The Prudential Regulations of State Bank Pakistan

Z`c \rsjceznba _cdsabznke} kg ]zbzc Obei \bin}zbe

NO\&?<2?

Bmiektacjdfcez

B} z`c Bsz`kr kg z`n} \rkhcmz gnr}z kg baa N tksaj anic Z`bei} zk f~ jcbr Baab` t`k drbezcj fc ceksd` |ktcr! iektacjdc bej fkznwbznke zk trnzc z`n} tkrined |b|cr% N tksaj ba}k akwc zk z`bei} zk f~ rc}|cmzboac bej akwned |brcez} t`k brc batb~} `crc zk }s||krz fc% N tksaj ba}k dnwc f~ }|cmnba z`bei} zk Fr% Ibfrbe B`fcj I`be! Kggnmcr Ne M`brdc! Ne}znzszc kg Obeicr}! (|rkwnemnba mcezrc \c}`btbr. zk drbez fc be k||krzsenz~ zk }zbrz z`n} |rkhcmz bej `ca|cj fc ksz ne jnggcrcez |`b}c} zk mkf|aczc nz% N tksaj batb~} z`bei} zk grncej} bej gcaakt} zk cemksrbd c fc jsrned f~ }zrsddac

NF ]mncemc} FOBYO'GV

]sofnzzcj O~ ]bbj One Fc`fkkj \bdc 2

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NO\&?<2?

\rcgbmc Cmkekf~ n} z`c ic~ kg }smmc}} ne |rc}cez fkjcre tkraj t`nm` n} batb~} ob}cj ke }zrked |naabr} kg gnebemnba }crwnmc}% Obeined }cmzkr n} z`c fbhkr `so kg gnebemc `cemc be c}}ceznba gkr b |rk}|crks} cmkekf~ z`n} tkrined |b|cr cp|abne} z`c nf|krzbemc kg |rk|cr }s|crwn}nke kg obeined }cmzkr ne \bin}zbe z`rksd` |rsjceznba rcds abznke} bej cp|abnecj jnggcrcez rsac} bej rcdsabznke} z`bz brc nf|acfcezcj o~ }zbzc obei kg \bin}zbe ke z`c mkffcrmnba obei} z`bz brc tkrined ne \bin}zbe% Z`n} jkmsfcez tnaa `ca| z`c }zsjcez} bej kz`cr acbrecr} zk cjsmbzc z`cf boksz z`c rcabznke}`n| ocztcce z`c |rsjceznba rcdsabznke} bej mkffcrmnba Obeined }cmzkr% Z`c fbhkr |sr|k}c kg z`n} jkmsfcez n} zk |rkwnjc |rk|cr negkrfbznke boksz z`c }ndengnmbez acwca kg dsnjcanec} z`bz brc nf|acfcezcj o~ mcezrba obei% Z`n} |b|cr ba}k cp|abne} z`c |rsjceznba rcdsabznke} ne jczbna%
















NO\&?<2?

Cpcmsznwc ]sffbr~

Nenznbaa~ z`c jkmsfcez jn}ms}} boksz orncg negkrfbznke boksz `kt obei} brc k|crbzned ne \bin}zbe }nfnabra~ obei} brc ba}k iekte b} z`c rkkz} kg cwcr~ }zrked cmkekf~% Tnz`ksz |rk|cr }s|crwn}nke obei} mbe ocmkfc b wcr~ jbedcrks} }ksrmc kg mkrrs|znke t`nm` mbe mrb}` jkte be~ jcwc ak|ned kr jcwcak|cj cmkekf~ tnz` ne ek znfc% \rsjceznba rcdsabznke} brc ob}nmbaa~ z`c rsac} bej rcdsabznke z`bz brc ocned nf|acfcezcj o~ }zbzc obei kg \bin}zbe ne krjcr zk icc| z`c obeined }cmzkr ne \bin}zbe ne |rk|cr }s|crwn}nke bej zk mk|c tnz` wbrnks} grbsj} bej mkrrs|znke bmznwnznc} z`bz mbe oc jkec jsc zk ak}ned mkezrka kwcr z`c obeined }cmzkr% Z`c jkmsfcez ba}k jn}ms}}cj wbrnks} rcdsabznke} }sm` b} _n}i fbebdcfcez (_.! mkr|krbzc dkwcrebemc (D.! MJJ bej Fkec~ absejcrned (F. bej K|crbznke} (K. ne jczbna% Baa z`c}c zk|nm} brc jn}ms}}cj ne b wcr~ mkf|rc`ce}nwc tb~% Tnz`ksz z`c}c |rsjceznba rcdsabznke b mkffcrmnba m kffcrmnba obei mbeekz nf|acfcez zk baa obei} Ne z`c cej z`c bsz`kr }sddc}zcj bej rcmkffcejcj z`bz nz} c}}ceznba gkr cbm` bej cwcr~ mkffcrmnba obei zk gsagnaa% Nz n} ba}k }sddc}zcj z`bz z`c}c rcdsabznke} }`ksaj oc gkrfsabzcj tnz` z`c k|nenke kg |soanm b} tcaa% Z`c}c dsnjcanec} z`bz brc mbaacj b} |rsjceznba rcdsabznke }`ksaj oc icc| s| zk jbzc bmmkrjned zk z`cnr znfca~ ob}n}% Ne z`c cej nz n} mkemasjcj z`bz |rsjceznba rcdsabznke} brc rcbaa~ wcr~ s}cgsa ekz kea~ ke a~ gkr dkwcrefcez osz ba}k gkr z`c obei nz„} }cag% Nz n} ba}k mkemasjcj z`bz ne z`c bo}cemc kg |rsjceznba rcdsabznke} nz tnaa oc mkf|aczca~! nf|k}}noac zk mk|c z`c cp|aknzbznke z`bz obei} tnaa mkffnz%
















NO\&?<2?

Zboac kg Mkezcez} Zboac kg Mkezcez}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% : Nezrkjsmznke88%%%%%%% Nezrkjsmznke %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% 7 \rsjceznba _cdsabznke} %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%% %% 4 _N]I FBEBDCFCEZ(_ FBEBDCFCEZ(_.8 .8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%> _cdsabznke _cdsabznk e _&28 Anfnz ke cp|k}src zk b }nedac |cr}ke8 %%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%% %%> _CDSABZNKE _&?8 ANFNZ KE CP\K]S_C BDBNE]Z MKEZNEDCEZ ANBONANZNC]8%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% 2< _CDSABZNKE _&= FNENFSF MKEJNZNKE] GK_ ZBINED CP\K]S_C%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 22 _CDSABZNKE _&: _& : ANFNZ KE CP\K]S_C CP\K]S _C BDBNE]Z SE]CMS_CJ GNEBEMNED GNEB EMNED GBMNANZNC] GBMNA NZNC]%% %%%% 2? _CDSABZNKE _&3 ANEIBDC OCZTCCE GNEBEMNBA NEJNMBZK_] KG Z@C OK__KTC_ BEJ ZKZBA CP\K]S_C G_KF GNEBEMNBA NE]ZNZSZNKE]8 NE]ZNZSZNKE]8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% 2: _CDSABZNKE _&4 DSB_BEZCC] %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%27 _CDSABZNKE _&2< GBMNANZNC] ZK \_NWBZC ANFNZCJ MKF\BE^8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MKF\BE^8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%24 24 _CDSABZNKE _&22 _&2 2 \B^FCEZ KG JNWNJCEJ8%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% 24 _CDSABZNKE _&2? FKENZK_NE FKENZK_NED D%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%% 20 MK_\K_BZC DKWC_EBEMC (D.%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%% %% 20 _CDSABZNKE D&= MKEZ_NOSZNKE] BEJ JKEBZNKE] GK_ M@B_NZBOAC! ]KMNBA! CJSMBZNKEBA BEJ \SOANM TCAGB_C \S_\K]C]8 \S_\K ]C]8%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%20 _CDSABZNKE D&: M_CJNZ _BZNED8%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% 2> MJJ BEJ BEZN FKEC^ ABSEJC_NED (F.8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (F.8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% ?< _CDSABZNKE F&2 MS]ZKFC_ MS]ZKF C_ JSC JNANDCEMC (MJJ.8%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%% %% ?< _CDSABZNKE F&: MK__C]\KEJCEZ OBEINED8 %%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%?3 _CDSABZNKE F&3 ]S]\NMNKS] Z_BE]BMZNKE] %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%?4 K\C_BZNKE] (K.8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% ?0 _CDSABZNKE K&2 SEJC_ZBINED KG MB]@ \B^FCEZ] KSZ]NJC Z@C OBEI„] BSZ@K_NXCJ \ABMC KG OS]NEC]]8 %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%% ?0 _CDSABZNKE K&? TNEJKT J_C]]NED%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%% ?> _CDSABZNKE K&= _CMKEMNANBZNKE KG NEZC_&O_BEM@ BMMKSEZ] BEJ ]CZZACFCEZ KG
















NO\&?<2?

]sddc}znke} ' _cmkffcej _cmkffcejbznke}8 bznke}8 %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% %% =2 Mkemas}nke8 %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%% =? _cgcrcemc}8 %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%% %% ==
















NO\&?<2?

Nezrkjsmznke8 Zkjb~ Obeined n} kec kg z`c fk}z c}}ceznba |brz} gkr z`c }smmc}} kg b |rkdrc}}nwc cmkekf~ c mkekf~ ne cbm` bej cwcr~ mksezr~ ne z`n} tkraj% Obeined n} csbaa~ nf|krzbez gkr okz` jcwcak|cj b} tcaa b} jcwcak|ned mksezrnc}% Z`c obei} brc iekte b} gnebemnba |naabr} kg cmkekf~% B dkkj obeined }cmzkr mbe |rkwnjc z`c rkkz} zktbrj snmi bej aked ab}zned |rkdrc}}% |rkdrc}}% Ekt jb~} z`c Obeined nejs}zr~ n} ekz kea~ `ca|ned Dkwcrefcez} gkr ocmkfc }zrked bej cggnmncez osz ba}k |ab~ned b wcr~ cggnmncez rkac ne cacwbzned z`c |kwcrz~ bej ornedned z`c jrbfbznm m`bedc ne angc }z~ac kg z`c |ck|ac o~ rbn}ned z`cf% Obei} |rkwnjc akbe} gkr jnggcrcez |rkhcmz} zk dkwcrefcez! z`c~ `ca|} zk mrcbzc negrb}zrsmzsrc} o~ |rkwnjned z`c gnebemnba b}}n}zbemc}! z`c~ brc `ca|ned o s}nec}}c} zk cp|bej! bej }nfnabra~ z`c~ brc ba}k `ca|ned nejnwnjsba} b} tcaa o~ |rkwnjned esfocr kg }crwnmc} fbnea~ akbe} zk gsagnaa z`cnr jnggcrcez z~|c} kg eccj}% Tcaa z`c}c tcrc }kfc kg z`c ic~ rkac} kg obeined }cmzkr ne z`c |k}nznwc b}|cmz% Osz b} tc iekt z`bz z`crc brc ztk b}|cmz} kg cwcr~ |nmzsrc! ne z`n} tb~ grkf


















NO\&?<2?

tnz` ne ek znfc be cpbf|ac kg tcbi obeined n} ?<<4 zk ?<2? dakoba gnebemnba mrn}n} b} nz tb} ba}k }zbrzcj grkf snmi mrb}` kg Obei} ne wbrnks} mksezrnc} fbnea~ ne Senzcj }zbzc} kg Bfcrnmb% T`crc }and`z mrb}` ne obeined }cmzkr orksd`z jkte be ceznrc cmkekf~% cmkekf~% Ng b Obei dcz} semkezrkaacj tnz`ksz be~ }s|crwn}nke z`c~ mbe ocmkfc b ic~ }ksrmc kg mkrrs|znke bej gnebemnba mrn}n}% Z`c nejnwnjsba} tnaa ocmkfc cp|aknzcj cp|aknzcj jsc zk necggcmznwc bej sehs}zngncj sehs}zngncj gakt kg gnebemc ne cmkekf~% Tc `bwc ko}crwcj akz} kg cpbf|ac} t`crc obei newkawcj ne fkec~ absejcrned bej }sm` kz`cr n}}sc} `b} dnwce `sdc jbfbdc zk cmkekfnc} o~ jcwbasbznke kg msrrcemnc}% Z`crcgkrc ne fk}z kg z`c mksezrnc} z`c obei} brc ekt baaktcj zk }zbrz z`cnr k|crbznke} nejnwnjsbaa~% Nz n} c}}ceznba gkr b obei zk tkri sejcr se jcr z`c }s|crwn}nke kg z`cnr mcezrba obei}% B mcezrba obei n} b obei z`bz! rc}crwc obei! kr fkeczbr~ bsz`krnz~ bs z`krnz~ n} b |soanm ne}znzsznke z`bz fbebdc} b }zbzc$} msrrcem~! fkec~ }s||a~! bej nezcrc}z rbzc}% Mcezrba obei} ba}k s}sbaa~ kwcr}cc z`c mkffcrmnba obeined }~}zcf kg z`cnr rc}|cmznwc mksezrnc}% Ne mkezrb}z zk b mkffcrmnba obe i! b mcezrba obei |k}}c}}c} b fkek|ka~ ke nemrcb}ned z`c ebznke$} e bznke$} fkeczbr~ ob}c! bej s}sbaa~ ba}k |rnez} z`c ebznkeba msrrcem~! t`nm` s}sbaa~ }crwc} b} z`c ebznke$} acdba zcejcr% Cpbf|ac} nemasjc ]zbzc obei kg \bin}zbe (]O\.! z`c Csrk|cbe Mcezrba Obei (CMO.! z`c Gcjcrba _c}crwc kg z`c Senzcj ]zbzc}! bej z`c \ck|ac$} Obei kg M`neb%
















NO\&?<2?

brcb} mbe acbj zk obei gbnasrc} bej }~}zcfnm ne}zbonanz~! t`nac c}zboan}`ned }ksej! macbr bej cb}na~ fkenzkrcj rsac} gkr gnebemnba bmznwnznc} okz` cemksrbdc} fbebdcr} zk rse z`cnr ne}znzsznke} oczzcr bej gbmnanzbzc} z`c tkri kg }s|crwn}kr}% B fbhkr tcbiec}} kg }kfc gnebemnba }~}zcf} n} z`c gbmz z`bz wbrnks} gnebemnba ne}znzsznke}! c}|cmnbaa~ mkk|crbznwc} bej nezcrfcjnbrnc} ne rsrba brcb}! k|crbzc mkf|aczca~ ksz}njc |rsjceznba rcdsabznke}% ]kfc mksezrnc} `bwc kec }nedac dcecrba obeined abt! t`nm` zrnc} zk b}}cfoac baa rcdsabznke}! osz ne fbe~ mksezrnc} z`c k|crbznkeba n}}sc} brc acgz zk }zbzszkr~ ekzc}! mnrmsabr} kr cwce }nf|a~ z`c rksznec jcmn}nke} kg z`c }s|crwn}kr~ ne}znzsznke% Wbrnks} kz`cr abt} mbe `bwc be nf|bmz ke z`c k|crbznke kg gnebemnba ne}znzsznke}! c%d% mkf|be~ abt}! }cmsrnznc} abt}! jcoz rcmkwcr~ abt} bej abt} ke ansnjbznke bej obeirs|zm~%
















NO\&?<2?

Ne \bin}zbe ]zbzc obei kg \bin}zbe `b} ba}k fbjc bej nf|acfcezcj }kfc rsac} bej rcdsabznke} ke obei} z`bz brc k|crbzned ne baa kwcr z`c mksezr~ z`c}c rsac} bej rcdsabznke} brc jnggcrcez kr jnggcrcez obei}! fkrc macbra~ z`crc brc jnggcrcez rcdsabznke} gkr jnggcrcez z~|c kg obeined gkr cpbf|ac }zbzc obei kg \bin}zbe `b} fbjc bej nf|acfcezcj jnggcrcez rcdsabznke} gkr obei} z`bz brc jkned bdrnmsazsrc obeined ! z`c obei} z`bz brc |rkwnjned ]FC b}}n}zbemc `bwc zk gkaakt z`c |rsjceznba rcdsabznke} gkr ]FC obei! ]nfnabra~ z`c obei} z`bz brc k|crbzned bej |crgkrfned mkffcrmnba obeined brc gkaaktned z`c rcdsabznke} mbaacj ‑Z`c \rsjceznba rcdsabznke} gkr mkffcrmnba obei}‖% Ocmbs}c kg zk }ndengnmbez c}}ceznba fkjngnmbznke} ne z`c cpzcez bej bandefcez kg gnebemnba }~}zcf} ne 2>>>?% ]so}csceza~! z`c \rsjceznba _cdsabznke} `bwc occe cpbfnecj fbe~ znfc} bej z`c fk}z s|&zk&jbzc cjnznke b}}kmnbzc} zk z`rcc }cwcrba fkjca} bjjrc}}ned z`c brcb} kg Mkr|krbzc! ]FC} bej Mke}sfcr} gnebemned% Gkaaktned brc }kfc kg z`c fk}z nf|krzbez |rsjceznba _cdsabznke} z`bz bzc c}}ceznba zk oc nf|acfcezcj o~ obei} ne krjcr zk rse z`cnr jnggcrcez n}}sc% Z`c}c dsnjcanec} d snjcanec} brc rcabzcj zk _n}i fbebdcfcez(_.! Mkr|krbzc Dkwcrebemc (D.! Bezn Fkec~ absejcrned (F.! bej K|crbznke} (K.%
















NO\&?<2?

?% Z`c zkzba ksz}zbejned cp|k}src (gsej ob}cj bej eke&gsej ob}cj. o~ b obei+JGN zk be~ drks| }`baa ekz cpmccj 3<# kg z`c obei„}+JGN„} csnz~ b} jn}mak}cj ne z`c abzc}z bsjnzcj gnebemnba }zbzcfcez}! }sohcmz zk z`c mkejnznke z`bz z`c fbpnfsf ksz}zbejned bdbne}z gsej ob}cj cp|k}src jkc} ekz cpmccj =3# = 3# kg z`c obei„}+JGN„} csnz~% =% Anfnz ke cp|k}src zk b }nedac |cr}ke+Drks| cggcmznwc grkf =2&2?&?<<> bej ketbrj tksaj tks aj oc b} sejcr8
















NO\&?<2?

b. Onaa} gkr mkaacmznke% o. Koandbznke} sejcr sejcr Aczzcr} kg Mrcjnz bej Aczzcr} kg Dsbrbezcc zk z`c cpzcez kg mb}` fbrdne fbrdne rczbnecj o~ z`c obei+JGN% m. Aczzcr} kg mrcjnz+dsbrbezcc t`crc z`c |b~fcez |b ~fcez n} dsbrbezccj o~ z`c ]zbzc Obei kg \bin}zbe+Gcjcrba Dkwcrefcez kr obei}+JGN} rbzcj bz acb}z ‐B„ o~ b mrcjnz rbzned bdcem~ ke z`c b||rkwcj |beca kg ]zbzc Obei kg \bin}zbe kr ]zbejbrj ' \kkr}! Fkkj~„}! Gnzm`&Nomb kr Hb|be Mrcjnz _bzned Bdcem~ (HM_B.% j. Eke&gsej ob}cj cp|k}src zk z`c cpzcez mkwcrcj o~ o ~ ansnj b}}cz}% c. Mabnf} kz`cr z`be z`k}c rcabzcj zk |rkwn}nke kg gbmnanznc} (gsej ob}cj kr eke gsej ob}cj. zk z`c obei}„+JGN}„ mke}znzscez}! mke}znzscez}! t`crc z`c |rkobonanz~ |rkobonanz~ kg mkewcr}nke kg z`c}c mabnf} mabnf} nezk anbonanznc} brc brc rcfkzc% ?% Gkr z`c |sr|k}c kg z`n} rcdsabznke! tcnd`zbdc kg 3<# }`baa oc dnwce zk onj+fkonanxbznke bjwbemc+|crgkrfbemc okej} bej 2<# zk gkrtbrj gkrcnde cpm`bedc mkezrbmz}%

_CDSABZNKE _&= FNENFSF MKEJNZNKE] GK_ ZBINED CP\K]S_C T`na T`nacc mke} mke}nj njcr crne ned d |rk| |rk|k} k}ba ba}} gkr gkr be~ cp|k} cp|k}sr srcc (nem (nemas asjn jned ed rcec rcectba tba!! ce`b ce`bemc emcfc fcez ez bej bej rc}m`cjsaned+rc}zrsmzsrned. cpmccjned }sm` anfnz b} fb~ oc |rc}mrnocj o~ ]zbzc Obei kg \bin}zbe


















NO\&?<2?

?% Obei}+JGN} Obei}+JGN} }`baa! b} b fbzzcr kg rsac! kozbne kozbne b mk|~ kg gnebemnba gnebemnba }zbzcfcez} }zbzcfcez} jsa~ bsjnzcj bsjnzcj o~ b |rbmznmned M`brzcrcj Bmmksezbez! rcabzned zk z`c os}nec}} kg cwcr~ okrrktcr t`k n} b anfnzcj mkf|be~ kr t`crc z`c cp|k}src kg b obei+JGN cpmccj} _} 2< fnaanke! gkr beba~}n} bej rcmkrj% Z`c obei}+JGN} fb~ ba}k bmmc|z b mk|~ kg gnebemnba }zbzcfcez} jsa~ bsjnzcj o~ b |rbmznmned Mk}z bej Fbebdcfcez Bmmksezbez ne mb}c kg b okrrktcr kz`cr z`be b |soanm mkf|be~ kr b |rnwbzc mkf|be~ t`nm` n} b }so}njnbr~ kg b |soanm mkf|be~% @ktcwcr cggcmznwc grkf Jcmcfocr =2! ?<<>! ng z`c okrrktcr n} b |soanm anfnzcj mkf|be~ bej cp|k}src cpmccj} _}% 3<< fnaanke! obei}+JGN} }`ksaj kozbne z`c gnebemnba }zbzcfcez} jsa~ bsjnzcj o~ b gnrf kg M`brzcrcj Bmmksezbez} t`nm` `b} rcmcnwcj }bzn}gbmzkr~ rbzned sejcr z`c Rsbanz~ Mkezrka _cwnct (RM_. \rkdrbf kg z`c Ne}znzszc kg M`brzcrcj Bmmksezbez} kg \bin}zbe% ]so}csceza~! ng z`c gnrf„} rbzned n} jktedrbjcj ne RM_ |rkdrbf! z`ce z`c gnebemnba }zbzcfcez} kg }sm` okrrktcr} brc bsjnzcj ne z`c }so}cscez ~cbr o~ b gnrf `bwned }bzn}gbmzkr~ rbzned sejcr RM_%2 Obei}+JGN} fb~ tbnwc z`c
















NO\&?<2?

tnz`ksz }cmsrnznc} nemasjned z`k}c drbezcj bdbne}z |cr}keba dsbrbezcc} }`baa oc jccfcj b} ‐macbe„ gkr z`c |sr|k}c kg z`n} rcdsabznke% Gsrz`cr! bz z`c znfc kg drbezned b macbe gbmnanz~! obei}+JGN} }`baa kozbne b trnzzce jcmabrbznke zk z`c cggcmz z`bz z`c okrrktcr ne `n} kte ebfc kr ne z`c ebfc kg `n} gbfna~ fcfocr}! `b} ekz bwbnacj kg }sm` gbmnanznc} grkf kz`cr obei}+JGN} }k b} zk cpmccj z`c |rc}mrnocj anfnz kg _} 3<















NO\&?<2?

_CDSABZNKE _&3 ANEIBDC OCZTCCE GNEBEMNBA NEJNMBZK_] KG Z@C OK__KTC_ BEJ ZKZBA CP\K]S_C G_KF GNEBEMNBA GNEBEMNBA NE]ZNZSZNKE]8 T`nac zbined be~ cp|k}src! obei}+JGN} }`baa ce}src z`bz z`c zkzba cp|k}src (gsej ob}cj bej+kr eke&gsej ob}cj. bwbnacj o~ be~ okrrktcr grkf gnebemnba ne}znzsznke} jkc} ekz cpmccj 2< znfc} kg okrrktcr„} csnz~ b} jn}mak}cj ne nz} gnebemnba }zbzcfcez}! }sohcmz zk z`c mkejnznke z`bz z`c gsej ob}cj cp|k}src jkc} ekz cpmccj : znfc} kg nz} csnz~ b} jn}mak}cj ne nz} gnebemnba }zbzcfcez}% @ktcwcr! t`crc z`c csnz~ kg b okrrktcr n} ecdbznwc bej z`c okrrktcr `b} nehcmzcj grc}` csnz~ jsrned nz} msrrcez bmmksezned ~cbr! nz tnaa oc candnoac zk kozbne gnebemc s| zk : znfc} kg z`c grc}` nehcmzcj csnz~ (ne}zcbj kg z`c cpn}zned = znfc}. |rkwnjcj z`c okrrktcr }`baa |aksd` obmi bz acb}z 0<# kg z`c ecz |rkgnz cbm` ~cbr sezna }sm` znfc z`bz nz n} boac zk okrrkt tnz`ksz z`n} rcabpbznke% Bgzcr =! z`c okrrktcr tnaa oc candnoac kea~ s| zk = znfc} kg `n} grc}` nehcmzcj csnz~%
















NO\&?<2?

ebzsrc kg z`c msrrcez anbonanznc}! ebzsrc kg nejs}zr~ zk t`nm` okrrktcr ocaked} zk! bwcrbdc }nxc kg msrrcez rbznk kg z`bz nejs}zr~! b||rk|rnbzcec}} kg rn}i fnzndbez} bwbnaboac zk z`c obei+JGN czm% Nz n} cp|c cp|cmz mzcj cj z`bz z`bz obei+ obei+JG JGN„ N„}} Mrcjn Mrcjnzz \kan \kanm~ m~!! jsa~ jsa~ b||r b||rkw kwcj cj o~ z`c z`c Okbr Okbrj j kg Jnrc Jnrcmz mzkr kr}! }! }`ba }`baaa cf|`b}nxc `nd`cr mrcjnz }zbejbrj} bej |rkwnjc gsaa dsnjbemc zk z`c fbebdcfcez boksz z`c msrrcez rbznk rbznk rcsnr rcsnrcfc cfcez ez gkr wbrnks wbrnks}} mbzcdkr mbzcdkrnc} nc} kg mancez mancez}} bej mkrrc} mkrrc}|kej |kejned ned rn}i rn}i fnzndbe fnzndbez} z} czm% czm% bmmc|zboac zk z`c obei+JG Gkr z`c |sr|k}c kg z`n} rcdsabznke! }sokrjnebzcj akbe} }`baa oc mksezcj b} csnz~ kg z`c okrrktcr% Obei}+JGN} }`ksaj }|cmngnmbaa~ nemasjc z`c mkejnznke kg }sokrjnebzcj akbe ne z`cnr Kggcr Aczzcr% Z`c }sokrjnebznke bdrccfcez zk oc }ndecj o~ z`c |rkwnjcr kg z`c }sok }sokrj rjne nebz bzcj cj akbe akbe!! }`ks }`ksaj aj mkegn mkegnrf rf z`bz z`bz z`c z`c }sokr }sokrjn jneb ebzc zcj j akbe akbe tnaa tnaa oc rc|b rc|bnj nj bgzc bgzcrr z`bz z`bz obei„}+JGN„} |rnkr b||rkwba% :% Z`n} rcdsabznke }`baa ekz b||a~ ne mb}c kg cp|k}src gsaa~ }cmsrcj bdbne}z ansnj b}}cz} `caj b} mkaabz mkaabzcrb crba! a! b} tcaa tcaa b} ne mb}c} mb}c} t`crc t`crc z`c cp|k}src cp|k}src n} zbice zbice ke Senz}+ Senz}+\rk \rkhcm hcmz} z} rcwnwc rcwnwcj j b} b
















NO\&?<2?

_CDSABZNKE _&4 DSB_BEZCC] DSB_BEZCC] Baa dsbrbezcc} n}}scj o~ z`c obei}+JGN} }`baa oc gsaa~ }cmsrcj! cpmc|z ne z`c mb}c} fceznkecj fceznkecj bz Beecpsrc&NNN t`crc nz fb~ oc tbnwcj s| zk 3<# o~ z`c obei}+JGN} bz z`cnr kte jn}mrcznke! |rkwnjcj z`bz obei}+JGN} `kaj bz acb}z ?<# kg z`c dsbrbezccj bfksez ne z`c gkrf kg ansnj b}}cz} b} }cmsrnz~% ?% Z`c rcsnrcfcez kg }cmsrnz~ mbe ba}k oc tbnwcj o~ z`c obei}+JGN} ne mb}c} kg dsbrbezcc} n}}scj zk \bin}zben gnrf} bej mkf|benc} gsemznkened ne \bin}zbe bdbne}z z`c obmi zk obmi+mksezcr dsbrbezcc} kg orbem`c} kg dsbrbezcc dsbrbezcc n}}sned n}}sned obei+JGN kr obei}+JGN} obei}+JGN} rbzcj bz acb}z ‐B„ ‐B„ kr csnwbacez csnwbacez o~ b mrcjnz rbzned bdcem~ ke z`c b||rkwcj |beca kg ]zbzc Obei kg \bin}zbe kr ]zbejbrj ' \kkr! Fkkj~$}! Gnzm`& Nomb kr Hb|be Mrcjnz _bzned Bdcem~ (HM_B.% Oc}njc}! ne mb}c z`c mksezcr&dsbrbezcc n}}sned obei n} }nzsbzcj ne b gkrcnde mksezr~! z`c rbzned kg bz acb}z $B$ kr csnwbacez o~ b akmba mrcjnz rbzned bdcem~ kg z`c rc}|cmznwc mksezr~ }`baa ba}k oc bmmc|zboac! |rkwnjcj z`c dsbrbezcc n}}sned obei ne \bin}zbe n} mkfgkrzboac tnz` bej bmmc|z} z`c mksezcr dsbrbezcc kg }sm` gkrcnde obei% @ktcwcr! z`c |rc}mrnocj


















NO\&?<2?

:% Z`c dsbrbezcc} }`baa oc gkr b }|cmngnm bfksez bej cp|nr~ jbzc bej }`baa mkezbne mabnf akjdfcez jbzc% @ktcwcr! obei}+JGN} brc baaktcj zk n}}sc k|ce cejcj dsbrbezcc} tnz`ksz macbrbemc grkf ]zbzc Obei kg \bin}zbe |rkwnjcj obei}+JGN} `bwc }cmsrcj z`cnr nezcrc}z o~ bjcsbzc mkaabzcrba kr kz`cr brrbedcfcez} bmmc|zboac zk z`c obei+JGN gkr n}}sbemc kg }sm` dsbrbezcc} ne gbwksr kg Dkwcrefcez jc|brzfcez}! mkr|krbznke}+bszkekfks} okjnc} ktecj+mkezrkaacj o~ z`c Dkwcrefcez bej dsbrbezcc} rcsnrcj o~ z`c mksrz}%

_CDSABZNKE _&2< GBMNANZNC] ZK \_NWBZC ANFNZCJ MKF\BE^8
















NO\&?<2?

_CDSABZNKE _&2? FKENZK_NED T`nac cpzcejned gsej ob}cj gbmnanznc} zk okrrktcr} bdbne}z `~|kz`cmbznke kg }zkmi bej+kr rcmcnwboac} ke |brn&|b}}s ob}n}! obei}+JGN} }`baa kozbne fkez`a~ }zbzcfcez} grkf okrrktcr} z`bz mkezbne b obei&tn}c orcbi&s| kg ksz}zbejned bfksez} tnz` z`c zkzba wbasc kg }zkmi} bej rcmcnwboac} z`crc&bdbne}z%
















NO\&?<2?

=% Obei}+JGN} brc gsrz`cr jnrcmzcj zk cp|rc}}a~ jn}mak}c ne z`cnr beesba bsjnzcj gnebemnba }zbzcfcez} z`c zkzba jkebznke+mkezrnosznke fbjc jsrned z`c ~cbr baked tnz` ebfc} kg jkecc}! zk t`kf zkzba jkebznke}+ mkezrnosznke} mkezrnosznke} jsrned z`c ~cbr tcrc fbjc ne cpmc}} kg _} 2<















NO\&?<2?

MJJ BEJ BEZN FKEC^ ABSEJC_NED (F.8 _CDSABZNKE F&2 MS]ZKFC_ JSC JNANDCEMC (MJJ.8 Tnz` z`c wnct zk |rc}crwc nezcdrnz~ bej }bgcz~ kg z`c gnebemnba }~}zcf! nz n} cp|cjncez zk |rcwcez z`c |k}}noac s}c kg z`c obeined }cmzkr gkr fkec~ absejcrned bej zcrrkrn}z gnebemned% Zk z`n} cej! Ms}zkfcr Jsc Jnandcemc+Iekt Jnandcemc+Iekt ^ksr Ms}zkfcr (MJJ+I^M. (MJJ+I^M. rcsnrc} rcsnrc} }|cmnba }|cmnba bzzceznke bej bej mkemrczc nf|acfcezbznke% nf|acfcezbznke% Bmmkrjneda~! z`c gkaaktned fnenfsf dsnjcanec} brc rcsnrcj zk
















NO\&?<2?

m. Mbrr~ned ksz kmmb}nkeba kmmb}nkeba tnrc zrbe}gcr} (jkfc}znm+mrk}} (jkfc}znm+mrk}} okrjcr. rcdbrjac}} kg be~ z`rc}`kaj9 j. Z`crc n} }s}|nmnke kg fkec~ absejcrned+zcrrkrn}z gnebemned9 bej c. Z`crc n} b jksoz boksz z`c wcrbmnz~ kr bjcsbm~ kg bwbnaboac njcezngnmbznke jbzb ke z`c ms}zkfcr% 3% Obei}+JGN} }`baa sejcrzbic bz acb}z gkaaktned Ms}zkfcr jsc jnandcemc fcb}src}8


















NO\&?<2?

c. Gkr ms}zkfcr} z`bz brc acdba |cr}ke} kr gkr acdba brrbedcfcez}! obei}+JGN} obei}+JGN} brc rcsnrcj zk zbic rcb}keboac fcb}src} zk (n. Sejcr}zbej z`c ktecr}`n| bej mkezrka }zrsmzsrc kg z`c ms}zkfcr
















NO\&?<2?

b. Gkr ms}zkfcr}+mancez} t`k}c bmmksez} brc cnz`cr jkrfbez b} |cr obei„} kte

|kanm~ kr be bzzc}zcj bzzc}zcj mk|~ kg bmmksez `kajcr„} Mkf|szcrnxcj Ebznkeba Njceznz~ Mbrj (MENM. n} ekz bwbnaboac ne obei} +JGN„} rcmkrj! obei+JGN} fb~ baakt mrcjnz
















NO\&?<2?

g. Fbnezbne |rk|cr rcmkrj} kg ms}zkfcr njcezngnmbznke} bej macbra~ nejnmbzc! ne trnzned! ng be~ cpmc|znke n} fbjc ne gsagnaaned z`c MJJ+I^M fcb}src}% >% Obei}+JGN} }`baa mkejsmz ce`bemcj jsc jnandcemc t`ce8
















NO\&?<2?

2<% Gkr |kanznmbaa~ cp|k}cj |cr}ke} kr `kajcr} kg |soanm kr `nd` |rkgnac |k}nznke}! ce`bemcj jsc jnandcemc }`ksaj nemasjc z`c gkaaktned jcfbej} z`bz }sm` rcmkrj} fb~ oc fbnezbnecj ne }~}zcfbznm fbeecr tnz` cpbmzec}} kg |crnkj kg |rc}crwbznke zk bwknj be~ }cz obmi ke acdba bej rc|szbznkeba
















NO\&?<2?



Iekt ~ksr ms}zkfcr |kanm~ (I^M.



Negkrfbznke boksz z`c mkrrc}|kejcez obei„} fbebdcfcez bej ktecr}`n|

























































































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