Tips tanaman fertigasi dan natural farming

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION FERTIGATION & FARMING ARMIN G ]

dan "isang dap dapat at meni meningka ngkatkan tkan mutu dan kualiti tanaman tanpa

PLANT BOOSTER

penggunaan bahan kimia. kimia. alternatif kepada penggunaan bahan kimia (idris bald)

En. &a &ann Muh Muhammad ammad 'ukarnain 'ukarnain bin #aharudin #aharudin seor seorang ang "ega "egaai ai "ertanian yang berpengalaman dalam tanaman ertigasi dan Organic arming yang berpusat di #ahagian "embangunan *omoditi +erdang Dalam negara menuju ke arah pengeluaran pengeluaran bahan maka makanan nan dan

telah menjalankan penyelidikan terhadap tanaman di atas dengan

produk pertanian yang lebih bermutu dan selamat dimakan, banyak

hasil yang sangat ketara dari segi pertumbuhan dan juga hasilnya.

kaedah kaed ah penj penjagaan agaan tanam tanaman an telah dija dijalank lankan an sepe seperti rti peng pengguna gunaan an bahan organic organic dan Efektic Efektic MicroOrganisma MicroOrganisma (EM) telah digunakan digunakan..

"eny "e nyed edia iaan an EM (" ("la lant nt #o #oos oste ter) r) mu muda dahh di dise sedi diak akan an de deng ngan an penggunaan bahan yang boleh didapati dengan perbelanjaan yang

Cara ini dapat mengurangkan penggunaan bahan kimia seterusnya

kecil seperti berikut

mengurangkan kos pengeluaran serta memastikan pengeluaran bahan makanan bebas dari bahan kimia. EM ialah sekumpulan mikroorganisma yang hidup berkelompok di

Bahan-bahan penghasilan plant bster

sesuatu tempat. anya hidup berharmoni di dalam tanah bersama tumb tu mbuh uhan an

deng de ngan an

memb me mbek ekal alka kann

mak akan anan an

dann da

mem embe beri ri

perlindungan perlindung an kepada serangga dan binatang kecil yang lain. EM tempat tem patan an bol boleh eh di dikum kumpul pul da dann dib dibiak iak unt untuk uk mem memper perbai baiki ki dan

-ula merah (/kg),

memulihkan tanah.

belacan(0.1kg), belacan(0.1k g),

!abtan "ertanian telah berjaya membuktikan penggunaan EM ("lant

nanas (/kg),

#ooster) ke atas beberapa tanaman seperti $ock Melon, %omato, Cili telur(/0 biji), 1


dedak (0.1kg),

7 #uah labu yang dipotong dengan ketebalan 2mm, panjang 158cm dan lebar 256 cm diletakkan dipermukaan media bahan yang telah

air (203), susu segar atau susu tepung (234kg), pisang (/kg), (/kg),

dicampur dan akhir sekali ragi yang telah dipecahkan ditabur ke atas permukaan labu labu atau media. media. 3angkah 1 #ekas tersebut ditutup secara separa anaerobik dan peram selama seminggu. "roduk ini dianggap matang apabila terdapat miselium

betik (/kg),

putih tumbuh tumbuh di atas permukaan media media dan berbau masam manis.

labu (/kg),

8 +et +etela elahh mat matang ang,, pl plant ant bo boost oster er dik dikaca acauu dan di ditap tapis is seb sebelu elum m digunakan pada tanaman.

kangkong (/kg) dan ragi (1 biji) Aplikasi pada tanaman

*aedah pembuatan 3angkah "lant "la nt #oo #ooste sterr pek pekat at pe perlu rlu dic dicair airka kann ter terleb lebih ih dah dahulu ulu seb sebelu elum m / #ahan5bahan seperti belacan, nanas, pisang, betik dan kangkong

digun di gunaka akann di dilap lapang angan an dan ke kecai cairan ran men mengik gikut ut su sukat katan an sep sepert ertii

perlu dikisar dikisar halus. 3angkah 3angkah

dibaah9

2 #ahan5bahan yang dikisar dicampur dengan telur, susu segar atau

i. Melon9 Minggu (M) /52 (/1ml:/3iter air), M 651 (20ml:3) dan M

susu tepung, dedak, gula merah dan air. 3angkah

85/0 (60ml:3)

6 *esemua bahan5bahan tersebut di masukkan ke dalam satu bekas

ii. %omato9 Minggu (M) /52 ( /0ml:/3iter air), M 651 (/1ml:3), M 85

kemudian dikacau. 3angkah

;(20ml:3) dan M < keatas (21ml:3)

2


dedak (0.1kg),

7 #uah labu yang dipotong dengan ketebalan 2mm, panjang 158cm dan lebar 256 cm diletakkan dipermukaan media bahan yang telah

air (203), susu segar atau susu tepung (234kg), pisang (/kg), (/kg),

dicampur dan akhir sekali ragi yang telah dipecahkan ditabur ke atas permukaan labu labu atau media. media. 3angkah 1 #ekas tersebut ditutup secara separa anaerobik dan peram selama seminggu. "roduk ini dianggap matang apabila terdapat miselium

betik (/kg),

putih tumbuh tumbuh di atas permukaan media media dan berbau masam manis.

labu (/kg),

8 +et +etela elahh mat matang ang,, pl plant ant bo boost oster er dik dikaca acauu dan di ditap tapis is seb sebelu elum m digunakan pada tanaman.

kangkong (/kg) dan ragi (1 biji) Aplikasi pada tanaman

*aedah pembuatan 3angkah "lant "la nt #oo #ooste sterr pek pekat at pe perlu rlu dic dicair airka kann ter terleb lebih ih dah dahulu ulu seb sebelu elum m / #ahan5bahan seperti belacan, nanas, pisang, betik dan kangkong

digun di gunaka akann di dilap lapang angan an dan ke kecai cairan ran men mengik gikut ut su sukat katan an sep sepert ertii

perlu dikisar dikisar halus. 3angkah 3angkah

dibaah9

2 #ahan5bahan yang dikisar dicampur dengan telur, susu segar atau

i. Melon9 Minggu (M) /52 (/1ml:/3iter air), M 651 (20ml:3) dan M

susu tepung, dedak, gula merah dan air. 3angkah

85/0 (60ml:3)

6 *esemua bahan5bahan tersebut di masukkan ke dalam satu bekas

ii. %omato9 Minggu (M) /52 ( /0ml:/3iter air), M 651 (/1ml:3), M 85

kemudian dikacau. 3angkah

;(20ml:3) dan M < keatas (21ml:3)

2


iii. Cili9 Minggu (M) /52 ( /0ml:/3iter air), M 651 (20ml:3), M 85

"ada masa yang sama, garam nitrat dan karbonat terbentuk. *edua5

;(60ml:3) dan M < keatas (70ml:3). i=. "isang9 Minggu (M) 2

dua elemen ini dapat membantu menyuburkan tanah dan menjadi

( /0ml:/ liter air), M 7 (/1ml:3), M ; (20ml:3), M /0 (21ml:3), M

hormon serta nutrien semula jadi kepada tumbuhan.

/2 ke atas hingga matang (60ml:3) setiap bulan. +emua kaedah pembajaan dan kaalan perosak adalah mengikut syor !abatan "ertanian.

Denga De ngann men menggu ggunak nakan an bah bahan an bu buang angan an ini mu mudah dah di ditem temui ui di dapur, anda mampu membaa keajaiban. *ulit buah, lebihan sayur

>nda boleh mencuba sendiri.......

dan bahan yang anda gunakan untuk memasak atau makan, adalah kuncinya. %ukarkan %ukarkan ia kepada en@im dan anda dapat meraat dunia,A

#agi anda yang ingin kete keterang rangan an lanj lanjut, ut, sil silaa hubu hubungi ngi #aha #ahagian gian

ujar seorang pengamal perubatan alternatif homeopati, Dr. !oean

"embangu "emb angunan nan *omo *omoditi diti !aba !abatan tan "erta "ertanian nian +erd +erdang ang %e %el l 065; 065;<7; <7;

Oon.

8602 a? 065;<72 88/8

lmu yang dipelajari daripada seorang pensyarah dan doktor dalam

En!im Sampah

perubatan alternatif di %hailand, Dr. $osukon "oompan=ong "oompan=ong,, ini mula mendapat perhatian dan kini memperoleh permintaan sehingga

En@im En@ im pu pula la se secar caraa amn amnya ya dik diketa etahu huii dap dapat at men mengga ggalak lakkan kan ata atauu mempercepatkan proses kimia. !adi penggunaannya dalam sungai

ke beberapa negara di rantau >sia %enggara termasuk +ingapura, %hailand, ndonesia dan #runei.

yang ya ng di dice cema mari ri mi miny nyak ak at atau au ba baha hann ki kimi miaa di dida dapa pati ti be berj rjay ayaa merungkaikan ikatan kompleks bahan kimia tersebut dan seterusnya menjernihkan airnya. %estimonial

3

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]

B"okok naga di sebuah ladang di +eremban yang disembur en@im

ish >mino >cid ( >> ) adalah cecair dari proses pereputan ikan

sayur5sayuran dan buah5buahan dapat mengeluarkan sehingga 70 biji

yang menghasilkan asid amino, iaitu komponen penting dari proten.

buah dari sebatang pokok, sedangkan pokok naga pekebun lain

>> merupakan penghasilan yang baik untuk kehidupan dan

hanya dapat mengeluarkan maksimum /0 biji. "erbe@aannya ialah

pertumbuhan microbes dan juga pokok tumbuhan, kerana

empat kali ganda.

mengandungi pelbagai nutrient dan berbagai jenis asid amino dan component protein lain untuk kebaikan pokok.

B+eorang anita yang mempunyai 80 pasu pokok bunga orkid pernah merungut pokok yang ditanam sukar untuk berbunga, tetapi selepas menyembur en@im yang dihasilkan sendiri, bunga berkembang sehingga 80 peratus lebih banyak tanpa bantuan baja herbisid,A kongsi !oean tentang kebaikan en@im kepada bidang agro.

/. #ARA $E$B%AT "AA ( =ersi lain sedikit dari kebiasaan ) Alatan&

#alang kaca atau plastic atau balang tanah liat ( clay pot) *ain jarang, ( kain lampin, kain kasa, ) %alia tau getah pengikat Bahan&

%idak melibatkan kos yang besar, en@im yang dihasilkan hanya

kan segar dari jenis belakang hitam, tulang2 ikan segar

memerlukan apa yang ada di dapur anda. "erapkan bersama gula

( buangan dari pembuatan kropok),

perang, sisa makanan dan air pada nisbah / 6 /0 dalam bekas

dang atau kulit udang

tertutup dan tunggu selepas tiga bulan.

si siput gondang emas ( mudah di dapati) ula merah ( bron sugar), MO7, (kalu tak ada MO7 buleh guna MO2 dan air beras yang di fermented 6 hari ),

"AA

O ( baang putih, kumcui, tungkui, kayu manis, halia) di campur sekali 1 jenis tu. (bahan di atas spt udang, siput buleh campur jika ada)

4

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] 'enis ikan &

%erbaiknya jenis belakang hitam spt sardine, cincaru,

2. kan cincang di gaul dengan F jumlah gula merah, dan di masukkan dalam balang, dengan 2:6 isi padu balang.

kembung, tongkol (aya), tamban selar, tuna, ikan bilis ( fresh), ikan mata besar ( lolong ) ikian

6. aulkan G gula merah tadi dengan MO7 dan taburkan

pelata dan ikan2 seangkatan.

dalam balang diatas bahan ikan cincang itu untuk

kan belakang hitam ini mengandungi proten yang tinggi dan

memudahkan pengoposan isi ikan dan juga minyak ikan ,

baik, asid amino dan juga asid lemak ( fatty asid).

(jika menggunakan MO2, campur sekali air basuhan beras

Mengandungi E"> dan D> yang banyak dan asid lemak

yang sudah di fermented 6 hari ), masukkan juga sedikit

yang tak tepu yang terbaik untuk kesihatan.

O ( campuran berbagai ) yang di cairkan /1 , gunakan

*edua2 bahan D> dan E"> bertindak menurunkan tahap

/00ml untuk /kg bahan ikan, kandungan gula merah dan

kolestrol dan dan menghalang penyakit darah tinggi dan

bahan ikan sama berat //

berkaitan dengan penyakit jantung dan strok. Mencerdaskan minda kanak2, dengan memberi oksigen pada otak, mengurangkan penyakit pelupa pada orang tua,

7. %utup balang dengan kain dan ikat denagn sempurna dan pastikan /:6 ruang di atas bahan ikan.

mengandungi pelbagai =itamins untuk kebaikan kesihatan

1. Dalam masa 657 hari, bahan ikan mula mencair di sebabkan

dan mengurangkan terjadinya penyakit ketuaan dan kaitan

tekanan osmotic oleh gula merah, dan terjadinya proses

kekurangan =itamis, bahan2 terkandung dalam ikan itu juga

fermentasi.

amat baik dan di perlukan oleh pokok untuk kebaikan dan kesuburan

8. Dalam masa sebualan jus dari fermentasi buleh di gunakan jika perlu alaupun tak semau ikan hancur. *ebiasaannya

aedah $embuat

ikan akan hancur denag sempurna dalam masa 158 bulan, dan amat bagus kulitinya berbanding fermentation / bulan.

/. #asuh ikan menggunakan air tanpa klorin, cincang kecil2 sebesar ibu jari termasuk kepala, tulang dan perut.

5


>> yang sudah matang berbau masam manis dan tidak membusuk,

production, tetapi amat baik jika di gunakan sebagai booster

tapis dan boleh di simpan tempat teduh dan sejuk.

untuk aktikan balik pertumbuhan jika masa production pokok lambat berkembang cabang HIbuleh di lakukan

Bagaimana menggunakan "AA

/. ish >mino >cid (>>) buleh di gunakan selepas di cairkan dengan air bersih tanpa klorin dengan kadar /1005/000.

hanya 6 57 minggu sekali. 8. +esetengah >> yang mengandungi minyak ikan hasil fermentasi akan mengeluarkan bau yang agak ketara, dan ini merupakan sebagai repellent terhadap sesetengah serangga

2. >> kaya dengan nitrogen  merupakan baja yang bagus

spt lalat putih dan lain2.

untuk siraman atau semburan foliar untuk mempertingkatkan pertumbuhan semasa fasa =egetati=e bila di gabungkan

J. >> dari ikan sardine dan tongkol amat baik untuk

dengan pembajaan lain spt menggunakan MO32 lain dalam

menghalau hamama dan juga lalat putih bila larutan di spray

kaedah .

pada daun atas permukaan atas dan baah.

6. !ika kita membuat MO untuk di gunakan pada proses

;. !ika terdapat tulang2 ikan yang tidak hancur selepas di tapis,

pengoposan bahan organic, campuran >> yang di cairkan

masukan kedalam bron rice =inegar atau cuka nipah akan

/100 akan mempertingkatkan acti=ity microbes dan

mengoposkan tulang dan menghasilkan calcium phosphate

perceoatkan proses pengoposan.

yang berkualiti dan sedia terlarut.

7. ntuk sayuran berdaun, menggunakan >> //000 secara berterusan akan meningkatkan hasil dan memberi rasa yang

"ungsi-fungsi "ish Amin Aid ( "AA )

enak dan ber aroma .

Oleh Mohammad >bdul $ahman

1. Disebabkan >> kaya dengan unsur  , tidak di galakan

/. $engatasi stress

menggunakan semasa production stage kerana akan

+tress seperti suhu tinggi, kelembapan rendah atau

meningkatkan pertumbuhan =egetati=e dan mengurangkan

kekeringan, serangan hamama atau serangga, hujan 6


berlebihan ( lembab), banjir dan kekurangan nutrients

udara. "embukaan dan penutupan stomata dikendalikan oleh

memberi efek negatif pada metabolisme tanaman dan akan

dua faktor e?ternal (cahaya, kelembaban, suhu dan

membantutkan kualiti dan penghasilan tanaman. "enggunaan

konsentrasi garam) dan faktor internal (konsentrasi amino

amino asid semasa penanaman secara berterusan akan

asid, abscisic acid dan lain2). +tomata akan menutup ketika

mengubah fisiologi tanaman denagn pengaalan dan

cahaya dan kelembaban rendah atau kering dan juga jika

penghindaran stress menjadikan pokok sentiuasa dalam

keadaan suhu dan konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, ketika

keadaan baik dan subur dan berupaya menentang penyakit.

stomata tertutup proses fotosintesis dan transpirasi atau perpeluhan berkurang dan berlaku penyerapan yang rendah

/. Pengaruh "tsintesis

pada unsur baja makro dan mikro dan respirasi meningkat

ntuk kesuburan pokok, karbohidrat di sintesiskan oleh

yang memerlukan tenaga dari kabohidrat. Dalam hal ini

prosess fotosintesis, pada peringkat fotosintesis yang rendah

keseimbangan metabolisme

mengakibatkan pertumbuhan yang lambat dan menyebabkan

Catabolism ( penguraian protein dan kabohidrat) lebih tinggi

kebantutan dan kematian tanaman, klorofil adalah molekul

dari anabolisme. ni berarti metabolisme lambat dan

yang bertanggung jaab untuk penyerapan tenaga cahaya.

menghentikan pertumbuhan tanaman. >sid 35glutamat

lumate acid dan glisine merupakan en@ime untuk proses

bertindak sebagai agen osmotic citoplasm dari sel pengaal.

sintesis dan pembentukan klorofil pada daun. >sid amino ini

"enggunaan amino acid akan memudahkan pembukaan

membantu untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi klorofil dan

stomata dengan pengaalan dari keseimbangan catabolism.

tanaman

adalah negatif.

memantapkan proses fotosintesis lebih tinggi. al ini membuat tanaman menghijau dan subur bila proses sintesis berlaku secara maksima.

2. #helating Effet Amin Aid >mino acid merupakan agen chelating atau pengurai untuk micronutrients. "enggunaan bersama atau sebagai siraman

/. Tindakan pada Stmata

atau campuran dalam tangki baja memudahkan, penyerapan

+tomata adalah struktur selular yang mengontrol atau

dan transportation @at2 micro nutrients oleh akar dan pokok.

mengaal keseimbangan hydro atau air dalam tanaman,

Effect ini disebabkan tindakan asid dapat mengaal serapan

penyerapan unsur makro dan mikro nutrients dan penyerapan

dan permiability cell membrane dengan pertolongan dari 7


acid 3 5 lycine dan 3 5 glutamate yang terkenal sebagai

untuk menguraikan bahan organik dan juga structure tanah

chelating agen yang sangat effecti=e.

untuk melepaskan unsur baja pada pokok dalam bentuk yang mudah di serap. 35metionine salah satu komponen dari >>

6. Amin Aid dan * ph+thrmnes >mino acid merupakan precussor atau akti=ator dari

adalah faktor pertumbuhan precussor yang menstabilkan dinding sel microbes dalam proses penguraian.

phytohormones dan @at pertumbuhan. 3 5 Metionine merupakan precussor dari ethylene dan faktor pertumbuhan seperti Espermine dan Espermidine, yang di synsthesi@ed

8. +ehubungan dengan itu, penggunaan >> atau amino acid

dari 1 5 >denosyl Metionine. 3 5 %riptophane ( sebahagian

amat baik untuk menentukan kesuburan pokok yang

dari >>) adalah precussor untuk sintesis >uksin.

meksima dan ketahan dari penyakit, serta untuk penghasilan

%riptophane tersedia hanya jika hidrolisis protein dilakukan

buah yang berkualiti dan meningkatkan production. Cara

oleh en@im.

untuk membuat >> bulehlah di rujuk pada artikel dalam iles yang sedia ada pada roup ini.

7. Pendebungaan dan Pembentukan Buah, "endebungaan adalah perpindahan debunga ke bunga putik buah, sehingga terjadinya pembentukan buah . 3 K "roline ( komponen >>) membantu dalam kesuburan pollen. 3 5 3ysine, 3 5 Metionine, 3 5 glutamate adalah komponen amino asid yang esential untuk pendebungaan. >mino asid meningkatkan kadar pembentukan debunga dan pembesaran

perbandingan kandungan ""' pisang dan "AA ikan  ! "+>   2L "2O1  0.2L *2O  /.2L CaO  0.2L MgO  0.2L e  11ppm Cu  /ppm 'n 
kantung polen. 1. eseimbangan $irbes Tanah *eseimbangan microbe tanah pertanian merupakan asas

>> *>

yang baik untuk penguraian dan peroses mineralisation 8


 /7.2L "2O1  /L *2O  0.JL CaO  0.;L MgO  0./L e 

Cu ; g

8/ppm Cu  2ppm 'n  /0ppm Mn  6ppm #  2ppm e ED%> 200

BA'A "ERT.AS +E% > *alsium nitrat /
'n ED%> 80 Mn ED%> 81 #O$O /J1 >mm Molibdate 7

rea 110g

'adual Semburan Prduk SR untuk tanaman Timun /0/ +E% # potasium nitrat /0* Magnesium sulfat /0kg

#y orhisam $amlan on %uesday, 26 !uly 20/6 at /020 $inggu 1 -

ari snin  10ml ( +$ >>* )  10ml ( Mol kan )  10 ml ( Mol *angkong )

mkp 7kg

 20 ml ( O ) :21 liter air 4 2 pam ari *hamis 

%E

10ml (+$ >>*)  10ml (Mol kan )  10 ml( Mol *angkong ) 20 ml ( O ) : 21 liter air 4 2 pam 9


/10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol $inggu 2

*angkong ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

ari snin 

ari *hamis  /10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol

/00ml (+$ >>* )  /00ml (Mol kan ) /00 ml (Mol *angkong )


20 ml (O ):21 liter air47 pam $inggu 4

ari *hamis  /00ml (+$ >>* )  /00ml (Mol kan )  /00 ml (Mol

ari snin 

*angkong ) 20 ml (O ):21 liter air47 pam

/10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

$inggu 3

ari *hamis  ari snin 

/10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang )

/10ml (+$ >>* )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol

80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

*angkong ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam $inggu 5

ari *hamis  /10ml (+$ >>* )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol

ari snin 


/10ml (+$ >>* )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

$inggu 0

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/10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

*angkong / kg ula Merah / kg

$inggu /

"isau "apan pemotong

ari snin 

bekas

/10ml (+$ #> )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang )

*ain

80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

pen marker

ari *hamis 

Cara2

/10ml (+$ >>* )  /10ml (Mol kan )  /10 ml (Mol "isang ) 80 ml ( O ):21 liter air48 pam

>mbil kangkong liar yang berada dalam parit ( free, ? payah beli ), seelok2nya ambil aal pagi kerana masih terdapat hormon : en@im

Pen+ediaan Ba6a Natural "arming ( prduk SR ) #y urahidah ambali on riday, 27 ebruary 20/2 at 2276 

yang amat baik pada masa itu. "otong kecil2 ( jangan basuh ), masukkan dalam bekas dan campurkan dengan gula merah pada kadar //. selepas itu tutup bekas dengan kertas mahjung dan ikat

>s salam pada semua kaan2, di kelapangan ini saya ingin

dengan dengan getah serta labelkan tarikh buat. ditapis pada hari ke 5

berkongsi pengalaman yang amat sedikit ini untuk perkongsian kita

J. cecair yer disimpan dalam botol, jangan rapatkan tutupnya. sisa

bersama agar kita dapat berjimat dalam bidang pertanian yang amat

kangkong tadi boleh dibuat kompos atau diletak di baah pokok

berisiko ini. ini pembelanjaran yang pertama ini saya akan tunjukkan

buah2an,bunga ( jangan letak banyak2), cukup sekadar kelilimg

resepi salah satu bahan dalam baja +$ iaitu penyediaan "!

pokok...mudah bukan.belajar buat MO3 kangkong ini dulu.

( ermented "lant !uice )

berjumpa lagi di lain kali dengan resepi yang lain pula....respon jika sudah belajar buat.terima kasih.

#>>5#>> 11


TENOLO.

PENANA$AN

SE#ARA

"ERT.AS #y NPQRSTUV TWX on +unday, < March 20/7 at 221; uad ertigasi %E*O3O "E>>M> +EC>$> E$%>+ ertigasi berasal dari perkataan fertigation iaitu fertili@er Y irrigation. ertigasi dapat ditakrifkan sebagai satu kaedah penanaman di mana baja (dalam bentuk larutan:nutrient) diagihkan kepada @on akar tanaman melalui sistem pengairan. mumnya beberapa jenis sayur5 sayuran dari jenis buah sahaja yang sesuai ditanam menggunakan sistem ini seperti cili merah, timun, tomato, terung, capsicum, straberi dan melon. "enanaman secara fertigasi bertujuan mengelakkan tanaman daripada dijangkiti penyakit akar baaan tanah. "enggunaan +truktur "elindung ujan (+") adalah digalakkan dalam penanaman secara fertigasi, alaubagaimana pun amalan penanaman tanpa +" masih boleh dijalankan. ertigasi tanpa +" akan menyebabkan pengurusan air yang tidak terkaal akibat hujan. "ercikan hujan juga akan menyebabkan jangkitan penyakit daun dan buah merebak dengan mudah.

"olibeg putih adalah disyorkan kerana ia dapat mengurangkan kadar penyerapan haba dan mengelakkan kejadian pengumpulan akar padat di bahagian tepi. 3ain5lain bekas seperti polibeg hitam, pasu plastic dan pasu tanah boleh juga digunakan. +etiap jenis mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahan yang tersendiri. #ekas tanaman hendaklah boleh memuatkan sekurang5kurang /0 K /2 liter. Media terbaik yang disyorkan untuk diisi ke dalam bekas tanaman adalah coconut coir dust atau coco peat. "enggunaan coco peat adalah murah dan mudah dibeli jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan media komersil seperti perlite atau =ermiculite. "embekalan larutan baja dilakukan mengikut masa yang ditetapkan dengan bantuan alat pengatur masa. *ekerapan dan tempoh masa setiap penitisan bergantung kepada jenis tanaman dan peringkat umur tanaman. ntuk mendapatkan pengeluaran konsisten dengan kualiti hasil yang tinggi pada tahap optima serta menguntungkan dalam penanaman secara fertigasi, beberapa aspek perlu diberi tumpuan. Diantaranya adalah penyediaan media, semaian, menggubah ke ladang, kaalan perosak dan penyakit, kaalan terhadap sistem pengairan dan saliran, kebersihan ladang, diagnosis masalah tanaman, pensterilan, pengagihan nutrient serta perkara berkaitan fisiologi tanaman.

12


>ntara keperluan asas untuk menjalankan kaedah penanaman fertigasi ialah

/ tujuan kita buat fertigasi adalah untuk mendekatkan pertanian kita

/. +umber air bersih

kepada precision farming. *ita bagi cukup cukup baja dan air yang

2. +istem pengairan

diperlukan pokok untuk optimum output. ntuk dapat lebih kaalan

6. $umah semaian

pada nutrient uptake plantation kita. ni sukar untuk dikaal dengan

7. #aja (nutrient)

baja "*. Contoh itrogen dalam baja "* adalah dalam bentuk

1. Media tanaman

ammonium atau urea base. >da juga yang ada campur dalam bentuk

8. #ekas tanaman di ladang dan semaian (polibeg dan dulang

itrate (biasa ni lagi mahal). "okok kita ambil nitrogen dalam bentuk

semaian)

itrate dan ammonium. "engambilan dari bentuk ammonium adalah

J. #iji benih terpilih

perlahan disebabkan ia tidak mobile berbanding nitrate. !adi akar

;. +truktur "elindung ujan (+")

perlu cari baja ni, berbanding nitrate yang sendiri mobile kearah

<. >lat pengukur p dan EC meter

akar. #ila ammonia tidak diambil, ia juga akan transform ke bentuk nitrate (penjelasan dibaah) Dari ammonia, nutrient perlu lalui

%eknologi penanaman tanaman terpilih menggunakan kaedah

process nitrification yang mana dalam process ini, nitrous o?ide dan

fertigasi menjanjikan pulangan modal pelaburan sekiranya

nitric o?ide dilepaskan ke udara, hilang nutrien kita disitu. Hang

dilaksanakan dengan betul dalam masa yang singka

paling merisaukan adalah, process nitrification ni ambil masa dari beberapa hari, ke beberapa minggu. #ila sebenarnya pokok kita dapat baja yang kita letak niZ $uang legar nutrient ni kecil (/8?/;

ESAN $EN..%NAAN BA'A #O$PO%N7

dan sebagainya) kalau terlebihZ terkurangZ pengubahsuaian almost

NP PA7A "ERT.AS

impossible. +ymptom kurang nitrogen dah mula kelihatan. *ita

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %uesday, 7 March 20/7 at 0<21

tambah baja, minggu depan jadi nirogen to?icity pulak.. "rocess ini juga kebanyakannya dilakukan oleh soil bacteria, pada cocopeat, not

*enapa tak guna baja "* biasa untuk fertigasi. !auh lagi murah,

=ery much. "erlu juga ambil kira leaching, pokok belum sempat

lagi senang urus. Ok biar saya jelaskan disini.

ambil baja, hujan, baja keluar dari polybag.

13


2 point 2 ni yang paling merisaukan, rea #ased "* fertili@ers (paling murah). ntuk baja jenis ini, process nak ke nitrate lagi panjang. rea5hydrolysis5nitrification5plant uptake (nitrate) . *ehilangan nutrient disini adalah jauh lebih tinggi. L nitrogen yang sampai ke pokok sangat rendah. 3agi teruk ialah fact yang process hydrolysis ini mengalkalikan tanah dalam short term, tetapi selepas itu mengasidkan tanah. >pplication mengalkalikan tanah, pelepasan carbon5dio?ide dari process hydrolysis mengasidkan tanah. Dah " medium tak stable. i >ntara sebab air dan tanah dikaasan ladang sait sangat acidic. #anyak urea application. *alau ini diamalkan ke cocopeat, boleh hampir pasti selepas satu musim, tuan puan dah kene tukar medium tanaman sebab terlalu berasid. Hang dah cuba mungkin dah rasa. Cost tukar media tanaman, rasa kita semua pun ell aare. 2 points sahaja saya letak sini harini. !adi kepada yang terfikir nak cuba, ini >ntara yang perlu anda ambil kira. Mencelah sikit, tengah bulan ni saya ada buat penghantaran baja fertigasi Hara ke tanjung malim. *epada sesiapa di kaasan perak nak order baja dan jimat cost penghantaran, sila order secepat mungkin. >da ruang untuk 20 sets lagi. Call:sms:hatsapp >dam (0/2 JJ/ J;86) email montmelony4gmail.com

Ba6a

"ertigasi

#ili

%ntuk

Pertumbuhan

-

$hammad Abdul Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on +unday, /7 >ugust 20// at 2/27 salam dan selamat menjalankan ibadah puasa pada keluarga #! semua, di sebabkan banyak posting berkaitan pengiraan untuk membuat baja fertigasi dah hilang kena godam, saya cuba copy Y paste apa yang saya postkan kat [ / M>3>H+> E$%>+[ group dalam facebook, untuk rujukan semua sila copy Ypaste kat dokumen sendiri supaya tidak hilang dan jadikan sebagai rujukan pengiraan untuk baja cili peringkat pertumbuhan pada masa ni pokok perlukan  270ppm , 10ppm ", 2;0ppm *, 10ppm Mg, /J0ppm Ca, 8ppm e, Mn 2ppm, Cu o.0Jppm, 'n 0.21ppm , # 0.Jppm, Mo 0.01ppm dari nilai keperluan ppm , kita akan kira berat bahan satu persatu untuk dapatkan ppm Ca, kita gunakan calcium nitrate bergred Ca /
14


ok sekarang kita sudah dapat berat bahan CaO6 untuk dapatkan

#erat bahan " \ 1.;1kg9 dalam bahan ni ada *, jadi kita kira nilai

/J0ppm Ca, dari berat bahan tersebut, kita kira pula berapa ppm 

ppm *  ppm * \ 1;7.;6J1mg:lit ? 6;.8L \228ppm *,

yang terkandung berat CaO6 \ ;.<7Jkg \ ;,<7J,000mg, bahagi

tapi kita perlukan 2;0ppm *, jadi kita masih kena cari lagi ( 2;05

balik dengan stok dan mi? ratio \ ;,<7J,000:(/00 ? /00) \

228) \ 17ppm *...........nanti kita gunakan M*" ( monopotassium

;<7.J00mg:lit, jadi nilai ppm  terkandung \ ;<7.J00 ? /1.1L \

phosphate) untuk dapatkan 17ppm * ni

/6
dari M*" kita akan dapat ppm " dan *, dari jadual kehendak kita

ni

perlukan 10ppm " dalam M*" ada 22.J;L " dan 2;.J6L *

supaya  dan * balance semasa pengiraan kita kena andaikan 

brat bahan M*" untukl dapatkan 10ppm " \ 10ppm:22.J;L \

\220ppm, jadi  sebenar tak mencukupi \ 2205/6<\;/ppm.

2/<.7
nilai ppm  yang tak di kira ( 2705220) \ 20ppm

2./
note sebenarnya masa pertumbuhan aal kita buleh naikan  280ppm untuk kesuburan aal, tuan2 buleh setkan  210ppm, jadi 

sebenarnya kita buleh setkan keperluan baja mengikut bulan atau

yang tak termasuk pengiraan ni \ 2105220ppm \ 60ppm, untuk

minggu, contohnya kalu minggu pertama, kita perlukan ppm spt

dapatkan  ni kita guna bahan baja yang ada  sja spt >mmnium

diatas, tapi bila pokok besar sikit kita perlukan Mg dan " tinggi

nitrate >...yang ni kita kira trakhir sekali

sikit, katakan " 11ppm dan Mg11ppm dan * 600ppm, jadi kalu kita

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

gunakan e?cell, dan masukan =ariable tersebut, secara automatik di

sekarang kita kira ppm bahan untuk dapatkan  ;/ppm

kira berat bahan, jadi baja kita tak static, contohnya jika bancuhan

kita gunakan "otassium nitrate ", dalam " ada /6.;1L dan

batch pertama dah habis dalam seminggu, kita buleh bancuh batch

6;.8L*

kedua denagn nilai ppm berlainan, jadi pokok akan merasa lebih sikit

kita kira berat " untuk dapatkan ;/ppm 

keperluan bila masuk minggu kedua dan sterusnya

berat " \ ;/ppm:/6.;1L \ 1;7.;6J1mg:lit, untuk stokk /00lit dan mi? //00, berat " \ 1;7.;6J1 ? /00 ? /00 \ 1,;7;,6J1mg \

untuk menaikan ppm element memang kita buleh naikan ec atau

1.;1kg

%D+, tapi cara ni akan menaikan semua element baja, sedangkan kita 15


nak sesetengah element saja tinggi, dan mengekal sukatan element

nilai 2;1 ppm dikira baik untuk pertumbuhan, jadi tak perlu lagi di

lain, atau nak turunkan element lain dan nak naikkan element lain

tambah *2+O7. jadi nilai ppm  di dapati dari C dan "\ /6<5J8 \

back to kuliah]]]] kita sudah dapat berat M*" \ 2./< kg, sekarang

2/1ppm.....nilai ni

kita kira berapa ppm * terkandung9

jadi kita tertinggal lagi 61ppm  .....nanti kita kira ambil dari >

percent * dalam M*" \ 2;.J6L

 dari PN 8 $P 9 212 8 53 9 2/4 ppm, Bukan 2:4 ppm,

nilai ppm * \ 2/<.70mg ? 2;.J6L \ 86ppm

Pembetulan;

sekarang kita dah berlebihan (86517) \
dari pengiraan diatas, kita dapat berat bahan spt berikut 

jadi kalau mau tepat kita kena kurangkan ppm  untuk pengiraan

CaO6..... ;.<1kg

dari 220 ke 2/0 atau 200 ppm, bila kita kurangkan ke 2/1ppm , *

*O6........1.7; kg

dari " akan berkurang

M*" .........2./< kg

sekarang nilai  yang di perlukan menjadi ( 2/15/6<)\J8 ppm /6< adalah nilai ppm  dari C

sekarang kita kira pula berat Mg+O7 yang memberi kita 10ppm Mg

jadi berat baru " \ J8ppm:/6.;1L \ 17;.J68mg:lit

percentage Mg terkandung dalam Mg+O7 adalah <.;0L

berat bahan " pada /00lit stok dan //00 mi? ratio

jadi berat MgsO7 \ 10ppm : <.;0L \ 1/0mg:lit

\(17;.J68 ? /00 ? /00):/000 ? /000 \ 1.7; kg

berat untuk /00lit stok dan mi? ratio //00 \ (1/0 ? /00 ?/00):(/000

ilai ppm * dari 1.7; kg " \ 17;.J68 ? 6;.8L \ 2/2 ppm

? /000) \ 1./0 kg #erat Magnesium sulfate adala 1./0kg

sekaran kita kurang ( 2;052/2)\ 1; ppm

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

tapi * yang didapati dari M*" \ 86ppm

pengiraan ppm  yang tak mencukupi sebanyak (21052/1) \ 61ppm,

jadi kelebihan 8651; \ 1ppm..........

kita andaikan bahaa ppm  adalah 210 ppm untuk pertumbuhan

jadi jumlah * semua dari " dan M*" \ 2/2  86ppm \ 2;1 ppm

=egetati=e yang cepat kita gunakan ammonium nitrate >, dalam bahan ni terdapat 67L  16


berat > untuk dapatkan 61ppm  \ 61ppm:67L \ /02.<7//mg:lit

baik bila banyak akar menyedut nutrients. D>" pun buleh letak juga

untuk stok /00lit dan mi? ratio //00,

kat stok C 21 lit.

#erat > \ (/02.<7// ? /00 ?/00):(/000 ? /000) \ /.06kg (/.0 kg)

perlu di ingat, D>" amat alkali, jadi bancuhan baja kita akan tinggi

dimanakah harus > di masukan , stok > atau +tok # ZZZ, untuk

p sampai J lebih, untuk itu, kita kena pakai nitrik asid atau

kebaikan bancuhan kelak, di sarankan stok berasing stok C, untuk

phosphoric atau sulfuric asid untuk menurunkan p.

stok C ni tak perlulah guna tong /00 lit, memadai guna bekas 21 lit

Dan jika kita bancuh baja untuk peroduction, biasanya p akan turun

sahaja, untuk /kg >, ianya mudah terlarut alaupun dalam air

sampai 1, jadi menambah sedikit sedikit D>" akan menaikan p

sedikit 21 lit.

yang di perlukan, kita tak perlu *O..........juga amat baik sebab masa production kita tambah " yang amat di perlukan di sanping *

bila menggunakan stok begini, setiap lit stok > dan #, kita perlu /:7

dari *2+O7, masa ni " J05;0ppm

lit stok C sahaja untuk di masukkan dalam tangki baja. selesai pengiraan macro selain menggunakan >, kita buleh gunakan diammonium

CaO6..... ;.<1kg

phosphate D>", D>" mempunyai grad "* /;780, 78 L tu adalah

*O6........1.7; kg

phosphate, jadi percent element " \ 78 ? 0.76 \ /<.J; L "

M*" .........2./< kg

jadi berat D>" untuk dapatkan 61ppm  \ 61ppm:/;L \

Mg+O7.......1./0 kg

/<7.777mg:lit

>........../.00 kg

untuk stok /00 lit dan mi? //00, berat D>" \ (/<7.777 ? /00 ?

D>"....../.<0 kg ( optional)

/00):(/000 ? /000) \ /.<7 kg dalam D>" ni ada /<.;L ", jadi ppm " \ /<7.77 ? /<.;L \ 6;ppm

kita

masuk

pula

bahagia

pengiraan

micro

element

jadi kalu kita guna D>", total ppm " \ 10 (dari M>") \ 6; (dari

e,Cu,',Mn,#,Mo

D>") \ ;;ppm

nota

saya menggunakan D>" masa pertumbuhan alaupun total ppm "

apa baja yg dibolehkan tuk baja > dan #aja #,Cthnya baja >

tinggi, pada aktu aal pertumbuhan " tinggi amat baik untuk

selalunya mengandungi CaO6 dan e ED%> atau boleh

pembentukan akar yang banya dengan cepat, dan kesuburan amat 17


ditambahkan >mmoniuum nitratZ dan baja # setengah kata "

kita perlukan e 8ppm, jadi berat edta \ 8ppm:/6L \ 78./16

dalam baja #,atau boleh masuk Dalam > dan # untuk "Z

untuk /00 lit stok dan mi? ratio //00, beart e5Edta \ (78./16 ? /00 ? /00):(/000 ) \ 78/gm

kalu ikutkan kajian kimia secara sceintific [ ne=er mi? nitrates dan

#erat e5Edta adalah 780gm (ok)

phospahate atu sulfate[ jadi kita taklehlah bih /:2 " kat stok #..tapi mardi atau !" dia boh kat #...sebab tu baja jadi keladak hasil

pengiraan berat micro # dari boric acid, dalam boric terkandung

tindakbalas kimia

/J.1L boron...( tuan2 cek balik mungkin boric asid tuan lain nilai percentnya..sebab bergantung pada hydrous atau unhydrous) saya

kenapa sestengah formula orang yang jual baja dan juga mardi dan

guna kandunagn /J.1L.....kita perlukan 0.Jppm #

!" boh /:2 " dalam #....saya rasa untuk balancekan berat guni >

#erat boric acid \ 0.Jppm:/J.1L \ 7.0000mg, berat untuk stok

dan #

/00lit dan mi? ratio //00 9

dar formula atas berat stok > /7.;7 kg dan berat sto #

(7.00 ? /00 ? /00):(/000) \ 70gm

;.J0kg...paking begini susah bagi mereka untuk transport, jadi kena

#erat boric acid ( /J.1L #) \ 70gm.

seimbanglah berat > dan #, kalau guna hibor, berat \ 0.J ppm:80L \ /./88Jmg buleh tambah urae dalam tangki baja, tapi tak buleh boh dalam stok.

#erat #O$ di gunakan \ //.8Jgm ...(/2gm ok)

kita kiralah berap ppm  kita mau, contoh kita mau tambah 20ppm , jadi berat urea \ 20ppm:78L \ 76.7Jmg:lit, kalu tanki baja kita

pengiraan micro Mn dari Mn5Edta...terkandung /6L Mn

muat 2,000 lit sekali bancuh, berat urea \ 76.7J ? 2000 \ ;8<18mg \

keperluan Mn 2ppm9 berat edta \ 2ppm:/6L \ /1.6;mg

;J gm sahaja......elok buat begini, nak pakai baru boh dalam tangki

untuk stok /00lit dan mi? ratio //00

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

#erat Edta \ /1.6; ? /00 ? /00:/000 \ /17 gm

kita bincang pengiraan untuk micro e, untuk dapatkan e buleh guna e+O7 atau e5Edta.......biasanya kita gunakan edta sebab

pengiraan berat 'n5Edta ,percent 'n terkandung /7L, ppm 'n di

senang dapat di pasaran dalam e5Edta ada /6L e ( kalu lain

perlukan 0.21ppm

percent buleh ejas ikut cara kira )

berat Edta \ 0.21ppm:/7L \/.J;1mg 18


berat untuk stok /00 lit dan mi? ratio //00 9 /.J;1 ? /00 ? /00:/000 \ /J.;1gm ( /;gm ok)

+tok #

#erat 'n5EDta ialah /; gm

M*" .........2./< kg Mg+O7.......1./0 kg

"engiraan berat Cu5Edta untuk dapatkan 0.0Jppm Cu, percent Cu

>........../.00 kg

terkandung dalam Edta adalah /7L.

D>"....../.<0 kg ( optional)

berat edta di perlukan \ 0.0Jppm:/7L \ 0.10mg:lit

Mn5Edta ...../17gm

berat untuk stok /00 lit dan mi? ratio //00 \ 0.1 ? /00 ? /00:/000 \

Cu5Edta........1.0 gm

1.0 gm

'n5Edta........ /;.0 gm

#erat Cu5Edta yang patut di gunakan adalah 1.00 gm

#oric asid.......70 gm atau ibor............/2.0 gm

"engiraan berat sodium molybdate, 6
+odium molybdate ... /.0 gm

percent yang tuan2 guna), keperluan Mo 0.01ppm. berat sodium molibdate \ 0.01ppm:6
ormula ini di gunakan untuk pertumbuhan aal, bila sudah nampak

berat untuk stok /00 lit dan mi? ratio //00 \ 0./2; ? /00?/00:/000

bunga, tukarlah formula untk pembajaan production

\ /.2;gm ( /gm ok)

pada taha =egetati=e, keperluan "* amat tinggi, untuk itu, penggunaan EC bermula /.2 selepas pindah dan di naikan perlahan

berat sodium molibdate adalah /.0 gm

sampai ec 2.6 sampai nampak bunga....kenikan EC buleh di laras setiap 6 hari sekali, p tahap ni tinggikan sikit kepada 8.2 untuk

$ingkasan

mengoptimumkan serapan "* untuk pertumbuhan aal, p di

ormula cili untuk pertumbuhan aal ( =egetati=e phase)

turunkan bila pokok mencapai fasa production p 1.;5

stok >

8.2....bergantung juga jenis media di gunakan, kalu /00L sabut

CaO6..... ;.<1kg

maintain 8.2 amat baik, sebab dalam media sabut baja akan men jadi

*O6........1.7; kg

p 8 atau kurang, kalu campuran dengan sekam padi buleh kekalkan

e5Edta......780 gm

p 8, sekam buleh bertindak sebagai p buffer 19


"eople choose do5it5yourself projects for many reasons. +ome like guna dari stok C /:7 lit saja untuk setiap lit stok > dan #...masuk

the satisfaction of completing a task on their on, hile others like

dalam tangki baja

the idea of ha=ing absolute control o=er their materials, methods and finished product. >nother reason people choose do5it5yourself projects is price. enerally speaking, pro=iding your on labor ill

555555555555555 O%> 5555555555555555

produce a product for a much lo price than hiring out the ork ould.

CaO6]]calcium nitrate

#uilding your on organic potting soil is no different than any other

*O6 ]] potassium ( kalium) nitrate

do5it5yourself project. t allos the gardener to sa=e money hile

Mg+O7 ]]Magnesium sulfate

maintaining control o=er e=ery aspect of the soil building process.

M*" ]]] monopotassium phosphate

+ome might also argue that it produces a superior product.

*2+O7 ]]]potassium sulfate

oe=er, before e di=e into soil recipes, let_s first e?amine some of

D>" ]]diammonium phosphate

the more common ingredients used in potting soils. %here is no

> ]]ammonium nitrate

shortage of organic soil amendments to choose from. Once an understanding of the physical properties and nutrient =alue of each ingredient is reached it then becomes possible to customi@e soil mi?tures not only for particular crops, but also for specific periods in a plant_s life cycle (blooming or floering periods).

RESEP

$E7A

POLBA.

ATA%

BATAS

Base ingredients

TANA< - $hammad Abdul Rahman

%he base ingredients of a soil are the substances that make up the

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 60 !anuary 20/6 at //76

bulk of the soil itself. %hese are the ingredients that are most

Reipes fr Suess& Building =ur O>n Organi Ptting Sil

responsible for the soil_s physical properties and te?ture. +ome of these also make up the backbone of the nutrient content.



!anuary 20/6 20

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] Sphagnum peat moss

coco coir, its role as a base ingredient is just as crucial. ot only does

+phagnum peat moss has been a popular soil additi=e since the

compost ha=e significant nutrient =alue, but it also pro=ides an

inception of potting soils. %he physical properties of peat moss allo

abundance of microbial life to the soil mi?ture. %hese beneficial

for high moisture retention, as ell as high o?ygen content. %his

microorganisms are the foundation for nutrient uptake and the

combination of ater and o?ygen retention makes a great

stimulation of root de=elopment.

en=ironment for de=eloping roots and is the main reason peat moss is the most popular ingredient in premade potting soils. t is not

Worm castings

uncommon for peat moss to make up 60 to 80L of a premade soil

3ike compost, orm castingsòr, =ermicompostàre a significant

mi?ture.

source of nutrient =alue and beneficial microorganisms. $e=ered by many organic groers as the best soil additi=e a=ailable, orm

Coco coir

castings are knon to enrich soils and impro=e disease resistance in

Many soil companies are incorporating coco coir (coconut husks) as

crops. f you choose to use orm castings as an ingredient in your

either the base or secondary ingredient in their potting soil mi?es.

potting soil, be sure to purchase pure orm castings. %here are many

Coco coir is a by5product of the coconut industry and is more

products on the market that are labeled as orm castings but only

en=ironmentally friendly than sphagnum peat moss. t is able to hold

contain a small percentage of actual orm castings in their

moisture and o?ygen like peat moss9 in fact, it actually has slightly

composition.

higher o?ygen retention. %his fact alone has made coco coir_s popularity increase among indoor gardeners and greenhouse

Aeratin additi?es

horticulturalists.

Perlite

"erlite is e?panded =olcanic glass and adds air pockets to soils. +oils Compost

ith added perlite ill dry out uickly beteen each atering, hich

Compost is a general term referring to aged and broken don

gi=es a groer more control o=er a feeding regiment. "erlite is light

organic matter. t can be made from a number of different sources,

eight and relati=ely ine?pensi=e, hich makes it the most popular

but it_s usually deri=ed from plant material or manure. >lthough

choice among commercial potting soil manufacturers.

compost usually isn_t used in as high of a =olume as peat moss or

Pumice 21


"umice is a type of =olcanic rock that is naturally porous. 3ike

+oybean meal

perlite, pumice has the ability to add air pockets in a soil, hich

%his slo5releasing nitrogen source is not uite as slo as feather

results in higher o?ygen content around the plant_s roots. "umice is

meal. t_s a great additi=e for plants that reuire adeuate nitrogen

less commonly used by commercial manufacturers, hoe=er, simply

for to to three months and that need a little phosphorus boost to

because it is hea=y and, therefore, e?pensi=e to ship.

help promote fruiting or floering. #at guano (high nitrogen)

ndi?idual rgani ingredients

%here are many compositions of bat guano on the market, including

#y using indi=idual organic ingredients along ith the base, a

high5nitrogen bat guano. igh5nitrogen bat guano is rich in

groer can tailor their soil to meet the needs of any crop. Most of the

micronutrients, beneficial microbes and, of course, nitrogen. %his

folloing ingredients can be obtained at your local hydroponic

beneficial di=ersity combined ith fast5releasing nitrogen makes

retailer or local garden supply store.

high5nitrogen bat guano the fertili@er of choice for many organic groers.

Common nitrogen (N) ingredients:

#lood meal

Common phosphorus (P) ingredients:

%his is an e?tremely rich, fast5releasing nitrogen source. #lood meal

#at guano (high phosphorus)

is a great additi=e for plants that reuire high amounts of nitrogen.

igh5phosphorus bat guano is an e?cellent source of phosphorus that

ish meal

is knon to not only increase floer and fruit sets, but also their si@e,

ish meal is another fast5releasing nitrogen source. t_s a great

aroma and fla=or. Many brands of high5phosphorus bat guano are

nitrogen additi=e that enhances microbial life in the soil. ish meal

also a great source of calcium.

also contains a significant amount of phosphorus, hich helps trigger

#one meal

root de=elopment.

%his e?cellent source of phosphorous is re=ered for its ability to

eather meal

promote strong root de=elopment. #one meal is also a great source

eather meal is a slo5releasing nitrogen source best used on plants

of calcium.

that reuire high amounts of nitrogen o=er a three to four month

ish bone meal

period. 22


ish bone meal is basically the same thing as bone meal e?cept it is

reensand is a slo5releasing potassium source. enerally speaking,

deri=ed from fish. t is a great source of phosphorus and calcium.

greensand is used to impro=e soil_s condition rather than boost

+eabird guano

potassium content.

+eabird guano, like bat guano, is knon to increase the amount and

3angbeinite

si@e of floer and fruit sets. t is also an e?cellent source of

3angbeinite is a natural occurring mineral hich is ater soluble. t

phosphorus and micronutrients.

is a good source of potassium, sulfur and magnesium.

$ock phosphate $ock phosphate is a slo5releasing phosphorus source that is

Secondary and trace elements:

commonly e?tracted into a liuid form to increase a=ailability. t is

Oyster shell

best used for plants that need a slo and constant release of

%his is an e?cellent source of calcium that ill accelerate root

phosphorus.

de=elopment and, in turn, impro=e nutrient uptake. Oyster shell also orks as a p buffer, helping to keep the soil from becoming too

Common potassium (K) ingredients:

acidic.

ardood ash

Dolomite lime (seet lime)

%his is the original source of potash fertili@ers. ardood ash can be

Dolomite lime is a great p buffer for any soil composition and`

used as a direct soil additi=e to increase potassium le=els9 hoe=er,

like oyster shellìt ensures the soil_s p doesn_t turn too acidic. t

most of the time, it has already been added to the compost for that

also a rich source of calcium and magnesium.

same purpose.

lacier $ock Dust

*elp meal

%his soil amendment re=itali@es trace elements and pro=ides a

*elp meal is a source of readily a=ailable potassium and a =ariety of

foundation of minerals for healthy plant groth.

micronutrients and plant hormones. %his great soil additi=e can

>lfalfa meal

increase o=erall plant health and =igor.

>lfalfa meal is rich in trace elements, but it_s the abundance of

reensand

natural groth stimulators in this product that has gained recognition among organic horticulturalists. >lfalfa meal ill accelerate groth rates hile promoting abundant fruit or floers. 23

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] Basic potting soil recipe Benefiial mirrganisms

%his basic recipe creates a soil ith a high air5to5ater ratio and can

>lthough many common soil ingredients already contain a good

be used for almost any =ariety of plant. %his is a great soil recipe for

amount of beneficial microorganisms, it has become second nature

groers ishing to complement their homemade soils ith liuid

for

additional

teas or fertili@ers. %his is also a great starting recipe to use as the

microorganisms into their soil. %hree beneficial microorganisms are

foundation for custom, plant5specific soils, hich can be created by

commonly used by horticulturalists are trichoderma, mycorrhi@a and

ith addition of other indi=idual ingredients.

bacteria.

/:2 cu. ft. (80 cups) compost

many

organic

gardeners

to

supplement

/:2 cu. ft. (80 cups) sphagnum peat moss Sil reipes

/:2 cu. ft. (80 cups) coco coir

>s ritten, the recipes belo ill produce around 2 cu. ft. of soil`

20 cups perlite

or, roughly the amount you ould find in a single large bag of

1 cups orm castings

potting soil. Of course, the ingredients can be proportionally

/:2 cup oyster shell

increased or decreased to produce the desired a mount of potting soil.

2 tbsp. langbeinite

>lso, feel free to add your fa=orite beneficial microorganism

/ tbsp. glacier rock dust

supplement to increase the beneficial microbial population. ndeed, do not take these recipes as though they ere ritten in stone. se

Enhanced vegetative potting soil recipe

them as a reference or as a ay to inspire some thought into the

%his nitrogen5rich soil mi?ture is great for the =egetati=e stage of

nutrient content of your on potting soil and ho this coincides ith

fast5groing annual plants that ill later be transplanted, or for green

the life cycle of your plants.

leafy crops that spend their hole life c ycle in a perpetual =egetati=e

%o make each mi?, simply combine all of the ingredients by hand,

stage. %his mi? is =ery ell5aerated and ill promote strong root

rake or sho=el in a kiddie pool, tarp, large ash bin or plastic storage

groth and =igorous =egetati=e groth.

container. !ust make sure to mi? the ingredients thoroughly to ensure

/:2 cu. ft. (80 cups) sphagnum peat moss

a uniform soil mi?ture.

/:7 cu. ft. (60 cups) coco coir /:7 cu. ft. (60 cups) compost 24


/:7 cu. ft. (60 cups) perlite

/ cup oyster shell

/0 cups orm castings

/:2 cup seabird guano

/0 cups pumice

/:7 cup alfalfa meal

2 cups fish meal

/:7 cup fish meal

/ cup oyster shell

2 tbsp. langbeinite

/:2 cup alfalfa meal


/:2 cup soybean meal /:7 cup kelp meal /:7 cup fish bone meal 2 tbsp. langbeinite

Entire life cycle soil recipe (for heavy feeders)


%his soil mi?ture is designed to meet the demands of hea=y feeding, fast5groing annual plants throughout their entire life cycle. %his soil

Enhanced fruitflo!er potting soil recipe

is poerful and should only be used on plant =arieties that are knon

%his soil recipe is designed for plants that are ready to fruit or floer.

to be hea=y feeders. %he organic fertili@ers in this soil mi?ture ill

n particular, this recipe orks great for ornamentals that are already

sustain a hea=y5feeding crop for about three months. %he soil is

in bloom and for fast5groing annuals that are entering their fruiting

designed to break don in a manner that first deli=ers readily

or floering stage.

a=ailable nitrogen for a =igorous =egetati=e stage (for about a month)


then, as the soil_s composition changes, it ill start to release more


elements specific to fruiting:floering.





/0 cups pumice


1 cups orm castings


6 cups bat guano (high phosphorus)

20 cups pumice

/ cup fish bone meal

/1 cups orm castings 25


2 cups blood meal 2 cups fish meal 2 cups bat guano (high phosphorus)

PEN=AT #L- ANTRANOS 7AN LAN2&

/ cup oyster shell

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on riday, // October 20/6 at 226<

/ cup dolomite lime / cup soybean meal / cup bat guano (high nitrogen)



>ntracnose



>ntracnose dikenal juga dengan istilah BpathekA adalah

/ cup bone meal

penyakit yang hingga saat ini masih menjadi momok bagi petani

/ cup fish bone meal

cabai. #uah yang menunggu panen dalam beberapa aktu berubah

/ cup rock phosphate

menjadi busuk oleh penyakit ini. ejala aal dari serangan penyakit

6 tbsp. langbeinite

ini adalah bercak yang agak mengkilap, sedikit terbenam dan berair,

/.1 tbsp. glacier rock dust

buah akan berubah menjadi coklat kehitaman dan membusuk.

>lthough the process of building your on organic potting soil can

3edakan penyakit ini sangat cepat pada musim hujan. "enyebab

be somehat labor intensi=e (especially on a large scale), it is a

penyakit

relati=ely easy process o=erall that can be e?tremely rearding. ot

adalah

jamur

carnifora

capsici."engendalian

membersikan tanaman yang terserang agar tidak menyebar, saat

only is there a sense of accomplishment hen you complete a

pemilihan benih harus kita lakukan secara selektif, menanam benih

homemade potting soil, but it is also a stride forard in creating the

cabai yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap penyakit pathek. +ecara

ultimate diet for your plants. roers ho build soils specific to

kimia, disemprot dengan fungisida sistemik berbahan aktif

their crop_s ideal nutritional intake ill not only see heightened

triadianefon dicampur dengan fungisida kontak berbahan aktif

garden performance, but less nutrient deficiencies, diseases, insect

tembaga hidroksida seperti *ocide 17&D, atau yang berbahan

infestations and any other problems associated ith an incomplete

aktif Manko@eb seperti ictory ;0&".

diet. %hrough your on e?periments, you can find the perfect blend of ingredients reuired by your plants to enhance their performance

ini



and achie=e optimal results. 

3ayu #akteri 26

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] 

"enyakit ini disebabkan oleh "seudomonas solanacearum.

:pergiliran tanaman, pemanfaatan tanaman border seperti tagetes atau

ejalanya tanaman yang sehat tiba5tiba saja layu yang dalam aktu

jagung, pemasangan perangkap kuning sekaligus mengendalikan

tidak sampai 6 hari tanaman mati. #akteri ini ditularkan melalui

kutu kebul, serta eradikasi tanaman sakit yaitu tanaman yang

tanah, benih, bibit, sisa tanaman, pengairan,nematoda atau alat5alat

menunjukkan gejala dicabut dan dibakar.

pertanian."engendalian membuang tanaman yang terserang, tetap menjaga bedengan tanaman selalu dalam kondisi kering, rotasi



>ntraknos menjadi penyakit yang muncul ke 2, setelah

tanaman. +ecara kimiai, semprot dengan larutan *ocide JJ&"

diaali dengan adanya sunscall. +unscall biasanya akan dimulai dari

konsentrasi 1 5 /0 gr:liter pada lubang tanam sebanyak 200

buah yang berada pada sisi timur.+unscall bukan penyakit tetapi bisa

ml:tanaman inter=al /0 5 /7 hari dan dimulai saat tanaman mulai

merupakan penyebap:pemicu, munculnya penyakit seperti antraknos.

berbunga. 

irus *uning (gemini =irus)



ektor =irus kuning adalah hitefly atau kutu kebul (#emisia tabaci). %elur diletakkan di baah daun, fase telur hanya J

#uka a+u b+ A!rin
hari. impa bertungkai yang berfungsi untuk merangkak lama hidup

#y mran ai@al on riday, 7 October 20/6 at /80<

258 hari. "upa berbentuk o=al, agak pipih berarna hijau keputih5 putihan sampai kekuning5kuningan pupa terdapat dibaah permukaan daun, lama hidup 8 hari. +erangga deasa berukuran

#anyak manfaat boleh didapati dari Cuka kayu dalam sektor "ertanian.

kecil, berarna putih dan mudah diamati karena dibaah permukaan daun yang bertepung, lama hidup 2056; hari. %anaman yang terserang penyakit =irus kuning menimbulkan gejala daun

/. Dapat menghalang pembiakan =irus dan penyakit dalam tanah.

mengeriting dan ukuran lebih kecil."engendalian dilakukan dengan

2. Dapat menghalang =irus dan menghalau serangga perosak

menanam =arietas yang agak tahan (contoh cabai keriting

untuk memperbaiki keadaan tanah.

#ukittinggi), menggunakan bibit yang sehat, melakukan rotasi 27


6. Dapat mengurangkan kerosakan oleh penyakit tumbuh5

/.ntuk kaalan makhluk perosak dan mikroorganisma pada

tumbuhan dan serangga berbahaya alaupun penanaman

lubang tanaman, cairkan pada nisbah /10 (cuka kayu  air) /0

berulang kali

hari sebelum menanam, siramkan pada lubang tanaman.

7. Dapat mengurangkan 10L racun perosak pertanian komersial,

2.ntuk mengelakkan hama dalam proses pembenihan, cairkan

racun kulat, racun herba dan baja kimia.

pada nisbah /;00, semburkan pada benih di tapak semaian

1. Merangsang pertumbuhan pokok dan sayuran. 8. Menguatkan akar dan daun.

setiap /0 hari. 6.ntuk mengaal makhluk perosak dan membunuh kulat merbahaya, cairkan pada nisbah /200, semburkan pada pucuk

J. Menyuburkan tanah.

dan daun seminggu sekali.

;. Menambah kuantiti mikrob yang berguna.

7.ntuk membasmikuman dan meneutralkan p tanah, cairkan pada nisbah /600, siramkan pada akar pokok.

<. Mengelakkan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteria. 1.ntuk mengurangkan buah gugur dan menambah kualiti buah, /0. Menambah baik kualiti buah dan menambah kandungan gula

cairkan pada nisbah /100, semburkan pada putik buah.

dalam buah. 8.ntuk kaalan serangga, gunakan pada kecairan //000 dan //. +ebagai pemangkin tumbesaran biji benih.

campurkan dengan 10L kepekatan racun serangga dari biasa.

/2. +ebagai bahan tambahan kepada baja kompos.

J.ntuk kaalan rumpai:lumut, nisbah /1, semburkan terus

/6. Membantu haian ternakan lebih sihat dan melindungi dari

pada rumpai:lumut.

penyakit. Menjadikan daging haian dan susu lebih berkualiti.

#L $ERA< - N"O <=BR7-$hammad >plikasi Y "enggunaan "ertanian

Abdul Rahman 28


#y NPQRSTUV TWX on Monday, 2< !uly 20/6 at /66/

5%inggi pkk 7 kaki 5buah kurang pedas 5sambil berbuah sambil

nf hibrid ili merah

berpucuk 4 berbunga..

$# 11 5%inggi pokok ;05//0 cm,

5"asaran tiada masalah langsung.

5panjang buah ;5/0 cm, J5/0g:biji $# 12 5%inggi pokok 805;0 cm,

Perbandingan ulai Tempatan ulai 45: "1 05@

5panjang buah /05/6 cm, /2 K /7 g:biji,

5 *ulai %empatan pokoknya terlalu besar, 18; kecik, 78< sangat

h+brid "1 05@ 5/;0 biji sepokok

kecik

5ketinggian pokok 61 cm

5 *ulai %empatan bunga sangat mudah gugur, 18; gugur sikit, 78<

h+brid :33

sangat sukar gugur

5ketinggian pokok 25 8 kaki

5 *ulai %empatan buahnya ringan, 18; dan 78< lebih berat /.1 kali

511 biji berat utk / kg buah bagi sepokok

ganda kerana lebih besar dan lebih tebal

s05@

5 *ulai %empatan sangat amat pedas, 18; tak pedas, 78< pedas.

5 amat pedas, bukan plastik, besar mencecah 20cm.

5 *ulai %empatan pemborong terima, 18; sangat diterima, 78< sukar

5amat besar, maka ia kurang sesuai untuk tanaman secara komersial

diterima (bergantung kepada tempat)

5 kurang digemari pengguna.

5 *ulai %empatan ada 80 biji pada bulan pertama, 18; ;05/20 biji,

5/gm (/705/10biji)

78< ;0 biji. 5 *ulai %empatan sangat mudah kena kerinting, 18;

45:

mudah, 78< sukar sikit, kalau kena pun kerinting peringkat pertama

5 kurang pedas, bukan plastik, rupa dan sai@ \ *ulai.

sahaja.

ulai tempatan

5 *ulai %empatan langsung tak ada lalat buah kerana amat pedas, 18;

5amat sesuai untuk tanaman secara komersial

dan 78< ada sedikit bergantung kepada tempat.

5lebih pedas dan mudah dihancurkan tidak liat mudah dibuat sos h+brid 45:

 Oleh kerana *ulai %empatan sangat besar maka ia tak dapat

5#uah pertama 705<0 biji (70571 biji:kg)

ditanam rapat5rapat maka hasil kurang, di samping itu air dan racun

5setiap pkk leh menghasilkan 252.1 kg.

harus banyak sebab pokok besar, pancang pun kena kuat.

29


 78< amat sesuai bagi penanam baru nak belajar_:penanam amatur_

8.nipple /000 \$M/00.00

kerana ia amat mudah berbuah lebat dan besar (pada bulan pertama),

J.media cocopeat J0 bag \$M6/1.00

bagaimanapun buahnya amat sukar diterima pasaran (bergantung

;.media sekam bakar J0 bag \$M/J1.00

kepada tempat) dan harganya juga lebih murah.

<.polybag /1 ? /1 ? 70kg. \$M600.00 /0.tong baja a:b ? 2 \$MJ0.00

 18; sederhana mudah untuk dijaga, pokok yang kecil tapi buah

//.tubing 7 mm < roll ? ;0m \$M/<;.00

yang lebat dan berat memungkinkan hasil yang tinggi di samping ia

/2.sil=er shine 0.061mm ? 210m\$MJ0.00

amat mudah diterima pasaran alaupun tak pedas.

/6.fitting lump sum \$M200.00

*os operasi:kos bulanan:kos tidak tetap yang meliputi 

/7.timer digital / minit cutoff \$M80.00 /1.tray semai anak benih /0kpg.\$M60.00

/)benih

/8.benih /0 gm. \$M60.00

2)peatmoss

/J.baja a:b / set 10kg. \$M270.00

6)baja >#

/;.disk filter / \$M11.00

7)racunbaja foliar

!M3> D >%>+ +EM> \  K $M2;/6.00

1)bil air 8)bil elektrik

*os luar jangka dan operation cost spt. racun, baja ulangan dll.

J)tali rafia $usuh tanaman ili Anggaran ks tanaman ili dengan fertigasi keperluan asas

5ulat ratus 5kutu daun:afid 5kutu trip 5hama merah 5hama kuning

fertigasi bagi 1pk ili

5lelompat daun 5pelombong daun 5lalat putih 5ulat pengorek buah

/.polytank 700 gallon \$M700.00

5lalat buah 5ulat pangkas

2.pam 0.J1hp \$M210.00

Tips untuk menga>al serangan lalat buah&

6.main pipe poly 62mm?/00m \$M/20.00 7.poly tubing /6 mm?600m \$M/20.00



lalat buah ni serang buah ili +ang masak dan muda,

1.dripper(putih)/000 \$M;0.00 30

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] 

kersakan bleh menapai 5-:C



tanda kersakan buah ialah buah men6adi berair



-ampur meth+l eugenl dengan air kedalam btl tu dan gantung di ka>asan pkk ili, lalat buah akan masuk dalam

lembikbusuk dan gugur,

btl dan hisap eair lalu mati, atau& -btl >arna kuning terang (attrat serangga), -sembur dengan NEOPA#E (gam) pada permukaan btl kuning tu -gantung pada ka>asan pkk



6ika k+ak 9-lar?a (ulat) dalam buah +ang ber>arna kuning, luar buah ada tanda bintik kena uuk,



rupa lalat buah ni >arna kuning belang hitam, sa+ap dia lut sinar,



serangan bleh di kesan 3 minggu selepas putik keluar,

ili, -lalat buah akan melekat pada permukaan btl tu sebab NEOPA#E tu ada gam, 'angka ha+at pkk ili -semai benih hingga mula tuai 2,4-3 bulan -petik hasil maksimum 5 bulan, -6angka ha+at : bulan dari mula semai (ma, +ield)



ara ka>alan

-'angka


-kutip semua buah +ang kena serang dan masukkan

-Buahn+a sederhana besar,
dalam plastik, -guna sebatian meth+l eugenl untuk menarik dan

sehari bagi 1 pkk (purata)

memerangkap lalat 6antan, ara ini akan kurangkan kadar

-6angka ha+at pkk berbuah utk 5 bulan 9 3 kali tuaiF

pensen+a>aan,

-anggaran sebi6i ili / gram 4 bi6iG/gram 9 34 gram



ANT SERAN..A



ara buat perangkap



-ambil btl air mineral dan ptng buat tingkap (D 2

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %uesday, 27 +eptember 20/6 at 2667 >% +E$>> I.olahan >gropolitan ertili@er +ub5dc *ulim

ini dan < 1 ini),

31


+aya menggunakan kaedah semburan daun petai belalang dan ubi gadong pada daun pokok..tapi pokok anak sait la..alhamdulillah tiada binatang ataupun serangga yang usik daun pokok..

#mmn Name& Lad+birds Lad+bird Beetles Lad+ Beetles Lad+bugs HOf "lridaI Sientifi Name& (nseta& #leptera& #inellidae)

.dlm pemerhatian sy tidak ada apa apa kesan sampingan setakat hari ini..dah 2 tahun lebih dah cuba kaedah ini..kosnya rajin ja..? melibatkan $M..  penggunaannya hanya sebulan sekali semburan..untuk pokok yang baru berbunga, elakkan menyembur pada bunga..nanti kumbang pendebungaan tak singgah lak..langsung tidak berbuah..

(a) Pest Speies - "eeding n Plants

>dults and lar=ae of the subfamily Epilachninae feed on plants. n lorida, this subfamily is represented

cara buat semburan daun petai belalang cara

mudah

ja..ambil

daun

petai

only by Epilachna

borealis (abricius) and E. varivestis Mulsant. Epilachna borealis ,

belalang,blandersampai

the suash beetle, feeds on members of the suash family

hancur..ambil air pati ja utk campuran utk spray..pati daun boleh

(Cucurbitaceae), and in lorida is restricted to the north, ith a ide

dgunakan beberapa kali utk canpuran semburan..nisbah campuran

distribution in other states of the eastern +>. Epilachna varivestis,

/21ml(pati) \ /8 liter air(tanpa klorin)

the Me?ican bean beetle, feeds on members of the bean family (3eguminosae), and rarely has been found south of northern lorida.

bebas dari kesan sampingan..fully organik..boleh juga dicampur

t is nati=e to southern Me?ico, but it is an immigrant to the +>,

dengan baja foliar utk semburan...daun petai ini sifatnya hanyalah

first detected in the est in /;7<, and in northern lorida in /<60.

pahit..daun yang kena semburanakan menjadi pahit,insya>llah

o, its distribution is from Costa $ica north through Me?ico to the

serangga tak ganggu..pantangnya jgn guna air berklorin ja..guna air

$ocky Mountain states of the +>, and ith a separated eastern

sungai,telaga,parit,air hujan dll..

population (hich e?tends southard to northern lorida). n lorida it can be controlled efficiently by releases of the parasitoid 32


asp Pediobius foveolatus (Craford) (Eulophidae) (ong and #ennett /<<7), hich ha=e to be made annually in the northeastern +> (+te=ens et al. /
(d) Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n Dhiteflies our

discussed by +anche@5>rroyo (200<).

ladybirds appear to be more5or5less speciali@ed predators of hiteflies.

%hey

are Delphastus

of loridas

catalinae (orn), D.

pallidus (3eConte), and D. pusillus (3eConte) (tribe +erangiini),

and Nephaspis oculatus(#latchley) (%ribe +cymnini). %he first seems (b) nnuus Speies - "eeding n $ilde>s

3adybirds of the tribe aly@iini (of the subfamily Coccinellinae) feed on fungal groths (mildes) on the lea=es of plants. n lorida, this tribe is represented only by the &est ndian Psyllobora nana Mulsant hich has in=aded the e?treme south of lorida, and

by the idespread Psyllobora parvinotata Casey hich also occupies coastal areas as far est as 3ouisiana.

to be an immigrant species from the eotropical region, ith first lorida record in /merica. >fter [ D. pusillus[ as found to be a a =ery useful biological control agent

against seetpotato hitefly ( Bemisia tabaci (ennadius) (oelmer et al. /<<6) including the [form[ that later as named sil=erleaf () Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n $ites

hitefly ( Bemisia argentifolii #ellos and "erring), [it[ as e?ported to California and made a=ailable commercially and used in

>dults and lar=ae of the tribe +tethorini (of the subfamily

other parts of the +>. nfortunately, the ladybird beetle that as

+cymninae) feed on tetranychid mites. n lorida, this tribe is

called D. pusillus by oelmer et al. (/<<6) seems to ha=e been a

represented only by Stethorus utilis (orn), a tiny ladybird hich is

mi?ture of D. catalinae and D. pusillus (oelmer and "ickett 2006).

also distributed in the coastal plains of the southeastern states from

+omeho this resulted in commercial biological control companies

orth Carolina through %e?as.

selling D. catalinae under the name D. pusillus (oelmer and "ickett 2006). 33


predator

of

mealybugs

in

lorida

is Cryptolaemus

montrou!ieri Mulsant, a species nati=e to >ustralia, introduced into (e) Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n #ttn+ushin Sale

California first in /;
Cottonycushion scale ( Icerya purchasi Maskell), nati=e to >ustralia, belongs to the homopterous family Margarodidae (commonly called [ground pearls[, although this name hardly fits this species) in the superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects). t is a major pest of citrus, and an

important

pest

of

se=eral

other

trees

and

shrubs

including Acacia, Casuarina , and Pittosporum. >fter its arri=al in California, presumably as a contaminant of imported plants, it threatened to ruin Californias citrus industry in the late /;00s. t as controlled by importation, release, and establishment (as classical biological control agents) of odolia cardinalis (Mulsant) and a parasitoid

fly, Cryptochetum

iceryae (&illiston).

&hen

cottonycushion scale became a problem in lorida, the same to biological control agents ere imported from California into lorida. . cardinalis is a highly effecti=e control agent for

lorida. t has been marketed commercially as a control agent for mealybugs and is often effecti=e, but has one unfortunate characteristic its lar=ae produce a?y filaments making them look to the uninitiated like their mealybug prey. Many oners of plants ha=e sprayed the lar=ae ith chemicals in the mistaken belief that they are pests. %his misidentification must be o=ercome by education. Cryptolaemus montrou!ieri does not confine its attentions to mealybugs, and also eats soft scales (Coccidae) and armored scales (Diaspididae). +uch a catholic diet is normal for a long list of lorida ladybirds, so that their diet cannot neatly be pigeonholed as armored scales or soft scales or mealybugs 55 they may eat some prey in all of these families, and a fe of the larger ones may e=en eat an aphid from time to time. or that reason, many genera and species are placed belo under (h) - "eeding n Sale nsets,

cottonycushion scale. (g) Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n Armred Sale nsets (f) Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n $eal+bugs

Mealybugs are the homopterous family "seudococcidae, hich includes some notable pests of plants. %he most notable ladybird

Eight species in four genera seem to feed largely or entirely on armored scale insects (Diaspididae). %hey include "icro#eisea coccidivora (>shmead), ".

misella (3eConte),

and ". 34

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] ovalis (3eConte) of the tribe Microeiseini, $ilus horni ordon, $.

and %yperaspis (/8)

eleutherae Casey, $.

yperaspini), A&ion(/), Chilocorus (6), Curinus (/),

subtropicus (Casey)

and

perhaps $agloba

(all

in

tribe

bicolor (Casey) (its diet is a guess) of the tribe +cymnillini,

and E&ochomus (2) (all in tribe Chilocorini), hy!obius (/) (tribe

and Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall of the tribe Cryptognathini.

Coccidulini), and A!ya (/) (tribe >@yini) (see %able /). t is not yet

One of these, Cryptognatha nodiceps, is not nati=e, ha=ing been

clear ho, or hether, they di=ide up the scale insects beteen them,

imported in the /<60s, released, and established as a classical

because reliable prey records are too incomplete. oe=er, there is

biological

at least some le=el of prey speciali@ation in these (and groups (e), (f),

control

agent

for

coconut

scale

( Aspidiotus

destructor +ignoret) (rank and McCoy /<<6).

and (g) abo=e) that feed on scale insects, hich seems not to be the case for the ne?t5discussed trophic group (those that feed on aphids). Brachiacantha has a curious life history in that its lar=ae so far as is knon feed on scale insects ithin ant nests.

(h) Predatr+ Speies - "eeding n Sale nsets

%hirteen genera containing 88 species are placed here into this large trophic group that has scale insects as its prey, meaning members of the superfamily Coccoidea (the scale insects). %his superfamily includes =arious related families, notably Coccidae (soft scales), Diaspididae

(armored

scales),

"seudococcidae

(mealybugs),

Dactylopiidae (cochineal scales), *ermesidae (gall5like scales), Eriococcidae (felt scales), Cerococcidae (ornate pit scales), and >sterolecaniidae (pit scales). %he ladybird genera are named belo, each folloed by a number in parentheses, representing the number of

species

knon

from

lorida Decadomius (/), Diomus (<), Nephus (6), and Scymnus (/8) (all

in

tribe

+cymnini), Brachiacantha (J), %yperaspidius (1),

hy!obius lophanthae as introduced to California from >ustralia in

/;<2 to control scale insects, and someho later made its ay to lorida (there is no record of an early introduction into lorida). Chilocorus circumdatus (+choenherr) other riters gi=e the author name as yllenhal as released in lorida in /<<8, from >ustralia (although it is nati=e to southeastern >sia and is ad=enti=e in >ustralia) against citrus sno scale, 'naspis citri , and is established (. &. #roning, personal communication, M. C. %homas, personal communication). A!ya orbigera Mulsant as first detected in lorida in /
immigrant from the Caribbean or the #ahamas or #ermuda (#ennett 35


and ordon /<
built large populations and its adults, in their search for

from Cuba (ordon /
o=erintering sites, sometimes are able to enter loosely constructed

to lorida are listed and discussed by rank and McCoy (/<<2).

houses9 there they die of desiccation, or they are e=icted or destroyed by the householders ho accuse them of being pests. %o of these genera, Coleomegilla and "ulsantina , include adelgids

(i) Predatr+ Speies - " eeding n Aphids

(>delgidae), hich are closely related to aphids, in their diet.

>dults and lar=ae of /2 of the remaining /6 lorida species (the tribe Coccinellini)

probably

feed

include Coccinella C. septempunctata3., Coelophora maculata Deeer, Cycloneda sanguinea (3.), %armonia dimidiata (abricius), %ippodamia

Mne=ille, "ulsantina

primarily

on

aphids.

%hey

urther, Coleomegilla also includes pollen hereas "ulsantina also includes scale insects in the broad sense.

novemnotata erbst, inae(ualis (.), Coleomegilla munda (+ay),Cycloneda

Alternati?e "d (Bak t Tp)

a&yridis "allas, %armonia convergens urin5 picta ($andall), Naemia

3adybird lar=ae and adults may supplement their normal prey in times of scarcity ith other types of food. %hey consume floer

seriata(Melsheimer), Neoharmonia venusta (Melsheimer). >lthough

nectar, ater and honeyde 55 the sugary e?cretion of piercing5

the /6th species ( )lla v*nigrumCasey) feeds on some aphid species,

sucking insects such as aphids and hiteflies. Many plant species

it has been shon to be an important predator of psyllids (Michaud

also contain organelles in locations on the plant other than the floer

200/).

55 termed e?trafloral nectaries 55 that produce a nutrient5laden secretion. &hile it as first thought that e?trafloral nectaries ere

our of these, C. septempunctata (from Europe), C. inae(ualis (from

used by the plant for e?cretion, it is ell substantiated (#entley /
>ustralia), %. dimidiata (from China), and %. a&yridis (from !apan)

"emberton and 3ee /<<8) that most plants actually use the

are not nati=e. %he first three ere introduced into lorida (rank

e?trafloral nectaries to attract predators and parasites for protection

and McCoy /<<6). %he last as introduced by the +D> into

from their herbi=ores. O=er 2000 species of plants in 87 families

eorgia and made its on ay to lorida. n some habitats it has 36


ha=e e?trafloral nectaries. "lants commonly found in lorida

5

APAA< $ROOR.ANS$A,

landscapes ith e?trafloral nectaries are the fruit trees, Prunus spp.

Benda hidup +ang sangat seni sehinggakan tidak kelihatan

(most

dengan mata kasar,

of

the

76/

species

orldide

ha=e

them),

passionfloer, Passiflora spp.9 Ipomoea spp., morningglory9 %ibiscus spp.,

hibiscus9 +ossypium

hirsutum,

-

cotton9 Impatiens sp., impatiens9 and ,icia spp., =etch. E?trafloral



Jirus

nectaries may be located on leaf laminae, petioles, rachids, bracts,



Bakteria

stipules, pedicels, fruit, etc. 3adybirds often use the secretions from



ulat

e?trafloral nectaries in their diet ("emberton and andenberg /<<6)



Prt!a

and are just some of the many beneficial insects that use e?trafloral



Algae

5

APA

%$P%LAN $ROOR.ANS$A,

nectary secretions. T%

$ROOR.ANS$A

TE$PATAN

BER"AE7Aasan setempat atau berdekatan melalui prsesprses tertentu +ang memiliki ker6asama antara satu sama lain

PLANT BOOSTER-Sedutan dari
bagi membantu rganisma lain mendapat faedah hasil daripada ker6asama tersebut ,

Seri"ertigasi #y NPQRSTUV TWX on %hursday, 21 !uly 20/6 at /116

5

#ONTO<

S%$BER

PE$ERAAPAN

$ROOR.ANS$A TE$PATAN BER"AE7A<(B$),

M>$ *%> #E3>!>$ MEM#>% "3>% #OO+%E$ 1,

AP L AS

$ ROOR.AN S$A

BER"AE7A< EATAS TANA$AN,

TE$PATAN

a,Susu dan air beras (Latbaillus spp) b,a>asan hutan ($O ATA% B$) ,Pkk buluh  $O ATA% B$ d,Pkk Rhi!ibium- Bakteria pengikat nitrgen 37

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] e,Pemeraman sa+uran dan buah-buahan f,PE$ERA$AN S%S% BERSA$A SA=%RAN 7AN B%A<-

,=is,

B%A


$enghasilkan antibitik hrmn en!im dan prbitik



$en+ediakan substrat untuk laktik asid bakteria dan

5

#ONTO<

=AN.

%$P%LAN

BASA

$ROB

TER7APAT

SE$%LA'A7

atinm+etes

7ARPA7A

PE$ERAN.APAN SE#ARA SE$%LA'A7,

5

a,Latbaillus spp Bateria,

SE#ARA %$%$

b,=east unt,



%ntuk meningkatkan kualiti dan hasil tanaman +ang sihat

,phts+ntheti bateria,



%ntuk meningkatkan ketahanan pen+akit

d,Atinm+etes bateria



$emperepatkan

APAA< EPENTN.AN=A PA7A TANA$ANKKKK

prses pereputan dan penguraian-

Nutrien minerali!atin a,Laktik asid bateria,





lain-simbisis

$emperepatkan penguraian bahan rganik selulsa dan



lignin



$enghalang

serangan

mikrganisma

berbaha+a

$eningkatkan ppulasi mikrrganisma berguna +ang

$engurangkan

kadar

kehilangan

nutrien

dan

meningkatkan keekapan pengambilan nutrient,

 "usarium sp



$erenatkan

pertumbuhan

patgen

-

sebagai agen

5

APAA<

sterili#er

$ROBK





Sebagai agen minerali#ation

=AN.

$E$PEN.AR%<

EAT"AN

Suhu - kurang aktif pd suhu rendah keban+akan aktif pada suhu 34M#-0M#

b,"tsintetik bateria,



p<



mengurai bahan rganik selulsa dan lignin



eamatan



$enukarkan gas tksik kepada gas tak berbau



$engikat nitrgen diudara,

- bergantung kepada 6enis aha+a 

membiak dengan aktif dalam keadaan gelap

38




ehadiran nutrien  semua mikrb memerlukan nutrien keuali ?irus,

o Campurkan semua bahan tersebut kecuali labu dan ragi yang paling akhir campuran. o "eram secara partially anaerobik selama seminggu.

2,APLAS 7OA-OR.AN PLANT BOOSTER EATAS

o Dianggap matang apabila terdapat miselium putih dipermukaan

TANA$AN,

larutan.

-

o %apis dan simpan di tempat yang gelap.

7EA TENOLO.,

asil ino=asi gabungan teknologi organik farming *orea,!epun dan

o *etahanan produk dianggar selama 8 bulan.

ndia yang menggabungkan unsur tanaman buah5buahan dan sayur5

o "erlu dilarutkan sebelum di gunakan.

sayuran yang mempunyai nilai nutrien dan hormon semulajadi yang tinggi bersama mikroorganisma berfaedah. 5

5

PROSES PE$ERA$AN,

BA
o +usu tepung:segar

1kg:13

Terdapat miselium putih tumbuh pada permukaan tanah +ang

o $agi

1 ketul

di appl+ bkashi,

o "isang

1kg

o 3abu

1kg

3, APLAS

o #etik

1kg



o *angkong

6kg

6enis dan umur tanaman

o belacan4udang geragau

6kg

o telur

/0biji

o ula merah

6kg

o >ir

10liter



Bleh digunakan dalam pembuatan kmps ataupun

bkashi,

3,1 #ONTO< APLAS,

 5

Bleh digunakan terus pada tanaman  sukatan mengikut

AE7A< PE$B%ATAN,

Sa>i ba+am dan kailan 4mlLTER AR($1)  1mlL($2) -14mlL($3)



#ili 39

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] 4mlLTER AR($1)  1mlL($3) -14mlL($4)  2mlL($/)-



7apat meningkatkan 2-3C hasil tanaman

penggunaan 2ml kekal sehingga 2minggu seterusn+a,



7apat men6imatkan ba6a





$emperepatkan temph masa pembunggaan



$eman6angkan temph ha+at tanaman

24mlL($/)



$eningkatkan ketahanan pen+akit

3,2 "OR$%LA O$POS,

5

ELE$A


5

Pkk akan menun6ukkan kesan kekurangan nutrien

$eln (rk meln  glmur dan glden langka>i) 4mlLTER

AR($1)



14mlL($3)

-2mlL($4)



4 bhg tin6a a+am8 1 bhg sekam padipeat terpakai 

sesuai untuk tanaman sa+uran



+ang ketara apabila tiada atau ba6a +ang sedikit

4 bhg tin6a a+am 8 3 bhg tin6a kambing 8 1 sekam

padipeat terpakai  sesuai untuk tanaman sa+ur buah



4 bhg tin6a kambing 8 1 bhg tin6a a+am 8 1sekam padi 

peat terpakai



Setiap bahan perlu ampur 4C dedak,

LALAT B%A<

o AE7A< PE$B%ATAN O$POS

#y Mmd >pis >hmad on %uesday, 6 +eptember 20/6 at /77/



esemua bahan rganan diampur

ama biasa 3alat #uah



Lembapkan dengan air berampur 4mlL air sehingga

kelembapan menapai 0-4C



7iperam seara partiall+ anaerbik selama / hari



Selepas itu gaul dan bleh guna terus pada pkk

mengikut kadar +ang dis+rkan ,

ama saintifik Bactrocera carambolae.

*itaran hidup lalat buah %elur  /52 hari

5

EBAAN PLANT BOOSTER



$emperepatkan pertumbuhan pkk

3ar=a ;5/0 hari 40


*epompong  /0 hari. Deasa  15J hari.

a>alan Seara imia

/. 3ebaycid 110 (#ayer cropscience) dengan bahan aktif fenthion (paling

 *epompong terbentuk di dalam tanah.

mu6arab)

2. racun kimia dengan bahan aktif cypermethrin 6. "re=athon  mida untuk matikan ulat dalam buah

>ktif pada aktu pagi antara ;5/0 am dan petang antara pukul 15J pm..

7. Dimethoate  baang putih ( Dimethoate dengan cara kerja sistemik, akan

meresap pada daun dan buah, ulat yang

makan isi buah sebelum jadi pupa akan 3alat buah menyerang dengan menyegat:menyuntik telur pada buah. *emudiaan lar=a yang menetas akan memakan tisu buah dari dalam, antara tanda tanda serangan adalah buah kelihatan lebam,

mati sebab makanan

beracun, jadi populasi lalat berkurang. baang putih menghasilkan aroma yang tidak di sukai serangga 1.racun DMEO ]]baun nya tidak di sukai serangga..

lembik dan berair dan jika di amati pada fi@ikal luar buah akan terdapat kesan seperti tusukan jarum pada bahagian luar buah. !ika

Perangkap Lalat Buah

anda teliti pada bahagian dalam buah pula, akan terdapat ulat yang di panggil lar=a. 3alat buah jika tidak di kaal boleh menyebabkan lebih 10L hasil kebun anda akan musnah

Memasang perangkap lalat buah dengan menggunakan feromon methyl euganol. Methyl euganol akan menghasilkan bau yang akan menarik lalat jantan masuk ke dalam perangkap yang telah di isi air

>ntara punca yang menyebabkan lalat buah datang adalah

atau racun, bila lalat jantan berkurangan maka kurang berlaku

disebabkan oleh buah yang terkena antraknos. !adi kaal lah kebun

persenyaaan dan populasi lalat buah akan berkurangan dengan

supaya jangan terkena fungus antraknos. sembur racun kulat secara

mendadak, perangkap ini haruslah sentiasa di selia (buang lalat yang

rutin..

mati,dan titiskan pemikat yang baru jika bau feromon sudah mula berkurang) dan pastikan perangkap di pasang pada bahagian luar:tepi

#erikut adalah antara *aedah untuk Mengatasi lalat buah..

kebun bukan bahagian dalam kebun 41

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION FERTIGATION & FARMING ARMIN G ] B, ....tips

+elain itu perangkap lalat buah boleh di buat sendiri dengan cara

perangkap lalat buah dari ladang belimbing dan jambu

batu......airr kencing lembu campur dgn perahan airlimau nipis atau batu......ai

berikut 5

kasturi....

*aedah ini ( > dan # ) dikatakan lebih efisyen kerana ia dapat

+elamat Mencuba

memerangkap lalat buah jantan dan betina ]] A.

"erangkap lalat buah yang ekonomik. >pa yang kita perlukan

Nasihat daripada .$ Peladang

ialah 200 ml air 10 gram gula perang

/. Musn Musnahka ahkann punc puncaa =ekt =ektor. or. +pt kita tebang pkok jeni jeniss palm palmaa

/ gram yis ( yis ibu roti, boleh dibeli di pasar raya )

supaya hite fly ? dtg serang pokok tomato.

dan / botol plastik 25liter. 2. !i !ika ka mem memaka akaii per perang angkap kap ser serang angga, ga, let letak ak di lua luarr keb kebun un dan #agaimana caranya

selanggara dgn cara tanam ia tiap sehari:2 kali sehari. !gn biar penuh

/. "otong botol plastik (jenis "E%) pada separuh. +impan bahagian

di dlm botol atau di pelekat.

leher 2. Campurkan gula perang dengan air panas. #iarkan sejuk. >pabila

serangan ter teruk uk mer merau aun n lah se seara ara sel selang ang sel selii har harii 6. 'ika serangan

sejuk, tuangkan

selam se lama a 4 ha hari ri de deng ngan ann n ra rau un n ser seran angga gga,, e emu mudia dian n ka ka>al >al

di separuh bahagian baah botol.

6. %ambah yis. %idak perlu untuk bergaul. a akan menghasilkan karbon dioksida dioksida..

seminggu sekali,

(betina dan jantan tertarik dengan karbon

dioksida) 7. 3etakkan bahagian corong, terbalik, ke dalam separuh botol tadi.

atinm+etes

1. letakkan di sekeliling:luar kebun anda pada ketinggian 256 meter..

#y Mohamad >miruddin Md or on Monday, 2 +eptember 20/6 at

8. ulang buat jika populasi lalat masih kelihatan..

/J/2

42


%hese %he se are the or organ ganism ismss i ith th cha charac racter teris istic ticss com commo monn to bot bothh

present in compost and manures are thermophilic groing at 11581

bacteria and fungi but yet possessin possessingg distinct distincti=e i=e features to delimit

c temperature (eg. %hermoatinomycetes, +treptomyces).

them the m in into to a dis distin tinct ct cat catego egory ry.. n th thee st stric rictt ta? ta?on onomi omicc sen sense, se,

>ctinomycetes belonging to the order of >ctinomycetales are

acti ac tino nomy myce cete tess ar aree cl club ubbe bedd i ith th ba bact cter eria ia th thee sa same me cl clas asss of

grouped under four families fa milies =i@ Mycobacteriaceae,

+chi@o +ch i@omy mycet cetes es and con confin fined ed to th thee ord order er >c >ctin tinomy omycet cetale ales. s.

>ctinomycetaceae, >ctinomy cetaceae, +treptomycet +treptomycetaceae aceae and >ctinoplanaceae. >ctinomycetous genera hich are agriculturally and industrially

%hey are unicellular like bacteria, but produce a mycelium hich is

important are present in only to families of >ctinomycetaceae and

non5septate (coenocytic) (coenocytic) and more slender, tike true bacteria they do

+trepotmycetaceae.

not ha=e distinct cell5all and their cell all is ithout chitin and cellulose (commonly found in the cell all of fungi). On culture

n the order of abundance in soils, the common genera of

media unlike slimy distinct colonies of true bacteria hich gro

actinomycetes actinomycet es are +treptomyces (nearly J0L), ocardia and

uickl ui cklyy, act actino inomy mycet cetes es col colon onies ies gro gro  sl slol olyy, sh sho o po poder deryy

Micromonospora although >ctinomycetes, >ctinoplanes,

consistency and stick firmly to agar surface. %hey produce hyphae

Micromonospora Micromonos pora and +treptosporan +treptosporangium gium are also generally

and conidia : sporangia like fungi. Certain actinomycetes hose

encountered.

hyph hy phae ae

unde un derg rgoo

morphologically

seg egme ment ntat atio ionn and

rese re semb mble le

bact ba cter eria ia,,

both bo th

physiologically.

unctions : $ole of actinomycetes

>ctinomycetes are numerous and idely distributed in soil and are

/. Degrade:decompose all sorts of organic substances like cellulose,

ne?t to bacteria in abundance. %hey are idely distributed distributed in the soil,

polysaccharides, polysacchar ides, protein fats, organic5acids organic5acids etc.

compost etc. "late count estimates gi=e =alues ranging from /07 to /0; per gram of soil. %hey are sensiti=e to acidity : lo "

2. Organic residues : substances added soil are first attacked by

(optimum " range 8.1 to ;.0) and aterlogged soil conditions. %he

bacteria and fungi and later later by actinomycetes, actinomycetes, because because they are slo slo

population of actinomycetes increases ith depth of soil e=en up to

in acti=ity and groth than bacteria and fungi.

hori@on C_ of a soil profiler %hey are heterotrophic, aerobic and mesophilic (21560 c) organisms and some species are commonly

6. %hey decompose : degrade the more resistant and indecomposable 43


organic substance:matter and produce a number of dark black to

ialah ia lah 71 cm (/; in). au aulka lkann tah tahiay iayam am rep reput ut ke da dalam lam tan tanah ah

bron pigments pigments hich contribute to to the dark colour colour of soil soil humus.

sebanyak 10 kg bagi 10 meter persegi ( 100 kaki persegi).

7. %hey are also responsible for subseuent further decomposition decomposition of

7alam Pasu atau Bekas unakan

humus (resistant material) in soil.

tanah campuran mengandungi 6

bahagian tanah, / bahagian tahi ayam reput atau kompos dan / bahagianpasir. bahagianpas ir. sikan tanah campuran tersebut ke dalam pasu

1. %hey are responsible for earthy : musty odor : smell of freshly

sehingga 1 cm (2 in) dari permukaan pasu.

ploughed soils. soils. 8. Many genera species and strains (eg. +treptomyces if

$EN=E7A $EN=E7 A ANA BEN<#agi

actinomycetes produce:synthesi@e number of antibiotics like

kotak semaian berukuran 71 cm ( /; in) panjang, 22 cm (< in) lebar

+treptomycin, %erramycin, >ureomycin etc.

dan /0 cm (7 in in)) tin tinggi ggi.. si sikan kan kotak kotak sem semaia aiann den dengan gan tanah tanah

tanaman di lada ladang, ng, sedi sediakan akan

campuran yang mengandungi 6 bahagian tanah, / bahagian tahi J. One of the species of actinomyce actinomycetes tes Streptomyces scabies causes

ayam reput atau compos dan / bahagian pasir. +emai 6 g biji benih

disease ["otato scab[ in potato.

kedalam keda lam kota kotakk sema semaian ian secar secaraa bari barisan san dan tutu tutupp beni benihh deng dengan an

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^

PAN7%AN $ENANA$ TER%N.

lapisan nipis tanah. !arak antara barisan biji benih ialah 1 cm (2 in) dann 2 cm (/ in da in)) an anta tara ra be beni nih. h. +i +ira ram m de deng ngan anpe peny nyir iram am ya yang ng mempunyai semburan halus dua kali sehari. *otak semaian mesti dilindungi cahaya matahari dan air hujan yang berlebihan. bah

PENANA$AN 7i Ladang #ajak dan gemburkan tanah sedalam /1 hingga 22 cm (85< in).

anak benih ke ladang 6 hingga 7 minggu selepas disemai. +ebelum diubah ke ladang,dedah anak benih kepada cahaya matahari yang penuh selama selama 6 hingga 7 hari untuk mengeraskanny mengeraskannya. a.

+ediakan batas berukuran /.2 m ( 7; in) lebar dan 22560 cm (<5/2 in) tinggi. "anjang batas mengikut keadaan kaasan. !arak antara batas 44

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] 7i Ladangunakan

$ENANA$

kepingan plastik atau rumput5rumput kering

atau pelepah kelapa sebagai sungkupan. 7i Ladang>nak

benih yang berumur 6 hingga 7 minggu boleh di

ubah terus ke batas. +ebelum mencabut, basahkan kotak semaian

7alam Pasu atau Bekasunakan rumput5rumput kerung

supaya anak benih senang di gali. *emudian, gali anak benih dengan

kelapa.

atau sabut

segumpal tanah dan tanam terus kebatas. !arak tanaman ialah <0 cm (68 in) antara pokok dan 80 cm antara baris. 7alam Pasu atau Bekas %anam terus 6 atau 7 biji benih ke dalam pasu sedalam 251 cm ( / in). %inggalkan sepokok sepasu 2 minggu selepas menanam.

PEN'A.AANMenyiram+iram

tanaman pada aal pagi dan leat

petang setiap hari kecuali hari hujan.

$erumput#ersihkan

batas5batas daripada rumput rumpai dengan

menggunakan tangan, cangkul atau tajak.

$en+edia Skngan 7i Ladang+atu kayu sokongan sepanjang lebih kurang /  meter

(1

kaki) dipacak berdekatan tiap5tiap pokok. Dahan5dahan pokok diikat

$emba6a

dengan tali rafia supaya buah terung tidak terkena permukaan tanah. 7i Ladang%abur

baja "* /2/2/J2 di keliling pokok dengan

kadar / sudu besar atau /0 g sepokok setiap dua minggu. 7alam Pasu atau Bekas%abur

/ sudu teh atu 1 g baja "*

/2/2/J2 sepasu di keliling pokok setiap minggu.

7alam Pasu atau Bekas

Cara sokongan yang di amalkan adalah sama dengan sokongan yang dibuat di ladang tetapi kayu yang digunakan berukuran /.2 m ( 7 kaki ) panjang.

Sungkupan 45


OS

PEN.EL%ARAN

BA.

TANA$AN

ADALAN SERAN..A 7AN PEN=AT

T$%N BA. $%S$ 1 JARET & 7O%BLE +embur racum serangga carbaryl (+e=in pada kadar / sudu besar

BON%S 11@@ L%AS ,0
atau /0 g segelen air ) untuk mengaal ulat lipas daun, kumbang daun dan pengorek buah.unakan racun kulat maneb ( seperti

#3 "E$*>$>

*>%%

>$>: !M3>

%

Megamaneb pada kadar / sudu besar atau /0 g segelen air) untuk mengaal penyakit reput buah dan racun kulat benomyl ( seperti #enlate pada kadar / sudu teh atau 6 g segelen air) untuk mengaal

/. #enih 1

6J.00

/;1.00

2. %ali rambut

/1

8.00

<0.00

6. %ali hijau

60

8.60

/;<.00

7. uradan

2

bintik daun.

$E$%N.%T
buah 8 minggu

selepas mengubah. "ungutan hasil dibuat setiap 7 hari. >nggaran hasil ialah sebanyak J1 K /21 kg bagi 10 meter persegi. Denagn harga purata 80 sen sekilo, pendapatan kasar adalah $M 71 K$M J1 .7alam Pasu atau BekasMulalah memetik buah /0 minggu selepas menanam. >nggaran hasil adalah / kg:pokok.

1. $acun siput

6

8. #aja(i) En Cal /8/8/8 /6/02/%E

22.00

77.00

6.00 /

2.1 7.1

<.00 <1.00

<1.00(ii)

//0.00

2J1.00(iii)

/20.00

170.00

J. $acun +eranggai. >rmada 8;0 0.0; s Pengeluaran Timun n?ensinal- leh Nur>ahidah

17.70ii. Cypermetrin /0;0 0.02

2/.80iii. Mospilan J0 0.08

7.20

#y urahidah ambali on %hursday, 21 !uly 20/6 at 0;6; 46


;. $acun kulati. Dithane 71 /060 0.06

20. +ea

28.J;ii. Daconil ;20 0.02

/00.00

/<.8;

<. #iogreen <700 0.06

2;2.00 TOTAL

/0. $acun rumputi. #asta /1

/

R$ ::@,:5

/18.00

/18.00 //. *apur M3

70

/2. #aja Organiki. %ahi ayam

/0.00 /

700.00 600.00

600.00

s Pengeluaran Pendapatan kasar dan bersih Tanaman Timun #y orhisam $amlan on %uesday, 26 !uly 20/6 at /000 %pdate Timun /0/ 1C a>alan SR OR.AN- $%S$ 1

/6. pah pekerja

6820.00

/7. aji pengurus

//10.00

/1. +usut nilai

/00.00

#ilangan "okok  32 pkk %anam  2pril 20/6 %uai  2hb !une 20/6 abis  /0hb !ulai 20/6 !umlah hari menuai  3: hari

/8. "etrol

2/<.20

/J. Diesel

/2<.00

PEN7APATAN

/;. +uratkhabar

/00

/<. "enyelenggaraan mesin

0.10

10.00 60.00

!umlah kutipan hasil 21 M% ( red > 5 $M /.00 ) 2 M% ( red # 5 $M 0.20 ) !umlah "endapatan *asar  $M 21,700.00 PERBELAN'AAN 47

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] Pendapatan Bersih  $M21,700 5 $M <<;J.00 \ R$ 14013,

#enih 2 tin 4 $M /J1.00 \ $M610 "lastik sil=ershine  /1 gulung 4 $M 81.00 \ $M
OR.AN# "%RA7AN 7AR B%A< 'ERN. -

%ali jurai  21 ikat 4 $M 8.00 \ $M /10.00

sedutan dari Di!an aini

#aja Hara 3i=a / beg 4 $M ;1.00 \ $M ;1.00

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on +aturday, 20 !uly 20/6 at 0166

#aja Hara /8  /8  /8 2 beg 4 $M /60.00 \ $M 280.00 #aja Hara /6 // 2/ 6 beg 4 $M /60.00 \ $M 6<0.00

%iga bahan utama, iaitu buah jering, belerang, dan pasir.Cara

+$ >>*  8 liter 4 $M 20.00 \ $M /20.00 (harga buat sendiri)

pembuatannya mudahambil /0 biji buah jering (diambil isi jering)

+$ #>  7.; liter 4 $M 20.00 \ $M<8.00

dikisar, diparut atau ditumbuk halusmasukkan jering yang telah

+$ #>  1.8 liter 4 $M 20.00 \ $M//2.00

dikisar,

Mol kan  /0 liter 4 $M/1.00 \ $M/10.00

besen tambahkan 7 camca: sudu teh belerang:sulfurtambahkan 8

Mol *angkong  7.; liter 4 $M /0.00 \ $M 7;.00

caan pasir halusgaulkan bahan tersebut hingga sebatitutup

Mol "isang  1.8 liter 4 $M /0.00 \ $M 18.00

bekas:besen dengan pembalut plastik: rapper dan simpan di tempat

O  6 liter 4 $M 21.00 \ $M J1.00

kering selama / minggufuradan organik boleh digunakan dengan

MO 2  2 set 4 $M 10.00 \ $M /00

mencampurkan dengan tanah untuk tujuan pemasuan, semaian biji

Dedak 2 beg 4 $M 61.00 \ $M J0.00

benih atau tabur rata di keliling tanaman anda.

"etrol \ $M 200

Ka!alan $i%us &ari 'ering

Diesel \ $M 800

Cara yang biasa dibuat petani di +elangor sebelum musim baru

'umlah s Bahan  $M 6<;J.00

bermula adalah dengan mengumpan tikus dengan padi yang

'umlah ks peker6a 

digaulkan racun tikus. Cara ini agak berkesan kerana tikus agak

2 orang 4 $M /000 4 6 bulan \ $M

8000.00 'umlah besar &

diparut

atau

ditumbuk

halus

ke

dalam

bekas:

terkaal alau pun akhir5akhir ini ada kedengaran kerosakan $M <<;J.00

disebabkan oleh tikus berlaku disana5sini. %api bagaimana kalau saya 48


katakan kita boleh jauhkan tikus dari saah kita dengan

#y &i@an 'aini on &ednesday, /J !uly 20/6 at 26/7

menggunakan jeringZ.

'm Bela umbang dalam ebun;

"ak %am pernah memberikan cara membuat pencegah tikus menggunakan jering dalam salah satu kursus yang dikendalinya.

>pa yang ladybugs makanZ #iasanya deme makan serangga kecil

$upa5rupanya saudara Mohd or +aarani terus mencuba

yang lain.. biasanya serangga yang kita tak suka (perosak)q

disaahnya. Dengar apa kata saudara Mohd or semasa kami

Contohnya aphidsq +ebenarnya, lar=a si kumbang ni pun makan

melaat saahnya tempoh hari. +aah disebelahnya jelas nampak

aphids jugak. *alau nak ladybugs hidup di kebun kita, jangan la

diganggu tikus, tetapi tidak disaahnya.

banyak meracun (kimia).

#ara membuat air 6ering untuk menegah tikus

#ahan/ kg jering yang matang (semai hingga berakar)2 liter air

+elain itu, kumbang ini juga makan serangga lain yang berkulit

Cara/. iriskan jering dan masukkan ke dalam bekas plastik.2.

lembut seperti kutu (mites) dan termasuklah lalat putih (hiteflies).

Masukkan 2 liter air dan rendam jering tadi selama 2 hari.6. %apis dan ambil air rendaman jering tadi. (ota bau air jering sangat

>da

juga

jenis

ladybugs

yang

makan

busuk)7. ntuk disembur ke sempadan saah, ambil satu liter air

daun, TETAP kebanyakkannya makan serangga (Coccinellidae

jering untuk satu tong penyembur. +embur dibatas sekeliling saah

family)q

seolah membuat pagar jering. Cebisan jering bolehlah ditaburkan ke dalam saah jika mahu, atau tabur dikeliling rumah.

Macam mana nak panggil ladybugs datang kebun kitaZ %anam bunga

Cubalah di saah anda atau kebun anda. !ika berjaya menangani

dalam kebun.. buat pagar atau letak di celah5celah pokok di kebun.

masalah tikus, tolong beritahu Mak %am. #oleh kita panjangkan

#iasanya kalau ada bunga adalah kumbangnya. +ayang.. ekosistem

untuk pengetahuan rakan tani yang lain.

kita sudah rosakq Antara pkk +ang menarik lad+bugs datang ialah&

Lad+bugs Q umbang Pemangsa (#inellidae famil+)

/. *etumbar 5 Coriander (Coriandrum sati=um).

49


2. *ucai 5 arlic Chi=es (>llium tuberosum) 5 >phids tak suka kucaiq

n the time plants ha=e e=ol=ed on Earth, they ha=e adapted to utilise fi=e major resources in order to gro. %hese are

6. ennel ( oeniculum =ulgare 7. #utterfly &eed (>sclepias %uberosa) 1. olden Chamomile (>nthemis tinctoria)

3ight, &ater, O?ygen, Carbon Dio?ide, and mineral elements. rom these, plants can synthesise a ide range of organic molecules reuired for life. Of these fi=e factors, it is the mineral element reuirements of plants hich e aim to pro=ide through the use of hydroponic or soilless culture, and

8. "rairie sunfloer (elianthus ma?imilianii)

under optimum conditions of light and temperature the producti=ity of crops is largely dictated by the mineral composition

J. $ocky Mountain "enstemon ;. Harro (>chillia sp.)

in the root @one. >s hydroponic groers and suppliers, it is therefore orth taking a look at hat elements are actually reuired for plant groth, hat their purpose is inside the plant, and hat le=els and ratios are most appropriate for optimising plant groth in a range of conditions. ydroponic Elements 5 &hy e need them ... %he elements reuired for plant groth include the folloing. itrogen

Serets t <+drpnifertigatin Nutrients, #y Mmd >pis >hmad on +unday, /8 !une 20/6 at /276 Serets t <+drpni Nutrients,

itrogen is a component of all amino acids in proteins and en@ymes used in plant tissue, as ell as fla=our compounds and lignin, and as a result the entire plant metabolism depends on nitrogen supply. 50


E?ample of >mino >cid containing %$OE OOC5(C)n5

"otassium is a key acti=ator of many en@ymes, especially those

2

in=ol=ed ith carbohydrate metabolism. "otassium is

&ithout nitrogen, plant groth ceases, and deficiency symptoms

also responsible for the control of ion mo=ement through membranes

rapidly appear. Most ob=ious deficiency symptoms

and ater status of stomatal apertures.

are yelloing or purple colouration of the older lea=es, thin stems,

"otassium therefore has a role in controlling plant transpiration and

and lo =egetati=e =igour. itrogen is readily

turgor. t is generally associated ith plant uality

mobilised ithin the plant, so deficiencies first appear as symptoms

and is necessary for successful initiation of floer buds and fruit set.

on the older foliage. E?cess nitrogen, or specifi5cally

>s a result the le=els of potassium in nutrient

a high nitrogen to carbon ratio ithin the plant, predisposes the plant

solutions are increased as plants enter a reproducti=e phase, and as

to lush soft groth, usually undesirable for

crops gro into loer light le=els, in order to

commercial crops and can retard fruitset, promote floer abscission,

maintain nutrient balance in solution. +ymptoms of potassium

and induce calcium deficiency disorders as fruit

deficiency are typically, scorched spots toards the

de=elop.

margins of older lea=es, along ith generally lo =igour and

itrogen is supplied as nitrate in the hydroponic nutrient solution,

susceptibility to fungal disease. Crops such as tomatoes

usually from sources calcium nitrate, and potassium

can almost double their uptake of potassium during fruiting. >n ideal

nitrate (+altpetre). Occasionally, for e?ample under lo light

source of potassium for hydroponics is

conditions, a small amount of nitrogen is supplied in the

monopotassium phosphate, along ith potassium nitrate. "otassium

ammonium form from compounds such as ammonium nitrate or

sulphate can be used as an additi=e to boost

ammonium phosphate, but this should be limited to

potassium le=els ithout affecting nitrogen or phosphorous.

less than /0L of the total nitrogen content of the nutrient solution to

"otassium chloride should be used sparingly if at all, to

maintain balanced =egetati=e groth and a=oid

a=oid e?cessi=e chloride le=els in solution.

physiological disorders relating to ammonia to?icity. rea should

"hosphorous

ne=er be used in hydroponics. "otassium

%he energy utilisation process ithin plants relies on bonds beteen phosphate molecules 5 energy is stored and 51


released by the compound adenosine triphosphate (>%").

of phosphorous are also supplied by the use of phosphoric acid for

>%" 555555555] >D"  "i  energy

p control.

"hosphorous is an integral part of the sugar5phosphate molecules

Magnesium

used in respiration and photosynthesis, and is a major component of all cell membranes formed using phospholipids.

Magnesium is the central ion of the chlorophyll molecule, and

%$O2000 %M is a registered %rademark of Casper "ublications

therefore has a primary role in the light collecting

"ty 3td and +untec (') 3td.

mechanism of the plant and the production of plant sugars through photosynthesis. Magnesium is also a co5factor in

%he phospholipid 3echitin, a component of e=ery li=ing cell.

the energy utilisation process of respiration in the plant.

C65(C2)/85COO5C2

Magnesium deficiency first appears as yelloing of the lea=es



beteen =eins on the older parts of the plant, although

C65(C2)J5C\C5(C2)J5COO5C2

under orse deficiency the symptoms can spread toards the neer



groth. Magnesium deficiency can also occur

C25O"O65C2(C6)6

during periods of lo light intensity or hea=y crop loading and hen

"hosphorus is in=ol=ed in the bonding structure of nucleic acids

e?cessi=e le=els of potassium are pro=ided in the

D> and $>. Deficiency of phosphate appears as a

nutrient solution. %he main, probably uni=ersal source of magnesium

dull green colouration of the older lea=es folloed by purple and

for hydroponics is magnesium sulphate (Epsom

bron colours as the foliage dies. $oot de=elopment

salts). >lthough limited use is sometimes made of magnesium nitrate

becomes restricted as phosphorous deficiency occurs, due to sugar

it is rarely an economical option. +oil fertiliser

production and translocation being impeded. %he

salts magnesium phosphate or magnesium a mmonium phosphate are

main source of phosphate in hydroponics is monopotassium

not suitable.

phosphate, although limited amounts of ammonium

Calcium

phosphate can sometimes be added. Compounds such as calcium superphosphate should be a=oided. +mall amounts

Calcium is deposited in plant cell alls during their formation. t is also reuired for the stability and functioning of cell 52


membranes. Calcium deficiency is common in hydroponic crops, and

for the element are reasonably fle?ible ithin uite a ide range.

is apparent as tipburn in lettuce, and blossom

&here it occurs, sulfur deficiency shos up as

end rot in tomatoes. Calcium is almost totally immobile in the plant,

a general yelloing of the entire foliage, especially on the ne

as once deposited in cell alls it can not be

groth.

mo=ed. %herefore the deficiency occurs in the neest groth.

ron

Calcium transport is dependent on acti=e transpiration, and so calcium deficiency occurs most often under conditions here

ron is a component of proteins contained in plant chloroplasts, as

transpiration is restricted, ie arm o=ercast or

ell as electron transfer proteins in the photosyn5thetic

humid conditions are often referred to as [calcium stress[ periods.

and respiration chains. Deficiency occurs on the neest lea=es, and

ncreasing calcium content in solution is unlikely to

appears first as a yelloing of the lea=es

impro=e uptake, and in fact, reducing C is one ay to impro=e

beteen =eins, and e=entually the hole leaf becomes pale yello,

calcium uptake in most species by enhancing the

e=en hite, ultimately ith necrotic (dead) spots

uptake of ater. Calcium is supplied by default in most formulations

and distorted leaf margins. ron must be supplied as chelated ron

through the use of Calcium nitrate. E?tra calcium

ED%>, EDD> or E"%> in hydroponics, rather than

can be pro=ided by calcium chloride.

sulphate. ron is the element most susceptible to precipitation at high

+ulfur

(]J) p, so p control to belo p8.1 is necessary to maintain ron in solution in hydroponics.

+ulfur is used mainly in sulfur5containing proteins using the amino

Manganese

acids cysteine and methionine. %he =itamins thiamine and biotin, as ell as the cofactor Coen@yme >, all use

Manganese catalyses the splitting of ater molecules in

sulfur, and so this element also plays a key role in

photosynthesis, ith the release of o?ygen. t is a co5factor in

plant metabolism. +ulfur deficiency in hydroponics is rare, usually

the formation of chlorophyll and the respiration and photosynthetic

because sulfur is present in adeuate uantities

systems. Manganese deficiency appears as a dull

through the use of sulfate salts of the other major elements

grey appearance folloed by yelloing of the neest lea=es beteen

particularly magnesium and potassium, and plant reuire5ments

the =eins hich usually remain green. +pots of 53


dead tissue become apparent on affected lea=es. Manganese is

Copper is reuired in small amounts as a component in se=eral

supplied by manganese sulfate, or manganese ED%>

important en@ymes . %o?icity is more common than

in hydroponics. %he content of manganese in these fertilisers can

deficiency of copper in hydroponics. Copper sulfate is most often

=ary idely beteen different sources, due to such

used, although copper ED%> can also be used in

factors as different ater of crystallisation (Mn+O7.n2O), and

nutrient solutions.

different chelating agents and ra ingredients as ell

+ilica

as manufacturing processes. Manganese, like iron, is less a=ailable to plants at high p.

$ecently silicates ha=e been reported to impro=e the groth and

'inc

de=elopment of some crops. &hen readily a=ailable, silica is incorporated into the root system, and appears to enhance

'inc contributes to the formation of chlorophyll, and the production

nutrient uptake, impro=ing the potential of crops to

of the plant hormone au?in. t is an integral part of

produce higher yields. +ilicates ha=e also been implicated in

many plant en@ymes. 'inc deficiency appears as distortion and

enhancing pollination, as ell as pro=iding increased

inter=einal chlorosis of older lea=es of the crop, and

structural strength of stems and some resistance to foliar diseases.

retarded stem de=elopment. 'inc is pro=ided by @inc sulfate, or @inc

t should be noted, that among the //0 or so knon elements, many

ED%> in hydroponics.

more are likely to be implicated in plant groth.

#oron

ickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, iodine, selenium, lithium and numerous others ha=e been reported to ha=e some

#oron is reuired mostly for cell di=ision in plants, and deficiencies

function in some species of plants.

appear similar to calcium deficiencies, ith stem

ydroponic utrient #asics

cracking and death of the shoot ape? being the most significant symptoms. #oron is supplied as either bora? (sodium

%here are se=eral important factors to decide hen purchasing salts

borate) or boric acid in hydroponic production.

for hydroponic nutrient formulae

Copper

/. %he salt must be completely soluble in ater, that is the salt must not contain additi=es or insoluble fillers, or 54


components (such as insoluble sulphates and phosphates) hich

"otassium itrate (/6L ) >lso supplies 68.1L "otassium

hile useful for soil fertiliser are unacceptable in

>mmonium itrate (66L ) itrogen form is split beteen

hydroponics.

ammonium5 and itrate5, the total ammonium5 L of a

2. Contents of sodium, chloride, ammonium and organic nitrogen, or

formula should be kept belo /1L in most conditions.

elements not reuired for plant groth should be

Other sources

minimised under normal use. %hese elements if not used by plants tend to accumulate in recirculating hydroponic

>mmonium "hosphate (/0L) +upplies  and is soluble, but all 

nutrients to the e?tent that the measured C includes a high

is in the ammonium form, hich limits its appli5cation

proportion of unusable salts.

in hydroponics.

6. %he salt must not react ith other components in the same mi? to

>mmonium +ulfate (2/L) >s abo=e, redundant if using

produce insoluble salts, and it should not radically

con=entional salts. rea (78L) Can cause problems ith

alter the p of the nutrient solution.

ammonia to?icity, and has no C charge so difficult to measure.

7. or commercial use, the fertiliser source must be economical.

itric >cid sed often for p control, but should not be considered

%here is no point using e?pensi=e fertiliser salts hen

a nitrogen source, especially not mi?ed ith salts

a cheaper source is perfectly adeuate.

in stock solutions.

&hat +alts to se

"hosphorus $ecommended +ources

Macro Elements Mono"otassium "hosphate (2/L ") >lso pro=ides 21L "otassium. itrogen

Other sources

$ecommended sources >mmonium "hosphate (22L ") ot used as the main phosphate Calcium itrate (/1.1L ) Commercial calcium nitrate also forms

source as too much ammonium ould be produced.

/L >mmonium5 in solution, and supplies 20L

"hosphoric >cid >s for itric acid abo=e. Older formulations used it

Calcium

as a " source in %opping5up[ mi?tures but this 55


approach is no longer =alid.

ertiliser sources of magnesium used in agriculture (Dolomite,

Calcium +uperphosphate (/0L ") "hosphate is highly soluble (as

Causmag etc) are generally =ery insoluble, and can not

phosphoric acid), but produces an insoluble

be used for hydroponics.

calcium sulfate : calcium phosphate residue in hydroponics.

Calcium

"otassium

$ecommended sources

$ecommended +ources Calcium itrate (20L Ca) Calcium is supplied almost entirely by "otassium itrate (6JL *)

this salt in most nutrient formulations

Mono"otassium "hosphate (21L *)

Calcium Chloride (68L Ca) seful to add e?tra calcium ithout

"otassium +ulfate (70L *) >lso adds sulfur (/JL). seful as an

altering other elements. 3imited use due to its

additi=e to e?isting formulae to boost potassium

chloride content, so only used as an additi=e

le=els.

Other sources

Other sources Calcium chelates E?pensi=e and unnecessary "otassium Chloride (7
Calcium >mmonium itrate ot recommended due to ammonia

although preferably omitted due to its chloride content.

content

Magnesium

Calcium cyanamide $elease amine 5  into solution hich produces

$ecommended sources

free ammonia. Calcium carbonate nsoluble, and inherent p problems

Magnesium +ulfate (/0L Mg) >lso adds sulfur. s highly soluble

Calcium +ulfate ighly insoluble.

and uni=ersal Mg source

+ulfur

Other sources

$ecommended sources

Magnesium itrate E?pensi=e, and unnecessary

Magnesium sulfate (/6L +) "otassium sulfate (/;L +)

Dolomite (Magnesium carbonate) nsoluble residues

Other sources 56


ron ED%>, the manganese becomes partly chelated. >mmonium sulfate

Manganese Chelate (L) >s for e ED%>  the content of Mn can

+ulfuric acid

=ary beteen sources.

%race Elements

#oron $ecommended sources

ron $ecommended sources

#oric >cid (/;L #), +odium borate (#ora?) // 5 /7L # 'inc

ron ED%> (8 5 /7L e) $eadily soluble, and stable form of ron for

$ecommended sources

nutrient solutions. Ensure the element (e) content of the chelate is knon before making formulations.

'inc +ulfate (26L 'n), 'inc ED%> (L)

ron E"%> sing different chelating agents the iron can be protected

Copper

in solution at higher p le=els.

$ecommended sources

ron EDD> [ [ [ Other sources

Copper +ulfate (21L Cu), Copper ED%> (L) Molybdenum

ron +ulfate (20L e) o longer idely used in hydroponics due to

$ecommended sources

its instability in solution. n nutrient solutions iron sulfate tends to form iron hydro?ides hich are insoluble.

>mmonium molybdate (7;L Mo), +odium Molybdate (6
ron Chloride >s abo=e

$atios and Content of Elements in utrient +olutions

Manganese $ecommended sources

Once e ha=e the source of elements (fertiliser salts) for a nutrient formula, the ne?t stage is to combine these into

Manganese +ulfate (27L) Different sources may =ary in MnL due

ratios hich gi=e the acceptable element contents in solution. "lants

to being hydrated or anhydrous. n solution ith

ill take up nutrient elements roughly according 57


to their needs, this is especially true for the major elements, so

Cu 0.01 5 0./

adding elements to solution hen they are not reuired

Mo 0.02 5 0.0J

results in the formula becoming unbalanced for plant groth. >dding

E=en ithin these ranges, nutrient elements can become =ery

e?cessi=e uantities of some of the trace

unbalanced if the ratios are incorrect. 3eaf analysis of

elements can in fact lead to to?icities, hile adding insufficient

crops is a good indicator for acceptable ratios for a formulation

amounts of any element ill e=entually lead to

ithin the abo=e range. %he ratios for a hydroponic

deficiency and poor crop groth. >s hydroponic groers it is

nutrient for any ne crop can be estimated from leaf analysis of a

essential to ha=e an understanding of acceptable ratios

ell gron plant, as if a plant appears to be thri=ing

for all the elements used in hydroponic formulations to ensure the

and producing ell, then e can assume its nutrient mineral content

nutrient solution is supplying the plants needs and

is optimum, hence tissue analysis ill gi=e the

is neither to?ic or deficient. enerally the range of acceptable

nutrient ratios optimum for the root @one solution. %his basic formula

element concentrations is ider for the major nutrients,

can then be fine tuned during different crop

than for the trace elements as can be seen from the table belo.

groth stages and seasons. +ome indications for acceptable ratios of

Element $ange in ""M for utrient +olution

major nutrient elements are gi=en belo. Element $atio $atio

 /00 5 710 " /0 5 /00

 " 6 5 ;

* /00 5 810

* 0.21 5 /.1

Mg /0 5 <1

Ca 0.; 5 /.2

Ca J0 5 600

Mg 0./ 5 0.7

+ 20 5 210

"+ 0.8 5 /

e 0.1 5 8

C and EC ""M.

Mn 0.6 5 7 # 0./ 5 0.;

C or EC is a commonly used measure to determine the strength of

'n 0./ 5 0.1

a hydroponic nutrient solution. >s salts disso5ciate 58


into ions in solution, they carry a positi=e or negati=e charge (eg

recirculating through a groing crop for a fe eeks, the element

*O6 55] *  O65,) hich can transmit

content changes 5 the C may ell stay the same.

electricity. "ure ater ill not transmit electricity, but as soon as

Conducti=ity of +ome Common ydroponic utrients at 2000 ""M

salts are added, the ability of the solution to conduct electricity increases. %his conductance increases ith increasing

+>3% mg:l C EC

solution strength. C (Conducti=ity actor) and EC

Calcium itrate 2000 20 2

(Electrical Conducti=ity) are a measure of this characteristic of

"otassium itrate 2000 21 2.1

nutrient salt solutions.

Magnesium +ulfate 2000 /2 /.2

&hile C seems to be a =ery con=enient measure, there are problems

%he C of a nutrient formulation is a combination of the C

associated ith relying only on C to control

contributed by all the dissociated nutrient salts from the >

hydroponic nutrient formulae.

and # stock solutions as ell as impurities from the ater supply,

) %he C ill be roughly the same regardless of the element content

and is not really any indication of the uality of the

of the solution. > nutrient solution ith C 20 can

formula, just an estimate of its strength. n hydroponics the only ay

not be distinguished from a sodium chloride solution ith C 20.

to determine the nutrient makeup of a formula is

ii) Different nutrient salts sho different capacities to conduct

either to ha=e a complete mineral analysis done, use a range of

electricity hen in solution, so that depending on the nutrient

specific ion meters or to calculate the nutrients in

ratios and the indi=idual salts used, the C may gi=e a =ery different

ad=ance and use these in drain to aste systems. >ny solution in

indication of the true ionic strength of the solution. >

recirculating hydroponics ill change o=er time.

solution of potassium nitrate at C20 ill be appro?imately half the

Outside of hydroponics C may not e=en be a measure of the

strength (in ppm) of a solution of magnesium sulfate at

strength of a formula, as a range of nutrients (eg rea)

C20. %his is because potassium nitrate conducts nearly tice as

and compounds (eg fungicides) are added to ater in fertigation or

much electricity at the same ionic strength.

spraying hich do not conduct electricity. ""M

iii) E=en if the nutrient element content of the formula as knon accurately at the start, once the solution has been 59


%he other common indicator for hydroponic nutrient strength is ""M, or parts per million. / part per million is eui=5alent

f e assume that in hydroponics, the C is a measure of the strength

to / mg per litre, or / g per m

of a nutrient solution, this has a significant

6

affect on the groth of plants, regardless of the mineral content of

. n theory, this is a measure of the actual strength of the nutrient

the solution.

elements in

Osmosis describes the beha=iour of ions in solution hen separated

solution, and ould seem to be an ideal measurement for

by a semi5permeable membrane, as for e?ample

hydroponics. oe=er, measuring this in practice is =ery

at the interface of root cells and nutrient solution. %he concentration

difficult for a groer in hydroponics.

of ions on either side of the membrane deter5mines

&hy ot %D+ MetersZ

the net flo of ions through the membrane, as if ions are more concentrated in solution than in root cells and

>n alternati=e to sol=e the problems ith C as a measurement may

the membrane permits the transmission of ions, then ions ill tend to

seem to be to use %D+ or total dissol=ed solids

flo into the roots. %his process is knon as

as a measure of nutrient solution strength, and if %D+ Meters in fact

passi=e transport or diffusion, and is assisted by the flo of ater in

did this, it ould sol=e the problems. oe=er a

the transpiration stream of the plant. n fact, root

%D+ meter is simply a C meter ith different calibration and

cells tend to maintain uite high osmotic potentials but lo

display 5 it still only measures electrical conducti=ity,

concentrations of ions hich attract ater and ions into the

and in fact is less accurate because of the assumptions made

roots. +ome ions, Ca

regarding the salt makeup of the solution 5 many

2

assume sodium chloride and ha=e a fi?ed con=ersion factor (eg

and *, O

J0ppm per C unit) hich can not be adjusted for

65

different solution formulations. %D+ meters hich can be calibrated

, for e?ample, are able to be transported into root cells, e=en against

for different formulations are a better alternati=e,

a concen5tration

but still are only measuring C in reality.

gradient by the energy reuiring process of acti=e transport. Once

C Effects on "lant roth

ater and ions are inside the roots they 60


diffuse through into the ?ylem =essels and flo ith the

higher in the root@one than in the feed solution. %he ratio of C in

transpiration stream up into the stem. > natural reaction of

the feed to root@one and leachate solutions

some plants to increasing solution strength, is to accumulate

needs to be ell regulated in drain5to aste systems, and C in

assimilates in the lea=es and fruit to eualise the osmotic

(feed) and C out (drainage) are standard

potential ith the root @one.

daily measurements.

%his e?planation may seem complicated, but it is the basis for the

p

effects noticed by increasing or decreasing C in hydroponics. C influences the osmotic potential of the solution in

%he p of a nutrient formula is the measure of acidity belo p J or

the root @one, hich influences the plants rate of

alkaline abo=e p J. t is defined as the [in=erse

ater and nutrient uptake, and the adjustments made to osmotic

log of the hydrogen ion concentration[. %he practical implication of

potential inside the plant. ncreasing C ill reduce

this definition is that each p reduction of / unit

ater uptake by the crop, and cause many crops to concentrate

actually means the formula becomes /0  more acidic, a solution

organic compounds in fruit and foliage. ncreasing C

ith a p of 7 is /0 ? more acidic than p 1, and

tends to slo =egetati=e groth, and harden plants. Con=ersely,

/00 ? more acidic than p 8.

loering C ill increase ater uptake, and produce

p and ormulations

lush soft groth. Conseuently, the C of solutions is normally increased during inter and for fruiting crops, hile

%he strength (C) of the formula does not affect the p, but it does

summer groing and leafy crops are normally run at a lo C to

affect the buffering capacity at any p. %his is

maintain optimum uality.

demonstrated by the amount of acid:alkali needed to change p by /

C can be maintained at higher le=els in solution culture than in

unit at different C 5 as C increases, more p

media or drain to aste systems. n solution

adjuster is needed to alter p by the same amount.

culture there is a constant supply of ater and the C does not

Different formulations ill ha=e different starting p =alues,

fluctuate in the root @one, hereas in media

because different salts become more or less acidic hen

systems e=aporation from the surface of the media and plant ater

dissol=ed into ater. +alts such as monopotassium phosphate loer

uptake can result in the C becoming much

the p more than salts such as calcium nitrate. 61


Most formulations ill result in an initial p of around 1.1 5 8.0,

hydro?ide and hydrogen ions hich produces a mild acidifying

hich is ideal for the groth of most crops. %his p

effect hen in solution.

results from only the commonly used salts being dissol=ed into stock

p and ydroponic Crop roth

solutions, and so addition of acid or alkali to stock solutions is usually unnecessary. oe=er, these p le=els

Consideration of p is important for hydroponic groers, because

assume neutral ater supplies, if the ater supply

the p of the solution affects the solubility of

has a high p, along ith high alkalinity then the p of the stock

elements, and their a=ailability to plants. Most problems occur here

solutions hen diluted into ater ill be uite

p becomes too high, abo=e J, resulting in

different. >lkalinity refers to the strength of the high p, as a ater

firstly iron then manganese and calcium forming insoluble salts

supply ith high alkalinity ill reuire more,

hich precipitate out of solution. >s the p

stronger acid, to reduce the p by the same amount as a ater supply

increases abo=e J, plant uptake of some ions becomes less efficient,

ith lo alkalinity. %his inherent buffering ability

so plants become deficient e=en if the ion

ill carry on into the nutrient formulation. t is best to correct the p

is present in solution.

of unsuitable ater before making up the stock

>s plants remo=e some ions from solution, the solution p drifts,

solutions

upards or donards. f left uncontrolled,

n hydroponics, some salts can be used to influence the p control of

typically the p ill drift donards (to appro? 7.1) for se=eral

the nutrient solution, reducing the reuirement

days after planting a ne crop, after hich the p

for acids during groth de=elopment phases of the crop. >mmonium

ill steadily increase (to appro? J or abo=e). %his feature is due to

nitrate is one salt used for this purpose, and the

the differential uptake of ions from solution,

optimum amount seems to be that hich pro=ides /1L of the total

ith the release of hydrogen () or hydro?yl (O5) ions from the

nitrogen of the formula in the ammonium form.

root system. >s positi=e ions, cations (Ca

>mmonium in nutrient solution tends to be acidifying, as firstly

2

unlike nitrate it is a positi=e ion, and hen taken up by

, *,

plants is replaced by hydrogen ions reducing p in the root @one, and

Mg

secondly ammonium forms ammonium

2 62


etc) are remo=ed from solution, hydrogen ions are released from the

eg hen calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate are added to ater in

plant root system to eualise the ratio

strong solutions the salts dissociate

of anions to cations in the root @one. %his loers the p of the

producing magnesium nitrate along ith calcium and sulfate ions

solution. >s the crop commences acti=e groth

hich then combine to form calcium sulfate or

anions (O 6 etc) are taken up hich increases p through the

gypsum hich precipitates. %his occurs because compounds such as

release of hydro?yl ions into solution.

calcium sulfate ha=e =ery lo saturation

ydroponic utrient ormulation #asics

=alues (see later)and can not e?ist as concentrated solutions. enerally it is necessary to keep the calcium

%he range of hydroponic nutrient formulations a=ailable seems =ery

separate from the sulfate and phosphate salts. %herefore the calcium

di=erse, and yet if e look closely at their content

nitrate and calcium chloride is kept

there are se=eral underlying principles in=ol=ed in formulating

separate from the magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, sulfates of

hydroponic nutrient solutions. %he folloing are some

trace elements, and monopotassium

standard features of hydroponic formulations

phosphate, all other salts can be mi?ed in either > or #. %here are

$eason for 25"art_ > and # mi?.

certain brands of nutrient hich seem to combine all elements into a single mi?, but the manufacture of these

n order to combine all the elements commonly needed for plant

products is beyond the reach of most

groth into a concentrated form, the salts need

groers.

to be mi?ed into 2 separate solutions. %he reason for this is that,

ro =s #loom, +ummer =s &inter, Drain5to5&aste =s %

hile in dilute solution all ions become soluble, in concentrated solution certain ions react together to form insoluble

"lants in nutrient solution culture ill remo=e different ions faster

salts. f an ion is in an insoluble salt, it is no

from solution at different stages of groth or

longer a=ailable for plant groth. Once precipitated it can only =ery

de=elopment, as ell as during different light and temperature

sloly dissol=e back into solution hen

conditions, and if left unchecked this uickly

diluted again. "recipitation is simply the result of to ions

results in formulations being unbalanced. ote that unbalanced does

combining in solution to form a salt hich is insoluble,

not necessarily mean precipitated, or 63


to?ic.

C. %herefore a &inter formula may be similar to a #loom and

&hile there are for e?ample, ro and #loom formulae a=ailable,

summer formula can be similar to gro. %he C for

it is important to note that using eg a

arm, high light conditions is usually loer to allo for increased

[#loom[ formula ill not suddenly force =egetati=e plants to

transpiration and ater uptake.

commence floering and fruiting, any more than

%he differences beteen the to sets of formulae becomes more

using a [+ummer[ formula produces fine eather. %he differences

e?treme the further the groer is from the euator,

beteen the formulae is simply to allo the

and ob=iously depends on the crop being gron. or e?ample a

nutrient solution to remain balanced for longer periods, hile

oregian tomato groer is likely to make bigger

estimating the likely rate of remo=al of certain ions

changes to their nutrient solution during the year, than a lettuce

from solution under different conditions.

groer in +ingapore.

n general, as plants gro from being =egetati=e to floering and

%he difference beteen groing in media and drain to aste,

fruiting, the uptake of potassium and phosphorus

compared to recirculating solution as in %, is mainly

increases in proportion to nitrogen. %herefore a #loom formula ill

due to the C and the fact that nutrients do not become unbalanced in

typically ha=e more potassium or a higher *

media systems to the e?tent that they can in

ratio than the eui=alent ro formula. Other changes can result

%. enerally solutions used for media and drain to aste are run

from the increased * ratio, the p of the formu5lation

at loer C than if the same solution as running

can become slightly loer, the orking C ma y become higher, and

in a recirculating solution culture system. or e?ample a capsicum

the amount of magnesium supplied can

groer using rockool may apply nutrient solution

also increase to a=oid potassium induced magnesium deficiency,

at a C /8, hereas in % the same solution ould be used at C

common for e?ample on tomatoes ith hea=y fruit

21. %his difference is due to the solution applied

loads. Con=ersely a ro formula ill pro=ide a higher * ratio,

being at a different C to the root @one, and the drainage solution in

slightly loer C at the same dilution, and less

media systems. +ome media are reported to

e?treme =ariation beteen the ratios.

influence the retention or chemical nature of the applied nutrient

"lants groing under lo light conditions and cold temperatures

solution especially the p, but this is often only a

usually take up e?tra potassium, and tolerate a higher 64


minor problem hen using ne material, and in the case of p

nder certain conditions, for e?ample if alternating beteen > and

alteration is easily managed. n reality, there should be

# stock solutions in drain to aste, it is useful if

no difference beteen nutrient solutions used for different groing

both stock solutions each ha=e the same C hen diluted for use. n

systems other than the orking C, and the

this situation the ratio of potassium nitrate in > to

freuency of replacement.

# is adjusted until the C are the same. ormally, this is not

+trength and Dilution

important, and the C of # is usually about /.1 or 2 times the C of > if potassium nitrate is not di=ided beteen > and

%here is a physical and chemical limit to the amount of salts hich

#. &hen both are diluted eually the correct C

can be dissol=ed into nutrient stock solution. %his

ill result.

limit, the saturation =alue, is different for each salt, and restricts most

#uying "re5Made or Make Hour On

formulations to a ma?imum dilution rate of 100 5/000 times. %his =alue =aries depending on ho the formula is split

t as commonly suggested by nutrient manufacturers that it as

beteen > and #, and the predominant salts used,

false economy if not disastrous for mere groers to

for e?ample, much more calcium nitrate can be dissol=ed into / litre

attempt to make their on nutrient formulations. Often these

of ater than potassium nitrate. >bo=e the

suggestions ere prompted by commercial interests, and

saturation =alue for a particular salt, the salt remains in crystal form

the fe failures that occurred in groers making their on nutrients

and does not dissociate in solution. > useful

ere capitalised on and used as e?amples of hy

practice to o=ercome this limitation is to split the potassium nitrate

groers should only trust reputable nutrient manufacturers.

reuirement of the formula eually beteen the >

oe=er, there are significant cost benefits to making your on

and # solutions 5 as potassium nitrate has the loest saturation =alue

nutrient formulations, there is great fle?ibility, and if

of the major salts, this increases the potential

done correctly groers are likely to end up ith a better formula.

concentration of the formula abo=e hat could be achie=ed if all the

%here are of course ad=antages and disad=antages to both situations.

potassium nitrate as in part > or #.

#uy "re5Made f . . .

+olution #alancing_

65


Hou can not obtain all the correct nutrient salts at an economical

=u an handle the alulatins and +u ha?e the rret

price or acceptable uality.

infrmatin,

Hou do not ha=e eighing euipment capable of eighing don to

=u >ant t mai ntain fleibilit+,

about 1g (small amounts for trace elements are

=u get nutrient anal+sis dne e?er+ s ften and +u are

eighed out in large amounts and the stock solutions diluted into >

nfident +u kn> >hat t d,

or #) =u d nt ha?e the time t >eigh ut salts and dissl?e them, .d brands are a?ailable >hih +u ha?e used suessfull+ and

$emahami

andungan

%nsur

dalam

Ba6a

the prie differene t hange isnt >arranted,

( 7eding Nutrient Slutins )- $hammad

=u d nt see the need t hange + ur frmula during gr>th,

Abdul Rahman

=u dnt ha?e the infrmatin r understand the alulatins

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 1 !une 20/6 at /200

in?l?ed in making +ur >n nutrient frmula, =u dnt trust +ur > n abilit+ t make a rret deisin,

"lants reuire nitrogen (), phosphorus (") and potassium (*), along

=u like t ha?e smene else t blame if things g >rng,

ith other elements knon as macro5 and micronutrients, to gro

$ake =ur O>n f , , ,

ell. n the ild, plants send out roots and tr y to find usable sources of these elements. n a garden, these nutrients are usually supplied

=u an spare the time,

(one ay or another) by the gardener =ia fertili@ers. &ith fertili@ers,

=u >ant t sa?e mne+ >here salts are a?ailable and heap

the gardener adds material that contains the desired elements in

>ith gd ualit+,

forms that are either immediately a=ailable to the plant, such as is the

=u >ant t ptimise +ur nutrient slutin s +u are nt

case ith many nutrient salts, or ill break don gradually o=er time

dumping s freuentl+ - sa?e mne+ again,

to become a=ailable to the plant, as organic materials tend to do. n

=u ha?e the euipment t >eigh and measure salts,

either case it is in the best interest of the gardener to ha=e some idea

=u >uld like t ustmise +ur slutin t rp gr>th and

of the nutritional =alue of the fertili@er being added, both to make

en?irnment t get better results,

sure that they don_t o=erfeed or insufficiently feed their plants, and to 66


make sure that they aren_t adding se=eral sources of one element and

o?ide is ;6L elemental *, so a final 5"5* =alue of /7 ould

not enough of another.

indicate a fertili@er that is //.82L * (0.;6 ? /7 \ //.82).

utrient solutions are generally based on true solutions, although the

&hile knoing that the composition of our solute is /0L , 2./;L "

math orks out the same e=en if they are mi?tures instead.

and //.82L * tells us some useful information about the proportions

> solution is made of at least to substances. %he majority of the

of hat e are putting into the ater to make our solution,

solution ill be the solvent (in a(ueous solutions, like those used in

concentration is another critical factor. >s this is a pretty potent

gardening, the sol=ent used is ater). %he substance dissol=ed into

nutrient, the difference beteen mi?ing / mg per liter and / tsp (1

the ater is knon as the solute. %he amount of solute in a solution

mg) per liter makes for a =ery different e?perience for the plants (this

determines the solution_s concentration. %o put is simply, the more

is hy  recommend at least reading the recommended feeding rates

nutrient added to the ater, the stronger the solution becomes.

e=en if you don_t follo them e?actly). !ust ho big of a difference

*noing hat elements (nutrients) a solute (the fertili@er) has, and at

can be shon ith a little more math and the numbers e already

hat strength they are in, is important to calculating the final nutrient

ha=e.

solution gi=en to the plants. %o help ith this, fertili@ers are marked

/ liter of ater eighs /,000 g. f e add / g of solute, the total

ith an 5"5* listing =alues to help gardeners get an idea of ho

eight becomes /,00/ g. +ince our solute is / g of /0L elemental ,

much , " and * is in the bottle or bag.

e can calculate the eight of the element /0L of / g \ 0./ g.

"arts per hundred is a pretty common ay to relate to things,

+ince fertili@ers are added to in small a mounts, and the amount of the

although it is more commonly referred to as percent. or e?ample, a

desired elements are only a fraction of those small amounts, it is

fertili@er ith an 5"5* rating of /0515/7, is made of /0 parts  per

common to use parts per million (ppm) to e?press ho much of each

/00 parts of fertili@er. >nother ay to e?press that is to say it is /0L

element is in the nutrient solution. "arts per million is used for

. n the case of , the 5"5* =alue listed and the amount of

concentrations smaller than can be easily e?pressed in parts per

elemental  are the same. or " and *, their 5"5* =alues are for

hundred (percent), but larger than those commonly e?pressed in parts

the o?ide forms. "hosphorus o?ide is 76.8 parts per /00 elemental ",

per billion. %o calculate ppm, simply di=ide the eight of element in

soùsing the 5"5* =alue abo=e`multiplying 1 by 0.768 ill gi=e

solute by the total eight of solution and multiply that total by one

the elemental " =alue of 2./; parts per hundred, or 2./;L. "otassium

million. +o, using the data from our e?ample for  (0./ g  : /,00/ g) ? /,000,000 \ /00 ppm elemental . 67


&e can also calculate the =alue of " and * using this same formula.

>lso note that the euation can be re=ersed to estimate a dose from a

(0.02/; g " : /,00/ g) ? /,000,000 \ 22 ppm elemental "

desired ppm. f a concentration of /10 ppm of  is the goal (and

(0.//82 g * : /,00/mg) ? /,000,000 \ //8 ppm elemental *

e_re using our sample solute of /0L ), then

+o, if / g of this nutrient is added per liter, the nutrient solution ill

/10 ppm \ /0L ? /,000,000 ? amount to add : /,000 g (ish).

ha=e /00 ppm , 22 ppm " and //8 ppm *`hich is in the ballpark

%his reduces to

for many plants that aren_t acti=ely fruiting. +ince plants can sur=i=e

/10 ppm \ 0./ ? /,000 mg ? amount to add.

tice those =alues, going as high as 2 gm per liter ould be

3eading to the anser of

reasonable to ork up to.

/.1 g \ amount to add.

ote if gallons are easier for you to ork:mi? in, simply multiply

One of the most important statistics to consider in formulating a

the / g by 6.J;17/ to get the amount to add per gallon (in this case,

feeding schedule is the ppm of each element of the final solution. #y

6.J;17/ g).

running the numbers on paper, schedules can be e=aluated (e=en if

#ack to our e?ample, if you ere to use / tsp per liter (or a heaping

they use se=eral different components in concert). >lso, not only can

tablespoon per gallon) instead of / g, calculating ppm shos ho

current feeding schedules be analy@ed, but they can be adjusted to

dramatic a difference that makes for your plants. ere is the math

produce specific ppm solutions for different stages of plant groth.

/ tsp \ 1 g.

or those that follo the manufacturer_s recommended application

&eight of  in solute \ 0.1 g (/0L of 1 g)

schedule, these types of calculations should already ha=e been into

&eight of " is solute \ 0./0< g (2./;L of 1 g)

account. oe=er, for those gardeners ho like to e?periment hile

&eight of * in solute \ 0.1;/ g (//.82L of 1 g)

trying to perfect their on feeding regimen concentrations, these

%otal eight of solution \ /,001 g (/,000 g ater  1 g solute)

types of calculations can be critical.

+o,

Oh, and if math isn_t your strong suit, or you ould just prefer not to

(0.1 g : /,001 g) ? /,000,000 \ 7<; ppm of elemental 

do the calculations yourself, don_t despairq %here are free nutrient

(0./0< g : /,001 g) ? /,000,000 \ /0; ppm of elemental "

calculators online that can be used to compute the ppm =alues ith a

(0.1;/ g : /,001 g) ? /,000,000 \ 1J; ppm of elemental *

minimal effort on your part.

%his ill almost certainly cause o=erfeeding problems.

68


humic substances. n order to isolate ful=ic acid, it must undergo an additional e?traction process using either acid or cold purified ater to separate it from humic acid. (or best results in the garden, use only high5grade, non5chemical, cold5ater e?tracted ful=ic acid.) umic substances`such as ful=ic and humic acid`commonly used

P%LJ#<%$#

A#7-

$hammad

Abdul

Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 1 !une 20/6 at /208

in hydroponic and horticultural applications are sourced from areas rich ith deposits knon as humates. %hese humates include materials like peat moss, lignite, 3eonardite and humic shale, and they are found in areas rich ith mineraloid deposits, such as auatic ecosystems, bogs, marshes and dry lakebeds. %he uality of the

A .lden Opprtunit+& "ul?i Aidhumi aid

ul=ic acid is one of the most ell5balanced and =ital minerals on Earth. Dubbed the miracle molecule due to the sheer number of functions it performs, ful=ic acid is a truly unparalleled compound. %he plant and animal kingdoms rely on its benefits to support all life on the planet. Originating from the ord ful=us (3atin for yello), ful=ic acid is named for its natural golden honey color. ul=ic acid is a natural acidic organic polymer. %his means that it is not a single molecule, but rather a combination of many different molecules ith similar chemical properties. ul=ic acids, along ith humic acids, are compounds found in humus` organic material that as metaboli@ed by fungi and microorganisms o=er millions of yearsànd are some of the most biologically rich substances a=ailable. %hanks to its molecular structure, ful=ic acid has specific ad=antages o=er other

products is directly related to the source of the humates from hich they ere deri=ed. ul=ic acids e?tracted from 3eonardite pro=e to be the best uality products on the market due to their high percentage of ful=ic content. &hile ful=ic acid is often recogni@ed as an ingredient in se=eral horticultural products, many people might not reali@e hat specific features and benefits this poerful supplement has to offer. %he simple incorporation of ful=ic acid into an e?isting nutrient schedule promotes a noticeable difference in the health, =itality and o=erall producti=ity of indoor and outdoor gardens. One of the most important features that ful=ic acid offers the horticulture industry is its natural ability to chelate nutrients. %he ord chelate is deri=ed from the reek ord chele, hich literally means cla. ul=ic acid acts like a cla to bond ith macro5 and micronutrients that might otherise be inaccessible to the plant. 69


&ithout the help of the ful=ic acid, many of the larger molecules that

trace elements and minerals become readily a=ailable to the plant.

are unable to permeate cell alls ould not make it into the plant

&hen used as a root drench in soil gardens, ful=ic acid helps

and get ashed aay in runoff ater. oe=er, once minerals fuse

impro=e soil structure by deli=ering macro5 and micronutrients

ith the ful=ic acid, they become bioacti=e and chemically a=ailable

directly to the root @one, encouraging healthy groth. f used as a

to the plant here they are needed most. %his is because ful=ic acid

foliar spray, ful=ic acid ill increase the amount of internodes or bud

`due to its lo molecular eight`can easily penetrate the cell

sites on a floering plant. t also promotes sturdy stalks and stems

alls of plant tissue, alloing the larger nutrient molecules to

hile correcting minor deficiencies that might be present ithin the

piggyback their ay into the plant. Once the chelated minerals are

plant.

inside the plant, the ful=ic acid acts as a deli=ery system to transport

>nother benefit of ful=ic acid is that it increases drought tolerance in

the nutrients to the parts of the plant here they ill ser=e the best

plants. #y increasing the permeability of the cell alls in plant

functions.

matter, ful=ic acid allos for plants to intake more ater. &ith the

%he increased uptake of nutrients ith the help of ful=ic acid

heightened capacity to retain ater, plants stay uenched for longer

ma?imi@es the efficiency of the nutrients in any synthetic or organic

periods of time. %his drought tolerance and ater retention aid in

fertili@er (ama@ingly, one ful=ic acid molecule has the capacity to

monetary, as ell as resource, sa=ings. >lso, hydrated plants are

transport do@ens upon do@en of minerals into the cells of a plant). t

happy plants.

naturally increases the plant_s metabolism and increases en@ymatic

>s if that is not enough, the list of functions that ful=ic acid performs

acti=ity, making food more a=ailable to satiate the plant_s groing

goes on. t acts as a highly effecti=e natural immunity booster for

appetite. urthermore, it helps the plant retain and fully utili@e

plants. #y infusing plants ith an abundance of minerals and trace

nutrients. %his heightened efficiency results in feer nutrients

elements, ful=ic acid helps to boost their resistance to a host of

needed o=er time, hich sa=es money for gardenersq

en=ironmental problems, such as disease, mold, fungi and insect

ul=ic acid can be used indoor or outdoor in soil or hydroponic

infestation.

systems, and is completely safe for organic gardeners. t can be

ul=ic acid also orks as a natural deto?ifier and protecti=e agent. t

added to a nutrient solution and atered in as a root drench, or it can

remo=es to?icity from poisonous herbicides and pesticides from the

be applied as a foliar feed. ul=ic acid also contains o=er J0

plant_s system. t acts as a natural antio?idant that neutrali@es free

nourishing trace minerals and hen mi?ed ith ater, these =ital 70


radicals by sca=enging for unpaired positi=e or negati=e electrons

supplementing a normal nutrient regimen ith ful=ic acid, farmers

and supplying them ith an opposite charge.

can increase the fertility of their crops and encourage bountiful

ul=ic acid is also an e?cellent p buffer that ill slightly loer p,

har=ests that yield fruits and =eggies rich ith nutritional sustenance.

help to stabili@e drastic fluctuations and retain a steady p balance.

or yields that are orth their eight in gold, try ful=ic acidà

%his is important because plants rely on a specific p range to make

golden opportunity for your garden.

use of =ital nutrients. f the p solution of a nutrient mi? is too lo, or acidic, certain macro5 and micronutrients are rendered useless to a plant and it might become deficient in those minerals. f the p le=el

Rt .r>th Stimulatin and $irrganisms

of the feed solution is too high, or alkaline, the mi?ture could

-$hammad Abdul Rahman

potentially burn plants. >n ideal p range for most plants lies ithin

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 1 !une 20/6 at //17

the range of 1.1 to 8.1. +imple, yet comple?, the myriad functions of ful=ic acid is

%here is no uestioning the importance a healthy root system plays in

astounding. n prehistoric times on Earth, the planet as rich ith

creating =ibrant plants. >fter all, the root mass is the main channel

humic substances and ful=ic acid as abundant in the natural

for nutrient absorption, the foundation for structural integrity and the

en=ironment. Dinosaurs roamed the land and lush =erdant plants

area here the largest population of beneficial microorganisms can

gre to gargantuan si@es. En=ironmental conditions ere prime for

be found. %he more e learn about the physiology of the plant_s

o=ersi@ed life forms. %hrough e=olution, these legendary giant

roots, the more e reali@e ho =ital these beneficial microorganisms

species of plants and animals ha=e gone e?tinct, but they left their

are`there ould be =irtually no plant life on the planet ithout their

biologically rich remains locked ithin geological burial grounds.

=aluable symbiotic relationship ith our plants. %hroughout the

O=er the millennia, they ha=e become the ra materials of the ful=ic

years, indoor horticulturalists ha=e de=eloped many products and

acid e rely on and utili@e in our modern gardens. >lthough plants

techniues to promote and enhance the root groth in their gardens.

no longer gro to the mammoth proportions that they reached 81

E=ery one of these products or techniues is based on the same

million years ago, groers, gardeners and green thumbs orldide

philosophy attempting to mimic, enhance or supplement

can mimic hat Mother ature perfected in ancient times. #y

microorganisms found in the rhi@osphere (the narro region of soil 71


affected by root secretions). #y using certain additi=es, a groer can

microorganisms use the carbohydrates for energy, hich allos them

ma?imi@e the si@e of their plant_s root mass and pro=ide a larger

to function and reproduce. %his is hy carbohydrate supplements are

surface area for moisture and nutrient absorption.

so popular in the indoor gardening industry. #y directly

Additi?es that mimi

supplementing carbohydrates to the root @one, a groer can

One of the many things plants gain from their symbiotic partnership

accelerate the reproducti=e rate of beneficial microorganisms hile

ith microorganisms is accelerated nutrient uptake. %his is a result

alloing the plant to retain a good portion of the carbohydrates

of by5product en@ymes produced by the microorganisms. En@ymes

normally secreted through its roots. %he carbohydrates that remain in

are catalysts that accelerate the rate at hich chemical reactions

the plant can be used for other purposes like creating terpenes and

occur. n this case, the chemical reaction is the uptake of nutrients by

terpenoids, hich are imperati=e for promoting fla=or, smell and

the plants roots. Hour fa=orite en@yme formula designed for root

essential oils. oe=er, groers that supplement carbohydrates

enhancement is most likely a concentration of specific en@ymes

should alays be on the look out for any sign of a pathogenic

secreted by beneficial microorganisms. ydroponic horticulturalists

microorganism infection, as these microorganisms feed on

gain the largest benefit from these en@yme formulations, especially if

carbohydrates as ell. +upplementing carbohydrates to pathogens

they use hydroponic systems that ha=e no medium that ould

ill accelerate their reproduction and can be de=astating, so groers

naturally harbor beneficial microbes. roers ho supplement

should immediately stop supplementing carbohydrates at the first

en@yme formulas are essentially bypassing the microbes themsel=es

sign of a potential pathogenic infection.

and directly placing specific en@ymes in the root @one.

Suppl+ing additinal mirrganisms

Additi?es that enhane

%he most logical ay to promote additional microorganisms into the

#oth parties must benefit for a relationship to be symbiotic. &e

groing medium is to directly supplement them. >lmost e=ery

kno that beneficial microbes coloni@e on the root @one, thus

nutrient manufacturer has designed some sort of beneficial

pre=enting infections from pathogenic fungus, and produce en@ymes

microorganism supplement, and the most common strains of

that speed nutrient absorption. #ut ho do the microorganisms

beneficial microorganisms used can be broken don into three

benefit from the relationshipZ %he anser is sugars`more

categories trichoderma, mycorrhi@a and beneficial bacteria. >ll three

specifically, carbohydrates that are translocated from the plant

types of supplements come as a liuid, a poder or in enclosed

(usually from the lea=es) to the roots for the microbes to feed on. %he

packets that resemble tea bags. 3iuid microorganism supplements 72


are usually designed, in both their composition and p =alue,

the soil. +econdly, trichoderma_s production of cellulase allos the

specifically

form

fungus to penetrate the cells in a plant_s roots. &hen the plant senses

microorganism supplements ha=e a longer shelf life than their liuid

this, it turns on its natural defenses, hich help boost the plant_s

counterparts, and they are more compatible ith soil or coco coir.

immune system. +ince trichoderma cause the plant no real harm,

%he packets are suitable for both hydroponic and soil applications,

both parties benefit`trichoderma gets sugars from the roots and the

and ha=e about the same shelf life as the poder formulas. o matter

plant gets a heightened resistance to unanted pests.

hich form you decide to use, alays make sure to check the

$+rrhi!a

e?piration date. >s ith food e?piration dates, this date is not an

Mycorrhi@a literally means fungus5root, and it is this fungus strain

absolute (not e=ery one of the strains of beneficial microorganisms

that is the true definition of a symbiotic relationship (o=er <0L of

ill die on that date)9 hoe=er, the formula ill be less effecti=e if it

plant species in nature form a symbiotic relationship ith these

is ay past its prime.

ama@ing creatures). %hese speciali@ed fungi are essentially

Trihderma

e?tensions of the root system, stretching far into the depths of the

%richoderma is a genus of fungi found in all soils. Members feed on

soil. n fact, mycorrhi@al fungi can increase the absorbing surface

other fungi and cellulose by releasing chitinase en@ymes, hich

area of a plant_s roots by /00 to /000 times, hich greatly impro=es

break don chitin (the main component of fungal cell alls), and

access to soil resources.

cellulase en@ymes, hich break don cellulose. %richoderma_s

>s ith trichoderma, it is the en@ymes mycorrhi@ae produce that

symbiotic relationship ith plants is directly related to those to

make them so in=aluable to their plant partners. M ycorrhi@ae release

en@ymes. n en=ironments here there is an abundance of

en@ymes that dissol=e otherise hard to capture nutrients, such as

pathogenic microbes, hich could cause disease in plants,

organic nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. %he intricate eb of

trichoderma ill produce more chitinase en@ymes and rely on the

mycorrhi@al fungus captures and assimilates nutrients for the plant,

pathogens as their main food source. %his is hy many groers add

and in return, the plants_ roots secrete sugars or carbon for the fungi

trichoderma to their medium as a precautionary measure against any

to feed on. Mycorrhi@ae can be broken don further into

pathogens in or around the plants_ roots. %he other en@yme, cellulase,

subcategories9 of these, to are commonly used in indoor

can be beneficial in to ays. irst, it makes certain nutrients

horticulture endomycorrhi@a and ectomycorrhi@a.

a=ailable to the plant for uptake as it breaks don organic material in

Endomycorrhi!a

for

hydroponic

systems.

%he

poder

73


Endomycorrhi@ae are mycorrhi@ae hose hyphae (the branching

manufacturers ha=e jumped on the beneficial bacteria bandagon as

filamentous structures of a fungus) penetrate the plant cells. %he

ell, since certain bacteria (bacillus subtilis, for e?ample) ill

hyphae do not penetrate the interior of the cell, but essentially turn

consume pathogenic fungus on the surface of a plant_s lea=es as ell

the cell membrane inside out. %his increases the contact surface area

as in the soil. Many insects also refuse to feed or lay their eggs on

beteen the hyphae and the cytoplasm, helping facilitate the transfer

plants that ha=e been sprayed ith beneficial bacteria formulas.

of nutrients beteen them.

!ust as e=ery garden is different, e=ery gardener_s methods and

Ectomycorrhi!a

techniues ill differ greatly. oe=er, regardless of the techniue

Ectomycorrhi@ae are fungi that bear a hyphal sheath that surrounds

or method used, it is crucial for e=ery indoor horticulturist to

the root tip. Ectomycorrhi@a also ha=e a artig net, hich is

stimulate the groth going on belo the surface. Current inno=ati=e

basically an e?tended hypha that surrounds the outer layer of the root

horticultural products allo groers to mimic, enhance or

mass. t is the artig net that allos the transfer of nutrients, carbon

supplement microorganisms, or`better yet`combine all three

and sugars, and completes the symbiotic relationship. >n interesting

approaches to supercharge the comple? microscopic ecosystem that

fact about ectomycorrhi@a is that plants sharing the same soil can

is the foundation for plant health and =itality.

actually transfer nutrients to one another through the ectomycorrhi@al mycelium netork. Benefiial bateria

SENARA BEN<  'ENA$A  O7  BERAT 

#eneficial bacteria ha=e made a strong impression in the indoor

horticultural industry because they can be used as a foliar treatment,

#y &i@an 'aini on Monday, 7 March 20/6 at 267;

as ell as a soil or medium additi=e. &hen added to the soil or medium, beneficial bacteria uickly coloni@e and feed off organic matter or pathogenic microorganisms. >s they break don organic

C3

matter, they turn it into soluble compounds that are more easily absorbed by plants. %he consumption of the pathogenic

*ulai 18;  /0gm (/800biji)  $M20:paket

microorganisms is beneficial because pathogens that are eaten can_t

*ulai 18;  ;0gm  $M/605$M/;0:tin

ad=ersely affect the plant. Organic fungicide and pesticide 74


up ong  Cili /1/$M7; *non5Hou +eed  Cili +78< (/100biji)  /0gm$M<0

3eckat +eed  *ailan //  $M26:paket

(6000biji) 20gm$M/;0 3eckat +eeds  f/ >bang "edas <000 /0gm$MJ0

Tips ringkas penanaman terung fertigasi #ED

#y @am jam on riday, /2 >pril 20/6 at 2017

3eckat +eed  <;< !ackpot (200gm)  $M<1:tin

semai biji benih dalam dulang semaian lebihkan 10L dari yang kita nak tanam kerana kadar percambahan benih terung biasanya sangat kurang.

#E %M

atau semai terus di dalam polibeg sebaris dari baris2 yang kita mahu tanam.

3eckat +eed  +ymphony J7J (/00gm)  $M/;0:tin

setelah 21 52; hari semaian.pindahkan anak benih tersebut.kalau

up ong  %imun /0;  $M

yang semai dalam polibeg pisahkan anak benih tersebut,ambil yang

up ong  %imun //1  $M

elok sahaja pembesaranya.

*non5Hou5+eeds%imun +212 e +allo 20gm$M10(J005

dripkan baja ># pada kadar 2.0 sehingga agak lembab media

;00biji)

tersebut,siram 2 kali sehari pagi dan petang 2 minggu pertama selama 1 minit sekali siraman.

$OC*ME3O

ganti anak pokok yang rosak atau mati jika ada. apabila masuk minggu ketiga tambah siraman ke 6 kali sehari dan

+akata  lamour /00 biji  $M/;521

turunkan ec kepada /.;..seterusnya jika pokok sudah mencapai

*non5Hou5+eedsolden 3angkai 20gm$M270(J005;00biji)

ketinggian 2 kaki,buang tunas air atau tunas ketiak sehingga cabang

Chiap up +eeds  Melon >ppollo 20gm$M/<0(J005;00biji)

H.. setelah buang semua tunas,tambahkan siraman kepada 7 kali sehari

*>3>

selama 1 minit pada kadar ec 2.1. 75


apabila bunga telah kelihatan,buang semua daun baah,

ulat buah..suka korek buah.

dan apabila putik telah keluar perhatikan buah yang pada tangkai

burung..kalau kebun banyak ulat burung makan ulat sambil jamah

yang pertama sahaja di ambil..yang lain buang.

buah.

/ tangkai bunga maksimum 2 biji sahaja di ambil kerana buah yang

_________________________________________________________

lain agak kecil.seeloknya hanya / buah sahaja setiap putik.. tambahkan siraman mengikut keperluan pokok dan cuaca.. ec maksimum 6.1 ec.. apabila buah peringkat ketiga selepas 2 peringkat di petik, masukkan mg dalam tangki siraman pada kadar 100g\800g air.. buat 2 minggu sekali bertujuan untuk mencantikkan arna buah terung. setelah usia pokok mencecah 8 bulan selepas tanam,kalau nak bela lagi pun boleh. cantas pokok dan kurangkan cabang2 nya..masukkan ammonium nitrat atau urea pada kadar / kg\ 800g sekali sahaja. pokok terung akan tunas dan buah semula.akan tetapi buah pada gred c lah... serangga pula. hite fly..biasa baah daun akan jadi jelaga hitam kalau banyak sangat. hamama merah..daun akan berkeruping keperangan thrips..paling jahat.buah jadi karat dan daun rosak. ulat daun..paling kuat makan daun.. ulat batang..batang akan mati lembik dan kemudian kering,patah

Nasihat berguna untuk petani ili fertigasi, #y Mohd 'aki #in Hahya on +aturday, /; ebruary 20/2 at //67 7ari Artikel Asal& http&mhdashraf,m

%ahukah anda, bahaa tanaman cili adalah tanaman yang sukar untuk ditanamZ+ebab tu harga cili mahal. !ika cili mudah di tanam, maka harga cili mesti murah dari dulu lagi. %anaman cili fertigasi bukan boleh dibuat sebagai main5main. >nda perlu sedar yang anda perlukan masa untuk belajar tanam cili ni. Modal yang diperlukan juga agak tinggi. >da yang sanggup keluarkan ang simpanan, tapi tiada ang untuk modal pusingan. *ena buat perancangan yang teliti. !angan hanya budget untuk modal setup sistem fertigasi sahaja. %iada yang mudah. &alaupon meracun 6 hari sekali, tetapi tetap ada yang kena serangan penyakit. +emua terserah kepadaya. *ita dah berusaha sebaik mungkin untuk jaga pokok tersebut. +aya tanak ada yang sanggup melabur beribu5ribu ringgit hanya kerana tertarik dengan hasil jualan yang akan diperolehi kelak. %idak semestinya anda dapat jual hasil dengan harga yang tinggi. 76


arga cili pernah jatuh hingga $M0.;0 : kg. >pa yang anda perlu

aktu itu, racun cukup, kaasan bersih, setiap langkah penjagaan

buat jika harga serendah ituZ #agi saya, cili ni bagaikan pasaran

dah buat, sekarang ni semuanya bergantung kepadaya.

saham yang turun naik harganya. nsya>llah jika anda bersabar, akan

*alau dah re@eki kita, insya>llah dapat la hasil yang tinggi.

tiba masanya pokok anda akan mengeluarkan hasil yang tinggi dan

Dalam masa yang sama, pencarian ilmu tu yang paling penting. lmu

harga pada masa tu juga tinggi. tu semua ketentuan pasaran dan

yang kita tau ni, umpama setitik air di lautan. #anyak lagi ilmu yang

tuhan saja yang dapat berikah hasil yang tinggi atau re@eki yang

kita kena pelajari.

banyak kepada anda. %erserah kepadaya.

#agi saya, tiada perkataan gagal, yang ada cuma belum berjaya.

Doa yang paling penting.

*alau dah berputus asa, masa tu la dikatakan gagal.

+aya tahu post saya kali ini akan sedikit menutup periuk nasik saya,

%homas Edison pon kena buat /00 ribu percubaan baru dia berjaya

tapi, saya lebih gembira jika ramai yang tangguhkan dulu untuk

cipta lampu. >da <<, <<< percubaan dia yang belum berjaya. *alau

ceburi bidang pertanian kerana sedar tentang jenit perih untuk

dia berputus asa, mesti kita tadak lampu sekarang ni.

memulakan sesuatu projek. !ika anda tidak mampu bahagikan masa di ladang, atau tiada pembantu yang dapat membantu anda, tangguhkan dulu projek cili

PAN7%AN SE$AAN B' BEN< - leh ham

fertigasi anda. +eeloknya, simpan dulu ang anda di dalam saham

Ri!ah

amanah.

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 6 >pril 20/6 at /82J

#ila tiba masa yang sesuai, baru anda mulakan projek. >da dikalangan rakan5rakan saya yang gagal dalam pusingan yang pertama saja kerana terpedaya dengan cerita penanam cili yang dah

"anduan semaian

berjaya (mesti ada cerita dia tak berjaya, tetapi hanya diceritakan

#enih direndam dalam Chitosan selama 7 jam...lepas tu toskan...air

tentang kisah kejayaan saja).

chitosan tu dilarutkan lagi dan semburkan atas peatmoss...lepas tu

+edikit tips dari saya, jika anda kurang berjaya dalam tanaman cili

bubuh benih cili di dalam lubang tray dan ditimbus setakat

terutamanya dan projek agro khasnya,

6mm...sembur lagi air chitosan supaya lembap sikit...dan tutup dalam

#ila kita dah buat sesuatu projek, dalam masa pengetahuan kita yang

sil=ershine selama 7 hari...letak dulang di tempat yg redup...lepas 7

ada pada aktu itu, baja kita dah bagi cukup ikut pengetahuan pada 77


hari buka ss...mula dari dua daun kasi siraman baja anak +$ separuh

atas tanah, alas denagn guni, isi kotak tu denagn tanah yang 2 guni tu

dose dua kali seminggu...setiap /05/2 hari sembur dgn "lantbac

di gaul sebati, campur pasir  guni setinggi 1 inci atau lebih. #uat

campur chitosan...>>C%dicampur air tahi cacing sembur seminggu

peneduh macam rph, korek parit sikit keliling peneduh supaya air

sekali....pencahayaan buat ikut peringkat pertumbuhan...last 6 hari

hujan tak masuk kat kotak.

sebelum pindah baru buat pelasakkan full "okok yang nak di tanam kat kotak tu, ambil pokok rumput biasa, sebaiknya sebelum di rendam , benih di raat dulu jika tidak pakai

biji gandum atau padi burung, biji kacang hijau, tabor jarang2 biji

chitosan, raatan buleh gunakan racun fungus spt pro=icur atau

tadi berselang nagn rumput sikit2II.siram pagi petang, biarkan

[email protected] ikut dose 7 kali untuk spray rendan sekadar 20

gandum dan kacang serta rumput tumbuh sendiri, boh baja sikit2 biar

minit. atau buleh gunakan cloro? dengan kadar 6 chloro?, 2 sukatan

naik subur sikit, baja organic. #iarkan pokok tu matang dan pupus

air....selama 20 minit juga...bilas dan rendam chitosan ..atau buleh

sendiriI657 bulan, dh nak matang jangan siram lagi, biar kering

rendam multi=itamin baby 158 jam bersama air bersih denagn kadar

sendiri, dah pupus, potong batang yang tertinggal separas tanah akar,

758 titik untuk /:2 lit air rendaman....benih cepat tumbuh dan sehat

rumput pun potong atas jer biar semua akar2 dalam tanahI.ambil semua tanah berakar dan hancurkan, akar2 yang panjang cincang

$=#ORR<AL "%N.%S-$hammad Abdul Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, J +eptember 20// at 2678

biar halus, tanah hancur bersama akar tu di jemur biar kering sikit supaya senang nak di hancurkan lagi, ayak dengan jarring daai nyamuk hijauI.ambil yang pass jarring tuIII..yang kasar atas jarring buang, kalu ada akr tas jarring, gumpal2 biar hancur sikit serbuk yang kita dapat tu mengandungi banyak spores mycorrhi@al,

Cara2 penghasilan fungus Mycorrhi@al

simpan dalam bekas tempat kering, tutup bekas.

bahan

#ila nak guna tabor dalam lubang media yang kita buat untuk masuk

dua guni tanah dari akar pokok akasia dan juga dari pohon buluh

anak dari tray, tabor juga keliling sebelum tutup lubangIatau

sediakan tapak tempat penghasilan

lembabkan sikit media akar , golek2 akar anah benih pada serbuk

kaasan lapang di kebun, buat lah kotak kayu dinding saja empat

mycorrhi@al ( boh dalam pinggan atau dulang senang nak golek)

segi 6_ ? 6_ ? 7 58 inci tinggi,atau besar terpulanglah, letak kotak tu

II..beres 78


%hey inoculated seedlings before transplanting them into field plots. kita guna tanah dari pada akar akasia dan buluh sebab mycorrhi@al

One treatment group contained only the >M fungus, lomus

selalunya banyak simbiosis pada akar pokok tu..jadi kita ambil

intraradices9 another treatment comprised a mi?ture of three other

benihlah sebagai starter untuk di biakan dengan tanaman tadi.

types of >M fungi9 and a third, uninoculated group ser=ed as the control. "lants ere transferred into high5phosphorus5soil field plots recei=ing either composted dairy co manure or con=entional

Benefiial "ungi Bst Pepper .r>th

chemical fertili@er.

#y !im Core

$esults shoed that inoculating peppers ith >M fungi boosted fruit

!anuary /8, 2006

yield. %he best results ere ith the fungus mi?ture, hich increased

#eneficial fungi that li=e on plant roots increased green bell pepper

yields each year by /7 to 26 percent in plots ith added compost,

yields by as much as one5third in studies by >gricultural $esearch

and up to 67 percent one year in plots ith chemical fertili@ers.

+er=ice scientists.

"roper selection of an >M inoculum is essential, according to Douds,

>rbuscular mycorrhi@al (>M) fungi coloni@e the roots of most crop

and a mi?ture of fungi increases the chance of ha=ing the right

plants and help plants take in phosphorus and other nutrients from

fungus present for a gi=en plant.

the soil. >M fungi ha=e been diminished by modern agricultural

"ast studies ha=e shon that >M fungi benefit plants gron in lo5

practices such as tillage, but in many instances can still make

phosphorus soil, and that high5phosphorus soils make it harder for

important contributions to producti=ity, particularly in organic

the fungi to gro on plant roots. oe=er, this study_s results

farming and other systems here little if any chemical fertili@ers and

suggest that using >M fungi in high5phosphorus soils is a

pesticides are used.

management option that shouldn_t be ignored.

Da=id D. Douds, a microbiologist at the >$+ Eastern $egional $esearch Center in &yndmoor, "a., studied four different types of >M fungi in three plantings from /<
BOOSTER SE$ASA BERB%N.ABERB%A< $hammad Abdul Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 60 !anuary 20/6 at //68 Bst Dhen 79

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] the Time is Right&

been much ad=ancement in the har=esting and e?traction methods

Stage-speifi Amendments

used by guano suppliers that help preser=e the poerful elements that ere lost due to outdated methods. One e?traction method is

%o get the most out of their plants, gardeners use nutrient additi=es,

guano tea, a liuid guano formula that is chock full of the beneficial

soil amendments and foliar treatments

nutrients and micro5organisms found in the guano. 3iuid guano

specifically designed for particular stages in a plant_s life cycle. Of

e?tracts like this one are more easily absorbed by the plants and gi=e

course there are plenty of choices a=ailable, but this author ants

groers the option to foliar or root feed. nlike guano directly

you to kno about the high5performance organic options

amended to the soil or medium, liuid guano also gi=es gardeners more control o=er dosage.

n order to increase production and optimise efficiency ithin their indoor gardens, horticulturists use =arious stage5specific nutrient

elp etrats

amendments. %he most common e?ample of these is blooming and

>s ith guano, kelp suppliers ha=e made much ad=ancement in

ripening additi=es designed specifically to boost a plant_s fruiting or

e?tracting and preser=ing the beneficial elements and hormones

floering stage. Organic groers ha=e also become more in tune

found in kelp. >lthough kelp as once rarely used as a bloom

ith the benefits of stage5specific feeding programs. >s our

booster, some of the kelp formulations a=ailable today are

knoledge of organic supplements e?pands (along ith our

specifically designed to do just that. *elp e?tracts specific to bloom

technologies used to e?tract the =ital compounds), more stage5

stimulation encourage rapid cell di=ision during floering and

specific organic supplements are becoming a=ailable for the high5

increase the production of specialised sugars found in fruit or

performance organic groer.

floers. t is important to select a kelp formula that is designed specifically for blooming, or you could end up promoting =igorous

.uan

groth during your plant_s ripening stage. *elp e?tract, if har=ested

#at and seabird guano ha=e been used to boost fruiting and floering

at the correct time or in a particular manner, can also contain a

since the beginning of indoor horticulture.

=ariety of hormones that help trigger floering and ripening.

igh5phosphorous guano helps trigger floering hormones ithin the plant and contributes to an increase in floer sets. %here ha=e

Alfalfa etrats 80


One of the neer organic e?tracts to hit the indoor horticulture

methods, allo organic groers to achie=e har=ests once only

market is alfalfa e?tracts. >lfalfa has a great

obtained by con=entional methods. >s more is learned about the

nitrogen5to5carbon ratio, contains a =ariety of trace elements and has

intricate aspects of plant physiology, ne products, methods and

been shon to promote larger floers. >lfalfa contains triacontanol,

technologies ill be created, alloing organic bloom boosters to

a groth hormone that is thought to speed up the rate of

e=en further e=ol=e.

photosynthesis by increasing the amount of CO2 that a plant can process. Many studies ha=e shon an increase in floer5site production and o=erall yield ith the use of alfalfa e?tract.

$ASALA< SSTE$

7AN

PEN=ELESAAN

<=7ROPON#

7ALA$

"ERT.ATON-

Prtein h+drl+sate ( "AA)

$hammad Abdulrhman

"rotein hydrolysate is a recent ad=ancement in organic stimulators.

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 26 !anuary 20/6 at /1/1

"rotein hydrolysate is essentially organic matter (usually soy protein) broken don into the essential 35animo acids. >mino acids are the

-rom time to time #e all stri/e problems #ith our hydroponic

building blocks for the proteins and en@ymes that directly influence

systems and plants. If #e are luc/y it0s an easily resolved issue that

the structure and metabolism of plants. +upplementing a protein

doesn0t cause too much stress. %o#ever some things can baffle even

hydrolysate during a blooming period ill enhance the utilisation of

the most e&perienced gro#er and that0s #hen a step*by*step

other nutrients, boost the plant_s immune

approach to troubleshooting is re(uired1

system, increase plant respiration and reduce stress. "rotein

Most common problems e?perienced in hydroponic gardens are

hydrolysate is a multifaceted additi=e that increases fruit and floer

caused by one of four main things nutrition, the plant_s groing

production in many different ays. f you are going to try one

en=ironment, pests and pathogens and`less freuently encountered

organic stimulator,  recommend a protein

`genetic problems. E=en though complete, balanced and ell5

hydrolysate formula. &hether groing con=entionally or organically,

formulated nutrient solutions are used in hydroponics, nutrition can

bloom boosters play an important role in enhancing yields. e and

still be a main area of troubleshooting and one that confuses many

inno=ati=e products, teamed ith ad=ancements in e?traction

ine?perienced groers. Nutrient trubleshting 81


ydroponic systems are reliant on the composition and formulation

ron deficiency is common under cool groing conditions, here the

of the nutrient solution to supply all the essential elements reuired

root system might ha=e become saturated or damaged, or here the

for optimal plant groth and yields. oe=er, nutrient solutions are

p is running high.

comple? and their composition changes as mineral ions are e?tracted

"agnesium

hen they flo through the root system. Deficiencies in hydroponic

Magnesium deficiency on crops like tomatoes can be induced by

production are more common than to?icities, as plant uptake of many

high le=els of potassium uptake.

elements has the potential to strip out nutrients at a rapid rate,

Calcium

particularly from recirculating solutions. %he most common

Calcium deficiency, hich shos as tip burn on lettuce and blossom

deficiency problems in hydroponic crops are potassium in fruiting

end rot on tomatoes and peppers, is a calcium transport problem

plants like tomatoes9 iron under certain en=ironmental conditions9

ithin the plant rather than a lack of calcium in the solution. t is

nitrogen in some readily groing, highly =egetati=e crops9 and

induced by en=ironmental conditions like high humidity, hich

calcium in many species, such as lettuce, tomatoes and peppers.

restricts transpiration and calcium distribution.

%o complicate hydroponic plant nutrition further, deficiencies (as

Salt buildup and E# prblems

they occur on different crops) might or might not be the result of an

+alt buildup appears as hite or off5hite crystalline crusts or

actual deficiency in the nutrient solution. "otassium can certainly be

residues on the surface of groing media and sometimes on the base

stripped from a nutrient solution rapidly as fruit de=elops and

of plant stems, here it can cause salt burn damage. Certain types of

e?pands, and because lu?ury uptake occurs in many crops. oe=er,

media are more prone to this nutrient problem than others`for

iron, calcium and magnesium deficiencies on lea=es and fruit occur

e?ample, those ith porous structures and high rates of ater loss

e=en hen there is more than a sufficient amount of these elements

are more prone to salt crusting than others. E?panded clay granules

in a solution. %hese induced deficiencies often fool groers into

and similar media often de=elop a hitish coating on the surface

thinking there is a problem ith the formulation of their nutrient

after a fe months use, and this can be common in ebb5and5flo

hen the cause is often more comple?.

systems. Media beds co=ered ith plastic filmàs in the case of

Iron

rockool slabs`rarely de=elop these salt deposits on the surface, as the film pre=ents e?cessi=e moisture loss from the media.

82


+alt buildup occurs hen a media, hich has been thoroughly etted

+ome groers prefer to leach e?cess salts from groing media using

ith nutrient solution containing dissol=ed salts, loses moisture to

plain ater9 hoe=er, this can ha=e negati=e effects hen an acti=ely

e=aporation faster than the minerals are taken up by the plant_s root

groing crop is present, as the sudden drop in osmotic pressure in

system. n this case, the moisture is lost to the atmosphere and the

the root @one triggers a large influ? of moisture into the root cells,

minerals stay behind, thus increasing the EC in the media and around

hich can result in fruit splitting and soft, eak =egetati=e groth.

the roots. %his salt buildup in the root @one can cause damage both

lushing groing media ith either a specifically designed flushing

through direct contact ith the salt crystals around the delicate plant

solution or a nutrient one5third its regular strength is recommended

stem, particularly in seedlings, and by increasing the osmotic

to remo=e e?cess salts from the root @one. Carrying this process out

pressure around the plant roots. 3uckily, salt buildup is easily dealt

e=ery fe eeks might be reuired in certain hydroponic systems,

ith once groers recogni@e the symptoms hite crusting is the

such as shallo flood5and5drain or tray systems in arm climates

first sign, as is plant groth becoming stunted, dark, hard and

ith high e=apotranspiration rates, and often beteen crops if media

unusually slo. >s salt accumulation becomes more se=ere, the stem

is to be reused

area at the base of the plant and roots can be burnt and die back,

Algae

resulting in ilting during the armer times of day and, later, disease

Most hydroponic groers come across algae sooner or later. t can

attack in these areas.

appear as a green, bron, reddish or black, slimy groth that clings

$egular monitoring of the EC of the nutrient solution draining from

to channels, gullies and pumps or spreads o=er the surface of damp

the media helps pre=ent and diagnose salt accumulation problems.

media. 3ong strings of algae are common in nutrient tanks and return

deally the EC of the feed solution should not increase as it flos

channels, and the speed at hich this form of plant life can gro and

through the root system. f the EC is increasing as its flos through

multiply is often impressi=e. >lgae usually ha=e earthy or moldy

the root system and out the base of the groing container, then salt

smells, and large =olumes of decomposing algae in the nutrient can

buildup is likely to occur. oe=er, e=en plants fed a lo EC

be responsible for unpleasant odors. >lgae is a nuisance to any

solution can de=elop salt accumulation here the atmosphere is dry

groer as it not only looks unsightly, but has the ability to block

and high rates of ater loss from a porous media occur. n this case,

drippers, emitter, pumps, return channels and filters. ea=y groth

the media ill benefit from some leaching from time to time and a

can e=en seal off the surface of groing substrates, robbing the roots

thorough clean beteen crops (or e=en replacement in se=ere cases).

of o?ygen. 83


%he problem ith algaeàpart from the appearance and smell

%he major causes of root death in hydroponics are suffocation,

problems it can createìs not so much that it competes ith plant

star=ation, pathogens, chemical damage, temperature and EC:p

roots for nutrients, but that it sucks up dissol=ed o?ygen from the

problems. n hydroponics, suffocation is probably the leading cause

system it blooms, dies and decomposes. %his increases the biological

of root death and reduced groth rates. Often, any pathogens present

o?ygen demand (#OD) on the system and causes root suffocation

on_t attack a healthy root system until it is damaged or eakened

from a lack of o?ygen. Decomposing algae might also release to?ins

by ad=erse conditions (such as stagnation or suffocation in the root

as it breaks don and pro=ides a food source for plant pathogenic

@one). > lack of o?ygen can be caused by flooding or ponding of the

fungi, hich might then multiply to high le=els in the system. >lgae

nutrient solution, decomposing organic matter in the solution, slo

directly attached to plant root systems can suffocate the roots,

flo rates and too many plants robbing o?ygen from the root @one,

making the plants prone to attack by opportunist pathogens like

hich is accelerated as conditions become armer. > lack of o?ygen

pythium.

reduces the permeability of roots to ater, and to?ins ill

Control of algae, once established in a hydroponic system, can be

accumulate as the root cells die. +ome plants, such as tomatoes, ill

difficult. +till, most groers tolerate small amounts of algae in their

attempt to adapt to the lack of o?ygen by producing ad=entitious

systems, pro=ided it does not become e?cessi=e. > regular scrub

roots on the loer stem and selling at the stem base.

beteen crops ill often remo=e stubborn algae and is often the only

Star?atin

control used by commercial groers. +ome groers do add

> lack of nutrients ill affect the root system, just as it does the top

algaecide products into the nutrient to kill off algae and there are a

of the plant9 hoe=er, the symptoms are more difficult to obser=e. >

number of these products on the market. oe=er, since any product

phosphate deficiency ill cause the roots to become bron ith a

that kills algae (a form of plant life) can also damage young or

reduced number of lateral branches. > lack of calcium ill induce a

sensiti=e root systems, care must be taken ith the dose. >lso, algae

thin, poorly de=eloped bron root system. Manganese deficiency

ill regro =ery uickly after applications of most algaecide

ill cause a small root system that_s much shorter and finer than

products, thus reuiring regular applications to maintain good

usual, ith some broning of the root tips. Copper deficiency results

control.

in se=ere underde=elopment of the root @one. #oron deficiency

Rt death

causes the root tips to become jelly5like in appearance. E# and p< 84


>n electrical conducti=ity (EC) le=el that is too high for the crop

olpidium, plasmopara, didymella and =erticillium. Others ha=e also

being gron ill result in se=ere stunting of the root system. f the

been reported to cause crop losses9 in fact, about 20 fungal, four =iral

EC reaches e?treme le=els, ater ill be lost from the root cells back

and to bacterial pathogens e?ist that are commonly associated ith

into the nutrient solution to the point here root death ill occur.

root diseases in hydroponic =egetable crops. $oot pathogens can

%his is more common in crops that prefer a loer EC le=el, such as

infect hydroponic crops from a number of sources, including air,

lettuce.

ater, media, insects, infected plant material, seeds and dust.

3ikeise, p le=els that are too high or lo can induce root damage

>irborne root pathogens are rare, but ha=e been knon to occur. >

and nutrient uptake problems. (+till, the p range that plants can

more common source of infection is soil, hich hosts a huge number

tolerate ithout any negati=e effects is fairly large.) t has been

of inoculum. +oil can enter a hydroponics system on shoes, as dust in

found that the appearance of the root system differs in hydroponic

the air, in media, on euipment or in ater (particularly from

plants that ha=e been gron at different p le=els. "lants gron at a

e?posed sources, such as reser=oirs, ri=ers and streams). nsects,

p of J.1 and abo=e ha=e a shorter, coarser root system than those

such as shore flies and fungus gnats, can also carry pathogens.

gron at a p of 1.1. igher p le=els reduce the a=ailability of

+ince many root problems and odd symptoms are caused by

certain elements in solution, mostly iron and manganese, and could

pathogens, and such attacks are often induced by stressed plants,

induce deficiency symptoms.

culti=ating a healthy crop is alays a groer_s first line of defense.

Rt prblems

Ensuring adeuate o?ygen is present in the root @one throughout the

$oot diseases are a major concern for hydroponic groers. %his is

hydroponic system is essential. +ometimes en=ironmental or cultural

particularly true of groers ho use % and other recirculating

problems e?ist that stress the plants ithout the groer_s knoledge.

systems that could uickly transport pathogens to a large number of

%herefore, obser=ing the root @one on a regular basis is =itally

plants. +ome pathogens that can attack roots in hydroponic systems

important. n media5based systems, a groer ho notices a plant

ha=e symptoms that make them easy to identify (ith some practice).

shoing signs of ilt or discoloration should pull it out and e?amine

oe=er, others might not ha=e any symptoms at all. One aspect

the root system. Once any plant has been identified as potentially

these pathogens all ha=e in common is their ability to reduce plant

ha=ing a root disease, it should be remo=ed from the cropping area

groth and yield. %he most common pathogens that effect roots in

and destroyed. "roper sanitation and hygiene in hydroponic systems

hydroponic production are pythium, phytophthora, fusarium,

is also important for pathogen control. $oot pathogens can carry o=er 85


from one crop to the ne?t, so many media or substrate that contained

mineral deficiencies, such as lo le=els of nitrogen or phosphorus in

an infected plant should be discarded. n areas here there are high

the nutrient solution, can slo floer and fruit de=elopment and

populations of root disease pathogens, commercial groers need to

cause drop. loer drop can also be caused by ater stress (either a

consider some form of control, such as treating the ater supply ith

lack of irrigation or high EC le=els).

 light, 2O2 or o@one. "ruiting and fl>ering prblems

&ith the de=elopment of high5yielding culti=ars, another major

ruiting crop problems in hydroponics can range from a simple lack

cause of floer and fruitlet drop has become hea=y fruit load or

of fruit de=elopment to more comple? physiological disorders like

e?cessi=e =egetati=e groth. Houng, nely de=eloped lea=es

blossom end rot. Many groers ha=e e?perienced fruit ith skin

compete for assimilates ith the floers and fruitlets already on the

disorders, such as une=en coloration, blotching, cra@ing, streaking,

plant. f assimilates are transported to these ne lea=es at the

sil=ering and other unidentified spots. ruit splitting can be common

e?pense of the floers, drop can occur. %his is more common in

in crops like tomatoes. #ell peppers and cucumber can become

situations here assimilate production is limited due to lo light or

grossly misshapen. %hese disorders are largely physiological,

other reasons. 3oering plant density and using CO2 and suitable

en=ironmental and cultural.

culti=ars less prone to drop both assist groers in pre=enting these

"l>er and fruitlet drp

types of problems (hich often occur in inter). %he presence of a

Most common hydroponic crops ill floer hen they ha=e reached

hea=y fruit load de=eloping on the plant has the same effect9 ne

their appropriate point in de=elopment. One freuent problem is

floers and fruitlets can be sacrificed in fa=or of the rapidly

floer drop. %here are many potential causes of floer and fruitlet

de=eloping, larger fruit already present. n certain crops, a lack of

drop in hydroponic crops9 some are internal and caused by plant

pollination could be the cause of floer and, more commonly,

stress, and some are en=ironmental. n many crops, floer drop in

fruitlet drop.

induced by high air temperatures. oe=er the point at hich this thermal stress occurs =aries for each crop and culti=ar. 3o light le=els that limit the groth of the hole plant can also induce drop, particularly here lo light is combined ith high temperatures. >lthough not as common in hydroponic crops as those gron in soil,

TPS2 PERTANAN,,,,adaptasi dari "uad fertgasi leh $hammad abdul Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on +aturday, 1 !anuary 20/6 at 0811 86


bunga betina yag keluar. &aktunya J.60 5 //.00 pagi je.. J. mur 6; tip untk penanam meln,,, rugi  baa,,

5 71  buat pemilihan buah yang sama besar sahaja. %inggalkan 2 5 7 biji sepokok. #uah yang lain buang. !umlah buah yang dikekalkan

ah q.. satu lagi maklumat untuk peminat ME3O fertigasi.. +aya

bergantung kepada bilangan daun subur Y sihat. 20 helai utk / biji,

sarankan [ "enanam melon fertigasi... jangan tanam melon untuk

70 helai utk 2 biji, 80 helai untuk 6 biji dst.. ;. ak besarkan buah...

keluarkan sebiji sepokok lagi.. okq..) #ukannya apa.. nak tambah

boleh celup dengan > (giberillic acid). <. *ain aal, buah ada

keuntungan.. +ebiji besar berat ] 2.0 kg dan cantik masih tak dapat

peluang untuk membesar lebih lama (60 5 80) /0. ngat q.. daun

juala macam harga di !epun. Orang jepun menilai dari sudut

subur, sihat .. adalah kilang untuk buat makanan pokok tersebut.

berlainan sebab itu sangat pentingkan kualiti dan sanggup bayar

3ebih banyak daun, mampu besarkan buah dan tampung keperluan

sehingga ratusan ringgit sebiji.. Mereka hargai kecantikan bentuk dan

pembesaran buah. //. J5 /0  sebelum pungut hasil pekatkan baja

netting (deria lihat), mereka hargai keharuman dari aroma yang

lebih 6.0 m+:cm dengan i5* untuk tambah kemanisan C#>

dikeluarkan (deria bau), mereka hargai keenakan rasanya (deria

E3>**> "O%O "C* %>M> *EC>3 /0 >$

rasa). "asaran di Malaysia tak sampai tahap tu... cukup berat, manis,

%E$>*$... "ucuk sulur patut buang. !ika pucuk utama dibuang,

bentuk ok, netting lebih kurang ok.. dahq.. >#% "O*O* ME3O

pokok kurang daya serapan baja:air.

E$%>+ 5 !angka hayat sekitar J0 5 ;1 hari di ladang. Mula berbunga 21 5 60 hari di ladang. #unga jantan keluar dulu... bunga

TP TA$BA< BERAT B%A< (#L * TER%N.) - 1 - 2 6am

betina 2 5 6 hari leat. %" ">D> /. *epekatan baja sentiasa

sebelum petik hasil ili atau terung lakukan siraman terlebih

bertambah setiap minggu dari /.1 hingga lebih 6.0 m+:cm. 2. mur

dahulu, alau kaedah fertigasi - titiskan air ba6a lebih kurang

seminggu, getu pucuk utama 5 galakkan cabang dan banyak daun. 6.

1 - 14 minit pada /,3 pagi, Petik buah 6am @, pagi,

mur 20 5 21  di ladang kepekatan lebih 2.0 m+:cm. 3ebih baik

ns+aAllah berat buah bertambah ( kadang apai 2 - 3C)

tambah Ca. 7. mur 20 5 21  sapu pangkal batang dengan racun

berbanding tidak berbuat demikian, terung pun begitu 6uga,,,

kulat cth antracol dll 5 elak gummy stem 1. mur 20 5 21  boleh

N

juga cucuk pangkal batang dengan lidi atau pencungkil gigi... 8.

BERAT,,#ubalah ;,,,

B%AN

TP%

BERAT

TAP

TA$BA<

*ain bunga seaal mungkin sebaik sahaja bunga betina keluar ( 28 5 60 ) diladang. 3akukan berturut5turut dan buat kepada semua 87

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] TP #L BERTER%SAN EL%AR P%#% BAR% -
Compost tea tiada sama dengan komersil #M dari segi kandungan

pkk ili berbunga dan berbuah di abang, #abang akan

bacteria dan fungus, dimana >cti=ated >erated Compost %ea

terbentuk bila ada puuk baru keluar, Setelah beberapa bulan

( >>C%) mengandungi pelbagai bacteria dan fungus yang terhasil

pertumbuhan kadangkala pkk ili

dari pengoposan dan juga dari tahi cacing yang mengandungi

selah-lah berhenti

membesar (tak de puuk baru), ni bleh diatasi dengan

pelbagai en@ymes dan hormones

memberikan air dan nitrgen +ang ban+ak daripada kebiasaan +ang diterima, Oleh itu penanam bleh memberi tambahan ba6a

>ntara kebaikan >>C% adalah 

N (seperti %rea atau SA atau Amm nitrat) setiap / - 1 hari

meningkatkan pertumbuhan pokok hasil dari tambahan baja daun

kepada pkk +ang telah berbuah atau berumur lebih 3 bulan di

dan akar dan pengaalan microbes terhadap microorganism perosak

ladang, Bagi pengamal fertigasi tambah %rea atau Amm, nirat

yang menyebabkan penyakit pokok.

,4 - 1, kg dalam tangki 5. dan titiskan 1 - 14 minit sebelah

"erkembangn pokok meningkat bila serapan dengan acti=ity

pagi k,,, #ubalah,,,

microbes pada akar memudahkan serapan dari baja kompleks ke baja yng mudah di serap, dan ini menjimatkan penggunaan baja, baja juga

#O$POST TEA ( AA#T ) B+ $hammad Abdul Rahman #y NPQRSTUV TWX on +aturday, 20 >ugust 20// at /620

tidak mudak tersejat atau leaching kalau hujan atau siraman berlebih Menurunkan kadar kerosakan tanah:media hasil penggunaan racun dan baja kimia, serta menstabilkan p dan mengurangkan stress bilamana keadaan amat kering. Meningkatkan kadar serapan nutrients dengan meninggikan serapan

Compost tea di gunakan untuk meujudkan hidupan microbes pada

pada daun kerana dengan adanya microbes, stomata akan membuka

daun dan @one akar dalam media, dan memebri nutrients yang terlaru

lebihlama berbanding ketiadaan microbes dan mengaal peruapan

pada daun dan akar.

air dari daun.

Compost tea adalah cairan yang di keluarkan dari bahan ccompost

Mengurangkan kehilangan air dari media dan mengekalkan

yang mengandungi bacteria, fungus, protoa@oa dan nematodes dan

kelembapan media , jadi kehilangan air di minimisekan.

element baja untuk penyuburan dan ketahan penyakit pokok. Cara2 Membuat Compost %ea ( >>C%) untuk 20 lit 88


a) #acteria Dominant >>C%

memang dah ada humic. >>C% ni amat sesuai untuk semburan

 lit baja compost ( compost buat sendiri atau buleh beli kat kedai)

foiliar untuk melaan penyakit daun

 lit tahi tanah tahi cacing dari tempat tak tercemar spt hutan atau belukar

b) 1010 bacteria Kfungi >>C%

/ caan molasses atau gula merah dicair pekat

untuk ini kita banyakna sikit source untuk fungi terutama

 caan baja ikan atau fishmeal atau serbuk ikan

trichoderma fungus amat baik untuk melaan penyakit akar.

G caan habuk kuari ( buleh ayak dari uarry dust, buleh bubuh

buleh gunakan sedikit tanah dari pokok buluh, atau kulapuk putih

juga serbuk kulit kerang atau kulit telur)

yang terhasil dari bungkah cendaan. #leh gunakan juga dedak halus atau dedak ayam halus di basah

sediakan karung di buat dari kain jarang spt kain langsir atau panty

lembab dengan air dan di biarkan sehingga ampak kulapuk, campur

hose anita bersai@ untuk muat /.1 lit bahan. si karung dengan

dalam bahan compost atau air sebanyak  caan. >>C% ni amat

bahan compost, habuk kuari dan baja ikan.

sesuai untuk siraman pada akar denagn kadar / 60, buleh campur

gantung karung 85; inci dari dasar tong 20 lit, isi air bersih tanpa

bahan lain juga spt >>C% dia atas

klorin ( kalu guna air paip, bagi bubble dulu dalam sehari atau biar terdedah dua hari supaya klorin meruapa), air telah atau hujan amat baik masukan gula merah dan kacau kejap. "asang kan 2 biji batu angin akuarium pam angin, biar batu didasar tongIII.jalankan pam

SOP

PEN..%NAAN

PLANTBA#

7AN

#<TOSAN #y aridajdi +akimin on riday, J October 20// at /107

selama 27568 jamII..siap #ila di gunakan ( dalam masa 6 jam selepas pam di matikan ) gunkan

PRO.RA$ $EN.
kadar /20 untuk foliar spray dan /60 untuk siraman media. +emasa

S
menggunakan buleh campur bahan lain spt >>, "! , ! dengan

TANA$AN

kadar  dari >>C%, buleh juga bubuh  botol yakult dan juga air peraman basuh beras. kalu ada humic asid buleh tambah / sudu

(Plantba dan #hitsan)

makan, kalu tak ada humic tak mengapa sebab dalam kompos 89

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] Ra>atan bi6i benih&

5#agi biji benih yang ditanam di dalam tray semaian,langkah raatan seperti dibaah

Ra>atan anak benih

a)+emburan air kosong perlu dilakukan setiap hari daripada hari ke 6 a)+etelah biji benih di letakkan di atas tanah peatmoss ,lakukan

hingga ke /0 ditray

semburan larutan

semaian

chitosan keatas biji benih tersebut(1ml chitosan: / liter air). b)*emudian isikan peatmoss menutupi biji benih tadi sehingga memenuhi lubang tray semaian tersebut c)*emudian lakukan semburan sekali lagi dengan larutan chitosan(1 ml chitosan:/ liter air) ke atas peatmoss sehingga keseluruhan peatmoss di dalam tray lembab Contohnya biji benih cili,bendi,terung,timun dsbnya)

b)"ada hari ke //,lakukan semburan cecair chitosan (1ml chitosan:/liter air) ke atas anak benih dan peatmoss di tray semaian c)"ada hari ke /2 hingga hari ke /< ,lakukan semburan air kosong sahaja ke atas anak benih dan peatmoss d) "ada hari ke 20,lakukan lagi semburan cecair chitosan (1ml chitosan:/liter air) ke atas anak benih dan peatmoss di tray semaian

d)ari kedua selepas tanam biji benih,lakukan semburan cecair

e)"ada hari ke 2/ hingga hari ke 21 ,lakukan semburan air kosong

"lantbac(/0gm

sahaja ke atas anak

"lantbac:/ liter air) ke atas peatmoss sehingga keseluruhan

benih dan peatmoss

peatmoss lembab.

f)"ada hari ke 28,pindahkan anak benih ke polibeg(+ebelum

e)ari berikutnya lakukan semburan dgn air kosong sahaja bagi

pindahkan anak benih

tujuan mengekalkan kelembapan peatmoss +ekiranya biji benih direndam dlm ceair chitosan dgn dosage

tersebut ke polibeg,lakukan sekali lagi semburan cecair chitosan(1ml chitosan:/ liter air) ke atas anak benih dan peatmoss di dalam tray

1ml:/liter air selama 2060minit sebelum menanam biji benih ke dalam tray semaian adalah digalakkan sebelum langkah (a) 90


ntuk raatan yang lagi baik,campurkan 1gm "lantbac dan

a)>pabila

chitosan(15/0ml:liter air)semasa raatan biji benih dan semasa

media,penyemburan cecair chitosan

peringkat semaian tu.

anak

pkk

sudah

di

tanam

di

tanah

atau

perlulah dilakukan pada hari ke 7 anak pokok selepas ditanam b)"enyemburan cecair chitosan perlulah dilakukan sekali setiap

Ra>atan tanah atau media di dalam plibeg&

a)Dalam tempoh 7 atau 1 hari sebelum proses tanam anak benih ke tanah atau media polibeg,tanah atau media tersebut mestilah diraat dgn cecair "lantbac(6gm "lantbac:/ liter air pencairan) b)+iraman cecair "lantbac tadi boleh dilakukan secara drip atau semburan ataupun manual tuang ke atas tanah iaitu tempat dimana anak benih akan

minggu ,utk memberikan tahap pencegahan penyakit dan penghasilan hasil yang tinggi(pencairan 1/0ml chitosan:/ liter air).*alau guna /0ml:liter atau 20ml:liter lagi baik c)Cecair chitosan dgn dosage 1ml:/liter air boleh didripkan atau disiram pada tanah atau media untuk menggalakkan lagi pembentukan cabang2 baru pkk tersebut.Dgn penggunaan "lantbac utk tanah atau media akan mepercepatkan uptake nutrient melalui

ditanam

akar pokok

c)3akukan semula ,penggunaan cecair "lantbac ke atas tanah atau

"E>> C>M"$> "3>%#>C D> %$

media semasa anak

C%O+> +EC>$> +EM#$> *E "O*O* D> D$"

pkk berumur 2 minggu di tanah atau media

>%> +$>M> *E %>> >%> MED> >D>3> MEM#E$*> *E+> "ECE>> H> 3E# #>*

d)"enggunaan seterusnya bergantung kpd pengusaha tanaman

ebaikan ra>atan di atas&

tersebut,nak lagi baik

Plantba&

surelah kena guna lebih lagi,ikut budget masing2

a)Memberikan perlindungan kpd @on akar tanaman daripada penyakit yang berpunca daripada bakteria jahat dan kulat merbahaya

Ra>atan anak pkk dalam pembesaran dan penghasilan hasil&

b)!ika disiram di tanah,akan menguraikan kandungan @at mineral dalam tanah dimana 91


akan menambahkan uptake @at tanah melalui akar tanaman

by Mohammad >bdul $ahman

c)Memperbaiki sistem pengudaraan tanah dan menambahkan

2J !an 20/2 5 "+#

kesuburan tanah melalui

*ita sebagai pekebun berkonsepkan fertigasi menganggap bahaa

tindakan bakteria baik yg terkandung dalam "lantbac

air baja yang sesuai dan seimbang dengan kadar bahan2 nutrients akan menganggap bahaa pokok kita tumbuh subur tanpa

#hitsan&

menunjukan sebarang kekurangan nutrients, amat baik sekali jika

a)Mempercepatkan pencambahan biji benih

andaian kita itu benar, tapi sesetengah unsur akan menunjukan

b)Menambahkan sistem imuniti tanaman

kekurangan juga alaupun pokok di beri pembajaan yang

c)#ertindak sebagai pertahanan daripada serangan serangga perosak

mencukupi. +alah satu bahan unsur yang menjadi penyebab utama

d)Meningkatkan tumbesaran tanaman dan menyihatkan tanaman

ketidaksuburan pokok dan menjejaskan kualiti buah adalah *alsium

e)Meningkatkan pegeluaran hasil tanaman dan kualiti hasil tanaman

( calcium), berlakunya tip burnt_ dan rapuh pada pucuk, #E$ pada buah dan juga rasa pahit terutama timun.

esimpulan&

*ebanyakan kita tidak dapat memahami atau menilai keadaan pucuk

Dengan peraatan "lantbac,akan mengekalkan kesuburan tanaman

merapuh atau dieback_ atau terbakar berarna perang emas

dan mencegah daripada penyakit yg berpunca daripada tanah

berpunca dari kekurangan calcium kerana biasanya air baja kita

Dengan penyemburan chitosan,dapat menambahkan imuniti tanaman

sudah ada calcium yang berlebih. *adang2 kita menganggap bahaa

dan meningkatkan hasil tanaman

berlakunya keadaan pada pucuk adalah akibat serangga, panas melampau atau pun keadaan sekitar amat kering.

#alium& $asalah Pemba6aan dan Pengagihan #y NPQRSTUV TWX on riday, 2J !anuary 20/2 at /<17 #alium& $asalah Pemba6aan dan Pengagihan

*ebakaran atau tip burnt berlaku pada pucuk muda yang baharu membentuk daun, tisu pucuk yang akan menampakan lecur berair berarna perang emas dan menjadi kehitaman dan mereput jika amat serius. *eadaan lecur di sebabkan kebocoran pada sel daun dan mengeluarkan cecair sap dan mengundang penyakit pathogen untuk 92


berkembang. *adang2 kita juga terkeliru denagn kekurangan boron,

Calcium memainkan peranan untuk mengaktifkan en@imes,

yang mana kelihatan agak sama.

mengimbangi aliran air dalam sel dan amat perlu untuk perkembangan dan pembentukan sel baru dan tisu pembesaran.

#lossom end rot atau #E$ yang kerap berlaku pada buah cili dan

#ertindak sebagai penampan atau buffer bila berlakunya kelebihan

tomato yang seakan penyakit antraknos berpunca kurangnya calcium

unsur nutrient lain pada @one akar dan menjadikan salah satu

dalam pokok serta buah, sel buah pecah dan mengeluarkan cecair di

komponen dalam akar sebagai penyaring bahan berlebihan lain.

sebabkan kekuatan dan ketahanan sel amat kurang, buah melecur mulanya dan lekuk kedalam berarna hitam dan kering , tangkai

+imtom %ip burnt atau #E$ berpunca dari masalah pengagihan

buah tetap hijau, selalunya terjadi pada bahagian tengah ke hujung

pengangkutan calcium dalam pokok. Dalam pokok terdapat 2 jenis

buah. Manakala antraknos buah lecur lembik berair dan tangkai serta

tisu pengangkut, ?ylem dan phloem bertindak sebagai sistem

kelopak kekuningan, di sebabkan oleh fungus bacterial.

sirkulasi

membekalkan

mineral,

carbohidrat,

protein

pada

keseluruhan pokok untuk pertumbuhan pembesaran. Calcium terbentuk dan di gunakan oleh sel daun untuk perteguhkan dan menstabilkan lapisan sel dan bertindak sebagai agen semen atau

+aluran ?ylem mengangkut air dan garam nutrient terlarut dari akar

gam untuk menghubungkan antara sel2 daun di kenali sebagai

ke atas dan di agihkan pada daun2. *ehilangan air dari daun semasa

calcium pectate, kekurangan calcium menjadikan penghubung gam

proses perspiration atau perkumuhan akan membentuk hisapan dan

lemah dan tidak stabil dan sel berkecai...terjadilah #E$ atau tip

air dari saluran2 ?ylem yang mengandungi unsur nutrient termasuk

burnt.

calcium akan di baa kedaun untuk proses fotosintesis.

Calcium adalah immobile atau tidak dapat di pindahkan dari satu

>pa2 faktor yang membuatkan kehilangan air dari daun ( aliran

bahagian ke bahagian yang di perlukan seperti pucuk baru, dan perlu

angkutan ?ylem) akan mempengaruhi edaran calcium dalam pokok

di beri pembajaan Ca berterusan untuk pertumbuhan. *onsentarasi

bila mana air pembaa ion calcium mengalir ke daun untuk

calcium pada daun tua adalah tinggi berbanding pucuk muda, jadi

menggantikan air yang hilang. Calcium merupakan immobile akan

simtom amat ketara pada pucuk dahulu.

mengalir secara perlahan jika transpiration amat kurang berlaku pada buah dan juga pucuk baru yang kecil berbanding dengan daun besar 93


yang tua. al sedemikian akan menampakan dengan mudah simtom

dari potssium (kalium), magnesium atau ammonium yang

kekurangan Ca yang senang berlaku pada buah dan pucuk. Dalam

terkandung dalam air baja. Oleh kerana calcium bergerak dalam tisu

keadaan berangin dan penyejukan serta kelembapan di baah <0L,

?ylem, serapanya juga terhalang oleh kepanasan atau kesejukan

daun amat aktif transpiration dan ?ylem menarik air dan ion calcium

melampau dari @one akar dan juga bila keadaan media yang di

denagn baik untuk di baa pada daun dan di simpan.

pengaruhi oleh konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, ( salt built up dan ec baja tinggi) dan juga di sebabkan keadaan sekitaran yang amat

ntuk mengelakan buah dari terjadi #E$, pembajaan Calcium amat

lembab terutama musim hujan.

di titik beratkan semasa pembentukan buah yang masih hijau sebagai langkah pertama pengaalan, kejadian #E$ dapat di hindarkan

Menggunakan air baja yang EC nya tinggi akan mengurangkan

dengan menggunakan foliar pada buah hijau dan daun sekeliling

serapan air dan Ca oleh akar pokok, berbe@a dengan  dan * dimana

serta pucuk yang menampakan simtom kekurangan menggunakan

konsentarsinya pada daun akan tinggi jika EC tinggi. Merendahkan

larutan baja CaO6 dengan kadar 0.2L atau 2.0gm:lit air. Memberi

sedikit EC air baja akan meningkatkan serapan air baja oleh akar dan

foliar pada daun saja dan tidak pada buah tak memberi kesan pada

secara tak langsung bahan nutrient lain termasuk Ca akan di serap

raatan #E$ kerana Ca tak buleh berpindah kepada buah dari daun,

dengan banyak dan baik untuk di agihkan pada tisu2 pembesaran

jadi direct spray pada buah amat perlu.

pokok.

Dalam sistem hidroponik fertigasi, unsur baja calcium di dapati dari

"emberian air baja pada ec rendah pada aktu malam meningkatkan

calcium nitrate (CaO6) dan kuantitinya amat mencukupi mengikut

serapan Ca kerana ?ylem sap dapat membaa Ca kepada tisu2 yang

kehendak pokok. !ika terjadi kekurangan calcium pada pokok ianya

kurang aktif transpiration nya seperti kucupan pucuk dan juga buah

bukan di sebabkan kurangnay Ca dalam baja, tapi di pengaruhi oleh

dan putik buah baru. *ajian umum mendapati kebanyakan calcium

faktor lain yang menghalang atau menyekat pengambilan Ca oleh

di bekalkan pada daun dan buahan amat banyak pada aktu malam

akar dan juga penghantaran dalam pokok.

berbanding siang hari. !adi amat berkesan jika di beri injeksi air baja sekali atau dua pada aktu malam sekitar <.005/0.00 pm. atau 2.005

"engambilan atau serapan Ca oleh pokok berkurangan di sebabkan

6.00am.

berlakunya persaingan serapan oleh konsentrasi cations yang tinggi 94


ntuk menghindarkan berlakunya tip burnt dan juga #E$,

unsur baja seperti phosphate, potash, sulfer, e dan juga Cu. ""$

pembajaan Ca hendaklah di beri secukupnya dan berterusan,

juga boleh menjanakan hormon tanaman, menambahkan microbes

melaraskan EC (2.752.1) dan p ( 1.;58.2) dengan betul dan tidak

spt bacteria dan fungus yang baik dan mengaal pathogen dan

tinggi , memberi baja aktu malam, mengurangkan kelembapan

penyakit tumbuhan.

melampau ( sistem $" elak hujan) dan mengurangkan pokok dari stress air ( maintain kelembapan 60570L min). "embajaan dengan

Cara membuat ""$ 5

biofertili@er yang mengandungi amino acid atau >> amat

BA
membantu membuka calcium ion channel dalam akar dan meninggikan serapan calcium beribu kali ganda berbanding dengan cara osmosis biasa.

/. /00 gm akar buloh 2. 200 gm gula pasir,

PLANT .ROD PRO$OTN. R<OBA#TERA ( P.PR ) -

6. 200gm gula merah

$hamad Abdul Rahman

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %uesday, 7 December 20/2 at /0// $E$B%AT

P.PR

(PLANT

.ROD

PRO$OT N.

R<OBA#TERA)

7. 200 gm belacan 1. / kg dedak halus ( boleh guna dedak ayam serbuk juga jika tak ada dedak padi )

""$ atau "lant roth "romoting $hi@obakteri adalah sejenis bacteria yang hidup di sekitar @one akar tanaman. #acteria ini

8. /0 lit air

hidupnya secara berkoloni menyelaputi akar tanaman dan memberi kebaikan dari microbes. #acteria atau microbes ini memberi

J.

/ sudu makan bahan perisa BajinomotoA:M+, kandungan

kebaikan untuk proses fisiologi tanaman dan pertumbuhannya.

monosodium

ungsi ""$ bagi tanaman mampu mempercepatkan pertumbuhan

pertumbuhan dan mempercepat kan penghasilan giberellin.

glutamate sebagai

hormon

perangsang

dan fisiologi akar serta mampu mengurangi penyakit atau kerosakan oleh serangga. +elain itu ""$ juga meningkatkan daya serapan

#ARA $E$B%AT&

95


/. $endam akar buloh dalam air bersih / lit tanpa klorin 257

#ahan yang tertinggal dalam tapisan masih boleh di recycle

hari

denagn menambahkan air dan sedikit gula merah untuk kegunaan kedua kalinya.

2. $ebus bahan no2 K no 8 sampai mendidih selama 20 minit dalam air /0 lit

+emoga tuan2 mendapat manafaat dan penghasilan tanaman yang baik

6. +etelah sejuk masukkan semua bahan kedalam tong bertutup ( tong air 20 lit) dan tutup rapat 7. #uka dan goncang2 sehari sekali

%NS%R BA'A "OLAR- $hammad abdul rahman

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on &ednesday, 2; o=ember 20/2 at 261< "liar Nutritin

1. +atelah /1 hari ""$ siap digunakan

"liar Nutritin f Plants

t has been knon for many years that plants are able to absorb #ARA $EN..%NAAN&

/. %apis ""$ 2. Campurkan ( //1 ) / lit ""$ ke dalam air /1 lit ( / tong racun ) 6. +pray atau siram pada batas tanah atau media polybag /56 hari sebelum pindah tanam anak pokok.

essential elements through their lea=es. %he absorption takes place through the stomata of the lea=es and also through the epidermis. Mo=ement of elements is usually faster through the stomata, but the total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. "lants are also able to absorb nutrients through their bark. %he folloing elements ha=e been successfully use to supply nutrients for plant groth by apply them as foliar sprays to the lea=es

7. langi spray atau siram hujan setiap /1520 hari sekali "rimary utrients  itrogen ,"hosphorus, "otassium +econdary utrients  Magnesium, Calcium, +ulfur

96


Micronutrients  ron, 'inc, #oron, Copper, Molybdenum ,

commonly mi?ed and applied ith the regular spray materials at

Manganese, Chlorine

eekly inter=als early in the groing season.

One difficulty in using foliar sprays to supply essential elements to crops is that translocation of the applied element may not be rapid

%he application of urea fertili@er to lea=es of plants has gi=en

enough for increasing crop yields. &ith some plants this problem is

response appro?imately eual to that of fertili@er applied to the soil.

more difficult than ith others. or e?ample, the relati=e mobility of

%he uptake of urea is faster hen it is sprayed on the lea=es, but it is

essential nutrients in bean plants hen applied as a foliar spray in

cheaper to apply it to the soil.

order of decreasing mobility, as as follos

Phosphorus is capable of being utili@ed by the plant hen it is

sprayed on the lea=es. >lthough the practice is not common, there Mobile  "otassium, "hosphorus, Chlorine, itrogen "artially Mobile

'inc, Copper, Manganese,

are many good reasons for predicting that there may be an increase Molybdenum,

in the foliar application of phosphorus.

Magnesium mmobile  #oron, Calcium, +ulfur, ron

One reason is that in most soils only a small percentage of phosphorus fertili@ers is reco=ered by the plant (a=eraging about 20

itrogen fertili@er compounds ha=e been used for se=eral years as

percent for the first year)9 hereas, hen phosphorus is sprayed on

foliar sprays. +odium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate,

the lea=es, nearly all of it is absorbed. n one e?periment,

and urea ha=e all been used e?perimentally, but only urea gi=es

appro?imately three pounds of "2O1 sprayed on tomato lea=es ga=e

satisfactory results. %he other fertili@ers cause the burning of lea=es,

a greater early groth than did /61 pounds of "2O1 applied to the

due partly to the high osmotic concentration of the spray solution.

soil. %he yield of tomatoes, hoe=er, as /2 percent greater hen

'rea has been successfully sprayed on apple trees, tomatoes,

the /61 pounds of "2O1 as sprayed on the lea=es.

celery, lima beans, potatoes, cantaloupes, cucumbers, and sugar

Potassium applications as foliar sprays ha=e been made, using

cane. >mounts up to /1 pounds of urea per acre at one spraying

potassium sulfate fertili@er. +ome leaf injury resulted, and the

ha=e been used ith beneficial results on apple trees. igher

conclusion as reached that soil applications are far more

concentrations burn the lea=es. %he usual concentration for apple

satisfactory.

trees is fi=e pounds of urea per /00 gallons of ater. %his is 97

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] "agnesium is no commonly applied to plant foliage as solutions

this practice is the fact that, e=en though the iron mo=es readily into

of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts). One reason for the popularity

the lea=es, it is translocated =ery sloly. >s a result, after spraying

of the practice is that soil applications of magnesium commonly take

ith ferrous sulfate, chlorotic spots may still be in e=idence in places

three years to correct magnesium5deficiency symptoms of such

hich did not recei=e some of the iron spray. ron chelates ha=e also

perennials as apple trees, hereas foliar sprays are effecti=e ithin a

been successfully used as a spray.

fe days after application. On alkaline soils here iron chlorosis is common, applications of > foliar application of a to per cent solution of Mg+O7 to

iron compounds to the soil ha=e not been =ery successful because the

tomatoes, oranges, and apples has relie=ed magnesium deficiency

iron is soon rendered insoluble.

and has increased crop yields. Calcium is seldom applied as a foliar spray because it can be

%he leaves of chlorotic grain sorghum on calcareous soil in %ulare

efficiently applied to the soil. f CaCO6 is too slo in reaction, then

County, California, ere sprayed ith 70 gallons per acre of three

CaO or Ca(O)2 can be applied to the soil. CaCl2 is primary method

percent ferrous sulfate solution about one eek before heading, at a

of applying Ca to foliage.

cost for materials of 10 cents per acre. %he yield of grain sorghum

Sulfur sprayed on lea=es is readily absorbed by the plants. %his

fact as demonstrated, hoe=er, in connection ith the study of the

as increased from 170 pounds of grain on the untreated plot to /,JJ7 pounds on the treated plot, an increase of 222 percent.

influence of certain sulfur sprays hen used as a fungicide. >lthough there ha=e been no reports of a sulfur deficiency being

>pplications on the soil of more than 6,000 pounds per acre of

relie=ed by sulfur sprays, the practice may become established

ferrous sulfate ere reuired to accomplish similar increases in

because it is physiologically sound.

yields.

Iron has been sprayed on foliage since about /
"anganese. &hile soil manganese becomes less a=ailable in

chlorosis. %he first of such research ork as carried out ith

alkaline soils, many states in more humid regions of the country

chlorotic pineapples groing on highly alkaline soils in aaii.

often report manganese deficiencies in peat and muck soils and in

"eriodic sprays of fi=e percent ferrous sulfate are no common

local areas of alkaline soils. Manganese deficiencies are freuently

practice on aaiian pineapple plantations. %he biggest obstacle to

corrected by spray applications of manganese sulfate, usually fi=e to 98


/0 pounds per acre. Manganese sulfate is also applied to the soil at

"olybdenum, as sodium molybdate, / ounce in /00 gallons of

rates of from 20 to /10 pounds per acre. Manganous o?ide is also

ater, has eliminated deficiency symptoms in citrus trees.

used to correct manganese deficiencies. n alkaline soils an acid5

+omehat like iron, hoe=er, molybdenum does not seem to be

forming material, usually fertili@er, is applied to pre=ent fi?ation of

readily translocated ithin the plant. +praying only the loer half of

the applied manganese. 7 applied  released.

a citrus tree that shoed molybdenum deficiency did not cure the

$inc is often sprayed on the lea=es of apple and pear trees to

relie=e [leaf

deficiency symptoms on the upper half of the tree.

rosetting,[ a symptom of @inc deficiency.

>ppro?imately 21 pounds of @inc sulfate in /00 gallons of ater

n highly acid soils, molybdenum is sometimes fi?ed in an

(roughly a three per cent solution) applied to apple trees just before

una=ailable form, thus causing deficiencies, particularly for

the buds open has corrected @inc deficiency. 'inc sulfide, @inc

legumes. %he amount of molybdenum in soils and the amount

o?ide, and @inc carbonate ha=e all been successfully used as sprays.

reuired by plants is =ery small. n addition to sodium molybdate

Dri=ing gal=ani@ed (@inc5coated) nails in trees also relie=es @inc

soil application of 0.1 to to pounds per acre, a commercial seed5

deficiency.

coating preparation (Molygro) for some legumes, applied at about

Boron, as boric acid or bora? (sodium tetraborate), used as a foliar

to ounces per acre, is used to correct deficiencies. #roadcast

spray has pro=ed to be a successful method of application. nternal

applications are best mi?ed ith limestone on =ery acid soils to

cork of apples has been controlled by spraying the foliage ith eight

pre=ent fi?ation.

pounds of bora? in /00 gallons of ater. >s little as to pounds of bora? per /00 gallons of ater has checked [cracked stem[ of

RA#%N SERAN..A B%AT SEN7R,,,A$AT $%7A< 7AN

celery. #oron has been satisfactorily applied to the soil, either alone

BERESAN&

or in mi?ed fertili@ers.

&http&>>>,ab,net,augardeningstriess22:1114,htm

Copper deficiency has been controlled by spraying the lea=es ith

detai

kat

sini

-$hmmad abdul Rahman

a mi?ture of eight pounds of Cu+O7 plus eight pounds of Ca(O)2,

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %uesday, 2J o=ember 20/2 at /8/1

in /00 gallons of ater. &ithout the calcium hydro?ide, the copper

(E$+ #>>+> ME3>H *>% #>&> >$%*E3 # )

sulfate injures the foliage. Copper o?ide has also been used successfully as a spray. 99


orticultural oils are among the safest and most effecti=e ays of

 3abel it and store this in a cool, dry place and it should last about

controlling a range of sap sucking and cheing pests in the garden.

three months. $emember to also label it ith the dilution rate 5 to

%hese days there are to options 5 traditional hite oil, hich is

dessert spoons per litre of ater.( bersamaan 20ml:lit)

based on a =egetable oil, and modern horticultural oils, hich are thinner and based on petroleum oil.

ardeners ha=e been using oils for about 200 years so it_s been thoroughly road tested. se these oils on broad lea=ed trees and

%he lighter coloured, modern oils spread faster than the old

shrubs. Don_t use them on hairy or soft lea=ed plants like lettuce,

fashioned =egetable oil. %his is important because it means that the

because it ill burn the lea=es. %he best spraying action is to co=er

modern, less =iscous, oil doesn_t clog leaf pores hen the

both sides of the lea=es and the bark and it_s best to spray in the cool

temperature is o=er 60 degrees. +o in hot eather the neer oil

of the morning.

on_t damage your plants. orticultural oils ill control aphids, scale, mealy bug and citrus leaf %he other difference is that the modern horticultural oils are based on

miner as ell as caterpillars. t orks by blocking their breathing

petroleum and are e?pensi=e to buy. &hite oil is cheap and better

pores and this suffocates the pest. %here is no ay that pests ill

still, you can make it yourself.

e=er become resistant to hite oil K so it_s good fore=er. nformation contained in this fact sheet is a summary of material

&hite oil recipe

included in the program. f further information is reuired, please contact your local nursery or garden centre.

 se to cups of =egetable oil (_m an organic gardener, so  use

Copyright $estrictions %his fact sheet is for pri=ate and domestic

sunfloer oil because there_s no chance that it could be genetically

information purposes only. t may not be copied, reproduced, sold or

modified) and half a cup of ashing up liuid.

used for any other purpose ithout the e?press permission of the >#C.>lihbahasa oleh M>$ 

 "ut those into a jar. "ut the lid on and gi=e it a good shake and

Minyak ortikultur adalah antara cara yang paling selamat dan

you_=e got concentrated hite oil.

paling berkesan untuk mengaal pelbagai serangga penghisap sap dan pemakan daun dan perosak tanaman di ladang. Disini terdapat 100


dua pilihan 5 minyak putih tradisional, yang berasaskan minyak

%indakan semburan terbaik adalah untuk meratakan kedua5dua belah

sayur5sayuran, dan minyak moden hortikultur, yang cair ,nipis yang

daun dan batang , yang terbaik semburan aktu pagi.

berasaskan minyak petroleum yang lebih ringan dan merata dengan

Minyak ortikultur baik untuk kaalan scales, aphids, mealy bug

lebih cepat berbanding minyak sayuran tradisional. ni adalah

(pepijat bertepung )dan ulat pelombong daun serta beluncas. a

penting kerana ia , kurang likat, minyak tidak menyumbat liang daun

berfungsi dengan menyekat liang pernafasan mereka dan dan

atau stomata apabila suhu melebihi 60 darjah C. !adi, dalam cuaca

melemaskan serangga itu . Menggunakan minyak putih ini tidaka

panas minyak yang baru tidak akan merosakkan tumbuh5tumbuhan

akan menjadikan kekebalan pada serangga , jadi ianya boleh di

anda.

gunakan berterusan selama5lamanya.

"erbe@aan lain adalah bahaa minyak hortikultur yang bersaskan petroleum agak mahal untuk membeli. +ementara minyak putih

"OR$%LA %NT% SALA7 ALAN SAD- $hammad

adalah murah dan lebih baik lagi, anda boleh membuatnya sendiri.

Abdul Rahman

Minyak resipi "utih

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %hursday, 22 o=ember 20/2 at 2270

 unakan dua caan minyak sayuran , minyak jagung atau minyak

3E%%CE

bunga matahari atau seangkatan dan  caan sabun basuh pinggan

%he formula belo is a standard hydroponic lettuce formula using

( palmoli=e, sunlight atau setara)

standard hydroponic fertili@er salts. +ome of these, such as iron

 Masukan dalam balang. %utup tudung dan goncanglah supaya

chelate and monopotassium phosphate, may need to be imported or

membentuk emulsi minyak putih pekat. #otol mineral / lit pun

sourced from fertili@er suppliers. oe=er, they pre=ent the groth

buleh di gunakan untuk menggoncang.

problems that could de=elop from the use of ammonium phosphate

 3abel dan simpan di tempat yang sejuk, kering dan ia di gunakan

and a=oid the use of e?pensi=e magnesium nitrate.

dalam masa kira5kira tiga bulan. %andakan label dengan kadar

3ettuce ydroponic utrient ormulation (rams of ertili@er +alts

pencairan 5 dua sudu pencuci mulut seliter air (bersamaan 20ml:lit).

%o #e Dissol=ed nto %o /0053iter +tock +olution %anks9 &hen

"ara petani sudah menggunakan cara ini sejak kira5kira 200 tahun

Diluted //00, %his &ill i=e an EC of /.2, a %D+ of ;70, and a p

dahulu . Di gunakan minyak ini sebagai foliar semburan pada pokok

of 1.<, &ater +upply "ermitting)

rene pokok renek berdaun. !angan gunakan pada tumbuhan berbulu atau berdaun lembut seperti salad, kerana ia akan membakar daun. 101


ote %his formula is for good uality, lo mineral ater sources

Monopotassium phosphate /,/<; g

and does not take into account any minerals that may already be

Magnesium sulfate 2,1J/ g

present in the source ater.

Copper sulfate 2 g Manganese sulfate 7/.J g

"art >

'inc sulfate 2.8 g

Calcium nitrate J,101.7

#oric acid 21 g

"otassium nitrate /J1/

>mmonium molybdate /.02 g

ron chelate 100

&hen diluted //00, this formula gi=es a C of /2 (EC /.2 m+:cm) and results in parts per million (ppm) le=els of \/70.<, *\<8.7,

"art #

"\21.2, Ca\/1/, Mg\21.6, +\66.6, e\2.1, Mn\/, 'n\0.08,

Monopotassium phosphate /,/
#\0.71, Cu\0.01, Mo\0.01.

Magnesium sulfate 2,112.;

More potassium should be pro=ided during summer for red lettuce

Manganese sulfate ;0

=arieties.

'inc sulfate //.0/ #oric acid 6<

"OR$%LA BA'A "ERT.AS STRADBERR=- $hammad

Copper sulfate 6.02

Abdul Rahman

>mmonium molybdate /

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on %hursday, 22 o=ember 20/2 at 200J ormula untuk straberry.

The Editr replies&

utrient +olution ormula untuk ydroponic +traberries (berat

ere is the general lettuce nutrient formulation  ha=e (to be added to

bahan untuk di larutkan dalam 10 lit stock , dan kadar bancuhan

/00 liters of stock solution)

untuk dipakai //00, dan memberi EC /.J dan p 1.;0

"art > Calcium nitrate J,17< grams (g) ron ED%> 280 g

"art >

"art #

Calcium nitrate 2.<7 kg

"otassium nitrate /,J06 g 102


"otassium nitrate 2./0 kg

Diammonium phosphate /.; kg

ron ED%> 270gm Chelated ron ( /6L e ) 782 gm "art #

#oric acid ( 6#O6 ) 70.0 gm

Monopotassium phosphate /.80 kg

Manganese +ulfate ( Mn+O7 ) 11.0 gm atau

Magnesium sulfate 2.70 kg

Manganous Chloride ( MnCl2 72O ) 1;.0 gm

Manganese sulfate 6;gm

'inc +ulfate ( 'n+o7 J2O ) J.88 gm

'inc sulfate 1gm

Cupric Chloride ( CuCl2 22O ) /.;8 gm

#oric acid /;gm

Molybdenum %rio?ide ( Mo O6 ) 0.J1 gm atau

Copper sulfate 2gm

ammonium molibdate /.00 gm

>mmonium molybdate 0.1gm !ika mau gunakan stok /00 lit, gandakan berat bahan tu

ntuk "erkembangan pembungaan dan production ) EC 2.7 5 2.8 ) p 1.;58.0

"OR$%LA "OR$%L A BA'A %NT% T$%N, T$%N,,,Ole ,,Oleh h $hamm $hammad ad Abdu Abdull

CaO6 ( Calcium itrate ) /0.21 kg

Rahman

*O6 ( "otassium itrate 6.10 kg

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on on +unday, /7 October 20/2 at 2/00

*2"O7 ( Monopotassium "hosphate ) 6.70 kg *2+O7 ( "otassium +ulfate ) 6.60 kg

/. ntu ntukk "ertumbuha "ertumbuhann aal =egetat =egetati=e i=e ) EC /.252.7 /.252.7 p 8.058.2 8.058.2 CaO6 ( Calcium itrate ) ;.;0 kg *O6 ( "otassium itrate 1.;0 kg *2"O7 ( Monopotassium "hosphate ) /.00 kg *2+O7 ( "otassium +ulfate ) 0.10 kg Mg +O7J2O  LMg <.;0 or0.0<; 1./0 kg L + /2.< or 0./2<

Mg +O7J2O  L Mg <.;0 or 0.0<; ;./0 kg L + /2.< or 0./2< 7O6 nil Chelated ron ( /6L e ) 782 gm #oric acid ( 6#O6 ) 70.0 gm Manganese +ulfate ( Mn+O7 ) 11.0 gm atau Manganous Chloride ( MnCl2 72O ) 1;.0 gm 103


'inc +ulfate ( 'n+o7 J2O ) J.88 gm

#oil to dehydrate

Cupric Chloride ( CuCl2 22O ) /.;8 gm

Mi? continuou continuously sly until totally dry and dehydrated ith ooden

Molybdenum %rio?ide ( MoO6 ) 0.J1 gm atau

ladle.

ammonium molibdate /.00 gm

"lace the the dehydrate dehydratedd bron bron sugar sugar (mosco=ad (mosco=ado) o) in clean clean dry

!ika menggunakan bahan lain spt ED%> untuk micro, kira baliklah

containers.

berat di perlukanberdasark perlukanberdasarkan an kandungan kandungan L bahan.

$eady for storage and use. ses

NAT% NA T%RAL RAL "A "AR$ R$N. N. Dit Dith h OR. OR.AN AN# # * BO BOLO. LO.#AL #AL

May be used for food, food preparation and processing

TE#
eed additi=e for poultry and li=estock

#y aris ersi #aru on #aru on %hursday, // October 20/2 at /066

or bioorganic preparations and additi=e.

NAT% NA T%RAL RAL "A "AR$N R$N. . Di Dith th OR. OR.AN# AN# * BO BOLO. LO.#AL #AL

O& %O M>*E $E COCO% O3 "rocessing =irgin coconut oil right in your on home and kitchen

TE#
is O& %O M>*E HO$ O& +>$

=ery easy and simple. rit the meat of freshly opened mature coconut.

Materials

"our a little ater and mush the greeted coconut meat.

+ugar cane juice or fresh coconut juice (tuba)

"ress to e?tract the coconut milk.

#ig cooking stainless steel basin

3et the milk stay o=ernight or for /0 to /2 hours.

&ooden mi?ing ladle

%he ater ill settle don the container and the oil ill float.

+to=e and fuel

Drain out the ater.

"rocedure

eat e at the oil in stain stainle less ss steel steel kettl kettlee in 71 to J0 degre degrees es

"ress fresh sugarcane to e?tract juice juice 5 0;.0L sucrose content

temperature for /1 to 60 minutes to remo=e and e=aporate remaining

Or gather fresh coconut juice (tuba)

ater in the oil. #etter heat oil in double kettle here the first has

"lace in the cooking basin

5 /8.;L sucrose content

ater in direct contact ith fire and the other ith oil inside the casserole ith heated ater. 104


"lace the =irgin coconut oil in bottle and seal.

priority for soil restoration through carbon seuestratio seuestrationn or storing

+tore in room temperature aay from sunlight.

carbon in the soil securely so that it is not easily re5emitted through

>nother >not her ay of preser=ing preser=ing =irgin oil is by free@ing instead instead of heating.

soil conser=ation and incorporation of organic fertili@ers. Composts are natural fertili@ers that supply soils ith =ital plant

irg i rgin in coc cocon onut ut oi oill is us used ed for =ar =ariou iouss pur purpo poses ses.. t is use usedd for

nutrients helping to retain ater and air. t restores soil structure, soil

medication, beauty and body skin ointment, cooking oil, lubricant,

carbon anti5biotic acti=ity. Compost or organic fertili@ers impro=es

fuel, etc. t does not get rancid hen the right procedure is done.

soil te?ture, helps to control eeds, pest and diseases. %hee pr %h pric ices es of co comm mmer erci cial al ch chem emic ical al fe fert rtil ili@ i@er erss pr pric icee ar aree skyrocketing, skyrocketi ng, beyond the purchasing poer of the marginal farmers. >ttention is no focused on teaching and encouraging farmers and

%>* C>$E O HO$ +O3 + O3 %E >%$>3 &> &>H+

entrepreneurs to in=est on the production of organic fertili@ers.

+e=eral researches ha=e found that declining crop yield is related

Organic fertili@ers can easily be made by farmers from readily

to the loss of soil uality. +oils are threatened by ater and ind

a=ailable materials such as plant lea=es and residues, animal aste

erosion, salinisation, and nutrient depletion, chemical interference

and other biodegradable substances. %hey do not ha=e to buy or get

that kills microbiological soil born organisms and other things.

credit to make their on fertili@er and soil conditioners. conditioners. +oil fertility

+oil depletion is causing se=er impact on agriculture like hat is

and health can also be restored ith resting the soil for a year or to,

no happening in the "hilippines. &e are just no aking up to the

greenn manu gree manure, re, inco incorpora rporating ting crop resi residue due ith soil duri during ng land

groing magnitude of soil depletion in most agricultural lands using

preparation or culti=ation, and planting of trees along farm boarders

con=entional farming, hea=ily dependent on chemical fertili@ation,

and banks of aterays.

herbal,l, pest and dise herba disease ase control. control. %he Ecological Ecological +ociety of the

%he "hilippines is among the /J most bio5di=erse countries in the

"hilippines headed by its president >ntonio M. Claparols is =ery

orld. "art of the "hilippin "hilippines es treasure are the large forest trees hich

much concerned on the deteriorating soil condition of the country.

are rapi rapidly dly =ani =anishin shing. g. %re %rees es are cont contribu ributing ting to the ecol ecologic ogical al

lobal arming makes things orse. >s the ground heat up, organic orga nic matt matter er decom decompose pose more rapi rapidly dly,, redu reducing cing soil ferti fertility lity,,

balance as they help clean clean the air and conser=e ater. ater. One hectare of forest is needed to supply the fresh nitrogen needed by 70 persons.

releasing carbon dio?ide hich increase the arming effects. igh 105


%rees and ild =egetation are not only needed in the countryside

%he ne practice is chopping or hammer5milling the organic

and farming areas, but more so in communities and urban areas

materials then spraying pro5biotic to the mass, keep it moist and

here population density is high. rban gardens and soils can be

co=er ith plastic sheet to a=oid dehydration. Mi? the mass at least

impro=ed by groing trees and using organic compost fertili@ers.

once a eek. &ith sufficient digester (microorganism or pro5biotic) it ill take less than a month to con=ert organic materials into ready to use fertili@er. Mi?ing a combination of different organic materials both plant and animal source ill insure a more complete nutrient content of the

+E O O$>C COM"O+% E$%3'E$

organic fertili@er. "ro5biotic spray or inoculation of the compost ill

>D #O MC$O OC3>%+

present destructi=e and undesirable microorganisms to gro. %he

Organic compost fertili@er is the closest e can return to natural

odor becomes pleasant.

farming. %he emerging farming system is toards the use of organic

COM"O+%

fertili@er in combination ith chemical fertili@er.

Composting, essentially a rapid self heating process by hich

%here are no a=ailable in the market se=eral "ro5biotic like #HM

organic material is decomposed and stabili@ed, as practiced by

and %ricograma that helps hasten the breakdon and decomposition

ancient Egyptians, reeks and $omans and is e=en mentioned in

of organic cellulous materials to con=ert them into organic fertili@er.

religious te?ts. During the past 20 years, this time honored practice

+imple ay of preparing organic compost

has de=eloped into a robust aste5management technology that

%he old practice is the sandich type here different organic

generates =aluable organic soil amendments.

materials or aste are pilled layer after layer like plant residue 

#iological treatment technologies may be either aerobic or

animal aste  soil and repeat the process until reaching a meter

anaerobic. >erobic systems use o?ygen, but anaerobic ones don_t.

high. *eep it moist and insert a bamboo ith =entilated holes to

#oth may use heat to fuel the reactions that break don organic

aerate until the material decomposes. %hen mi? the material and keep

matter in manure. n composting, heat is generated by microbes that

it moist until totally decomposed. >erate and e?pose to sunlight

digest organic matter. >fter decomposition, it ill be good to saniti@e

before applying as fertili@er.

the organic compound by drying or e?posing it to sunlight for a day or 106


to.

also acts as storage for nutrients, increases cat ion e?change capacity and acts as a regulator for nutrients, so they are not all releases at one time.

Butrient stabili@ation in composted manure allos soil microbes and plants to use the nutrients in a slo5release and beneficial manner. Compost may e=en help reduce demand for nitrogen in

O& %O "$E">$E HO$ O& 3>C%O #>+33>

certain crops.A +ays "atricia Miller of the En=ironmental Microbial

3>C%O #>+33> is one of the beneficial microorganisms called

+afety 3aboratory in #elts=ille, Maryland

pro5biotic. t helps in the breaking don of cellulose fibers and

Composting is one of se=eral technologies used to treat animal

con=erts organic materials into humus and fertili@er. "roducing your

manure, seage sludge, and other organic residuals, hich may

on stock of lacto bacilli can easily by done using the folloing

contain pathogens or parasites of public health concern. n any

procedure

manure slurry system, solid can be composted. 3iuids can be further processed to stabili@e nitrogen and phosphorus in soluble forms compatible ith current nutrient5management reuirements. +oil structure is easy to impro=e ith compost. Organic matter is the most important source of plant nutrients contributing to the fertility of the soil. Compost material sustains healthy plant groth by pro=iding food for both li=ing microorganisms, speeding up their multiplication and absorption of the roots. Organic matter ha also

/. se rice ash or finely grounded grain preferably bron rice mi? in ater. 2. "lace in a ide plastic basin and co=er loosely to allo =entilation. 6. >llo it to ferment for J days. #acteria including lacto bacilli in air ill infect solution.

dual role that helps ater mo=e through the soil and at the same time impro=e the soil_s ater holding capacity. nlike depleted soils of

7. +train liuid and place in bigger plastic container.

organic matter, soils rich in humus retain a good surface and do not crust or clod after hea=y rains. >eration is good in humus rich soils and this important factor means root groth is good. Organic matter 107


1. >dd /0 parts milk (skim, podered, condensed or fresh) Milk is best feed for lacto bacilli ill multiply rapidly and

O& %O M>*E COM"O+%

o=ergro other bacteria in solution. . 8. Co=er loosely to allo =entilation and ferment for another

%he sandich method 

one eek. /. J. %he flotsam consisting of fats, carbohydrate and protein

and topsoil are placed in layers one on top of the other until

contain lacto bacilli. ;. +coop the flotsam and mi? ith food or feed materials. >

Organic materials such as animal aste, plant aste they reach a high of 6 feet.

2.

%he material is atered moist a nd co=ered ith

yello colored liuid ill form containing a great

coconut lea=es or plastic sheet in order that moisture ill be

concentration of lacto bacilli.

retained.

<. +tore in refrigeration or room temperature.

6.

Mi? the compost pill after to eeks, moist and co=er again.

/0. Mi? liuid in eual uantity of rough bron sugar, mosco=ado or molasses.

7.

$epeat mi?ing o nce a eek, until the compost materials are totally decompose ith the appearance of soil.

//. Mi? stock solution in 20 parts ater. se to is ith compost materials.

1.

Dry in direct sunlight to kill or eliminate unanted microorganisms such as fungus and bacteria.

/2. Dosage se 257 tbs. per gallon ater and spray to plants. 8.

%he material is no ready for use or placed in sacks for storage or shipment.

108


#iological fast composting ield composting /. /. /. ather the organic material, chop or hammer mill and mi? thoroughly.

/. >fter har=est and just before ploing and land preparation, gather the organic materials, chop or

2. &ater them moist ith pro5biotic microorganism

hammer mill.

(lactobacilli or trichoderma) mi?ed in the ater. 2. +pread the materials e=enly in the field. n case the /.

plant aste residues are in the field, then step a. ill /. Co=er the compost pile ith plastic sheet. 2. Mi? the material e=ery eek. 6. t ill usually take only 7 eeks to totally decompose the material ith the aid of the microorganisms that help digest the cellulose materials. 7. +undry the decomposed organic material (fertili@er) to kill unanted microorganisms. 1. %he material is no ready for use or bagging for storage or shipment.

not be necessary. 6. +pray the organic material in the field ith pro5 biotic microorganism. 7. "lo and disk5harro the field to mi? the organic material ith the soil. 1. f possible do the abo=e operation just before an e?pected rain or irrigate the field after the ploing of culti=ation. %his ill allo the microorganism to ork fast, and multiply. n the process, digesting the organic material into organic fertili@er or soil amendment.

109


J. Co=er pile ith lea=es, sack or plastic sheet to minimi@e ote that the pro5biotic organisms ill continue orking in the

e=aporation.

soil, as long as fa=orable conditions like adeuate soil moisture and presence of organic materials.

;. Check the moisture e=ery 2 days, and et in case compost dry up.

+teps in composting ith ild sunfloer /. 3ook for a suitable area, partly or fully shaded. 2. ather compost materials such as rice stra, animal manure, and other farm aste. 6. Collect ild sunfloer and chop the young stem and lea=es

<. Check also the temperature. f it is arm, then decomposition is taking place. /0. >fter 6 to 7 eeks, check the compose pile and if it has turn into soil humus physical form it is most likely ripe. //. n case the compose ill not immediately be used, air dry before placing into sacks or in a shady dry place.

into small pieces. 7. +tick a bamboo ith holes to ser=e as =entilator of the compost pile.

armers are encouraged to implement simple and ine?pensi=e ays of producing organic fertili@ers through the use of indigenous technology. %hey may adopt other methods of composting by using

1. "ile crops residue and farm aste in the folloing seuence

other materials and plant aste a=ailable in their respecti=e farms.

rice stra, sunfloer, manure, soil and repeat the layering.

EMCOM"O+%

"roportion 256 parts fresh sunfloer, / part rice stra, 2

E$MCOM"O+% is composting plant materials ith orms.

parts manure and / part soil.

%he ad=antage of =ermi5composting to that of the usual con=entional compost pile is that the process is faster and the resulting organic soil

8. &ater the pile until thoroughly et.

is richer in certain nutrients pro=ided by the earthorms themsel=es. t is rich in umic acid, hich is a groth promoting. 110


>frican ight Craler ( Eudrilis eugeniae2 earthorm are

7. se a shredder or hammer mill to crush the organic

incredible eaters and ill eat and e?pel their on eight e=ery day

materials into small particles easy to decompose and

hen conditions are right. t takes 80 days or less for fresh organic

eaten by the earthorms. ood food %hey need

aste to be con=erted into compost fertili@er. Our nati=e earthorm

21L nitrogen from legumes like madre de cacao and

may also be employed.

ipil5ipil lea=es, chicken droppings and cattle dung,

+teps in ermi5composting

etc. and J1L carbon source like grasses, rice and corn stalks, cogon and sugarcane tops.

/. 1. Mi?ing old animal manure and chicken droppings (2 /. a=e a shed for the composting site to protect the

months old) ith shredded =egetable aste ill

orms from direct sunlight and from torrential rains

impro=e the nutrient content of the finish product.

to be able to do their ork undisturbed. %he orms

Do not use fresh manure for the ammonia produced

need a good li=ing condition, dimly lit area to li=e in

ill gi=e discomfort to the orms.

ith enough moisture. 8. &ater the bed from time to time to keep them moist 2. Construct a storage area for digested compost before

but not flooded so as not to dron the orms.

it is screened and bagged. J. ence off or screen in the beds to keep out chickens, 6. Construct the compost bed for orms to digest ith concrete hollo blocks three blocks high ith a

birds, rodents and other pest that ill eat or bother the orms in the ormery.

depth of 60571 cm., / meter ide by 2 meters long or longer. #e sure that the soil bed is ell drained

;. Mi? a little ordinary soil to the fresh shredded

under the composting bed. %he orms ill not

=egetable materials before introducing the orms.

escape into the soil if there is a=ailable food to digest.

<. "lace one kilogram of orms per suare meter for fast composting. /0520 pieces may do to start ith 111


but it ill take longer time to compost hile the

your on farm, there is no need of screening. (ote

orms breed to increase their number. > kilo of

Commercial imported chemical fertili@er today

orms are sold for "100 and they breed fast in to

prices ha=e gone o=er "800 per 10 kilo bag)

months. /0. noculating and spraying the compost materials ith

%he orm_s feces are called =ermin5casting or humus. Compost

pro5biotic bacteria ill help fast tract decomposition

takes 256 months to decompose, hile shredded materials fed to

and the orms to digest the compost in much shorter

orms takes only /152/ days.

time.

>d=antages of ermicomposting

//. &hen the compost is digested, the orms become

/. En=ironment friendly. %he use of organic fertili@er, =ermin5

less acti=e. t is time to herd them to another

casting of humus is one, re=i=es the soil fertility le=el and

compartment ith fresh food materials. >s they

brings back life to soil en=ironment, impro=es soil te?ture

lea=e, the digested compost is ready for har=est and

and impro=es ater holding capacity.

transferred to the stocking or holding area for screening, drying and packing.

2. Economical. n=estment on =ermicomposting is only about "2.00 per kilo hile commercial chemical fertili@er cost ";5

/2. ar=esting ill be easier by alloing the bed ith

/1 per kilo.

completely digested compost material to dry up so the orms ill mo=e to the ne?t compartment ith

6. igher Crop Hield. umus ha=e shon its potency in

moisture and fresh shredded =egetable food

inducing higher crop yield for a longer period. ermi5casting

materials.

humus is found to be more effecti=e compared to ordinary compost and chemical fertili@ers.

/6. +creen the material ith G inch mesh before eighing and bagging for sale. > 10 kilo bag humus

7. Market "otential is ery #ig. Organically gron food crops

is sold for "/10 to "600 to gardeners. f you use it in

are increasing in market demand. Organic fertili@er has 112


likeise increase in use as imported commercial fertili@er ha=e been increasing its prices.

M>O% COM"O+% nstead of using earthorm, a simple natural process has been

1. o imported inputs reuired. armers can make their on

disco=ered in fast composting. > mi?ture of sadust and chicken or

organic fertili@er from farm aste materials. %his means no

uail droppings are placed in a compost pile co=ered ith shed. %he

dependence on imports and oil price fluctuations.

maggots eat up the cellulose in a fe eeks instead of se=eral

8. ealthful. Organic farming is considered as healthful ay of groing food crops. J. 3esser risk. "roducing your on fertili@er ill make you unaffected by e?change rates and fluctuation changes in the prices of other commodities. %here is less or no risk at all

months. %o pre=ent the maggots to complete its cycle to adult flies, chickens are alloed to scratch and peak the groing maggots, a source of animal protein. +praying or drenching the compost pile ith pro5biotic microorganisms (beneficial bacteria and fungi) ill help hasten decomposition and pre=ent foul odor. +3DE E$%3'E$

producing your on fertili@er and e=en selling e?cess reuirement of your on farm.

3iuid seage sludge being disposed as communal aste contain essential elements needed by crops, making it a potential organic

;. ndemanding laborers. %he orms themsel=es them sel=es are the orkers con=erting farm aste materials into organic plant food nutrients.

fertili@er and soil conditioner for sugarcane farms, corn fields, rice lands and e=en fruit orchards and =egetable gardens. n a research conducted by 3u@on >gricultural $esearch and E?tension Center (3>$EC) of the +ugar $egulatory >dministration

<. #ig sa=ings. "roducing your on fertili@er is a big sa=ings and cost cutting for the farmers. /0. ncome5earner. %his technology can help farmers earn more from their farm aste

(+$>) in cooperation ith Manila &ater Company, nc., the use of liuid seage sludge for agricultural purposes as assessed to determine its effects on the groth and yield of sugarcane. %he study as conducted at 3>$EC $YD arm at loridablanca, "ampanga. t as confirmed the application of liuid seage sludge in the barren sandy lahar deposits of loridablanca, "ampanga the soil 113


became richer and sustain healthy and producti=e sugar cane,

composting of crop residue help retain and impro=e soil fertility, at

compared ith untreated field.

the start reduces the use of chemical fertili@er to the time that no more synthetic fertili@er is needed. Coconut trees and other fruit trees ha=e lots of lea=es, bracts, tigs, floers and fruits that fall to the gron. &hen these materials are alloed to decompose beneath the trees, they turn into humus and fertili@er to the trees. nfortunately, because of clean culture, they are remo=ed and burned. %eaching the farmers to return the crop residue to the soil from here they came from ill both enrich the soil and sustain producti=ity of the trees ithout relying solely on chemical or synthetic fertili@ers.

COM"O+% C$O" $E+DE  %E E3D $ice and corn are among the traditional crops gron by ilipino farmers. >s the usual practice is remo=ing the debris and burn them to clear the land and culti=ate for ne?t planting. %ones of organic materials are asted and lost.

$EE M>$ reen manuring is the is the planting of seasonal crops usually legumes like beans and ploing them under at their tender age

Organic farmers spread rice stra and corn cubs back to the field

during floering and early fruiting hen they are rich in nutrients.

immediately after har=est. %hey are sprayed ith beneficial

"loing under eeds and grasses, alloing them to decompose is

microorganisms or pro5biotic or bacteria and ploed under. n 7

also green manuring. +praying them ith pro5biotic ill hasten their

eeks, they are decomposed and the field is ready for land

decomposition. %hese practices ha=e long been done by farmers_

preparation for ne planting.

century back, until commercial chemical fertili@ers ha=e been

%his practice is also being started ith big pineapple and banana

introduced to the market.

plantations in Mindanao. +ome sugarcane planters found the benefit of composting cane residue in the field instead of the usual practice of burning after har=est then culti=ating and fertili@ing. ield

COE$ C$O"" 114


Co=er cropping is the groing of lo craling plants usually

hull charcoal is mi?ed in /7 ratios ith other potting materials. t is

leguminous =ines like centrocema pubisence and kudsu to protect the

good for seedling trays, potted plants, =egetable pots and herbs in

soil surface from ater erosion, pre=ent the groth of no?ious eeds

pots.

and help increase soil fertility. %hese are gron beneath fruit trees 

and taller crops.

&ashed coco peat comes from the husk of coconut. %he coconut hush is shredded and soaked in ater for se=eral days and ashed ith fresh clean ater. t has a good ater holding capacity. t is mi?ed ith other materials at // ratio. ery good for seedling trays, =egetable plots, potted plants and fruit bearing trees.

DEO+ "O%% M>%E$>3+ arden soils ha=e been the usual potting materials for gardeners. oe=er there are different "otting mi? and indigenous materials



#agasse is sugarcane pulp. Decomposed bagasse is rich in humates

that gardeners and nursery operators may use. ere are some of the

pro=iding plants ith essential trace elements. t is suitable for fast

suggestions offered to readers by >nthony a of >im %rading

groing =egetables like peachy, mustard and lettuce.

Corporation, Calihan, +an "edro City, 3aguna ith %ele? (07<) ;005 /1J2

ermented #agasse and garden soil at /7 ratios



"umice +tones are small =olcanic rocks ith other materials at /1 ratios. "umice stones pre=ent panning or the



compacting of the medium due to strong atering. %hey are good for 

seedling trays, potted floering plants, and orchid community pots.

> mi?ture of fertile garden or topsoil decomposed organic materials and fine ri=er sand at /// ratio. 



$ice hull charcoal is half burned rice hull. t

ranulated charcoal comes from coconut shell. t is a good material for drainage that pre=ents e?cessi=e moisture that

contains a high le=el of carbon needed by plants for normal groth.

damaged the roots. t is a source of carbon a plant nutrient needed in

t makes the mi?ed medium looses and easier for root de=elopment.

maturing. > layer or to is placed at the bottom of the pot before

t helps retain fertili@er and releases to plants in a longer time. $ice

potting materials are place into the pot. 115


"odered charcoal. %he coconut shell or ooden

%here are many kinds of soil conditioners, depending on the

charcoal is pul=eri@ed into poder. t helps absorb foul odor of

different soil conditions and deficiencies. "rogressi=e farmers should

decomposing organic materials. t helps beneficial bacteria hasten

kno them and ho to use them properly to make their soil rich and

decomposing process. +pread at leas an inch thick on compost pills

highly producti=e as the years go by. >mong them are



or decomposing materials. 

+hort coconut fiber from coconut husk is separated



through decortications. t is a good mulching material for sensiti=e

>gricultural lime, to correct =ery acid soils and



plants. / to 2 layers is place on top of soil or partly mi?ed ith soil to

brings the p le=el to near p5J, hich is neutral and suitable to

pre=ent erosion.

most plant groth and a=ailability of plant nutrients for root absorption.



ranulated 'eolite are chipped from boulders and used as absorbent material. ertili@ers and plant nutrients absorbed

Organic fertili@ers, to both impro=e the soil te?ture



and increase its fertility.

by seolite are released to the plant roots sloly and continually for a longer period of time. t controls the groth of molds and fungus, especially in nitrogen rich medium. 

deficiency of the soil and meet the nutrient reuirement of the crops gron.

Cubed coconut husk %he husks are sterili@ed and then chopped to produce uniform si@ed cubes, t has a good ater holding capacity and ideal for aerial plants tike anthuriums, bromeliads, dendrobiums, and other high =alue aerial plants.

Chemical fertili@ers, to supply the nutrient





Organic

composts are

decomposed or partly

decompose or plain organic materials place or incorporated into the soil to impro=e its te?ture and later through the action of microorganisms are fully digested and con=erted into soil nutrients

+O3 COD%OE$+

that are readily absorbed by the plant roots.

116


"robiotics or Microbes are beneficial bacteria and



microorganisms that helps digest and decompose organic materials

grass that can con=ert the nitrogen from the air into ammonia. t can substitute 60510L of the nitrogen reuirement of rice and corn.

and con=ert them into soil nutrients made a=ailable to root

#io5 increases the yield of rice and corn by as much as 61L

absorption. %here are no a lot of a=ailable preparations of these

compared ith unfertili@ed treatments, maintains the natural soil

microorganisms sold in the market. %hey are usually mi?ed in ater

properties and fertility, and makes plants healthy and green e=en in

and sprayed into the soil or organic compost to help hasten

drought and in the presence of pests.

decomposition and fight the bad or undesirable microorganisms in

itro "lus is legume inoculants, hich can substitute for nitrogen

the soil. "robiotics can help reduce the use of chemical fertili@er and

chemical fertili@er at a much cheaper cost. %his is a bacterium

help impro=e the te?ture of the soil.

called rhi!obia , hich are specific for legumes such as soybeans, peanut, mungbeans, copea and pole sitao. %he bacteria reside inside the nodules of leguminous plants

MC$OO$>+M+ E>CE+ C$O" "$ODC%%H

here they can fi? nitrogen directly from the air. itro "lus can

(>s reported by #engie ". ibe, +Y% Media +er=ice)

replace 60510L of the nitrogen reuirement of the crop.

Microorganisms, also knon as microbes, are microscopic

"ycorrhi!a is a symbiotic association beteen the roots of plant

organisms like bacteria, proto@oa, algae, fungus and =irus. %hey are

and fungus. %he association pro=ides many benefits to plants. t

found in soil, ater and atmosphere, and ine?tricably intermingled in

increases the absorption of nutrients like phosphorous and ater,

the en=ironment. %here are bad and good organisms. +ome of them

ser=es as a biological control agent against infection, impro=es soil

can enhance crop producti=ity.

properties, increase the tolerance of the crop to en=ironmental

%he ational nstitute of Molecular #iology and #iotechnology (#O%EC) of the ni=ersity of the "hilippines 3os #anos ("3#) produced to, #iological itrogen i?ers (#) #io5 and itro "lus.

stresses (drought, diseases, mineral imbalances). #O%EC has come up ith to "ycorrhi!a products Micogroe and Myco=am. Mycogroe is a soil based bio5fertili@ers tablet form that promotes

#io5 is solid inoculants in podered form that contains any of

sur=i=al and groth of forest species like eucalyptus, pines, agoho

the to important strains of bacteria isolated from the roots of talahib

and dipterocarps. %he tablet is inoculated into tree seedlings during

117


their nursery stage. +ome 805;0L of the fertili@er reuirements of

M3C

the trees in the fields are replaced by using this microb inoculant.

Mulching is the co=ering of the soil surface to slo don soil

Myco=am on the other hand, is in podered form, soil inoculant

moisture e=aporation or conser=e soil moisture, pre=ent groth of

effecti=e for agricultural crops like rice, corn potatoes, eggplant, fruit

eeds and keep the soil soft and friable. n the process, beneficial

trees and forest trees.

microorganisms digesting cellulose are protected from the sun and

t is also added during the nursery phase of seedling or

continue their ork of con=erting organic materials in the soil into

inoculating seeds just immediately before planting. t can replace

organic fertili@er.

fertili@er reuirement by as much as 80 to ;0L nitrogen.

%here are different methods of mulching

#ioorganic microorganisms can decompose agricultural residues and con=ert into bioorganic fertili@er, hich enhances the groth of



plants. #O%EC has likeise produced an organic fertili@er technology

sadust, rice hull or other =egetati=e materials that e=entually

that uses to microorganisms

decomposes and mi? ith the soil to add to its humus or organic

3richoderma har!ianum or compost fungus acti=ator (C>),

content.

brand #O5C*. %he other is A!otobacter sp. , free5li=ing nitrogen fi?ing bacteria,



brand #O5.

Co=ering soil surface ith plastic sheet, usually black ith sil=er surface.

#O5C* enhances the process of decomposition by reducing the composting period from 158 months to only 657 eeks, after

Co=ering soil ith cut grasses, eeds, stra,





hich the resulting compost is inoculated ith #O5. noculation

Culti=ating or breaking soil surface before summer to break moisture e=aporation.

of one eek produces nitrogen5enriched compost that can be applied to field crops, =egetables and fruit trees.



e technology of mulching is the use of

%hese materials are a=ailable at #O%EC, ", 3os #anos,

greenhouses or co=ering the plants ith nets to both reduce sunlight

3aguna at =ery reasonable price. $eser=ations and orders ha=e to be

intensity and break the force of raindrops. %his is coupled ith the

made at least one month before pickup or need.

use of ultra =iolet ray plastic transparent roofing. %hese practices are 118


the emerging con=entional technologies that help farmers gro high =alue commercial crops in compact and limited areas. ++E+ >D >C%+ O O$>C E$%3'E$+ %he higher the organic content of the soil particles, the more

++E+

moisture holding capacity it has. %here are jells from seaeed hen

>C%+

incorporated ith the soil impro=es its ater holding capacity and

Organic materials after undergoing decomposition, especially hen

releases moisture sloly to the roots. %his is one ad=antage in using

applied in large uantities, could cause groundater pollution.

humus and decomposed organic fertili@ers.

norganic chemical fertili@ers are more pollutants to groundater e=en in smaller uantity than organic materials. "lant do not use directly the nutrient found in organic materials since this has to first undergo minerali@ation. %his is true to all types of fertili@ers and plant food nutrients. "lants absorb them in the simplest mineral ion forms. %he amount of essential plant nutrients in organic materials are =ery lo compared ith synthetic chemical fertili@ers. %his is true, that is hy bigger =olume of organic materials is applied to the soil. oe=er organic fertili@ers carrying the /J nutrients needed by plants hile chemical fertili@er may only carry 2 to 1 nutrient elements. Organic fertili@er releases the plant food nutrients ithin a fe days sloly and last at a longer stretch of time that takes years Chemical fertili@ers on the other hand may ha=e immediate and fast release of nutrients and is dissipated in only 6to 7 months.

119


Organic materials are claimed to impro=e physical properties of soil but this could only be true in aerobic soil condition,

>$ME$+_+

%his claim is not entirely true as irrigated lands here organic

"$>C%CE+ &O$% +>$ >D EM3>%

fertili@ers ha=e been incorporated during land preparation sho

E"E$ECE+,

O#+E$>%O+

>D

n the +eptember 2006 issue of >griculture Maga@ine, e read

outstandingly better crop groth and yield.

the e?perience of a mango groer ho turned to natural organic

+oil organic matter ill not increase significantly in just one or to

farming after e?periencing big losses due to the high cost of

years of applying organic materials.

chemical pesticides. e is Col. irgilio Ecarma of #atangas ith

%his may be true if the uantity of organic fertili@er applied is

1,000 bearing trees.

minimal, hoe=er, periodic application ill be impro=ing soil

ere is hat Col. Ecarma did. On his 2000 trees he stopped

capacity of sustaining increasing crop producti=ity as the years go

using chemical pesticides and replaced them ith his on

by.

concoction of organic preparations. is organic concoction did not

Organic fertili@er is not the sole factor in impro=ing the uality of the

only control pest and diseases, but also in=igorated the trees. %he

food product such as increased anti5o?idant content.

materials he used are neem tree lea=es, garlic, =inegar, coconut

Hes there are mineral soil conditioners that ill help enhance your

ater, gin (alcohol), molasses, trash fish, rice brand and effecti=e

soil ith organic fertili@er to impro=e food crop uality.

microorganism ("ro5biotic).

sing purely organic fertili@ers:materials ill not make your crop

e prepared his concoction in three /00 litters plastic drums. n

producti=e as hen chemical fertili@ers are used solely.

the first drum he filled it /:6 ith neem lea=es, added 1 kilos of

%his is not true. Organically gron fruits and =egetables ithout

molasses, /0 kilos of crushed garlic, 27 bottles of gin (alcohol), /

chemical fertili@ers ha=e been producing commercially ell.

gallon of =inegar and filled the drum ith ater, then co=ered.

Organic fertili@ers:materials incorporated in the soil impro=es the

>lloed it to ferment for /1 days, opening the co=er to relish

soil te?ture, nutrient content and feeds microorganisms and keep the

methane gas accumulating.

soil ali=e.

%he second drum as filled half ith trash fish, 20 kilos of

%his is one big benefit in using organic materials. %he hea=y use of

molasses and filled the drum ith ater. Co=er and alloed to

chemical fertili@er ha=e the tendency to make the soil acidic and kills

ferment for /1 days.

microorganisms and life forms in the soil making it barren. 120


%he third drum as filled it 20 kilos of molasses and 2 litters of

&hen insect pest come into the greenhouse, they spray the plants

pro5biotic (Effecti=e Microorganism), 1 kilos of rice brand and

ith concoction of pepper. O=erall, they gro disease free and insect

coconut ater to fill the drum. Co=er and alloed to stay for /1

free healthy =egetables.

days. >fter /1 days,  litter of liuid as taken from each drum and mi?ed to /00 litters of ater and sprayed on the mango trees on a eekly inter=al.

%hey follo a system of crop rotation. %hey ha=e classified their =egetables into the Cabbage group, oliage group, ruit egetable group, $oot Crop group and the 3egumes group. %he different groups ha=e their on peculiar pests and diseases,

%he result, fruit flies and mango hoppers ere dri=en aay. %he

e?plains !et. %o a=oid pest and disease problems, they rotate the

2000 trees sprayed ith the organic preparation had a =ery striking

different groups. or instance, legumes are planted here tomato and

contrast ith the 6000 trees not treated. %he prayed trees ere =ery

eggplants ere planted pre=iously. "echay and lettuce on the other

fruitful, and the fruits ere unblemished by fruit fly or anthracnose9

hand may be gron here carrots ere planted before, and so on.

hile the 6000 trees untreated ere attacked by hoppers and fruit

>nother techniue in a=oiding pest and diseases is to intercrop

flies and ere unproducti=e. Col. Ecarma also obser=ed the treated

plants that repel insect pests such as marigold. #esides repelling

trees ere much healthier. e surmised that the fish emulsion ith

insects, its roots also secrets a substance that kills nematodes in the

"robiotics supplied nitrogen amino acid essential for plant groth.

soil. n cases here the =egetables are still infested, the couple, spray

%he organic preparations can also be used to other plants like

them ith organic pesticide like #asilus thoringensis (#t)

ampalaya, patola, gua=a, macopa, papaya, caimito, banana,

commercially prepared in podered form and mi?ed ith ater for

balimbing, siniguelas, pechay and other fruit bearing plants and

application to plants.

=egetables.

O$>C M>O

5o5o5o5

%here is no a groing market demand for organically gron

Organic =egetable groers, !ef and 3ydia =an aute bought a

fruits and food crops especially in Europe, and sloly influencing

2000 s. m. land in #alubad Dos, +ilang Ca=ite here they built a

the orld markets. "$ED> ("eoples reco=ery, Empoerment and

greenhouse and gre organic =egetables, free from to?ic chemical

De=elopment >ssistance oundation, nc.) is orking on the

pesticides. %hey use organic fertili@er.

commercial production of Certified Organic dried mango. "$ED> 121


agriculturists are orking ith mango farmers all o=er Central

6. ntegrated "est Management ("M)

3u@on on the first phase of Bgoing organic training. &e ha=e to take note hoe=er, ith the chemical pollution of the soil, air and ater orldide, e cannot say that crops are gron /00L organic. &hat e can do is produce fruits and food crops ithout to?ic chemical residue hen har=ested or consumed. #O%>C>3 "E+%CDE+ for M>O

7. atural Organic and #iological practice 1. &ith Control trees nitial

obser=ation

shos

the

Chemical

Company

recommendations and the atural Organic and #iological practices are competing in e?cellence. %he study shos that groing chemical

+tudies on botanical plants ith, pesticidal properties against

free organic mango is commercially attainable.

mango leafhoppers ere done by Dr. ernani ole@ and enita .

"O+% >$E+% %$E>%ME%

'amora of uimaras sland_s ational Mango $esearch Center

%here are se=eral post har=est treatment being employed

(M$C). ield test of different crud e?tracts shoed that tobacco plus detergent and combined e?tracts of /a/a#ati tubli and ripe sili plus detergent 453D2 ere effecti=e against mango hoppers.

/. "lain arm ater ashing ith /L salt solution or detergent

urthermore, *%$D as bio5spray as also effecti=e in the control of

and chlorine. Dry fruits after ashing as re5infection occur

mealybugs attacking the floers of mango. ncidence of borer

hen fruits are moist.

damage as also minimi@ed by spray application of different e?tracts (tubli tobacco lagundi atis and ma/abuhay ). > comparati=e study is conducted by mango groers assisted by the >gricultural %raining nstitute (>%), at %ukaal, >label, +arangani "ro=ince. %he study consist of comparing practices of /. Mango roer Contractor practice

/. ot &ater %reatment (&%) here fruits are dipped in 125 11 degrees ater for /0 minutes. > ne inno=ation dip in 1< to 80 degrees ater for 60 seconds to one minute. %he temperature range should be strictly maintained and monitored to a=oid scalding if it rises, and if it drops, may

2. Chemical Company $ecommendations

not control the pest and diseases of the fruits. >ir5dry 122


immediately after dipping. >dding chlorine to the ater helps control diseases

/. Chemical %reatment K sing fungicide to control fruit rot. ungicides are dissol=ed in ater here the fruits are dipped. #enomyl (1005/000 ppm) and other suitable fungicides are used.

%he author designed and fabricated a simple &% tank made out of one sheet stainless steel plate heated by 3". Dimension is 20 ?

2. umigation ith Ethylene dibromide (ED#) at the rate of /8

60 inches and /; inches high. t has a capacity of 2 crates of 20 kilos

grams per cubic meter for 2 hours at 21oC is done for

per crate per loading. %he unit can easily be transported to the site of

mangoes e?ported to >ustralia and e 'ealand. %his ill

har=est. t cost ";,000 to "/0,000 per complete unit ith stand, gas

control and destroy the insect eggs in the fruit. %he

sto=e burner, 3" tank ith hose, regulator and thermometer. >

>ustralian go=ernment has no banned the use of ED#. %he

bigger stainless steel tank ith 8 crates capacity cost "20,000.00

"hilippine go=ernment is negotiating to replace ir ith %

fabricated by a machine shop in en. +antos City.

to control fruit fly. rradiation seems to be more fa=ored by >ustralia.

/. E?tended ot &ater %reatment (E&%) K Dipping the fruit in 78 5 7; degrees Centigrade for <0 minutes. %his treatment is practiced in Me?ico for mango e?ported to the +>. /. rradiation K %his is a ne introduction to access fruits and food preparation to +> and other countries reuiring such uarantine procedure. /. apor eat %reatment (%) here fruits are subjected to heated =apor until the inner flesh of the fruit reaches 78 degrees for /0 minutes. %his treatment is reuired for

%hese treatments tend to control fruit born diseases like

mangoes e?ported to !apan, and *orea. t is non to?ic and

>nthracnose and +tem End $ot as ell as kill insect eggs like ruit

non chemical disinfectant.

ly. #e sure to fully dry the fruits after treatment, before packing because et and moist fruits are easily re5infected by fungal rot diseases. 123


+%E"+  O% &>%E$ %$E>%ME%

/. se electric electric fan fan to hasten hasten drying. drying. &hen &hen fully dried, dried, sort sort them and pack carefully in fruit bo?es or crates for storage or shipment to the market.

/. eat ater ater up up to 11C 11C and main main the temper temperatur aturee range at at 125 11C during operations. > 1<580 degrees for fast treatment. /. +ome buyer buyerss do not ant ant chemically chemically trea treated ted fruits, fruits, so &% &% or % are done ithout using fungicide of chemicals. /. "la "lace ce mango mango in per perfor forate atedd plastic plastic crate crate or basket basket that fits fits into the hot ater tank to ma?imi@e the number of fruits that can be treated in one dipping. n the absence of plastic crate,

%he abo=e operations should be done ithin 7 to ; hours after

any other suitable containers that ill not cause bruises on

har=est. t is e=en preferable for small uantity har=est to do the

the fruits may be used. %his ill a=oid direct contact contact of the

hole operation right in the field or farm. %reat fruits ithin 7 hour

fruits ith the hot metal bottom of the tank that can cause

of picking hile late? are still et.

heat injuries or scalding.

ar=ested mangoes should ne=er be e?posed to direct sunlight, ind, rain and other contaminants, either in the farm or during transport to the processing plant and packaging site. f this cannot be

/. Dip the the mango mango into the the hot ater ater subme submerge rgedd for 1 to /0 minutes, checking the temperature is beteen 12511C. > faster procedure is 60 to 80 seconds dipping in 1< to 80 degrees ater. t is ad=isable to mo=e the crates no and then to euali@e the heat and help remo=e the dirt from the fruits.

a=oided, thorough ashing and hot ater treatment should be done and completely dried and packed a=oiding re5contamination. O$>C >$ME$+ Mr. !ose (#atc (#atchoy hoy)) and his life part partner ner Mrs. "ame "amela la ("am) enares of +itio #alugo, #ry. >langilan, >langilan, #acolod City are practicing organic farming. %hey gro black pepper and lettuce organically.

124


%hey do not ant to contaminate the drinking ater of the city hich

of organic fertili@er may progress sloly, but the cost of production

comes from their farm area.

ill decrease and soil producti=ity increases as the years go by.

#esides the =egetables and floers, raise 10,000 heads of broiler

3inaa >d 3in >dora oracio cion, n, a ret retire iredd tea teache cherr at Mal Malun ungon gon,, +ar +arang angani ani

from here they source their organic fertili@er, chicken droppings,

"ro=ince gro organic rice, banana and other crops. +he produces

6,000 s. meters rice field, calamansi, pineapple, fruit trees and

superior uality rice seeds. %heir organic rice sell more than rice

different =ariety of =egetables.

gron con=entionally ith chemical fertili@er and pesticide spray.

Mr. $amon y, oner oner of $ oundry Y Machine +hop Corp. in #acolod City is a ne con=ert of organic farming. e as reuested

+he finds the farm en=ironment healthy as she makes more money selling organic crops.

by Mr. !ose A#achoyA enares to repaid his imported shredder shredder..

$ue $. $amas, Manager and proprietress of +EED &O$3D in

#ecause of the encounter, $ oundry is no manufacturing his

en. +antos City gros organic =egetable in here demo =egetable

on =ersion of shredders for groups of farmers and local go=ernment

garden. +he introduces the use of compost fertili@er and pro5biotic to

units con=erting their organic aste in public markets into organic

counter pathogens. $ue ha=e been conducting trainings trainings and seminars

fertili@e ferti li@ers. rs. Mr. y reali@ed that agriculture agriculture and indu industry stry ha=e to

on organic farming in cooperation ith 3s, Os and interested

progress together to support one another another.. e himself is no engage

farmer groups.

in =ermi5composting and organic gardening. e also set up a model

Mr. "at >co >costa, sta, a ort orticul iculturi turist st and #usi #usiness nessman man has been

organic farm at #ago City ith a partner to shocase ho integrated

groing straberry for the last /2 years. e no gro different

organic gardening. t can be adopted by small farmers and earn more.

=ariety of lettuce in his 6,000 s. meter greenhouse farm at 3amtang,

Mr. $amon y is illing to teach farmers and 3 sponsored

3a %rinidad, #enguet. "at is one of the pioneering organic farming

groups and learn ho they can produce their on fertili@er ithout

practitioners. practitione rs. e has a shredder and compost pile, designed to turn

relying so much on imported chemical fertili@ers hose price is

shredded plant residue into organic humus. e uses this material in

going up beyond the purchasing poer of most ilipino farmers.

groing his =egetables. e uses probiotics and en@ymes to speed up

Mr. y obser=ed that using chemical fertili@ers may be cost

ra materials. "at says, he ork his land the natural ay as his

effecti=e at first, in the long run the cost increases because the soil

Master, the 3ord od ishes.

gets depleted (as friendly microorganisms are eliminated) so more

O$>C #>>> $O&

and more fertili@er ill be needed. On the other hand, the application 125


Carlos mpang, a 3atundan 3atundan #anana farmer at %al %alaytay, aytay, "ublacion

$eplant after 6 to 1 years ith ith / year rest or planted planted to legume

Malungon, +arangani +arangani "ro=ice has this to share. is farm is 6 hectares

crops. t is a good practice to rest the land for one year and allo the

planted to 3atundan #anana at a distance of 6 ? 8 meters. e

groth gro th of na natur tural al =eg =egeta etatio tionn and mic microo roorg rgani anism smss tha thatt hel helpp

practices clean culture, ith the eeds and banana lea=es left to

decompos deco mposee and turn plan plantt resid residue ue and con=ert them to organic organic

decompose in beteen hills. e uses organic mulch and organic

fertili@er and readily a=ailable plant nutrients.

aste as his fertili@er. e does not spray chemicals or bagging of bunches as done ith 3acatan and Ca=endish banana groing. e prunes off diseased lea=es and brack to pre=ent spread of fungal diseases.

O$>C + C3%$E nland fish culture has been originally practiced in lakes and

t takes takes /0 t0 /2 months months from plant planting ing to floe floerin ring. g. ruit ruit

ponds the natural ay. ay. %hey just building the pond and allo fish to

emerg eme rgenc encee tak takes es /7 to /8 day days, s, an andd 2.1 months months fro from m flo floe er r

li=e,, trib li=e tribee and gro. >s ne tech technolo nology gy are intr introduc oduced, ed, many

emergence to fruit maturity and har=est.

fishpond fish pond operators operators ere feeding the fish ith ready mi?ed and

e maintains 2 to 6 suckers per hill at different stages of groth.

milled commercial fish feeds. %hey also use chemical fertili@ers to

E?cess E?c ess su sucke ckers rs are rem remo=e o=edd to co conce ncentr ntrate ate nu nutri trient ent to fru fruit it

induce groth of algae fish food. >erators are used to help introduce

de=elopment.t. "ro=ide good drainage de=elopmen drainage and aeration to keep the plants plants

o?ygen into the aters as hea=y pollution depletes the air in ater.

dry ith ma?imum sunlight e?posure. +oil moisture is maintained

3o=en ilches of +ibunag, uimaras started using / ton organic

ith the mulching. e does not plo to a=oid damaging roots that

fertili@er per hectare of fishpond instead of chemical fertili@er. %hey

ill ser=e as entry point of diseases.

decompose the organic fertili@er (chicken droppings) ith pro5biotic

%he a=erage a=erage production production is /0 to 61 kilos per bunch. bunch. e markets markets

or beneficial microorganism. t takes 6 eeks from treatment of

at the local "ublic Market of Malungon at "/0.00 per kilo hole sale

bacteria before the organic fertili@er is applied on the pond. >fter a

to retailers. e has a eekly har=est of /00 to /60 kilos from F

fe days the pond is filled ith ater and side dressed ith liuid

hectare. e is e?panding his area to 8 hectares. e obser=ed that his

algal booster. is har=est increased by 21L. e uses fingerlings

yield increases during the rainy season and drops during summer

caught from the ild and limits fr y population so as not to o=er stock

months.

the pond. %he biological fish culture technology as introduced by >idine al=an of robio arming +ystem of #acolod City. 126


#angus is har=ested in 2.1 months instead of the usual 6 months.

/.

t p re=ents # rain f atigue a nd n er=ous b reakdon.

%he fish si@e are 7 pieces to a kilo. >fter har=est, there is rich algae

%o to three lea=es a day ill keep old age aay pro=ided

supply in the pond, that there as no need to add fish feed. %here is

that the body is e?posed to the sun for a time being for each

no need for another month pond preparation for the ne?t cropping.

day.

/1 days is enough. %hey add more pro5biotic bacteria for en@ymes to continue the production of fish food. %he dead algae, fish litter and other organic aste in the pond are con=erted into nutrients by the en@ymes and become fish food again. t is rec ycling aste.



E$#>3 "3>%+

/.

t c ures t he n er=ous a nd mental p roblems, h eart problems, age spots, and thyroid stimulant.

"lants ere created for animals. &hile e also use them for plant nutrition and protection, they are more used as food and medication to keep man and animals healthy producti=e and ha=e a long life. ere is one. (> bonus to our readers)



%6D)CE77A ASIS3ICA or CEN3E77A

/.

Common name K otu *ola, "ayong5payong, %akip5kuhol

t impro=es skin and relie=es skin problems, leprosy, tuberculosis, and =enereal diseases.

t is referred to as ndian inseng. >nother =ariety is *oto *ola. B%o lea=es a day keeps sickness and old age aayA erbalist calls otu *ola as the finest herbal tunic. %he lea=es appear to act as brain food. 256 lea=es a day eaten ra



strengthen orn out body tissues and the brain to a remarkable degree.

/.

t a ssists i n healing d epressions, impotence, and menopausal problems.



127


>fter 3i ChungAs death, the rench go=ernment has done



e?tensi=e studies. %hey found out that there is unknon =itamin that /.

t also ser=es as an aphrodisiac.

they called itamin H for the youth =itamin because it as found to ha=e a beneficial effect on the brain and endocrine glands.

%he ndians use the plant as a diuretic to remo=e e?cess fluid from the body and stimulate stimulants to the kidney and bladder as a blood purifier. otu kola has also been used as cancer treatment, and herb used by !ason &inters as told in his story in his inspiring book B*33 C>CE$A that is usually a=ailable in health and food shop. #ecause otu *ola 4%ydrocella asistica2 is an >sian herb, it is not mentioned in European herbals, as they do not gro naturally there. t as renoned Chinese herbalist "$O. 3 C> H, ho li=ed to the age of 218 years as a user of that herb that aoke the &estern &orld as to its =alue. e as born on /8JJ and in /<66 the e Hork %imes announced the death of the remarkable oriental hose life span had reach o=er to and a half5century. %he Chinese go=ernment officially recorded his age. >t 280 years of age "rof. Hun still ga=e courses of lectures (ts lecture lasting 6 hours) on longe=ity at the Chinese ni=ersity. %hose ho sa him declared that he did not appear older than a man of J2 did. e stood erect and strong and had his on natural hair and teeth.

>nother rench #io5Chemist !ules 3epino ho undertook e?tensi=e researches of the plant and found out that it had a rare tonic properties that had marked energi@ing effect on the ner=es and brain cells to keep them functioning ell. Many people ho took otu *ola daily tell ho they no longer feel brain fatigue. %heir memory is strengthened and a feeling of mental and physical ell being and energy had been e?perienced. t is considered as brain food. %he lady ho took the herbal for si? eeks said that she did not feel fatigue despite hea=y schedule and she as more rela? and her arthritic pain gone. or years she had not been able to take the ring off her finger because of arthritis. #ut after taking the herb for se=eral eeks, she as able to remo=e her ring again. $ecently a lady from #risbane came to pick up her friend ho has been sick and also troubled ith high blood pressure. +he started taking the herb. n her ne?t checkup, the doctor took her pressure three times as he could not belie=e that her blood pressure for ten years normali@ed due to her taking otu *ola daily ith in to eeks. oto kola 4%ydrocella asistica2 can be eaten straight from the plant or added to salad or chopped as a last minute garnish or meal 128


like parsley. t has a slight bitter fla=or. %he lea=es can be used as fresh or died for iced fruit juice seetened ith honey. #ut do not o=er eat. t may result to headache, di@@iness, or too much energy and sleeplessness at bedtime. otu kola is a rich source of chlorophyll, itamins >, #, C, D, * and particularly minerals and magnesium. %he plant is easy to gro and adapts in most soils. > <1 years old lady in heel chair at the eneral +antos City

Contact Marietta . $i=era at 60 3apu 3apu +t., eneral +antos City. %el (0;6) 60/50//J \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %here are more atural and Organic and #iological arming systems that ha=e not yet been included in this manuscript. %his technology e ha=e just presented are sufficient for beginners,

ome for the >ged has no left her heel chair after

farmers and enthusiasts to start on the road on natural farming and

eating %ydrocella asistica for to months. +he as suffering from

producing safe and healthful food crops. &e suggest that our readers

se=er >rthritis ith high blood and diabetes. o she can alk and

embark on your on research, study, trials and readings to learn

mo=e around ith a cane. +oon she says, e=en the cane may no

more and be a part of a ne mo=ement of en=ironmental and

longer be needed as she feels progressi=ely getting stronger and

ecology friendly farming.

acti=e. Other old folks in the home for the aged also say their health

%he ne mo=ement hopes to bring back the birds of the air, frogs

and strength are impro=ing as they daily eat fresh ydrocella asistica

and reptiles on the land, and fishes of the aters and streams that

lea=es. %hey claim that three (6) lea=es a day is enough. %oo many

disappear because of the unrestricted use of to?ic chemicals in

intakes cause headaches to some. t tastes pleasantly bitter hen

agriculture. %he lost bio ecological balance and di=ersity of nature

cheed fine and juicy.

ill be back ith the rich fertile soils that can sustain crop

%he plant is a soft tender craling =ine ith roots and a leaf at

production and rene the face of the earth nearer to its primal

e=ery node. ydrocella asistica lea=es are shaped like umbrella ith

origin.

al long pistil. %hey gro ell on moist soil partly shaded areas. t is

3et us study and learn natural las for they are od_s las that ill

fast groing, ideal to replace no?ious eeds beteen fruit trees in

help us farm the natural ays. n the process, e ill be producing

orchard farms. t appears to help enrich the soil as green manure

safe, healthful food hile protecting the en=ironment, sustaining

plant.

balance ecosystem and preser=ing bio5di=ersity in our farms. ood

"lanting materials are no a=ailable in tray pot.

luck and happy producti=e atural arming. 129


>C*O&3EEME%

researches and studies hich he shares ith farmers in seminars and

%he lifetime orks, research, and studies of "edro D.

training. Cell o. 0
+angatanan, #+>, M+c. >nd $onel 3. +angatanan, #+>, M>gr.

%o the farmers ho encourage this riter to continue impro=ing

%hey ha=e been an inspiration in promoting organic farming to the

and promoting this manuscript to help and guide them in returning to

ilipino farmers, and help produce safe and healthful organically

natural farming.

gron food at loer cost and self5sustaining natural farming system. Mr. 'ac #. +arian, Editor of Agriculture "onthly "aga!ine ho has a ide source of information on agricultural technology, and has been unselfish in sharing them to help fast tract the de=elopment of se=eral "hilippine agricultural industries and =entures.

%he Department of %rade and ndustry (D%) $egion /2 &ho facilitated the early printing and reproduction of this manuscript, and conducted special forum to launch the handbook on atural arming on October 2/, 2007 at *oronadal City. o=ernment and none go=ernment agencies and educational institution supporting this trust and de=elopment of natural farming to include D>5>%, ">, D%, DO+%, E+>CO, M$%,

Miss 3ina >doracion a retired teacher no a full time farmers

EM, M+5+C, +M5*>#>C>, D".

adopting the Masikap ay of natural and organic farming at her Malungon farms. +he produces organically gron rice and fruits. Ms. $ue $. $amas, proprietor of +eed &orld and currently busy educating and conducting training_s on organic farming ith the use of pro5biotic. er demo5=egetable crops are organically gron.

Tanah =ang Subur

#y NPQRSTUV TWX on riday, /1 !une 20/2 at /0/;

+EED &O$3D, .. $i=era arm, at. y. 3agao. eneral +antos City. %ele?. 0;6560250777, %el. 0;6560250718 Cell 0
uestin& s there anything  can do to

loosen up the clay soil in my

front lanZ &hen it rains, it has the consistency of pottery clay, but hen it stops raining, it dries out uickly.  ha=e been in this house

Mr. >ntonio B%otoA Marin , "athologist and practicing farmer. e is an ad=ocate of organic and biotechnology ho makes his on

for se=en years and aerated once. >ny suggestionsZ Ans>er& All of the organic amendments directly or indirectly help

loosen and soften the soil. 3he /ey to friable productive soil is 130

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING] abundant life in the soil. 8hen the soil is healthy by being rich #ith biological activity it #ill not erode or compact during rains it #ill

Drst fr Sil
hold moisture at 9ust the right level * thus cutting #ater costs and it

igh5nitrogen, synthetic fertili@ers

#ill create e&cellent crop production. %ealthy soil contains

%o?ic pesticide

significant microbiotic life. 3he microbes create organic matter that

#are soil

helps build the glue in the soil that creates the te&ture that allo#s

E?cessi=e tilling (rotor)

rain and irrigation to soa/ in o&ygen to breathe in and carbon

oot and =ehicle traffic

dio&ide to breathe out.

O=eratering and freuent light atering Nutrients

'se this thought model. Before choosing a product to use on your

#y @am jam on Monday, 26 May 20// at 2661

property as/ this: if I purchase and use this product #ill it help or hurt the life in the soil; 8hen the beneficial bacteria fungi

"rimary utrients itrogen ()  ] /0ppm "re5plant  generates

proto!oa insects earth#orms and others are healthy gro#ing and

=igorous seedling groth, hich ensures a

reproducing the soil
ell5branched plant by the first fruit set. "re5plant  is not needed if

crumbly and productive.

a soil test shos the soil has 20ppm nitrate or more #roadcast 205 60lbs:ac before discing of  is needed, otherise, band  (25

Best fr Sil
Compost and organic fertili@ers $ock minerals 5 la=a, granite

1lbs:ac) 657 inches belo the seed. >pply a steady supply of  to the plant during first set to produce greater yields. &hile plants de=elop first fruits, analy@e plant tissue samples to keep nitrate

greensand, @eolite, gypsum, etc.

concentration in the plant stem and petiole beteen J0005;000ppm.

+ugars K molasses, cornmeal, etc.

igh  rates may depress total yields, delaying crop maturity and

Mulch co=ering all bare soil

decrease the proportion of red pods.

nfreuent deep irrigation hen needed.

131


+ymptoms of itrogen Deficiency+lo groth9 stuntingHello5 green color (chlorosis)[iring[ of tips and

structural nutrient, it is an essential part in all alls and membranes

margins of lea=es beginning ith more mature lea=es. h"hosphorus

and must be present for the formation of ne cells.

(")  ] 60ppm elps young seedling gro, especially hen soil arms in spring. ot needed if le=els of soil "

5on5mobile in plant tissue +ymptoms of Calcium Deficiency [%ip

are beteen medium and medium5lo. >dd 105/00lbs "2O1:ac

burn[ of young lea=es5celery, lettuce, cabbage. Death of groing

before discing of le=els are loer. >lternati=ely, band 60lbs "2O1:ac

points (terminal buds). $oot tips also affected. >bnormal dark green

657 inches belo the seed. " increases total yield and increases the

appearance of foliage.

proportion of red pods. mportant for good root de=elopment and

"remature shedding of blossoms and buds. &eakened stems. &ater5

fruit production.

soaked, discolored areas on fruitsblossom5

+ymptoms of "hosphorus Deficiency+lo groth9 stunting."urplish

end rot of peppers.

coloration on foliage of some plants.Dark green coloration ith tips of lea=es dying.Delayed maturity"oor fruit

Magnesium (Mg) Essential for photosynthesis. +er=es as an acti=ator

or seed de=elopment.

for many plant en@ymes reuired in groth process.

"otassium (*)  ] /10ppm Encourages root groth and increases

5Mobile ithin the plant and can be readily translocated from older

plant resistance to disease. ncreases si@e

to younger tissue. +ymptoms of Magnesium

and uality of fruit and =egetables and increases inter hardiness. t

Deficiency nter=einal chlorosis in older lea=es. Curling of lea=es

is mobile in the plant ertili@er form is *2O

upard along margins.

+ymptoms of "otassium Deficiency%ip and margin [burn[ starting on more mature lea=es.&eak stalks, plants lodge easily.+mall fruits or shri=eled seed.+lo groth. +econdary

+ulfur (+) > constituent of three amino acids (cystine, methionine,

utrients Calcium (Ca) >

cysteine), therefore essential for protein synthesis. 132


such as respiration, photosynthesis, and symbiotic nitrogen fi?ation. +ymptoms of +ulfur Deficiency Houng lea=es light green to

+ymptoms of ron Deficiency nter=einal

yelloish color. +mall and spindly plants. $etarded

chlorosis of young lea=es. eins remain green e?cept in se=ere cases. Manganese (Mn) +er=es as an acti=ator for en@ymes in groth processes. >ssist e in chlorophyll formation. igh Mn concentration may induce e deficiency. +ymptoms of Manganese Deficiency nter=einal chlorosis of young

groth rate and delayed maturity. Micronutrients E=en though they

lea=es. radation of pale green coloration ith darker color ne?t to

used by plants in =ery small amounts, they

=eins. o sharp distinction beteen =eins and inter=einal areas as

are just as essential for plant groth as the larger amounts of primary

ith e deficiency.

and secondary nutrients. Care must be e?ercised in the use of micronutrients, since the difference beteen deficient and to?ic

Copper (Cu) >n acti=ator of se=eral en@ymes. May play a role in

le=els if often small. Micronutrients should not be applied as a

=itamin > production. > deficiency interferes ith protein synthesis.

vshotgunw application to co=er possible deficiencies. %hey should

+ymptoms of Copper Deficiency +tunted groth. "oor pigmentation.

be applied only hen the need has been demonstrated. 'inc ('n) >n

&ilting and

essential constituent of se=eral important en@yme systems. Controls the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (>>), an important plant groth

e=entual death of leaf tips.

regulator. +ymptoms of 'inc Deficiency Decrease in stem length and a rosetteing of terminal lea=es. $educed fruit bud

#oron (#) unctions in plants in differentiation of meristem cells.

formation. Mottled lea=es (inter=einal chlorosis).

&ith # deficiency, cells may continue to di=ide, but structural

ron (e) $euired for the formation of chlorophyll in plant cells.

components are not differentiated. >lso, apparently regulates

+er=es as an acti=ator for biochemical processes

metabolism of carbohydrates in plants. Once assimilated, # is not remobili@ed in plants, and a continuous supply is necessary at all 133

Tips tanaman fertigasi dan natural farming

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