Thesis Approval Sheet

Approval Sheet

Name of Candid ndidat ate es:

Titl Title e of Thes Thesis is::

Chris hristi tia an Jason M. Alfa lfaro Hazel S. delas Llagas Katrina P. Mendoza Rex M. Urbiztondo

A Comp Compre rehe hens nsiv ive e Ana Analy lysi sis s of Coco Coco-B -Bio iodi dies esel el Fuel Fuel

_____________________________ Engr. Carlos G. Peña Instructor

_____________________________ Engr. Teodulo A. Valle Academic Coordinator School of Mechanical Engineering

Date:

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A Comprehensive Analysis of Coco-Biodiesel Fuel

by Christian Jason M. Alfaro Hazel S. delas Llagas Katrina P. Mendoza Rex M. Urbiztondo

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology





ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank our instructor, Engr. Carlos G. Peña, Peña , for guiding and and suppo supporti rting ng us all throu through ghou outt this this projec project. t. His cons constan tantt remi reminde nders rs and and progress progress report checks have helped us become more focused during this thesis writi writing ng proces process. s. He taugh taughtt us how how to under underta take ke this this writi writing ng task task and and even even provided us with examples, which were of great assistance. We would also like to thank Chemrez Technologies, Technologies , specifically their employees employees namely Engr. Engr. Alfredo Alfredo Urlanda Urlanda Jr. and Mr. Mr. Carlo Carlos s Palad Palad,, for for welcoming us in their company and allowing us to attend one of their seminars and conduct personnel personnel intervi interviews. ews. Our visit to their their company company has definite definitely ly helped us further understand our topic. The information that we obtained from them is very significant to our study and cannot be provided by any other sources. We would also like to thank our friends for keeping us company while we were writing this thesis. They greatly eased the boredom and stress caused by this tedious paper. Finally, we would like to thank our family for always being there for us. We thank our parents and guardians for continually supporting us financially and emot emotio iona nall lly y as we go thro throug ugh h the the rigo rigoro rous us path path of coll colleg ege e life life.. We are are approaching the end of it and as we look back at our trails, we realize that this would would not have been been poss possibl ible e if you you were were not as suppo supporti rtive ve and and guidi guiding ng parents/guardians as you are.





Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………...………………………………1 1.1 Objectives…………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 Problem Statement………………………………………………………...2 1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………….3 1.4 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………3 Chapter 2: Review of Literature ………………………………………….…………8 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………8 2.2 Historical Background……………………………………………….…….9 2.3 Basic Production Process…………………………………………...…..11 2.3.1 Mixing of alcohol and catalyst……………….………………..14 2.3.2 Reaction……………………………………….…………….…..14 2.3.3 Separation…………………………………………………...….15 2.3.4 Alcohol Removal………………………………………………..15 2.3.5 Glycerin Neutralization…………………………………….…..15 2.3.6 Methyl Ester Wash………………………………………….….16 2.3.7 Product Quality and Registration…………….……….………16 2.4 Quality Specification for Biodiesel…………………….…………….….17 2.5 Applications……………………………………………………………….18 2.6 Health Effects…………………………………………….………….……20 2.7 Life Cycle Summary…………………………………………….………..21





Chapter 3: Methodology ……………………………………………..……………..27 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ……………………………..………….……30 4.1 Economic Benefits…………………………………….……..…………..30 4.2 Environmental and Health Benefits………………….……..…………..30 4.3 Engine Benefits……………………………………….………..…………31 4.4 General Advantages…………………………………………..…………31 4.5 General Disadvantages………………………………………………….32 Chapter 5: Conclusion………………………………………………………….…..33 Conclusion ………………………………………………………….…..33 References…………………………………………………………………………….34 Appendices Required Forms Authors’ Biodata





LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Biodiesel Production Input and Output Levels……………………..……12 Table 2. Economic of 1% 1 % BioActiv™ into Diesel……………………….…………30 Diesel……………………….…………30 Table 3. Comparing Diesel and BioActiv™…………………… BioActiv™………………………………………..31 …………………..31

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Molecular Structure of o f Aromatics………………………………..…….….3 Aromatics………………………………..…….….3 Figure 2. Molecular Structrue of o f Ester………………………………………...……..4 Ester………………………………………...……..4 Figure 3. Molecular Formula Showing the Chemical Reaction of Transesterification………………………………………………………..…6 Figure 4. The Biodiesel Reaction ……………………………………….………….13 ……………………………………….………….13 Figure 5. Schematic Diagram of Biodiesel Production Process…………..…….14







ABSTRACT Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from renewable resources. It contains no petroleum, but can be blended at any level with with petr petrol oleu eum m dies diesel el to crea create te a biod biodie iese sell blen blend. d. It can can also also be used used in compression-ignition (CI) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable oil, but is rather a derivation of it and is produced by a chemical process that removes the glycerin from the oil. Biodiesel can be derived from different organic materials such as soy, tallow, or rapeseed oils. However, in a tropical country like the Philippines where coconut trees are readily available, coconut oil is used to produce coco-biodiesel. Biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. aromatics. It is environmental environmental friendly, which is why it is said to be the resolution to the the grow growin ing g prob proble lem m of glo global bal warm warmin ing, g, a phen phenom omen enon on caus caused ed by greenhouse gases one of which is carbon dioxide. In fact, carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas, thus elimination or reduction of this gas will help stop further development of global warming. In addition, the respiratory diseases (one of the leading causes of death in the world) caused by air pollution will be elimi eliminat nated. ed. Biodi Biodies esel el is also also engin engine e friend friendly. ly. It ensure ensures s a more more effic efficie ient nt combustion reducing the emission of the poisonous carbon monoxide, which is emitted in placed of carbon dioxide when there is poor combustion. The use of biodiesel will also help boost the country’s economy. With the rising cost of petroleum fuel in the world market, producing an alternative fuel such as the coco-biodiesel will reduce the cost of petroleum importation of the Philipp Philippines ines.. Moreover Moreover,, this would would generat generate e jobs for Filipino Filipinos s especia especially lly the coconut farmers. farmers. Lastly, the utilization of biodiesel in diesel vehicles will result in better mileage. mileage. With the additional additional mileage mileage of the same same amount of fuel used, used, money is definitely saved.

Thesis Approval Sheet

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