THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ESP Discussion 1 by UMG Students (Group A): THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ESP I. Introduction
1.1. The definition of ESP ESP has had a relatively long time to mature and so we would expect the ESP community to have a clear idea about what ESP means. Strangely, however, this does not seem to be the case. In October this year, for example, a very heated debate took place on the TESP-L e-mail discussion list about whether or not English for Academic Purposes (EAP) could be considered part of ESP in general. At the Japan Conference on ESP also, clear differences in how people interpreted the meaning of ESP could be seen. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. At the conference, guests were honored to have as the main speaker, Tony Dudley-Evans, coeditor of the ESP Journal mentioned above. Very aware of the current confusion amongst the ESP community in Japan, Dudley-Evans set out in his one hour speech to clarify the meaning of ESP, giving an extended definition definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics (see below). Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997) 1.2. Absolute Characteristic Characteristicss 1. ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners 2. ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves 3. ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre. 1.3. Variable Characteristic Characteristicss 1. ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines disciplines 2. ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English 3. ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level 4. ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students. 5. Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems The definition Dudley-Evans offers is clearly influenced by that of Strevens (1988), although he has improved it substantially by removing the absolute characteristic that ESP is " in contrast with 'General English'" (Johns et al., 1991: 298), and has included more variable characteristics. The division of ESP into absolute and variable characteristics, in particular, is very helpful in resolving arguments about what is and is not ESP. From the definition, we can see that ESP can but is not necessarily concerned with a specific discipline, nor does it have to be aimed at a certain age group or ability range. ESP should be seen simple as an 'approach' to teaching, or what DudleyEvans describes as an 'attitude of mind'. This is a similar conclusion to that made by Hutchinson et
al. (1987:19) who state, "ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner's reason for learning". II. CONTENT
2.1. THE ORIGIN OF ESP 2.1.1 The Demands of a brave new world The end of the Second World War in 1945 heralded an age of enormous and unprecedented expansion in scientific, technical and economic activity on an international scale. This expansion created a world unified and dominated by two forces – technology and commerce – which in their relentless progress soon generated a demand for international language. The effect was to create a whole new mass of people wanting to learn English, not for the pleasure or prestige of knowing the language, but because English was the key to the international currencies of technology and commerce. The general effect of all this development was to exert pressure on the language teaching profession to deliver the required goods. 2.1.2 A Revolution in Linguistic At the same time as the demand was growing for English courses tailored to specific needs, influential new ideas began to emerge in the study of language. Traditionally the aim of linguistic had been to describe the rule of English usage that is the grammar. However, the new studies shifted attention away from defining the formal features of language usage to discovering the ways in which language is actually used in real communication (Widdowson, 1978). One finding of this research was that the language we speak and write varies considerably, and in a number of different ways, from one context to another. The idea was simple if language varies from one situation of use to another; it should be possible to determine the features of specific situation and than make these features the basis of the learners’ course. In short, the view gained ground that the English needed by a particular group of learners could be identified by analyzing the linguistic characteristics of their specialist area of a work or study. 2.1.3 Focus on the Learner Learners were seen to have different needs and interest which would have an important influent on their motivation to learn and therefore on the effectiveness of their learn. The clean relevance of the English course to their needs would improve the learners’ motivation and thereby make learning better and faster. 2.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ESP ESP has develop at different speeds in different countries, and example of all the approaches we shall describe can be found operating somewhere in the world at the present time. 2.2.1. The concept of special language: register analysis This stage took place mainly in the 1960s and early 1970s and was associated in particular with the work of Peter Strevens (Halliday Melcintosh and Stevens, 1964), Jack Ewer ( Ewer and Lattore, 1969) and John Swales (1971). Operating on the basic principle that the English of, say, electrical engineering constituted as specific register different from that of, say, biology or of general English, the aim of the analysis was to identify the grammatical and lexical future of these registers. Teaching materials then took
these linguistic features as their syllabus. A good example of such a syllabus is that of A Course in Basic Scientific English by Ewer and Latorre (1969). The aim was to produce a syllabus which gave high priority to the language forms students would need in their. Sciences studies and in turn would give low priority to forms they would not meet. Ewer and Hughes-Davies (1971). 2.2.2. Beyond the sentence: rhetorical or discourse analysis ESP had focused on language at the sentence level, the second phase of development shifted attention to the level about the sentence, as ESP become closely involved with the emerging field of discourse or rhetorical analysis.
2.2.3. Target Situation Analysis. The stage that we come to consider now did not really add anything new to the range of knowledge about ESP. What it aimed to do was to take the existing knowledge and set it on a more scientific basis, by establishing procedures for relating language analyzing more closely to learners’ reasons for learning. Given that th e purpose of an ESP course is to enable learners to function adequately in a target situation, that is, the situation in which learners will use the language they are learning, then the ESP course design process should proceed by first identifying the target situation and then carrying out a rigorous analysis of the linguistic features of that situation. The identified features will form the syllabus of the ESP course. This process is usually known as need analysis. However, we prefer to take Chambers’ (198 0) term of target situation analysis, since it is a more accurate description of the process concerned. The most thought explanation of target situation analysis is the system set out by John Munby in communicative Syllabus Design (1978). The Munby model produces a detailed profile of the learners needs in terms of communication purposes, communicative setting, the means of communication, language skills, functions, structures etc. 2.2.4. Skills and Strategies The fourth stage of ESP has seen an attempt to look below the surface and to consider not the language itself but the thinking processes that underlie language use. There is no dominant figure in this movement, although we might mention the work of Francoise Grellent (1981). The principal idea behind the skills centered approach is that underlying all language use there are common reasoning interpreting processes, which, regardless of surface forms, enable us to extract meaning form discourse. There is, therefore, no need to focus closely to the surface forms of the language. The focus should rather be on the underlying interpretive strategies, which enable the learner to cope with the surface forms, for example guessing the meaning of words from context, using visual lay out to determine the type of text, exploiting cognates (i.e. words which are similar in the mother tongue and the target language) etc. A focus on specific subject registers in unnecessary in this approach, because the underlying processes are not specific to any subject registers. 2.2.5. A learning-centered approach Our concern is with language learning. We can not simply assume that describing and exemplifying what people do with language will enable someone to learn it. A truly valid approach to ESP must be based on an understanding of the processes of language learning.
The important and the implications of the distinction that we have made between language use and language learning. III. CONCLUSION In this section we have identified the main factors in the origins of ESP and given a brief overview of its development. We have note that the linguistic factor has tended to dominate this development with an emphasis on the analysis of the nature of specific varieties of language use. Probably this have been a necessary stage, but now there is a need for a wider view that focuses less of differences and more on what various specialism have in common is that they are all primarily concerned with communication and learning. ESP should properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reason for learning. REFRENCES 1. http//www.esp journal.com 2. Wilkins,D.A.,National Syllabuses,Oxford University Press,1976 3. Swales,J.,Writing Sientific English, Nelson,1971 4. Carver, D. (1983). Some propositions about ESP. 5. The ESP Journal, 2, 131-137.Dudley-Evans, T. & St. John, M. (1998). 6. Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary Approach. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8. Gatehouse, K. (2001). Key issues in English for specific purposes (ESP) Curriculum. The Internet TESL Journal, 7,1-11.
Questions 1. What is the definition of ESP? 2. Mention the three absolute characteristic of ESP? 3. ESP is centered on the language that is appropriate with? 4. What is the definition of ESP according to the Dudley-Evans? 5. Mention the variable characteristics of ESP? 6. What is the definition of ESP according to Thu Hutchinson? 7. What is the general effect of the demand of a brave new world? 8. What about English? 9. What is the aim of linguistics? 10. What is the idea of development of English courses for specific group of learners? 11. what will make the learners’ motivation and learning better and faster improve? 12. Beyond the sentence, rhetorical or discourse analysis, ESP had focused on what? 13. What is target situation analysis? 14. Why the target situation analysis approach didn’t really change? 15. What is the principle idea behind the skills centered approach?
ANSWERS 1. The teaching of English used in academic studies or teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. 2. a. ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners. b. ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves. c. ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activity in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse, and genre. 3. Grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse, and genre.
4. ESP is giving an extended definition of ESP in terms of absolute and variable characteristic. 5. a. ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines. b. ESP may use in specific teaching situations. c. ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, a tertiary level institution or in professional work situation. d. ESP is generally designed for immediate or advanced students. e. Most ESP courses assume some basics knowledge of the language systems 6. ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner’s r eason for learning. 7. Exert pressure on the language teaching profession to deliver required good. 8. English had became accountable to the security of the wider world and traditional leisurely and purpose free stroll through the landscape of the English language seemed no longer appropriate in the harsher realities of the market place. 9. The aim of linguistic is to discovering the ways in which language is actually used in real communication. 10. Language varies from one situation to another, it should be possible to determine the features of specific situation. 11. The learners’ motivation and learning become better and faster will improve with the clean relevance of the English course to their needs. 12. ESP had focused on language at the sentence level and the second phase of development shifted attention to the level about the sentence. 13. Target situation analysis is a detailed profile of the learners needs in term of communication purposes, communicative setting, the means of communication, language skill, functions, structures, etc. 14. Because in its analysis of learner need. It still looked mainly at the surface linguistics features of the target situation. 15. The principle idea behind the skills centered approach is that underlying all language use there are common reasoning interpreting processes which regardless off surface form, enable us to extract meaning form discourse
