The Roots of the Filipino Nation Volu Volume me I
e
The Roots of the Filipino Nation Volu Volume me I O. D. Corpuz Cor puz
The University of the Philippines Press Diliman, Quezon City
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Tel. No.: 9253243 / Telefax No.: 9282558 e-mail:
[email protected] /
[email protected] website: www.uppress.org © 2005 by O. O. D. Corpuz All rights reserved. No copies can be made in part or in whole without prior written permission from the author and the publisher publisher.. First published in 1989 by AKLAHI Foundation Inc., Quezon City, Philippines Book Design by Zenaida N. Ebalan ISBN 971-542-460-0 Printed in the Philippines by the UP Press Printery Division
CONTENTS A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS CKNOWLEDGEMENTS, ix PROLOGUE, xi CHAPTER 1: BARANGAY, CRESCENT, CROSS, 1 From the Tabon Caves to the Barangay, 3 The Great Traditions, 8 The Barangay, 15 Jolo, Maguinda Maguindanao, nao, Cebu, and Manila, 46 Crescent and Cross, 53 The Kingdom of Filipinas, 59 CHAPTER 2: LIFE AND DEATH IN THE ENCOMIENDAS, 62 The Conquest of the Barangays, 66 The Encomiendas, 90 Filipinas in Jeopardy, 118 The Vineyard, 123 Death in the Encomiendas, 126 CHAPTER 3: C HRISTIAN REVOLTS, M USLIM RAIDS, 128 The Christian Uprisings, 129 The Muslim Wars, 157 CHAPTER 4: LIFE IN COLONIAL SOCIETY: THE DOCTRINA , 185 The Doctrina, 187 The Recovery Recovery of the Filipino Populatio Population, n, 193 Highland Missions and Lowland Pueblos, 195 The Gobernadorcillos, Cabezas, and the Friar, 206 The Three Worlds Worlds of the Filipinos, 215
vi THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION
CHAPTER 5: PUEBLO FUNDS, S CHOOLS, FILIPINO PRIESTS, 244 The Caja de Comunidad, 245 The School in the Doctrina, 250 Filipinos in Holy Orders, 266 CHAPTER 6: S PANIARDS , S ANGLEYS, M ESTIZOS, 293 The Spaniards, 296 Sangleys and Mestizos, 300 CHAPTER 7: P UEBLO LANDS, F RIAR HACIENDAS, T AGALOG UPRISINGS, 318 Barangay Lands, 319 Pueblo Lands, 320 Landgrabbers, Haciendas, Revolts, 328 CHAPTER 8: TUMULT IN THE 1760S: THE EVE OF CHANGE, 355 Manila in the 1750s, 356 The British Conquest of Filipinas, 363 The Rebellion of Francisco Dagohoy, Dagohoy, 375 The Rebellion of Juan de la Cruz Palaris, Palaris, 381 The Rebellion Rebellion of Diego Baltasar Silang, Silang, 390 Minor Revolts, 398 Spanish Soul-Searching, 400 Four French Views Views of Filipinas, 406 CHAPTER 9: A ZIM ZIM UD-DIN I; THE A POGEE POGEE OF THE MUSLIM WARS, 417 The Saga of Alimudin, 420 The Crest and the Ebb Tide, 448 CHAPTER 10: A GRICULTURE GRICULTURE , TRADE, INQUILINOS, SHARECROPPERS , 463 Agriculture, 467 Land Tenure, Agrarian Relations, 485 Local Trade, Urbanization, 518 Foreign Trade, 533 The Non-Spanish Foreigners, 537
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 11: FIGHTING FOR THE PARISHES; THE FILIPINO CLERGY, 541 Ancient Laws in the Nineteenth Century, 543 Spain, 1780s-1830s, 544 A Veil Is Lifted, 547 New Laws, Old Regime, 554 An “Astonishing “Astonishing Increase of Impiety Impiety,” ,” 563 Reform Without Change, 577 The Secular Clergy Becomes Filipino, 584 A PPENDIX PPENDIX: THE POPULATION OF THE A RCHIPELAGO RCHIPELAGO, 1565-1898, 598 Population Loss in the Archipelago, 1565-1700, 598 The Spanish Population Estimates, 601 The Population Population Level of the Archipelago, Archipelago, 1565, 613 Population Estimates, 1588-1686, 619 Population Estimates, 1733-1799, 626 Population Estimates, 1805-1850, 639 Population Estimates, 1858-1903, 654 NOTES, 669 INDEX, 715
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IT
WAS NOT
possible to think through the idea of this book and then to
labor on its writing save by living like a hermit upon my retirement into private life. Dr. Serafin D. Quiason and Romeo G. Roxas sought me out and extended precious aid and encouragement. Of institutions, notes notes I took ages ago from the Widener Widener and Houghton libraries of Harvard University (1950s); the British Museum Reading Room (1960s); and the Archivo General in Sevilla (1960s) went into the core of my material. I thank their staffs belatedly. belatedly. To modern scholars, Filipino and others, whose work illuminate specific aspects of our history, history, I give profuse thanks for the citations I made from their research and, in some cases, translations. My son Dr. Arturo G. Corpuz forced me to strengthen some concepts in Volume I with his criticism. As Volume II took shape the poet Gémino H. Abad and historian Oscar M. Alfonso of the University of the Philippines read chapters and eliminated most typos. I also thank friends on the staff of the National Library who took on the indexing work. The chore of nursing copy through the printer fell upon Ma. Julie S. Roxas, who patiently accommodated all last-minute revisions. And, for all the days and nights of writing in peace for more than four years, I record my thanks to Aurora, because she understood I had to write.
