Chapter 11
The Revolution: Second Phase
Aguinaldo
deposited the P400,000 he received from Primo de Rivera in 2 Hong Kong banks. Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cooperate with Commodore George Dewey who Dewey who was about to sail to Manila to destroy the Spain, and Dewey promptly sank the Spanish warship. Governor General Basilio Augustin made desperate attempts to win over the Filipino - Spanish side.
“The Relief on Primo Rivera” The
succeeding Liberal Party sent General Basilio Augustin to the Philippines as Primo Rivera’s successor. April 8, 1898 – Gen. Augustin arrived in Manila and the following day Primo de Rivera turned over the reins of the Philippine Government successor successor..
“American Designs on the Philippines” Cuban revolution had drawn the United States to the side of Cuban rebels, for American economic interests in the island were paramount. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. – One of the influential American, wished that war between Spain and United States should break out in order to expand the navy na vy.. February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Dewey, now Commander of the Squadron, to make Hong Kong his base of operations The
“The SpanishSpanish-American American war” In the face of the Philippines and Cuban revolutions, revolution s, Spain could not antagonize the United States. Depuy de Lome - the Spain’s ambassador to the U.S, who wrote a friend in Havana, Cuba in January 1898, stating that President William McKinley was McKinley was weakling and a low politician. (Letter was stolen) The result of which that the publication was that the the American who had been been ousted to anger by stories of alleged Spanish brutalities and mistreatm mistreatment ent of American citizens in Cuba demanded war against agai nst Spain.
Roosevelt, seeing in his accident as excuse to goad his government to war, said: “I would give anything if President McKinley would order the fleet to Havana harbor tomorrow. The Maine was sunk by an a n act of treache treachery ry on the part of the Spaniards”
“The Battle in Manila Bay” With the receipt of secretary Long’s cable announcing the declaration of war with Spain, Dewey sailed from Mirs Bay , near Hong Kong for the Philippines. The naval battle that followed was one sided; in fact it was a massacre. News of the victory of Dewey in Manila Bay electrified the Americans. With the single event, the United States found herself enmeshed in the coils of the world politics and signalized her entrance into the “Days of Empire”
“Aguinaldo in Singapore” Aguinaldo and his companion ere following the trend of events on the other side of the Pacific. (Opportunity to oust the Spaniards in the Philippines) Howard Bray – Englishman of long residen residence ce in the Philippines, contacted Aguinaldo and told him that the American consul, E. Spence Pratt, wanted to have an interview with him. Aguinaldo expressed his eagerness to return to the Philippines to lead once more the Filipinos in the fight against the Spaniards.
“Aguinaldo and Consul Wildman” Rounselville Wildman - American consul at Hong Kong promptly met him and informed him that Dewey had left instruction to make arrangements for Aguinaldo’s return. Wildman suggested that upon his return to the Philippines, Aguinaldo should establish a government govern ment similar to the U.S.
“Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong Junta” Filipino composed the Hong Kong Junta met on May 4 to discuss the steps to be taken in the face of new developments. After of exchange in opinions the Junta unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against Spaniards. The
“Aguinaldo Returns” Aguinaldo was convinced of the wisdom of Junta’s decision and so he prepared for his return to the Philippines. Dewey launch took him to Olympia where he was given honors due a general. Aguinaldo said that United States need no colonies and that there were were no doubts that Unites States will recogn recognize ize Philippine independence.
“Renewal “R enewal of the Struggle” Struggle” A number of Filipino volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the Filipino forces. Aguinaldo ordered them to occupy the Dalahikan, the Cavite shipyard, to prevent the enemy from occupying it. Arms were secured from the captain of the American warship Petrel and distributed among the large number of Filipinos coming in to offer their loyalty and a nd service to Aguinaldo.
“Spanish attempts attempts to win over Filipinos” Demoralizing was the effect of Aguinaldo’s return. Governo Governorr General Augustin found himself betrayed by a Filipino soldier who volunteered to Spanish Sp anish army army.. To Counteract, Some Spaniards with the consent and perhaps inspiration of GovernorGeneral, circulated a handbill entitled “Viva la Autonomia” (Salvation of the Unity of its local and
central government)
Pedro Paterno – Negotiator of Truce of Biyak na Bato was behind the circular. His purpose of calling the Consultative Assembly was to win over to his side the wealthy and influential segment of the
“The Siege of Manila”
Intramuros or Walled City – City of Manila Arrab Arrabales ales or Suburbs – district outside Manila Dewey invaded or bombarded the city, where thousands of Spaniard had sought refuge. The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged the city in attempt to starve starve out out the enemies within within its walls. To make siege effective, Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply which these Spaniards as well as Filipinos and Alien suffered Hunger and thirst. June 6 – Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honourable surrender which stubbornly refused to accept surrender, for in Spanish Code of honor surrender was non-existenent. With this refusal, Aguinaldo continued continued to siege in belief that hunger and thirst would finally compel the
“Spanish and American Agreement”
G e n e ra ra lT h o m a s A n d e rs rso n – 1 st American Reinforcement
Genera Gen eral l Fr Franc ancis is Gre Green en – 2 nd American Reinforcement
Dewy th Dewy thou ough ght t th that at th the e su surr rren ende der r of Ma Mani nila la co coul uld d be af aff fected with the us use e of arms. St Star arte ted d ne nego goti tiat atin ing g wi with th Au Augu gust stin in, th thro roug ugh h a Belg Be lgia ian n co cons nsul ul, An Andr dré é, re rega gard rdin ing g th the e su surr rren ende der r of Ma Mani nila la. Bu But t wh when en th the e Pe Peni nins nsul ular ar Go Gove vern rnor or he hear ard d th the e pl plan an he ap app point Genera ral l Ferm rmi in Ja Jau udenes in hi his s stead. Dewey went so far as to promise to hold back the th e Fi Fili lipi pino no tr troo oops ps wh whil ile e th the e mo mock ck ba batt ttle le wa was s being bei ng ena enacted cted
“Beginning of Filipino- American rift” Dewey’s policy not provoke an armed conflict with the Spaniards until after the arrival a rrival of the reinforcements. General Wesley Merritt decided that the offensive against Manila should be conducted along the bay side. Aguinaldo demanded that he reques requestt for the evacuation be made writing. With the verbal promise, Aguinaldo withdrew his troops to give way to the Americans.
(Greene didn't honor this words”
General Artemio Ricarte – expressed his doubts as to American intentions and warned Aguinaldo “to be careful because it
“The Mock Battle in Manila” Dewey and Merritt issued a joint ultimatum to Jaudanes telling him to evacuate the non combatants to safe places as the American land and naval force forces s would start the operations “against the defences of Manila” The Filipino troops, armed to the teeth position themselves on the right flank of General Arthur MacArthur ready to rush into the fray despite request from General Anderson not to advance his troops when attack commenced.
“Terms of Capitulation” General Greene rushed into Bagumbayan open field when he saw white flags. The terms of Capitulation was agreed upon both sides. The Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the Filipino volunteers found inside the walled city. Americans agreed to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, churches and religious workship. Both representative of each party formally signed the terms of o f surrender. surrender.
“The Pr Protoc otocol ol Peace” Secretary of State Day submitted to the Secretary representative repr esentative of Spain, Jules Cambon, the French ambassador to Washington, a protocol protoc ol with provided for the appointment of not more than 5 commissioners on each side to discuss the Treaty of Peace. Spain agreed to sign this terms. Pr Pres. es. McKinley issued a proclamation directing that military operation against enemy be suspended. Merritt didn’t received any proclamation that mock battle of Manila would have been fought and Spanish honor would have been saved had not Dewey cut the cable earlier.
