THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE
Cold climate; Roof pitch is steeper
Influences of Architecture
Compact design
1.
General Functional Influences
2.
Geographical
3.
Influence of Man
Irregular design
4.
Influence of Time
Flat moldings
Warm climate:
General Functional Influences 1.
needs of man
2.
activities of man
Topography Physical quality of the site that describes the general terrain or contour
Needs of Man 1.
physical
2.
emotional
3.
intellectual
Activities of Man
of the ground surface
Elements of Topography 1.
mountains
2.
hills
1.
to sustain life
3.
rivers
2.
for security and protection
4.
desert
3.
for talent expression
5.
lake
4.
for sociability
6.
seas
5.
for recognition
Geographical Influences 1.
climate
2.
topography
3.
geologic
4.
seismologic
5.
materials
Geological Condition Structure of the earth or the rock and soil formation of the region
Effects of Geological Condition on Architectural Design
Climate
1.
type of materials available
1.
sun
2.
type of foundation available
2.
wind
3.
building height
3.
temperature
4.
structural system
4.
moisture
5.
seismological condition
Effects of Seismological Condition on Architectural Design
3.
1.
height limitation in building
2.
structural system
materials adaptable to the structural system
Influence of Man 1.
social condition
2.
political condition
3.
economic condition
4.
traditions and customs
5.
religion
Aspects of life that take up social conditions 1.
way of living
2.
interest of the people
3.
public opinions
4.
a.
conservative
b.
liberated
morality
Influence of Time 1.
culture
2.
science and technology
creates a more casual and interesting
BALANCE ·
basis of arrangement
·
sense of equipoise, equilibrium or
PHYSIOLOGICAL
equality
UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
effect.
PURPOSE OF BALANCE 1.
arrangement
2.
order and organization
3.
desired character
4.
neutralize opposing forces
feeling of informality
2.
atmosphere of festivity and gaiety
RADIAL BALANCE ·
2.
asymmetrical
3.
radial
All parts radiate from a center such as a sphere or a wheel
TYPES OF BALANCE symmetrical
OF
1.
·
1.
EFFECT
Makes the center part a strongly focused spot; a polar point of interest to hold attention
·
Tend to have symmetrical elevation and commonly
applied
in
monumental
design SYMMETRICAL BALANCE ·
Elements are arranged in precisely the
PYSIOLOGICAL
same manner on either side of central
BALANCE
axis
PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFECT
OF
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE 1.
feeling of repose or order
2.
effect of formality
3.
degree of monumentality
ASSYMETRICAL BALANCE ·
Informal arrangement where the larger or taller masses are usually grouped nearer the center while the lighter or lower element form the other part of the composition
·
Also considered “occult balance”. It is more difficult to attain but usually
EFFECT
OF
RADIAL
1.
highly formulated composition
2.
extremely monumental in character
f.
CONTRAST ·
·
direction
Refers to the difference or unlikeness in
3.
contrast of CHARACTER
the qualities of an object
4.
contrast of LINE as to:
Variety in composition
PURPOSE OF CONTRAST IN A DESIGN 1.
avoid monotony
2.
create diversified effect
3.
give emphasis and thus hold attention
4.
produce variety
a.
type
b.
direction
c.
spacing
PRECAUTIONS IN APPLYING CONTRAST 1.
not abrupt and excessive so as not to affect unity of composition
2.
suitable transition between contrasting
METHODS OF PRODUCING CONTRAST IN
elements to moderate the effects of
A DESIGN
changes in qualities
1.
combine
elements
of
different
3.
characteristics 2.
element will produce confusion
one element dominating others to give
4.
emphasis or interest 3.
difference
between
the
types
of
variations in materials, forms, sizes, directions, colors and other qualities
5.
varying the characteristics of element
TYPE OF CONTRAST 1.
2.
contrast as to MASS as to: a.
form
b.
proportion
c.
direction
d.
size
e.
height
have subtle balance of contrast and similarity
treatments which are applied 4.
excess in the number of contrasting
contrast as to SURFACE as to: a.
shape
b.
texture of material
c.
tone
d.
color
e.
area
5.
not all should be contrasting
4.
PROPORTION ·
·
proper relationship of sizes between
harmonious relation of one part of a
solids and voids of wall surface and
composition to another
openings should be considered in the
very essential in architecture for the
development of façade
form of masses and details of the
5.
In relation between window widths and their
PURPOSE OF PROPORTION IN DESIGN
spacing,
one
should
clearly
dominate the other for contrast
1.
produce harmonious relationship
2.
produce relevance among parts
3.
create homogeneity in design
4.
avoid distortion and deformation
1.
types of material
5.
avoid disagreement
2.
mode of construction
6.
pleasing appearance
3.
function or requirements of the project
4.
traditional usage or procedure
5.
location and environment
6.
appearance
7.
desired character
TYPES OF PROPORTION 1.
relative proportion ·
2.
ration of certain part of a whole
absolute proportion ·
relationship between different parts of a whole or between the whole and its separate parts
PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTION 1.
must
have
harmonious
relationship
between various masses and details of a building 2.
for accent of emphasis circle, square, and triangle are used as dominant shapes in compositions
3.
Rectangular should be definitely clear in its proportion. It should not approach a square or 2 squares in its dimension because a state of doubt will occur as to its real shape
6.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PROPORTION
SCALE ·
RHYTHM relation
between
the
parts
of
·
repetition of parts or details
composition and a certain abstract unit of measurement commonly the human figure
PURPOSE OF RHYTHM 1.
provide
similarity
for
easier
comprehension
PURPOSE OF SCALE 1.
fit
the
sizes
of
objects
to
the
characteristics
and
2.
harmony to composition
3.
gives the eye a chance to pause on one detail before going to the next
requirement of human beings 2.
express
certain
qualities
TYPES OF RHYTHM 1.
unaccented rhythm
2.
accented rhythm
PRINCIPLE OF SCALE 1.
scale must be adopted to human needs
2.
consider comfort and convenience
3.
increased scale give a monumental impression
UNACCENTED RHYTHM ·
regular repetition of details or treatment in a uniform manner
ACCENTED RHYTHM ·
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SCALE
repetition of elements with insertion of important details in
1.
human figure
between to produce interest
2.
function
3.
convenience and comfort
4.
desired character or impression
1.
must be controlled
5.
economics
2.
arrangement
6.
size of materials
7.
location and environment
8.
laws of nature
PRINCIPLES OF RHYTHM
of
details
is
more
important than the detail itself 3.
introduce an accent to avoid monotony
UNITY ·
CHARACTER consistent integration of elements of
·
design ·
conveys the purpose of function of a building
suggest harmony or state of oneness PURPOSE OF CHARACTER IN A DESIGN
PURPOSE OF UNITY
1.
express the purpose of a building
1.
design is easily grasp by the mind
2.
express emotion on part of the observer
2.
produce singleness of impression
3.
express personality of the owner
3.
avoid confusion in the mind of observer
4.
express idea or meaning
WAYS OF PRODUCING UNITY IN A DESIGN 1.
2.
1.
functional character
clear and simple and easily grasp by the
2.
traditional character
mind
3.
personal character
parts must be properly related to each other to form a coherent ensemble
3.
4.
TYPES OF CHARACTER
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
have central motif or center of interest
·
most common type of character in
(focal point)
architecture; results directly from
major masses dominate less important
the purpose or use of the building
part 5.
one dominant style for harmony
6.
complete in itself to form a whole
TRADITIONAL CHARACTER ·
“traditional character” due to its association with traditions or old ways
PRECAUTIONS REGARDING UNITY 1.
PERSONAL CHARACTER
“duality” or the presence of two equally
·
important element should be avoided 3.
comes from ideas related to the past
unity is reduced when the elements compete with each other in importance
2.
·
impress emotional reaction in the mind of an observer
confusion arises when there is an excessive no. of contrasting elements
QUALITIES OF PERSONAL CHARACTER 1.
feeling of pride, dignity, formality
2.
feeling of repose, solemnity, restraint
3.
grandeur strength, grace
4.
feeling of festivity, gaiety, informality
5.
simple, sedate forbidding
6.
picture some, ornate, flamboyant
PRINCIPLES IN THE APPLICATION OF CHARACTER 1.
3.
·
inherent of applied in an object
strive to produce an impression of a certain definite character which is
2.
COLOR
PURPOSE OF COLOR
dependent on the purpose of the
1.
protective coating
structure
2.
means of aesthetical composition
character should develop from the
3.
therapeutic effect
consideration of the cardinal principles
4.
Optical effect in changing apparent
of composition
dimension of fully proportioned rooms
character must not be artificial or
or bldgs.
violative of function
5.
helps in identifying objects
QUALITIES/ATTRIBUTES OF COLOR 1.
hue
2.
value
3.
intensity
TWO BASIC ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE 1.
Plan
2.
exterior shell, surface, elevations, mass
PRINCIPLES OF PLAN COMPOSITION 1.
each plan scheme must have logical solution. It must have a rational shape.
2. PLAN ·
a good plan must have organization as to its composition or arrangement
arrangement of space inside or outside a
3.
the composition of the plan must be
building
base from the principles of aesthetic
·
origin of a building design
composition
·
has to supply the spatial requirements of its function before it can be covered
·
EXTERIROR SHELL
tends to control the three dimensional
the enclosing walls and roofs, including the
form of the structure
windows and doors, make up the exterior or shell of a building, and it is
TWO TYPES OF PLAN 1.
site plan
2.
building plan
·
MASS ·
SITE PLAN ·
PYSICAL QUALITIES OF MASS
building including the
surrounding development
BUILDING PLAN ·
deals with three dimensional figure; it refers
plan of the lot showing the position of the
composed of mass and surface
1.
FORM
2.
PROPORTION
3.
DIRECTION
4.
SIZE
refers to the layout of the interior to accommodate the spatial needs of
SURFACE
the occupants, as well as their
·
comfort and convenience
Part of the mass and a two-dimensional figure
QUALITIES OF SURFACE shape INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF A PLAN
5.
treatment
1.
rooms
6.
texture
2.
circulatory elements
7.
tone
3.
entrance areas
8.
color
4.
light courts
9.
area
DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
OF
PLAN
AND
EXTERIOR DEVELOPMENT 1.
solution of the plan of a building should receive
early
consideration
before
studying the exterior 2.
during the process of developing a plan, the exterior mass should be conceived simultaneously on a three dimensional basis
3.
mass is given priority in the aesthetic development of building exteriors
4.
the outward form of a building both in mass and
detail is
logically and
satisfactorily determined by utilitarian requirements alone. No form should be introduced that is not derivative of a material function 5.
adjacent sides of buildings must be treated and developed simultaneously in relation to one another
PAPER ARCHITECTURE ·
the fault of concentrating entirely in one elevation only without considering the other
sides,
which
misleads
the
observers and makes the building appear artificial. It sometimes hides the real form of the building.