A PROJECT REPORT OF CHEMISTRY
BY:-RITIK MITTAL XII SCI. 20162017
PRINCIPAL
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INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
CERTIFICATE This This is ! "#$ "#$i% i%&& h' h' his his ($ ($!) !)# #" *!$+ *!$+ is s,i#/ & RITIK MITTAL ! h# Ch# Ch#is is$& $& /#( /#('$ '$# # M'' '' K's K's,$ ,$ii #3i #3i S"h!!4 N')'%5'$h N#* #4hi *'s "'$$i#/ !, & hi ,/#$ h# 5,i/'"# s,(#$3isi! /,$i5 '"'/#i" &#'$ 2016-2017.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT I *ish ! #($#ss & /##( 5$'i,/# '/ si"#$# h'+s ! P$i"i('4 M'' K's,$i #3i S"h!!4 %!$ #"! #"!,$ ,$'5 '5# ## # '/ '/ %!$ %!$ '44 '44 h# h# %'"i %'"i4i 4ii i#s #s h' h' *#$# *#$# ($!3i/#/ %!$ his ($!)#" *!$+. I ##/ & h#'$& h'+s ! & "h#is$& #'"h#$ *h! 5,i/#/ # ! h# s,""#ss%,4 "!(4#i! !% his ($!)#". I '+# his !((!$,i& ! #($#ss & /##( s#s# !% 5$'i,/# %!$ his i3'4,'4# 5,i/'"# "!s' #"!,$ #"!,$'5# '5## # "!s "!s$," $,"i3 i3# # "!# "!#s s s&(' s&('h# h#i" i" 'i,/# '/ i#s# !i3'i! *hi"h h's s,s'i#/ & #%%!$s ' '44 s'5#s !% his ($!)#" *!$+. I "'8 %!$5# ! !%%#$ & si"#$# h'+s +s ! & "4'ss'#s *h! h#4(#/ # ! "'$$& !, his ($!)#" *!$+ s,""#ss%,44& %!$ h#i$ 3'4,'4# '/3i"# s,((!$ *hi"h I $#"#i3#/ %$! h# i# ! i#. RITIK MITTAL 3
INDEX 1) Certificate 2) Acknowledgement 3) Introduction 4) Aim 5) Requirements ) !"eor# 7) Reactions $) %rocedure &) 'serations 10) Result 11) *iliogra+"#
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(ii) (iii) 07 10 10 11 12 13 15 15 1
DEDICATION
I EICATE THIS PROJECT 9ORK TO THE LOTS LOTS FEET FEET OF MY FATHER MR.RAJESH KUMAR 6
MY MOTHER MRS. MONIKA
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INTRODUCTION Alum Alumin iniu ium m becau ecause se of its its low low dens densit ity y, hig high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion is widely used for for the the manu manufa fact ctur uree of aero aeropl plan anes es,, auto automo mobi bile less lawn lawn furn furnit itur uree as well well as for for alum alumin iniu ium m cans cans.. Bein Being g good good cond conduc ucto torr of elec electr tric icit ity y it is used used for for tran transm smis issi sion on of electricity. Aluminium is also used for making utensils. he recycling of aluminium cans and other aluminium products is a !ery positi!e contribution to sa!ing our natu natura rall reso resour urce ces. s. "ost "ost of the the recy recycl cled ed alum alumin iniu ium m is melted and recast into other aluminium aluminium metal products products or used in the production of !arious aluminium compounds, the most common of which are the alums. Alums are double sulphates ha!ing general formula X2SO4.M2(SO4)3.24H2O X = Monovalent cation;
M = Trivalent cation
#ome important alum and their names are gi!en below$ K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O % &otash Alum
'
Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O % #oda Alum K 2SO4.Cr
% (hrome Alum
2(SO4)3.24H2O
(NH)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O % )erric Alum
&otash
alum
is
used
in
papermaking,
in
fire
e*tinguishers, in food stuffs and in purification of water soda alum used in baking powders and chrome alum is used in tanning leather and water proofing fabrics.
+n addition to these primary uses, alum is also used as i.
substa tanc ncee or prep prepar arat atio ion n that that draw drawss An astringent a subs toge togeth ther er or cons constr tric icts ts body body tiss tissue uess and and is eff effecti! ecti!ee in stopping the flow of blood or other secretions. Alum has also been used by con!entional hairdressers for treating sha!ing cuts,
ii.
A mordant substances used in dyeing to fi* certain dyes on cloth. ither the mordant -if it is colloidal or a colloid produced by the mordant adheres to the fiber, attracting and and fi*i fi*ing ng the the coll colloi oida dall mord mordan antt dye. dye. he inso insolu lubl ble, e, colored precipitate that is formed is called a lake. Alum is a basic mordant used for fi*ing acid dyes.
/
iii.
For the removal of phosphate from natural and waste waters the aluminium ions of alum combine with the orthophosphate around p0 6 to form the solid aluminum hydro*yphosphate hydro*yphosphate which is precipitated and
i!.
For For fire firepr proo oofi fing ng fabr fabric icss he maor uses of alums are based on two important properties, namely precipitation of Al-03 and those related to the acidity created by the production of hydrogen hydrogen ions.
Al-026
3
4 Al-03 302 30
he 0 ions generated are used foe reacting with sodium bicarbonate to release ( 2. his property is made use of in baking powder and ( 2 fire e*tinguishers.
AIM o prepare potash alum from aluminium a luminium scrap
REQUIREMENT
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257 ml flask
)unnel
Beaker
#crap aluminium or cola can
&otassium hydro*ide solution -80
6 " #ulphuric Acid -0 2#9
:ater :a ter Bath
,thanol
THEORY Alumi uminum metal is treate ated with hot a;ueous 80 80 soluti solution. on. Alumini luminium um dissol dissol!es !es as potass potassium ium alumin aluminate ate,, 8Al-09, salt. 2Al(s) 2KOH(a!) "H2O(l)
2KAl(OH)4 (a!) 3H2
&ota &otass ssiu ium m alum alumin inat atee solu soluti tion on on trea treatm tmen entt with with dil. dil. #ulp #ulphu huri ricc acid acid firs firstt gi!e gi!ess prec precip ipit itat atee Al-0 l-03, whi which disso issoll!es !es on addi additi tion on of smal smalll e*ce e*cess ss of 0 2#9 and heating. 2KOH(a!) H2SO4(a!)
2Al(OH)3 (s) K 2SO4(a!) 2H2O(l)
2Al(OH)3 (s) 3 H2SO4(a!)
Al2(SO4)3(a!) "H2O(l)
he resulting solution is concentrated to near saturation and cooled. n cooling crystals of potash alum crystalli
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K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.
REACTIO NS
2Al(s) 2KOH (a!) "H2O (l)
K 2SO4(a!) Al Al2(SO4)3(a!) 24H2O(l)
2Al(OH)3 (s) 3 H2SO4(a!)
2KOH(a!) H2SO4(a!)
2KAl (OH)4 (a!) 3H2
K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O(s)
Al2(SO4)3(a!) "H2O(l)
2Al(OH)3 (s) K 2SO4(a!) 2H2O(l)
K 2SO4(a!) Al Al2(SO4)3(a!) 24H2O(l) 24H2O(s)
K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.
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PROCEDU RE
(lean a small piece of scrap aluminium with steel wool and cut it into !ery small pieces. Aluminium Aluminium foil may be taken instead of scrap aluminium.
&ut the small pieces of scrap aluminium or aluminium foil -about 1.77g into a conical flask and add about 57 ml of 9 " 80 solution to dissol!e the aluminium.
he flask may be heated gently in order to facilitate dissolution. #ince during this step hydrogen gas is e!ol!ed this step must be done in a well !entilated area.
(ontinue heating until all of the aluminium reacts.
)ilter the solution to remo!e any insoluble impurities and reduce the !olume to about 25 ml by heating.
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Allow the filtrate to cool. =ow add a dd slowly 6 " 0 2#9 until insoluble Al-0 3 ust forms in the solution.
>ently heat the mi*ture until the Al-0 3 precipitate dissol!es.
(ool the resulting solution in an ice%bath for about 37 minutes whereby alum crystals should separate out. )or better results the solution may be left o!ernight for crystalli
+n case crystals do not form the solution may be further concentrated and cooled again.
)ilter the crystals from the solution using !acuum pump, wash the crystals with 57?57 ethanol%water mi*ture.
(ontinue applying the !acuum until the crystals appear dry.
@etermine the mass of alum crystals.
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OBSERVATION "ass of aluminium metal
2.3g
"ass of potash alum
9.6'g
heoretical yield of potash alum
5.93g
&ercent yield
A /6B
RESUL T
&otash alum of /6 yield was prepared from aluminium scrap.
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BIBLIOGRAftHY
i(B#.com
:ikipedia,
(hemicalland.com
books.google.co.in books.google.co.in
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