MEDICAPS INSTITIUE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENTE
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS SUBJECT: SOFTWARE LAB-1(TINA/PROTEUS) LAB-1(TINA/PROTEUS) CLAS CLASS: S: II Year Year/I /III II Sem Sem
S.No S.No..
TITL TITLE E OF OF EX EXPE PERI RIME MENT NT
1.
INTRODUCTION TO TINA SOFTWARE.
2 3 4 5 6
SUBJ SUBJEC ECT T CODE CODE:: EC EC !"# !"#
TO STUDY NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS ON TINA SOFTWARE. TO STUDY HALF-WAVE AND FULL-WAVE RECTIFIRES ON TINA SOFTWARE. TO STUDY CLIPPER CIRCUITS ON TINA SOFTWARE. TO STUDY CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON TINA SOFTWARE. SOF TWARE. TO STUDY PN JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS ON TINA SOFTWARE. TO STUDY MAXIMUM TRANSFER THEOREM ON TINA SOFTWARE. TO ST STUD UDY Y TRAN TRANSI SIEN ENT T RESP RESPON ONSE SE OF SE SERI RIES ES RLC RLC CIRC CIRCUI UIT T ON TINA TINA
! " 1%
SOFTWARE. TO STUDY #ASIC LO$IC $ATES ON TINA SOFTWARE.
TO ST STUD UDY Y THE THE PROC PROCED EDUR URE E TO TO DES DESI$ I$N N PC# PC# LAYO LAYOUT UT IN TINA TINA&P &PRO ROTE TEUS US..
MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BRANCH: EC SUBJECT: SOFTWARE LAB 1(EC-306) EXPERIMENT NO 1
INTRODUCTION: W!"# $% TINA&
TINA '( ) *o+,/0 , )o)0, (o+), *))7, o ,('78'879 (':/0)'87 )8 )8)0;'87 ,0,o8' '/'(. I +o( ,, '/'(. A8)0('( ,(/0( )8 , '(*0), )( (o*='('), ')7):( ')7):( o o8 ) )87, o ?'/)0 '8(/:,8 '8(/:,8(. (. T=, ()8) ()8) 0') 0') o8)'8( o?, o?, 2%%%% o:*o8,8( )8 )8 , ,>,8, =, /(,. E0,o8'( ,87'8,,( +'00 '8 TINA )8 '8?)0/)0,9 ,)( o /(, )8 ='7= *,o:)8, oo0. TINA )8 )0(o , /(, '8 =, #'"$$ *+$',*# *+$',*# . I '80/,( /8',8'0, 0'). TINA 7'?,( o/ oo0( o ,8=)8, o/ (=,:)' )'87 7)*='(. +'000 ,>): ,>):'8 '8,, =, =, ' '/' /' o o )( I8(/:,8(9 N)'o8)0 S,:'o8/o )8 o=,(. Yo/ )8 ) :o, :o,0( o =,(, 0')',( o ,), o/ o+8 S*',- )8 S-*)):,, L') 0') /('87 TINA@( L$' T=,, ' '/' /' ')7 ')7) ):( :( )8 )8 =, =, )0 )0/0 /0) ), , o L$'"' "'4 4 M"" M""* *'' (LM) (LM) T= :,)(/, ,(/0( )8 , *'8, o ()?, o '0,( '8 ()8) W'8o+( WMF o:). T=,(, o/*/ '0,( )8 , *o,((, ) 8/:, o +,00 8o+8 (o+), *))7,( M'o(o Wo9 Co,0 D)+ ,.B. DC ""4%$% )0/0),( =, DC o*,)'87 *o'8 )8 =, )8(, =)),'(' o )8)0o7 '/'(. T=, /(, )8 '(*0) =, )0/0), )8&o :,)(/, 8o)0 ?o0)7,( ) )8 8o, (,0,'87 =, 8o, +'= =, /(o. Fo '7')0 '/'(9 =, *o7): (o0?,( =, 0o7' (), ,,-:o, T'"%$*# T'"%$*# ""4%$%9 =, '8*/ +)?,o: )8 , (,0,, o: (,?,)0 o*'o8( */0(,9 /8' (,*9 ('8/(o')09 ')87/0) +)?,9 (')'o8B )8 *)):,'';, )( ,
I8 )''o8 o =, )0/0)'o8 )8 '(*0) o =, ,(*o8(,9 =, o,'',8( o =, F,'$*' %*'$*% 9 =, =):o8' '(o'o8 o *,'o' ('78)0(9 )8 =, Fo/', (*,/: o 8o8-*,'o' ('78)0( )8 )0(o , )0/0),. D$$#" S$"#$, TINA )0(o '80/,( ) *o+,/0 (':/0)o o '7')0 C'/'(. Yo/ )8 ), '/' o*,)'o8 (,*--(,*9 o+) )8 )+)9 o ?',+ =, o:*0,, ':, ')7): '8 ) (*,')0 (*,')0 0o7' )8)0;, +'8o+. I8 A''o8 A''o8 o 0o7' 7),(9 IC( )8 o=, '7')0 *)( o: TINA@( 0)7, o:*o8,8 L'). T=, o*'o8)0 '8,7), 5HDL %$"#,' ?,'',( VHDL ,('78( o= '8 D'7')0 )8 :'>,-('78)0 )8)0o7'7')0 ,8?'o8:,8(. T=, VHDL (':/0)o I80/,( W)?,o: D'(*0)9 Po, M)8)7,:,8 )8 H',)= #o+(,9 A8 64-' ':,. C'/'( o8)'8'87 VHDL o:*o8,8( ), )8(0), '8o =, C 0)87/)7, )8 =,8 o:*'0, o ) '8) ,>,/)0, '0,. T='( )00o+( ,>,:,0 )( )8 ,'',8 (':/0)'o8 )8 ,('87 o 0)7, '/'(. I8 AC ""4%$%9 o:*0,> ?o0)7,9 /,89 ':*,)8,9 )8 *o+, )8 , )0/0),. I8 )''o89 N *=)(o ')7):. Fo 8o8-0'8,) 8,+o(9 =, o*,)'87 *o'8 0'8,)';)'o8 '( o8, )/o:)')00. N*#,'2 ""4%$% ,,:'8,( =, +o-*o *)):,,( o 8,+o( S9 9 Y9 HB. T='( '( ,(*,')00 /(,/0 ' o/ +o +'= RF '/'(. R,(/0( )8 , '(*0), '8 S:'=9 Po0)9 o o=, ')7):(. T=, 8,+o )8)0('( '( )', o/ +'= =, =,0* o TINA( 8,+o )8)0;,. N,$%* ""4%$% ,,:'8,( =, 8o'(, (*,/: +'= ,(*, o ,'=, =, '8*/ o =, o/*/. T=, 8o'(, *o+, )8 =, ('78)0- o-8o'(, )'o SNRB )8 )0(o , )0/0),. S4,$. S4,$. ""4%$% *o/,( =, )8(, /8'o8 )8 =, 0o(, o: ,>*,(('o8 o =, ,(*o8(, o )8)0o7 0'8,) 8,+o( '8 DC9 AC9 )8 )8(',8 :o,(. W'= TINA o/ )8 :), ):'8)'o8.
MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BRANCH: EC SUBJECT: SOFTWARE LAB 1(EC-306) EXPERIMENT NO 7 AIM: TO STUDY NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS ON TINA SOFTWARE. COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),.
THEORY: T=, o:*0,, (, o G'==o( ,
=, 8o, *o,8')0 :,=o. U('87 ='( :,=o9 G'==o( ?o0)7, 0)+ '( ()'(', )/o:)')0 )/o:)')009 09 )8 +, 8,, o80 +', 8o, ,,* =, ,,,8, 8o,. U(, O=:( 0)+ o ,>*,(( /88o+8 /,8( o: 8o, *o,8')0( )8 ?o0)7, (o/, ?o0)7,( +=,8 8,,((). Fo )00 /88o+8 /,8(9 )((/:, =, ():, ,,,8, ','o8 ,.7. *o'8'87 o/ o =, 8o,B o ,)= )**0')'o8 o G'==o( G'==o ( /,8 0)+. 3. So0?, =, ,(/0'87 8o, ,
F'(9 '8 =, /,8 o: 8o, V1 o 8o, V2. W, +'00 /(, O=:( L)+ ) R1. T=, ?o0)7, )o(( R1 '( V1 - V2 - VS1 A8 =, /,8 =o/7= R1 )8 o: 8o, V1 o 8o, V2B '(
No, =) ='( /,8 =)( ) ,,,8, ','o8 *o'8'87 o/ o =, V1 8o,. U('87 =, o8?,8'o8 o /,8( *o'8'87 o/ o ) 8o,9 ' (=o/0 , ),8 '8o )o/8 '8 =, 8o, ,*,(('o8 o =, )8= ,+,,8 V1 )8 V3 +'00 , (':'0)9 / ('8, V S2 '( '8 =, o**o(', ','o8 o: VS1 +='= :,)8( =, *o,8')0 o =, 8o, ,+,,8 VS2 )8 R 2 '( V3-VS2B9 =, /,8 '(
F'8)009 ,)/(, o =, '8'), ,,,8, ','o89 IS2 (=o/0 =)?, ) *o(''?, ('78 )8 IS1 ) 8,7)'?, ('78 '8 =, 8o, ,
MESH ANALYSIS: A8o=, +) o (':*0''87 =, o:*0,, (, o G'==o(
,*,(( )00 =, o=,
W, '( 8o, =) =, :,(= /,8 :,=o '( o80 )**0')0, o *0)8)K '/'(. P0)8) '/'( =)?, 8o o(('87 +',( +=,8 )+8 o8 ) *0)8,. O,89 ,)+'87 ) '/' +='= )**,)( o , 8o8-*0)8)9 o/ )8 ,,:'8, =) ' '(9 '8 )9 *0)8). Fo 8o8-*0)8) '/'(9 /(, =, loop current method ,(', 0), '8 ='( =)*,. To ,>*0)'8 =, ',) o :,(= /,8(9 ':)7'8, =, )8=,( o =, '/' )( '(='87 8,K )8 )(('78 ) :,(= /,8 o ,)= :,(= o =, 8,. So:,':,( ' '( )0(o ()' =) ) 0o(, /,8 0oo* '( )(('78, '8 ,)= +'8o+K o =, '/'.B
F$: T!* %.!*"#$. /$"'"
F$: T!* ;$%!$ *#< ,' #!* '"=! ,; #!* .$'.$#
T=, ,=8'*0o, =, o*o0o7')0 8)/, o ) '/' )8 ,,:'8, =, '8,*,8,8 0oo*(. T=, (,*( o :,(= /,8 )8)0('( 1. A(('78 ) :,(= /,8 o ,)= :,(=. A0=o/7= =, ','o8 '( )')9 ' '( /(o:) o /(, =, 0o+'(, ','o8. 2. A**0 G'==o( ?o0)7, 0)+ GVLB )o/8 ,)= :,(=9 '8 =, ():, ','o8 )( =, :,(= /,8(. I ) ,('(o =)( +o o :o, :,(= /,8( =o/7= '9 =, o)0 /,8 =o/7= =, ,('(o '( )0/0), )( =, )07,)' (/: o =, :,(= /,8(. I8 o=, +o(9 ' ) /,8 0o+'87 =o/7= =, ,('(o =)( =, ():, ','o8 )( =, :,(= /,8 o =, 0oo* ' =)( ) *o(''?, ('789 o=,+'(, ) 8,7)'?, ('78 '8 =, (/:. Vo0)7, (o/,( ), ),8 '8o )o/8 )( /(/)09 ' =,' ','o8 '( =, ():, )( =, :,(= /,89 =,' ?o0)7, '( ),8 o , *o(''?,9 o=,+'(, 8,7)'?,9 '8 =, GVL ,
4. D,,:'8, )8 ,
CIRCUIT DIAGRAME: NODE ANALYSIS:
MESH ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT: -
REPORT 9UESTIONS:
1B W=) '( GVL 2B W=) '( GCL 3BW=) '( ',,8, ,+,,8 M,(= )8 0oo*
E>= -3 1 AIM: 7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+), 3 THEORY: H"; "+* '*.#$;$*': T=, =)0 +)?,
,'', '/' )8 , /(, '8 ) 8/:, o ',,8
)**0')'o8(. T=, =)0 +)?, ,'', '/' 8o:)00 /'0';,( ) ('870, 'o,. T='( *)((,( o8, =)0 o =, 0,9 )8 0o( =, o=,. I8 ='( +) o80 =)0 o =, 0, '( /(,9 / /,8 '( o80 )00o+, o 0o+ '8 o8, ','o8.
B"%$. /$,/* !"; "+* '*.#$;$*' .$'.$#
T=, =)0 +)?, ,'', '/' )8 o,8 , /(, +'= ) )8(o:, ' ' '( o , /(, o *o+,'87 ,
D$,/* !"; "+* '*.#$;$*' .$'.$# $#! #'"%;,'*'
HALF WA5E RECTIFIER DIODE RE9UIREMENTS
W=,8 ,('78'87 ) =)0 +)?, ,'', '/'9 ' '( 8,,(() o ,8(/, =) =, 'o, '( )*)0, o *o?''87 =, ,
F$r%ar& 'rre*:
I '( 8,,(() =) =, 'o, '( )0, o =)80, =, 0,?,0( o
)?,)7, /,8 )8 *,) /,8 0o+'87 =o/7= ' '8 ) =)0 +)?, ,'', '/'. T=, /,8 +'00 *,) )( ) ,(/0 o =, )*)'o (:oo='87 '/'. A( =, /,8 o80 0o+( )( =, )*)'o =)7,( /*9 =, /,8 '( '8 (=o /(( +='= ), :/= ='7=, =)8 =, )?,)7, /,8. •
Pea+ ,er.e $*a0e:
T=, 'o, :/( , )0, o ,0')0 +'=()8 =, *,)
,?,(, o '8?,(, ?o0)7,( =) )**,) )o(( '. T=, *,) ?o0)7,( ), 8o /( =, o/*/ ?o0)7,9 / ='7=,. T=, *,) '8?,(, ?o0)7, )'87 o =, 'o, (=o/0 , ) 0,)( 2 > 2 ':,( =, RMS ?o0)7, o =, '8*/. T='( '( ,)/(, =, o/*/ '( 8o:)00 (:oo=, ) )*)'o9 )8 ='( +'00 ), ) ?)0/, =) '( =, *,) o =, '8*/ +)?,o:. T='( +'00 , 2 ':,( =, RMS ?o0)7,. W'= ='( ?o0)7, o8 =, o/*/9 =, '8*/ +)?,o: o8 =, 0o, =)0 o =, 0, +'00 )00 )8 ,)= ) *,) ?)0/, ) =, oo: o =, ,( o 2 ':,( =, RMS ?)0/,. T=, :)>':/: ,?,(, ?)0/, (,,8 )o(( =, ,'', 'o, '( =, (/: o =,(, +o ?o0)7,(. •
T=, /00 +)?, ,'', '/' '( o8, =) '( +',0 /(, o *o+, (/**0',( )8 :)8 o=, ),)( +=,, ) /00 +)?, ,'')'o8 '( ,
C,="'$%, ,; ; "/ !"; "+* '*.#$;$*' .$'.$#%
#'7, ,'', ) /00-+)?, ,'', /('87 4 'o,(. A /=, )?)8)7, +=,8 /(, '8 ) *o+, (/**0 '( =) =, ,(/0'87 o/*/ '( :/= ,)(', o (:oo=. W=,8 /('87 ) (:oo='87 )*)'o9 =, ':, ,+,,8 =, *,)( '( :/= 7,), o ) =)0 +)?, ,'', =)8 o ) /00 +)?, ,'',.
S,,#!*/ "+*;,' ;', /$,/* '*.#$;$*' .$'.$#
I )8 , (,,8 o: =, '/' ')7):9 =) =, /8):,8)0 ,
6 CALCULATIONS: @ RESULT: - W)?,o:
o /00 +)?, )8 =)0 +)?, '/' =)( ,,8 o(,?,
(/,((/00 o8 TINA So+),.
REPORT 9UESTIONS:
)B W=) '( ,'', E>*0)'8 F/00 +)?, ,'', )B E>*0)'8 =, *,( o /00 +)?, ,'', '/' B Co:*), =)0 +)?, )8 F/00 +)?, R,'',.
E>= 1 AIM: TO STUDY CLIPPER CIRCUITS ON TINA SOFTWARE 7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY:
C0'**,( 0'* o ) *o'o8 o =, '8*/ ('78)0 +'=o/ '(o'87 =, ,:)'8'87 *) o =, +)?,o:. I8 =, *o(''?, 0'**, (=o+8 )o?, =, '8*/ +)?,o: )o?, V, '( 0'**, o. I V, %V9 =, ,8', *o(''?, =)0 o =, '8*/ +)?,o: '( 0'**, o. P0o o '8*/ V' )0o87 X-)>'(B ?,(/( o/*/ Vo )0o87 Y-)>'(B )00, )8(, =)),'('( o =, '/' )8 )0(o , /(, o (/ =, +o'87 o =, 0'**,(. Fo (' 0'**, 1%%R# RS %.%1RL9 W=,, R# '( /0 ,('()8, o =, 'o,. Fo 'o, IN"149 ?)0/, o R# '( 3% .S,',( ,('(o RS :/( , 1%%':,( 7,), =)8 /0
,('()8, R# )8 1%% ':,( (:)00, =)8 0o) ,('()8, RL. I R#3% 9 (,0, RS1
WA5E FORMS
)8 RL1%% .
F$ I=# "/ ,#=# "+*;,' ;,' =,%$#$+* C$==*'
? CIRCUIT DIAGRAMES AND OUTPUT WA5EFORM:
6 RESULT: C=)),'('( o C0'**, '/'( +,, o(,?, (/,((/00. @ 5I5A -5OCE 9UESTIONS:
B W=) '( C0'**, E>*0)'8 Po(''?, 0'**, B W=) '( 8,, o /('87 C0'**, C'/'
E>=-? 1 AIM: TO STUDY CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON
TINA SOFTWARE
7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY
A 0):*, '( )8 ,0,o8' '/' =) '>,( ,'=, =, *o(''?, o =, 8,7)'?, *,) ,>/('o8( o ) ('78)0 o ) ,'8, ?)0/, (=''87 '( DC ?)0/,. T=, 0):*, o,( 8o ,(' =, *,)-o-*,) ,>/('o8 o =, ('78)09 ' :o?,( =, +=o0, ('78)0 /* o o+8 (o )( o *0), =, *,)( ) =, ,,,8, 0,?,0. A 'o, 0):* ) (':*0,9 o::o8 *,B o8('(( o ) 'o,9 +='= o8/( ,0,' /,8 '8 o80 o8, ','o8 )8 *,?,8( =, ('78)0 ,>,,'87 =, ,,,8, ?)0/, )8 ) )*)'o +='= *o?',( ) DC o(, o: =, (o, =)7,. T=, )*)'o o:( ) ':, o8()8 +'= =, ,('(o 0o) +='= ,,:'8,( =, )87, o ,
Po(''?, /8')(, ?o0)7, 0):*'87 (='( =, ):*0'/, o =, '8*/ +)?,o: (o =) )00 *)( o ' ), 7,), =)8 % V. T*,( C0):* '/'( ), ),7o';, =,' o*,)'o8 8,7)'?, o *o(''?,9 )8 ')(, o /8')(,. A *o(''?, 0):* '/' o/*/( ) */,0 *o(''?, +)?,o: o: )8 '8*/ ('78)0 ' o(,( =, '8*/ ('78)0 (o =) )00 o =, +)?,o: '( 7,), =)8 % V. A 8,7)'?, 0):* '( =, o**o(', o ='( - ='( 0):* o/*/( ) */,0 8,7)'?, +)?,o: o: )8 '8*/ ('78)0.
A ')( ?o0)7, ,+,,8 =, 'o, )8 7o/8 o(,( =, o/*/ ?o0)7, =) ):o/8. Fo ,>):*0,9 )8 '8*/ ('78)0 o *,) ?)0/, 5 V V IN 5 VB '( )**0', o ) *o(''?, 0):* +'= ) ')( o 3 V V#IAS 3 VB9 =, *,) o/*/ ?o0)7, +'00 , VOUT 2VIN V#IAS VOUT 2 Q 5 V 3 V VOUT 13 V P,%$#$+* $"%*/
A *o(''?, /8')(, 0):* I8 =, 8,7)'?, 0, o =, '8*/ AC ('78)09 =, 'o, '( o+) ')(, )8 o8/(9 =)7'87 =, )*)'o o =, *,) *o(''?, ?)0/, o VIN. D/'87 =, *o(''?, 0,9 =, 'o, '( ,?,(, ')(, )8 =/( o,( 8o o8/. T=, o/*/ ?o0)7, '( =,,o, ,
A 8,7)'?, /8')(, 0):* A 8,7)'?, /8')(, 0):* '( =, o**o(', o =, ,
A *o(''?, ')(, 0):*
A *o(''?, ')(, ?o0)7, 0):* '( ',8')0 o )8 ,
A 8,7)'?, ')(, 0):* A 8,7)'?, ')(, ?o0)7, 0):* '( 0',+'(, ',8')0 o )8 ,
? CIRCUIT DIAGRAMES AND OUTPUT WA5EFORMS :
@ RESULT: C=)),'('( o C0):*, '/'( +,, o(,?, (/,((/00.
5I5A -5OCE 9UESTIONS:
B W=) '( C0):*, E>*0)'8 ',,8 *,( o 0):*,( B W=) ), =, )**0')'o8( o C0):*, C'/'
EXP 6:
1 AIM: To
o(,?, )8 )+ =, Fo+) )8 R,?,(, ')( V-I C=)),'('( o ) P-N
J/8'o8 'o,. 7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY:
A *-8 /8'o8 'o, o8/( o80 '8 o8, ','o8. T=, V-I =)),'('( o =, 'o, ), /?, ,+,,8 ?o0)7, )o(( =, 'o, )8 /,8 =o/7= =, 'o,. W=,8 ,>,8)0 ?o0)7, '( ;,o9 '/' '( o*,8 )8 =, *o,8')0 )', o,( 8o )00o+ =, /,8 o 0o+. T=,,o,9 =, '/' /,8 '( ;,o. W=,8 P-*, A8o, '( o88,, o ?, ,:'8)0 )8 8- *, )=o,B '( o88,, o ?, ,:'8)0 o =, (/**0 ?o0)7,9 '( 8o+8 )( o+) ')(. T=, *o,8')0 )', '( ,/, +=,8 'o, '( '8 =, o+) ')(, o8''o8. A (o:, o+) ?o0)7,9 =, *o,8')0 )', )0o7,=, ,0':'8), )8 /,8 ()( 0o+'87 =o/7= =, 'o, )8 )0(o '8 =, '/'. T=, 'o, '( ()' o , '8 ON (),. T=, /,8 '8,)(,( +'= '8,)('87 o+) ?o0)7,. W=,8 N-*, )=o,B '( o88,, o ?, ,:'8)0 )8 P-*, A8o,B '( o88,,
?, ,:'8)0 o =, (/**0 ?o0)7, '( 8o+8 )( ,?,(, ')( )8 =, *o,8')0
)', )o(( =, /8'o8 '8,)(,(. T=,,o,9 =, /8'o8 ,('()8, ,o:,( ?, ='7= )8 ) ?, (:)00 /,8 ,?,(, ()/)'o8 /,8B 0o+( '8 =, '/'. T=, 'o, '( ()' o , '8 OFF (),. T=, ,?,(, ')( /,8 /, o :'8o' =)7, )',(.
F'7 VI C=)),'('( o PN D'o, CIRCUIT DIAGRAM -
FORWARD BIAS:-
RE5ERSE BIAS -
? OBSERATION TABLE: F,' F,'"'/ B$"%:
SN
F,' '*+*'%* B$"%:
5,#"*($ 5)
C''*#($ A)
SN
5,#"*($ 5)
C''*#($ A)
6 RESULT: - Fo+) )8 R,?,(, #')( =)),'('( o ) *-8 'o, '( ?,'',
6. 5I5A 9ESTIONS -
EXP @
1 AIM:
To (/ :)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,: o8 TINA (o+),.
7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY:
T='( =,o,: '( /(, o ,,:'8, =, ?)0/, o 0o)9 o +='= (o/, )8(, =, :)>':/: *o+, .Ao'87 o =, :)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,:9 ) 0o) +'00 ,,'?, :)>':/: *o+, o: ) (o/, +=,8 '( ,('()8, R LB '( ,
T='( =,o,: (),( =) T=, :)>':/: *o+, '( )8(,, o 0o) ':*,)8, ,'87 o88,, o DC o AC 8,+o9 +=,8 =, 0o) ':*,)8, '( , o8/7), o ,':/: *o+, )8(, '8 )(, o D.C. 8,+o-
F'7. 6.1 (=o+( =, 8,+o o :)>':/: *o+, )8(,. T=, 0o) /,8 '( 7'?,8
IL VTH&R THR L Po+, ,0'?,, o 0o) PL I2L > R L VTH & R TH R LB 2 > R L
Co8''o8 o :)>':/: *o+, PL &R L % R L R TH
So 0o) ,('()8, (=o/0 , ,':/: *o+,. T=, :)>':/: *o+, o: , V2TH &4R TH M)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,: '( /(,/0 '8 o::/8')'o8 8,+o )8 ,0,o8'( '/'( +=,, ,:)8 o :)>':/: *o+, '( ':*o)8 )=, =)8 =, ,'',8. T=, o?,)00 ,'',8 o ) 8,+o (/**0'87 :)>':/: *o+, o )8 )8= '( o80 5%.
Ao'87 o =, :)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,:9 ) 0o) +'00 ,,'?, :)>':/: *o+, o: ) (o/, +=,8 '( ,('()8, R LB '( ,
6 RESULT: - C=)),'('( o :)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,: '( o(,?,
@ 5I5A -5OCE 9UESTIONS:
)B E>*0)'8 M)>':/: *o+, )8(, =,o,: B W=) '( =, ('78'')8, o ='( =,o,:
EXP-
1 AIM:
To (/ =, )8(',8 ,(*o8(, o (,',( RLC '/'.
7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY:
S,',( RLC '/'
F$'* 1: RLC (,',( '/' 5 - =, ?o0)7, o =,
*o+,
(o/, I - =, /,8 '8 =, '/' R - =, ,('()8, o =, ,('(o L - =, '8/)8, o =, '8/o C - =, )*)')8, o =, )*)'o
I8 ='( '/'9 =, =,, o:*o8,8( ), )00 '8 (,',( +'= =, ?o0)7, (o/,. T=, 7o?,8'87 ',,8')0 ,
+=,, ), =, ?o0)7,( )o(( R9 L )8 C ,(*,'?,0 )8 '( =, ':, ?)'87 ?o0)7, o: =, (o/,. S/('/'87 '8 =, o8('/'?, ,
Fo =, )(, +=,, =, (o/, '( )8 /8=)87'87 ?o0)7,9 ',,8')'87 )8 '?''87 L 0,)( o =, (,o8 o, ',,8')0 ,
T='( )8 /(,/00 , ,>*,((, '8 ) :o, 7,8,)00 )**0')0, o:
)8
), o= '8 /8'( o )87/0) ,
A8 A /(,/0 *)):,, '( =, damping factor 9 +='= '( ,'8, )( =, )'o o =,(, +o9
I8 =, )(, o =, (,',( RLC '/'9 =, ):*'87 )o '( 7'?,8 9
T=, ?)0/, o =, ):*'87 )o ,,:'8,( =, *, o )8(',8 =) =, '/' +'00 ,>=''. So:, )/=o( o 8o /(, )8 )00 =, ):*'87 )o.
? CIRCUIT DIAGRAME:
6 OUTPUT WA5EFORM:
@ RESULT: - S/
(/,((/00.
o )8(',8 ,(*o8(, o (,',( RLC '/' =)?, ,,8 o8,
@ 5I5A -5OCE 9UESTIONS:
EXP " 1 AIM:
TO STUDY #ASIC LO$IC $ATES ON TINA SOFTWARE. 7 COMPONENTS 8 TOOLS RE9UIRED:
Co:*/, S(,: '8()00, +'= TINA (o+),
3 THEORY: T=,
=,, )(' 0o7' 7),( ), AND9 OR9 )8 NOT. T=,(, 0o7' 7),(
), =, /'0'87 0o( o )00 '7')0 '/'(. O=, 0o7' 7),( (/= )( NAND9 NOR9 XOR9 XNOR ), ,'?, o: =, =,, )(' 0o7' 7),(. T=, 7)*=' (:o09 ':'87 ')7):(9 )8 /= )0, o ,)= 0o7' 7), '( 7'?,8 ,0o+
OBSER5ATION TABLE: RESULT: -
(/,((/00.
S/ o )8(',8 ,(*o8(, o (,',( RLC '/' =)?, ,,8 o8,
5I5A -5OCE 9UESTIONS: EXP 10
A ='$#*/ .$'.$# ,"'/ 9 o PCB9 '( /(, o :,=)8')00 (/**o )8 ,0,')00 o88, ,0,o8' o:*o8,8( /('87 o8/'?, *)=+)(9 )( o ('78)0 ),( ,=, o: o**, (=,,( 0):'8), o8o ) 8o8-o8/'?, (/(),. I '( )0(o ,,, o )(
='$#*/ $'$ ,"'/ PWBB o *#.!*/ $'$ ,"'/ . P'8, '/'
o)( ), /(, '8
?'/)00 )00 / =, (':*0,( o::,')00 *o/, ,0,o8' ,?',(. A PC# *o*/0), +'= ,0,o8' o:*o8,8( '( )00, ) ='$#*/ .$'.$# "%%*4 PCAB9 ='$#*/ .$'.$# ,"'/ "%%*4 o PCB A%%*4 PCBAB. I8 '8o:)0 /(, =, ,: PC# '( /(, o= o ), )8 )((,:0, o)(9 =, o8,> 0)''87 =, :,)8'87. A0,8)'?,( o PC#( '80/, +', +)* )8 *o'8-o-*o'8 o8(/'o8. PC#( :/( '8'')00 , ,('78, )8 0)' o/9 / ,o:, =,)*,9 )(, o :),9 )8 *o,8')00 :o, ,0')0, o ='7=-?o0/:, *o/'o8 ('8, *o/'o8 )8 (o0,'87 o PC#( )8 , )/o:),. M/= o =, ,0,o8'( '8/(@( PC# ,('789 )((,:09 )8
o8/'87 0),( ), *')00 :), o ='8 o**, o'0. I8(/0)'87 0),( ',0,' ), *')00 0):'8), o7,=, +'= ,*o> ,('8 *,*,7. T=, o) '( *')00 o), +'= ) (o0, :)( =) '( 7,,8 '8 o0o. O=, o0o( =) ), 8o:)00 )?)'0)0, ), 0/,9 0)9 +=', )8 ,. T=,, ), B9 FR-4 Wo?,8 70)(( )8 ,*o>B9 FR-5 Wo?,8 70)(( )8 ,*o>B9 FR-6 M), 70)(( )8 *o0,(,B9 $-1% Wo?,8 70)(( )8 ,*o>B9 CEM-1 Coo8 *)*, )8 ,*o>B9 CEM-2 Coo8 *)*, )8 ,*o>B9 CEM-3 No8-+o?,8 70)(( )8 ,*o>B9 CEM-4 Wo?,8 70)(( )8 ,*o>B9 CEM-5 Wo?,8 70)(( )8 *o0,(,B. T=,:)0 ,>*)8('o8 '( )8 ':*o)8 o8(',)'o8 ,(*,')00 +'= )00 7' )) #$AB )8 8), ', ,=8o0o7',(9 )8 70)(( ', o,( =, ,( ':,8('o8)0 ()'0'.
FR-4 '( ) =, :o( o::o8 :),')0 /(, o). T=, o) +'= o**, o8 ' '( )00, o**,-0) 0):'8),. Co**, o'0 ='8,(( )8 , (*,'', '8 o/8,( *, (
T=, ?)( :)o' o *'8, '/' o)( ), :), o8'87 ) 0), o o**, o?, =, ,8', (/(),9 (o:,':,( o8 o= (',(9 ,)'87 ) 0)8 PC#B =,8 ,:o?'87 /8+)8, o**, ), )**0'87 ) ,:*o) :)( ,.7.9 ,='87B9 0,)?'87 o80 =, ,(', o**, ),(. A ,+ PC#( ), :), adding ),( o =, ), (/(), o ) (/(), +'= ) ?, ='8 0), o o**,B /(/)00 ) o:*0,> *o,(( o :/0'*0, ,0,o*0)'87 (,*(. T=, PC# :)8/)/'87 :,=o *':)'0 ,*,8( o8 +=,=, ' '( o *o/'o8 ?o0/:, o ():*0,&*oo*,
S'0 (,,8 *'8'87 =, :)'8 o::,')0 :,=o.
•
P=oo7)*=' :,=o(/(, +=,8 '8, 0'8,+'=( ), ,
S" +,* •
P'8 o8o )8(*),8 '0: )8 /(, )( *=oo:)( )0o87 +'= *=oo-(,8('';, o)(. '.,.9 *,-(,8('';, o)(B9 =,8 ,=. A0,8)'?,09 /(, ) '0: *=oo*0o,B.
•
L)(, ,('( )0)'o8 S*) 0) *)'8 o8o o**, 0) 0):'8),9 *0), '8o CNC 0)(, *0o,. T=, 0)(, )(,-()8( =, PC# )8 )0),( ?)*o';,(B =, *)'8 +=,, 8o ,('( '( +)8,. E=. No, 0)(, o**, )0)'o8 '( ),0 /(, )8 '( o8(',, ,>*,':,8)0.clarification needed B
•
U(, ) CNC-:'00 +'= ) (*),-(=)*, '.,.9 ) 0)-,8, o8,B /, o :'8')/, ,8-:'00 o o/ )+) =, /8,(', o**,9 0,)?'87 o80 =, ),(.
H,4$%# •
L)(,-*'8, ,('( L)(,-*'8 o8o )8(*),8 '0:9 =,)-)8(, +'= )8 'o8 o :o'', 0):'8)o o8o ), 0):'8),9 o/= /* +'= ) :),9 =,8 ,=.
•
V'80 '0: )8 ,('(9 8o8-+)(=)0, :),9 (o:, o=, :,=o(. L)o-'8,8('?,9 o80 (/')0, o ('870, o)(.
S#'".#$+* =',.*%%*%
S/)'?, :,=o(9 =) ,:o?, o**, o: )8 ,8',0 o**,-o), o)9 /(, o =, *o/'o8 o *'8, '/' o)( 1. S$2 %.'** ='$#$ /(,( ,=-,('()8 '8( o *o, =, o**, o'0. S/(,'( :,=)8')0 :'00'87 ((,: o :'00 )+) =, o**, o'0 o: =, (/(),. A PC# :'00'87 :)='8, ,,, o )( ) @PC# Poo*,@B o*,),( '8 ) (':'0) +) o ) *0o, 9 ,,'?'87 o::)8( o: =, =o( (o+), =) o8o0 =, *o(''o8 o =, :'00'87 =,) '8 =, >9 9 )8 ' ,0,?)8B ; )>'(. D)) o '?, =, Poo*, '( ,>), o: '0,( 7,8,), '8 PC# ,('78 (o+), )8 (o, '8 HP$L o $,, '0, o:). A//$#$+* =',.*%%*%
A''?, *o,((,( ) ,(', o**, ),( o )8 '8(/0)'87 (/(),. T=, :o( o::o8 '( =, (,:'-)''?, *o,(( =, /8*),8, o) =)( ) ='8 0), o
o**, )0,) o8 '. A ,?,(, :)( '( =,8 )**0',. U80', ) (/)'?, *o,(( :)(9 ='( :)( ,>*o(,( =o(, *)( o =, (/(), =) +'00 ,?,8/)00 ,o:, =, ),(.B A''o8)0 o**, '( =,8 *0), o8o =, o) '8 =, /8:)(, ),)( o**, :) , *0), o )8 ,(', +,'7=. T'8-0,) o o=, (/), *0)'87( ), =,8 )**0',. T=, :)( '( ('**, )+) )8 ) ', ,='87 (,* ,:o?,( =, 8o+,>*o(, ), o'7'8)0 o**, 0):'8), o: =, o)9 '(o0)'87 =, '8'?'/)0 ),(. So:, ('870,-(', o)( +='= =)?, *0),-=o/7= =o0,( ), :), '8 ='( +). $,8,)0 E0,' :), o8(/:, )'o (,( '8 =, 0), 1"6%( /('87 )''?, o)(. T=, )''?, *o,(( '( o::o80 /(, o :/0'-0), o)( )( ' )'0'),( =, *0)'87-=o/7= o =, =o0,( o *o/, o8/'?, ?')( '8 =, '/' o). C$'.$# =',=*'#$*% ,; #!* PCB
E)= ), o8('(( o ) 0)9 8)o+ *) o =, o**, o'0 =) ,:)'8( ), ,='87. T=, ,('()8,9 ,,:'8, +'= )8 ='8,((9 o =, ),( :/( , (/'',80 0o+ o =, /,8 =, o8/o +'00 ). Po+, )8 7o/8 ),( :) 8,, o , +', =)8 ('78)0 ),(. I8 ) :/0'-0), o) o8, ,8', 0), :) , :o(0 (o0' o**, o ) )( ) 7o/8 *0)8, o (=',0'87 )8 *o+, ,/8. Fo :'o+)?, '/'(9 )8(:'(('o8 0'8,( )8 , 0)' o/ '8 =, o: o ('*0'8, )8 :'o('* +'= ),/00 o8o00, ':,8('o8( o )((/, ) o8('(,8 ':*,)8,. I8 )'o-,
C=,:')0 ,='87 '( o8, +'= ,' =0o',9 )::o8'/: *,(/0),9 o (o:,':,( =o=0o' )'. Fo PTH *0),-=o/7= =o0,(B9 )''o8)0 (,*( o ,0,o0,(( ,*o(''o8 ), o8, ), =, =o0,( ), '00,9 =,8 o**, '( ,0,o*0), o /'0 /* =, ='8,((9 =, o)( ), (,,8,9 )8 *0), +'= '8&0,). T=, '8&0,) ,o:,( =, ,('( 0,)?'87 =, ), o**, o , ,=, )+).
T=, (':*0,( :,=o9 /(, o (:)00-()0, *o/'o8 )8 o,8 =o'((9 '( '::,('o8 ,='879 '8 +='= =, o) '( (/:,7, '8 ,='87 (o0/'o8 (/= )( ,' =0o',. Co:*), +'= :,=o( /(, o :)(( *o/'o89 =, ,='87 ':, '( 0o87. H,) )8 )7')'o8 )8 , )**0', o =, )= o (*,, =, ,='87 ),. I8 /0, ,='879 )' '( *)((, =o/7= =, ,=)8 )= o )7'), =, (o0/'o8 )8 (*,, /* ,='87. S*0)(= ,='87 /(,( ) :oo-'?,8 *)0, o (*0)(= o)( +'= ,=)8 =, *o,(( =)( ,o:, o::,')00 o(o0,, ('8, ' '( 8o )( )( )( (*) ,='87. I8 (*) ,='879 =, ,=)8 (o0/'o8 '( '('/, o?, =, o)( 8o;;0,(9 )8 ,'/0), */:*(. A/(:,8 o =, 8o;;0, *),89 0o+ ),9 ,:*,)/,9 )8 ,=)8 o:*o(''o8 7'?,( *,')0, o8o0 o ,='87 ),( )8 ='7= *o/'o8 ),(.5 A( :o, o**, '( o8(/:, o: =, o)(9 =, ,=)8 ,o:,( ()/), )8 0,(( ,,'?, ',,8 ,=)8( =)?, ',,8 )*)'',( o o**,9 +'= (o:, )( ='7= )( 15% 7):( o o**, *, 0', o (o0/'o8. I8 o::,')0 /(,9 ,=)8( )8 , ,7,8,), o ,(o, =,' )'?'9 )8 =, '((o0?, o**, ,o?,, )8 (o0. S:)00-()0, ,='87 ,' /, o '( :,)0 o8,8. T=, ,=)8 ,:o?,( o**, o8 )00 (/),( ,>*o(, =, ,('(. U8,/ o/( +=,8 ,=)8 ))( =, ='8 ,7, o o**, /8, =, ,('( ='( )8 ,/, o8/o +'=( )8 )/(, o*,8-'/'(. C),/0 o8o0 o ,= ':, '( ,
Mo( PC#( '8 o::,')0 ,0,o8'( =)?, ), 0),( '8(', =, PC# )8 ), )00, multi-layer PC#(. T=,(, ), 0):'8), o7,=, o: o, )8 *,*,7 ',0,'(. ,7 o :), ) 4-0), PC# +'= ) ='8,(( o 1.546:: ) o, +'= ',0,' ='8,(( o 1.%!:: )8 35/: o o**, o8 o= (',( '( ),89 ,=,
)8 o8, +'= *,*,7 ',0,' +'= ='8,(( o %.1!:: o8 o= (',(. P0), +'= 1!/: o o**, )8 =,8 +=o0, () '( ,=, )7)'8 o 7, ),( o8 o* )8 oo: 0),(. F'8)00 PC# '( o?,, +'= (o0,:)(9 '00,9 ?')( ), *0), )7)'89 )8 (/), '8'(= '( )**0',,( ROHS o:*)'0, (/), '8'(= '( A/&N'B. M/0'-0), PC#-( )00o+ o :/= ='7=, o:*o8,8 ,8(' )8 '8 :)8 )(,( o:*o8,8( '8 #)00 $' A)#$AB *))7,( )8@ , *0), o8 o/0, (', PC#-( ,)/(, =,, (':*0 '( 8o ,8o/7= (*), '8 ,+,,8 SMD *)( o o/, ),( o )00 o8)(. A( o8)( o8 #$A *))7,( ), '7=0 (*), '( 7,8,)00 *o(('0, o o/, o80 o8, ), ,+,,8 )8 +o SMD *)(9 =,,o, +'= )8 o8, o**, 0), o80 +o o+( o o8)( )8 , ), o/. So9)((/:'87 )00 o8)( ), o , /(,9 16>16 #$A *))7, +o/0 8,, :'8':/: 4-0), PC# 16 & 2),( )8 , o/, o o= (',(B & 22 o+( o o8)( )8 , o/, o/ *, 0),B 4B D'$$
Ho0,( =o/7= ) PC# ), *')00 '00, +'= (:)00-'):,, '00 '( :), o (o0' o), /87(,8 )',. Co), /87(,8 )', '( ,o::,8, ('8, :)8 o) :),')0( ), ?, ))('?, )8 '00'87 :/( , ='7= RPM )8 ='7= ,, o , o( ,,'?,. D'00 '( :/( )0(o ,:)'8 (=)* (o )( 8o o :) o ,) =, ),(. D'00'87 +'= ='7=-(*,,-(,,0 '( (':*0 8o ,)('0, ('8, =, '00 '( +'00 /00 ,00o8 '0,(. T=, '00 '0, ,(',( =, 0o)'o8 )8 (';, o ,)= '00, =o0,. T=,(, =o0,( ), o,8 '00, +'= )88/0) '87( =o00o+ '?,(B o ,), ?')(. V')( )00o+ =, ,0,')0 )8 =,:)0 o88,'o8 o o8/o( o8 o**o(', (',( o =, PC#. W=,8 ?, (:)00 ?')( ), ,
0)(,(. L)(,-'00, ?')( *')00 =)?, )8 '8,'o (/), '8'(= '8(', =, =o0,. T=,(, =o0,( ), )00, micro vias. I '( )0(o *o(('0, +'= controlled-depth '00'879 0)(, '00'879 o *,-'00'87 =, '8'?'/)0 (=,,( o =, PC# ,o, 0):'8)'o89 o *o/, =o0,( =) o88, o80 (o:, o =, o**, 0),(9 )=, =)8 *)(('87 =o/7= =, ,8', o). T=,(, =o0,( ), )00, blind vias +=,8 =, o88, )8 '8,8)0 o**, 0), o )8 o/, 0),9 o buried vias +=,8 =, o88, +o o :o, '8,8)0 o**, 0),( )8 8o o/, 0),(. T=, +)00( o =, =o0,(9 o o)( +'= 2 o :o, 0),(9 ), :), o8/'?, =,8 *0), +'= o**, o o: plated-through holes =) ,0,')00 o88, =, o8/'87 0),( o =, PC#. Fo :/0'0), o)(9 =o(, +'= 4 0),( o :o,9 '00'87 *')00 *o/,( ) smear o =, ='7= ,:*,)/, ,o:*o(''o8 *o/( o o8'87 )7,8 '8 =, 0):'8), ((,:. #,o, =, =o0,( )8 , *0), =o/7=9 ='( smear
:/( , ,:o?, ) =,:')0 de-smear *o,((9 o plasma-etch.
R,:o?'87 ,='87 )B =, (:,) )0(o ,?,)0( =, '8,'o o8/o( )( +,00. E>=,%*/ .,/.#,' ="#$ "/ .,"#$
PC#( ), *0), +'= (o0,9 '89 o 7o0 o?, 8',0 )( ) ,('( o ,='87 )+) =, /88,,, /8,0'87 o**,. A, PC#( ), ,=, )8 =,8 '8(, +'= +),9 =, (o0,:)( '( )**0',9 )8 =,8 )8 ,>*o(, o**, '( o), +'= (o0,9 8',0&7o09 o (o:, o=, )8'oo('o8 o)'87. M), (o0, '( /(/)00 /(, o *o?', ) ,, o8'87 (/), o ('**, o ), o**,. T,):,8(9 (/= )( ,8;':');o0,='o09 *,?,8 (/), o>')'o8 o ), o**,. T=, *0),( o +='= o:*o8,8( +'00 , :o/8, ), *')00 *0),9 ,)/(, /8,), ), o**, o>'';,( *o(, o**, +)( o), +'= (o0, =o )' (o0, 0,?,00'87 HASLB. T=, HASL '8'(= *,?,8( o>')'o8 o: =, /8,0'87
o**,9 =,, 7/))8,,'87 ) (o0,)0, (/),.1% T='( (o0, +)( ) '8-0,) )00o9 =o+,?, 8,+ (o0, o:*o/8( ), 8o+ /(, o )=',?, o:*0')8, +'= =, RoHS ','?, '8 =, EU )8 US9 +='= ,('( =, /(, o 0,). O8, o =,(, 0,)-,, o:*o/8( '( SN1%%CL9 :), /* o "".3 '89 %. o**,9 %.%5 8',09 )8 ) 8o:'8)0 o 6%**: 7,:)8'/:. I '( ':*o)8 o /(, (o0, o:*)'0, +'= o= =, PC# )8 =, *)( /(,. A8 ,>):*0, '( #)00 $' A) #$AB /('87 '8-0,) (o0, )00( o o88,'o8( 0o('87 =,' )00( o8 ), o**, ),( o /('87 0,)-,, (o0, *)(,. O=, *0)'87( /(, ), OSP o7)8' (/), *o,)8B9 '::,('o8 ('0?, IA7B9 '::,('o8 '89 ,0,o0,(( 8',0 +'= '::,('o8 7o0 o)'87 ENI$B9 )8 ', 7o0 *0)'87 o?, 8',0B. E7, o88,o(9 *0), )0o87 o8, ,7, o (o:, o)(9 ), o,8 8',0 *0), =,8 7o0 *0),. A8o=, o)'87 o8(',)'o8 '( )*' '/('o8 o o)'87 :,)0 '8o T'8 (o0,. T'8 o:( '8,:,)00'( (/= )( C/ 5S86 )8 A73C/ =) '((o0?, '8o =, T'8 0'
o '8 ) *'8, '/' o) PC#B /8, =, '80/,8, o ) DC ?o0)7, ')(. 1112 S'0?,9 ;'89 )8 )0/:'8/: ), 8o+8 o 7o+ +='(,( /8, =, '80/,8, o )8 ,0,' ',0. S'0?, )0(o 7o+( o8/'87 (/), *)=( '8 =, *,(,8, o =)0', )8 o=, 'o8(9 :)'87 ' ) *oo =o', o ,0,o8'( /(,. T'8 +'00 7o+ +='(,( /, o ,8('o8 '8 =, *0), (/),. T'8-L,) o So0, *0)'87 )0(o 7o+( +='(,(9 o80 ,/, =, *,,8)7, T'8 ,*0),. R,0o+ o :,0 (o0, o '8 *0), o ,0',?, (/), (,(( 0o+,( +='(, '8',8,. A8o=, o)'87 '((/, '( '8 *,(9 =, )8(o:)'o8 o '8 o ) *o+, )00oo*, ) 0o+ ,:*,)/,.13 S,/*' '*%$%#
A,)( =) (=o/0 8o , (o0,, :) , o?,, +'= ) *o0:, solder resist solder mask B o)'87 *')00 2%3% :'o:,,( ='. T=, (o0, ,('( =,0*( o
*,?,8 (o0, o: '7'87 ,+,,8 o8/o( )8 ,)'87 (=o '/'(. So0, ,('( )0(o *o?',( (o:, *o,'o8 o: =, ,8?'o8:,8. S.'** ='$#$
L'8, ) )8 ,> :) , *'8, o8o =, o/, (/),( o ) PC# (,,8 *'8'87. W=,8 (*), *,:'(9 =, (,,8 *'8 ,> )8 '8'), o:*o8,8 ,('78)o(9 (+'= (,'87 , )8 ) o,. T*%#
U8*o*/0), o)( :) , (/,, o ) bare-board test +=,, ,)= '/' o88,'o8 )( ,'8, '8 ) netlist B '( ?,'', )( o, o8 =, '8'(=, o). Fo ='7=-?o0/:, *o/'o89 ) , o 8)'0( ,(, 9 ) '>/, o ) '7' 8,,0, ))*, '( /(, o :), o8) +'= o**, 0)8( o =o0,( o8 o8, o o= (',( o =, o) o )'0'), ,('87. A o:*/, +'00 instruct =, ,0,')0 ,( /8' o )**0 ) (:)00 ?o0)7, o ,)= o8) *o'8 o8 =, ,-o-8)'0( )( ,
P'$#*/ .$'.$# "%%*4
PC# +'= ,( o88,'o8 *)( A, =, *'8, '/' o) PC#B '( o:*0,,9 ,0,o8' o:*o8,8( :/( , ))=, o o: ) /8'o8)0 printed circuit assembly9 o PCA (o:,':,( )00, ) *'8, '/' o) )((,:0 PC#AB. I8 through-hole o8(/'o89 o:*o8,8 0,)( ), '8(,, '8 =o0,(. I8 surface-mount o8(/'o89 =, o:*o8,8( ), *0), o8 pads o lands o8 =, o/, (/),( o =, PC#. I8 o= '8( o o8(/'o89 o:*o8,8 0,)( ), ,0,')00 )8 :,=)8')00 '>, o =, o) +'= ) :o0,8 :,)0 (o0,. T=,, ), ) ?)', o (o0,'87 ,=8',:,0 ''/0 o (o0, =)89 (/= )( #$A *))7,(. O,89 =o/7=-=o0, )8 (/),-:o/8 o8(/'o8 :/( , o:'8, '8 ) ('870, )((,:0 ,)/(, (o:, ,*,, o 7o /8o/=, +'00 ), /* 0,(( (*), /('87 (/),-:o/8 ,=8'
A, =, o) =)( ,,8 *o*/0), ' :) , ,(, '8 ) ?)', o +)( •
W='0, =, *o+, '( o9 ?'(/)0 '8(*,'o89 )/o:), o*')0 '8(*,'o8. JEDEC 7/',0'8,( o PC# o:*o8,8 *0),:,89 (o0,'879 )8 '8(*,'o8 ), o::o80 /(, o :)'8)'8
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W='0, =, *o+, '( o9 )8)0o7 ('78)/, )8)0('(9 *o+,-o ,('87.
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W='0, =, *o+, '( o89 '8-'/' ,(9 +=,, *=(')0 :,)(/,:,8( '.,. ?o0)7,9 ,
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W='0, =, *o+, '( o89 /8'o8)0 ,(9 /( =,'87 ' =, PC# o,( +=) ' =) ,,8 ,('78, o o. To )'0'), =,(, ,((9 PC#( :) , ,('78, +'= ,>) *)( o :),
,:*o) o88,'o8(. So:,':,( =,(, *)( :/( , '(o0), +'= ,('(o(. T=, '8-'/' ,( :) )0(o ,>,'(, o/8) ()8 ,( ,)/,( o (o:, o:*o8,8(. I8'/' ,( ((,:( :) )0(o , /(, o *o7): 8o8?o0)'0, :,:o o:*o8,8( o8 =, o). I8 o/8) ()8 ,('879 ,( '/'( '8,7), '8o ?)'o/( IC( o8 =, o) o: ,:*o) o88,'o8( ,+,,8 =, PC# ),( o ,( =) =, IC( ), :o/8, o,0. #o/8) ()8 ,('87 ,
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PC#( '8,8, o ,>,:, ,8?'o8:,8( o,8 =)?, ) o8o:)0 o)'879 +='= '( )**0', '**'87 o (*)'87 ), =, o:*o8,8( =)?, ,,8 (o0,,. T=, o) *,?,8( oo('o8 )8 0,))7, /,8( o (=o'87 /, o o8,8()'o8. T=, ,)0',( o8o:)0 o)( +,, +)> :o,8 o8o:)0 o)( ), /(/)00 '*( o '0/, (o0/'o8( o ('0'o8, /,9 *o0/,=)8,9 )0'9 o ,*o>. A8o=, ,=8',:,0 ''/0.1! M)8 )((,:0, PC#( ), ()' (,8(''?,9 )8 =,,o, :/( , *0), '8 )8'()' )7( /'87 )8(*o. W=,8 =)80'87 =,(, o)(9 =, /(, :/( , 7o/8, ,)=,B. I:*o*, =)80'87 ,=8'
Mo,8 *)', '( 0,(( 0)o '8,8('?, ('8, o:*/,( )8 )/o:)')00 *,o: :)8 o =, 0)o/ (,*(. T=, 7,8,)0 *o7,(('o8 o ) o::,')0 *'8, '/' o) ,('78 +o/0 '80/, 1. S=,:)' )*/, =o/7= )8 E0,o8' ,('78 )/o:)'o8 oo0. 2. C) ':,8('o8( )8 ,:*0), ), ,', )(, o8 ,, o:*o8,8( )8 =,) ('8( ' ,'. $o/8 *0)8, )8 *o+, *0)8, ), ,',. S'78)0 *0)8,( +=,, ('78)0( ), o/, ), '8 o* 0), )( +,00 )( '8,8)0 0),(.1" 4. L'8, ':*,)8, ,,:'8)'o8 /('87 ',0,' 0), ='8,((9 o/'87 o**, ='8,(( )8 ),-+'=. T), (,*))'o8 )0(o ),8 '8o )o/8 '8 )(, o ',,8')0 ('78)0(. M'o('*9 ('*0'8, o /)0 ('*0'8, )8 , /(, o o/, ('78)0(. 5. P0),:,8 o =, o:*o8,8(. T=,:)0 o8(',)'o8( )8 7,o:, ), ),8 '8o )o/8. V')( )8 0)8( ), :),. 6. Ro/'87 =, ('78)0 ),. Fo o*':)0 EMI *,o:)8, ='7= ,):*0,9 ) o8/ *)B o8 (/= ) 0), )/o:)')00 *o/,( ) 8,7)'?, o =o(, *':''?,(9 *0)'87 o**, +=,,?, =,, '( 8o ) o ?').
