Contents 1 E L U D O M
U n it 1
Present Simple vs Present Progr essi ve / Stati ve ve rb s
U n it 2
Compari son of adject ives and adver bs / Other for ms of co m pa rison
U n it 3
Past Simpl e / Th e ver b
R evisi on M od ule 1 2 L E U D O M
Uni ts 1- 3
Conditi onal Sentence s Type 1 / Time Clauses (present - future) Bot h / All / Neithe r / Non e / Eit he r So / Neit her / Too / Either
U n it 7 U n it 8
31
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35
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Uni ts 7- 8
40
...................................................................................................................................
Past Progress ive / Time Clauses (whe n, whil e, as, as soon as)
U n it 10
Past Perf ect Simp le
U n it 11
Preposi tions of Time / Preposi tions of Place / Preposi tions of M ov em en t
42
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47
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Uni ts 9-11
....................................
................................................................................................................................
51 55
can / co uld / ma y / wil l / woul d must /
U n it 1 3
have to / ne ed (t o)
57
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ca n / cou ld / be abl e to cou ld / may / mig ht must /
U n it 14
can’ t
;
............................................................................................................................... ......................
Inf ini tiv e / -ing form
R evisi on M od ule 5
7
S im p le
U n it 9
5
E L U D O M
29
Present Perfect Simple - Present Perfect Progressive
U nit 12
6
25
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Present Perfe ct Pro gre ssi ve
R evisi on M od ule 4
E L U D O M
21
Present Perfect Simpl e
R evisi on M od ule 3
E L U D O M
17
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Presen t Perf ect Si mple vs Past
for / si nce
4
15
U n it 5 U n it 6
3
7
11
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Relat ive Pronouns (wh o, which, that, whose) / R elat ive adverb (where)
Uni ts 4- 6
2
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.......................................... .................................................... ...................
U n it 4
R evisi on M od ule 2
E L U D O M
used t o
.......................................................................
Uni ts 12-14
71
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U n it 15
The art ic le ‘t he ’
U n it 1 6
Passi ve Voi ce (Pr esent Simple - Past Simple)
U n it 17
Passive Voice (Present Perfec t Simp le - Futur e “w ill” - Futu re “ be goi ng to ” - Modal ve rbs )
Re vi si on M odu le 6
73
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Uni ts 15-17
U n it 1 8
Subject - Objec t Questions
D U O M
U n it 1 9
Cond itio nal Sente nces Type 2 / W ishes Uni ts 18-19
77
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81
................................................................................................................................
E L
R evisi on M od ule 7
62 66
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/ Negat ive Questi ons / Ref lexive Prono uns
86 88
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93
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97
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8 E L U D O M
U n it 2 0
Repo rted Spee ch (Stat ements)
U n it 2 1
Repor ted Speech (Quest ion s - Commands
Re vi si on M od ule 8 Irregular verbs
Uni ts 20-21
99
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- R equ ests )
104
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109
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I l l
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Unit 1
f Presen
t Sim ple vs Pr esen t Prog ressi ve Stative Verbs
Read Barry’s e-mail to Ron.
Subject: [ News from Berlin Hi Ron, Berlin's great but the weather's awful. It's raining again today and I hate it. I often think about you in Florida and I'm so jealous! Anyway, I'm studying for my exams these days and I haven't got much free time. Tomorrow I'm taking my first big exam and I'm not really looking forward to it. However, the exams finish on 20th February and I'm thinking of inviting you over so that you can get a taste of Berlin. Write back soon, Barry Now complete the sentences.
1. Barry can’t stand
3. T h e __________________________
in Berli n.
is the last day of the exams.
2. Barry is busy these days because
4. Barry
________________________
Ron to visit him after the exams.
Grammar Q Present Simple vs Present Progressive
Aff irm ati ve FULL FORMS
1walk He/S he/It walk s We/You/They walk
SHORT FORMS
1do not walk 1don’t walk He/S he/It does not walk He/She It doe sn't walk We/You/They do not walk We/You/The> don't walk
Questions Short Answers Do 1walk? Yes, 1do. No, 1don't. Does he/she/it walk? Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't. Do we/you/they walk? Yes, we/you/they do. No, we/you/they don't.
.
.
..
............
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
1am walking He/She/It is walking We/You/They are walking Questions
I'm walking . 1am not walking I’m not walking He/S he/It's walking He/S he/It is not walk ing He/S he/It isn’t wal king We/You/They’re walking We/You/They are not walking We/You/They aren’t walking
Am 1walking? Is he/she/it walking? Are we/you/they walking?
2
....
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
Sho rt Answer s Yes, 1am. Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, we/you/they are.
No, I’m not. No, he/she/it isn’t. No, we/you/they aren’t.
We use the Present Simple: for habits or actions that happen regularly.
We use the Present Progressive: for actions that are happening now, at the moment of speaking.
I listen to music every evening.
for permanent states.
John is talking on the phone at the moment.
He lives in New York.
for temporary states.
for general truths.
I’m staying at my cousin’s house these days.
Tigers don’t live in Africa.
for future arrangements (we usually mention when).
for an action that takes place according to a schedule.
Sue is taking the train to Berlin tomorrow.
The class finis hes at 9 o ’clock.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
TIME EXPRESSIONS
now, at the moment
usually, always, often, etc.
today, these days, this week/year, etc.
every day/week, etc. in the morning/spring, etc.
tonight, tomorrow, etc. next week/year, etc.
on Mondays/Monday morning, etc. at the weekend, etc. once/twice/three times, etc. a week/day, etc. f
The adverbs of frequency always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, usually go before the main verb, but after the verb be and the auxiliary verbs (do/does). He often stays up late at night. ffWTl Terry doesn’t usually wake up early. Maria is always sad.
Q Stat ive Verbs Stative verbs
are not normally used in the
Present Progressive.
Stative verbs usually express: • Senses: hear, smell, taste, see, etc. • Emotions: love, hate, like, prefer, want, etc. • Thought, knowledge, belief: think, know, remember, mean, understand, etc. • Various other states, such as: be, have (possess), cost, belong
—,— — — Some Stative Verbs see
— ;— ;----„
r
can be used in progressive tenses but with a different meaning.
Mary is seeing the dentist this Saturday.
think of/about I ’m thinking o f having a party a t the week end. have (with words like lunch, breakfast, bath, etc.) He’s having lunch now. NOTE: Although th e verbs listen, look, watch
refer to the senses, they are not stative verbs and can be used in the Present Progressive. We’re watching a great film right now.
Activities A.
Circle the correct words.
Sabina Stone (l) works / is working of Brighton. She (2) is starting / (3) doe sn’t finish /
starts
isn’t finishing
her job and (5) is e njoying / however, she feels tired. She
as a full-time librarian at the Central Library work at 8 o’clock every day and
until 3 in the afternoon. She
(4) likes /
is liking
enjoy s being in a place full of books. These days (6) is thinking /
to Calais in France. So, she (7) takes /
thinks
of going on a three-day trip
is takin g the ferry to France tomorrow.
B.
Make sentences using the Present Simple or the Present Progressive.
1.
Laura/speak/Chinese/?
5. Keith and Tina/listen/music/moment/.
2.
Sam /rar ely/argue/wit h fri ends/.
6. Jack /help/b rothe r/with/M aths hom ework/now/?
3.
Em ily/see/doctor/ this after noon/.
7. Charlie/not s pend ti m e/cha tting/over the
4.
sun/rise/in the e
8. soup/smell/delicious/!
C.
Use the prompts to make questions. Then, look at the pictures and answer.
1.
Lisa/wo rk/boo ksho p/?
as t/ .
Does Lisa work in a bookshop?
2. Brian/make _________________
No. she doesn't. She works in a shoe shop._______
3.
4
Susan and Frank/wear/shorts/today/?
sandw ich/now/?
_________________________
_________________________
4. People in the UK/drive/on the right/?
phon e/.
D.
Complete with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets.
1. A: W ha t _____________ y o u ______________ (do) this weekend? B: Well, I _____________________(usually/go) to the
cinema but this weekend I
___________________
(stay) at home because I feel exhausted.
2. A: Ho w m u ch B: I’m afraid I
______________
this T-shirt
(cost)?
______________
(not remember). Wait a minute, please... Erm...
______________________
I t ______________________(cost) twenty euros.
3. A: This film is reall y boring. What ti m e
i t _______________(finish)?
______________
B: I ______________________ (not know).
4. A: Hey, Fred! Wh at ’s on TV? B: I ______________________(watch) a documentary
about gorillas. It’s very interesting.
5. A: How about going shopping tomorrow? B: I ______________________(not think) so. I
(think) of visiting my grandparents
_____________________
tomorrow.
6. A: Where
_____________
y o u _______________ (live)?
B: W e ______________________(live) near the school but these days w e
aunt’s because my dad
(paint) the house.
______________________
E. Choosea, b or c.
1. We can’t go out with yo u tonigh t because w e a. have
dinner at my cousin’s house.
_____________________
b. are having
c . is having
2. Mr and Mrs Roberts are buying a bicycle for Suzy next week, but Suzy isn’t very excited about it. S h e ______________________a skateboard. a. is wanting
3. Diane a.
b. want
c. wants
to work. She takes the bus as well.
______________________
always doesn’t drive
b. doesn’t alwa ys drive
(stay) at our
______________________
c. doesn’t drive always
4. Helen is looking for a job. She
the manager of a food company tomorrow.
I hope she gets the job. a. doesn’t see
b. sees
c. is seeing
5. A: Why aren 't you doing the e xercise, John? B: i can’t Miss Peel. 1
it.
___________________
a. don’t understand
6. This week Kelly a. is working
b. am not understanding ________
c. am not understand
. She is on holiday.
b. isn’t w orki ng
c. doesn’t work
Talk in pairs. Discuss what you like doing in your free time and what your plans for the weekend are. Use some of the ideas below or your own. • cinema
• football match
• party
*DVD s
• shopping
• conce rt
»TV
What do you like doing in your free time? Well, I usually/sometimes... Do you often...? Yes, I do. / No, I don ’t. I’m thinking about... on Saturday. Do you want to...? Of course. / No, I don’t th ink so.
Writ e ab out you r partner using t he information fr om the Speaking act ivit y. Say wha t he/she likes and d islikes and what he/she does in his/her free time.
6
Co m pari son of adjecti ves / ad verb s Other f orm s of com pari son Read the dial
y
LUnit 2
og ue.
Can we watch the skiing please? This is boring. Paula What? Skeleton boring? It’s the most exciting sport in the world! Ian I think it’s the least interesting event at the winter Olympics. You just get on a board and try to go as fast as you can. Big deal! Ian
Paula
It’s not a board, it’s called a sled. And it is n’ t as easy as it looks, you know. It’s one of the most dangerous sports. Sometimes the athletes travel faster than a car. Ian Yeah, whatever.... Come on now, change the channel. Paula OK, OK.
Now complete the sentences. Write Paula or Ian.
1.
thinks skeleton isn’t a very interesting sport.
_______
2.
_______
3.
_______
4.
says that skeleton is more difficult than it seems.
finds skiing more exciting than skeleton. does n’t know what the boar d is call ed.
Grammar Q
Compa rative and Superla tive Form
• We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals or things. Adjectives and adverbs are usually followed by the word than. Liam is shorter than James. Kathy runs fa ster than her brot her.
• We use the superlative form to compare one person, animal or thing with several of the same kind. Ad jectives and ad verbs always ta ke th e de fin ite ar tic le the and are usually followed by the prepositions o f or in. An dy is th e nois ie st st u de n t in th e cla ss. Mary works the hardest o f all her classmates .
Formation of the
Comparative
• All one-syllable adjectives and most two-syllable form and -est in the superlative form. sm art - sm arter - sm artest • We form the
and the Superlative Form adjectives
of adjectives:
take the endings
-er in the comparative
happy - happier - happiest
comparative of adjectives with three or more syllables (and some two-syllable more + adjective and the superlative with most + adjective.
adjectives) with
expensi ve - more expensiv e - m ost expensi ve
• All one-syllable
modern - more modern - m ost modern
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Form of adverbs: adverbs and early take the endings -er in the comparative form and -est
superlative form. fas t - faste r - faste st
in the
early - earlier - earliest
• We form the comparative of adverbs with two or more syllables with superlative with most + adverb. beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully
more + adverb
and the
7
PO S ITIVE FORM
CO M P AR A TIV E FORM
good/well bad/badly little far many/much
better worse less farthe r/furthe r more
SUPERLATIVE FORM
best worst least farthest/furthest m ost
Q Other form s of co mparis on • less + adjective/adverb + than Fiona writes less clearly than her sister. • the least + adjective/adverb + of/in Geogra phy is less interesting than Histor
y, b ut M aths is the leas t interesting subject o
• as + adjective/adverb + as Kelly runs as fas t as Shei la.
f all.
Fiona dances as badly as her sist er.
• not as + adjective/adverb + as Kelly isn 't as tail as Sheila .
Activities A.
Complete with the correct form of the adjecti ves/adverbs in brackets.
1. Is your f la t _____________________________________(expensive) than mine? 2. The n ew st adium is th e
(large) building in the city.
_________________ __________________ __
3. Jenny doe sn’t like rice a s
(much) as she likes spaghetti.
______________________________________
4. Mr Barns is th e 5. David d id
(interesting) person I’ve ever met. We ta lk for hours. (badly) than I did in the test.
_____________________________________
6. Monda y is th e
(bad) day of the week.
__________________ ___________________ _
7. Sleeping in your bed is 8. Mike does n’t dr ive a s 9. Don’t you think it’s
10. M y sist er has g o t
(comfortable) than sleeping in an armchair.
__________________ ___________________
(carelessly) as his brother.
_____________________________________
(cold) today than it was yesterday?
__________________ __________________ __
(much) free time than I do.
______________________________________
B. Match.
1. Planes are
a. tiring than dancing.
2. Alice is the
b. hottest month of the year.
3. Football practice is more
c. heavier than helicopters.
4. Greg runs as
d. friendliest person 1know.
5. Linda’s house is not as
e. big as Valerie’s.
6. Au gust is th e
f. fast as Charlie.
C.
Choosea, b or c.
1. Ka ren ca m e _____________ a. earlier
.than I expected.
b. early
5.
c. earliest
2. You shoul d e a t ___________
a.
b. little
c. less
crowded.
a. more 4. This is a.
D.
b. less
a.
of
b. as
c. than
7. Monica is very tall. She is almost as tall
b. most
c. less
restaurant I’ve ever been to.
________________
the worse
c. not as ___________
me.
3. Let’s take the underground. The bus is usually ___________
as
6. Alan speaks French more fluently
a. least
good at
tennis as Mary. Mary is a much better player,
if you want to
lose weight.
Ibelieve Christine is
b. the worst
_______________
a.
than
our teacher.
b. as
c. of
c. worst
Look at the information about the three hotels below and expand the notes into sentences.
Hotel 1
Price of room per night: €170 Built in: 2003 Rooms: 130 Open: March to December
1. Ho tel 2 / be / chea p / of the t hree hotel s
2. Ho tel 3 / be / expensi ve / Hotel 1
Hotel 2
Price of room per night: €80 Built in: 1995 Rooms: 50 Open: April to October
3. Hotel 1 / be / new / of the three hot els
4.
Hotel 3 / be / old / Hotel 2
5.
Hotel 2 / have got / few roo ms / Hotel 1
6.
Hotel 1 / have got / many rooms / of all
7.
Every year Ho tel 2 / open / early / Hotel 3
8.
Every year Hotel 1 / stay open / long / of the three hotels
Hotel 3
Price of room per night: €100 Built in: 1995 Rooms: 70 Open: May to November
E.
Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
1. The Internet cafe is more popular than the fast food restaurant.
(isn’t)
The fast food res taura nt
. _______
2. Mark isn’t as friendly as Angela.
(than)
______
A ngela 3. This book isn’t as interesting as the one
I was reading
last week.
(less)
This book is
___________
4. Both Jack and Kate work hard.
(as)
Jack
—
5. Sandra likes going to the cinema more than she likes going to
the theatre.
(as)
Sandra doesn’t like going to the theatre
_________
6. I don’t think there is a better student than Chloe.
(best)
I think Ch loe
_______
Speaking Work in pairs. Look at the jobs below
waiter difficult easy interesting well-paid
zookeepe r
and compare them using the words in the box.
taxi driver
writer
photograph er
boring exciting tiring
I think that the job of a zookeeper is more... than the job of a farmer. What do you think? i think that the job of a zookeeper is as... as the job of a farmer.
dangerous
Write a paragraph comparing two jobs from the Speaking activity.
farmer
Past Sim ple The verb
}
used to
Unit 3
Read the text
DRESSED FOR We all know Brad Pitt and Bruce Willis and we all know what they do for a living; the two Hollywood actors make did
millions of their But what they do out before theyjob. became famous? The truth is that they changed careers more than once. Bruce Willis used to work as a waiter for years. As for Brad Pitt, he used to be a driver and a mover. Once he even worked at a restaurant called El Polio Loco, but not as a waiter. He had to wear a chicken costume! Even the famous have to start somewhere. Write T for True or F for False.
3.
1. Bruce Willis’ first job was as an actor.
Brad Pitt dressed up as a chicken in the film El Polio Loco.
2. Brad Pitt changed his career many times before he became an actor.
4.
Bruce Willis was a wa iter for a long time.
Grammar Q
Past Simple Affirm ative I/He/She/It We/You/They
Negative SHORT FORMS
FULL FORMS
phoned/came
I/He/She/It
did not phone/come
We/You/They
Did
phone/come?
didn’ t phone/come
We/You/They
Short Answers
Questions l/he/she/it
I/He/She/It
Yes,
we/you/they
l/he/she/it
did.
we/you/they
No,
l/he/she/it
didn’t,
we/you/they
We use the Past Simple: for actions that started and were completed at a specific time in the past. We visited the British Museum two years ago.
for habitual or repeated actions in the past. I often ate ju n k food when I was a teena ger.
for completed actions that happened one after the other in the past. Yesterday, I got back home from work, had dinner and went to bed.
yesterday, in 1980, etc. two hours ago, five years ago, etc. las t night/ wee k/Sunday/ March, etc.
11
Q
The verb
used to Questions
Negative
Affirm ative I/He/She/It
used
We/You/They
w e / y o u / iney
• The verb used to is followed by the base form of a verb. It describes actions that happened often or regularly in the past but no longer happen. We form the interrogative and negative with did / did n’t. We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young. (We don’t go now).
Activities A. Complete with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.
A few mon ths ago Andy (1 ) ______________________(give up) his part-time jo b as a ba by sitte r beca us e he (2 ) _____________________(think) it was very tiring. He (3) else, so he (4)
(know) he had to find something
______________________
(buy) a newspaper and
______________________
(5) _____________________(start) looking for a job. He (6) _____________________(see) a job ad vertise me nt abou t a delivery person and (7)
(decide) to go for an interview.
______________________
Unfortun ately, it (8 )
(not go) very well. Andy
(9) _____________________(not get) the job because he (10) _____________________(not have) good people skills. That’s what the manager (11)
(tell) Andy after the interview.
______________________
B. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the box.
spend
not explain
1. Last y ear our sc ho ol 2. How much money
not let
decide
have
__________________________
realise
take
refuse
organise
an end-of-school play and it was a big success.
you
on that dre ss?
__________________________
3. S us an
up tennis as a hobb y because she wants to keep fit.
4. Karen is so selfish sometimes! She
__________________________
to help me with my project.
5. A: Hey Paul, why are you so upset? B: The coach 6. Ben
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
that working as a lorry driver wasn’t a suitable job for him, so he
to change his career.
7. I can’t do this exercise because our teacher 8. What 12
me play in goal during practice.
you
__________________________
__________________________
it very well in class yesterday.
for dinne r last nig ht?
C.
Use the prompts to make sentences.
1. you / used to / play tennis /
in you r free time / last yea r / ?
Did uou us e to plau tenni s in y ou r free time last year ?
________________
2. my parent s / not us ed to / give me / pocket money / twenty yea rs ago / .
3.
your dad / use d to / go fishing / when / you / live / by the lak e / ?
4.
my broth er / not u sed to / play comput er game s / whe n / he / be / teenager / .
5. my moth er / used to / bring / me / breakf ast / in bed / whe n / I / be / younger / .
Choose a, b or c.
So, Mr Andrews, have you got any previous experience as a reporter? Well, at university I (1)
__________________________
articles for a magazine
and tha t’s when I though t that it was the
perfect job for me.
Did you (2)
working for that magazine after
__________________________
I*
you got your degree? No, but I (3) ________
for a local newspaper after finishing university. It was a great
experience working there. Why (4 ) ________________
. th at jo b?
had to. It was too far from my house and
I (5)
at about 5:30 in the morning to get
to work. At the end of the day, I was really exhausted. I see here th at you’re flue nt in Spanish. (6 ) Not exactly. When
I was young, my family and
the language while you were at university? I lived in Spain. We (7 )
to come back
when my father got a better job here. If you started working here, would you be available to work overtime? Sure! I (8) __________________________ overtime at my previous job too, so I won’t mind some extra hours. a.
used to write
b.
use to write
c. didn’t write
a.
continue
b.
continued
c. use to continue
a.
work
b.
worked
c.
use to work
a.
you give up
b.
did you give up
c.
you gave up
a.
used to wake up
b.
was waking up
c.
didn’t used to wake up
a.
You did study
b.
Did you use to study
c.
Did you study
a.
had
b.
did have
c.
didn’t have
a.
didn’t use to work
b.
use to work
c.
used to work
E.
Interview an adult in your family. Answer the following questions.
1.
What did he/she do when he/she f inished school?
2.
When did he/she get his/her driving licence?
3.
What was his/her first job?
4.
Where did he/she live when he/she was young?
5.
Did he/she use to work part time while he/she was a student?
6.
When d id he/she choo se which career to follow?
A
Speaking Work in pairs. Look at the picture below which is part of a comic strip. The beginning and the ending are missing. Discuss and guess what happened. Use the questions given. Then report to the class.
• What happened in the beginning?
»Wh at did Alan do? • Wha t did the people do?
Write a paragraph describing what happened in the comic strip above.
14
*W ha t happened in the end?
Revision Module Units 1 1-3 A. Choose a, b or c.
I’m only sevente en ye ars old bu t I have
1. a. were
b. am
c.
noticed that my life has changed a lot in the
2. a. spend
b. am spending
c.
past ten vears. When
3. a. always studies
b. study always
c.
4. a. want
b. am wanting
c.
5. a. used to have
b. use to have
c.
old, 1 (2)
seven vears
I (1)
most of mv time plaving with
my friends. Now that I’m in my last year at
6. a. ran
b. run
c.
do well at school and enter the university of
7. a. takes
b. take
c.
mv choice. 1(5)
8. a. usually get
b. get usually
c.
9. a. am not
b. didn’t use to be
c.
schoo l. 1(3)
a lot bec ause 1 4)
to
so much free time ten
vears ago. Nowadays. 1 (6)
around all
day. It’s not just the lessons at school. This
10. a. felt
b. feels
c.
year 1 (7)
11. a. think
b. thought
c.
12. a. know
b. knew
c.
some extra lessons
after school. So. 1 (8)
home after 10:00
and then I have homework to do. I 9)
away from home for so many
hou rs whe n I wa s younger. I 10 exhausted and som etime s I (11) giving it all up. However, i (12.
really of that
I shou ld co ntinu e to work hard if I wa nt a successful career in the future.
B. Steve is a hockey player. Below is a table about what Steve used to do and didn’t use to do before he became a hockey player. Write sentences about Steve using the correct form ofused to.
/
X
eat junk food
go to gym
have a part-time job
train every day
hang out with friends a lot
travel a lot
1. He used to eat ju n k food before he became a hockey play er.
2.
_______________ __________________ _____________________ __
3.
____________________ _________________ __________________ _
4.
____________________ _________________ __________________ _
5.
_______________________________________________________
6.
____ 15
C. Rewrite the following sentences using the words given. 1. There is less traffic in the suburbs than in the city centre,
In the city centre 2. Charlie’s Angels
(more)
__________________________________________________________________
is more exciting than
The Matrix, (isn’t)
The M atr ix ____________________________________________________________________ _ _
3. The jacket is more expensive than the coat,
(as)
__
The coat 4. Linda’s house is not as big as Mary’s,
Mary’s house
5. My sister spends
I
(than)
_____________________________________________________________________
more money o n clothes than
I do. (less)
_
_________________________________________________________________________
D. Complete the blanks with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs given.
1. A: I ____________________________ of buying Mark a book for his birthday.
think
B: I ____________________________ it’s a great idea. He loves reading books. 2. A: S o , _______________y o u _____________________________anything you like in this shop?
B: Actually, no. But I
see
Kate tomorrow.
____________________________
You know how she loves shopping. So, I’m sure she’ll help me find something. 3. A: What
______________
w e ____________________________ for lunch today?
B: I don ’t kno w. We may go out for lunch becaus e w e
____________________________
have
nothing in the fridge.
r
Use of English Co m plete
the e-
at
in
m ail w it h the prepo
to
sit i on s in the box.
down
up
along
up
Hey Max, What are you up to? Well, I’ve got some good news and some bad news. I gave (1) abo ut three weeks ago. You know how I fel t abo ut it. I cou ldn’t get (2 ) and was feeling really
(3 ) ____________when I was there. Fortunately, I went round
___________
my job
with any of my co-workers (4 ) ____________Tina’s
house and as always she managed to cheer me
(5 ) ___________ . Apart from making me feel better, she even
helped me look for another job. (6)
first, I thought it would take me forever to find something
____________
else. We looked through the ads and found several interesting jobs. I finally got a new job and everybody is really nice to me. So, everything was OK in the end! Keep (7 ) ____________touch, Jessica
16
Rel at i ve pronoun
s ( w h o / w h i ch / that/ w h o se) 1 Relat i ve adv erb ( w h ere) 1
Read the text.
I £BT
j
'Music to your ears Salzburg in Austria is a city famous for being a place But Mozart is the composer
that all music lovers should visit. It’s where many artists and composers lived. whose house most visitors want to
visit. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and today his house is open to tourists. Salzburg has also got lots of museums, theatres and beautiful palaces. Visitors can enjoy many musical events and festivals which take place all year round. Along with the friendly people and
delicious food, Salzburg is definitely worth visiting.
Are the statements below true, f alse or not mentioned in the text at all? Tick.
True False
No t Mentioned
1. Moz art used to live n Salzburg. 2. Mozart lived mo st of his fe in Salzbur g. 3. You can go and see a play in Salzbu'g. 4. There aren’t music festivals during the summer.
Grammar Relative pronouns/adverb The Relative pronouns who, which, that, whose and the Relative adverb where which give information about the subject or object of the main clause.
introduce relative clauses.
• Who is used for people. Ben is the person who gave me this DVD. William Shakespeare is the writer who wrote Romeo and Juliet. • Which
is used for animals, things and abstract nouns.
Have you seen the cake whic h I prepared for Jane ’s surprise pa rty? Lions are animals which live in Africa. • That is used for people, animals, things and abstract nouns. It can replace
who and which.
Here are the shoes that I bought last week. Fred Mills is the student that won the competition. • Whose
indicates possession and replaces possessive adjectives. It is used mainly for people and
animals. Picasso was a pa inter whose paintings
are really i mpressi ve.
• Where indicates place. This is the building where I used to live as a child.
NOTE: The bo y w h o y ^ is ridi ng the red b ike is my cou sin. The man that yo u m e ty k y at the restaurant is my hus
band .
The relative pronouns who, which and that can be omitted when they refer to the object of the main clause, but cannot be omitted when they refer to the subject of the main clause. Her e’s the mobile. I bou ght it las t week. b
Here’s the mobile which/that I bought last week. .. , ., m ... ., ... , , Here s the mob ile I bought last week.
The relative pronoun whose and the relative adverb
where can never be omitted or replaced with
that.
Activities A.
Circle
the co rrect
w ords
.
The story of Mowgli is well-known. Mowgli is a little boy (1) whose / who
parents leave him in the jungle when
a tiger, called Shere Khan, attacks them. Mowgli stays in the jungle (2) which /
he makes new friends,
where
like Baloo the bear and Bagheera the panther. All the animals (3) who / which
live there love Mowgli and
protect him from Shere Khan
(4) who / which
wants to
take him away. One day Mowgli visits a village (5) th at / where (6) whose /
B.
people live and finds a woman
who is his mother.
Complete the sentences with who, which, that, whose or where.If they can be omitted put them in brackets.
1. This is the cottage
we spent our holidays last year.
_________________
2. We must ask someone 3. Mr Butler i s the m a n
________________
________________
knows the way. Otherwise we’ll get lost.
wife is an actress.
4. The Sydne y Opera House is a bu ild ing 5. The fa rm
my grandfather owns is a great place to relax.
_________________
6. Kelly is the only person
________________
7. They have closed down the cafe
8. There’s the backpacker
18
is 18 3m tall.
cheers me up when I feel down.
_________________
________________
we used to hang out after school.
tent was torn by the strong wind.
C.
Join the sentences using who, which, that, whose or when as in the example. If the pronouns can be omitted, put them in brackets.
1. That’s the famous scientist. She was on the news last night. That’s the famous scientist who/that was on the news last night.
____________________________________
2. That’s a problem. We all have to think about it carefully.
3. Tha t’s my friend. His sister is i n the hockey team.
4.
We we nt to a restau rant las t night. We didn’t really like it .
5.
They live in a fla t. I used to live the re two years ago.
6. The re’s the m echan ic. He repaired my car yesterday.
7. I ate a chicken sand wich . It tas ted a wful.
D.
Write two sentences for each piece of information. Begin with the words given and use who, which, that or where.
Jason Weldon is the famous A
1.
'
new ^ Lt “ T^ e Winc^ B^ow s”-________________________________
Famous Australian singer Jason Weldon sings new hit "The Wind Blows”
“The Wind Blows” is
the new hit which/that the famous Australian
singer Jason Weldon sings.____________________________________
2. “ Live Aid ” was
' charity pop concert Live Aid” took place at Wembley Stadium on 13 July
Wembley Stadium is
3.
werican astronomer Tombaugh disc0xel L f planet Pluto in 1930.
Clyde Tombaugh was
Pluto is
4. Paul Gauguin was
The French painter Paul S u g u m spent about Tahiti is
19
E.
Th ere i s a n extra
w ord in
each sen
tence. Cross i
t out.
1. Mr Jackson lives in a treehouse that it has got an amazing view. 2. The man who he yelled at me on the bus, called me to apologise the next day. 3. That’s the prisoner whose his wife came to visit last weekend. 4. This is the building where my parents used to work there. 5. See you there
is an entertainment magazine which it has got
information about places to go and things to do. 6. Have you been to that cafe where they serve a delicious chocolate cake there? 7. The earrings which
I bought them yesterday were very expensive.
8. Mr Newman is the man whose son he is a very annoying person.
Speaking Play a game. Form two teams. The team that plays first says the name of a place, a famous person or a thing. A player from the other team must use it to form a sentence using the relative pronouns who, which, that, whose or the relative adverb where. If the sentence is correct, the team gets a point. The game ends when every player in each team has said one sentence. The winning team is the one with the most points.
Team A: J.R.R. Tolkien Team B: J.R.R. Tolkien is the man who wrote
The Lord of the Rings.
Team A: Corr ect. / Wrong. Team B: Salzburg. Team A: Salzburg is a city...
Write a few sentences that you remember from the Speaking activity above.
20
Co nd i ti on al Sen tences Type 1 Tim e Clauses ( Presen t- Future)
Look at
the p ict ures
and read the situat
ions.
A s s o on a s I get home, I’ll cook some I’m hungry. ^spagh etti. Hey , D anny, wo uld you li ke to join me?
'N
and w h e n w e /inish Unit 2, we’ll go on to Unit 3 which is about... Are you listening, Sean?
Erm.... thanks Ellie, but I’m very b u s y to n i g h t.
IS
Now m
at ch the two
halves of
t he sen
'
tences.
Ellie Danny Sean Sean’s tea ch er
is bored . wa nts to eat spagh etti. is givin g aboring lesson. is lying. is a terrible cook.
Grammar Q Conditiona l Sentences T ype 1 • We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 future.
to express something which is likely to happen in the present or
• Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main clause. When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. We do not use a comma when the if clause is after the main clause. If you come round this afternoon, I ’ll give you your book back. I’l l gi ve you your book ba ck i f you come round this aft ernoon . if -c lau s e
mainclause • Future
If + Present Simple
If you are hungry,
Will
we’ll order a pizza. • Modal Verbs (may, might, can. must, should) we can make a salad. • Imperative
make a sandwich.
NOTE: Unless can be used instead of if ... not. We’ll play football tomorrow unless it rains. (=W e’ll play football tomorrow i
f it do esn ’t ra in.)
Q Time Clause s (Prese nt - Future) Time clauses define when the action described in the main clause takes place. Time clauses begin with the words when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc. When a time clause refers to the present or the Present Simple and the verb in the main clause is in the Future Will. We don’t future, the verb is in the
use will in a time clause. Time clauses
Main clauses
4s soon as 1arrive,
I’ll call you. I’ll help you with the dishes.
Before 1leave,
When the time clause
comes before the
When the time clause
comes a fter the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma.
main clause,
the two clauses are separated by a
comma.
He will go out after he finishes his homework.
Activities A.
Co m plet e wit h t he co
rrect
form
of the verbs i
1. If they don’t come in ten minutes, I 2. We won’t go shopping if i 3. If the tempe rature
t
n brackets.
(leave).
_______________________
(rain).
__________________ _____
(drop), it will be very cold tomorrow.
_______________________
4. If you drive faster, we may 5. Unless it is windy, w e
6.
(get) there by noon. (not go) windsurfing.
____
If you have a heada che,
(take) a painkiller.
7. You won’t be a good goalkeeper unless you
8. Unless you apologise, I 9. 10.
B.
__________________
People won’t like you if you
finish/early
ng the prom
not we ar/it
(not speak) to you again. (not treat) them well.
If you go to the shopping centre tomorrow,
Co m plet e the sentences usi
(start) practising more.
________________
(get) me those shoes we saw the other day.
pts given.
be /0xfo rd/7 :00
door/not open
not go/school
hide/in/sleep ing bag
1. If you take the 6 o’clock train,
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Unless y ou turn the key tw ic e ,
_______________________________________________________________________
3. If you help u s ,
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Unless Marion likes the bracelet, 5. If it snows, w e
6.
22
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
If I hear noise s at night,
C . Look at
the pictures and w
ri te sen
tences. Use t
he prom
pts given.
1. As soon as Henry finishes the l etter, he w ill po st it.
(as soon as)
fini sh / lett er
and Mrs Philips
2.
have / dinner
post / it
______________________
_______________
(after)
go / cin ema (when)
3.
have bath
return / home
(as soon as)
iron / shirt
put on
Richard (befor e)
5.
IP * "
wash / car
Ronnie
go / gym (until)
6.
fini sh / jig sa w puzzle D.
C ho os e a,
1.
If Ry an
not go / bed
b or c. to see a horror film, he
______________
5. Unless you take the underground, you late for work.
has to go to the cinema alone. I can’t stand horror films,
____________________
a. will want
a. will be
2. Henry
b. wants
___________________
c. doesn’t want
us as soon as he arrives in
London tomorrow. a. calls
c. is calling
your parents the truth.
____________________
don’t tell
b. tell
4. P lea se
c. will tell
me a newsp aper if you go
e
__________________
a. go 7. If you are thirsty,
b. goes
c. will go
___________________
some water. a.
drink
b. will drink
8. I won’t wait until Wendy
c. must drink
___________________
her shopping.
shopping, a. will buy
6 . We’ll f ix the car before w
c. won’t be
on holiday.
b. will call
3. You will be in a lot of trouble unless you
a.
b. are
b.
you buy
c. buy
a.
will finish
b.
is finishing c.
finishes 23
E. Join t
he sen
tences
. Use the w ord s given.
1. We can’t go to the concert. We m ust fi nd money for the tickets.
2. You want to stay healthy. You must eat a lot of vegetables and dairy products.
3. Dave won’t go out with his friends yet. He will finish his homework first.
4. 1 may go to the cinema tonight.
(unless)
(if)
(after)
1 will call you.
(if)
5. Ann will go to bed. She will have dinn er fir st .
(before)
6. You might need help. Call me then.
(if)
7. Marcia will make a chocolate cake. She will taste it when it’s ready.
Speaking Work in pairs. Gary is a tennis player. Look at the information in the boxes below and answer your partner’s questions. win tennis match ] lose tennis match ]
get a medal [ be disapp ointed
[ becom e famo us ]
[ take up a new spo rt
What will happen if Gary wins the tennis match? If Gary wins the tennis match,...
Complete the sentences. If I ever vis it Brazil, I...
If it rains tomo rrow,...
If I haven’t got any hom ewo rk tomo rrow, ...
24
Unle ss I joi n the gym, ...
(as soon as)
Both / Al
Look at
the picture and
read the d
l / Neither / No ne / Ei ther so / neit her / too / either
y
ia logue.
Alan
So, did you bring any DVDs?
Sam
Yeah, I brought four so you can choose. Here...
Alan
Um... Sam? These are old films. I’ve seen all four of them. You have? Now what? Let’s try the TV.
Sam Al an
I checked the TV guide.
None of the
films are any good. I don’t want to watch them. Sam
You’re right. Neither do I.
Hey, what
about this documentary about polar bears? I like documentaries.
Now choose t
So do I. Now le t’s order something to
Alan
eat. Pizza or Chinese? Sam
Either is fine.
Alan
OK. Chinese then.
he co
rr ect words.
1. All / None / Neithe r
of the DVDs Sam brought are new.
2. N ei the r / Ei the r / Bot h
of the boys wants to watch a
film on TV. 3. Sam likes all / ei ther / bo th
pizza and Chinese food.
Grammar Q
Both/All/ Neither/ None /Eit her
We use both: • in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb and it indicates that something is true for tw o people or things.
We use all: • in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb and more than it indicates that something is true for two people or things.
Tracy and Carla are from Brazil. Both o f them live in Rio. They bo th live in Rio.
Jane and her parents like skiing. They all like skiing. All o f them like skiing.
Both and all are usually followed by a noun or of + noun / pro nou n. When they refer to the subject of the sentence, they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the main verb but after the verb be. A ll/ B oth (of) my c la ss m at es can sp ea k French. A ll/B oth o f the m can sp ea k French.
We use neither: • in affirmative sentences to give them a negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. It shows that something is not true for either of two people or things. Fred and Ginger are vegetarians. Neither o f th em eats/eat mea t.
M y c la ss m ates can all/b o th sp ea k French. They are a ll/b o th flu en t in French.
none: We use • in affirmative sentences to give them a negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. It shows that something is not true for more than two people or things. My friends and 1are travelling to London next week. None o f us has/h ave ever been to Great Britain befor e.
— - ................................................ S— ™ , Neither and none are usually followed by Neither/None o f the chil dren li ke meat. Neither/None o f them like meat.
of + n oun / pron oun .
---------------
— -
We use either: • For two people or things. It means one or the other (it doesn’t matter which of the two). It is used on its own or before of + no un / pron oun. A : Tea o r co ffee? B: Either is OK.
A : Who are th os e tw o girls? B: I do n’t know eithe r o f them.
Q so/ nei the r/ too/ eithe r so/too:
• We use So + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject
or subject + affirmative auxiliary verb + too
when we
agree with an affirmative statement but don’t want to repeat it. A: I speak English fluently. B: So do I. / 1do t oo.
A: Samantha has been to Poland twice. B: So have I. / 1hav e too.
neither/either:
• We use Neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject or subject when we agree with a negative statement but don’t want to repeat it. A : Pau l ca n ’t drive a car. B: Nei ther can I. / 1can’t either.
+ negative auxiliary
verb + either
A: I'll never eat fish again. It’s disgusting. B: Neither will I. / 1won’t ei ther.
When we disagree:
1 We use subject + affirmative auxiliary verb
when we disagree with a negative statement but don’t
want to repeat it. A : Lee c a n ’t pl ay th e guitar. B: I can. < We use subject + negative auxiliary verb
when we disagree with an affirmative statement but
don’t want to repeat it. A : She ha s g o t a m ob ile with a cam era . B: I haven’t.
Activities A.
Co m plet e the bla nks w i t h
both, all, neither, none, either.
1. I haven’ t got anyo ne to go out w ith .
_____________
work at 7 o’clock.
my friends are on holiday. 2. A: Can I borrow a shirt to wear to the party? B: Sure. The green one or the yellow one?
__________
7.
Kelly and Marion are vegetarians,
Jerry, Andy and Phil are going to take part in the swimming competition this weekend.
__________
three of them are very good swimmers.
him. my parents are strict. They never let me stay up after midnight. 26
of them start
of them has ever eaten meat.
of his classmates want to be in the same team as
4.
__________________
at 8. 6.
A: I don’t m ind , __________________ is fine. 3. James i s so stubborn an d selfish th a t
workers in the company star t
5.
8.
of my friends has got any pets . I’m the only one who likes animals.
B. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. (both)
1. Alan is a famous football player. James is a famous football player too.
(all)
2. Jenny, Sandra and Lucy are noisy children.
3. All th e st ud ent s in my clas s th ou ght th e exam wa s easy. They di dn’t th in k it wa s diff ic ul t.
(none)
(neither)
4. Mr Black doesn’t want a new car. Mrs Black doesn’t want a new car.
5. Graham, John and Sally don’t like Chinese food.
(none)
6. Samantha isn’t a singer. Jack isn’t a singer. They are musicians.
(both)
C. Co m plet e t he sentences w 1.
i th
so, too, either, neither antithe ap
pro priat
B: I __________________. 7. A: Dad won’t like your idea.
A: Dogs don’t hibernate. B: Cats
B : ___________________ Mum.
_______________
3. A: Ken bought a CD player yesterday. B: My cou sin
5.
8. A: She can’t play the guitar.
B: H e ___________________ .
.
4. A: I am not going to eat chilli. B:
9. A: We were watching the football match last night.
B:
I.
A: Jo works really hard.
10.
we.
A: We didn’t like the film. B : ____________________we.
B : ____________________Susan.
D.
i ary verb.
6. A: I would like some tea.
A: I like salmon. B : _________
2.
e auxil
M atch .
1. Bill makes delicious chocolate cake.
a. Neither do I . It’s not tha t cool!
2. I went to China last year.
b . Neither can I.
3. Lara should study more.
c. I did too.
4. Simon doesn’t like pop music.
d . I won’t either.
5. I can’t ride a bike.
e. So does my sister.
6. I won’t go out with them ever again.
f . I shou ld too.
27
E.
Ch oo se
a, b o r c.
1. A:Kelly had a lot of homework to do last weekend.
5. A: I haven’t seen that film. B: I haven’t
B : ______________________ did Tom. a. So
b. Neither
2. Eric and Michael are my brothers. Both of them like
football but
a. would 4. A:
b. do
c. either
______________________
a.
c. neither
b. both
all
c. neither
7. I haven’t got anything to wear today.
3. A: I don’t want to go to that restaurant. ______________________
b. too
live near my house.
of them likes tennis.
b. either
neither
6. Kathy and Elisa are my best friends. They
__________________
a. both
B: Neither
a.
c. Too
.
______________________
my clothes are dirty!
I.
______________________
a.
c. like
MrsDaviesdoesn ’t know anything abou t computers.
All
b. None
c. Both
8. A: Should we order pizza or Chinese food?
B : ______________________ do my parents.
B: I really don’t m ind , ____________________is fine.
a.
a.
Neither
i
b. So
c. Either
neither
b. both
c. either
Speaking
Work in groups of four. Use the ideas below and talk about your likes/dislikes regarding holidays. Then, report you r answers to the class. Talk about:
time of holiday (winter, summer)
I like winter holidays. So do I. / I don’ t.
places to go (island, mountain, etc.) places to stay (hotel, camp site, caravan, etc.) peop le to go with (friends, family)
Both Sue and I like...
None of the people jn my group like...
things to do (sports, sightseeing, etc.)
Look at the Speaking activit y above and write a few sentences
28
about wh at your group likes/dislikes.
Revision Module Units 2 4A.
Co m plet e t he adv can be om i tt ed, put
ert i sem ent wit h the app them i n brackets.
ropriat
e rel ati ve pron
who, which, hat t or t
ouns
he relat
CO IN T E R N E T C A F E
ive ad
where.If the
verb
24 Ram zi Str eet
Do you want to do something different in your free time? Are yo u ti re d o f th o s e ord in a ry ca fe s ( l ) _______________you’ve been a million times before? Well , if the answ er is yes, t hen visit
>- It’s a place
(2 ) _______________you can work and have fun at the same time.
> We have lots of computers
(3 ) ________________you can use to play games, send e-mails or surf the Net.
> St ude nt s (4 ) ________________need a computer to do their school work or print their projects will find this place really helpful. > - Those o f you (5 ) ________________don’t know how to use a computer, don’t worry. Our staff are helpful and friendly. There will always be somebody available > We ser ve ten types of coffee and there is also a fas
(6 )
you can ask for help.
_______________
t food area
(7 ) ______________you can enjoy a meal
or snack. is open 24 hours a day.
a, b o r c.
8.
Ch oose
l.
Mary may come wit h us if she _ a.
finish
her homework.
2. I’ll be back as soon as the m ee tin g a.
will be
3. Unless Andy
b . be
a . will go
5. Take the bus if you
soon, he will miss the show.
c . comes
_________________
to the supermarket.
c . doesn ’t go
b . went _____________
b . won’t want
to be late.
________
c . don’t want
down, I won’t be able to understand what you’re saying.
_________________________
a . don’t calm
over.
c . is
b . will come
4. Before John comes home, h e
a . want
_________________________
_________________________
a . doesn’t come
6. If you
will finish
c.
b . finishes
b . won’t calm
c . not calm
y
C.
Read t
he sentenc
es bel
ow and t
1.
A: Samantha doesn’t drink coffee.
B: Neither do I.
i ck the co rrect
ones.
6. Both students who are taking part in the
B: So do I.
schoo l play m us t be here by 9 o’clock.
|
All st ud ent s who are taking pa rt in the school 2.
A: I’ll never go sailing again.
B: I won’t either.
play must be here by 9 o’clock.
B: So will I. 7. Both of the two teache rs could read Peter’s
handwriting. It wasn’t very clear.
3. Neither of the children at school ate their lunch.
It was hor rible!
[
Neither of the two teachers could read Peter’s handwriting. It wasn’t very clear.
None of the children at school ate their lunch. It was horrible!
8. A: Would yo u like some w ater or juice with 4. A: Ron passed his driving test.
B: I did to o. j^ J
your food?
B: I have too.
B: None is OK.
5. Both five girls went jet skiing.
9.
j
A: Brian speaks French fluently.
B: So do I. Q
All fiv e girls wen t je t skiing.
B: Either is OK.
B: So am I. f
j
Use of English Co m plet e w it h the co
rrect
form
combined with
of the phrases
i n the box.
come along
be at one ’s bes t
nothing to worry abo ut 1. Robert
be into sth
let some one in on sth football. He enjoys watching basketball games.
_________________________
2. Come on, Mum! 1d on ’t wan t Mary t o _________________________. I do n’t w ant to go to the party with my little sister. me 4. The docto r told me tha t I ha ve
____
5. I ________________________really.
your secret. I promise not to tell anyone. _. I’m in pe rfe ct health. today. I’ve got a sore thr oa t and as for my
head, it really aches. 6. A healthy d ie t ___________________
30
lots of exercise can help you keep fit.
Presen
Read
the dial
Present Perfect Si t Perf ect Si m ple vs Past
m ple Sim ple
\
Unit 7
og ue.
Rob You’re good, Paul. Have you ever entered
a bowling competition? Paul Yes, I have. Rob Have you ever won? Paul Of course, I won the club championship last
year. Rob
I thought Dave Bolan was champion.
Paul Well, he was until last year. What about you?
Are you any good? Rob Well, I’ve never tried bowling before, but let’s
see what I can do... Paul Wow, you’re really good! Maybe we’ll have a
new bowling champion this year. Now com
plete
the sentenc
es. W rit e Rob, Paul
or Dave.
1. ________________has tried bowling before.
isn’t a bowling champion any more,
2. ________________won las t year 's championship.
might win this
year’s championship.
Grammar Q
Present P erfe ct Si mple Affirm ative
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
I have worked
I've worked He /She /It' s wor ked We/You/They've worked
I have not worked He/She/It has not worked We /You/They have not worked
I hav en't worked He /She /It hasn't wor ked We/You/They haven't worked
He/She/It has worked W e/You/They have wor ked
Questions Have I worked? Has h e/sh e/it work ed? Have we/you/they worked?
Sho rt answer s Yes, I have. Yes, he/she/it has. Yes, we/you/they have.
No, I haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn’t. No, we/you/they haven’t.
W i T- ; •:
We use the Present Perfect Simple: • for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t mention when exactly.
for, since, ever, never,
I ’ve tasted sushi.
• for actions which happened in the past and their results are obvious in the present. Tom has broken his left arm.
• for actions which were completed a short time ago (usually with
before, always, recently, so far, once, twice, just, already, yet, how long
ju st ).
I ’m e xhausted! I ’ve ju s t finishe d the housework.
NOTE:
i
Have / has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still there. Roy has gone to Liverpool. (He's still there.) >Have / has be en means that someone has visited a place but has returned. Roy has been to Barcelona. (He’s not there now.)
31
Q
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple The Present Perfect Simple is used: for actions that happened in the past, but we don’t mention when exactly. I hav e already read
The Past Simple is used: • for actions which happened at a specific time in the past. We say when.
tha t book.
I read that book
last month.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
ever, never, before, always, just, how long, so far, since, for, already, yet, etc.
last week/month/year, ago, yesterday, in 1990, etc.
. NOTE:
Ag o is always used with the I went hiking two weeks ago.
Past Simple.
Before (when it means on a previous occasion) is used with the I’ve been hiking before.
Present Perfect Simple.
Activities A. 1.
Co m plet e t he dial
ogu es wit
h the Present Perfect Si
m ple of
the ver
brackets.
Use short answ
ers wh
ere possibl
e.
(Clara / call / yet)?
A: B: No,
_. Why?
A: We
_ (arrange) to go out tonigh t.
B: Maybe she
_________
2. A: Martha, B: Yes,
bs in
__
(make) other plans. Why don’t you call her and find out? (you / ever / ride) a horse?
_____________
_. What ab ou t you?
______
A: I
(neve r / do) anything like tha t but I
(always / want) to.
B: Let’s go riding this weekend, then. 3.
A: Hey, turn down the volume. It’s too loud. B: I can’t find the remote control. I
________
(look) for it everywhere.
A: N o , ______________ _______________ . Ask Mum. She always knows where everything is. B: You’re right.
B.
C i rcle the co rrect
1. I ’ve worked out / 2. She has bought
w ords . worked out
at the gym for 2 hours yesterday.
/ bought a car two years ago.
3. Do you fancy a pizza or have you a lready eaten / 4. Let’s not see that film.
I’ve see n / saw it before.
5. I have rea d / read four books so far this summer. 6. Have you ever bee n / Were you ever
32
to the zoo?
did y ou alrea dy eat?
(you / see) it?
C. Look at
the t ab le bel
ow and w
ri te sentenc
es. Use
the P resen
t Perfect Sim
ple or
the Past Sim
ple as i
n t he exam
ples.
Anna
buy/present/Tina
/
Ben
lock/door
X
Bill
buy/new computer
/
Henry
prepare/dinner
X
Our teacher
correct/our homework
X
My brother
paint/his room
/
last month
We
order/pizzas
/
half an hour ago
Mart in
wash /car
X
yesterday
on Saturday
1. An na has alrea dy bo ug ht a present f o r Tina. She b ou gh t it yesterday. ______________________________ 2. Ben hasn’t locked the door uet.
________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.
_____________________________________________________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. Helen
________________________
(never/try) skiing before.
2. A: I hope Susan doesn’t get lost. B: Don’t worry. S h e ________________________ (be) here twice before. 3. A : _______________ y o u _________________________(take) your dog to the vet yet? B: Yes, I have. I
(take) him to the vet yeste rday aftern oon .
4. A: Billy, wash the dishes, please. B: I _______________________(already / do) it. 5- Kelly
________________________
(go) shoppin g yesterday and s h e
_________________________
(spend) all her
pocket money on clothes. 6. W e ________________________(always / want) to trav el arou nd the world b ut w e
________________________
(only / be) to Africa. 7. How long
_______________
you
___
(know) Jane?
8. I ________________________(finish) my homework last night so I can go out today. 9 - _______________ y o u
(read) any interesting books recently?
33
E.
Circl
e the co rrect
w ords.
1. Have you (eve r]/ nev er visited France? 2. Tom hasn’t bought any new clothes 3. My friends have
rece ntly /
yes ter day .
alre ad y / yet finished their meal.
4. Stella hasn’t decided where to spend her holiday
yet / befor e.
5. My cousin has never cooked Mexican food
ago / before .
6. Bruce tried sushi at a friend’s house
ye ste rda y evening.
7. You’ve made the same mistake 8. Have you visited John
last /
twice / ye t.
la te ly / just?
9. Ethan travelled by plane two years
ago / before .
Work i n pair s. Ask you r partner questions
usin g the prompts below and ti ck ( / ) or cross
try / ever / ski ing go shopping /
Satur day
buy / newspaper /
yester day
Have you ever tried skiing? No, I haven’t.
see / good film / recen tly
Did you go...?
go out / last nig ht meet / friends / Sunday read / interesting boo k / lately
Look at the table above and write a few sentences about your partner.
34
(X).
Rea d the i
nterv
iew and
Presen
t Perfect
co m plete i
t w it h the ques
Present Perf ect Prog ressi ve 1 Sim ple - Presen t Pe rf ect Prog ressive for/since ^ ti on s a-c
a. Is tree climbing difficult? b. How long have you been climbing
c. Nowadays, tree climbing
trees?
has become
a popular activity.
Why is this so?
.
,.m
Getting to the treetop An inter vie w with tre e clim bing ex pe rt Jerry Peters
Weil, I’m a tree surgeon and my job is to take care of trees. So, climbing
I’ve been
trees for years, since I was
twenty years old to be exact.
I’ve
climbed trees that are 20m tall. And
NELCELS5ARY TRUE, CLIM5ING EQUIPMENT
now it’s also my hobby.
Well, just remember. Most of us
have
climbed trees before. When we were
children, it didn’t look difficult, did it?
Well, I’ll give you two good reasons. One, it’s fun and you feel like an acrobat in the treetops. Two, the view from the top is amazing!
Grammar Q
Prese nt Perfect P rogre ssiv e Affirmative
FULLFORMS
Questions
SHORTFORMS
1have been working He/She/It has been working We/You/They have been working
I’ve been working He/She/It's been working We/You/They've been working
Negative FULLFORMS
1have not been working He/She/It has not been working We/You/They have not been working
Have I been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have we/you/they been working?
Sho rt Answers
SHORTFORMS 1 haven't been working
He/She/It hasn't been working We/You/They haven't been working
Yes, I have. Yes, he/she/it has. Yes, we/you/they have.
No, I haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn't. No, we/you/they haven't.
35
We form the Present Perfect Progressive with the Present Perfect Simple of the verb has + been) and the main verb with the ending -ing. We use the Present Perfect Progressive: for actions or situations which started in the past and continue, regularly or uninterrupted, up to the present.
be (subject + have /
for, since, how long,
They have been preparing lunch for two hours.
all day/morning/night, etc.
for actions which were happening over a period of time in the past and may or may not have finished, but their results are obvious in the present. Peter is very tired because he’s been cleaning the house all day.
NOTE: Stative verbs are not normally used in the
©
Present Perf ect Progre ssive.
Present Perfect Sim ple - Present Perfect Progre ssive We use the Present Perfect Simple : • to emphasise the result of an action. She has typed ten pages.
for, since, ever, never, before, always, recently, so far, just, already, yet, how long, once, twice, etc.
We use the Present Perfect Progressive: • to emphasise the duration of an action. She has been typing all afternoon.
for, since, how long, all day/morning/night, etc.
Q for / since We use the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Perfect Progressive started in the past and continue up to the present.
with for and since for actions that
for:
• refers to the duration of the action. I’ve been recycling for six years.
since:
• refers to the time when the action started. I’ve been recycling since 1999.
We use the Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple: • to indicate when an action which started in the past and continues up to the present started. I have lived in this house since I was seven years old.
36
Activities A. Look at
l.
the pictures and the prom
pts
Marina is a teacher. She / teach / Oakfi eld Prim ary
and write sentences. Use t he Pres
ent Perfect Prog
ressive and
2. Ben and Sally like collecting stamps. They / col lect / stamps / two
3. Janet is a reporter. She / wor k for / news pape r / 1995
years
Schoo l / six year s
for/since.
She has been teaching at Oakfield Primary School for six years. ____________________
4. The re’s snow everywhere! It / sno w / this morni ng
: Look
at the prom
pts and
1. Bill/start/working
5.
6. David talks on the phone too much.
Mand y is tired. She / jog /
write sentences as i n t he exam
He / talk / phone / 6 o’clock
par k / an ho ur
ple. Use t he P resent Perf
ect Si
m ple +
since +
Past
Sim ple.
Bill /tr avel abroad/many times
Bill has travelled abroad manu times since he started working. :. Mary/start/going/gym
Mary/lose/ten kilos
3. My brother/buy/new car
My brother/not have/accidents
4. Carol/find/new job
Carol/not go out with/friends
5. Alan/break/ieg
A la n/n ot play /bas ke tball
37
C.
Co m plet e t he d i al ogu es wit
h the Presen
t Perfect
Sim ple or
the Present Pe
rf ect Progress
i ve of the ver
bs in bracket
s.
1. Dan Gwen
jg f e
Hey, Gwen, come in. Where (1)
______________
(you/be) all day, Dan?
Dan
Oh, here at home. I ( 2 ) ______________(be) busy.
Gwen
Busy? What ( 3 ) __________________ (you/do)?
Dan
I ( 4 ) __________________(cook) for the dinner party.
Gwen
Really? ( 5 ) __________________(you/finish) yet?
Dan
No, I’m afraid not.
I (6 ) ______________ (make) Spanish paella and a
chocolate cake but I ( 7 ) ________________ (not prepare) the salad yet. Gwen
Let me help you then.
2. Rob
You know, Sam, I want to become a writer.
Sam
My uncle is a writer.
Rob
Really? Tell me about him.
Sam
Well, he ( 8 ) ______________ (write) novels for years. He’s very talented. He ( 9 ) ______________ (write) twenty novels so far. He’s David Milner.
Rob
Oh, he’s quite famous.
I want to become famous too.
______________
(you/write) anything so far? No, I (1 1 ) ______________ (not decide) what to write about, but
Sam (10) Rob
I will
become famous some day.
D. Ti ck t he m ost app
ropriat
e s entence.
Tricia is angry because she has waited for Jack for over an hour. Tricia is angry because she has been waiting for Jack for over an hour. She ha sn't finished
her homework ye t.
She hasn’t been finishing her homework yet. 1have read two books this month. 1have been reading two books this month. 1have been making this sandcastle all day. 1have made this sandcastle all day.
38
□ □ □ □ □ □ □
5. 1can’t drive you to work because 1have
been lending my car to Jeff. 1can’t drive you to work because 1have lent my car to Jeff. 6. Sue has been working on this project
since ten o’clock this morn ing. Sue has worked on this project since ten
□ □
o’clock this morning. 7. The musicians have played music for
three hours. The musicians have been playing music for three hours.
□ □
E. Ch oo se
a, b o r c.
1. My m u m
the house all morni ng.
a. is cleaning
b. has cleaned
c . has been cleaning
2. I __________________________ my keys and I can’t get into my flat. a. have lose
3. My plane
b. have lost
__________________________
a. hasn’t arrived
yet.
b. hasn ’t been
4. Jane has been working as a chef a. since
arriving
three years.
c. before
well. H e
became
b. have been
b. has been becoming
7. He has n’t read any book s since h e a.
has finished
in bed all afternoon.
______________________________
6. My aunt used to be an English teache r, bu t now s h e a.
c. not arrived
__________________________
b. for
5. I don ’t think John feels very a. has been
c. have been losing
c . was been __________________________
a tour guide.
c. has become
university.
___________________________
b. finished
c. has been finishing
Speaking Work in pairs. Interview your partner and complete the table below. Use the prompts given.
How long/live/in...? play/sport/musical
instr ument? What ?
How long/play/this sport/musical instrument? Have/hobby? What? How long/have/this hobby? How long have you been living in...? I’ve. .. fo r/sin ce...
Look at the table above and write a paragraph about your partner. (Alternatively, the paragraph could be abo ut yourself. )
Revision Module Units 3 7-8 A.
Co m plet e wit h the Present Perfect Sim
ple, the Present Perfect Progress
i ve or t
he P ast Sim ple of
the verbs i
n brackets.
Dear Mario, Hello! I hope ev erything
is going well at home. I (1 ) ____________________________ (enjoy) m yself a lot here a t
( 2 ) ___________________________ (be) up here for five day s. We ( 3 ) ________________________
Snowy Mountain. We
(arrive) on Wednesday and soon
(4 ) ____________________________ (settle) into our beautiful cabin, in the middle of
the forest. The weather
( 5 ) ____________________________ (be) nice so far. It (6 ) _____________________________ (snow) a couple
of times but we
( 7 ) ____________________________ (not have) any snowstorms.
It’s 1 0:00p m now, an d I’m lyi ng in bed feeling exh au sted . We three caves today. Yesterday, we We (10)
______________________________(explore)
(not have) any accidents yet.
On Friday, we (te ll) us to
(8 )
( 9 ) ____________ _____________ (also/cl imb) lots of nea rby slopes. D on’t worry.
(11) ____________________________ (go) to Bear Slope. Our guide
be careful b ecause the are a is full of wild anim als. I
Tony says that he
(12)
_________________________
(13) ____________________________ (not see) any, but
(14) ____________________________ (see) a bear. Can you believe it? Everyone knows that bears
hibernate during winter! (arrive), we (16) ______________________________ (also/learn) how
Since we (15) someone can survive in extreme weather conditions. We shelte r ou t in the snow. Isn’t it great? I’m looking forw ard to seeing
(17) ____________________________ (learn) how to build a
I wish you w ere here w ith us !
you soon.
Love, Jerry
B.
Co m plet e the bla nks w i th
for o r since.
Interviewer
How long have you been playing together as a band?
Brandon
We’ve been together
198 5, but we’ve known each other
(1 )
_( 2
) ___________ twenty years.
That is, ( 3 ) __________ we were seven or eight years old. You see, we were at school together. Interviewer
What have you been up to lately?
Brandon
Well, we’ve been trying out a couple of new songs
( 4 ) __________ about a month
but we ’re not ready
to record them yet.
40
Interviewer
You’ve become really popular
( 5 ) __________ last year, because of your so ng “ I’m crazy about you!”
Brandon
Yes, and we hope to stay that way.
C. Rew ri te the sen tences.
1. John started working at 5 o’c lock. It ’s 8 o’clock no w. John
(been)
three hours.
__________________________________________________
2. We haven’t been to that cafe for a week,
(ago)
W e _______________________________________ 3. Emily, have you trie d Chine se food before? Emily,
(ever)
Chinese food?
_______________________________________
4. We saw that film yesterday,
(already)
film.
W e _______________________________ 5. It’s the firs t time Ron has been to the theatre,
(never)
R o n ______________________________________________
the thea tre before.
s. They moved to this neighbourhood in January and now it’s June, They
(months)
ago.
________________________________________________________________
7. This is the secon d time you are late for class this mo nth,
(twice)
You
this month.
3, Laura started cleaning the house at 8 o’clock this morning and she hasn’t finished yet.
(since)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Laura
this morning.
Use of English Co m plet e t he sentences
turn on
with the co rrect
turn off
form
turn into
of the p hrasal verbs in t
he box.
turn up
turn down
keep on
1 Sto p it! If you
talking I’ll send you out of the classroom.
2. This workout will help you
___________
lots of calories.
3. I can ’t see anything. Ple as e. 4. Why did you
burn off
____
___________________
_____________
the l igh ts _______________
the radio? The music is too loud now.
5. _______________________the oven or you’ll burn the food! 6. That song gives me a headache. Can you please
the volume
? 7. Chris has
a computer addict. He spends lots of hours in front of a
computer playing games.
41
Past Prog ressi ve Tim e clauses ( w hen , w hile,
as, as soo n as)
Now answ
Read the diary page.
“
:-
- ------~=5"
................
%
er t he qu est i ons.
1.
What was Kevin doing when he saw the creature?
2.
What did the creature look like?
3.
Who shouted ‘The Demon, the Demon!’?
4.
What did the creature do when he heard the old
2/- April 20 10 nea r ixary ,
| A stramg e thlrvg ha ppened today.
As Iwas walki ng
bom.efrom, basketball practice, \ sometbliA-g su dd en ly j u m p e d out ■■tiA, froi/vt
of rue. it was like a £im.all child but
it bad a huge head amd bright, orawge eyes. A group of o ld m.ew were sittiwg oia, a wall uearby au.d they saw it, too. Owe of them,
man shout?
shouted 'The Aeruow, the Aervtow!'. A s soow as the creature heard him., it disappeared iwto the forest. som.e people said it was aw aliew, but I dow't thi wk so. W hatever
5.
Does Kevin believe that the creature is an alien?
it was, it soared the life out of me!
Grammar Q
Past Progressive Negative
Affirma tive FULL FORMS
E I/He /Sh e/It was pla ying We/You/They were playing
SHORT FORMS
I/H e/S he /It was not playin g I/H e/S he /It wasn't playing W e/You/T hey were not pl aying W e/You/T hey weren 't playing
Sho rt Answers
Questions Was l/he/she/it playing? Were we/you/they playing?
Yes, l/he /sh e/it was . Yes, we /yo u/th ey were.
No, l/he /sh e/ it wasn' t. No. we /you /the y weren't. •».—
4L 4K JL _ J3 RS & .
__ *
We use the Past Progressive: • for actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past. I was sleeping a t 11 o ’clock yesterda y evening.
• to describe background scenes to a story.
It was snowing and the town was white and peaceful.
• for actions that were happening at the same time in the past. In this case we usually use
while.
While I was playing the violin, my sister was listening to rap music. • for an action that was happening in the past and was interrupted by another action. We use the Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter action. We usually use as, while and when. We were entering the house when the phone rang.
NOTE: Stative verbs
42
are not usually used in the
Past Progressive.
Q
Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)
Time clauses are introduced with
and as soon as.
when, while, as,
I was preparing lunch while they were watching TV. As so on as sh e arrive d a t th e airp or t, sh e ca lle d me. NOTE: • When the time clause
comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma. • We use when or as soon as + Past Simple (time clause) + Past Simple (main clause) for two actions that happened one after the other in the past. As soon as they left, I went to bed.
Activities - Co m plet e t he sentenc
1. What
es with
the Past
Pro gres
sive of
the verbs i
(you / say)? I
________________________
2. While I
n brackets.
(not listen) to you.
_____________________ ____
(study) for a test yesterday evening, my brother
________________________
____________________
(have)
fun with his friends. 3. The children
________________________
(play) computer games when their mother got home last night.
4. Whil e w e ________________________ (order), the waitress 5. W ha t ________________________(John / do) whil e y o u
________________________
_________________________
(write) down our order.
(skate)?
6. As I ________________________ (bake) a cake, my m o th e r ________________________ (do) the washing-up. 7. I t ________________________ (rain) wh ile w e _________________________(fix) the car. 8.
(Mary / sleep) when I called?
9. The dog
________________________
:0. At 8 o’clock Mrs Hunt
: Expand
the notes
(not ba rk) at a thief. I t
________________________
(bark) at a cat.
(cook) dinner.
________________________
i nto sentences.
l_ We / get r ead y / go out / when / we / hear / str ange noi se We were getting ready to go out when we heard a strange noise.
2. As / Julie / drive / to work / she / lis ten / radio
3 Helen / pho ne / whil e / you / take / a showe r
4, John / wat ch / news / on TV / whi le / he / eat / dinner
S. Peter / sit / desk / and / start d oing / hom ewor k
5. Student s / stop t alking /
as soon as /
teacher /
enter / clas sroo m
____________________________________
C. C i rcle the co rrect
w ords .
1. It was a hot Saturd ay evening. I (1) stood / was standing was hearing
by the window when I
(2) heard /
the fro nt doo r open. I (3) thought /
was thinking
it was my mum but I soon
was realising
I was wrong. When I (5) turned /
was turning
(4) realised /
around, I (6) saw / was seeing
a strange
man looking at me.
2. Last night James
(1) sat / was sitting
room watching TV while his parents were getting
in the living
(2) got /
ready to go to the theatre. As soon
as they (3) left /
were leavi ng,
he (4) went /
was
going to bed. A few minutes later, the phone (5) ra ng / was ringing
and while James
(6) went
/ wa s go ing to pick it up he (7) fell / was falling
down the stairs and leg.
3. Ab ou t a month ago, I (1) drov e / was driving
Blueburry Street. I (2) went / was going friend’s house. I
to my
(3) listened / was listening
music when suddenly I
(4) saw / was seeing
bright light. I (5) stopped / was stopping
down
to a
because I
couldn’t see anything. I (6) closed / was closing my eyes and when I (7) opened / was opening them again there were two creatures in front of my car and they (8) came / were coming me. I started screaming and...
44
slowly towards
(8) broke / was b reaking
his
D . Read t
he dial
Police officer
og ue and co
m plete
the bl
anks w
What time (1)
it h the Past
Sim ple or
Pro gres
sive of
the verbs i
n brackets.
(return) home
return
you
d id
the Past
yesterday? Mrs Olson
I think I (2) _
Police officer
OK, and what (3
(get) home at about half past five. y o u ______________ (do) at six
o’clock when the accident
(happen)?
(4)
(do) the
Mrs Olson
Hmm, at six o’clock, let me see...
Police officer
washing-up. So you ( 6 ) _______________(be) busy in the kitchen. How (7)
Mrs Olson
y o u ________________(see) the accident then?
______________
(do) the washing-up,
Well, as I (8) (9 )
I (5 ) ____________
___________ _________
(10 )
(look) out of the window. This is what I
________
____________
(see). A boy(11)
(ride) his
________________
p>
bicyc le alo ng Keynes Street. When he (1 2 ) _______________ (reach) the corner of Keynes and Walton Street, a car into Keynes Street. The driver and (15)
_________________
off his bike but the driver
(14)
(13)
_______________
(17)
____________
______________
(drive) away! That’s why I (1 9)
(20)
______________
(report) the accident.
=olice officer
(2 1 )
______________
you
Mrs Olson
No, I (2 2 ) _______________(not can) see him. He (23)
(call) the police and
(manage) to see the driver?
1. I was watching a horror film when I heard a strange noise. noise when I was in the m iddle o f wa tchin g a horror film.
b. I heard a strange noise and then I watched a horror film. c. I watched a horror film before I heard a strange noise.
2. While I was driving to work, I realised I had no petrol left. a. I drove to work and then I realised that I had no petrol left.
b. I realised I had no petrol left when I was driving to work. c. I realised that I had no petrol left and then I drove to work.
(be) too far away.
________________
a, b or c.
a. I heard a strange
(fall)
(not stop) . He ju st
(18)
E. Ch oo se
r
(turn)
(not see) the boy
_____________
(hit) him. The boy (16)
1
#
3. My friends and I were doing our homework at 5pm yesterday. a. My friends and I started doing our homework at 5pm yesterday.
b. My friends and I stopped doing our homework at 5pm yesterday. c . My friends and I were in the middle of doing our homework at 5pm yesterday.
4. The children were tidying up their bedroom when I arrived home. a. The children were in the middle of tidying up their bedroom when I arrived home.
b. The children tidied up their bedroom and then I arrived. c. The children began tidying up their bedroom the moment I arrived home.
Speaking Look at the pictures below which show parts of two different stories. With your partner, take turns to say what happened in each story and try to find an ending for each. Use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple. Story 1
El Story 2
Write what happened in one of the stories in the Speaking Activity.
46
Unit 10 Read the di
alogu
e.
So, how was dinner with Jim and Pam yesterday? Wendy What dinner? Everything went wrong. Linda What happened? Wendy Well, as they were driving to our house, their car stopped. You know Jim. He had forgotten to fill it up with petrol. So, he walked to the nearest petrol station but when he got there, he realised he hadn’t taken his wallet with him. Anyway, by the time they arrived at our house, we had already had dinner. Linda What? Wendy They didn’t call us so we thought they weren’t coming at all. Linda
Now answ
er t he questi
ons.
1. Why did Jim’s car stop? 2. What did Jim realise at the petrol station? 3. Did Jim and Pam have dinner with Wendy and her family?
Grammar Past Perfect Simple Negative
Affirmative FULL FORMS
I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
had WQrked I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They
WQrked
I/H e /S he /It We/You/They
SHORT FORMS
had nQt workec| I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They
Short Answers
Questions Had
l/he /sh e/it we/you/they
We form the Past Perfect Simple
hadn’t worke cj
work ed-p
l/he /sh e/it we/you/they
had.
with had and the Past Participle
hadn’ t,
of the verb.
We use the Past Perfect Simple: • for an action which took place before another action in the past (in time clauses with before, after, when, by the time). We use the Past Perfect Simple for the action that happened first and the Past Simple for the action that followed. When I got there, the museum had closed. • for an action which took place before a specific point of time in the
No l/he /sh e/ it we/you/they
TIME EXPRES
by + point in time before + point in time after, before, when, by the time, etc.
past. NOTE: The Past Perfect Simple
of the verb have is had had. 47
Activities A. Look at the pictur es. W hat had Li sa and the prom pts, as i n t he exam ple.
her f ri end
done
before they f
Lisa / fol low / a ma p?
1.
ound
the t reasure?
W ri te questi
ons and answ
ers usi
ng
4. they / fight / with pirat es?
Had Lisa followed a map?
_________________________
_____________________________
Yes, she had. 2.
Lisa / make / a new friend?
3.
they / travel / by plane?
B.
C om plete
the sentences w
it h t he Past Sim
5. they / see / any wild animal s?
ple or
1. Sandra
Pe rfect
Sim ple of the verbs i
n brackets.
(buy) the shoes after she
2. Alex 3.
the Past
(try) them on
(write) six letters by 11am yesterday.
Jason
_ (no t tidy) his de sk by t he tim e I
___
(arrive)
home yesterday afternoon. 4.
Caroline
(never/play) hockey before she
(move)
to the USA. 5.
(pack) my suitcase long before you
6. David
(not wash) the car when I
7. Judy _
(call) me. (get) home.
____
(throw away) some old magazines last week.
8. When
you
(realise) that y o u _____
_____________________
(lose) your wallet? 9.
10. 48
Nina
___
(finish) her shopping when you
Karen didn’t lea ve the office until she
(see) her. (type) all the letters.
C. Circl e the co
rrect
w ords.
1. After my dad had eaten dinner, he
fell / had falle n asleep.
2. Before Sally had pla yed / pla yed tennis she had finished all her homework.
3. By the time her parents returned home, Tracey 4. After we had had dinner, my sister 5. By the time the police
D . Joi n the sentences
the dog for a walk.
took
had washe d / washe d the dishes.
had come / came , I had left the party.
usi ng the Past Perfect Sim
>ri:t anrif
had ta ken /
1.
ple wh
ere n
ecess
ary and the wo
rds g
i ven.
Helen lost Mark’s telephone number. She didn't call him. Helen didn’t call Mark because she had lost his telephone number.
2. Sally did her homework. Then she went to the cinema.
(because)
(when)
5. Tom left the party. Then, Judy arrived.
6. Joanne finished school. Then, she went to university.
________
(after)
3. Mr Jones forgot to close the door of the house. The dog went in.
4. The plane took off. Then, the Smiths arrived at the airport.
(because)
(by the time)
(after)
7. Mary fell asleep. A while later, the programme ended.
(by the time)
49
E.
Fi nd t he m ist ake and correc
t i t.
1. Laura has already ordered dinner when Adam arrived at the restaurant. 2. When I had got home, my dad had already cooked dinner. 3. Tommy had done his homework before he had gone out to play. 4. By the time I had left the office, it had started raining. 5. She had finished doing the washing-up when the phone had rung.
6. Matt had decided to travel around the world after he had finished university.
Speaking What had y ou done by 11 o’clock last night? Ti ck ( / ) or cross partner. tidy/room do/homework play/com putergames
(X)
the boxes below and discuss with your
have/dinner phone/best friend have/shower
listen/C Ds
go/bed
watch/favourite TV programme
have/dream
Had you tidied your room by 11 o’clock yesterday? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t . What did you do after...? Well, after I had..., I...
Write a few sentences about what you had done by eleven o’clock last night and compare them with what your partner in the Speaking activity had done.
50
Pre pos i t i ons of Pla ce / Preposit
:ead t
he text and cho
ose the c
orrect prepo
i ons of Mo vem ent / Prepo sit ions of Tim e
}
k Unit 11
sit i ons .
UK
now, nobody knows what really happened in / at Crimson Creek on / at 29 September. Jack and Mary Thomas were cooking dinner when suddenly, at / in around 8pm, t he lights went out. Then they heard a strange noise coming from / into the forest near / around their house and w ent in / out to see what it was. A bright blue light was shining in / into the forest and During / Until
they started walking along / towards it. After / Since that, they bo th d isapp eared . Now, it’s up to Detective Max Marcus to find out what really happened.
Grammar Q Preposit ions o f Place in on at under near behind
She's in her room. The pencils are on the desk. I'll wait at the bus stop. Sue is reading u nder the tree. Is there a ho spital near you r house? Look who’s hiding behind the car.
over opposite next to in front of between
There’s a family picture over the sofa. The library is opposite the bookshop. He sat next to me at the concert. 1can't see because he’s in front of me. The cafe is between the theatre and the post office.
The prepositions on, in and at are used in various other expressions: on: with the expressions: on the left, on the right in: with names of continents, countries, cities, villages: in Europe, in Egypt, in Beijing, in Blackburn at: with confined areas: at the theatre, at the airport, etc. with addresses: He lives at 34 Rose Street. with the expressions: at work, at home, at school, etc. 51
Q
Prepos ition s of Move ment to up down into out of through across along from
She ’s going to the supermarket. They ran up the hill. He rode the bike down Lane Street. Don’t come into the house with those dirty shoes. She threw litte r out o f the window. This road goes through the forest. The little boy ran across the road to catch the ball. They walked along the river. Maria com es hom e from work at 5 o ’clock every d ay.
around towards of f over past
1jo around came the block every Theg children towards me.morni ng. Steve fell off the bike. The th ief jum pe d over the fence and ran awa y. She walked past Jack but she didn’t see him.
NOTE: • We do not use any prepositions with the word
home when it is used with verbs which
denote movement. I didn ’t call you beca use I got hom e late. •
We use the preposition by with means of transport: by car, by plane, by train , by ship, by taxi , etc. Irrrth on foo t I usually go to work by train.
• If there is an article (a/an, the) before means of transport, we use in the car, in a taxi, on the train, on the plane, on the ship, etc.
on or in:
There are a lot o f pas sen gers on the train. I saw Julie in a taxi.
Q
Prepositions of Time at
to show the exact time: in the expressions:
on
with the days of the week: with dates: in the expressions:
in
with periods of the day: with months and seasons: with years and centuries: in the expression:
during after before from. .. till/u n til/to for since by
at six o’clock at noo n/at nigh t/at midnight/at mi a t the weeke nd/at wee kend s at breakfast/l unch /dinner at fifteen/at the age of twenty at the moment on Friday on 5th September on Friday afternoon on weekdays on his birthday/on holiday on New Year’s Eve in the morning/afternoon/evening in April/in spring in 2006/in the 20th century in my free time
dday
Pffi l on Sunday morning
He was listening to music during the lesson. She went to the cinema after school. She went jogg ing before b reakfast. We practise from two till/until/to five. I’ve been watching TV for two hours. He’s lived there since 2002. 1will be home by lunchti me.
_______________
I
Activities - Look at
the picture and com
plete
the bla
nks w
it h p repo
sit ions of pl
ace.
This is the Poshe Restaurant. It is a very expensive restaurant. _"ere are expe nsive pa intin gs ( l ) ___________ the wall. There aren’t many people (2) ~he Smiths are sitting (3) - ce is sitting (3)
___________
___________
the restaurant toda y.
table one. Their daughter,
them.
____________
A w aiter is st an di ng (5 )____________t he wind ow to make sure p erything is in order. The poor waiter who is serving chicken to ir e people at table one, didn ’t see t he toy v an (6) io o r and stepped on it. Look
i Co m plete
along
w it h t he prep
the
____________
at him. He’s falling!
os it i on s i n the box.
towa rds
by
off
on
into
over
ou t of
1. I usually go to s c h o o l ____________bus bu t yesterday I misse d it, so I had to g o 2. I saw Ben a few minu tes ago. He was g o in g 3. The bus was going
____________
_____________
the swim ming pool.
Ar bour Stree t wh en th e acc id en t ha pp ened. A boy wh o was riding a bike did n’t
see the bus, crashed int o it a nd fe ll
____________
his bike.
4. When Kerry found out the truth she was really upset. She r a n
____________
the room and never spoke to Paul
again. 5. Our cat ju m p e d
: Read t he text
below
____________
and co
rrect t
th e f en ce
he prep
foot.
the neighbour’s garden.
_____________
os it i on s i n bold.
Randy has been working for a company (1) since many years. He started (2) on the age :* 25 and now (3) in 37, he wants a change. (4) At 12 years he has been waking up 3 over 6:30 (6) by the morning t o catch the 7:30 train and get t o work (7 ) since 8:3 0. I iam etim es he has to work ( 8) for weekend s (9) sin ce many hours and last year
he even
I worked (10) during New Year’s Eve. He rarely gets any time off (11) at the summer and he I 'eve r spends enough tim e with his f amily. He feels th a t (12) on the las t 12 years he has :een working too much and that now is the time for a new beginning.
D.
Ch oose
a, b o r c. the family
Last year, my grandmother gave me a beautiful pair of earrings that had been (l) (2 )
many years. So, when she asked me to wear them
couldn’t say no. The problem was that I couldn’t find them. I looked everywhere:
(4)
__________
my wardrobe,
the desk and the beds, but
the shelves, even (6) couldn ’t find them . I felt terrible.
her birthday, I just
(3 )_________
the day of my granny’s birthday,
(7 ) __
woke up very early and continued to look for them. I looked for them (8 ) ______________six o’clock (9 ) ______________ the morning (10) ____
three
the a fternoo n b ut with ou t any luck. In the end, I was sure th at I had lost them, so I decided to go without them. As I was getting ready, I saw a small je wellery box th a t had bee n th er e (1 2 )_____________ of me all the time. Guess what! The earrings were inside it! I was so happy because I wasn’t going to disappoint my granny. When she saw me wearing the earrings that night, she had the biggest smile ever
(13) ______________her face!
1.
a. in
b. over
c. since
8.
a. since
b. from
c. until
2.
a. after
b. since
c. fo r
9.
a. in
b. by
c. since c. during
3.
a. at
b. on
c. in
10.
a. till
b. for
4.
a. between
b. next
c. in
11.
a. in
b. at
c. on
5.
a. on
b. in front
c. opposite
12.
a. opposite
b. front
c. in front
6.
a. under
b. at
c. over
13.
a. at
b. on
c. around
7.
a. After
b. On
c. From
Speaking Work in pairs. Student A think of a strange experience you have had. Student B ask him/her questions to find out what happened. Then swap roles. Use the prompts below to help you. Think about: • when it happened • where you were •• • • • •
who what you you were were with doing what you saw/heard how you felt what you said what was happening
Have you ever had a strange experience? Yes, I have. When did it happen? Three years ago, in July. Where...?
Write a short text about your strange experience, using the prompts in the Speaking Activity above.
54
Revision Module 4 un it s 9 -1 1 A. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets. 1. W e ______________________ (play) chess when Carl's mother 2. While all my friends
(phone).
______________________
(enjoy) themselves at Fred’s party, I
_____________________
(study)
______________________
for an exam. 3. W hy ____________________y o u _____________________ (make) all that noise while I
(try)
______________________
to sleep? 4. When I
(get) home on Saturday night, my parents
______________________
(watch) a
______________________
film on TV. 5. Maggie
(get) ready to leave when I
______________________
6. The students
______________________
(call) her.
______________________
(not pay) attention when the teacher
______________________
(explain)
the exercise. 7. As I ______________________(do) the shopping, I 8.
they
______________________
(see) Kathy.
______________________
(visit) the Prado Museum when they
_______________________
(go) to Spain?
______________________
9. As soon as I
(taste) the food, I
______________________
(realise) that it was too salty.
______________________
B. Expand the notes into sentences using the words given. 1. We / cook / dinner / the doo rbel l / ring
2. I / walk / down / street / I / sli p / fel l
(when)
(as)
3.
Kevin / talk / on the phone / David / study
4.
Rita / call / pol ice / she / see / bur glar
5.
Tina / cook / she / burn / her arm
6.
Ralph / wait / bus st op / it / start ra ining
(when)
7.
They / arrive / they / jump /
(as soon as)
8.
Pet er / have l unc h / Jane / work
(while)
(as soon as)
(as)
int o the poo l
(while)
55
C.
Co m plet e the sentences w
i th prepo
sit i on s of ti m e, place
1. We usually visit our grandparents
__________
3. Are you doing anything special
__________
bus.
the stairs to check it out.
__________
London last year, but now he lives
__________
__________
Paris.
school early today. She wa sn’t feeling well.
__________
tom e
7. Guess who was sitting
__________
8. There is an old painting
__________
the plane!
the w a ll
the livin g room.
__________
9. Suddenly, I turned around and saw a
car co m ing
10. We’ll have a break for half an hour D. Choose
__________
New Year’s Day?
4. Sandra heard a strange noise and ra n
6. Ju lie came ho m e
ent.
foot, _but h e someti mes g oe s
2. My fathe r usual ly goes to w o rk
5. Fred lived
or m ovem
Christmas.
__________
me.
__________
noon.
a, b o r c.
It was a windy afternoon. My friends and 1 (1 )
to meet at my house to watch the 1(2)
Football Cup Final together. After
school, 1 (3 ) ____to the supermarket to buy lots of so ft drinks . When my friends
(4)
,1
popcor n. By the end o f the firs t
(5)
half, we (6)
all the popcorn and the
snacks mv friends
. While we (8)
(7)
the second half, something We (10)
wrong.
(9)
no picture on the TV. Maybe it
(1 1 )
a. had arranged
b. have arranged
c. was arranging
2.
a. had finish
b. was finishing
c. had finished
3. a. was going
b. went
c. had gone
4. a. were arriving
b. arrived
c. had arrived
5. a. had already made
b. already made
c. was already made
6.
b. had eaten
c. ate
7. a. did bring
b. had brought
c. were bringing
8.
b. had watched
c. were watching
b. was going
c. went
a. were eating
a. watched
9. a. did go
was because of the strong winds outside. Unfortunately, we
1.
the end of the
10 .
a. had had
b. were having
c. had
11.
a. were missing
b. had miss
c. missed
match and we were all very disappointed.
Use of English Co m plet e w i th t he prepo
sit i on s in the box.
up 1.
at
into
by
out
the time Ben got there, everyone had left.
_________
2. The police asked Alice what she was doing 3. Susan crashed 4. The burgl ar ti e d 5.Patrick ra n
_________
________
the time of the theft.
a tree yesterday. Fortunately, only the car was damaged. the old lady and stole
_________
all her jewellery.
a dog and the poor animal died. Now, he feels awful!
6. Char lie a nd Car la s e t 56
over
_________
on their j ourney two weeks ago.
can / coul d / m ay / wi l l / would 1 m ust / have t o need (to)
!_
Read the texts.
Paul, 1have t0 6o
[
to ^ y ststg.-'s.
y ow
up
from fe«rate a t S:3 D? ^ v ie r's U the D's's
v-
It o ff as s ew. ^edtoturu. you get hem*. Ly iu
P.S. Wl,ll LjCU pl-ease?
Now ans
w er t he questi
"
ons.
1. Who is going to pick up Gina?
3. Why is Paul going to be late?
2. Where has Lyn gone?
4. Why is Rex sad?
Grammar Can, could, may. will, would,
• • • •
Q
they they they they
must, need, etc. are modal verbs do not form all the tenses. are the same in all persons, singular and plural. form the irterrogative and the negative without auxiliary verbs are followed by the base form of a verb, without to.
p
and:
(do/did).
c an/ could /may/will/ wou ld
57
© mu st /ha ve to We use must: obligation in the present and future.
in the affirmative and interrogative to express
I m ust buy a cake for the part y. M ust we go so soon? prohibition. You m us tn ’t touch anyth ing in the museum.
in the negative to express
in the affirmative and interrogative to express
We use have to: obligation in the present and future.
You have to wear a uniform. Do you have to work on Saturdays? absence of obligation. She doe sn’t have t o ea t the cake if she d oe sn ’t like it .
in the negative to express
NOTE: • Must expresses an obligation that the speaker imposes on himself/herself or others. Have to expresses an obligation that is imposed by somebody or something else. • Must and have to form the Past with had to/didn’t have to and the Future with will have to/won’t have to. The affirmative expresses obligation and the negative absence of obligation in the past or the future
respectively. Kate did n’t hav e to go to sch ool yesterday because she was il l. You must sleep well tonight because you will have to train hard tomorrow. • To express prohibition, we can also use can’t. You can ’t use you r mobile phone in the hos pital .
Q
need (to)
We use need: • as a main verb in all tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative. It is followed by a and forms the interrogative and negative with auxiliary verbs (do/does, did etc.) • as a modal verb in the interrogative and negative of the infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative without
Affirm ative 1need to go He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go
Present Simple only. It is followed by a auxiliary verbs.
Negative 1don’t need to go 1needn't go He/She/It doesn’t need to go He/She/It needn’t go We/You/They don’t need to go We/You/They needn’t g o
We use need: • in the affirmative and interrogative to express necessity. I need to talk to Jane. • in the negative to express absence of nece ssity. You don’t need to buy anything. She needn’t do the washing-up. I’ll do it tomorrow.
58
full infinitive bare
Questions Do 1need to go? Need 1go? Doe s h e/s he /it need to go ? Need he/she/it go? Do we/you/they need to go? Need we /you/they go?
Activities A. C ir cle t he c o rrect wo
rds. 5. A: Excuse me, may / would I take this bag with
1. Can / May you get me a newspaper when you go
me on the plane?
out? 2. A: Will /
B: Of course you
I go shopping with my friends, Mum?
Could
6.
B: No, you won’ t / can’ t. You’ve got lots of
A: Jenny, when can I borrow your camera?
I really
nee d / need to it.
homework to do.
B: I must / can give it to you on Monday and you
3. A: Pleas e remember tha t you must / ne ed bring the
don’ t hav e to / mustn’ t give it back to me for
car before 2pm. B: OK. I’ll must /
woul d / may, sir.
another week
have to leave work earlier.
7. A: Do I need / Need I wash the car today?
4. A: Would / May you teach me how to drive? B: I’m sorry, I may not /
B: Yes, the car needs washing.
You are too young to
can’t.
or so .
drive. B. Co m plet e the dial
og ues usi ng the w
would
need
ords
i n the box.
need to
have to
can ’t
could
can
drive you home if you like.
some help.
B: Th at’s ver y kind of you, bu t I
you mind helping me? B: Oh, I’m sorry, I’m too busy. I
__
buy some things from the supermarket.
finish this project in two hours.
______________
you drive me there first?
A: I’m afr aid I ______________. I’m in a hurry. C.
C ir cle the co rrect
w ords
.
1. Maria has to / needs be back home by midnight.
2 . You
mustn’ t / don’ t have to
eat snails if you don’t like them.
3. You’ve got all day tomorrow to work on the project. You 4. Sheila must /
have to take her medicine.
5. You nee dn’t /
don’t ha ve cook. We’re eating out tonight.
6. We
mustn’t /
don’ t nee d to finish it tonight.
need / must to buy some more soft drinks for the party. 59
D.
Complete the sentences with the corre ct form of need.
1. The fridge is empty. W e
2. You 3.
to go to the supermarket today.
_____________________________
run. We have lots of time.
_____________________________
Charlie go to the meeting tomorrow?
_____________________________
4. Y ou
to shou t! I can hear you.
5. Dad
to use the car today. We can’t take it.
_____________________________
6. Miss, which units of the b o o k 7. Heather 8. You
E.
1.
____________________________
to practise a lot. She’s an excellent tennis player!
take the bus. I’ll drive you home.
Look at
the pict
ures and w
ri te sentenc
es using
She doesn’t have to p au fo r a ticket.
3.
mustn’to r don’t/doesn’t ha ve toas i
the verb s gi ven and
2.
(wear)
4. The weather is fine outside.
(wash)
60
w e ______________________________to study?
_____________________________
(use)
5.
____________________________
It’s raining outside.
(talk)
n the exam
ple.
F.
Complete the dialogue with the correct form of must, can, could or need to .
you please turn off your mobiles?
A: (1).
You (2)
use them in the museum . And
please remember that you (3)
________ _________________
touch
anything. B: (4) ____________________I take photos? A: I’m afraid you (5 ) ______ you (6)
_______________
sir. And you madam, take this bottle of water inside.
B: But I (7).
_ dr ink water. It ’s very hot.
A: I’m sorry, you (8)
_________
B: What? (9)
_____
enter with the bottle.
I speak to the director of the
museum, please?
Speaking A. Talk in pairs. Discuss wha t you sh ou ld say in th e fo llo wing situations. Think of as many possible ways you can to express yourself. Use can/could/may/would/will/must/need/have to. • You’re in class and you want to go out. Your partner is the teacher. • You’r e in a small room with closed windows and it's very h ot • You need your parents’ permission to go to a friend's house. Your partner is your father. • You’re in a hospital and someone is talking on his/her mobile phone. • You’re in a museum and someone is taking photographs. • You have a terrible toothache. • You’re at a restaurant and want some salt. Your partner is the waiter.
B. Choose a situation and act it out.
Can/Could/May I go out, please? No. you may not. But I need to. Miss, please! OK. then, if you have to...
Write one sentence for each of the situations below. Use the words given and can/could/may/will/would/ need/ have to/must.
(try on)
(shout)
(doctor)
(supermarket)
(tea)
61
Unit 13.
can / co uld / be ab let o m ay / m i ght / c o u l d m ust / c an’ t
Read the dialogue. Stan Lisa Stan Lisa Stan
Lisa
Stan
So, Lisa, are you coming to the cinema tonight? Sorry! I won’t be able to. I’ve got too much homework. Oh, OK, then. Where’s your brother? Alex? He must be at home. He can’t be at home. I ju s t ca lle d and no one answered. I can’t find him anywhere. Even his mobile is turned off. It’s not turned off. It’s broken. Ring Tony. My brother might be with him. They usually play computer games together. Oh, OK.
Now match.
Lisa
will go to the cinema.
Stan
can’t go to the cinema.
Alex
is try in g to fin d so me on e.
has got a mobile which isn’t working. may be with a friend.
Grammar Q can/ could/ be a ble to we use can: • to express ability in the present. My father can
we use courn: • to express ability in the past.
use a computer .
1could play the piano
when 1was y oung.
NOTE: Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can (Future, Present Perfect, etc.). He’ll be able to come on Saturday. Have you been able to visit your friends?
Q ma y/ mi ght/ coul d We use may, might • to express
and could:
possibility in the present or future. slight possibility. We m ay/m ight/co uld go to Af rica ne xt year.
62
Might expresses
© mus t/ca n’t express a logical deduction
must and can’t: and refer to the present.
• We use must to express a positive logical deduction. It's ten o'clock and John is still sleepi
ng. He mu st be tire d.
• We use can't to express a negative logical deduction. She ca n't be a t home. She was at work a few minutes
ago.
Activities A. Circle the correct words.
1. My dad couldn’t / wasn’t able use the computer but he’s taking some computer lessons now and in a few months he can’t / will be able to
2.
do everything.
When I was younger, I was n’t able / was able to late in the evening and then go out. I
can’t /
work until
not a ble to do
that any more. 3. Bob will be 17 next month. Then he
wil l be able to / can’t
get a driving licence. 4. Mr Smith
can’ t / coul dn’ t speak to you right now. If you call back in half an hour, he
will be a ble to / coul d
speak to you then. 5. I couldn’t / can’t
find any fresh strawberries this morning, so
I can ’t / will be a ble to
make a strawberry
cheesecake. 6. In a few years’ time, some lakes wi ll be so polluted tha t fish 7. Emma can / could wear her jeans now, but she
won’t be able to
/ can’t live in them.
couldn ’t / wasn’ t ab le wear them last year because she had
put on a lot of weight.
8.
I won ’t be able to / wasn ’t able to
arran ge so mething for the
come yesterday because
can / can’ t
weekend.
9. Ben is sleep ing at the m ome nt, but he 10. Suzanne coul d / wasn’t able will be able to
I had many things to do, but we
will be able to
/ be able to call you back in the afternoon.
to speak a word of English when she first went to London, but now she
can /
speak fluently. You should hear her.
63
B.
Look at the pictures and the prompts and write sentences expressing possibility using may/might/could.
(bur n / foo d)
(cra sh into /
3.
tre e)
(bite / man)
J II
II IL_JL.rJ
i in E E 3
0
— (mis s / bus)
5.
C.
Complete with must or can’t.
1.
Sam
Where’s Angela? The film starts in ten
4. Keith
minutes. Eve
Ad am
I called her at home but nobody answered the phon e, so s h e __________
2.
__________
I think the baby is hungry.
Henry
H e __________be hungry! I just fed him. Who’s that woman John is talking to? His
Diana
Th ey
have a gardener. They do all that work by themselves
because they both work long hours.
6.
Theresa
Y o u _________ be quite tired after playing football all afternoon!
S h e __________ be his mother, she’s too young. She
64
Our neighbours’ garden is so beautiful!
__________
mother? Larry
Y o u __________ be really thirsty now.
When do they find the time to take care of it?
be on her way here.
Frank
3. Jerry
5. Sheila
be there. She
I have just eaten three bowls of popcorn!
__________
be his sister.
Vince
No, not really, I feel fine.
D. Read the sentences and tick (✓) the correct box.
Abil it y
Poss ib il it y
Ded ucti on
1. I’m not sure where Peter is. He could be at the supermarket.
2. Rob has just left work. He can’t be at home. 3. 1could swim for four hours when 1was young. 4. 1can’t find my keys anywhere. Have you seen them?
wmm
5. 1might travel to Rome next week. 6. That girl doesn’t look like Jane. She can’t be her sister. 7. We can’t go out tonight. The cup final is on! 8. Anna can’t be 50 years old. She looks much younger.
Speaking Talk in pairs. Discuss what present you’re going to get for a friend whose birthday is next week. Use the ideas below. • what your friend likes • what he/she needs most • how much money you can spend
We can/could buy him/her a(n). He/She must... Well, we don’t need to... He/She may/might like...
Look at the pictures below and write one sentence about each of them using can/could/may/might/must/ can’t and the prompts in the box. break/window
give/wa llet/ police
be/hungry
rain
dance/wh en/young
not understand/man
65
Unit 14i
Infinitive - ing form
Read the text and choosea, b or c.
1.
a. communicate
b. to comm unicat e
c. communicating
the radio, watching TV or using gestures are all ways of (1) ________. It seems simple, however, not everybody is good at it. Some people speak too fast for li steners (2 ) ________, while oth er pe op le’s h an dw riting is d ifficult (3 ) ________ .
2.
a. understand
b. to understand
c. understanding
3. a.
read
b. to read
c. reading
Then, there are some people who simply don’t listen carefully to what someone else says. Communication is a skill which is obviously worth (4) ________ ■Howeve r, it can (5 ) ________ a lifet ime (6 ) ________with others well.
4. a.
learn
b. to learn
c. learning
5. a. take
b. to take
c. taking
6.
b. to comm unicat e
c. communicating
CO M M UN ICA TIO N takes pl ace wh en pe opl e send or receive messages. Talking, listening to
>
a. communicate
Grammar Q Infi niti ve full infinitive: to
+ base form of verb to play
There are two types of
infinitive: bare infinitive:
base form of verb
without to
play
We use the full infinitive: • to express purpose. She went to the post office to mail a letter.
• after the verbs:
want, would like, would love, decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan, promise, try, hope, manage, arrange, choose, offer, refuse, expect. I plan to go to Egypt in spring.
• with too and enough. The sandwich is too cold to eat.
• after the structure
it+be+adjective. It’s easy to learn Spanish.
• after the adjectives:
afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready, sorry.
She was free to go wherever she wanted.
We use the bare infinitive: can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must. Will you stop laughing? You shou ld taste som e Australian food.
• after modal verbs: • after the verbs
let and make.
Sh e makes me clean my room twice a week.
We can use the verb
help with a full or a bare infinitive. I always help my fath er to cl ea n the garage.
I always help my fa ther clea n the garage. I»lrl
66
Let me do it, it’s not difficult.
Q
-ing form
The -ing form (base form of the verb +ing)
can be used as a noun. We use the -ing form:
• as the subject
of a verb.
Travelling is great fun. • after certain verbs such as: I hate studying Maths.
etc.
like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer,
• after certain verbs such as: continue, stop, finish, start, begin, I starte d watching a new TV series . • after certain verbs such as:
etc. etc.
avoid, imagine, keep, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time),
I spent my summer lying under the sun. • after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, it’s worth, how about, can’t help, feel like, etc. I can’t stand waiting for the bus for ho urs.
• after prepositions. Are y ou goo d a t p laying the guita r? • after the verb
go to indicate activities:
go swimming
/shopping/fishing,
etc.
I’m go ing sho pping this Saturday.
NOTE:
The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin without any significant difference in meaning.
are followed by a full infinitive
I like taking pictu res when I go on holiday.
or an -ing form
I like to take pictu res when I go on holiday.
< The verbs stop and remember are followed either by a
full infinitive
or an -ing form, but with
a different meaning. Maria stoppe d cleaning the garden. (= She is no t cleaning the garden any more.)
Maria stoppe d to clean the gard en. (= She stop pe d what she was doing and starte d cleaning the gar den.)
I rem em ber giving you the boo k this morning.
I remembered to give you the book this morning.
(= I gave you the book and I rememb er that I did so.)
(= I did not forget to give you the book .)
Activities A.
Complete the sentences with the full or bareinfinitive of the verbs in the box.
do
go
play
1. I have decided
vis it
buy
be
watch
go
find
rain
a new CD player.
_________________
2. Sam’s parents don’t let him 3. My friends and I are planning
TV on weekdays.
_________________
camping this weekend.
_________________
4. I t m igh t _________________tomorrow, so take an umbrella. 5. Our teacher made u s 6. My mother was su rpris ed
three projects in one week. a present on her bed.
7. Unfortun ately we didn ’t have enough t im e __________________the museum. 8. Joe and Kevin have gone to the park 9. Helen promised 10.
________________
football.
_________________
here on time, but she’s late again!
You real ly m u s t _______________ . The bus leaves in five minutes.
B.
1.
Re w ri te the senten
ces using t
Philip saw Mary at the thea tre las t night. He was surprised. ___________________________________
I go to the gym after work.
I think it’s relaxing 4.
6.
I think it’s relaxing.
_________________________
Michael is very tired. He can’t go out tonight. Michael is too tire d
5.
was afraid.
__________________________
Philip was surprised 3.
l infi niti ve.
Julie didn ’t touch the snake. She Julie was afraid
2.
he ful
_______________________
Heather isn’t very tall. She can’t reach the shelf. Heather isn’t tall enough _____________________ Jane can take the d riving tes t. She is re ady. Jane is ready
___________________________
7. Mark went to the library. He wanted to borrow a book.
Mark went to the library C.
Look at
the pict
ures and w
__________________________
ri te sentences. Begi
n w i th t he w ords g
i ven.
No, Michael, you can’t wear my Manchester United shirt!
2. Michael’s brother won’t let
Bill, can you close the window, please?
3. Mrs Evans would like Bill
68
4.
Rick has decided
D.
Co m plet e the sentences wit
laugh
have
-ingform
h the
watch
1. I’m looking forward t o
shop
of the verbs
visit
i n t he box.
teach
listen
my cousins in Australia this summer.
___________________
2. I really like this CD. I can ’t s to p 3.
to it!
a good time is really important.
____________________
4. Liz started
___________________
French three years ago.
5. He couldn ’t h e lp 6. Jane hates
when he saw his siste r’s funny hat.
___________________
at shopping centres.
7. My grandma loves
____________________
E . C om plete
n the text
the bl
anks i
soap operas.
by cho osing
a, b o r c.
Are you look ing fo r a won de rfu l pla ce (1 ) ________________your holiday? Then you should (2)
________________
Blue Sea Hotel. Blue Sea Hotel is perfect for people who want (3)
________________
(4 ) ________________ an exciting holiday. You’ll be surprised (5)
or who are just looking forward to
________________
out how many things you can
(6 ) ________________there. You can (7)
________________
in the sea or in the pool. Those who enjoy (8 )
will be able (9 ) ________________
the gym and the basketball and tennis courts. Finally, if you are interested in (10)
________________
sightseeing,
the hotel organises trips to museums and to other places ™
of interest. It’s
never too ear ly (1 1)
summer holiday. Don’t forget (12)
________________
________________
on a
your
travel agent for our special prices for May and June.
1.
a. spend
b. to spend
c. spending
7.
a. swim
b. to swim
c. swimming
2.
a. visit
b. to visit
c. visiting
8.
a. exercise
b. to exercise
c . exercising
3.
a. relax
b. to relax
c. relaxing
9.
a. use
b. to use
c. using
4.
a. have
b. to have
c. having
10 .
a. go
b. to go
c. going
5.
a. find
b. to find
c. finding
11.
a. go
b. to go
c. going
6.
a. do
b. to do
c. doing
12 .
a. as k
b. to ask
c. asking
69
F . C ir cle t he co rrect ans
w er.
1. Yuk! The tomato soup is too salty
eating / to eat.
2 . My father hates mobiles. It’s extremely difficult for him
using / to use one.
3. Let me to ask / ask you a question.
4. It isn’t worth
watching
5. I remember to take
6. She
/ to watch
/ taking
that film. It’s very boring.
my keys this morning, but I can’t find them now.
keeps to refuse / refusing to come to my party.
G. Re w ri te t he sen
tences using t
he w ords
given.
1. My sister always cries when she sees that film,
2 . This
shirt is old. I can’t wear it.
(help)
(too)
3. Let’s have dinner at a Chinese restaurant tonight,
(how about)
4. I hate listening to thi s song, stan d)
5. There is no way of crossing the river,
(impossible)
6. Gordon didn’t close the door when he left the house,
(without)
Speaking Work in pairs. What is the best way to communicate with others.? Use the ideas below and talk about the advantages or disadvantages of each. letter
internet
phone
mobile
gestures
)
In my opinion, the best way to communicate is by sending/using... because it’s easy to... Yes, but there are some disadvantages. One is that...
Writ e a paragr aph discussing the
70
advantages and disadvantages o
f usin g a comp uter / the Internet.
Revision Module 5 Units 12-14 A.
Read the sen tences and w ri te down w hat they express: an ded uc ti on , ob l igati on , nec essity, abs enc e of nec essity.
offer,
po ssibil
it y, requ est, perm
i ss i on , pro hibit
ion,
ab i li ty,
1. I will help you decorate your room.
___________________________________
2. This sign says that you mustn’t eat in the museum.
___________________________________
3. Mary can paint very well. That’s why she became an artist.
___________________________________
4. Irene may be at home now.
___________________________________
5. Look at the way she moves! She must be a dancer!
___________________________________
6. Could 1borrow your dress for the party tonight?
___________________________________
7. They don’t have to finish painting the house today. 8. We need to go shopping. There’s nothing in the fridge.
___________________________________
9. If you want to go out, you have to tidy your room.
__________________________________
10.
B.
________________________________________________
Dad, can I stay at Mary’s house tonigh t?
C ir cle the co rrect
__________________________________
C. Read t questi
w ords.
Dear Helpline,
he sit uati on s below and w ons . Use m odal ver bs.
ri te sentences or
1. You need to make a phone call but
My best friend Anita refuses
do n’t
(1) answer /
have a phone card. Ask your friend for
to answe r my calls. I don’t remember
(2) doing /
permission to use his/her phone card.
to do anything that could make her angry. We are
best friends, so I expect her
to
(3) to talk / talking
me when there is a problem, but she doesn’t want (4) spea k / to speak
her (5) to do / do this! I can’t help wondering
2. You are not com puter literate but y ou need to
to me! It isn’t very nice of
download something from the Internet. Ask
(6) to wonder /
your science teacher to show you how to do it.
what I've done wrong!
A co nf us ed frien d
Dear Confused
3. You saw Mary walking into the library ten
Friend,
minutes ago. A friend asks you where she 1 Wnk you sho uld ( 7) wri te / 10 you r frie nd (S )t e t/ w" te
tf>at you wo uld like
(9)t0
*
^
W ,e e l
— yo,c:;ir—
avoiding
each other and
(11>to solve /
Offer,12) me ct
s
olv ing^
th t
^^ ^
^
^
^
^
e-ma il to Exe '®
7
t0^
°'d
Sn° Ugh
” 'r Dr° blems o fn'end ly way. / to meet some wher e tn taii e
is. What do you say?
4. You’re at school but you’ve left your project
at home. You call your mother to ask her to bring it to school. What do you say?
t0 talk everything 71
D.
Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
1. There’s a possibility that I’ll travel abroad next month,
(may)
I ______________________________________________________________ 2. Is it necessary for me to come to the meeting today?
(have to)
D o _________________________________________________________________ 3. Julie always cries when she watches romantic films,
Julie
(help)
________________________________________________________________
4. This exercise is ver y difficu lt. I can ’t do it.
This exercise
(too)
________________________________________________________
5. Mum, do we have to wake up early tomorrow morning?
Mum,
6. I
(need)
______________________________________________________________
called John but he didn’t answer. I think he’s still at work,
John
_______________________________________________________________
7. Sally could exercise for hours when she was young,
Saily
(able)
_______________________________________________________________
8. Paul can’t Paul
(must)
wait to visit Brazil,
(forward)
________________________________________________________________
9. These trouse rs are perfect. Why do you ha ve to buy a new pair?
(needn’t)
Y o u ________________________________________________________________ 10.
Tim doe sn’t eat strawberries. I think he doe sn’t l ike them , T im
________________________________________________
Co m plet e t he sen
tences w
i th t he c orrect f
orm
of the phrases in t
lose on e’s way
1. Excuse me, sir! You’re
_____
he box.
the othe r way round
know one ’s way around
2.
(can’t)
_____________
Jane
O h , ________________________
Peter
I don’t believe this! I’m already
on one ’s way
__________
by the way in one ’s way
and I can ’t get off the bus.
there’s been a change of plan. We’re not going to the theatre. there. Why didn’t you call me
________________________
earlier? 3. Jack didn’t pass the bail to Leo. It was 4. Mary Gary
72
Jack is lat e! Do y ou thin k h e
__
I wouldn’t worry about him. He _
. He’ll be here any minute.
Th e art icle ‘ th e’
Unit 15
Do the quiz and find out how much you know about the world around you. 1. Which is the longest river in Europe? a.
The Volga
b. The Danube
c. The Don
2. Which is the biggest desert in Asia? a.
The Sahara
b. The Thar Desert
c. The Gobi
3. Which of the following seas is actually a lake? a. The Black Sea b. The North sea c. The Caspian Sea 4. In which continent can you find K2, the world’s second highest mountain? In Asia
a.
b. In Europe
c. In Africa
5. Which group of islands may sink in 50 years’ time? The Galapagos
a.
b. The Maldives c. The Philippines qg ‘e-fr ‘og
‘03
‘e j :s j 9msuv
Grammar The article ‘the’ We use the definite article the plural.
the: before uncountable nouns and countable nouns, both in the singular and in
We use the before: • something
specific or already mentioned. There is a new armchair in the living room. It's the armchair Tom bought last week. The T-shirt that Mary is wearing today is very funny.
• things that are unique. How many astronauts have walked on the moon? • names of seas, rivers, oceans, deserts. the Me diterrane an (Sea) the Amazon (River)
• groups of islands, mountain ranges the Maldives
the Rocky Mou ntains
the Atlan tic (Ocean)
and countries
the Gobi (Desert)
in the plural.
the Netherlands
when we refer to the whole nation. • nationalities, The Spanish explored America in the 15th century. • surnames, when we refer to the whole family. The Browns travelled to Africa last summer. • names of hotels, restaurants , theat res, cinemas and newspapers. the Hilton Hote l the Na tional Theatre the Odeon Cinem a The Times
• musical instruments
(with the verb play).
I play the guitar . • the cardinal points. Sussex is to the so uth o f Lond on.
and adverbs in the superlative • adjective s Ann is the b e s t s tu dent in the cla ss .
form. He nry runs the fa s te s t o f a ll his frie nd s.
J 73
We do not use the before: • uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the plural, when we are talking about something general. Milk is g ood for chi ldren.
• names of
people, mountains, islands, lakes, countries, continents Susan Daniels isn 't Engl ish; sh e's American. M ou nt Everest Lake Michigan Sicily France
and nationalities. Asia
• names of
cities, streets, parks, squares. Oxford Street, Hyde Park and Trafal gar Square are in London.
• names of subjects, sports, games, colours, magazines followed by the word language).
and languages
(when they are not
Gina likes tennis. Paul is goo d at histor y. My favourite colo ur is blue. “Supe r” is a very pop ular magazi ne. Kate speaks Ital ian.
• names of
days and months. My birthda y is in Augu st.
(hope, love, help, etc.) • abstract nouns George needs help with his homework. • the words breakfast, lunch, dinner. Dinner is ready. • the words
home, school, bed, church, hospital, work, prison, university,
for the purpose for which they exist. Nobody is at home in the morning. My parents are at work and I'm at school.
i
Activities
A.
Co m plet e the bla nks w i th
the or -.
Good morning , (1 )
ladies and (2 )
that you will enjoy our tour of (3) see (4)
__________
gentlemen. We hope
London. On your le ft you can
__________
Houses of Parliament and that’s (5)
__________
__________
Thames,
London’s famous river... We continue our tour... This is (6)
_________
famous Tower of London. Now, we’re on (7)
Piccadilly Street. On your right is (8)
Ritz Hotel.
__________
Now, abo ut tonight. Remember tha t we’re havi ng tr aditional (9) (12)
__________
dinner at (10 )
restaurant “(1 1 )
Engl ish f ood for
__________
Tasty Fish”.
most popular English food is fish and chips. There’s also live
__________
musi c at ( 13) _ _ _ _ _ _ rest aurant . We’ re going to lis ten to some famou s musicians. They play (14) musical instruments. (16) it, too! 74
guit ar, (1 5 ) __________ flute and other
__________
people love this restaurant. You will love
__________
when they are used
in
B.
Circle the or
1. Max Eleanor
2 . Bob Sheryl 3. Laura Paula 4. Pablo Consuelo 5. Mar in a
6.
Who’s on th e / - phone? - / The Mary. She’s talking to her fri The /
end from - /
the university.
- Joneses bought a new house and they’re moving next week.
Are you sure? I th ought it was - / the Smiths who were moving house! Isn’t Ann going to -
/ the Italy this summer?
No, she changed her plans and she’s going to
th e / - United States.
What did you do during the summer? I went to - /
the Gree ce and saw - /
I sent - / the children to - / the
Mike
Good! Now we can watch
Brad
My favourite sport is
the Ac ropo lis and ot he r inte re stin g sigh ts.
bed.
the / - fil m we want ed.
the / - tennis.
Really? The / - World Tenn is Championship
Belinda
is going to be held a t Norton Stadium
next week.
Do you want to go? 7. Lorenzo Paola
Where did - / the Mike go on holiday? Well, he went to
the / - Egypt to see
the / - Pyrami ds and then
he went to the / - Sahar a Desert !
Great, isn’t it?
C.
Co m plet e the sentenc
1.
As ia is
es w i th
the or -. biggest continent in
__________
world and has got h a lf.
w orld’s
population. 2 . __________Nile is
longest river in the world, it crosses
Sahara Desert.
Mediterranean Sea has a very serious pollution problem.
fish population has been reduc ed
by this problem. 4. Al most t hree quarters o 5.
__________
6.
_________
f
earth's surface is c over ed w ith
__________
Greenl and i s
highest mountain in
water.
__________
world’s largest islan d and mo st of its surface is cover ed w ith world is in
__________
__________
Himal ayas and is ca lle d
__________
__________
ice.
Mount Everest.
75
D.
Ch oos e a,
bo r
(1)
_________
(2)
_________
c.
Dennis is my best friend. He’s student. He lives on (3)
__________
Prince Street. Every day he wakes up, has (4 ) _________ breakfast and goes to (5)
__________
school. He likes school and wants to become (6)
_________
teacher. After school he has
(7)
_________
guitar lesson. He likes (8)
music very much and he plays (9) very well. He has got (10)
1. a. A
b. The
c. -
2.
b.
c. an
3. a. the
b. a
c. -
4. a. -
b. a
c. an
a. a
guitar
__________
_________
was (11 ) __________present from
__________
old guitar. It
his grandfat her.
5. a.
6. 7. a.
8.
the a. th e
a
b.-
c.
a
9. a.-
b.
a
c. th e
b. a
c. an
10 .
a. an
b. a
c. th e
b.
c. the
11.
a. the
b.
c. a
a. the
Speaking Play a guessing game in pairs or groups. One student says a geographical feature or place and the others have to say where it is. f SA: The Maldives. SB: The Maldives are in the Indian Ocean. My turn now. The Nile. SA: The Nile is in...
Write a paragraph about a country you would very much like to visit. Mention where it is and some of its important geographical features and sights.
76
Passive Voice ( Pres en t Sim ple - Past Si m ple)
1
i Unit 16
Read the text.
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A large pa rt of th e Earth’s su rfac e is covered with ice. All this ice is found mostly in the po lar areas, in the form of slaciers and icebergs. Glaciers are large bodies of ice which are formed by snow on mountains and move very slowly towards the sea. Icebergs are formed when pieces of ice break off glaciers and start floating in the sea.
• They are made up completely of
fresh water.
• Some icebergs floating in the sea today were formed more than 15,000 years ago. • Around 90% of an iceberg is underwater. • In the past, many accidents were caused by icebergs. • The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on 14 April, 1912.
# ] Do ne
Now read the sen
tences b
elow and
w rit e G for Glaciers or I
for I ceb ergs.
1. You can see only 10% of them. 2. These are formed on land. 3. Ships used to have many accidents because of them.
Grammar Passive Voice • The A ctiv e Vo ic e shows that the subject of the verb does an action. People send lots of demo tapes to music producers.
The Passive Voice: • is used to emphasise the action rather than who or what is responsible for it. Lots o f demo ta pes are s ent to music producers
• • • •
(by people) .
Transforming a sentence from A cti ve the object of the verb in the A ctiv e Vo ic e becomes the we use the verb be in the same tense as the verb in the we use the past participle of the main verb. if we wan t to show who does the action (agent), we use verb in the A ctive Voi ce.
Vo ic e to Passive Voice: subject of the verb in the Passive Voice. A ctiv e Voice.
the preposition
by with the subject of the
77
sMia WBsm '[massm Some children
A cave
discovered
a cave.
was disc overed
by some children.
NOTE: We usually omit the agent:
• when we don’t know the agent. Mr Stone was robbed last night. • when it is easy to figure out who the agent is. Music is tau ght at o ur school (by t he m usic teach er).
Present Simple Passive Affirm ative
Questions
Negative
1 am He/She/I t is cal le d / given W e/You/They are
1 not am He/She/It isn’ t W e/Y ou/They a re n’t
Am Is Are
cal led /gi ven
1 he/she/it called/given? w e/y o u/t h e y
Past Simple Passive Affirm ative I/He/She/It was We/You/They were
Negative
called/ & ven
I/H e /S h e /It w asn’t W e/You/They weren’t
Questions
called/g iven
Was we re
l/he/she/it we/you/they
called/given?
Activities A.
Co m plet e t he t ext w it h the Present Sim
ple Passive of
the verbs in
brackets.
The main purpose of the Wilmington Bird Sanctuary is to help and protect birds. Each year hundreds of birds (1)
________________________
(find) with broken wings or legs and they need help and care. These birds
(2)
________________________
(bring) to the sanctuary and they (3)
experts. All the birds (4)
________________________
(keep) in large cages, they (5)
(feed) twice a day and their cages (6)
(clean) three times a week.
The sanctuary (7)
______________
every year. They (8)
_______________
they (9)
(visit) by many people (show) around and
(inform) about the different species.
Visitors don’t have to buy a ticket to enter the sanctuary, but they (10)
________________________
(ask) to give whatever they can. This money
(11)
________________________
(use) to make the birds’ stay a more pleasant
one. Howe ver, the birds (1 2 ) ________________________(not keep) at the sanctuary longer than necessary. As soon as they are well again, they (13) 78
:
(return) to th e wild.
(take care of) by
\p B.
Look at
the pictures a
nd use t
he pro
m pts t o write sentences in
the Past
Sim ple Acti
ve and Pas
sive
p
i
Vo i ce.
1. The fire destroued the house. The house was destroyed bu the fire. (destroy)
2. The school
Mi JL
A su m m er trip
STUDENT SUMMER RIP T (organise)
M o z a r t’s
The Magic
3. Mozart The Magic Flute .
Flute
(compose)
4. George Lucas Star Wars
___
(direct)
1HAMLET 5. William Shakespeare Hamlet
____________
(write)
C.
Re w ri te the sentenc
es so that
they m
ean t he sam
e as the fi rst one.
4. They sold that old boat a month ago.
1. My grandmother cooked dinner last night.
______________
Dinner ________________________my grandmother last night.
summer.
2. People send millions of e-mails every year. Millions of e- m ails
. every
3. Some divers found the wreck of an old pirate ship.
some divers.
Wat er spo rts
lots of
________________________
people during the summer.
year.
The wreck of an old pirate ship
That oid boat a month ago. 5. Lots of people enjoy water sports during the
_______________
6. A virus destroyed all the files in my computer. All th e file s in my c o m p u te r ________________ by a virus. 79
D.
Circl
e the co rrect
w ords.
In the 16th century the Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes There he met the Aztecs and he (3) was made / made was taken
to South America.
(2) was se rved / serve d a drink called “xocoatl” by them. Xocoatl
from cocoa beans which
some beans to Spain. Later, sugar
was (7) produced
(1) trave lled / was trave lled
(4) grow /
are grown
on cocoa trees. Cortes
(5) took /
(6) was a dded / adde d to the powder and a tastier drink
/ was produce d. Soon, it became popular
all over Europe. Today everyone (8) loves / is lov ed chocolate. It (9) is e ate n / eats
E . Co m plete
by millions of people all over the world.
the sentences w
kill
steal
i th t he P resent or
wear
the Past Sim
not call
ple Passive of
make las t week . He
1. Tom’s car
the verbs i
hit
n t he box.
write
build
5. Jeans are very popular. They all over the world.
hasn’t found it yet. 2. My dog
_________
7. My aunt
yesterday, but he’s OK. 3. Ma ny an im als
________
4. T his jack e t __________
in 1999.
6. This bridge
by a car
every year. in the USA.
__
Jane. Her name
is Angela. 8. W h o ____
this book
Imagine you work as a reporter for a TV channel. Use the notes below and the Passive Voice wherever possible to prepare a news report. Then, take turns to present your report to the class.
• Loui sville / hit / hurri cane Lu cy • cit y / dest roy / yes ter day • 253 cars / dest roy
• 58 peopl e / mak e / homeless • 3 peopl e / kill / fall ing trees • authori ties / ask / peop le / eva cua te / cit y
Write a paragraph describing what happened, using the notes in the Speaking Activity. Use the Passive Voice wherever possible.
80
by?
Passive Voice ( Presen Fu ture ‘ w ill ’ - Fu ture ‘be going to Read
the text
t Perfect Sim ple - 1 ’ - M o d al verb s)
.
Q&A
YOU ASK, WE ANSWER
Is it true that there is a lake in An tarctic a? Yes, Lake Vostok was only discovered in 1996 and that's because it’s It’s been under 4,000 metres of ice. trapped there for millions of years
and scientists are very excited about it. They believe that unknown forms of life might be found there. Dr Robin Bell and his team have already begun a study of Lake Vostok but it won’t be finished in the near future. W rite T f
or True or
F for False.
1. Lake Vostok is 4,000 metres deep.
3. Scientists may discover new species in Lake Vostok.
2. Lake Vostok is millions of years old.
4. Research will be completed next year.
Grammar ^
Present Perfect Simpl e Passive The Present Perfect Simple Passive have/has
is formed with:
+ bee n + past p articiple of the m
ain ve rb
Affirm ative I/You /We /They He /She /It
Negative
have been has bee n 0
I/You /We /They He /She /It
haven't been hasn’t bee n 0
Questions Have Has
l/you/we/they he /sh e/it
bee n tol d?
Future ‘be going to’ Passive The Future ‘be going to’ Passive
is formed with:
am /is /ar e going to + b e + past particip le of the main ve rb
Affirm ative I He /Sh e/It We /You/They
am going to be is going to be are going to be
Negative I H e/S he /It We /You/The y
told
am not going to be isn’t going to be aren’t going to be
told
Questions Am Is Are
I he/she/it w e /y o u /th e y
going to be told?
81
Future ‘will’ Passive The Future ‘will ’ Passive is formed with: will + be + past participle of the main verb
Negative
Affirma tive I/He/She/It We/You/They
won’t be told
will be told
Questions
Q
Passi ve Voic e of modal verbs
• The Passive Voice of modal verbs
is formed as follows:
modal verb (can, could, may, might, should, must, have to) + be + past participle of the main verb They may open a n ew cafe. — A ne w ca fe ma y be ope ned. — Some food must be cooked. We must cook some food. •
The interrogative the modal verb.
and negative form
is formed with the interrogative and negative form of
Shou ld the wall be painte d? The wall sho uld n’t be painted. Do the flowers have to be watered? The flowers don’t have to be watered.
A.
Co m plet e t he dial
Mrs Philips
og ue w i th the Past
Sim ple Passive or
the Presen
t Perfect Sim
ple Passive of
the students
(1)
(inform) about the school trip on Friday? Mr Stone
Yes, and they ( 2 ) ________________________
(give) a list of
things that they should bring with them. Mrs Philips
transport
And (3) (organise) yet?
Mr Stone
Yes, of course.
Mrs Philips
And do th e pa re nt s know th a t th ey need n't pay fo r th e students' museum tickets?
Mr Stone
Yes, of course. Last week, letters
( 4 ) ______________
(send) to all the parents to inform them about that. Mrs Philips
So, everything
(5)
(take care of).
Let's hope that the weather is good. Remember that last year the trip (6)
_______
was a snowstorm.
(cancel) because there
the verbs i
n brackets.
B. Ch oos e a, b o r c.
1. The te s ts
to the students next Friday.
__________________________
a. were returned
b. will be returned
2.Joanne a. has never played
yet?
this summer. b. hasn’t painted
5. Dan a. hasn’t washed
b. hasn’t been washed
8.
C . Rew ri te the sen tences usi
c.
b. has ironed
has to be ironed
inafewm inutes. b. will be served
c. will served
on a music programme tonight.
9. The famous singer a. is interviewing
c. going to present
beforeyouputiton.
Dinner a. will serve
c. haven’t washed
tomorrow. b. going to be presented
7. Thisshirt a. has to iron
c. won’t be painted
hiscarsincelastmonth.
6. The proiect is a. going to be present
c. been repaired
b. be repaired
4. Our house a. isn’t painted
c. has never been played
b. was never played
3.Hasyourmotorbike a. repaired
c. will return
tennisbefore.
b. is going to interviewed
ng t he Passive
Vo i ce.
1. They couldn't find the children anywhere. The children c ouldn ’t be fo u n d anywhere. 2. You cannot visit the castle at night.
3.
You should finish the pr ojec t by Monday.
4.
Do I have to send these letters tomorr ow morning?
5.
They mu st buy new comp uters.
6.
We can’t discuss this problem now .
7.
Mr Brown may tak e you to the airpo rt.
8. We need to paint our house this summer.
c. is going to be intervie\
D.
Look at
the pi
ctures a
nd t he prom
pts and writ
ques ti on s. Use t
e sentences or
Going oti n the Pas
he Future
sive Vo
There’s a fire on the 2nd floor.
There has been an accident. 1. dri ver / take / hospi tal The driver is going to be taken to hospital.
4. peop le / res cue / fir emen
2. car / not fix
5. cars in fron t of building / remove
3.
peop le / int erv iew / police
E. C om plete t
he text by cho
osing
i ce.
6. fir e / put out
a, b or c .
It was my birthday last month and I ) ^ ________a wonderful present. My best fr iend Timothy (2 ) ^ a P W which I
(3)
if 1
Barks. My sister was
:sOh/
i very exci ted. My m um liked h im , bu t she _said, 'If you
( 4 ) -------------the puppy, you
' and your sister must take care of him, , because I don ’t hav e the tim e. He (S ) --------ou t of the hou se and don’ t forget th a t he 1
_______
fo r a walk every day.’
We
agreed and Barks became a member of the family.
A dog house ( 7 )
- i * th e
-----------
ga rden for h im because he (2 )
1
^
1. a. was given
b. gave
c. has been given
2. a. is bought
b. was bought
c. bought
3. a. named
b. is named
c. names
4. a. keep
b.kept
c.arekept
5. a. must keep
b. be kept
c. must be kept
to
-------------
come into the house. He is very friendly
6. a. should be take b. should be taken c. should take 7. a. has put b. has been put c. put
and he (
8. a . not allows
loves it when he (20)
9. a.likes
b.isliked
lO.a. istaken
b. istaking
c.takes
l l . a. h ave to be
b. have been
c. have to been
_
fo r a walk.
He also loves food, b u t I ( 2 2 ) careful bec ause he ( 2 2 )
-----
too much.
-------------
In the end, if you love your puppy, it isn't difficult to take care of it!
12.a . shouldn’t feed
b. doesn’t allow
c. is not allowed c.liked
b. shou ldn’t be fed
c. shou ldn’t be feed
F . Co m plet e t he sentences so
that they m
ean t he sam
e as the ones
given.
1. Peopl e eat thousa nds of burgers eve ry da y at fas t food restaurants. Thousands of bu rge rs
every day at fas t food restaurants.
2. The boy has broken the window. The window
______________________________
by the boy.
3. Mr Smith won’t take the car to the mechanic tonight. The car
to the mechanic tonight.
_______________________________
4. Many people have read Stephen King’s books. Stephen King’s books
many people.
_______________________________
5. The child opened the door slowly. The door
______________________________
slowly by the child.
6. Students have to wear uniforms at that school. Uniforms
______________________________
by students at that school.
7. Karen will arrange the holiday through the travel agency. The holiday_______________________________through the travel agency.
Speaking Work in pairs. Look at the picture below and discuss the environmental problems of this city. What can be done to improve the situation? Use the Passive Voice, modal verbs and the ideas below. • • • • • • • • •
not burn down trees plant more trees use cars less recycle paper and glass not throw harmful waste in rivers/sea clean oil spills move factories away from cities give money to environmental organisations give higher fines
I think that trees shouldn’t be cut down. I agree. And more trees should be planted.
Look at the Speaking Activity above and use the ideas to write a paragraph suggesting solutions to enviromental problems your city faces.
Revision Module Units 6 15-17 A. Read t
he sen
tences and co
1. Jessica is
the or -.
m plet e w i t h
most beautiful girl in our school.
___________
2. What time are we having
lunch? I’m hungry!
____________
3. Paul went for a walk i n
____________
Central Park.
4. Have you ever been t o
____________
Netherlands?
5. Judith’s favourite colour is 6. Mark hates 7.
tennis, but he really lo ves pla yin g
____________
____________
Chinese have got a very interesting history.
9. I live in
Smiths for ten
____________
years.
south of Germany.
____________
A: Does Andy p la y __________ violin? B: I don ’t think so. He’s in the school band and he pl ay s
B. Re w ri te t he sen
tences from
the Active
Vo i ce t o the Pass
ive Voice.
2. Catherine will clean the garage on Saturday.
3. The students in Miss Marple’s class can’t solve the Maths problems.
4. The police are going to send the criminal to prison.
5. Someone should take out the garbage.
6. The security guard has arrested the thief.
7. You mustn’t throw rubbish on the ground.
8. A famous reporter might interview Maggie.
9. They may sell their house to the Adams.
guitar.
____________
1. They have to paint the house.
86
football with his friends.
____________
8. John has known
10.
purple.
____________
C. Circl
e the co
rrect wo
rds.
Today, English (1 ) speaks / English (2) spoke /
was spoken
English of today. If we
all over the wo rld and
is spoken
The oldest form of
by the Angl o-Sax ons about 15 00 years ago, bu t it was very differen t from
the
someone using that form, we wouldn’t understand them. Since
(3) heard / were heard
then, English (4) has changed /
has many differen t forms.
over the centuries. Today, many people
has bee n changed
(6) is going to be spoken /
English as a second language. It is certain that English
(5) learn / are learnt
is going to s peak
for many
years to come.
D. Expand the
notes. Use the Ac
ti ve o r t he Pass
ive Voice.
1.
Wil liam / fix / phone / at the moment
2.
The bui lding / build / 20 03
3.
All / do cu m en ts / m us t / send / to Mr Philip s / by tonigh t
4.
We / inf orm / you / tomorr ow
5.
Lot s / bir thday cards / send / to Roger / every yea r
r
Use of English Co m plete
w it h the prep
ositi on s in the box.
out 1. The fire broke
in
on
out
in
during the night and destroyed three buildings in the area. board, please? The ship is ready to sail.
3. Caro l, you’v e arri ved ju s t
time! We were ready to leave.
____________
4. As so on as the firefighters arrive
6.
in
____________
2. Could you all g e t
5. The lack
of
d, they p u t
the fire and saved the little girl.
____________
money has led to people taking up more than one jobs.
____________
a few years’ time, marine life will be destroyed because of water pollution.
____________
7. I’m really ex ha us te d!
fact, I don ’t thin k I can come to the party with you tonight.
87
( Sub j ect - Ob j ect Qu est i on s Negative Q uesti on s Refl exi ve Prono uns
Unit 18 Read t
he m agazi
ne page.
POINTS
OF VIEW:
LAST WEEK’S QUESTION
Lots of our readers have been having problems with bullies. The question is: Who are you going to share this
Now answ
er the quest
i ons.
1.
Who does Zoe turn to when she needs advic e?
2.
According to Adri an, who can help in a situa tion like this ?
3.
Who thinks tha t they shouldn’t
problem with? YOUR POINTS OF VIEW
No one. It’s my problem, nobody else’s. I’ll have to deal with it myself. Harry, Surrey
tell anyo ne their probl em?
Grammar Q Subject Q uestions - Object Q uestions Object Questions
Subject Questions
• When we use the question words who, which and what to ask about the subject of the verb, we form the question without auxiliary verbs (who/wh ich/wh at + ve rb in the affirmative form).
• When we use the question words who, which and what to ask about the object of the verb, we form the question with auxiliary verbs (who /which /what + ve rb in the interrogative
Who saw the film? Tim (saw the film).
Who did you see at the pa rty? (I saw) Jenny and Ben. What are you watching? (I’m watching) a documentary.
What fell on the floor? A gla ss (fe ll on the floor).
Q
form).
Negative Questio ns
are formed with: Negative Questions Haven’t you seen tha t film be fore? Isn’t she cool? Can’t you swim?
Negative Auxiliary Verb (short form) + Subject + Main Verb.
We use negative questions: • to show surprise. Haven’t you he ard o f Shakespeare before? • when we expect the listener to agree with us. Don’t you speak Spanis h?
88
Q
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns show that an action returns to the person who does it. In other words, the object of the verb is the same as its subject. Tony cut himself while he was making a salad. Reflexive Pronouns
Refle xive Pronouns are used:
myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves
• as objects of verbs when the subject and the object of the verb are the same. I’m hungry. I’ll make myself a sandwich.
• after prepositions. Do n’t worry ab ou t Phil. He can tak e care o f himself. I don’t like Kate. She always talks about herself.
yourselves themselves We use by + reflexive pronoun to show that someone does something alone, without any help from anyone else. My siste r learnt how to play the violin b y her self .
Activities A.
Read t
he questi
ons and ti
ck ( / ) the co rrect
ans w ers,
as i n the exam
ple.
Kat hy phon ed Mark .
/
1. Who phoned Mark? Mark phoned Kathy. Alex wr ote a le tter to Angela. 2. Who did Angela write a letter to? Angela wrote a le tter to Alex. A tr ee hit th e car. 3. What did the car hit? The car hit a tree. My brother hates aliens. 4. Who hates aliens? Alien s ha te my brother. The top of the building fell from a television set. 5. What fell from the top of the building? A te levision se t fe ll fro m th e top of t he building . _ _
I
89
B.
W ri te quest
i ons . The wo
rds i n bol d are
the ans w ers.
1 . _________________________ My sister
had an accident yesterday.
2.
Gary tells me all his secrets. 3 . _____________ My mother
is calling for an ambulance.
4 . __________________
________
Harry was injured last night.
5. Ann a will vis it Ki m after school. 6 . ________________________
Paul saw Lisa in the cafe. 7. Tina is wearing 8.
a red dress.
____________________
A vi ru s damaged my computer.
C.
Read t
he sit
uati on s below and w
ri te negati
ve questi
ons as i
n t he exam
ple.
1. You are surprised because your friend can’t ride a bike. What do you say to him/her? Can’t uou ride a bike?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. You are in hospital and you think the nurse is rude. What do you say to a friend who is with you?
3. You see someone and think that you have met him/her before. What do you say to him/her?
4. You are surprised because your brother isn’t studying for his Maths test. What do you say to him?
5. You believe that it’s John’s handwriting on the piece of paper. What do you say?
6. You go to your friend’s party but the other guests haven’t arrived yet. What do you say to your friend?
7. You believ e that your friend left town this weekend but you find h im /he r at the cinema. What do yo u say to h im /he r?
8. You’re surprised that your father will not let you take the car. What do you say to him?
90
D. Choose
a, b o r c.
1. Con gratulations! You’ve a ll passed the exam, so you should be happy a. yourself
2. Jack invited
b. you
c. yourselves
to his house for dinner.
b. myself
c. himself
3. John managed to repair his car by a. him
a. itself
..
_____________________________
b. himself
c. myself
4. I hate it when you only think about
_____________________________
b. myself
c. yourself
5. Did you talk t o a. herself
abo ut tonight? b. her
c. yourself
6. The boys drew the picture b y a. themselves
7. The teacher advised a. himself
___________________________
b, ourselves
c. itself
to study harder, but he didn’t listen to her.
______________________________
b. herself
c. him
8. This pizza is delicious! Did you make it a. yourself
b. you
me
fell and h u rt
b. himself
_____________________________
myself
E. Co m plet e t he s entences w
what had happened.
b. me
c. herself
i th t he c orrect refl
Cynthia feels good about
exive prono
un.
. She did very well in her exams.
__________________________
Barry, do the exercise b y
3.
.
c. myself
She didn’t want to te ll a.
1.
?
__________________________
c. itself
9. I was painting the wall when I
10.
____________________
_____________________________
a. me
a.
w it h
I don’t think Stev e ever looks a t
for a change!
in the mirror before he
__________________________
leaves
the house.
91
4.
Dona ld got angr y w ith
because he couldn’t solve
__________________________
the Maths problem.
5.
We pain ted the hous e all by
6.
Andr ew c u t __________________________while he was preparing dinner.
&
7.
The boys en joy ed
at Nathan’s house last night.
__________________________
i
i
8. Do you wa nt a pi ece of cake? I made i t .
J
Speaking
Work in pairs. Think of something bad/unpleasant that has happened to you. Then, ask each other questions about it. Use the ideas below. • • • • • • •
When/happen? Where/you? What/happen? You/alone? Who/you/ask/for help? What/you/do? What/happen/in the end?
When did it happen? It happened last October. Where were...?
Write a paragraph about the situation you described in the Speaking Activity above.
92
Co nd i ti on al Sen tences Type 2
}
Wishes Look at
the pictures. Match
the speech
bu bb l es w it h the sit
Unit 19
uati on s.
1
) f f I
Q
If I wer e you,
I’d try on bo th dr esses.
Q
1 w ish 1
lo n g e r hair.
I w is h I co ul d f i n d a d i f f e r e n t j o b
Grammar Q
Conditi onal Sentence s Type 2 We use Conditional Sentences Type 2 for unreal or imaginary situations and situations which are unlikely to happen in the present or future. if-clause
m ai n clause
if + Past Simple
If 1had the CD, If they made more money, In Conditional Sentenc
es Typ e 2 were
would „, could
. . „ ... + ba re infinitive
I would give it to you. they could buy a car. is often used instead of
was in the if-clause in all persons.
If I wer e Lara, I would acc ept the offer . We use If I were you to express an opinion or give advice. If I were you, I ’d stud y harder for the exams.
93
O Wishes
I wish I were older.
Activities A.
a, b o r c.
Ch oose
1. If Mary found out about this, she
4.
very upset.
it difficult to survive.
________________________
a.
will be
2. If you
________________________
b. would be
c. can be
a.
a little faster, we
will drive
b. have driven
c. drove
a.
6.
my party,
go
b. were
ogu e w i th the co
c. will be
rrect
____________________
B: Well, I wish I (3)
form
of the verbs
a, would go
i n brackets.
(you / like) to do? (be) a rich and famous
____________________
director. A: Ah, I wish you (4 ) ____________________ (be) a bit more realistic! B: Why do you say that? If I (5)
(direct) a film,
____________________
I’m sure it (6) A: If I (7)
______
(be) a huge suc cess . (be) you, I (8 ) _____________
(not be) so sure. Directing a film isn’t easy. B: How do you know? A: If I ( 9 ) ____________________ (tell) you that I directed a film once,
(10)
____________________
(you / believe) me?
B: You’re kidding! Was it any good? A: What do you think?
94
c. can find
to Antarctica, you
b. will go
If I won a lot of money, I
A: Angela, if you (1 ) ____________________ (not work) in this shop
what (2)
will find
c. went
__
on a long holiday.
am
B . Co m plet e the dial
b.
would see lots of penguins,
3. If I ________________________ you, I’d invite Mary to
a.
would find
If y o u _____
5.
________________________
could get there by noon. a.
If Gary ever we nt camp ing, he
b. will go
c. went
C.
Read the si
tuat i on s and give advice or
m ake sugg
esti ons usi ng the prom
wak e up/earli er/morning
go/shopping
start/ exercising
pts i n t he box.
cent re
buy/him/new
pa int/it/blu e pair
1. Jack has put on five kilos since last year. If I were Jack.
/ would start exercising.
__________________________________________
2. Peter lent Mary his sunglasses last week and she thinks she’s lost them.
3. I always miss the school bus.
4. What colour should Carol and Alex paint their bedroom?
5. Where can I buy a birthd ay p rese nt for my siste r?
D.
Read
the sit uati on s bel ow and m
ake sen tences usi
ng
wish.
1. I want to go on holiday with my friends but my parents say that I’m not old enough. I wish / was/were older. _____________________________________________________ 2. I am very busy and I don’t have much free time.
3. I don’t study much so I’m not a good student.
4. It takes me a long time to get to work every morning. It’s so tiring.
5. My neighbours are noisy and I don’t get enough sleep.
6. I haven’t got any money on me so I can’t buy this jumper.
7.
It’s very hot today! I ca n’t stand it.
E.
Co m plet e the sentences about
1. If I were a teacher,
you rsel f.
______________
2. If I had a lot of money,
__________
3. If I lived in the U K , ______________ 4. If I were fam o u s, 5. I wish I
________________
________________________
Speaking Talk in pairs. Take turns to say what you would do if you were one of the people below. • • • •
a famous actor/actress a successful writer a great scientist a very rich person etc.
What would you do if you were...? If I were..., I would...
Write a paragraph about the things you would do if you were one of the people in the Speaking Activity.
96
Revision Module Units 7 18-19 A.
Use the wo rds i n brackets
1.
t o m ake negati
ve questi
ons .
Wow, look at that tiger!
Jill Mark
______________________________________
Jill
Of course I have.
Mark
Yeah, I guess so.
2.
_____
(you / get / my
message)? I told you to be here by 8 o'clock. I’m so rry. I cou ldn’t find a ta x i. _______________ be patient /
3. L a r a
for on ce)?
____________________ _________________ _______
Jane
__________________ __________________ ________
Rob
You’re right. If I don’t feel better by noon, I’ll go.
Peter
I was afraid of getting in trouble.
Mum
Well, now you’re in more trouble! the sentences a
a, b or c.
nd choose
1. If I
a lot of money, I would travel around the world. have
2. You could
b. had
c. were having
a car if you were older.
___________________
bought
b. buys
c. buy
_ older.
3. I wish I _ a. were
c.
b. am
a. lives 5. I wish I _
b.
will live
_________________
b.
a. can
meet
8. Maggie would a. cry
c. will
Brad Pitt, she would get his autograph.
___________________
b. met
7. Tracy wishes she a. has
c. lived go on holiday.
could
Emily says that if s h e a.
is
in Spain for 5 years, he would learn Spanis h.
4. If Ronald
6.
( you / should / visit / a doctor )?
(why / you / tel l / me / the t rut h)?
5. Mum
a.
(Jason / call / you / yet)?
I feel sick!
4. Rob
a.
(can / you /
No, maybe he’ll call me later.
Ron
Read
(that o ne / be / ver y / big)?
Where have you been?
Tom
Kara
B.
(you / see / a tiger / befo re)? ________________
_____________
b. had ________________
b. have cried
c. would meet
a younger sister, have if she saw a dead animal. c. cried
97
C.
Circl
e the co rrect
w ords .
Liz
Hi Liz, can I help (1) yo u / yourself
Liz
No, I can carry it by (2) m e / myself.
example, wanted a computer last month. I gave
Tom
What is it, anyway?
(6) he r / herself
mine and yesterday she told
Liz
It’s a trumpet for Harry.
(7) me / myself
that she’s bored with
You bought (3) him /
(8) i t / itself
Tom
hims elf
with that?
Yes, but they never stick to anything. Lorna, for
Tom
a trumpet? Is he Tom
taking lessons? Liz
No, he’s teaching
Tom
Wow, it’s nice to see that your kids are keeping (5)
them
(4) him /
Ican’t believe it!
how to play.
hims elf
busy.
/ them selves
the ques ti on s a nd choo
already.
D.
Read
1.
Who gave you those flowers?
se the co rrect
answ
er.
b. I gave them to my son.
a. My son gave them to me.
2. What did John send Mary? b. She sent him a letter.
a. He sent her a letter. 3. Who did Peter call last night?
b. Peter called Mark.
a. Mark called Peter. 4. Who did Alex meet at the park?
b. Alex met Mike at the park.
a. Mike met Alex at the park. 5. What did you see in the woods?
b. A bear saw me.
a. I saw a bear.
6. What happened to your sunglasses? b. They broke me.
a. I broke them.
Use of English Co m plete
w it h the prep
os it i on s i n t he box.
for
down
1. My alarm clock went. ___________ time. 2. Jane, is ve ry fo n d 3. Mar ia l et m e
in
off
on
of
away
this morning, but I didn’t hear it. For this reason, I didn’t go to work
__
animals. She’s got seven pets.
_______ _______
. She didn’t keep her promise and now I’m very upset with her.
4 . If you see som eone getting serious ly injur ed, you should c a ll
5. I really don’t want to get involved
__________
___________
98
___________
an ambulance.
your argument. I think you two should calm
stop shoutin g. 6. The ba nk robber s g o t
down
with over 1,000,000,000 euros!
and
Unit 20 Read t
he speech
bubb
l es.
So, a r e you guys coming over f o r lunch tomorrow
Now co m plet e t he dial
I c a n ’t. My un cle f r o m Australia arrived yesterday and we must visit him.
afternoon?
f
I ca n’t either. My d ad has bought a new car an d we’re driving to the beach. ^
^
ogu e bel ow w i th t he m i ssi ng inf orm at i on .
Mum
So, where are your friends?
Chris
My friends? Oh, I forgot to tell you. I saw them yesterday and they said
Mum
What? Why not?
Chris
Well, Tony said tha t h is __________________ had bought an e w ______
they couldn’t come.
and that they were driving to the Mum Chris
What about Sue? She said that her uncle from and that they had to
And why d idn’t you tell me?
Chris
Sorry, Mum.
Q Reported
him.
__________
Mum
Grammar
had arrived the day before
___
j
Speech
• In Direct Speech, we repeat the exact words that someone said. We usually use the verb and the exact words of the speaker are put in quotation marks.
say
Fay said, ‘John stud ies ha rd.’
• In Reported Speech, we report the meaning of what someone said, without using the exact words. We use a reporting verb, usually say or tell, followed by that and the reported statement. Fay said that John studied hard.
• We can omit that before the reported statement. • We use say as a reporting verb when there is no indirect object. Diane said, ‘i ’m tired .’
Diane said (that) she was tired.
• We use tell as a reporting verb when there is an indirect object. Diane said, ‘i ’m tired, Ted.’ Diane told Te d (that) she was tired. • ‘I’ll be late,’ Mary
said to
me.
F H Il
Mar y told me that she would be late. 99
Q
Reporting statements
• When we change a senten ce from Direct to Reported Speech, pronouns adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. Rob said,
7 hav e ju s t so ld my bik e.’
and possessive
Rob said (that) he had jus t sold his bike.
When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, we usually make the following changes: Pres ent Sim pl e —►Pas t Sim pl e Sam said, 7 go to bed a lo t.’
now —►th en Simon said, ‘I ’m leaving now.’
Sam sa id (that) he went to bed a lot.
Simon sa id (that) he was leaving then.
Presen t Pr ogr essiv e —►Past Progr essiv e An na said, ‘I'm wa tchin g TV.’ An na said (th at) sh e was watch ing TV.
to day —►t h at day Mum said, ‘We’re eating out today.’ Mum said (that) they were eating out that day.
Past Simple —►Past Perfec t Sim ple Mike said, ‘She helpe d me a lot. ’ Mike said (that) she had helped him a lot.
yesterd ay —►th e previous day / th e day before Daryl said, 7 saw the de ntist yest erday. ’ Daryl said (that) he had seen the dentist the previous day.
Pres ent P erf ect —►Past P erf ect Jane said, ‘I’ve laughe d a lot today.’ Jane said (that) she had laughed a lot that day. will -* would Suzie said, ‘I’ll write to you so on.' Suzie said (that) she would write to me soon. can —►co ul d Chris s aid, ‘I can buy him a pres en t.' Chris said (that) he could buy him a present.
this mo rni ng/year, etc. — ►th at m orn ing /year, etc. Paula said, 7 haven’t worked at all this morning.’ Paula said (that) she hadn’t worked at all that morning. tomo rrow —►th e next day / the follo wing day Lara said, ‘I’m going to the cinema tomo rrow.’ Lara said (that) she was going to the cinema the following day.
m ay —►m ig ht Kevin said, 7 may be late. ’ Kevin said (that) he might be late.
last w eek/m on th , etc. —►th e previous week /mo nt h etc., the week/month, etc. before Sue said, 7 phone d h er las t week. ’ Sue said (that) she had phoned her the previous week.
m us t —►had to Mary sai d, ‘You must be very care ful.' Mary said (that) I had to be very careful.
next week /
here —►th er e Bill said, 7 want to stay here. ’
month, etc. — ►the following w
ee k /
month, etc. Bria n said, ‘I’ll tell you the re sults ne xt week.’ Brian said (that) he would tell me the results the following week.
Bill said (that) he wanted to stay there.
• These changes are not made when the sentence expresses a general truth or the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect Simple. 7 enjoy reading books, ’ Mum s aid. Mum said (that) she enjo ys reading books. 7 will visit Berlin next year, ’ Dad says . Dad says he will visit Berlin nex t year.
• The Past Perfect and the verbs could, might, should, would, mustn’t in Reported Speech.
and used to do not change
She said , ‘You sho uld help yo ur brother. ’ She told me (that) I sho uld help my brother.
100
Activities A. Cir
cl e the co
rrect words.
1. Carol told / said that she had a headache.
2 . Alice
told / said us that she was going to bed.
3. Mark said / told, “ I’m g oing to work as a volunteer at t he animal she lter t his summer. " 4. Mr Baxter told / said his students that they would have a test on Monday. 5. “ I’ve already seen D anny’s inven tion ,” Dave told / said to me.
6. Susan
said / tol d me tha t she could n’t come
to the party on Sunday.
7. George tol d / said that he had to leave early.
8. “We
have to win the match today,” our coach
B. Co m plet e t he repo
rt ed stat em ents w
tol d / sa id us.
i th t he c orrect pronouns
and po
ssessive adj
ecti ves.
1. Our teacher says to us, “Children, you should study carefully for your exams.”
Our teacher te lls
____________
that
_____________
should study car efull y fo r
_____________
exams.
2. My mother always says to me, “You have to keep your room tidy.” My mother always te lls
____________
that
_____________
3. Karen so m etim es says to Kevin, “ We have to Karen som etimes says to Ke vin th a t
have to keep
room tidy.
______________
move to a new hous e beca use I don’t like this neighbourhood.” have to move to anew house
____________
be ca us e
_____
doesn’t like this neighbourhood. 4. Every year Dave tells Mary: “We must plan our holiday early.” Every year Dav e tells Mary th a t
____________
must pla n ______________holiday early.
5. John often says, “I can’t find my glasses.” John oft en say s th a t
C.
Rew ri te the sentences usi
can’t find
ng Repo
glasses.
______________
rt ed Speech.
My granddaughter plays the piano beautifully. >
-
—
1. Mr Adams says that
-------------------------------
his granddaughter plays
the piano beautifully.
We enjoyed the film last night.
2. Mrs Allen sai d th a t
____
101
I’m going to buy a new bicycle next month. >
-
-------------------------
3. David said that
been washing the car all morning!
4. Frank told his dad that he
I’ve already complained about the noise twice today! ;
1
X
1
-i 5.
1
Susan told the police officer that
I, We may stay at the Bluebell Hotel.
6. My friends told me that
What were you doing when I called?
c
y
was having a bath!
7. Mark told Angie t ha t
D. C i rcle the correc
t w ords .
I’m Ian Wallace and I live in Exeter. I am in the school swimming team. Last weekend we took part in a swimming (1 ) will go /
competition in London. On Friday our coach told us that we
would go
to London by train. He said that
we (2) has to / had to be at the train station at seven o’clock on Saturday morning. On Friday afternoon my father (3) told /
said me that he (4) wou ld drive / will drive me to the station
(5) the following morning /
tomorrow .
On Saturday morning I was very excited, so I woke up very early. When I was ready to go, my father told me that he (6) can’t / couldn’t drive me to the station because our car
(7) has / had an engine problem. So, we called a
taxi, which arrived at my house at ten to seven. When I told the driver that I seven o’clock, he looked at his watch and said that we
(9) might / can get there on time.
Luckily, I didn’t miss the train, but my coach was very angry. He said that I I (11) mustn’t / didn’t have to apologised to me.
(8) had to / have to be at the station by
do that again. However, when I explained what
(10) am / had been very late and that (12) happened / had happened,
he
E . Re w ri te t he text
using Rep
orted S
peech
.
Jim, hi! It’s Brenda. We’re leaving today. I’ve
[e ft
the keys with our neighbour, Mr Dale. You must water the plants three times a week. John took our dog to my pa ren ts’ f a r m yesterday, so you don’t have to worry about him. We’re going to stay in Thailand
f o r three weeks. We have organised a tour
a r o u n d its capital, Bangkok, as well. We’ll send you
a postcard
f r o m Thailand. Thanks, Jim. Bye!
Brenda told Jim that they were leaving that dau.
Speaking Play a class game. All students write their names on small pieces of paper, fold them up and leave them on the teacher’s desk. Each student must then go to the teacher’s desk, pick a paper and unfold it. Then he/ she must go to the student whose name is on the paper and secretly tell him/her a sentence. The student has to report what the student told him/her to the class.
Phil told me/said that he loves strawberries and he wishes he had some. Samantha said/told me that she had...
Write 5-6 sentences reporting things your friends/family/teacher told you during the past week.
103
Repo rt ed Speech ( Questi ons - Co m m ands Read the intervi
Requests
ew bel ow .
Last week we interviewed Nelly Stone, the famous pop star. We asked her to tell
us about her new C D and she said, “ It’s got
wonderful songs!” Next we asked
her if she liked giving concerts. She told
us, “ Of
course. I love singing for my fans!” When we asked her when she was giving a concert in London, she said tha t she didn’t
Now ti ck w ha t the rep
know. We told her not to
o rter actuall
y said to Nell
1. “Do you like giving concerts?” 2. “Don’t forget your London fans.”
y Ston
forget her Lo ndo n fans.
e.
| J
__
3. “Are you giving a concert in London?”
4. “Tell us about your new CD.” 5. “W hat’s your new CD like?” 6. “When are you giving a concert in London?
J
Grammar Q Repor ted Questio ns To transform a question from Direct to Reported Speech words just as in reported statements.
104
we make changes in tenses, pronouns and other
^ Q
Reported Commands and Requests
• To transform commands from Direct to Reported Speech, as reporting verbs. • To transform verbs.
requests from Direct to Reported Speech
The imperative changes to full infinitive ‘Sit down,’ the teacher sai d. ‘Please, Sue, don’t be late,' Kate said.
A.
If #
Rew ri te the sentences usi
ng Rep
orte d Sp eech as
i n the exa
we usually use the verbs
we usually use the verbs
tell, order,
etc.
ask, beg, etc. as reporting
or not + full infinitive. The teacher told me to sit down. Kate asked Sue not to be late.
m ple.
1. “ Do you need any help? ” Jeremy as ked. Jeremu asked me if/whether
/ needed any help.________
2. “Where did you go yesterday?” she asked.
3.
“Please, call me tomorrow,” he said.
4.
“What do you do in your free time, David?” Tracy asked.
5.
“Don’t stay out late,” Mum said.
6.
“ Do you go out every Saturday nig ht, Jonathan ?” Macy asked.
7.
“Will you marry me, Kate?” Jack asked.
B.
Rew ri te the sen te nces usi
ng t he verbs gi
ven and Rep
orte d Sp eech.
1. Dennis asked Emily: “Are you going to the cinema tonight?” Dennis wanted to know if/whether Emily was going to the cinema that night. 2 . The woman said to the waiter: “Bring me some more orange juice, please.”
3.
My father asked me: “Have you finished your homework?”
4.
The man said to the taxi driver: "Stop the car!"
5.
Billy said to me: "Don't worry!"
(want to know) ____________
(ask)
(want to know)
(order)
(tell)
105
C.
Look at
1.
the pi
ctures,
read t
he speec
h bu bb l es and ans
What did Mandy’s mother ask
w er the questions below.
2. What did the teache r tell the
Mandy to do?
studen ts to do?
Mandu’s mother asked her to
________________________
take the dog for a walk.
______
3. Wh at did the coach order the football players to do?
________________________
Take me to the cinema ^ with you, please.
4. Wha t did Kell y ask her brothe r to
5. Wh at did Mrs Williams t ell her
D.
her?
husband?
do?
Re w ri te the foll ow i ng dial
og ue usi ng Rep
orted
Sp eech.
Sally
When are you leaving for Brazil?
Peter
I’m leaving next month.
Sally
Don’t take lots of things w ith yo u.
Peter
Are tw o su itc as es to o many?
Sally
Yes. You mu st reme mbe r th at you will have to carry them wherever you g o. Don’t do w hat I did. I too k too many things with me and couldn’t get around easily.
Sallu asked Peter when he was leaving for Brazil.
106
6. Wh at did Miranda ’s fath er tell
________
E . Re w ri te the sen tences usi
ng Direct
Sp eech.
1. Kelly told her parents that she wanted to become an actress. “Mum, dad. / want to become an actress!” said Kelly.
_________________
2. Ian asked Tom when he would finish the project.
3. Peter told Tom that he couldn’t be there on time.
4. Mary told us that she had never met Larry’s brother before.
5. Laura asked if they were going to the cinema that night.
6. My father told me that if I stayed out late, I would get into serious trouble.
7. My siste r wanted to know wh at tim e Brian was m eeting us.
8. The police officer ordered me to give him my passport immediately.
9. Kerry told M ary not t o wear that top with tho
F.
se trousers.
Choosea, b or c.
1. Our teacher asked us if
we
a. understood
________________________________
b. understand
the question.
c. has understood
2. I told my m ot he r ________________________________ early in the morning. a. wake me up
3. Kathy
b. woke me up
________________________________
a. told
a.
b. if why he hadn’t
come
_______________________________
open
6. My classmates aske d m e a.
c. asked
_______________________________
a. why hadn’t he come
what is my name
up
what they were going to have for lunch.
b. said to
4. Sophie asked Tom
5. I asked my brother
c. to wake me
b. to open
to work the previous day.
c. why he hadn’t come
the window because it was hot. c. opened
_______________________________
b. what my name was
.
c. what was my name
7. Peter’s fath er told h im a. to not be
late for dinner.
_______________________________
b. to be not
c. not to be
8. Mike asked B e n a. what he was doing
9. Karen a.
10.
on Saturday evening. b. what was he doing
c. wha t is he doing
Jenny to answer the phone.
________________________________
told
b. said
He asked m e a. lend
him £5. b.
if I lend
11. I asked Danny a. to bring
c. asks
c. to lend
me the brochure . b.
bring
12. She
c. if he bring
me if I had read The Adventu res o f Tom Sawyer.
a. asked
b. told
c. said to
Speaking In pairs, take turns to be a police officer (Student A) and someone whose house/flat has been burgled (Student B). Student A must choose five questions from the ones below and ask Student B. Student B answers and then he/she must tell another pair what the police officer asked him/her using Reported Speech. • • • • • • • • •
What time did it happen? Where were you at the time? Does anyone else live in the building? Where were they? How did you realise that your house had been burgled? What was missing? Was the door open? Had you locked the doors/windows before you left? Did you have any money in the house/flat?
What time did it happen? It happened... The police officer asked me what time it had happened.
Now, write what the police officer asked you reporting his questions.
108
Revision Module Units 8 20-21 A.
Read the sentences and choose a, b or c.
1. The librarian
_____________
a. tell
us to stop talking.
b. said
c. told
2. The police o ff ic e r a. order
3. Mandy
us to put down the gun.
b. ordered
_____________
a. ordered
c. said
me if I wanted to go with her.
b. told
4. Barry _
c. asked
Paul no t to be late.
a. told
b. says
c. said
5. Joan asked m e ____________ I was making noise. what
a.
b. why
c. because
6. H e ____________ that he worked as a teacher. told
a.
B.
Read t
he dia
b. ordered
l og ue and com
c. said
plet e the sentences rep
Kevin
I’ve booked a holiday in Thailand.
Zoe
I don’t want to go to Thailand any more.
Kevin
We have to go because
orti ng w hat Kevi
n and hi
s
w if e Zoe said.
I have already paid for the
hotel and plane tickets. Well, you’ll have to cancel them and ask for your
Zoe
money back. Kevin
I don ’t un ders tand why you’ve changed your mind.
Zoe
I would prefer to go to Malaysia.
Kevin
You are never happy. I’ll see what I can do.
1. Kevin said that 2. Zoe told h im
__
3. Kevin told Z oe __ 4. Zoe
__________
5. Kevin
________
6. Zoe 7.
Kevin
109
C.
Rew ri te the sentences usi
ng Repo
rt ed Speech.
1. Kate said, “ I’m twenty-five years old.”
2. “You must drink more milk,” the doctor told me.
3. “I saw a great film last night,” said James.
4. “What did you eat for lunch?" Angela asked her son.
5. “Why are you crying?” Dad asked Andrew.
6. Frank said, “I’m going to the beach tomorrow.”
7. “ I may go shop ping today,” said Henry.
8. “Could you help me with the washing-up?" my mother asked me.
9. “I’ve spoken to Mary twice since this morning,” Alan told Karen.
Co m plet e t he s entences w
i t h the p
hrases in t
at all tim es
from time to tim e
make time 1.
Check the food in the oven
2. I’ll have to 3. When we go on holiday, we 4. We’re not in a hurry.
he box.
_____
pass the time
______________________
7.
Thos e boys
8. You shouldn’t
110
take your time
______________
have time to kill waste time
, will you? I’ll be back in two hours.
tomorrow to visit Mary. It’s her birthday. swimming all day.
______________
________
. The film doesn’t start for another two hours. .. I might need you.
5. Have your mobile with you . 6. I
give sb a hard time
., so I thought I would come by your house and have a chat. What do you think? . I don’t know what she’ll do till the end of the year. your
watching TV. You should do your homework.
IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive
Past Simple
Infinitive
Past Participle
Past Simple
Past Participle
be
was/w ere
been
leave
left
left
beat
beat
beaten
let
let
let
become
became
become
lie
lay
lain
begin
began
begun
lose
lost
lost
bleed
bled
bled
make
made
made
break
broke
broken
mean
meant
meant
bring
brought
brought
meet
met
met
breed
bred
bred
pay
paid
paid
build
built
built
put
put
put
burn
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
read
read
read
buy
bought
bought
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
come
run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost
say
said
said seen
cut
cut
cut
see
saw
deal
dealt
dealt
sell
sold
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
sent shaken
dig
dug
dug
shake
shook
draw
drew
drawn
shine
shone
shone
drink
drank
drunk
show
showed
shown
drive
drove
driven
sing
sang
sung
eat
ate
eaten
sink
sank
sunk
fall
fell
fallen
sit
sat
sat
feel
fe lt
fe lt
sleep
slept
slept
fight
fought
fought
speak
spoke
spoken
find
found
found
spend
spent
spent
fly
flew
flown
spread
spread
spread
forget
forgot
forgotten
stand
stood
stood
freeze
froze
frozen
steal
stole
stolen
get
got
got
sting
stung
stung
give
gave
given
strike
struck
struck
go grow
went
gone
swear
swore
sworn
grew
grown
swell
swelled
swollen
hang
hung
hung
swim
swam
swum
have
had
had
take
took
taken
hear
heard
heard
teach
taught
taught
hide
hid
hidden
tell
told
told
hit
hit
hit
think
thought
thought
hold
held
held
throw
threw
thrown
hurt
hurt
hurt
understand
understood
understood
keep
kept
kept
wake
woke
woken
know
knew
known
wear
wore
worn
lead
led
led
win
won
won
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
write
wrote
written 111
