate different substances in a mixture. M. A. Filtration can be used to separate a liquid from a solid. Decantation can be used to separate homogeneous mixtures of substances with different densities. Evaporation can be used to separate homogeneous mixtures. 3. Explain the difference between the force of gravity and the force of friction. Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface. Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects. Friction happens when two things rub against each other. 4. Write the class of lever. First-class lever; second-class lever; third-class lever. 5. Describe the Cantabrian coast. Location: It extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border. Characteristics: high and rocky with many cliffs and estuaries. Main landforms: Cape Matxitxako, the Bay of Biscay, the Aviles estuary, Cape Ajo and Estaca de Bares Point. 6. Write an example for each relief feature. M. A. A mountain chain on the Inner Plateau: the Central Mountain Chain. A mountain range surrounding the Inner Plateau: the Mountains of Leon. A river basin beyond the Inner Plateau: the Ebro river basin. A mountain range beyond the Inner Plateau: the Galician Massif. 7. Describe temperatures and precipitation of an Oceanic climate. Temperatures are mild all year round. Precipitation is abundant all year round. ◾ What regions of Spain have an Oceanic climate? The regions in the North of the Peninsula have an Oceanic climate: Navarre, the Basque Country, Asturias, Galicia and part of Aragon and Castile-Leon. 8. Describe the vegetation of a Mediterranean forest. A wide variety of plants grow in a Mediterranean forest, for example, trees: such as holm oak, cork and pine trees; shrubs: such as the Kermes oak, rockrose and some aromatic plants, such as thyme, lavender, broom and rosemary. 9. Write the names of the rivers numbered on the map. 1. Duero; 2. Tagus; 3. Guadiana; 4. Guadalquivir; 4. Ebro. 10. Name the three main watersheds in Spain. The Cantabrian watershed. The Mediterranean watershed. The Atlantic watershed. TERM 2 TEST 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. a, 10. a.

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Answer key TERM ASSESSMENT TERM 3 ASSESSMENT 1. What is population density? Population density is the number of inhabitants per square kilometre. ◾ Now, calculate the population density of Asturias. 1,084,341 divided by 10,604 = 102. 2. Explain the graph. This part represents the active population of Spain. Five out of every 100 people in Spain work in the primary sector. Thirty out of every 100 people work in the secondary sector. Sixty-five out of every 100 people work in the tertiary sector. 3. Give examples of jobs in each economic sector. M. A. Primary sector: fishing, agriculture, mining. Secondary sector: chemical industries, electrical supplies, construction industries. Service sector: education, health services, tourism. 4. Complete the diagram. Head of State: the King

The Parliament: deputies / senators

The Government: the President / the ministers

Courts of Justice: magistrates / judges

5. Copy and complete the chart. Palaeolithic Age

Neolithic Age

Metal Ages

Where did people live?

In the open, in caves and in simple huts

In small villages

In towns

What tools did they use?

Simple tools from wood, bones and stone

Polished stone tools: hoes, sickles and hand mills

Tools made from copper, bronze and iron

What works of art did they make?

They painted animals on the walls and ceilings of caves. They made small stone sculptures.

Painters depicted hunting scenes and people dancing or gathering plants

They built monuments with huge stones called megaliths.

6. Name three inventions from the Metal Ages. The wheel, the sail and the plough. 7. Look at the map. What does it show? It is a map of Roman Hispania. It shows how the Romans organised the territories into five provinces. 8. Who were the colonising civilizations in Spain? Where did they settle? The Phoenicians settled on the coast of Andalusia. The Greeks settled on the Mediterranean coast. The Carthaginians settled on the Balearic Islands and in the east of the Peninsula. 9. Answer the questions. When was the Battle of Navas de Tolosa? In the year 1212. What armies fought each other? The armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon together fought the Moorish troops. Which army won? The armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon. 10. Describe Romanesque buildings. M. A. Romanesque buildings were not very tall. They had very thick walls and few windows. Consequently, they were dark inside. The doors and windows had round arches. TERM 3 TEST 1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. c.


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FINAL ASSESSMENT

Name 1

Date

Complete. All living things are made up of . Cells have three main parts: the , the and the cytoplasm. Living things are classified into five kingdoms: , , , and the fifth kingdom, which includes protozoa and algae.

2

What main group of flowering plants does this tree belong to? Explain.

3


Planet Earth is made up of

the geosphere is made up of

is made up of other exterior layers

4

What are three specific properties of matter?

5

Draw arrows showing the force of friction and movement.

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6

7

Write the names. These mountains divide Castile-Leon from Asturias and Cantabria.

The highest peak on the Iberian Peninsula.

A very long mountain range which goes from the Cantabrian Sea to the Mediterranean. The highest mountain is the Aneto.

This coast extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border.

The main mountain range on the Balearic Islands.

The highest peak in Spain.

A river which has many tributaries such as the Aragon, the Gallego and the Segre.

Describe the climate of your Autonomous Community or City.

8

9

Write the period of Prehistory. Simple tools were made from bones and stone.

The plough was invented.

People built dolmens.

Human beings became sedentary.

People hunted and gathered fruits and roots.

Write a few sentences about the Roman conquest of Hispania.

10 Answer the questions. When did the Muslims invade the Visigoth kingdom? Who was Abd-ar-raman III? Who were the Catholic Monarchs?


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FINAL TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 1. Similar cells that carry out a common function are grouped together to form

6. Living beings that eat the dead bodies of other animals are

a. an organism.

a. scavengers.

b. a tissue.

b. parasites.

c. systems and organisms.

c. predators.

2. Plant cells have special organelles called

7. The inner layer of the Earth is the

a. organs.

a. crust.

b. membranes.

b. mantle.

c. chloroplasts.

c. core.

3. Angiosperms produce a. fruit with seeds inside.

8. are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things.

b. seeds grouped together in cones.

a. Igneous rocks

c. seeds with fruit inside.

b. Sedimentary rocks

4. Elaborated sap is distributed from the leaves to all parts of the plant through a. roots. b. phloem vessels.

c. Metamorphic rocks 9. The four planets farthest away from the Sun which are composed mainly of gas are a. the inner planets.

c. xylem vessels.

b. the outer planets. 5. Herbivores are

c. the dwarf planets.

a. primary consumers. b. secondary consumers. c. producers.

10. Our Solar System belongs to a spiral galaxy called the a. Kuiper Belt b. Milky Way. c. Ursa Mayor.

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FINAL TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 11. Specific properties of matter a. are common to all matter. b. vary from one substance to another and enable us to distinguish one object from another. c. are the amount of space an object occupies. 12. is when a solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid. a. Condensation b. Sublimation c. Boiling 13. is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earth’s surface. a. Friction b. Attraction c. Gravity 14. The pulley a. reduces friction with the ground. b. changes the direction needed to apply force. c. allows you to pull upwards and lift the object. 15. separates Castile-Leon from Asturias and Cantabria.

16. extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border. a. The Cantabrian Coast b. The Atlantic Coast c. The Mediterranean Coast 17. The Canary Islands have a. an Oceanic climate. b. a Subtropical climate. c. a Mediterranean climate. 18. The climate of the highest areas in Spain is called a. Mountain climate. b. Oceanic climate. c. Subtropical climate. 19. is the route of the river from its source to its mouth. a. The flow b. The regime c. The course 20. Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed a. are long with very abundant flow regimes. b. are short with abundant flow regimes. c. have an irregular flow.

a. The Cantabrian Range b. The Iberian Mountain Chain c. The Subbetic Range


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FINAL TEST

Name

Date

Circle the correct option. 21. The population density of Spain is greater a. in coastal areas, on the islands and in the province of Madrid.

26. is a megalithic monument consisting of a large standing stone. a. A dolmen

b. in the inland provinces.

b. A menhir

c. in the north.

c. A cromlech

22. includes people who do not receive a salary because they are ill. a. The active population b. The inactive population c. The unemployed population 23. There are two types of trade: a. exports and imports. b. domestic trade and foreign trade. c. the primary sector and secondary sector.

27. The Celts lived a. in the centre of the Peninsula and on the Atlantic coast. b. on the coast of Andalusia, where they founded colonies, such as Gadir. c. on the Balearic Islands and in the east of the Peninsula. 28. The Romans divided Hispania into a. legionaries. b. Autonomous Communities. c. provinces.

24. The parliament is made up of a. the Congress of Deputies and the government.

29. The Catholic Monarchs conquered a. the Canary Islands in 711.

b. the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court.

b. Al-Andalus in the Battle of Navas de Tolosa.

c. the Congress of Deputies and the Senate.

c. the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492.

25. The Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages are periods of a. Prehistory. b. Ancient history. c. the Middle Ages.

182 189725 _ 0166-0184.indd 182

30. Gothic churches are characterized by a. cement and concrete. b. large doors and windows with pointed arches. c. doors and windows with round arches.


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Answer key

FINAL assessments

1. Complete. cells; membrane, nucleus; animal, plant, fungi, bacteria. 2. What main group of flowering plants does this tree belong to? Explain. It is a gymnosperm plant because we can see that its seeds are grouped together in a cone. 3. Complete the diagram. Geosphere: crust, mantle, core Hydrosphere Atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere 4. What are three specific properties of matter? Colour, density and hardness. 5. Draw arrows showing the forces of friction and movement. Friction = an arrow pointing to the left. Movement = an arrow pointing to the right. 6. Write the names. These mountains separate Castile-Leon from Asturias and Cantabria: the Cantabrian Range. The highest peak on the Iberian Peninsula: Mulhacen. A very long mountain range which goes from the Cantabrian Sea to the Mediterranean. The highest mountain is the Aneto: the Pyrenees. This coast extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border: the Cantabrian Coast. The main mountain range on the Balearic Islands: Tramuntana Range. The highest peak in Spain: Mount Teide. A river which has many tributaries such as the Aragon, the Gallego and the Segre: the River Ebro. 7. Describe the climate of your Autonomous Community or City. O. A. 8. Write the period of Prehistory. Simple tools were made from bones and stone: the Palaeolithic Age. The plough was invented: the Metal Ages. People built dolmens: the Metal Ages. Human beings became sedentary: the Neolithic Age. People hunted and gathered fruits and roots: the Palaeolithic Age. 9. Write a few sentences about the Roman conquest of Hispania. M.A. The Roman conquest of the Peninsula started in 218 B.C. and ended in 19 B.C. The Romans organised Hispania into provinces, spread the Latin language, created cities and introduced Christianity. Hispano-Roman society consisted of two groups of people: free people and slaves. 10. Answer the questions. When did the Muslims invade the Visigoth kingdom? In the year 711. Who was Abd-ar-Rahman III? He was a caliph who established the caliphate of Cordoba. Who were the Catholic Monarchs? Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. FINAL TEST 1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. a, 7. c, 8. b, 9. b, 10. b. 11. b, 12. b, 13. c, 14. b, 15. a, 16. a, 17. b, 18. a, 19. c, 20. b. 21. a, 22. b, 23. b, 24. c, 25. a, 26. b, 27. a, 28. c, 29. c, 30. b.


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Top Science 5 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Enric Juan Redal and Vicki Caballero. English adaptation: David Folkers Managing editor: Sheila Tourle Editorial team: Sheila Klaiber, Vassilia Katte and Grace Lloyd Art director: José Crespo Design coordinator: Rosa Marín Design Team: Interiors design: Jorge Gómez Tobar Cover design: Pep Carrió Cover illustration: Javier Vázquez Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda Design development: José Luis García and Raúl de Andrés Technical director: Ángel García Encinar Technical coordinator: Marisa Valbuena Layout: Hilario Simón and Antonio Díaz Art coordination: Carlos Aguilera Illustrations: Jordi Baeza, Paul Coulbois, Carlos Fernández, Digitalartis, Jorge Salas and Bartolomé Seguí. Photo research: Amparo Rodríguez Photographs: I. Rovira; J. Jaime; TERRANOVA INTERPRETACIÓN Y GESTION AMBIENTAL; ISTOCKPHOTO; ARCHIVO SANTILLANA.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holders. Any infraction of the rights mentioned would be considered a violation of the intellectual property (Article 270 of the Penal Code). If you need to photocopy or scan any fragment of this work, contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org). However, the publisher grants permission for the photocopying of those pages marked ‘photocopiable’, for individual use or for use in classes taught by the purchaser only. Under no circumstances may any part of this book be photocopied for resale.

© 2011 by Santillana Educación, S. L. / Richmond Publishing Torrelaguna, 60. 28043 Madrid Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S. L.

Richmond Publishing 58 St Aldates Oxford OX1 ST United Kingdom

PRINTED IN SPAIN

ISBN: 978-84-294-9240-8 CP: 189725 D.L.:

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