The New Penguin Russian Course- A Complete Course for Beginners

NICHOLAS J. BROWN Senior Lecturer in Russian School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London

THE NEW PENGUIN

RUSSIAN COURSE

PENGUIN BOOKS

CONTENTS

Introduction

xi

Acknowledgements

xiv

LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN Alphabet and Pronunciation; Transliteration; Street Signs 2

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION

3 EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR Naming Things; Basic Grammar; Gender; Map of Russia 4

I 12 24

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS Present Tense; Conjugations; Word Stress; Nouns and Cases; Conversation in the Metro

36

5 ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE Indeclinable Nouns; Dialogues

46

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE Russian Personal Names; Dialogues

56

DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Adjectives; 'What kind of ... ?'; 'This' and 'That'; Prepositional and Accusative Cases of Adjectives; Adverbs; Moscow Street Map

68

6 7

8 PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS Spelling Rule I; 'Is There ... ?'; Spelling Rule 2; Map of Europe 9

10

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE l-5,000; Genitive Singular and Plural; Quantities; Roubles and Dollars; Buying Things; Street Market

81

92

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE Genitive Pronouns; 'There Isn't'; Prepositions Taking the Genitive; Genitive of Adjectives; 'Whether'; Dialogues 107

Vll

CONTENTS

11

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS St Petersburg

12

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE Imperfective and Perfective; 'To Want'; Dative; 'To Give'; 'To Please'; Spelling Rules 3 and 4; Prepositional Plural; In the Restaurant; Visiting Friends

13

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES Aspect of the Infinitive; Reported Speech; More about 'Whether'; Dialogue

14

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS Dialogue

15

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE Summary of Aspect Use; Two Lost Tourists; Phoning a Bureaucrat

The Founding of

16 THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE 3TOT and TilT; Declension of Surnames; A Family at Home; Volodia and the KGB 17

TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS Months; Years; The Daily Life ofChaikovskii (Tchaikovsky)

18

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPLlA ('Who', 'Which'); Victor Wants to Meet Mary; Siberian Superlatives; Map of Siberia

19 THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (,ZJ;OJDKEH); PREFIXES

Mary Seeks an Absent-Minded Professor

20

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING Travelling Around; Tania in Motion

21

POSSESSION (CBOA); PURPOSE (qT6JiLI) Mr Thornthwaite Doesn't Like His Hotel; Was Turgenev a Revolutionary?

22

FUN WITH NUMBERS Declension of Numbers; 'Both'; Collective Numerals; Fractions; Soviet Divorce Statistics

23

TIME EXPRESSIONS 'When?', 'How Long?'; Vadim and Eva; Mr Kuznetsov and Mr Pope

24

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE Nothing, Nobody, Never; HHKaKoii, aeKoro, ue'lero; A Pineapple, but No Bananas

25

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS 'The Fox and the Rolling-Pin'

26

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS A Letter to Mrs Pope

27

PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS

viii

A Classic Film

CONTENTS

28 VERBAL ADVERBS

Peter the Great; A Recipe for

343

Mushroom Solianka

29

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES Vladivostok; The Winter Palace

355

30 ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES A Complete Chekhov Story: Tlmcn.di H T6HKRii (Fat and Thin)

368

Grammatical Tables

378

The Four Spelling Rules Russian-English Vocabulary

387 388

English-Russian Vocabulary

428

Key to Exercises and Translation of Texts

453

Glossary of Grammatical Terms

503

Index

508

ix

Notes on Russian Prices. Since the fall of Communism, Russia has been afflicted by serious inflation. Rouble prices have risen a thousandfold in the last few years and continue to rise at an alarming rate. In the sections of this book which deal with money and shopping (Lessons 9 and 10), we have decided to leave the stable pre-inflation prices. These provide better practice for beginners, since they do not involve large numbers in the hundreds and thousands; they are also very much part of Russian folk memory (for example, the price of the standard loaf of bread did not change for thirty years). Some of the dialogues give prices in US dollars, which Russians have used since Communist times as a parallel 'hard' currency for trade, the tourist industry, and 'black market' deals, and as a sensible way to store savings 'under the mattress' (or, as Russians say, a '4ynKlt 'in a stocking'). If/when Russia returns to financial stability, the author hopes that Russia's central bank will remove several zeros from its hopelessly inflated currency, restore the old rouble-dollar exchange rate which was (officially) about one to one, and enable a grateful population to return to the days of three-rouble notes and two-kopeck coins.

X

INTRODUCTION

Like its Penguin predecessor, the New Penguin Russian Course is a grammar of Russian for adults which aims to take the reader to the equivalent of A-level standard. It is designed primarily as a self-tutor for all those who intend to study this important language without a teacher. This means that there is plenty of explanation, a concern for completeness, a key to all exercises and English translations of all the Russian texts. It can thus also serve as a reference work for students and others who are following a more communicatively based classroom course but want to know the grammar in detail. It includes all the basic structures of the language, a fairly large vocabulary of over 1,500 words, a variety of exercises, and a good number of texts (including conversations) intended both to illustrate the use of the language and also to give information about life in Russia. Unlike its predecessor, the NPRC emphasizes functional and communicative aspects of language learning, in tune with current developments in language teaching. Exercises involving translation from English into Russian include only things the learner might actually need to say (or write) in Russian. Furthermore, the lessons try to distinguish material which is essential for basic competence in Russian from less important points (marked EXTRA), which can safely be ignored by those in a hurry. The grammar is presented in an order which, in the author's experience, works well with university students. The overall intention is that all the basic grammar of Russian should be covered, but the main concern is usefulness for the foreign learner. The examples and exercises concentrate on the kind and level of Russian which can reasonably be attained by serious students who wish to make themselves understood and to speak correctly but who are not necessarily aiming to become master spies or pass themselves off as Russians. The Russian in the texts, which has all been written xi

INTRODUCTION

and/or carefully checked by native speakers, is in some cases more complicated than the Russian which learners will be able to produce themselves, but one's ability to understand a foreign language is always greater than one's ability to speak or write it. Each lesson begins with examples of expressions which the learner is likely to need in dealing with Russians and which contain grammar points to be dealt with in the lesson. If you, the student, begin each study period by trying to memorize these expressions, you will have a good functional basis with which you can begin to communicate. The explanations then give you a basic understanding of how the grammar works, with further examples and reading texts. The theoretical basis of the book as a teaching aid is the notion that traditional structure-based grammar (e.g. 'present tense', 'genitive singular of nouns') and communicative grammar (e.g. 'how to address Russians', 'how to complain about something') should as far as possible be combined. Thus the functional usefulness of each structure is made the main reason for learning it, and the examples which the student is asked to memorize are clearly relevant to the needs of a foreigner.

Exercises. Each lesson contains one or two grammar exercises to let you check that you have understood the main points; some sentences for translation into Russian concentrating on things you might need or want to say or write in Russian - so the sentences are functional and short; and a comprehension exercise which asks you to find particular information in a text. For those who find Russian-English translation a useful exercise, all the Russian texts in the lessons are translated in the key at the end of the book. There are revision exercises at five-lesson intervals. Vocabulary. Russian grammar is interesting and fairly easy to follow. Your most demanding task will be the vocabulary. At first, you will feel you are forgetting words as fast as you learn them - but persevere, and the task gets easier. The number of new words is lower in the early lessons (350 in the first ten) and then increases to give you a good working vocabulary of around I ,500 by the end of Lesson 30. A Note on Modern Russian. Despite all the changes which have taken place in Russia this century, the essentials of the language have been xii

INTRODUCTION

almost unaffected. The spelling reform of 1917-18, whose main effect was the abolition of a number of redundant letters (notably the replacement ofo by e), is probably the only major example of government interference - and it is worth noting that the plans for the spelling reform were put forward before the 1917 socialist revolution. Under the Communists, many new vocabulary items were introduced, particularly political and industrial terms, but there was no attempt to alter the grammar of the language. The standard remained that of the educated Moscow classes, not the workers or the peasants. Indeed, in contrast to their economic and socio-political failures, it can be argued that Russia's Communist rulers had considerable linguistic success. They managed to maintain linguistic continuity with the past while spreading literacy throughout the population, turning Russian into a world language and making it a lingua franca for a sixth of the land surface of the globe. This important language is in all essentials the one used so richly by Tolstoi and Chekhov a hundred years ago; it remains, and will remain, the key to a rich culture, a world-class literature and communication with 150 million native speakers. In the new post-Cold War Europe, we must recognize that Russian is both an important part of the European cultural heritage and also the first language of more Europeans than any other. SSEES,London, 1996

NJB

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London which granted me a year's leave from teaching and other duties in order to complete this book. I am particularly grateful to Dr Lyudmila Ivanovna Matthews, who read and discussed two separate drafts and made many valuable suggestions. Thanks are also due to Aleksei Il'ich Prokhnevskii and Tat'iana Aleksandrovna Golova, who checked all the Russian, and to Shirley Adams, Joan Fernald, John Garrett and Sarah Hurst, who commented on the manuscript from the learner's point of view.

xiv

1 PYCCKASI A35YKA LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN

Before you finish this lesson you'll be able to pronounce the Russian heading above, which means 'the Russian alphabet'.

1. 1 The Russian Cyrillic Alphabet

Russian Cyrillic is based on an alphabet invented around AD 863 by a Macedonian monk, who spoke a South Slavonic language closely related to Russian and also knew Greek; the inventor was later canonized as Saint Cyril, hence the name Cyrillic. This original Slavonic alphabet was based on the Greek one, so some of the letters will be familiar, e.g. n, the Russian p, which you may recognize as the Greek pi, used in mathematics. The alphabet is the first hurdle when you tackle Russian, but it is not a daunting one. Once you know the sounds of the thirty-three letters, you can read Russian words comprehensibly; unlike English, it is generally true to say that Russian words are pronounced as they are written. In this lesson, you will learn the essentials for reading and pronouncing Russian. In Lesson 2, you will find details of the regular minor differences between Russian spelling and pronunciation.

1.2 Learning the Russian Alphabet To make thirty-three letters easier to learn, we'll divide them into four groups.

LESSON 1

(a) The first group contains five letters which are easy to learn: Capital A

Pronunciation

M

Small a· K M

0

0

[o] as in bottle- but note that in

K

[a] as in father [k) as in kangaroo [m] as in man unstressed" syllables• (i.e. with no stress mark ') standard Moscow pronunciation of o is closer to [a]. For 'stress', see 2.2.

T

[t] as in tan

T

So now you can read Russian words such as: TOT KOT TaK TaM KT6-TO

[tot] [kot] [tak] [tam] [kto-ta]

'that' 'cat' 'so' 'there' 'someone' (second o pronounced [a) because it is unstressed). This word has the same rhythm as English 'totter', which is stressed on the o.

(b) The second group contains seven letters which look like English ones but have different sounds: Capital

Small

Pronunciation

B

B

[v) as in vet

E H p

e

[ye] as in yes

H

[n) as in never

p

[r] as in error (rolled as in Scottish English)

1 Words marked • are technical terms which are explained in the lessons and/or in the glossary on page 503. The • is inserted when a term is first used and occasionally thereafter as a reminder that the term is defined in the glossary. Syllables' (a syllable is a vowel plus preceding consonants) are separated by hyphens (-) in the [bracketed] English transcriptions.

2

LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN

c

c

[s] as in sit

y

y

[oo] as in boot

X

X

[h] pronounced like the ch in Scots loch or German Bach

Words for practice: HeT MocKaa MeTp6 6H oHa cecTp8 pecTopaH

[nyet] [mask-va] [mye-tr6] [on] [a-na] [sye-stra) [rye-sta-ran)

'no' 'Moscow' 'metro', 'underground railway' 'he' 'she' 'sister' 'restaurant'

Now try these ones, covering the pronunciation on the right with a piece of paper: Translation caxap BaM Bepa

jrpo Heaa Kacca KSpTa MSpKa

Pronunciation [sa-har] [vam)

'sugar' 'to you' 'Vera' 'morning' 'Neva' 'cash desk' 'map' 'postage stamp'

[vy8-ra) [o'o-tra]

[nye-va] (river in St Petersburg) [k8-ssa)

[kar-ta] {mar-ka)

It is worth going through these lists twice, since you will meet all these useful words again. (c) The third group contains thirteen letters which look unfamiliar but have familiar sounds: Capital 5

r A E

Small 6 r

Pronunciation [b] as in bet [g] as in get [ d] as in debt

A

e

[yo] as in yonder. (Note: Russians normally omit the two dots, so in books, newspapers etc. this letter

looks the same as e [ye]; however, the dots are printed in dictionaries and books for foreigners)

3

LESSON 1

3

3

M

M

[ee] as in eel

li1

i

[y] as in boy; i forms diphthongs,

[z] as in zoo

so 6i sounds like [oy] in boy, ai sounds like the igh in sigh, yi [ooi] sounds like oui in the name Louis

n n

n n ctJ

3 10

3

ft

H

[I] as in people

[p] as in pet [f] as in fat [e] as in fed [yoo] as in universe [ya] as in yak

10

Examples: MMp A8 «~Jyro6n

cnac.t6o AOCBMA{IHMH JOrocnaaMH AneKCSHAP CnyYHMK Bn&AMBOCT6K POCCMH TonCT6M 3MMS &enctJ&CT H 3HSIO A3po«~Jn6T

nMKip

[meer] [da] [foot-bol] [spa-se'e-ba] ' [da svee-da-nee-ya) [yoo-ga-sla-vee-ya] [a-lye-ksandr] [spo'ot-neek] [vla-dee-va-st6k] [ra-sse ·e-ya] [tal-st6y] [zee-ma] [byel-fast] [ya zna-yoo] [a-e-ra-fl6t] [lee-kyor]

'peace', 'world' 'yes' 'football' 'thank you' 'goodbye' (AO has no stress, so is pronounced [da]) 'Yugoslavia' 'Alexander' 'sputnik', 'travelling companion' 'Vladivostok' 'Russia' 'Tolstoi' (author of War and Peace) 'winter' 'Belfast' 'I know' 'Aeroflot' (the Russian airline) 'liqueur' (i always carries the stress, so there is no need to print the · mark on i)

C8MOniT 6oMK6T napK

[sa-ma-lyot] [bay-kot] [park]

'aeroplane' 'boycott' 'park'

4


KM6cK

&aiKlln Teneci»6H npaaAB

[kee-osk] [bay-kaiJ [tye-lye-fon] [prav-da]

'kiosk' 'Baikal' (lake in Siberia) 'telephone' 'Pravda'(= truth)

(d) The last group contains eight letters which take longer to learn: Capital

Small

Pronunciation

)I(

)I(

[zh] pronounced like the [s] in pleasure

Ll

[ts] as in its

'f w

[ch] as in church

lq

[shsh] as in Welsh sheep

[sh] as in shut 'hard sign' -this letter has no

'b

sound of its own but represents a very short pause

bl

[i] as in bit, but with the tongue

bl

tip further back b

'soft sign'- [y] as in yet, but

b

pronounced simultaneously with the letter before it - so Hb sounds like the [ny] in canyon. Try not to separate the [y] from the preceding letter, particularly at the ends of words; to remind you of this, we shall show the b as a small raised v in our transcriptions, e.g. conb 'salt' [sol•]

Examples: JKYPHBn

4BpeBM'f rocntHM48

'fai ,qpjJK6a lqM

66paq

[zhoor-n81] [tsa-ry8-veech] [ga-ste e-nee-tsa] [chay] [droozh-ba] [shshee] [borshsh]

'magazine' 'son of the tsar' 'hotel' 'tea' 'friendship' 'cabbage soup' 'beetroot soup'

5

LESSON 1

waMnSHCK08 WoTnSHAMA WOCTaK6BM'4 o6'biiKT

[sham-pan-ska-ye] [shat-lan-dee-ya] [sha-sta-k6-veech] [ab-yekt]

CbiH peCTOpSHbl KpbiM K6cl»e 6onbw6l4

[sin] [rye-sta-ra-nl] [krlm) [k6-fye] [bal•-sh6y]

KpeMnb

[kryemiY) [tsarY)

LI8Pb

'champagne', 'sparkling wine' 'Scotland' 'Shostakovich' 'object' (the 'hard sign' simply separates the [b) from the [y)) 'son' 'restaurants' 'Crimea' 'coffee' 'big' (I' is l+y pronounced simultaneously, likely in the name Lyuba) 'the Kremlin' 'tsar' (pb = r+y pronounced together, one of the most difficult of Russian sounds)

If you learn the values of the thirty-three letters given above, you will be understood when you read any Russian word. Read them by the syllables', as in the transcriptions above: [VIa-dee-va-st6k]. A syllable' is a vowel plus any preceding consonants; consonants at the end of a word go with the last vowel; if a word contains a large or awkward group of consonants, split the consonants so that some go with the preceding vowel and some with the following one, e.g. MocKaa 'Moscow' can be read [Mask-va]. While you are learning to read Cyrillic, use that slow pronunciation, syllable by syllable.

Now try this practice exercise. Cover the transcription (and the translation) on the right. Bn&AMMMp yYaneT M8Tp6 Tponnel46yc K8n8HASPb nepecTp6l4Ka rnaCHOCTb YKpaMHa

Pronunciation [VIa-de 8-meer] [too-a-lyet] [mye-tr6] [tra-llyey-boos] [ka-lyen-darY) [pye-rye-str6y-ka] [glas-nastY) [oo-kra-e 8-na]

Translation 'Vladimir' 'toilet' 'metro', 'underground' 'trolleybus' 'calendar' 'perestroika', 'reorganization' 'openness' 'Ukraine'

6


CM6Mpb Bonra M6H'I8CT8P &MpMIIIHr8M n111aepnjnb A68PAMH nopTCMyt' CDMn&A8nbCIIMJI MaiJiaMM ronyaiJi Ay6nMH Menb6ypH nepy A6'1a xopow6 A66poejTpo

[see-be'er] [vol-ga) [man-chye-styer] [be·er-meen-gyem] [lee-vyer·po 'ol'] [a-byer-de en] [part-smoot] [fee-la-dy81r.fee-ya) [ma-ya-mae] [go-loo-ey] [do 'ob-leer.] [my81r-boorn] [pyert] [da-cha] [ha-ra-sho] [d6-bra-ye o '0-tra]

'Siberia' 'the Volga river' 'Manchester' 'Birmingham' 'Liverpool' 'Aberdeen' 'Portsmouth' 'Philadelphia' 'Miami' 'Galway' 'Dublin' 'Melbourne' 'Perth' 'country cottage' 'good', 'well', 'OK' 'good morning'

1.3 The Russian Alphabet in Dictionary Order Here is the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet in its nonnal dictionary order. Cover the transcription on the right and check your pronunciation of the thirty-three letters again. To help you learn the order of the letters, notice that it is similar to the Latin alphabet as far as letter no. 21 (y), so you should concentrate on the letters from ~~»· 1 2 3 4

Aa &6 Ba rr

5

AA Ee

6 7 8 9 10

11

~~

>KJK 33 M111 AiJi

[a] (b] [v] [g] [d] [ye]

12

KK

13

nn

14 15 16 17

[yo] [zh] [z] [ee] [y]

18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28

Xx

MM HH Oo nn

[k] [I] [m] [n] [o] [p]

Pp Cc TT Yy CDei»

[r] (s] [t] [oo] [f]

29 30 31 32 33

bl bl bb 33

7

~4

"4'1 Ww lQJq "b'b

1010 fiJI

[h] as in loch [ts] [ch] as in church [sh] [shsh] hard sign - brief pause [i] [y] as in canyon [e] [yoo] [ya]

LESSON 1

1.4 Russian Italics

NOTE: In Russian italic printing, r is z, A is o, M is u, iii is u, n is A, n is n, ism. You will see in Lesson 2 that most of these resemble the handwritten forms.

T

EXERCISE 1/1

Read the following words. Can you translate them? The pronunciation and translations are in the key at the end of the book. I 5oplilc ....................................................... . 2 A8 ............................................·............... . 3 H8T .......................................................... . 4 6onbW6M .................................................... . 5 cnaclil6o ..................................................... . 6 pjCCK8R a36yKa (the heading Of the lesson) ...................... .

7 66paq ........................................................ . ~aiil .......................................................... . 9 caxap ........................................................ .

8

l 0 *YPHSn ...................................................... .

EXERCISE 1/2

Here are some common signs. Check your pronunciation in the key at the back of the book. I A3POn0PT 2 5YcJ)ET 3 rOCTMHM4A

4 5 6 7 8

AMPEKTOP 3AKPbiTO 3AnPE~EH0

MHTYPMCT KACCA

9 KCE5E

AIRPORT SNACK BAR HOTEL MANAGER, DIRECTOR CLOSED FORBIDDEN INTOURIST CASH DESK!TICKET OFFICE PULL

8


10 11 12 13 14 15 16

HE KYPMTb OTCE&II nAPMKMAXEPCKASI n6'4TA PEM6HT PECTOPAH TYAnET

NO SMOKING PUSH HAIRDRESSER/BARBER POST OFFICE CLOSED FOR REPAIRS RESTAURANT TOILET

A3POnOPT

EXERCISE 1/3

What do these say? 1 &AP

2 nPAB,qA

4 CTOn 7 nM'-'i.V' XAT

5 MOCKBA

10 HbiO·MOPK 13 &MTn3

3 TAKCM 6 nOC AHA*EnEC

8 BnAAMMMP nEHMH 11 rnACHOCTb 14 WEKCnMP 9

9

M3BECTMSI

12 Ponnc-Polilc 15 XEnbCMHKM

nPfiiAfl

In addition to the main material of the lesson, this book will also give you extra information which is not essential to a basic competence in Russian. If you choose to skip these parts, marked EXTRA, or to return to them later, your progress through the lessons will not be hindered.

1.5 EXTRA (1) The names of the Russian letters

Above we gave only the pronunciation of the letters. You need the names of the letters only when you read abbreviations (see Lesson 30), just as in English the letters pronounced [1], [b), [m] are read [ay-bee-em] in the abbreviation IBM. a [a], 6 [be], B [ve], r [ge], A [de], e [ye], i [yo], • [zhe], 3 [ze], M [ee], it [ee knit-ka-ye ('short ee')], K [ka], n [el], M [em], H [en], o [o], n [pe], p [er], c [es], T [te], y [oo], CIJ [ef], x [ha], ~ [tse], '4 [che], w [sha], 114 [shsha], 'b [tvy6r-di znak ('hard sign')], bl [yerf], b [mya.h~kee znak ('soft sign')], a [e], 10 [yoo], R [ya]

So CCCP, the name of the country, is pronounced [es-es-es-er]. KrS (=the KGB) is pronounced [ka-ge-be]. (2) Transliteration of Russian In English letters

Transliteration is the representation of Russian letters by English ones, for example when spelling the names of Russian people and places in English 10


newspapers. Transcription (or 'phonetic transcription') is the representation of Russian sounds, for example to help foreigners learn to pronounce correctly. Since there are a number of differences between Russian spelling and Russian pronunciation (see Lesson 2), transliteration and transcription can never be the same thing. There are various standard ways of transliterating Russian into English letters. The American Library of Congress system is now generally preferred by those professionals, e.g. co.mpilers of library catalogues, who need to worry about such things as how to spell Russian names consistently in English. Most of the equivalents in the list below are obvious from the pronunciation; those which are not, or which are transliterated differently in other systems, are marked with an asterisk (*): a = a, 6 = b, a = v, r = g, A = d, •e = e,

•e = e, •• = zh, a= z, *M = i, *iii = i, K = k,

11 = I, M = m, H = n, o = o, n = p, p = r, c = s, T = t, •y = u, c1J = f, •x = kh, 1.1 = ts, 't

= ch, w = sh, •aq = shch, *'b = ", *bl = y, *b = ', 3 = e, *10 = iu, *R = ia.

Example of transliteration' (a woman's name): HaTanbR

EareHbeB& Xpyaqeaa = Natal'ia Evgen'eva Khrushcheva

This system is used in this book for proper names (i.e. 'Vania' rather than 'Vanya' for BaHR), except where traditional spellings are likely to be much more familiar, e.g. 'Yalta' (rather than 'Ialta') for the town of SI11Ta in the Crimea.

' For comparison, in the phonetic transcription used in this book, this name would be [na-ta-l•ya yev-gye-nrye-va hroo-shshy6-va].

11

2 YP6K H6MEP ABA RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION

(If your aim is not to speak or write Russian but only to be able to read Russian books and periodicals, you can skip the whole of Lesson 2 - or skim through it now and come back to it later.)

2.1 Russian Handwriting (Even if you decide not to copy out the examples written here, this section Will give you some useful alphabet revision and reading practice.) Russians all learn the same rather florid handwriting style at school. You should form the letters as indicated here, though you will not be misunderstood if you choose not to join the letters or if you make fewer loops. Here are the handwritten forms of the letters in alphabetical order: Aa[a]

..If: a

6 6 [b) .}) cf

})a&;., 8

B

(v]

J3 .8

T

z

AA[d] J)

9

r r [g)

686a [ba·ba] 'Peasant woman'

p

A8 [da] 'yes'

12


There is also an old-fashioned form of small A:

c

E e [ye]

a

~ rAe [gdye) 'where' ~e [yo]

l

>K • [zh]

JK,

e JK.

~ AB-e [da-zhe] 'even'

3

33 [z] MM [ee]

Mi

t

u ?4al

11 MAMI [ee-de·e] 'Go!'

11 u

[y]

.lJa.Uf K K (k]

J('

nn[IJ

Jl "'-

Aail [day] 'Give!'

;c

The initial short downstroke is an integral part of this

letter and must be present, whatever the preceding letter. Look at these examples:

ga:z

3an [zal] 'hall', 'large room' U.{W

r.tnM

[e·e-lee] 'or'

M M [m]

M

dl.

be present;

As in the case of n, the initial short downstroke must

Jl:p:U

"AiM 'Adam'

:R:wtt

KnMM 'Clement' (if

the downstrokes on n and M are omitted, the letters become indistinguishable: H H [n]

JC

11

Oo[o]

0

0

JCt.uu )

6H 'He' If the following letter is n or M, do not try to join them: ~M.

A6M 'house' MOdOk.O

n n [p]

J!

p p [r]

j'J .p

n

13

MOnOK6 'milk'

LESSON 2

e

c c [s)

-c

Cna.c-u.Oa

JJl m

T T [t]

Cnacr.t6o [spa-se8-ba] 'Thank you'

Note the difference between the printed and handwritten

fonns.

JJ/om ToT 'That' J
nun

H8T

[nyet] 'no'

Some Russians 'cross their t's' by putting a bar over the letter, like

mom

this:

writes T as Yy [oo]

cY

CD ell [f)

!P rp

TOT,

but they are in a minority. Another minority

T

r

Jt Notice that, like all Russian capital letters except

1q

and 4

with their small 'tails', capital CD does not go below the line. You don't need to spend long practising capital

fP , since initial ell is

rare in Russian .

.E-e.l(f/JfJOI'Z &6ncllacT 'Belfast' §ynuro<~~ ellyt66n [foot·b61] 'football'

X x

Xx[h]

.J.imc ~ 4 [ts]

'lJ,

&ax 'Bach'

1+ Keep the loop small, much smaller than the loop of y

lf [oo] UJCI11JJ,IUJI.I,f rocTMHM48 [ga-ste8-nee-tsa] 'hotel' ~ ~PM48 [tsa-re'e-tsa] 'Empress' "i 't [ch] 'If, 't Note that the bottom stroke of the capital fonn turns the opposite way from:Y

1

looks different from r

~

'i/.®,

"ialii 'Tea'

~

W w [sh]

7Ji uc

f1"'l

[oo]. Make sure that your small fonn [g).

Aiota [dli-cha] 'country cottage'

otenoaeK [chye-la-vyek] 'person'

Unlike an English w, the last stroke ends at the foot of

14

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIA riON

Xqpcuto

the letter:

Xopow6 'Good' [ha-ra-sh6]. Some

Russians put a bar under w '!!1: to make it clearly distinct from .M.(J}jjAJJia

~ 114 [shsh]

M8WMH8

lJ4 w,

M

u :

'car'

As in the case of 4

4 , keep the loop small:

~M (shshee] 'Cabbage soup' d'optu, 66p114 [borshsh]

lJJ,a

'beetroot soup' There is no need to practise a capital form, since this letter

"b'b [-] 'Cr

never starts a word.

orf'f!uan o6'b8KT [ab-yekt] 'object' bl

bl

[i] l1t

No capital form, since it never starts a word.

Cb/H

b

b

[y]

b

CbiH

[sin] 'son'

No capital form required. Make sure your b b is half the

height of B -8- : -u,ap6 48Pb [tsar'] 'tsar'

Jfp()l(,ocp!JRi

J3

3 3 [e]

10 10 [yoo]

npoK641beB 'Prokofiev'

3mom 3-roT [8-tat] 'This' cftapof/MOttt AapCJCI)n6T 'Aeroflot'

JO

l
lOtoC.JtaStul IOrocniiBMR 'Yugoslavia' S1 R [ya]

!i ,g;

.MeiHC

MeHib 'menu'

Liken .tt and M .« , this letter must always have a

distinct initial short downstroke. To help you remember those three letters, here is a word with all three of them together: g¥¥..R 38Mnil [zye-mlya] 'earth'

Read and copy: Ao CBMASHMR. npMB6T.

.lJo

Jlpu}Jem.

Cnactii6o 38 ace.

~- [da svee-da-nee-ya] (Goodbye) (pree-vyet] (Greetings/Hi)

Crta.tfloo p .&i.

[spa-se'e-ba za vsyo]

(Thank you for everything)

15

LESSON 2

rAe JK8 nMCbMO?

'lie

:Hal-

1li.I('MW? [gdye zhe pees•-m6) (Where

is the letter?) 3To MOM CbiH "tapnM.

Jmo .HDiJ C/JIH 'l.fa,oMJ.

[e-ta moy sin char-lee] (This is my son Charlie) AoporaH Knilpal lJopo1-u ~ /

[da-ra-ga-ya kla-ra] (Dear Klara)

~M AB Kilwa - minqa Hilwa. ~ p ~<.a.JJJa - nu-tJ+a HtliJJO. [shshee da kil-sha- pe8-shsha nil-sha] (Cabbage soup and

kasha are our food) S1 mo6mo c~JyY66n.

£ ~ rpym.OM.

[ya lyoo-blyo'o

foot-b61] (I love football) 3To xop6waH rocntHM48.

3mo J«JfJtJUJa& u1c~.

[8-ta ha-r6-sha-ya ga-ste'e-nee-tsa] (This is a good hotel) no'leMy?

lToUM.y?

06'bHaneHMe.

[pa-chye-mo'o) (Why?)

0o'6J.!UII,(,I1t.

[ab-ya-vlye-nee-ye] (Announcement)

2.2 More on Russian Pronunciation: Stress1

As in English, some syllables1 are pronounced more prominently than others. Compare the English word 'ph6tograph', where the first syllable is stressed, with 'phot6graphy', where the stress is on the second syllable. Although normal Russian spelling, like English, does not show the place of the stress, it is important to learn the stress when you learn the word. Be careful with those Russian words (particularly names) which are sometimes used in English, since the traditional English pronunciation often does not match the Russian. A good example is the name BnBAMMMp 'Vladimir'. In English we often say Vladimir, but in Russian the stress is always on the second syllable [VIa-de'e-meer]. Other examples: The writer Pasternak is nacTepHiiK (not Pasternak) Nabokov is Ha66Koa (not Nabokov) Oblomov, the man in the dressing-gown in Gonchar6v's famous novel, is 06n6Moa (not Oblomov).

16


Russian stress is heavier than in English and it is also much harder to predict which syllable is the stressed one. You will find that different forms of the same word may have different stresses. For example, the Russian for 'hand' is pyK8, stressed on the end [roo-ka], but 'hands' is pyKM, stressed on the first syllable [ro·o-kee]. If you have to read a word whose stress you do not know, the safest thing is to read it with no stress at all, syllable by syllable.

2.3 EXTRA: One-Syllable Words and Stress

Dictionaries and most grammar books do not put a stress mark on onesyllable words, since there is obviously only one place for the stress to fall. We shall follow that practice except in the case of one-syllable words containing the letter o. There are some short Russian words, particularly prepositions (words like 38 'for', OT 'from', AO 'until'), which are normally pronounced with no stress, as if they were joined to the following word. As you learnt in Lesson 1, o sounds very different (like [a]) if it is not stressed, so AO 'until' is pronounced [da]. Practise: I

AO caMA{IHMR

[da·sve~·da-nee-ya] 'goodbye', literally 'until meeting'. I

The preposition AO 'until' is unstressed and pronounced as if joined to the word CBMA{IHMR. So to help you pronounce correctly, when o is pronounced [o], we give it a stress mark (e.g. 66pLq). Pronounce unstressed o as [a]. The pronunciation of the vowel letter o as [o] only when it is stressed (marked 6 in this book) and elsewhere as [a] (like the first letter of the alphabet) is a notable feature of Moscow pronunciation.'

' To be more precise, o and a in the syllable before the stress both sound like the vowel in 'cup', phonetically [A]; in most other unstressed positions they both sound like the a in 'about', phonetically [a). But for practical purposes think of both vowel letters as being equivalent to unstressed [a].

17

LESSON 2

2.4 EXTRA: Other Non-Essential Pronunciation Features If you simply want to be understood, you can ignore the following details. If you read Russian words as they are spelt, you will not cause misunderstandings. But if you are interested in the details of the small differences between the way Moscow Russian is written and the way it is pronounced, study these six points.

2.5 Softness'

Probably the most important feature of a 'good' Russian accent is the correct pronunciation of soft1 consonants. 'Soft' means that the consonant is pronounced with a simultaneous y sound. A consonant is soft if it is followed by e e M 10 R or the soft sign b. So the two consonants in A8Hb [dxenY)'day' are soft. The main thing is to pronounce they simultaneously with the consonant; English speakers tend to pronounce them separately. The word coaeT 'council' is pronounced [s-a-vY-8-t]- five sounds. The v• (soft a) is one sound. In English we known this word as 'soviet' -six sounds s-o-v-1-e-t.

2.6 Hard' Consonants versus Soft' Consonants

'Hard' means pronounced like most English consonants, with no [y] sound. In the alphabet you learnt in Lesson l, there are twenty consonant letters. All of these, except 'I and ~. represent hard sounds. l.f and ~ are always soft (i.e. they always contain a [y] sound). Of the other eighteen consonants, fifteen regularly have soft equivalents. If a consonant is to be pronounced soft, it will have e e M 10 R or b written after it. So n is hard' [1], while nb is soft' [IY). To a Russian, [I] and [I'] are completely different sounds, while to an English speaker they may simply sound like variant pronunciations of the same letter 'I'. If you compare your pronunciation of the I in 'people' and the I in 'leaf', you are likely to find (depending on your dialect) that the 'people' I is liken while the 'leaf' I is like nb. If you

18

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING: MORE ON PRONUNCIATION

have a tape or a teacher, listen for the difference between these two Rus&ian words: MMno [mee-la] 'nice'- hard' n MMnA [mee-lya] 'mile'- soft' nb

Then try: nyK [look] 'onion'- hard' I n10K [lyook] 'hatch'- [ly] is soft' I

More examples of contrasting hard and soft consonants: MaT [mat] 'bad language', 'abuse'- hard' T MaTb [matY) 'mother' - soft' Tb MaTb [matY) 'mother' -hard' m MATb [myatY) 'to crumple' -soft' [my]

Before M the [y] element is less audible but the consonant is none the less soft'. 6MTb [beetY) 'to beat' - soft' b If the 6 was hard, the vowel would be not M but bl, as in: 6b1Tb [bltY) 'to be' -hard' b

A possibly helpful note on hard' versus soft' The difference between the English pronunciations of 'booty' and 'beauty' is close to the difference between 6 and soft 6b in Russian. 'Do' and 'dew' give you a good comparison with AY and AIO in Russian. Compare 'fool' and 'fuel' with AYn and c1»10n, 'poor' and 'pure' with nyp and n10p. The correspondence between 'pure' and n10p is not exact, because the p andy sounds are not simultaneous in 'pure' while then and the [y] element from the 10 are pronounced simultaneously in n10p, but for practical purposes the correspondence is close enough.

2. 7 The Consonants * 4 w are Always Hard' Although the letters e 8 M 10 A b make the preceding consonant soft', there are three exceptional consonants: 4 w. These three letters are always

*

19

LESSON 2

pronounced hard' (i.e. with no [y] sound), whatever the following letter. So •eHa 'wife' is pronounced [zhe-na]- the [y] of the letter e [ye) simply disappears. >KiHbl 'wives • is pronounced as if written lKOHbl [zh6-nl]. Tbl 3H8ewb 'you know' is pronounced as if written Tbl 3Hiew [zna-yesh] the soft sign has no effect and is only there for historical reasons. You should also be able to hear that after •1.4 and w the vowel"' [ee] is pronounced as if it were .., [1]: lKMTb [zhit'] 'to live' l4MPK [tslrk] 'circus'

2.8 Voiced' Consonants Can Become Unvoiced' The first six consonants of the alphabet 6 a r A • a are all voiced', that is, pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords. At the ends of words these six tum into their unvoiced' equivalents (i.e. pronounced with little or no vibration of the vocal cords): Voiced 6 [b)

Unvoiced Is pronounced

n [p]

ct» [f)

a [v] r [g)

K (k)

A[d]

T [t)

• [zh] a [z]

"

w [sh] c [s]

So neTep6ypr is pronounced [pye-tyer-bo oris] - r [g) becomes [k] at the end of the word. rop6a~tia is [gar-ba-chyoO - a [v] becomes [f) Within words, the six voiced consonants above become unvoiced if they stand immediately before an unvoiced consonant (K n c T c1» x 1.4 't w aq). Look at the following examples: a6AKB is pronounced [v6tka] - A becomes [t] before K aiaTpa 'tomorrow' is [zattra]- a becomes [f) before T ax6A 'entrance' is [fhot]- a is [f) before x

20


2.9 Unvoiced' Consonants Can Become Voiced Similarly, unvoiced consonants become voiced before the voiced consonants 6 r A * 3 (but not B). So: aoK3iln 'station' is pronounced [vag-zal]- K is [g) before 3 [z]

But the consonants in MOCKBB 'Moscow' are pronounced as written: [mask-va] - B does not affect preceding unvoiced consonants.

2.1 0 The Vowels o, e,

R

in Unstressed Syllables

As you learnt above (2.2), syllables' marked ' have a heavy stress, heavier than in English. So unstressed' vowels sound much less distinct than stressed' ones. You already know that o and a sound the same in unstressed syllables. You may also be able to hear that unstressed e is almost indistinguishable from unstressed M, so that, particularly in the pronunciation of younger speakers, neTep6ypr (St Petersburg) sounds as if it were written nMTMp6ypK [pee-teer-boork]. The vowel R, in the syllable before the stress, also sounds like M, so that R3biK 'language' at normal speed sounds like [ee-zrk], rather than [ya-zrk]. Remember:

IF YOU CHOOSE NOT TO BOTHER WITH THE DETAILS ABOVE,

OR IF YOU DECIDE TO LEAVE THEM UNTIL LATER, YOU WILL NOT CAUSE MISUNDERSTANDINGS. As we said in Lesson I, to get by it is sufficient to know the values of the thirty-three letters of the alphabet and to read words as they are written. There is nothing wrong with a foreign accent, as long as you are comprehensible.

2.11 Pronunciation Practice

neHMHrpi:\A

Slow [lye-neen-grad]

MOCKBB

[mosk-va]

Normal Speed [lye-neen-grat] ('Leningrad')- soft nb, soft Hb, A becomes T at the end of the word [mask-va] ('Moscow')- [o] becomes [a] when unstressed

21

LESSON 2

K.tea

[kee-ev]

[keHf) ('Kiev')- [v] becomes [f]

AocTCHtBCKMM

[do-sto-yev-skeey]

nacTepHiiK

[pa-styer-nak]

BOAK8

[vod-ka]

nM~~epMR

[pee-tse-ree-ya]

SpeJKHea

[bryezh-nyev]

rop68'1iB npoK{$b8B

[gor-ba-chyov] [pro-ko-fY-yev]

Ha66Koa EiepH8PAW6y .n.tA3

[na-bo-kov] [byer-nard sho-oo] [leedz]

at the end of the word [da-sta-yef-skee] ('Dostoevskii') - [v] becomes [f] before s; [y] is inaudible after [ee]

[pa-styer-nak] ('Pasternak')- [ty] is one sound, soft Tb [v6t-ka] ('vodka') -A devoiced' before K [pee-tse-ree-ya) ('pizzeria')- no [y] sound after~ [bryezh-nyef) ('Brezhnev') - a devoiced at end of word [gar-ba-chy6f] ('Gorbachev') [pra-k6-f'yef] ('Prokofiev' or 'Prokof'ev') [na-bo-kaf) ('Nabokov') [byer-nart sh6-oo] ('Bemard Shaw') [leets] ('Leeds')

2.12 Exceptional Pronunciation Features In addition to the above list of regular divergences between spelling and Moscow pronunciation, there are a few less predictable irregularities. Here are some common examples - these are all words which you will meet again: 'ITO 'what' pronounced [shto], not [chto] noJKanyicTa 'please' usually pronounced [pa-zhal-sta]. without the yi 3APiiBCTayiTe 'hello' pronounced [zdra-stvooy-tye] without the first a ero 'his' pronounced [yev6], not [yeg6] cer6AHR 'today' pronounced [sve-v6d-nya] not [sye-g6d-nya] PSAMO 'radio' pronounced [ra-dee-o] not [ra-dee-a], because of its foreign origin

In many recently borrowed words, educated Russians pronounce e as a, e.g. T8HHMC 'tennis' [te-nees] (not [tye-nees]) KOMnblbTep 'computer' [kam-p'o 'o-ter] (not [-tyer])

22


HANDWRITING EXERCISE 2/1

Write out the Russian words in 2.11.

PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE 2/2

Read the following words, fairly new to Russian. Then check your pronunciation (and the translations) in the key. I BMCKM. 2 MHcilnRLIMR. 3 MBpKeTMHr. 4 MI03MKn. 5 H6y-xay. 6 nepCOHBnbHbiM KOMnbiOTep. 7 npMB8TM384MR. 8 p6K·My3bJK8. 9 CTpMnTM3. 10 3KCKnJ03MBHOe MHTepBbiO.

FUN SECTION: PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE 2/3

Here are some reading practice words which English learners sometimes find amusing for one reason or another. Check your pronunciation with the key: llqMT 'shield'. 2 WMT 'sewn'. 3 6paT 'brother'. 4 30noToaon6coe

'golden-haired'. 5 38J.14MJqBIOJ.14MM 'defending'. 6 HOK&YTMPOB&Tb 'to knock out'. 7 3KcnepMMeHT.tpoaaTb 'to experiment'. 8 AOCTOnpMM8'tBTenbHOCTM 'sights'. 9 'fenOBeKOHeH&BMCTHM'IecTBO 'misanthropy'.

23

3 YP6K H6MEP TPM EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR

3.1 Some Everyday Words and Phrases

Here are some useful words and phrases to read and learn. If you've studied the handwriting in Lesson 2, you can also write them out and check your version with the key (exercise 3/1).

Aa HeT 3-ro Cnaclil6o ,Q66poe j'rpo ,Q66pbiM A8Hb Ao caMA{IitMH npoCTMTe

[da] [nyet] [8-ta] [spa-se'e-ba] [d6-bra-ye o'o-tra] [d6-brl dyen'] [da svee-da-nee-ya] [pra-ste 8-tye]

Yes No This{fhat/lt Thank you Good morning Good day Goodbye Excuse me/l'm sorry

With special pronunciation features: no•anyiCTa

Please/Don't mention it/You're welcome usually pronounced without the yi as [pa-zhal-sta]

3APBaCTayliiTe Hello (the commonest greeting) pronounced without the first a as [zdra-stvooy-tye] What pronounced [shto] Where [gdye], if pronounced carefully, but if you simply say [dye] without the r (g), no one will notice

24

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR

And the numbers up to five: I OAMH [a-de'en] 2 AB8 [dva] 3 TPM [tree) 4 'leTblpe [chye-tl-rye] 5 nHTb [pyat']

3.2 Some Simple Questions and Answers

A: 4T6 [shto]3To?

What's this/What's that?

B: 3-ro '18M.

That/This/It is tea.

A: Cnacr.il6o. B: noJKanyMcTa.

Thank you.

A: 4T6 3TO? B: 3-ro py6nb.

What's this?

Don't mention it.

It's a rouble.

A: rAe Bn&AMMMp?

Where is Vladimir?

B: 86T6H.

There he is.

A: rAe '18M?

Where is the tea?

B: 86T6H.

Here it is/There it is.

A: rAe B6AK8?

Where is the vodka?

B: B6TOH8.

Here it is/There it is.

A: rAe MeHIO? B: B6TOH6.

Where is the menu? Here it is.

A: Cn8d6o.

Thank you.

B: noJKanyMCT8.

Don't mention it.

A: npoCTMT8, 3TO BMH6? B: HeT, 3To B6AK&.

Excuse me, is this wine? No, it's vodka.

3.3 Some Culture: no>KanyilcTa In Reply to Cnacil6o 'Thank you' If someone says cn8cr.i16o 'thank you' you should always reply noJKanyMCT8 [p8·zhal·sta] 'you're welcome'/'don't mention it'.

25

LESSON 3

3.4 More on no*anyicTa 'Please'

nounyiCTa is a .versatile word. It also means 'please', and 'here you are' when you give something to somebody. Customer: Assistant: Customer: Assistant:

Aaa, no•anyicTa. no•anyiCTa. Cnacril6o. no:IKilnyiCT8.

Two please. Here you are. Thank you. You're welcome.

3.5 Some Grammar: No 'Is', 'am', 'are' You will see from the examples above that Russian manages without any equivalent of the present tense of 'to be' ('am', 'is', 'are') ~o ..ai. This (is) tea.

Note: If both parts of the sentence contain nouns ('Mary is an Englishwoman'), the missing verb can be represented by a dash (MtpM [noun] - &HrnM,.ilHKaifioun]).

3.6 And No Equivalent of the Articles 'a' and 'the' B6T M&HIO. Here (is) (a or the) menu.

3.7 'Thls'/'That': 3To ~o is a useful word corresponding to both 'this' and 'that'. It also translates 'it' when 'it' can replace 'this' or 'that' in English, for example in naming things:

A: "tr6 tTo? What is this/that/it? ~o B6AKB. That/This/It is vodka.

B:

26


EXAMPLES A: 'ITo 3To? What's this?/What is it?

8: 3To 66paq. It's beetroot soup.

A: A 'ITO 3To? And what's this? B: 3To CMeTaHa. It's sour cream. [8-ta smye-ta-na]

(Russian soup is nearly always served with a spoonful of sour cream floating on the top.)

3.8 Here he/she/it is: BoT oHioHBIOHO. Gender All Russian nouns' (i.e. words like 'Ivan', 'vodka', 'taxi', 'beauty') belong to one of three different categories, depending on what the last letter is. These three categories are masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n). Most male beings, like Bn&AMMMp, are masculine, but so are days, towns and languages; all these are referred to as 'he' OH. Most females, like MaMa 'mother', are feminine, but so are vodka (B6AK8), truth (np8BA&) and Moscow (MocKail), which are all called 'she' OHil. The neuter category is the smallest one and includes such .things as morning (jTpo), wine (BMHO) and taxi (TBKCM); they are all called 'it' oH6. If you know about gender from studying French and German, you will be glad to know that the gender of Russian nouns is much easier to learn since you can nearly always tell the gender from the ending. Here are the details: (a) Masculine nouns normally end with a consonant or il: 66paq 'beetroot soup' lllaaH 'Ivan' '!ail 'tea'

(b) Feminine nouns normally end -a or ·H: cMeTaHa 'sour cream' HaTanbH 'Natalia' [na-ta-l>ya] MOCKBS 'Moscow'

27

LESSON 3

(c) Neuter nouns end -o or-e: OKH6 'window' BMH6 'wine' ynpa*HeHMe 'exercise' [oo-prazh-ny8-nee-ye]

So you can normally tell the gender of a noun just by looking at it. However, there are awkward cases: (d) Most nouns ending ·b (soft sign) are feminine, but there are many masculine ones too, so you have to learn the gender of soft-sign nouns. Feminine examples: CM6Iilpb 'Siberia' [see-be"er"] MaTb 'mother' [mat'] AB8pb 'door' [dvyer"]

Masculine examples: py6nb 'rouble' [roobl'] lilropb 'Igor' [e'e-gar"] A8Hb 'day' [dyen']

(e) Nouns ending -a or ·R which denote males are masculine: nllna 'father', 'dad' Bon6AR 'Volodia' (a familiar form of Vladimir)

ARAfl 'uncle' (f) If a noun ends to be neuter:

·M or

-y or -10, it is likely to be a foreign borrowing and

TaKCM 'taxi' MeHIO 'menu'

(g) Foreign words denoting females are feminine, whatever their endings: neAM (f) 'lady' M3pM (f) 'Mary' MllprapeT (f) 'Margaret'

28

EVERYDAY PHRASES: BASIC GRAMMAR

But if they do not end -a, -R or-b, they are indeclinable' (see 5.10).

3.9 It When you're talking about something which has already been named, 'it' will be 6H/oHa/oH6, depending on the gender' of the noun to which 'it' refers. A: B: A: B:

rAe'laM? B6T6H. rAe BMH6? B6TOH6.

Where is the tea? There it ('he') is. Where is the wine? There it is.

3.10 Vocabulary

Here is the essential vocabulary for this lesson. These are words which you should try to learn:

NOUNS

8HrnM'IBHK8 66paq 6paT BaHR (m) BMHO BOAK8 Bon6Af1 ra36Ta AB8Pb(f} A8Hb (m) AOM AHAR (m) M8Tb (f) MeHib (n) MOCKBB

[an-glee-chlin-ka] [borshsh] [brat] [va-nya] [vee-n6] [v6t-ka] [va-16-dya] [ga-zye-ta] [dvyer] [dyen•] [dom] [dya-dya] [matY) [mye-nyo'o] [mask-va]

Englishwoman beetroot soup brother Vania (familiar form of Ivan) wine vodka Volodia (familiar form of Vladimir) newspaper door day house uncle mother menu Moscow

29

LESSON 3

OKHO

[ak-n6]

window

nana (m)

[p&-pa]

father, dad

py6nb(m)

[roobl']

rouble

CM6Mpb(f)

[see-beer]

Siberia

CM8Ti1Ha

[smye-ta-na]

sour cream

TBKcM (n)

(tak-see]

taxi

ynpa:IKH6HM8

[oo-prazh-ny&-nee-ye] exercise

j'rpo

[o"o-tra]

morning

ttai

[chay)

tea

WOKOnSA

[sha-ka-lat]

chocolate

QUESTION WORDS

rAf!

[gdye]

where

'tTO

[shto]

what

he

PRONOUNS OH

[on]

OHB

[a-na]

she

OHO

[a-n6)

it (referring to neuter nouns)

:iTO

[8-ta]

this/that/it

a

[a]

and/but (indicating a slight contrast)

BOT

[vot]

here/there (when pointing)

Aa A06pbiM A8Hb

[da]

yes

[d6-brl dyen']

good day

AO CBMASHMJI

[da svee-da-nee-ya)

goodbye

:fAP8aCTayMT8

[zdrast-vooy-tye]

hello

H8T

[nyet]

no

no:IK&nyMcT8

[pa-zhal-staJ

please/don't mention it/

OTHER WORDS

here you are

30


npOCTiotTe cnaq.t6o

[pra-ste ·e-tye] [spa-se'e-ba]

excuse me/l'm sorry thank you

The main problem in learning Russian is making all these unfamiliar words stick in your memory. Unlike French or Spanish, the basic vocabulary of Russian looks quite different from that of English. YTpo does not look or sound like 'morning', and 3APilBCTBYMTe looks like nothing on earth. For many of the words, as well as listening to them being spoken, repeating them, writing them down, you will have to make up deliberate links. Some links are easy: a word like AOM 'house' can easily be connected to its English equivalent by a link word such as 'domestic'; ra3eTa [gazye-ta] can be linked to its meaning 'newspaper' by the word 'gazette'. But a wvrd like cnac.t6o [spa-se'e-ba] 'thank you' takes a little longer, because a link has to be invented. For example, think of thanking Sarah for passing the butter.

3.11 Dialogues. (Cover the translation on the right and test yourself.)

A: npoCTMTe. l.fTO 3TO? B: 3To BMHO.

Excuse me. What is this? lt's!That's wine.

A: A3To? B: 3TOBOAK8.

And this? That's vodka.

A: A3To? B: nenCM·K6na.

And what about this? Pepsi-Cola.

A: Cnac.t6o. B: noJIUinyMCT8.

Thank you. Don't mention it.

A: npocntTe, no•ilnyitcTa, 'tTO 3To? Excuse me, please, what's this? B: 3To woKonilA. It's chocolate.

A: TpM, no•ilnyitcTa. B: no•ilnyMCT8.

Three, please. Here you are.

A: Cnac.t6o. B: no•anyitCTa.

Thank you. Don't mention it.

A: fA8T8KCM? B: B6TOHO.

Where's the taxi? There it (neuter) is.

31

LESSON 3

B:

A: rAeM3pM? BOTOHS.

There she is.

B:

A: rAe ~AH BaHR? 86T6H.

There he is.

A: rAeCM6Mpb? BOTOHS.

Where's Siberia?

Where's Mary?

Where's Uncle Vanya?

B:

There it (feminine) is.

3.12 EXTRA: Different Equivalents of 'It' In identifying sentences (e.g. 'What is this/it?' 'It's a rouble'), 'it' is translated as 3To. In such English sentences 'it' can be replaced by 'this' or 'that' ('lt{fhis(fhat is a rouble'); 'this' and 'that' are also 3To in Russian. So if the predicate' (the verb and the part after the verb, e.g. 'is a rouble') contains a noun, 'it' is always 3To. If you're saying something about a noun which has already been identified, then you refer to it as OH, OHS or OHO, depending on the gender:

A: rAeBMH6? B: B6TOHO.

Where is the wine? There it is.

Remember always to translate 'it' as 3To in identifying sentences in which the predicate' is a noun (e.g. 'It's wine'): A: "fT63To? B: 3To a6AJ
What's this? It's vodka. It's Starka (a type of vodka).

A: rAe BOAK8 (feminine)?

Where's the vodka?

B: B6TOHS.

There/Here it ('she') is.

EXERCISE 3/2

Answer the questions, using BoT: 'Here(fhere he/she/it is' l rAe AHHa? 2 rAe 6paT? 3 rAe T8KCM?

4 rAe~ BaHR? 5 rAe BOAK8? 6 rAe BMHO?

32


EXERCISE 3/3

Answer the questions in Russian, using the words in brackets: 1 "'T6 \iTo? (It's tea.) 2 "'T6 \iTo? (It's a rouble.) 3 3To B6AK&? (No, it's wine.) 4 rA8 TBKCM? (There it is.)

EXERCISE 3/4

Say in Russian: 2 3 4 5

Hello. Excuse me, what's that? lt'swine. Thank you. Don't mention it.

6 No, this is beetroot soup. 7 Where is the sour cream? 8 Excuse me, please, where is Vanya? 9 There he is. 10 Thank you. Goodbye.

EXERCISE 3/5

Read the names of these towns on the Trans-Siberian Railway and say which are 6H ('he'), which OHB ('she') and which oH6 ('it'): 1 BnfiAMBOCT6K. 2 CKoaopoAMH6. 3 06njolb8. 4 "'MT8. 5 CniQAIIHKa. 6 &aiiiKam:.cK. 7 MocKaa.

EXERCISE 3/6

Which of the following are male names and which female? 1 XpMCTMaH [hree-stee-an]. 210nMaH [yoo-lee-an]. 3 ApK&AMiii [ar-ka-dee]. 4 MaiiiR [ma-ya]. Can you guess (or do you know) which of these names in-bare masculine and which feminine? 5 Mropb [e'e-gar']. 610Aticl»b [yoo-de'ef•]. 7 nl066ab [lyoo-b6f']. 8 HMH6nb [nee-nyel']. 33

.tl:····. ; . •· ·

~~

8

.

··~

'.:, .. c

KA3AXCTAH (KAZAKHSTAN)

/r----

''

''

\
'

= ',

0

500Km

.~\.) ~f'\. ..r../ ·.:.....J"-'·7

1

) 0

500 Miles

POCC~SI (POCC~HCKASI CIIEAEPA41-1SI) (RUSSIA)

r

._... ..,_.r-·..-·-

·~ .'::::r-::::":'>'

)

1.

/ /

/ /

e'\// (}0:/ ~c~".-/ - ¥-9'i~- / 9-Q~>d-!- / ne11a

Ox6rCKoe ,_6pe (Sea of Okhotsk)

~1\ol\_/

cee!ll~~----

---I I I ..

Klo1TA~ (CHINA)

MOHfOJll-1~ (MONGOLIA)

4 YPOK HOMEP "'ETbiPE DOING THINGS- VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

4. 1 Useful phrases CKalKii'ITe, no>K&nyitCTa ••.

Tell me, please ... Could you tell me ...

Sl He nOHMMiliO. Bbl MeHR noHMMllere?

I don't understand. Do you understand me?

Bbl roaopli'ITe no-pyccKtt? OH He roaopli'IT no-pyccKM.

Do you speak Russian? He doesn't speak Russian.

rlpoCTMTe, KBK BBC 30BjT? MeHR 30BjT Bon6Af1. Oo!eHb npMRTHO.

Excuse me, what's your name? My name is Volodia. Pleased ('Very pleasant') to meet you.

Bbl 3HlleTe, rp.e Eaa? Sl He 3HSIO.

Do you know where Eva is? I don't know.

rp.e Bbl lKMBiTe? Sl lKMBY B 5pllMTOHe.

Where do you live? I live in Brighton.

HeKypli'ITbl

No smoking!

4.2 The Eight Personal Pronouns' ('1', 'you' etc.) R

Tbl you (when speaking to a friend, relative or child). This is called the 'familiar' (tam) you.

36

l

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

6H oHa oH6 Mbl Bbl

OHM

he you met she those in it Lesson 3 we you (when speaking to someone you do not know well or to more than one person). This pronoun is the polite or plural (pol/pi) you. they

4.3 Verbs

To do things, you need verbs. A verb' is a word expressing an action or state, the kind of word which would fit in the gap in the sentence 'She - - - i n New York', e.g. works, worked, was, lives, drives. In Russian dictionaries, verbs are listed in their infinitive' form (this corresponds to 'to drive', 'to be' etc. in English). Russian infinitive forms normally end -Tb (e.g. KYPMTb 'to smoke', 3H8Tb 'to know').

4.4 Conjugation' of Verbs in the Present Tense. Type 1: 3H8'Tb 'to know'

The present tense' describes actions taking place at the moment of speech ('I work in Moscow', 'She is walking to school'). In Russian there is only one present tense, corresponding to both 'I do' and 'I am doing' in English. The list of verb forms which go with the eight personal pronouns is known as the conjugation' of the verb. The form to which the personal endings are attached is called the stem' of the verb. Most (not all) 3H8Tbtype verbs have a stem which is simply the infinitive form minus the -Tb. So 3HSTb has the stem 3Ha-. The endings are underlined. fl 3HSJ2

[zna-yoo]

Tbi3HS8Wb

[zna-yesh]

6H 3HS8T

[zna-yet]

OHS3HSII

[zna-yet]

OH6 3HSII

[zna-yet]

Mbi3HSDt

[zna-yem]

Bbi3HSiffil

[zna-ye-tye]

l

I know you (familiar) know he knows she knows it knows

these three forms are always the same in the present tense

of .all verbs we know you (polite/plural) know

37

LESSON 4

[zna-yoot]

they know

Note: In colloquial (infonnal) Russian, the pronoun can be omitted, so that 'I know' can be siinply 3H{uo. But remember that this is infonnal usage and rare in stylistically neutral' Russian.

EXAMPLES

Mba 3HileM, rAe BaHR. Bbl 3HileTe MeHil?

We know where Vanya is. Do you know me?

The majority of Russian verbs have this type of conjugation, and we shall call it the 3H&Tb type or Type 1.

4.5 Type 2: roaopriiTb 'to speak'

The standard example of the second type of present-tense conjugation is roaopMTb 'to speak'. The stem' is roaop-: R roaopm Tbl TOBOpMWb 6H roaopMT oHa roaop.tb: oH6 roaop.!U Mbl TOBOPHM BbiTOBOplflg OHM roaopill

I speak/am speaking you (familiar) speak he speaks she speaks it speaks we speak you (polite/familiar) speak they speak

Note the ending ·RT of the OHM·fonn.

EXAMPLES ~ roaoplb no-pyccKM. OHM roaopiiT no-cllp&HL!Y3CKM. Bbl roaopMTe no-aHrnMiiiCKM?

I speak Russian. They speak French. Do you speak English?

38

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

4.6 Type 18: exaTb 'to go (by transport)', >KMTb 'to live' The third (and last) type is a variant of the 3H8Tb type. These verbs have much the same endings as the 3H&Tb type, but the problem is to predict the stem' from the infinitive'. Our first example is the verb exaTb 'to go (by transport), to ride'. The stem happens to be 8A- (you just have to learn that, you couldn't guess it) and the conjugation' is:

Jlf!Ax Tbl 6Ae.!lll! 6Hc!MI oHa eruu

I go/am going You (familiar) go he goes she goes

oH6eruu Mb18MJ!4 Bbi8At."m oHM eA)!!

it goes we go you (polite/plural) go they go

You can see that the fl and OHM forms have -y where the 3H&Tb type has -10 but otherwise the endings are the same. Here is another example, the verb )I(MTb 'to live' (despite its -MTb ending, it is a exaTb-type verb). The unguessable stem is )I(MB- [zhiv] (2.7) and the conjugation is: fl )I(MBX

Tbl )I(MB~ OH)I(MBfn OHS )I(MB§]:

I live/am living you (familiar) live he lives she lives

OH6 )I(MBH Mbl )I(MBif! Bbi)I(Mam OHM )I(MBfi

it lives we live you (polite/plural) live they live

EXAMPLES 6H 8AeT AOMOM.

Sl

)I(MBY B n6HAOHe.

He's going home. I live in London.

The endings are the same as the endings of ex&Tb except for the change of

e to e. This change is conditioned by the place of the stress: if the letter e in a verb ending is stressed, it always turns into e (though remember that Russians don't normally write the dots- see l.2c). Another useful example of the exaTb type is the verb 3BBTb 'to call', whose stem is aoa-. The first two forms are a fl aoay, Tbl aoaiwb, but the one to remember is (OHM) aoajT '(they) call', which turns up in the idiomatic question: KaK aac aoajT?

'How you (they) call?'(= What's your name?).

39

LESSON 4

Bac is the accusative' case' of Bbl 'you'; the details of the accusative are in Lesson 6.

These three sets of similar endings in 4.4-4.6 give the present tense of nearly all Russian verbs. These endings don't take long to learn; the main problem is remembering the stem (and the stress pattern) of verbs like ex&Tb, lKMTb and 3B&Tb. Although most verbs are like 3H&Tb or rosopliiTb, there are many irregular infinitives like lKMTb. In the vocabularies, we give the Hand the Tbl form of each verb (since you can work out the other forms from these two).

4. 7 Verb Summary Table Infinitive Stem

3H8Tb (1)

rosopliiTb (2)

lKMTb (1 B)

eX&Tb (18)

3H8·

rosop-

lKMB·

eA-

Jl

-10

-10

-y

-y

Tbl

-ewb

·MWb

-ewb

-ewb

6HIOH8/0HO -eT

·MT

-i!T

-eT

Mbl

-eM

·MM

-i!M

-eM

Bbl

-eTe

-eTe

OHM

·lOT

·MTe ·AT

-eTe

-'IT

·YT

Stress notes. (l) A few 3H&Tb-type verbs are stressed on the.end, so each e turns into e. An example is ASBBTb 'to give' (12.4), which has the stem AS·· The stressed endings are: ASlQ, ASeWb, ASH, ASiM, ASi!Te, A&!Sl!. (2) Many rosopliiTb-type verbs are stressed on the stem (see 4.9). but the spelling is not affected.

4.8 Negation ('not')

To make a verb negative ('I don't know') simply put He 'not' in front of the verb: s:l He 3HSIO. OH He noHMMaeT.

I don't know. He doesn't understand.

40

DOING THINGS -VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

4.9 EXTRA: Stress Patterns

As you have probably noticed by now, stress is a very tricky subject in Russian, because of the difficulty of predicting where to put it in any word - and to make things even more awkward (or interesting, depending on your point of view) Russians often disagree about the correct place of the stress. As a comparison, English speakers argue about 'controversy' versus 'controversy', but there are hundreds of such debatable cases in Russian. Even at this early stage, a few general rules may help: (a) if the word contains e, the stress always falls on thee, e.g. )I(MBeT 'lives', so we don't need to put a stress mark on words with e; (b) if the infinitive of a verb is stressed on any syllable except the last one, e.g. exaTb 'to travel', the stress is fixed (i.e. always in the same place in all of the forms of the conjugation- ep,y, ep,ewb etc.); (c) if the infinitive is stressed on the last syllable, e.g. roaopMTb 'to speak', KypMTb 'to smoke', the fl form is stressed on the ending (fl roaop!O, fl Kyp!O); the other five forms will either all have the stress on the ending (Tbl roaopMWb, OH roaopMT etc.) or all have the stress on the stem (Tbl KYPMWb, 6H KypMT etc.).

4.1 o A Brief Survey of Russian Grammar: Nouns and Cases'

Russian is an inflected language, which means that the endings of words change according to the grammar of the sentence. For example, the name lllaaH (nominative' form) becomes lllaaHB if you mean 'of Ivan'; it becomes IIIBiiHX if you mean 'to Ivan'; l/laaH becomes IIIBiiHB in a sentence such as 'I (S1) know (3HBIO) Ivan (lllaaHa)'. Nouns and adjectives each have six different endings, called cases' (nominative', accusative', genitive', dative', instrumental', prepositional'). English has a genitive case ending's, used with people, e.g. 'Ivan's house'(= 'the house of Ivan') and pronouns have accusative forms (he/him, she/her, they/them), but there are very few such changes in comparison with Russian. Like English, Russian also distinguishes singular and plural (as in 'book'/'books'). Verbs (words like 'to do', [she] 'wants', [they] 'know') have different endings depending 41

LESSON 4

on who is doing, wanting, knowing etc. and on the tense. All this means that to a speaker of English, Russian seems to have a 'lot of grammar'. However, although learning all the endings is a burden at first, the system is not difficult to understand; you will find that learning vocabulary is a much bigger task. To make the sets of endings more digestible, we shall take them in small doses. However, if you want to tackle the whole system in one go, you will find grammar tables on pages 378-86.

4.11 Prepositional' Case•

As an example of the way nouns change their form, look at these sentences: Sl )IOtBy B 5pSMTOH§. 6H )I(MBeT B MOCKBj. Sl 8AY H8 8BT66ycg.

I live in Brighton. He lives in Moscow. I'm going on a bus (by bus).

After the prepositions a 'in' and Ha 'on', most masculine nouns add -e and most feminine nouns change their last -a or-R to -e. MocKaa 'Moscow' &paiiToH 'Brighton' aaT66yc 'bus'

B MOCKB§ 'in Moscow' a &paiiToHg 'in Brighton' Ha aaT66ycg 'on a bus'

There are more details of these case endings in Lesson 5.

4.12 Vocabulary (In alphabetical order) aaT66yc [af-t6-boos] bus

a in

)I(MTb [zhlt'] to live Jl )I(MBy, Tbl )I(MHwb

aac you (accusative' - explained in

388Tb to call

Lesson 6)

J1

Bbl you (polite or plural 4.2) roaopMTb [ga-va-re et'] to speak R roaoplb, Tbl roaoplilwb TOCTMHMI.l8 hotel AOM6ii home, to one's home ltxaTb [ylt-hat'] to go (by transport) Jl fJAY· Tbl fJA8Wb

30By, Tbl 30HWb

3A8Cb [zdyes'] here 3APBaCTayii [zdra-stvooy] hello (to someone you call Tbl see 4.13, note)

3H&Tb to know Jl 3HSIO, Tbl 3HB8Wb M and

42

DOING THINGS -VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

no'leMy [pa-chye-mo'o] why npMiiTHO pleasant npocneKT avenue, prospekt

M3'f'I8Tb to study f. M3Y'I{ll0, Tbl M3Y'I{lewb KSK

how

KYA8 (to) where (whither) KYPMTb to smoke Jl Kyplb, Tbl KjpMWb n6HAOH London MeHil me (accusative' -explained

(wide street)

npocneKT MMpa Peace Avenue (Avenue of Peace)

pa66T8Tb to work H pa66Tal0, Tbl pa66Taewb POCCMJI Russia pyccKMM J13b1K Russian language [ro ·o-skee ee-zfk]' CK81KMTe [ska-zhf-tye] tell/say

in Lesson 6)

MeTp6 (n indeclinable 5.1 0) metro, underground

Mbl we (4.2) Ha on H6 but He not OHM they 6'1eHb very no-aHrnMMCKM in English [pa-an-gle ·e-skee]' noApyra (female) friend noHMM8Tb to understand Jl nOHMMaiO, Tbl nOHMM88Wb no-pyccKM in Russian no-c1Jp8HLIY3CKM in French [pa-fran-tso ·o-nee)

(imperative' form)

Tenepb now T61Ke [to-zhe]' too Tponnei46yc trolleybus Tbl you (familiar 4.2) ynMLIB street ynMLI8 B6nrMHa Volgin Street (Street of Volgin)

xopow6 [ha-ra-sh6] well J1 I (4.2) J13biK [ee-zfk]' language

4.:13 AMan6rM Dialogues. (See Key for Translations.) ( 1) BoT BnSAMMMP CMMpH6a

111 M3pM P66MHCOH. OHM a MocKae, a roCTMHML18 «POCCMJI». OHM roaopiiT no-pyccKM. BC: 3Ap8acTayi4Te, MeHil3oajT Bon6AJ1. A KaK aac 3oajT?

I. Pronunciation notes: in ·MM and ·biM the M is inaudible; Jl [ya] before the stress sounds like [ee] (2.10); for Wb, JK8 and JKM see 2.7.

43

LESSON 4

MP: BC:

MP: BC:

MP: BC:

(2) B: H:

(3) A:

5:

(4)

B:

E: B:

(5) E: B:

H:

M3pM. Sl aHrnM"'BHKa. Bbl xopow6 roaop.tTe no-pyccKM. Sl M3Y'JBIO PYCCKMM R3biK :fAeCb B MOCKB&. A roaop.tTe no-aHrn.tMCKM? Sl noHMMBIO, H6 He roaoplb. rAe Bbl )I(MBiiTe, M3pM? Ha yn1o14e B6nrMHa. A Bbl? Ha npocneKTe M.tpa.

Bbl

3ApaacTayM', HaTawa. Tbl liAeWb AOM6M Ha aaT66yce? 3ApaacTayM, BllHR. HeT, R iiAY Ha TponneM6yce. no"'eMy M3pM &AeT Ha TponneM6yce, a He Ha MeTpo? Sl He 3HBIO. KaK aac 30ByY? MeHJ1 30BYT Eaa. A KaK aac 30ByY? BaAMM. 3To HaTawa. 6"1eHb npMRTHO. MeHJ1 30BYT BaAMM. 6'teHb npMRTHO.

EXERCISE 4/1

Put on the correct endings and translate: I Sl He 3Hil( ). 2 6H He roaop( ) no-pyccKM. 3 Bbl xopow6 roaop( ) no-aHrnMMCKM. 4 rAe Bbl )I(MB( ) ? 5 Sl )I(MB( ) B n6HAOH( ). 6 Mbl M3Y"'B( ) PYCCKMM R3biK. 7 M3pM )I(MB( ) B MOCKB( ). 8 liiBBH iiA( ) Ha aBT66yc( ), a M3pM iiA( ) Ha TponneM6yc( ). 9 OHM EIA( ) AOM6M.

I. 3APBBCTBYM 'Hello', to someone you call Tbl. 3APiiBCTBYMD is for people you call Bbl. 3APBBCTByiiiTe is literally an imperative (a command) meaning 'Be healthy'. All imperative forms, such as npocTMII 'Excuse me', drop the -Te (npocTM) when you're speaking to someone you call Tbl (Lesson 15).

44

DOING THINGS- VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS

EXERCISE 4/2 Say in Russian: I Excuse me. English?

2 I don't know.

5 Where do you live?

3 I don't understand.

4 Do you speak

6 What is your name?

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 4/3 (Translation in key) See if you can find the answers to the following three questions in the text below. The text contains some points you won't meet until Lessons 5-7, but these should not prevent you finding the information you need. What are the names of A, 6 and B? 2 Where do A and 6 live and where does B study? 3 What are we told about B's knowledge of languages? Pa3roa6p a MeTp6 (Conversation in the metro) A bumps into his fellow student 6, who has a companion B. A:

3Ap8acTayi4, BaHR. KyAa Tbl 8Aewb?

I>: A:

AoM6i4, Ha ymt4Y B6nntHa. A Tbl 8AeWb a yHMaepcMTeT?

1>:

HeT, R TOlKe 6AY AOM6i4. R Tenepb lKMBy Ha ynM4e Baarilnoaa. no3H8KOMbT8Cbt. 3To MORt nOApyra Mapril, OHS aHrnM'·ISHKa. 0Ha M3Y'IS8T pyCCKMM R3biK 3A8Cb B MOCKBe. Mapril, 3TO Mrilwa.

B:

3Ap8aCTayi4Te, Mrilwa.

A:

npocTriiTe, aac 30BYT M3pM?

B:

HeT, Maplf. 3To c1JpaH4Y3CKoet MMR. H6 R He roaoplb noc1Jp&H4Y3CKM.

t Extra vocabulary for Exercise 4/3 no3HaK6MbTBCb Let me introduce you ('Become acquainted'). MORmy ciJp&H4Y3CKoe MMR French name

45

5 YPOK HOMEP nfiTb ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE

5.1 Phrases rAe BOK3lln? KorAfl pa66T&eT My3ili?

Where's the station?

no'leMy pecTopllH He pa66TaeT? KT6 3To? 3To BOAK&? npRMO M Hanpllao. OHM B CM6r.tpM. Ha T&Kclil.

Why is the restaurant closed?

When is the museum open (When works the museum)? Who is that? Is this vodka? Straight on and turn right. They're in Siberia. By taxi.

5.2 Asking Wh-Questions

Wh-questions are questions with question words such as 'what', 'who' 'when', 'why', 'how'. You already know rAe 'where', 'ITO 'what' no'leMy 'why'. KorAfl is 'when'. KorAfl pa66TaeT pecTopllH?

When is the restaurant open?

KT6 is 'who'. KT6 3HlleT?

Who knows?

Often the emphatic particle •e is added after the question word:

46

ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE

Where is she?

>Ke emphasizes the previous word, so the effect is like pronouncing 'Where~ she?' with extra emphasis on 'is' (or on 'where').

5.3 Yes-No Questions' These are questions which expect the answer 'yes' or 'no'. In Russian they look the same as statements, apart from the question mark: 3TOBOAK8?

Is this vodka?

3To a6AKB.

This is vodka.

In the spoken language, it is intonation which distinguishes 3To BOAK&? (yes-no question') from 3To B6AK8 (statement). 3To BOAK&? is pronounced with a sharp rise-fall on a6- like saying in English 'Oh, this is vodka, is it?', with a sharp rise and fall on the vod. This intonation pattern sounds surprised or indignant in English, but in Russian it is the normal way of asking such questions. Practise the intonation, making sure that your voice goes up and down on the stressed syllable of the word you are asking about:

Bbl~eTe?

Do you know?

3To~cj)e?

Is this coffee?

6H &Hrmt~HMH?

Is he English?

OHa aHrnM~Ka?

Is she English?

OHi aHrnM'tSHKa?

Is she English?

Notice the voice does not go up at the end of the question, unless the key stressed syllable happens to be the last thing in the sentence: 3To 't~M?

Is this tea?

In this case the Russian and English sentences sound very similar in their intonation.

5.4 Prepositional Case• In Lesson 4 we met the question 'Where do you live' rAe (Where)

47

Bbl

LESSON 5

(you) JKMBire (live)? [Gdye vi zhi-vyo-tye?]. And we met answers such as a &piiiToHe 'in Brighton', a MocKa6 'in Moscow', a rocn1HM48 «POCcMR» 'in the Hotel Russia'. The Russian for 'in' is a (the same as the third letter of the alphabet), but after B meaning 'in', following nouns have an ending (usually ·e) called the prepositional case. This case.ending does not mean anything; it is simply a grammatical ending which must be added after certain prepositions if you want to speak correctly. These prepositions are: B

H8 0

npM (fairly rare)

in on about, concerning attached to; in the presence of

So neTep6ypr 'St Petersburg' with a becomes a neTep6ypre [fpye-tyer· bo'or-gye)' 'in St Petersburg'. 8 plus MocKBi becomes a MocK&6 [vmask-vye]' (a changes into e). 'In Bristol' is a &plo1cTon§. 'On a trolleybus' is Ha Tponn6ii6yctt.

DETAILS OF THE PREPOSITIONAL (PREP.)

Nouns which end with a consonant add -e; nouns which end -iii, -a or -o change the vowel to -e. n6HAOH London Mya6ii museum MOCKBi Moscow nMCbMO letter

B n6HAOH8 in London a Myaee [vmoo-zy6-ye] in the museum B MOCKB6 in Moscow a nMCbM6 in a/the letter

The awkward category is nouns which end ·b; if the noun is masculine the b changes to -e. but if it's feminine the b changes to ·M. &pMCTOnb (m) Bristol CM6Mpb (f) Siberia qapb (m) tsar

a &pMCTone in Bristol a CM6MpM in Siberia o qap6 [a-tsa-ry6] about the tsar

I Pronunciation note. Russian prepositions are read as if they are joined to the following word. So B [v] sounds like [f) before unvoiced consonants. See 2.3 and 2.8.

48


Nouns which end ·JI or-e also have the prepositional ending -e unless the letter before the ·JI or-e is ·M, in which case the ending is a second ·M: Mope sea BaHJI Vania

a MOpe in the sea npM BaHe in Vania's presence

AHrnMJI England ynpa>KHeHMe exercise

a AHrnMM in England a ynpa>KHeHMM in the exercise

5.5 EXTRA

Those few nouns, mainly male names, which end ·MM in the nominative have the prepositional ending ·M, e.g. IOpMM: o IOpMM 'about lurii'; BaclilnMi4: Ha BaclilnMM 'on Vasilii'

5.6 Exceptions (Russian Grammar Has Many)

A few masculine nouns, usually short ones, have -y (always stressed) instead of -e in the prepositional case after B 'in' and H& 'on'. KpbiM Crimea C&A garden, orchard nee wood, forest AOH the Don River KnMH Klin (town NW of Moscow)

a KpbiMj [fkrl-mo'o] in the Crimea B c&Aj [fsa-do'o] in the garden a necj [vlye-so'o] in the forest PocTOB·Ha-AoHj Rostov-on-Don a KnMHj in Klin

But after o 'about', these nouns have the normal -e ending: Mbl roaopliiM o c&M.

We're talking about the garden.

The two nouns M&Tb 'mother' and AO
49

LESSON 5

5. 7 Prepositional Case of Personal Pronouns The eight pronouns. we met in 4.2 have the following prepositional forms: nom R

prep MHe

example o6o MHe [a-ba-mnye]

Tbl OH OHS OHO Mbl Bbl OHM

Te6e HeM HeM HeM Hac aac HMX

oTe6e o HeM [a-ny6m] H8H8M a HeM [vnyom] OH8C oaac H8 HMX

about me (o6o is a variant of o used with MHe) about you (tam) about him on her in it about us about you (pol/pl.) on them

5.8 Band Ha: 'in', 'on', 'at'

'In' is a, 'on' is Ha, 'at' will be a with enclosed spaces or buildings ('at school' a wK6ne) and Ha with open spaces and activities/events ('at work' Ha pa66Te, 'at a concert' Ha KOHI.IepTe). Note that English 'in' sometimes corresponds to Russian Ha when the place (e.g. a street) is an open space or was originally an open space (e.g. BOK38n 'station'). in the street in the square in/at the station

Ha ynMI.Ie Ha nn61q8AM H8 BOK38ne

Unpredictable uses of Ha for 'in'/' at', e.g. Ha YKpaMHe 'in the Ukraine', are shown in the vocabularies.

5.9

"'To as a Conjunction'= 'that'

As well as 'what', 'ITO is also a conjunction' which joins clauses': 0H8 roaopMT, 'ITO BliHR a CM6MpM. She says that Vania is in Siberia.

50


Note that the 'tT6 cannot normally be missed out in Russian, though you can say 'She says Vania is in Siberia' in English. Note also that the comma in front of 'tT6 is compulsory - Russian schoolchildren get bad marks in their exams if they miss out the commas. 5.1 o Indeclinable Nouns

Some nouns borrowed into Russian from other languages are indeclinable, that is, they do not obey Russian grammatical rules and never change their endings regardless of the grammar of the sentence. The principal categories are these: (a) words ending -M, -y, -10 e.g. TaKclil 'taxi', MeHtb 'menu' -these words are neuter; (b) female names ending with a consonant (or anything other than -a, ·R, ·b), e.g. AHH 'Anne', AJKeliiH 6CTMH 'Jane Austen', M3pM 'Mary' these words are of course feminine. So, while names like 'John Smith' AJK6H CMMT are treated as normal masculine nouns and decline (Mbl roaopliiM o AJK6He CMiiiTe), 'Jane Smith' AJKeliiH CMMT is indeclinable (Mbl roaopliiM o AJKeliiH CMMT). (c) many (but not all) foreign words ending -o, e.g. nanbT6 'overcoat' (from an old French word paletot), KMH6 'cinema', MeTp6 'metro', 'underground railway', PBAMO 'radio' (in this word the last letter is pronounced [o] not [a]). These words are neuter; B KMH6 'in the cinema'. (d) Note the unusual case of K64»8 'coffee'. This indeclinable word is masculine in formal, educated Russian: rAe K6cJ!e? B6T 6H. Although in informal colloquial Russian it is sometimes neuter, foreigners are advised to keep to formal norms. In other cases, foreign words are treated like native ones. n6HAOH 'London' and KOMnbtbTep 'computer' are normal masculine nouns (Ha KOMnbtbTepe 'on the computer'); Ae6opa 'Deborah' and nencM-K6na 'Pepsi-Cola' decline as feminine nouns.

51

LESSON 5

5.11 Vocabulary

o + prep. case about. concerning

aHrnM"'iiHMH Englishman AHrnMR England (also, loosely, 'Britain') aoK3iln [vag-zal] station, terminus Ha BOK3ilne at the station BOH T&M over there (pointing) "'e (emphasizes previous word) MHCTMTjT institute (university-level institution specializing in one area, e.g. physics or foreign languages) KOrAil when K6t!Je (m indeclinable} coffee KpbiM prep. case a KpbiMY Crimea (Black Sea peninsula} KTO prep. case KOM who nee prep. case a necy wood, forest Mope sea My3eM museum Haneao to the left Hanpilao to the right HOMep number

o§ AHrnMM about England (o becomes o6 before aM o y 3) nMCbM6 [pees'-mo] letter nn61148Ab (f) [plo-shshat'] square H& nn6tq&AM [na-plo-shsha-dee] in/on a square n6"1Ta post office Ha n6"1Te at the post office npM + prep. case attached to; at the time of npiiMo straight on pecTopiiH restaurant CBA prep. case a C&AY garden. orchard TaM there (opposite of :JAecb 'here') TyaneT toilet YKp&MHB Ukraine Ha YKp&MHe in the Ukraine yHMaepcMTeT university 48Pb (m) tsar (emperor) 4eHTP centre

5.12 Dialogues (Translation in Key)

2 3 4

A: Ei: A: Ei: A: Ei: A: Ei:

rAe MocKail? 8 POCCMM. rAe n6HAOH? B AHrnMM. rAe K.tea? Ha YKpBMHe. rAe Sima? B KpbiMy.

52


5

A: rAe pa66TaeT ARAH BiHH? 5: B neTep6ypre.

6

A: 0 'liM' Bbl roaopliiTe?

7

A: 5: A: 5:

5: 0 POCCMM.

8

Bbl roaopliiTe o M3pM? HeT, Mbl roaopliiM He o Heii, a o Te6e. rAe Bbl )I(MBi!Te? B rocTMHM4B ccPOCCMH».'

A: A rAe )I(MByY AJK6H

M

MaprapeT?

5: To•e B ccPOCCMM». 2 9

10

A: 5: A: 5:

rAe lilpKjTcK? B CM6MpM. rAe )I(MaeT M3pM P66MHcoH?

II

B Moc:Kae, H8 ynMI.l8 B6nrMH8. A a AttrnMM oHi *"BiT a 5plilcrone. A: CK8)1(MTe, no•anyiicTa, rAe ynM48 BonrMHa? 5: npHMO M Hanpaao.

12

A: CKa•liiTe, no•anyiicTa, rAe :JAecb yYaneT?

5: Haneao.

13

14 15

A: 5: A: 5: A: 5: A:

Cnaclil6o. no)l(anyMCT8. rAe abl *MBeTe, lilaaH neTpoaM'I? Sl )I(MBY B Bop6He)l(e, B 48HTpe. M3pM M3Y'IieT pyccKMiii H3ti1K a yHMaepcMTeTe? HeT, OHB M3Y'!BeT pyCCKMM H3biK B MHCTMTjTe. npocTiiiTe, no•anyiicTa, abl He 3HieTe, rAe 3A&Cb n6'1Ta?

5: A6M H6Mep ABa. A: A rAe3To?

5: B6H TaM, Hanpaao. A: Cnaclil6o.

5: no•anyiicTa.

I L4iM is the prepositional case of 'ITO. 2 A name in quotation marks is not declined if its generic noun (hotel, newspaper, novel etc.) precedes it (B ra38Te ccnpilaA&» 'in the newspaper Pravda'). It is declined if the generic noun is omitted (B ccnpiiBAB» 'in Pravda').

53

LESSON 5

EXERCISE 5/1

Answer the question rAe oHa? 'Where is she?', putting the correct ending on the word in brackets:

1 B (n6HAOH). 2 B (Poccr.1R). 3 B (rocTMHM48). 4 B (Hb10-lil6pK).

5 B (ABCTpanMR). 6 B (AMepMKB). 7 B (r6poA). 8 B (CM6Mpb). 9 B (KpbiM). 10 B (A6M). 11 Ha (jnM48). 12 Ha (nn61J.¥1Ab).

EXERCISE 5/2 0 K6M Bbl roaopr.1Te? About whom are you speaking?

1 0 (BaHR). 2 0 (MapMR). 3 06 (r.1a8H). 4 06 (AHH &payH). 5 0 (OHS). 6 0 (6H).

EXERCISE 5/3

Say in Russian:

1 Where is the toilet? 2 Is this beetroot soup? 3 Do you live in the centre? 411ive in England, in Oxford. 5 We're talking about you.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 5/4

Work out what the names are in the following and write them out in English and Russian (nominative• form): I R lKMBY B Ay6nMHe. 2 0Ha lKMBeT B raM6ypre, B repMSHMM. 3 Mbl roaopr.1M o6 AHT6He naanoaM'Ie 1.!exoae. 4 OHM cei'lac a PocT6ae-Ha-AoHy.

EXERCISE 5/5 REVISION OF LESSONS 1-5

(Refer to the numbered sections if you need to check something.)

54


Pronounce: I MocKBll ( 1.2). 2 3APBBCTBYMTe! (3.1 ). 3 ~T6 3To (3.1 ). 4 noJKanyMCT8 (3.1). 5 3To K6cj)e? (5.3). Say in Russian: 6 Thank you (3.1). 7 Please (3.1). 8 Goodbye (3.1). 9 Excuse me (3.1). Ask: 10 What's this? (3.2). 11 Is this tea? (5.3). 12 Excuse me, what's your name? (4.1). 13 Do you know where the metro is? (4.1). 14 Do you speak English? (4.5).

Answer: 15 I live in England/Manchester/Dublin (4.6, 5.4). 16 I don't know (4.7). 17 I speak Russian (4.5). Put on the required endings: 18 SUA-- Ha 8BT66yc _ _ . (4.4, 5.4). 19 OHM 8A--AOM6M (4.6). 20 6H JKMB _ _ B MOCKB _ _ (4.6, 5.4). 21 OHM JKMB _ _ B CM6Mp _ _ (5.4). 22 Ha nn61q8A _ _ (5.4.) 23 0Ha M3y'la _ _ pyccKMM H3btK a PoccM _ _ (4.12, 5.4).

55

6. YP6K H6MEP WECTb POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE

6.1 Phrases 3J-o MOM CbiH. rA8 MOR rocntHML!Il? 81:11 3HlteTe Hariwy? 81:11 nlb6MTe Mj3b1Ky? nOAO~ MMHjTy. n030ar.fre, no)l(jnyiiCTB, rf11110. n030BMT8 llla8Ha flerp6BM'f8. Cnacr.t6o 38 nMCbMO. Sl 6p,y B MOCKBJ. KaK a8we MMJI M6'rteCTBo?

This is my son. Where is my hotel? Do you know Natasha? Do you like music? Wait a minute. Please call Galia = May I speak to Galia? (when telephoning) Gallivan Petrovich. Thank you for the letter. I'm going to Moscow. What are your name and patronymic?

6.2 Possessives

m M6ii

f MoA

n Moe

TBOM H8W aaw

TBOR Hiwa aiwa

TBoi Hiwe aiwe

my your (tam) our your (pol/pl.)

56

POSSESSION; GO lNG PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE

These words agree' with the gender of the noun: M6iil CbiH my son MOil AO&Ib my daughter Haw CbiH our son Hilwa AO&Ib our daughter mlf/n er6 [Y•ll6]

ei[y•y6] er6 [Y•ll6] MX

Moi nttCbMO my letter Hilwa nttcbMO our letter

his (NB: r pronounced [v] in this word) her its their

These words are indeclinable', so they do not vary, whatever the following noun or the grammar of the sentence. er6 CbiHIAO'tblnttCbMO MX CbiHIAO&IblnttCbMO

his son/daughter/letter their son/daughter/letter

6.3 The Accusative Case The accusative case is a set of endings which do not have any precise meaning but which are required in the kinds of grammatical situations where we use 'her' instead of 'she' in English. For example, the object of a verb is typically in the accusative. We say 'I know her', not 'I know she'. 'Her' is the accusative of 'she', used after verbs like 'know', 'like', 'hit'. But unlike English, it is not only Russian pronouns (R '1', Tbl 'you', Mbl 'we' etc.) which have special form~ for the accusative, but also many nouns, particularly nouns ending -a and -JI. Nouns ending -a or ·R, whether masculine or feminine, change -a to-y and -R to -10 in the accusative. So MocKail becomes MocKay in a sentence like: Sl mo6mo MocKay. 0Hil n106MT ARAIO BilHIO.

I love Moscow (like 'I love her'). She loves Uncle Vanya.

Feminine nouns ending in a soft sign (b) do not change: 6H mo6ttT AO'tb.

He loves (his) daughter.

Masculine nouns ending in a consonant, soft sign (b) or iii do not change (unless they denote people or animals- see 6.4). Neuter nouns (including lliiMR 'name') do not change.

57

LESSON 6

SI3H810 neTep6ypr. Sl n1o6n10 BMH6. Eaa mb6MT 't&M.

I know St Petersburg. I love wine. Eva loves tea.

6.4 Animate' Masculine Nouns

Nouns denoting people and animals (but not plants are called animate' in Russian. Animate nouns have certain special grammatical features. One of these features is a special accusative ending for masculine animate nouns: -a added to nouns ending with a consonant -R for nouns with the soft' endings -b or -M, which are replaced by the R; notice the -b or -M are not needed because the [y) sound they represent is contained in the R [~a) Ill BaH: Bbl 3HaeTe lllaaHa? Mropb: Bbl 3H8eTe MropR? AHApttM: Bbl 3HaeTe AH#U)8R?

Do you know Ivan? Do you know Igor'? Do you know Andrei?

6.5 Feminine Animate Nouns Notice that feminine animate nouns behave just like inanimate ones (a-y R-+10 b-+b): Bbl 3HaeTe MocKaj? (inanimate) Bbi3H8eTe Mawx? (animate)

6.6 EXTRA on Animate Nouns Although it is usually obvious whether a noun is animate or not, there are non-obvious cases. For example, singular nouns denoting groups of people, e.g. H&P6A 'a people, nation', apMMR 'army', are inanimate. Also inanimate

58

POSSESSION: GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE

are nouns denoting parts of animate beings: mu~6 'face' is inanimate (but mt46 meaning 'person' is animate). There are doubtful cases: MMKp66br 'microbes' are inanimate for most people, but sometimes animate for biologists; dolls and other anthropomorphic toys, e.g. M&TpeWKM, the wooden dolls which fit inside each other, are usually animate, as are the court-cards 'ace', Kop6nb 'king', AiiMa 'queen', aaneT 'jack') in card-games.

('fY3

6. 7 Accusative Case of Pronouns

Just as 'me' is the accusative of 'I', so MeHR is the accusative of fl. Here is the full list of personal accusative pronouns: Nominative

Accusative

he

MeHR Te6R er6 [ye-~6]

you him

she

ee

her

it

er6 [ye-v6] H8C B8C MX

it

A

Tbl OH OHS OHO Mbl Bbl OHM

you

we you they

me

us you them

6.8 Uses of the Accusative (I) After verbs, where you would use 'him' not 'he' in English ('I know

him' not 'I know he'):

Sl 3Hiuo MaaHa. Bbr 3H8eTe er6

I know Ivan. [ye-~6]?

Do you know him?

(2) In time expressions of duration and frequency: noAOJKArirTe MMHj'Ty.

Wait a minute.

Sl 3A8Cb Y*e HeAenm.

I've been here for a week. (literally 'I am here already a week' HeAenfl 'week')

59

LESSON 6

pa3 a r6A

once a year (pa3 'once', 'one time')

(3) With a 'into' and Ha 'on to' to express motion to somewhere: Mbl liAeM a MocKay.

We are travelling to Moscow.

(4) With the prepositions 'tepe3 'through', 'across', 38 'for' (in return for) 'tepe3nec 'fepe3 ynM4Y Cnacti6o 38 nMCbM6.

through the forest across the street Thank you for the letter.

'tepe3 'through' is also used with time words to mean 'after the named

period of time has elapsed': '-tepe3 HeAllniO Mbl liAeM B CM6Mpb.

In a week's time we're going to Siberia.

6.9 'To Go on Foot': HATM You already know ex8Tb 'to go by transport' (a Type-lB verb- see Lesson 4). 'To go on foot' is the verb MATH, an unusual verb as you can see from its ending ·TM. The stem is MA·. and the endings are the same as those of >KMTb 'to live': R MAY Tbl MAiiWb 6HIOHS MAiiT

Mbl MAiM Bbl MAiiTe OHM MAYT

As mentioned in 6.8 (3) above, to describe motion to some destination, you use the same two prepositions a and Ha which you met in Lesson 4, but in this meaning of motion from place to place, you use them with the accusative instead of the prepositional. So a MocKaj (ace.) means 'to Moscow', while a MocKaj (prep.) means 'in Moscow'.

st MAY B 48HTp. M3pM MA6T a rocTMHM4Y· Bbl MA6Te Ha pa66yY?

I am going (on foot) to the centre. Mary is going to the hotel. Are you going to work?

60

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE

EXERCISE 6/1

Put the possessives in the correct forrn: I (My) __ CbiH. 2 (Our) _ _ AO.. b. 3 (His) _ _ MBTb. 4 (Your) _ _ rocntHMLIB. 5 (Her) _ _ MY*·

EXERCISE 6/2

Where necessary, change the endings of the nouns: 1 s:1 mo6mo (Mj3b1Ka) - - · 2 0Hit mb6MT (MYlK) __ ?

3 4 5 6

no308MTe, nolKitnyMCTB, (Jlto60Bb) __ (Bn&AMMMPOBHB) - - · noAO*AMTe (MMHyYB) - - · Cnaclil6o 38 ('fBM) - - · Cnaclil6o 38 (BOAKB) - - ·

6.10 Russian Names and How to be Polite (or Familiar) FIRST NAMES FIRST

The first Russians you meet socially are likely to give you their names as HaTltwa 'Natasha', BonOAJI 'Volod!a', TilHH 'Tania' and so on, all ending in the sound [a]. These are short or 'intimate' forms of their 'official' first names. On her birth certificate HaTitwa is HaTitnbH (f), Bon6AJ1 is Bn&AMMMp (m), TaHil is TaTbRHB (f). Here are some of the commonest Russian first names: Females

'Intimate' JleHa HaTitwa TitHH OnH Mawa Hpa CaeTa ranH

'Official' EneHa HaTitnbH (or -MH) T8TbRH8 On bra MapliiH MpMHB CaeTnaHa ranMHB

61

LESSON 6

Males

Cawa 56pH Boi16AH BllHH Mloiwa K611H nawa CepibKa

AneKCBHAP 5oplo1c ElnBAMMMp Iii BaH MMX8MI1 HMKOI1BM nllBen Ceprelii

Strictly speaking, these 'intimate' forms are only to be used when you are on Tbl terms with your new acquaintance, but Russians (for example tour guides or street traders) will often introduce themselves to you with their intimate names because these forms are easier for foreigners.

6.11 Patronymics

However, in more formal circumstances a new Russian acquaintance will be introduced with his or her full first name and middle name, which is formed from the father's official first name and is called a 'patronymic' (in Russian OT'feCTBO from the word OT(U.j 'father'). Male patronymics end ·OBM'f or -eBM'f (meaning 'son of'), female ones end ·OBHa or -eaHa ('daughter of'). The ending ·OBM'fi·OBHa follows hard consonants (IIIBaHlflaiiHOBM'IMBiiHOBHa); -eBM'f/-eaHa is the corresponding 'soft' ending, replacing the Iii or b of names such as lltropb (MropeaM'fiMropeaHa) or AHApeM (AHAPHBM'fiAHApeesHa). Note that if the name ends ·MM (BaCMI1MM), theM is replaced by a soft sign (BacMI1ReBM'f/Bacl.imzeBHa). So you may hear: - no3HaK6MbTecb, nolKanyliicTa, 3To BnaAMMMP SoploicoaM'f. 'Let me introduce you (become acquainted), please, this is Vladimir Borisovich ('son of Boris').' lflsaH IIIBiiHOBM'f Ivan lvanovich (son of Ivan) Soploic CepreeBM'f Boris son of Sergei (-eBM'f for names ending b or Iii) BcesonoA BnBAMMMposM'f Vsevolod son of Vladimir HaTill1bH lflaaHOBHa Natalia daughter of Ivan MapMH CepreesHa Maria daughter of Sergei (-eaHa for names ending b or Iii)

62


These long double names are in such common use between people who call each other Bbl that patronymics are usually shortened in speech, dropping the -oa- or -ea- (unless stressed). So CepreeBM"' is normally pronounced CepreM"', lllaaHOBHa is pronounced lllaaHHa. However, a patronymic such as neTp6BM"', stressed on the -6a-, cannot be shortened in that way. Russians do not expect you as a foreigner to have a patronymic, though there is nothing to stop you creating one - (PliAJKMH&nbAOBM"'/AJ!t6HOBHa/ A8P3HOBM"'/AJ!t6pAJKeBH8 or whatever). If you do not want to leave a blank against 6T"'ecrao on Russian forms, you can put in your middle name(s), if you have any.

6.12 EXTRA: Exceptional Patronymics

A small number of male official first names (i.e. not intimate forms) end -a e.g. HMKMTa. Such names are rare. They form patronymics as follows: lllnbH (Elias): lllnbM"'!IIInbMHM"'H8 Ky3bMa:Ky3bM.t...nOMS (Thomas): OMM"'iOMMHM"'H8

6.13 EXTRA On Choice of Names

Russians are conservative when naming children, keeping to a relatively small number of old, safe names such as EneHa, HMKonalit, Bn&AriiMMp, HaTanbR. You will probably find that all the Russian men you meet share about a dozen names, while the women have about two dozen. There was a fashion in the thirties for more 'international' names such as P66epT, 3AYBPA· and immediately after the revolution for new, revolutionary names, but now people prefer to play safe. In the case of boys, parents always bear in mind that an 'unfortunate' choice of name (CnY,.HMK 'Sputnik', TpaKTOP 'Tractor'), which seemed all right at the time, will be inflicted on the grandchildren too through the patronymic. Some relics of

63

LESSON 6

the revolutionary names survive: BMnopa (from the initial letters of lin&AMMMP .!llnbM't lleHMH QpraHM38Top QeBOnKil.jMM- 'V.I.L. Organizer of the Revolution'; PMKC (Pa60'tMX M Kp8CTbRH COI03 'Union of the Workers and Peasants'), PeM or PeMa (PeaoniOI.IMR MMpoBliR 'World Revolution') MapneH ('Marx and Lenin'), Bn&AneH ('Vladimir Lenin'), HMHenb ([nee-nytW] a female name- neHMH backwards).

6.14 Surnames Every Russian has a surname or family" name (cj)aMMnMR), typically ending -oa, -ea, -ea, -MH or -biH for men (6pelKHea, rop6aotea, KapeHMH, Con>KeHMI.IbiH), and -oaa, -eaa, -MHa, -biH& for women (6pelKHeaa, rop6aoteaa, KapeHMHa). The commonest Russian surnames are 111BBHOB/111BaH6Ba, non6a/non6aa, CMMpH6BICMMpH6Ba (though in Russian jokes the equivalent of 'Smith, Jones and Brown' is 111aaH6B, neTp6a M CMAOPOB). Some surnames, for example AocToeacKMM, are adjectives, so the feminine form ends -aR (AocToeacKaR- see 7.3). Surnames with other endings, e.g. naCTepHliK, r6ronb (the writer Gogel'), WMMAT (Schmidt), 6pllyH (Brown), noyn (Pope) do not have feminine forms. As you might expect (5.10), they decline for males, but as female names are indeclinable: Bbl 3HlleTe PM'tBPA@. n6yna? 'Do you know Richard Pope (ace.)?'; Bbi3HlleTe 6llp6apx noyn? 'Do you know Barbara Pope?'

6.15 Etiquette Acquaintances who call each other Bbl will normally use the first name and patronymic. So if 111aliH 111aiiHOBM't CMMpH6B meets his acquaintance 111pliiHa neTp6aHa non6aa, the conversation may begin: 111.111.: 3ApiiBCTBYMTe, 111pMHB neTpOBHS. 111.n.: 3ApiiBCTBYMTe, 111BliH 111BiiHOBM't.

Children use Bbl to adults and call their teachers by their MMR-6T'teCTBO. Adults reply with Tbl, and use the intimate form of the first name. So if little Tat'iana meets her friend's mother Klara Aleksandrovna, the conversation may start: 64


T.: 3ApaacTayiTe, Knapa AneKCBHAPOBHa. K.A.: 3APBBCTBYM, TBHR. Although you, as a foreigner, may not be expected to handle the long double names, your politeness will be appreciated if you make the effort. When you meet someone you are likely to have to deal with again, ask npocn4Te, K8K aawe MMR M OT'IeCTBO? 'Excuse me, what ('how') are your name and patronymic?' If you address MaaH MaaHOBM't CMMpH6B as MaaH MBBHOBM't, that is the equivalent of calling him Mr Smirnov in English. Although every Russian has a· surname, there are no generally used equivalents of Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms. When talking to or about foreigners, Russians usually use Russified versions of foreign titles: MMCTep CMMT, MMCCMC/MMCC Y6nKep for 'Mr Smith' and 'Mrs/Miss Walker', MOCbll for 'monsieur', c~Jpay for German 'Frau', and so on.

6.16 Vocabulary (in Alphabetical Order) aaw your (pol/pl. 6.2) r6A [got] year prep. a rOAY [vga-do'o] in a year A6AYWKa (m) grandfather AO'tb (f) prep. AO'tepM (5.6) daughter er6 [ye-l£6] his; its (6.2) ei [ye-y6] her (6.2) JKeHa wife 38 +ace. for (in return for) cnaclil6o 38 +ace. thank you for (sth) ailaTpa [zaf-tra] tomorrow MATM [eet-te'e] to go (on foot)

MMR (neuter!) forename, first name MX their (6.2) mo61i'1Tb to love, be fond of R nl06l!lb, 1 Tbl nlb6MWb Mara3li'IH shop MMHjTa minute MOM (6.2) my MYJK [moosh] husband MY3b1Ka music Haw (6.2) our HeAenR week Hennoxo not bad, not badly OTe4 (ace OT48) father 6T'IecTao [6-chye-stva] patronymic

R MAY· Tbl MAiWb

I. Every roaopli'ITb-type (type 2) verb whose stem ends 6 B M n or cjJ (all labial [lip) consonants) has this extra -n- in the 'I' (R) form.

65

LESSON 6

nOAO*AMTe (nOAO*AM with Tbl) wait (imper')

pa66Ta work Ha pa66Te

at work

nolKMBBTb to live. get along KaK nolKMa&er ... ? How is . . . ?

H& pa66-ry

to work

celiiotac now, at the moment

no3AJ)aansnol congratulations!

CbiH son

(=I congratulate)

T8K

SO

TB6iii your (fam 6.2)

no3H&K6MbTecb meet (become

ylKe [oo-zhe] already

acquainted) (imper')

~aMMnMJI

[pa-zna-k6m'-tyes'] n030BMTe (n030BM with Tbl) call

surname

otac hour otepe3 + ace. through; across; after

(imperative form)

(a period of time)

6.17 Dialogues (Translation in Key) B&AMM: Bbl ntb6MT8 MY3b1Ky? Eaa:

6oteHb. Jl nao6ntb rnMHKY M &opOAMHa.

B&AMM: A npoK6~beB8? Eaa:

He 6oteHb.

KM:

3APSaCTBYMT8, MMX&Mn neTpOBM't, K8K Bbl )I(MBiTe?

Mn:

Henn6xo, KOHCT8HTMH MMxBMnOBM't. A Bbl?

KM:

T6lKe Henn6xo.

Mn:

KyA8 aba MAiTe?

KM:

Ha pa66-ry. A Bbl?

Mn:

Jl MAY a Mara3MH. A K&K nolKMaaeT aawa lKeHa, HaTanbJI 50pMCOBH8? Xopow6. 3aaTpa oHa 8AeT a MocKay. Hawa AO'tb H.tHa

KM:

lKMBiT TaM ylKe r6A. Bbl 3HB8T8 Mn:

ee MYlK8 AHAP8A?

Aa, J1 er6 3HSIO.

KM:

A MX CbiHa 30BYT M.twa.

Mn:

CbaHa?! TaK aba ylKe A8AYWKa, KoHcTaHTMH MMxilliinoaMot. no3ApaanS.ao aac!

66


EXERCISE 6/3

Using n030BMT8 'call' and the accusative fonn of the name, call the following 1o the telephone: I 2 3 4

Call MB8H, please ( =May I speak to Ivan, please?). Calllilropb neTpOBM'f. Please call HaTawa. Please call HaTlu1bA AneKcSHAPOBHa.

EXERCISE 6/4

Say in Russian: I 2 3 4 5

Good morning, Ivan Petrovich. Where is our hotel? Thank you for the wine. Please wait a minute. Is that your (pol) wife?

EXERCISE 6/5

What are the nominative fonns of the names of the five people mentioned in these two dialogues? A: no30BMT8, no:JKanyliiCTa, MMxailna Cepr8eBM'f8 MniOAMMny AHAJ)HBHy. &: Celil'fBC. A: Bbl m06MTe MilpKa TaeHa? &: HeT. .A n106mo C~nMHA'f'&pa MArayY KpMCTM.

67

7 YP6K H6MEP CEMb DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES

7.1 Phrases with Adjectives 6onbWOM TeaTp pyCCKMM R3b1K ,Q66pbiM A8Hb TaepcK8R ynMLIS ,Q66poejTpo B 60nbWOM TeaTpe Ha KpacHoiii nn6aq&AM

Bolshoi (Big) Theatre Russian language Good day Tver' Street (Moscow's main street) Good morning in the Bolshoi Theatre in (on) Red Square

Pronunciation note: the iii in the endings ·biM and -Miii is inaudible, so there's no need to make an effort to pronounce it.

7.2 Adjectives An adjective is a word such as 'good', 'interesting', 'Soviet' which can describe a noun, that is, any word which fits in the gap in a sentence such as 'It's a ___ thing'. In Russian, adjectives have endings which must agree with the noun, that is, if the noun is neuter (jTpo 'morning'), then the adjective must have a neuter ending too (the ending -oe on A66poe in ,Q66poe jTpo 'Good morning'). If you look in a dictionary, you will find adjectives in their masculine nominative' form. There are three possible masculine endings: ·biM (the commonest), -Miii and -6iii. These endings are all related: ·bliii is the

68

DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES

commonest one, -Miii is the ending if the last consonant of the adjective is soft (7 .5) or one of the spelling rule consonants (8.3), and -6iii replaces ·bliii and -Miii if the adjective is stressed on the ending. Three standard examples are: H6Bbliii pyCCKMiii BTOp6iii

new Russian second

Russian adjectives are much simpler than nouns. First, once you know the basic endings, you find that there are really no exceptions. Second, once you have learnt the stress on the masculine form, the stress is on the same syllable in all other forms of the adjective.

7.3 Feminine Adjective Ending: -aA Here are the feminine forms of our three typical adjectives: H6B8R pyccKBR BTOpBR

H6auynM48 pyCCKIB ra36Ta BTOpja AB8Pb

new street Russian newspaper the second door

7.4 Neuter Adjectives: -oe H6aoe pyccKoe &Top6e

H6aa MMR pjccKa MMR BTopa ynpaJKH6HMe

new name Russian name second exercise

EXERCISE 7/1

Put on the required endings: l 36n&AH(bliii)_ CM6Mipb (f) Western Siberia. 2 pYccK(Miii)_ ~taiii Russian tea. 3 H6a(bliii) __ rocTMHM48 new hotel. 4 KpacH(bliii) __

nn6aq&Ab Red Square. 5 &onbw(6iii)__ K&apdpa large flat.

69

LESSON 7

6 MiuleHbK(MM) __ OKH6 small window: 7 nywKMHCK(MM) __ nn6~q&Ab Pushkin Square. 8 EipMTltHCK(MM) __ noc6nbCTBO The British Embassy.

7.5 Soft Adjectives (·HMM)

There are a few 'soft' adjectives ending -HMM. These have ·MM where HOBbiM has ·biM, ·fiJI where HOBbiM has -aH, -ee where HOBbiM has -oe. Most 'soft' adjectives have a time meaning, e.g. the parts of the day and the seasons. Here is a list of the commonest: n

m nocneAHMM jTpeHHMM B8'1epHMM aeceHHMM 3MMHMM lleTHMM OCeHHMM B8'1epHJIJI ra3eT8 aeceHHMM A8Hb 3MMHee n&llbTO lliiTHJIJI HO'Ib oceHHHH nor6A&

last morning evening spring winter summer autumn

nocneAHJIJI jTpeHHJIJI

nocneAHee jTpeHHee

ae'lepHHH B8CeHHJIJI

ae"'epHee B8CeHH88

3MMHJIJI

3MMHee

lleTHJIJI

lliiTHee

OCeHHJIJI

OCeHHee

evening newspaper spring day winter overcoat summer night autumn weather

For xop6WMM 'good' see 8.1 0.

7.6 An Exception: the Tplmtlit ('Third') Type The only important exception is TpeTMM 'third', whose endings do not fit in any of our categories above. This adjective has the ending ·bJI in the feminine and -be in the neuter: TpeTMM AeHb TpeTbJI HO'Ib TpeT~jTpo

third day third night third morning

70


7. 7 EXTRA: More Examples of the Tplmtlil Type

The other (rare) adjectives of the Tplmdi type are nearly all derived from the names of living things, particularly animals, e.g. co6ii'IMiii 'dog's' (co6il'lbSI :IKM3Hb 'dog's life'), KOWii'IMiii 'eat's' (Kowil'lbSI wepcTb 'cat fur'). One to note is 66:1KMiii from 6or 'god' (66:1KbSI MMnOCTb 'God's mercy').

EXERCISE 7/2 Put on the required endings: I nocn6AH__ MMHjTa The last minute. 2 3MMH__ jTpo Winter morning. 3 TpeT__ yp6K The third lesson. 4 TpeT__ ynM4a The third street.

7.8 KaK6M 'What (kind of) ... '?

If you want to ask what something is like, use the adjective K&K61ii (same endings as aTopolii):

What kind of car is it? What's the weather like in Moscow? What wine is this?

KaKiiSI 3To Mawi~Ha? KaKiiSI nof'6Aa a MocKae? KaK6e 3To BMH6?

7.9 'This' and 'That': 3TOT and ToT

When used in noun phrases ('this house', 'that woman'), 'this' and 'that' are translated by 3TOT, which agrees' with its noun like this: m 3TOTAOM this house

3TOT AOM CTilpbiM. 3Ta KHMra MOR.

n 3TO nMCbMO

3Ta KH!otra this book

this letter This house is old. This book is mine.

71

LESSON 7

If you wish to contrast 'this' (i.e. near me) with 'that' (i.e. not near me), you can translate 'that' with the word TOT, which has the same endings as 3-roT: TOTAOM

TB KHrilra

To mtCbMO

that house

that book

that letter

3Ta KHrilra Moil, a Ta KHrilra aawa. This book is mine and that one is yours.

7.10 EXTRA: 3Ta KHiilra MOR versus 3To KHiilra Note the difference between 3ToT/3Ta in sentences such as 'This book is mine' 3Ta KHrilra MOR and indeclinable 3To in sentences such as 'This is my book' 3-rQ Moil KHrilra (Lesson 3). In 3Ta KHrilra Moil, 'this' and 'book' are part of the same noun phrase and therefore agree. In 3To MOR KHrilra 'This is my book', 3To and KHrilra belong to different parts of the sentence. Note also that because 3To, the neuter form of 3TOT,looks and sounds the same as indeclinable 3To, 3To nMCbMO has two meanings: it means both 'This letter' and 'This is a letter'.

7.11 Prepositional Case of Adjectives If the noun is in the prepositional case, the adjective must agree', i.e. be in the same case as the noun. The endings are: m and n (always the same): -oM for the HOBbiMipyccKMMIAPyroiil types

-eM for soft adjectives (with -HMil) and adjectives like xopowMiil 'good' (see 8.1 0) a HOBO ropoAe!Kacl»' a pyccKU r6PQAe/Kacl»' a APvru ropoAefKacl»' a aMMHBt ropoAefnanbTO l"p8TMiil 'third' has -b8M a Tp6TJ18M AOMelnMCbMe

in a new town/cafe in a Russian town/cafe in another town/cafe in a wintry town/winter overcoat

in the third house/letter

72


The f equivalent of ·OM is -olii; the f equivalent of -eM is -elii: B H6BQB KHMre B pyccKQB KHMre B APYr2H KHMre B 3MMHU wanKe a TpeTt.elii KHMre

in a new book in a Russian book in another book in a winter hat in the third book

7.12 Accusative of Adjectives Masculine (m) and neuter (n)

If the noun doesn't change, the adjective doesn't change: PjCCKMiii HabiK (m nom.) KpacMBbllii. s:I3HSIO pyccKMiii H3biK (mace.). 3To Hawe H6aoe MeTp6 (n nom.). s:ln106.niOttluueH6aoeMEnp6(nacc.).

Russian is beautiful. I know Russian. This is our new metro. I love our new metro.

With masculine animate' nouns (people and animals), adjectives of the H6BbrliilpyccKMiiiiBTOp61ii types end -oro (note that r in this ending is pronounced [v]): Bbr aHaeTe H6Boro pyccKoro COCeAS? 0HS nr06MT BTOp6rO MjlKa?

Do you know the new Russian neighbour? Does she love her second husband?

Adjectives of the nocniiAHMiii and TpeTMiii types have -ero (r again pronounced [v]): Mbi3HSeM nocnt~AHero 48PH. Bbl aHaeTe ei TpeTt.ero Mj:IKa?

We know the last tsar. Do you know her third husband?

This alternation of o and e in the endings -oro and -ero is part of a pattern in adjective endings. Compare the endings ·OM and -eM of the prepositions in 7.11 above. Feminine (f)

-u becomes -y10 ·HH becomes -1010 TpeTbH becomes TpiiTbiO

73

LESSON 7

nom.: xon6AH&H 3MMHHH nor6A& cold winter weather

Bbl ni06MTe xon6AHnQ 3MMH.!Q!2 nor6Ay? Do you like cold winter weather?

7.13 Accusative of MOM, TBOM, Haw, saw, 3ToT, TOT m inanimate and n: same as nominative

Bbl 3HaeTe M6M!Haw/T6T r6poA? Do you know my/our/that town? OH mb6MT Hawe/3To BMH6. He loves our/this wine. m animate

Bbl 3HaeTe Moer6/Hawero APvra? Do you know my/our friend? 0Ha nlb6MT 3Toro/ She loves this/that Englishman. TOr6 &HrnM'IBHMH&.

Bbl 3H8eTe Molb/Hawy A6'1b?

Do you know my/our daughter?

s:l 3HBIO 3yY/Ty )l(eH&qMHy.

I know this/that woman.

7.14 Prepositional of Possessives (MoM etc.), 3TOT and TOT mandn

B MOiM/TBoif! A6Me/nMCbMe

in my/your house/letter

(note the dots)

a HaweMiaaweM A6Me/nMcbMe a 3ToMfrm.t_ A6Me/nMcbMe

in our/your house/letter

B MOii/TBOU KHMre B HBWU/BBWD KHMfil a 3T2i!/Tmt KHr.tre

in my/your book

in this/that house/letter

in our/your book in this/that book

7.15 Example Phrases 3-ra KHMra H& pyccKm.! H3b1Ke.

This book is in Russian (Russians say 'on' a language, not 'in').

74


Ha KpacH2!i nn6aq&AM

on Red Square

6onbWmot TeBTpe B Tp6Tbd. KB&pntpe B B8'f6pHgj r&38Te B n6THel!t K&cl»6

at the Bolshoi Theatre

B

in flat number three (the third flat) in the evening paper in the summer cafe (street cafe)

7.16 Adverbs

Adverbs' are words which can fill the gap in a sentence such as 'She speaks Russian ___ ', e.g. quickly, well, often, impressively. English adverbs are often formed from adjectives by adding -ly (nicely, cleverly, coldly etc.). The commonest adverb ending in Russian is ·o, replacing the -biMI·MM/·6M adjective ending. Adverbs are always indeclinable'. Examples: Kp&CMBbiM beautiful MHTepecHbiM interesting xon6AHbiM cold xop6wMM good (see Lesson 8.10) OHa roaoplliT xopow6.

Kpacloiao beautifully MHTepecHo interestingly x6nOAHO coldly (NB stress) xopow6 well (NB stress) She speaks well.

7.17 Vocabulary (with Pronunciation Check)

3MMHMM [ze·em-nee] winter 3H&MeHMTbiM [zna-mye-ne ·e-tl]

aMepMKBHCKMM American (adj) [a-mye-ree-kan-skee] 6onbw611t [bai'·Sh6y] large 6pMTBHCKMM [bree-tan-skee] British BBHH&JI (f adj) [vil-nna-ya] bathroom ae'fepHMM [vye-chyer-nee]

famous

MHTep8cHbiM [een-tye-ry6-snl] interesting

K&K6M [ka-k6y] what kind of KB&pTioipa [kvar-te 8-ra] flat,

evening (adj)

BTop611t [fta-r6y] second rniiBHbiM (glav-nl] main r6poA [g6-rat] town, city A66pbiM [d6-brl) good, kind A6Ma [d6-ma] at home ecTb [yest'] is/are (8.9) 38n&AHbiM [za-pad-nl] western

apartment

KH!oira [kne'e-ga] book KpacloiBbiM [kra-se'e-vl] beautiful, attractive

KpilCHbiM [kra-snl] red KpeMnb (m) [kryeml'] the Kremlin (fortress)

75

LESSON 7

pyccKMM [ro o-skee-] Russian

KYXHfl [ko "oh-nya] kitchen

p~oM

B or Ha KYXHe in the kitchen

[rya-dam] nearby, alongside

neTHMM [lyet-nee] summer

cer6AHfl [NB: sye-vod-nya] today

MilneHbKMM [ma-lyen'-kee] small

cnilnbHfl [spal'-nya) bedroom

MOCT [most] bridge

cTilH4Mfl [stan-tsl-ya] station

prep. Ha MocTj [na-ma-sto"o)

(on metro or in country)

on a bridge

Ha cTilH4MM [na-stan-tsi-ee] at

a station

HOBbiM [n6-vl] new nanbTO (n indeclinable) [pal'·t6]

cTilpbiM [sta-ri] old

overcoat

TilK>Ke [tag-zhe] also, in addition

nepBbiM [pyer-vi) first

TeilTp [tye-atr] theatre

nnaH [plan] plan, street map

TennbiM [ty6-pli] warm

nor6AS [pa-g6-da] weather

TOT [tot] that (7.9)

noK83biBaTb (+ace.) [pa-ka-zi-vat']

TpeTMil [trye-tee] third (7.6)

to show (something)

xon6AHbiM [ha-16d-ni] cold

fl nOKS3biB810, Tbl

wK6na [shk6-la] school

nOKS3biBa8Wb

3Til>K [e-tash] floor, storey Ha 3Ta>K§ [na-e-ta-zhe] on

nocneAHMM [pa-slyed-nee) last

a floor

noc6nbCTBO [pa-s61'-stva] embassy

3TOT [8-tat) this (7.9)

peKil ace. peKy [rye-ka rye-koo]

river

7.18 TeKCTbl Texts (Translations in Key) A: MocKBil- 6onbw6il ropoA. B MocKBe KpacliiBafl peKe, 3HaMeHMTbiM yHMBepcMT8T. Bbl y>Ke 3HileTe KpilcHyiO nn6tq&Ab, 6onbw6il TeiiTp, TBepcKyiO ynM4Y· 6: 3H810. TBepcKilfl ynM48- 3To rnilBH&fl ynM4a. A: (noKil3biBaeT Ha nniiHe) BoT TBepcKilfl, BOT H6BbiM Ap68T, a BOT CTSpbiM Ap68T, O'f8Hb CTapafl ynM48. 3-ro rOCTMHM48 ccPOCCMfl», O'f8Hb 6onbWilfl rocTMHM48. 3A8Cb KpeMnb, PRAOM Sonbw6il KSM8HHbiM 1 MOCT, a 3TO 6pMTSHCK08 noc6nbCTBO, Ha Ha6epe>KHoil 1• BoT aMepMKilHcKoe noc6nbcTBo, a BOT KaHSACKOe*.

76


A: 6: A: 6:

Ao6poe jTpo. Ao6pbiM A8Hb. no'feMy Bbl B 3MMHeM nanbTO? noroAB cerOAHR TennaR. 3-ro He 3MMHee nanbTO, a neTHee.

* Mbl lKMBeM B MOCKBe. Mbl - 3TO R, naBen naBnOBM'f neTpOB, MOil :IKeHa CBemaHa AneKCBHAPOBHa M Hilwa AO'fb EneHa. B WKOne ee 30ByY neHa, a AOMa Mbl ee 30BeM neHywa. Moil MaTb, 3MHaMAB EropoBHa, TOlKe lKMBeT B MocKBe. OHa lKMBeT B cTapoM AOMe B 4eHTpe, a Mbl lKMBeM B HOBOM KBapTilpe B HOBOM AOMe Ha lbro38n&Ae'. HaWAOM Ha npocneKTe BepHSACKoro. Bbi3HileTe CTBH4MIO «t0ro-38naAHaR»'? Mbl lKMBeM Ha TpeTbeM 3Ta:IKe. 8 HBW8M KBapTMpe ecTb npMXO:IKaR", 6onbwilR KOMHaTB, cnanbHR. EcTb TilKlKe ManeHbKaR KYXHR, BBHHaR " TyaneT. 1

Extra Vocabulary for Texts

KiiMeHHbiM [kfl-mye-ni] stone (adj) KaHBAcKMM [ka-nat-skee] Canadian Ha6epe:IKHaR (f adj) embankment [na-bye-ryezh-na-ya] npMXOlKaR (f adj) [pree-ho-zha-ya]

lbro-38n&A [yo· o-ga-za-pat] the south-west

Ha lbro-38n&Ae in the south-west «tOro-38n&AHaR» (f adj) 'South Western' (metro station)

[yo o-ga-za-pad-na-ya]

entrance hall

EXERCISE 7/3

Put on the required endings and translate: 1 6H lKMBeT B 3iln&AH __ CM6Mp __ • 2 Bbl 3HaeTe HOB __ rOCTMHM4 __? 3 OHM "A--Ha KpilcH __ nnOaq&Ab. 4 0Ha B 3MMH __ nanbTO. 5 Bbl 3HBeTe MO __ BTOp __ lK8H __ ? 6 8 3T___ Mara3MH __ pa6oTaeT Mo __ AO'fb. 7 OHa noK83biBaeT HOB __ 3MMH __ nanbT6. 8- KaK __ cer6AHR nor6A&?- Tenn __ •

77

nnaH IIIIH.,..... -""bi!Oii 'IScTII r{)poAa (Map of the city centre)

MOCKBA (MOSCOW)

LESSON 7

EXERCISE 7/4

Say in Russian: I Where is Red Square? 2 She is in (on) Red Square. 3 We're going to Red Square. 4 Is this book yours?

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 7/5 1 What is the most direct route from GUM to Miasnitskaia Street? 2 On which square does the Natsional' Hotel stand? 3 Tell an English visitor who knows enough Russian to read the street names how to get from Great Stone Bridge to Pushkin Square.

80

8 YP6K H0MEP B6CEMb PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS

8.1 Key Phrases rAe HilwM MeeT&? Where are our seats (places)? Aflihe, noJKiulyMCTS, anenbCMHbl. Give (me) (some) oranges, please. rAe MOM APY3bR? Where are my friends? Are there (any) American newspapers? ECTb 8M8pMKSHCKM8 ra3eTbl? (Some) pies, please. nMpO>KKM, no>KanyMCT8. ECTb 6nMHbl? Are there pancakes? Here is the money. B6TAeHbrM.

8.2 Nominative Plural of Masculine and Feminine Nouns All the phrases in 8.1 contain nouns in the fonn of the nominative plural ('seats', 'oranges', 'friends' etc.). To make nouns plural, the basic ending for both masculine and feminine nouns is ·bl. Masculine nouns add ·bl, feminine nouns replace their -a with ·bl. So: 6nMH 'pancake' becomes 6nMHtli'pancakes' ra38Ta 'newspaper' becomes ra38TI!J. 'newspapers'

The ending ·bl has the variant -M, depending on the last consonant of the noun. If the masculine noun ends with a soft sign (b) or M, then the plural ending replaces the soft sign or Mwith -M. If the feminine noun ends b or 11, then the ending replacing the b or 11 is also M:

81

LESSON 8

ABepb door

AB8P.!!t doors

HeAenR week

HeAenM weeks

8.3 Spelling Rule 1 In addition, you have to know the so-called 'spelling rules', which affect the spelling of endings right through the grammar. The first spelling rule, which we need to form plurals correctly, is as follows: After the following seven letters, where you would expect -bl, for example in the plural, you always find -M instead.

r K X )I(

w '4

U4

) } }

these three letters are all pronounced in the same place, at the back of the mouth these are two of the three consonants which are always hard (see 2.7) these are the two consonants which are always soft (2.6).

This rule has no particular logic to it. It is simply a result of sound and spelling changes in the history of Russian. But it is worth learning, since you will need it frequently. Because of this rule, the plural of AlbiK 'language' is AlbiKM (not RlbiKbl), the plural of KHiilra 'book' is KHiilrM 'books' (not KHMrbl). (This rule also explains why the ending of the adjectives pyccKMIIii 'Russian' and xop6WMM 'good' is -Mil and not -biM as in HOBbiM 'new'- see 7.2.)

8.4 Nominative Plural of Neuter Nouns

Replace the ending -o with -a and (usually) change the place of the stress. Nouns ending -e replace the ending -e with -R. MecTo 'place'

MeeT& 'places'

OKHO 'window'

OKHB 'windows'

BMHO 'wine'

BrotH& 'wines'

ynpa>KHeHMe 'exercise'

ynpa>KHeHMA 'exercises'

82

PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS

8.5 Plural Exceptions (Nouns We've Met So Far) &HrnM'faHMH AOM 6paT r6pOA AO'fb APYr MMR M8Tb MY>K CbiH R6nOKO

Englishman house brother town daughter friend name mother husband son apple

&HrnM'faHtl AOMB 6paTbfl ropoAI AO'fmll! APY3bR MM8HA MaT§RM MY>K~

Cb1H21l.!J!. t16nOKM

Englishmen houses brothers towns daughters (that extra -ep-) friends names mothers (extra -ep-) husbands sons apples

These are unpredictable. The biggest category of exceptions is short masculine nouns ending in a consonant and stressed on the stem in the singular, many of which end in -a in the plural. A6M 'house' AOMa 'houses' is a good example. Many names of professions and jobs also end -a, for example npo«KeHep 'engineer' in dictionaries has the plural MH>KeHepbl, but many engineers call themselves MH>KeHepa. Irregular plural forms will be shown in the vocabularies.

8.6 Mobile' or 'Fill' Vowels: oT(e)4 pl. OTI.4bl

Some masculine nouns which end consonant+ e (oro)+ consonant, e.g. oTe4 'father', drop the e or o whenever an ending is added. So the plural of oTe4 is not OT84bl but OT4bl. These disappearing vowels are called 'mobile' or 'fill' vowels and they are shown in parentheses in the vocabularies like this: oT(e)4 Other examples: 8MepMKSH(8)4 npoA&a(e)4 nMpO>K(O)K

American sales assistant pie

83

pl. 8MepMKBH4bl pl. npoA&B4bl pl. nMpO>KKM

LESSON 8

A(e)Hb(m) pbiH(O)K

day market

pi.AHM

Ha pbiHKe (prep.) at

the market The ending -ell. common with names of nationalities, nearly always has a mobile e, e.g. sm6H(e)ll 'Japanese' pl. sm6Hybl. The endings -eell [ye-yets], -&ell. -6ell. e.g. in eapone(e)ll 'a European', also have a mobile e, but when the e drops out it leaves the consonantal (y) sound in the form of the letter M. So the plural of eapone(e)ll 'European' is eaponeMllbl. Other examples: KMTa(e)ll Chinese pl. KMT8Mllbl aannr.t(e)ll Welshman pl. aannMMllbl

8. 7 Nominative Plural of Adjectives

All adjectives in the nom. plural end ·ble (or ·Me for soft adjectives and those whose stem ends with one of the seven 'spelling rule' letters r, K, x, >K, "· w, ~-see 8.3 above). H6B~KHMTM

CTSP~l!il APY3bR

6onbw!Ul AiiHbrM nocneAH.!Hl AHM pyccK.o 6nMHbl

new books old friends big money (a lot of money) last days Russian pancakes

8.8 Nominative Plurals of Possessives and Demonstratives M6MJMOR/Moi TB6Miraoillraoi H&w/Hawa/Hawe aaw/aawa/aawe 3TOT/3Ta/3TO T6Thah6

Mo.!! [ma-e' e) TBOJ! (tva-e'e) HSW.I! [na-shl] aaw.l! [va-shl] 3T.I! (e-tee] T~ [tye]

my your (lam) our your (pol/pl.) these those

Er6, ei and MX are indeclinable, so do not change in the plural.

84


Examples: MOMAPY3bR HSWM A8HbrM 3TM R6noKM er6 cnoaa

my friends our money these apples his/its words

EXERCISE 8/1

Make the nouns plural and translate: Regular examples: 1 ynM48. 2 Tponnei116yc. 3 yHMaepcMTeT. 4 WKOna. 5 My38M. 6 npOA&B(e)L\. 7 nMCbMO. 8 nn61J48Ab. 9 MMHp8. 10 HeAenR. 11 ~aMMnMR. Spelling-rule examples: 12 KHMra. 13 R3biK. 14 nMpo>K(6)K. Irregular examples: 15 AO'tb. 16 AOM. 17 aHrnM'tSHMH. 18 nee. 19 T&KCM. 20 CbiH. 21 MMR. 22 R6noKo. 23 APYr.

EXERCISE 8/2

Make the adjectives and possessives nominative plural and translate: I pyccKaR KHMra. 2 3TOT R3biK. 3 neTHMM A8Hb. 4 H8W CbiH. 5 CTSpbiM ropoA. 6 M6iil APYr. 7 6onbw6iil Mara3MH. 8 TOT r6A. 9 aawe MecTo.

l 0 3TO ynpa>KHeHMe. The nominative plural forms you met above are also the endings of the accusative plural except for all phrases involving animate nouns. AliiiiTe 3TM R6noKM, no>KiinyiiiCTa. Please give (me) these apples. s:l n106mo pyccKMe 6nMHbl. I love Russian pancakes.

Animate accusatives, e.g. 'I love Russian girls', are in Lesson 10.

8.9 EcTb 'is', 'are'

If you want to ask if something is available, use ecTb, with the rise-fall intonation you met in 5.3:

85

LESSON 8

~aM

eCTb? or ECTb t.taM? 6nMHbl eCTb? or ECTb 6nMHbl?

Is there tea? Are there pancakes?

Kocj)e eCTb? ECTb.

Is there coffee? There is.

nMpOlKKM eCTb? nMpOlKKM ecTb.

Are there pies? There are pies. (Pies are available.)

Although Russian does not nonnally require an equivalent of 'am', 'is', 'are' (6H pyccKMM 'He (is) Russian'), ecTb is used for all fonns of the present tense of 'to be' when 'to be' means 'to exist' or 'to be present'. 66reCTb. eCTb.

~aM

God is. (God exists.) There is tea.

8.10 Spelling Rule 2

Spelling Rule 1 (8.3) concerns the occurrence of M where you would otherwise expect bl. So the nonnal nominative adjective ending is ·biM (HOBbiM 'new'), but 'Russian' is pyccK.ttM and 'good' is xop6w.ttM. Rule 2 accounts for the occurrence of e where you would expect o. It affects xop6WMM and all adjectives ending •lKMM, ·WMM, ·t.tMM, ·lqMM, e.g. CB6lKMM 'fresh', ropilt.tMM 'hot', cn6AYtolqMM 'next'. After lK, t.t, w, 114 and 4 (the last four of the letters in Rule 1 plus 4), you find e where adjectives like HOBbiM have o. So the nominative neuter ending of xop6wMM is xopowee (not -oe), and the prepositional endings are -eM and -eM (7 .11 ), not -oM and -oM. good Russian wine a fresh egg in hot water in a good Russian restaurant

xop6wte pyccKoe BMH6 CBelKte RM40 B ropilt.tgM BOA6 B XOpOW§M pjCCKOM peCTOpiiHe

This rule also explains why Haw 'our' and aaw 'your' never have o after thew: in our new house

a HBWtlM HOBOM A6Me

Rule 2 also applies to 4, as we shall see when we meet the rule again in grammatical endings involving nouns (16.2). There are almost no

86

PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING

THING~

adjectives ending •l4biM, but should you ever meet KYl4biM 'tailless' or KpacHOnMl4biM 'red-faced', the neuter forms will be Kj4ee and KpaCHOflMl4ee. Note. Rule 2 does not apply to stressed 6, so 6onbi&I2M 'big' has o, not e, after w. However, 6onbw6MI is unique. There are no other adjectives ending -w6MI, and none ending ·)I(OM, -'tOM, ·lqOM or ·l40M.

8.11 Vocabulary anenbCMH orange 6enbiM white 6mtH pancake pl. 6mtHbl 6yTep6p6A [boo-tyer-brot] open sandwich BKjCHbiM (fko ·o-snl] tasty BOAS ace. BOAY water acerAS [fsyeg-ds] always ropj•utMI hot A8MITe give (imperative') A8naTb to do; to make fl Aena10, Tbl A8naewb A8HbrM (pl.) [dyen'-gee] money AOpor6M dear, expensive APYr [drook] friend pl. APY3bR ecnM if ecTb [yest'] (there) is, (there) are KapT6ciJenb (m) (no plural) potatoes Kecj)ilp fermented milk drink KMn6 (n indeclinable) kilo(gram) KMnorp8MM kilogram Kon6acs salami Mscno butter, oil MecTo pl. MeeTs place, seat

MOflOKO milk MOflO'fHbiM milk, dairy (adj) Milco meat OTAltn [ad-dye!] section (of a shop) nMPO*(o)K [pee-ra-zh6k] pie nnox6MI bad noKynsTb to buy fl noKynsiO, Tbl noKynsewb npOA&BSTb to sell (3H8Tb -type, stem npoA&-. stressed on the end- 4.7) fl npOA&IO, Tbl npOA&iWb npOA&B(8)l4 sales assistant npoAjKTbl (m pl.) groceries, food pbiH(O)K market Ha pbiHKe in/at the market caxap sugar cae*MM (8.10) (svy&-zhl] fresh cn&AyiOiqMM (8.10) following, next cnoao word Cblp cheese T6nbKO only cj)pyKT a piece of fruit xne6 bread ·xop6WMM (8.1 0) (ha-r6-shl] good 'fipHbiM black

87

LESSON 8

il6noKo apple pl. R6nOKM

HMI40 [yee-ts6] egg pl. ilit148 [yay-tsa]


M3pM: Bon6Af1:

KaKMe npOAYKTbl pyccKMe noKynatOT a Mara3MHe? B Mara3MHe Mbl noKynaeM Kon6acy, Cblp, MonoK6, RM148, Macno, KapT6ct»enb, caxap. M xne6, KoHe'IHo, 'lipHbiM M 6enbtM. pYccKMM xne6 6'1eHb BKYCHbiM, acerA& cae1KMM. Mbl O'leHb mo6MM Al!n&Tb 6YTep6p6Ab1.

M3pM: Bon6Af1:

A Ci»PYKTbl? Cl)pyKTbl Mbl noKynaeM Ha pbiHKe. OHM AOporMe, H6 cae1KMe. Mbl noKynaeM il6noKM ManenbCMHbl, ecnM ecTb.

M3pM: Bon6Af1:

rAe Bbl noKynaeTe Milco? B Mara3MHe Milco nnox6e. Xop6wee, cae•ee Milco ecTb TonbKO Ha pbiHKe.

2 Cl)pyKTbl AHHa:

rAe npoA&IOr anenbCMHbl?

&opMc: AHH8: &opMc:

TonbKO Ha pbiHKe. A i16noKM? Sf6nOKM eCTb B M8f83MHe, HO OHM nnode.

* Where do they sell oranges?/Where does one sell oranges?/Where are oranges sold? If you use the third person plural (the 'they' form) of the verb without OHM, the meaning becomes impersonal. roaopiiT, 'ITO pyccKMM xne6 acerA& cae1KMM 'It is said that Russian bread is always fresh'.

3 Ha pbiHKe A: 6:

3TM nMp01KKM aawM? MoM.

A:

OHM ca61KMe?

88


6: A:

CaeJKMe, o.. eHb xop6wMe.

Aiuihe, noJKanyicTa, KMnorpiiMM.

4 B Mara3MH8 M3pM:

CK&JKMTe, noJKanyicTa, a K&KOM OTAene npoAfiiOT KecjJ.tp? npoAf1Be4: 8 MOnO.. HOM. M3pM: A RM48? npOAf1Be4: T6JKe B MOnO.. HOM. M3pM: Cnac..t6o.

EXERCISE 813

Say in Russian:

I Is there (any) coffee? 2 Are there (any) fresh sandwiches? 3 Where are your friends? 4 I love Russian pancakes. 5 Black bread, please. 6 Give (me) these oranges, please.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 814

Here is a list of fifteen of the peoples of Europe. Guess who is who and see if you can work out the masculine singular form of each nationality, bearing in mind the example aMepMKiiH(e)LjlaMepMKiiHL!bl in the section on mobile vowels (8.6 above). The capital city of each nationality is given in brackets. B Eapc)ne JKMBjT 6enopycbl (MMHCK), aannMML!bl (KiiPAMcjJc!J), aeHrpbl (6yAflnewT), MpniiHAL!bl {Ay6nMH), MCniiHL!bl (MSAPMA), n8TbiWM (Piotra), nMTOBL!bl (BMnbHIOC), HeML!bl (6epnMH), nonRKM (Bapwaaa), c!JpaHL!Y3bl (napMJK), pyccKMe (MocKaa), yKpaMHL!bl (K.tea), wa8Abl (CTOKr6nbM), WOTniiHAL!bl (3AMH6ypr), 3CTOHL!bl (TilnnMHH).

89

te' .. ·... :17. m]iiiui tt.aW!a> ·

..

.. 1~ !1"}.116, 19~

··21J.S..~{~)· 21 n611bllia (POialldl

·~

~~~~.

·.·· .~. <;~.lS!ovllkiil)

.. 1!4Y~~f

.~ . ~;<~>··.

'·~ rP~tG~> ·

zr·

.. ·

.·~l

·;=~J=; 00

. "~l ···~~~~>•,,.

'«!.~~·

~~~~~

'c··{~~f~} •. :It .·.....·.·. . ·...... · •··at ':

~ ~'
·.39····~~~~···,.·

• . . ·. <:~ ;fitJU ' ......... / , ~·~.··..·.<~. 4i ~~

·>~·-~l

EBPOnA (EUROPE)

9 YP6K H6MEP .QEB~Tb NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE

9.1 Key Expressions CKonbKO 3To CTOMT? OAMH py6nb AB&py6m1 't8Tblpe py6nfl nSJTb py6neM C aac A8CSJTb A6nnapoa. OAH8 KoneMKa ABe KoneMKM nSJTb KoneeK nSJTb 't8COB 't8COB nSJTb HecKOnbKO 't8COB KaapTIIipa HaTawM AO CBMASHMSI H8T BMHS

How much does this cost? one rouble two roubles four roubles five roubles You owe ten dollars. one kopeck two kopecks five kopecks five hours about five hours several hours Natasha's flat goodbye(= until meeting) there is no wine

9.2 Numbers 1 OAMH (m)/OAHS (f) OAH6 (n) 2

AB& (m and n)/AB8 (f)

3 TPM

92

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE

'18Tblpe nHTb W8CTb C8Mb B6ceMb A6BHTb A6cHTb OAMHH8A48Tb [a-de 8-na-tsatY) AB&H~Tb [dvye-na-tsatY) TPMHBA1.48Tb [tree-na-tsatY) '18TiiiPH8Al48Tb [chye-tfr-na-tsatY) nHTHBA1.48Tb [peet·na-tsatY) wecTHBA48Tb [shes-na-tsat•] ceMHSAI.48Tb [syem-na-tsatY) aoceMHSAl48Tb [va-syem-na-tsatY) A8BHTHSA48Tb [dye-veet-na-tsatY) ABSAI.48Tb [dva-tsatY) ABSAI.48Tb OAMH (m)IABSA1.48Yb OAHB (f)IABBA1.48Tb OAH6 (n) AaSA48Tb A88 (m and n)IAaSA48Tb A88 (f) ABBAI.48Tb TPM TpMAI.48Tb [tre.e-tsatY) c6poK nHTbAeclrr [pee-dye-syat] WecTbAeciiT [shez-clye-syat] C6MbA8CHT B6c8MbA8CHT A8BHHOCTO CTO CT6 OAMH (m)/CT6 OAHB (f)/CT6 OAHO (n) CT6 ABSAI.48Tb nHTb AB6CTM TPMCT8 '18TbapeCT8 nHTbCOT (peet·s6t) wecTbC6T [shes-sot] C8MbCOT BOC8MbCOT A&BHTbC6T [dye-veet-sot]

93

LESSON 9

1000

1357 2000 5000

TbiCR'ta [ti-sya-cha] or (faster) [ti-shsha] TbiCR'ta TpiiCTa nRTt.A&CIIT ceMb ABe TbJCR'tiJI ORTb TbiCA't

To help you spell: Notice that no Russian one-word number has more than one soft sign (e.g. 50 nAT~IIT- no soft sign at the end). In numbers below 40, the soft sign is at the end (e.g. 10 AKRT.t!. In words above 40, the soft sign is in the middle.

9.3

~Five

(of) roubles': Numbers are Used with the Genitive Case

The genitive case, whose basic meaning is 'of' as in 'the name ofthe girl', is in Russian used with numbers and other quantity words. That is, Russians say 'five of books', 'ten of roubles', 'much of money'. In English we use similar constructions such as 'a lot of money', 'a great deal of work', 'hundreds ofbooks'.

9.4 Formation of the Genitive Singular (abbreviated •gen.sg.') These forms are straightforward: Masculine (m) and neuter (n) nouns have -a or ·A -a is added to masculine nouns ending in a consonant and replaces the -o

of neuter nouns: APYT 'friend' DIJICbMO 'letter'

replaces the nouns:

·A

APYTJI 'of a friend' nMCbMB 'of a letter' b

(soft sign) or i of masculine nouns and the -e of neuter

py6nb 'rouble' Mropb 'Igor'

py6nfl 'of a rouble' (note stress) Mropa 'of Igor'

uy36i 'museum'

uy36a 'of a museum' uopa 'of the sea'

Mope 'sea' CBMABHMe 'meeting'

CBMABHMB 'of a meeting'

94


Note: The ten neuter nouns ending -MR have genitive -eHM: ap6MR 'time' MMR

'name'

apeMmm 'of time' liiMI!D!. 'of a name'

Feminine nouns (and masculine nouns with feminine endings) all

have ·bl or -M

Replace nominative -a with ·bl: MocKail 'Moscow'

MocKal!! 'of Moscow'

nina 'dad'

nin.lll 'dad's'

Replace -R or ·b with ·M: HeA6nR 'week' ABepb 'door' BiiHR 'Vania'

HeA'nl! 'of a week' ABepa 'of a door' BiiHI! 'of VaniaNania's'

Remember that Spelling Rule 1 (8.3) will apply to nouns ending -Ka, -ra,

-xa, -•a, ·'ta, -wa, -aqa. They all have genitive ·M instead of ·bl. KoneiKa 'kopeck' KHiilra

'book'

Cawa 'Sasha'

KoneliiKI! 'of a kopeck' KHiilrM

'of a book'

CiwM 'of Sasha/Sasha's'

Note. Aootb 'daughter' and MaTb 'mother' always add -ep- before any case ending, so their genitive forms are A6otepM 'of daughter' and MaTepM 'of mother' (same as the prep. case).

9.5 Uses of the Genitive The genitive, the commonest case after the nominative and accusative, has five main uses: (a) With numbers and quantity words: TPM py6nR 'three roubles' (lit. 'three of rouble') MH6ro ap6MeHM 'a lot of time'

If you invert the number and the noun, the meaning is 'about', 'approximately'

95

LESSON 9

py6ns1 TPM 'about three roubles'

After the numbers ABaiABe 'two', TPM 'three', '48Tblpe 'four' and any number ending ABaiABe, TpM, '48Tblpe (e.g. AHA48Tb TpM 'twentythree'), the noun is genitive singular: AB& py6ns1

two roubles = two of

roubl~

Numbers from nHTb 'five' upwards are followed by the genitive pluralsee 9.9 below. (b) Possession, corresponding to 's' in 'Ivan's house', and related meanings, corresponding to of, e.g. in 'map ofthe town': AOM 1.1BSHil nnaH ropOAI MMHA0'4~

Ivan's house map of the town daughter's name

(c) After a large number of prepositions- see lesson l0.6: AOCBMASHMH

goodbye ('until meeting')

(d) With H8T meaning 'there isn't' (see l0.5 for more examples). HeT 'there isn't' is the opposite of ecTb 'there is' (8.9). It is a different word from H&T 'no' (the opposite of AS): EcTb is used with the nominative: EcTb 148M 'There is tea'

HeT is used with the genitive: HeT '48H 'There is no tea' HeT apeM&HM 'There is no time' ('There is not of time')

(e) The genitive is also used after negated transitive' verbs. This topic is dealt with in Lesson 24. 0Ha He 3HS8T H3biKS.

She doesn't know the language.

EXERCISE 9/1

Put the bracketed nouns in the genitive:

1 .Qaa (py6nb). 2 TpM (nMCbMO). 3 MMH (CbiH). 4 TpM ()KeHiqMH&). 5 YnM4bl (MocKaa) 'The streets of Moscow'. 6 .Qae (KHMra). 7 .Qae (A6'4b).

96


8 CT&KSH (MonoK6) 'a glass of milk'. 9 P,o (CBMASHMe). 10 HeT (K•) 'There's no coffee'.

EXERCISE 9/2 Say in Russian: 1 Two kopecks. 2 There's no sugar. 3 Three words. 4 Two sons. 5 Two weeks. 6 Volgin Street (= street of Volgin). 7 Masha's husband. 8 A bottle (6yYblnK8) of wine. 9 The number of the house. 10 There is no tea.

9.6 Genitive Plural (abbreviated 'gen.pl.') This is the most complex ending in Russian. The five main rules are given here. Other, less important, rules are given in the 'EXTRA' section. The genitive plural form of awkward nouns (e.g. KoneMKB- KoneeK 'of kopecks') is given in the vocabularies. (a) All nouns ending -b, whether m or J, replace the soft sign with -eM (which is often stressed, i.e. -eM, particularly if the noun is short, but the stress is hard to predict).

py6nb (m) 'rouble' A(e)Hb (m) 'day' nn611(8Ab (f) 'square' *MTenb (m) 'inhabitant'

py6nti{ 'of roubles' AHU 'of days' nnoi1(8AU 'of squares' )I(MTend 'of inhabitants'

Remember that M&Tb and AO'tb always have -ep- before endings:

M&Tb 'mother' AO'tb 'daughter'

MaTegtii 'of mothers' AO'teRti 'of daughters'

(b) Nouns ending -•, -'t, -w, -aq add -eM (as in (a), often stressed -eM):

3TS* 'floor' Bpa't 'doctor' ToaapMaq 'comrade'

3T8)1(jj 'of floors' apa'tji 'of doctors' TOBapM!q§i 'of comrades'

97

LESSON 9

(c) Most other masculine nouns ending with a consonant add -oa (so the common ending -oa, by coincidence, means 'of') A3biK 'language' · aaT66yc 'bus'

A3biKQg 'of languages' aaT66ycm~ 'of buses' Spelling Rule 2 (8.10) applies to nouns ending -1.1. i.e. their gen. pl. is -~ when stressed, otherwise -1.@!1 (the gen.pl. has the same stress as the nom.pl.).

OT(6)1.1 'father' aMepMKiiH(&)LI 'American' MKALI 'month'

OTI.Iful 'of fathers' aMepMKiiHIUUl 'of Americans' MKAIUUl 'of months'

(d) Feminine nouns with -a in the nominative and neuter nouns with -o simply lose their -a or-o (so they have a 'zero ending'): ynMLI8 'street' TbiCAota 'thousand' cn6ao 'word'

ynMLI_ 'of streets' TbiCA't_ 'of thousands' cn6a_ 'of words'

(e) All nouns ending -MA and -Me replace the -A or -e with -it (and the stress never shifts): ciJaMMnMA 'surname' ynpaJKH6HMe 'exercise'

«
9.7 Genitive Plural of Other Nouns Apart from these five main rules, covering most nouns, there are minor rules, given in EXTRA section 9.8. However, if a noun does not obey one of the rules above, its genitive plural (gen.pl.) is always given in the vocabulary list, and you will probably find it easier to learn such forms as exceptions. Here are the exceptional nouns we have met so far: aHrmtotiiHMH 'Englishman' aHrnMotiiHKa 'Englishwoman' A6AYWK8 'grandfather' nMCbM6 'letter' OKH6 'window' cnllnbHA 'bedroom'

gen.pl. 8HrnMotiiH8HrnMotiiH~

A6AYWU n.tco 6K2.!1 cnllnmt

98

CbiH 'son' APYr 'friend' AAAA 'uncle' M6pe 'sea' 6paT 'brother' My36it 'museum'

gen.pl. CbiHOU1i APY~

p,AAtif MOpmt 6piiT.IzU. My36ea


Riii46 'egg' A8HbrM 'money' KoneiiiKa 'kopeck' HeAenR 'week' KYXHR 'kitchen'

R.l1.y A8HI[

MMR

'name'

r6A 'year'

KOn~

H8A8ll.!l KjXOH.Iz

MM§H

neT(Iit. 'of summers')

9.8 EXTRA: Further Details of the Genitive Plural

If you do wish to know what the minor rules behind many of the exceptions are, here is a list. But, as stated above, it is probably simpler to learn the gen. pl. of awkward nouns as you meet them. (t) Nouns with irregular nominative plurals ending unstressed ·bR (e.g. 6paT- 6piiTbR 'brothers') repeat the irregular stem (6p8Tb-) in all forms

of the plural. 6paT 'brother' nom.pl. 6p8TbR Aepeao 'tree' nom. pl. AepeabR

6p8Ttzm~

'of brothers'

A8i)8BI2ml 'of trees'

(g) Nouns with nom.pl. forms ending stressed -bJi have gen.pl. -eiii (with no soft sign- note that the gen. pl. ending -eiii never has a soft sign before it): CbiH 'son' nom.pl. CbiHOBbH MY* 'husband' nom.pl. MYJKbH

CbiHOBii! 'of sons' MyJKeiii 'of husbands'

(h) Nouns ending -iii have ~ea: My38iii 'museum' nom.pl. My38M

My38ea 'of museums'

(i) Nouns ending -JKK&, ·'"IK&, -wKa have -JKeK, -'teK, -weK in the gen.pl. Nouns ending ·4K8, ·bK& (rare) become -4eK, -eK. That is, rule (d) applies (i.e. delete final-a), and the final consonant group is split with a 'mobile' e: n6JKKa 'spoon' A8ByWK8 'girl' A6'"1Ka 'little daughter' n6nbKa 'Polish woman'

n6JKU 'of spoons' A8ByJ.YU 'of girls' AO~

'of little daughters'

n6nu 'of Polish women'

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LESSON 9

(j) Other consonants + K8 become consonant + OK: aHrnM'4BHKa 'Englishwoman' MBpKa 'postage stamp'

&HrnM'4BH~ Map~

'of Englishwomen' 'of postage stamps'

(k) Other -a and -o nouns with 'awkward' consonant groups also split the final consonants with o or e. OKH6 'window' nMCbM6 'letter'

6KOH (same stress as nom.pl. 6KH8) n.tceM (e replaces the soft sign)

Note: The consonant groups -Ta, -rp, -pT are not split. So the gen.pl. of noc6nbCTBO 'embassy' is noc6nbCTII (by rule (d)). (l) Nouns ending -MKa have -eK:

Konei1Ka 'kopeck'

KOneeK

(m) Nouns ending consonant + H generally replace the H with b, but if the ending is consonant + HH, the ending of the gen. pl. is consonant + eH: HeAenH 'week' KBCTpKmH 'saucepan' neCHH 'song' cnanbHH 'bedroom'

H8Ael!1! K8CTplbl!J! neceH cnaneH

(n) Nouns ending -&HMH or HHMH, and six other animate nouns ending -MH lose the final -MH: aHrnM'4BHMH 'Englishman' rp&JKA8HMH. 'citizen' 6oRpMH 'boyar'

8HrnM'4SH rpBJKA8H 6ot1p

There are plenty of unpredictable cases. Even native Russian speakers are sometimes unsure of the genitive plural of rare words - and, like foreigners, have to check in a dictionary.

9.9 Genitive Plural after Numbers 5, 6 etc.

While ABB, TpM, '48Tblpe and numbers ending 2, 3 and 4 are followed by

100


the genitive singular (AS& py6nH 'two of rouble' 9.5), nHTb and upwards are followed by the genitive plural, e.g. nHTb py6nelii 'five of roubles'. AKHTb AOnnapos eTO AHALI&Tb enos

ten dollars ('of dollars') a hundred and twenty words

EXERCISE 9/3

Translate and put the required endings on the bracketed words: l nHTb (py6nb). 2 AeeHTb (AoM). 3 WecTb (HO'-Ib). 4 TpliiCTa (lKMTenb).

5 CeMb (3TBlK). 6 CTo ASBALI&Tb wecTb (KHiilra). 7 AseHSAL\8Tb (ynp&lKHeHMe). 8 AesHTHSALI&Tb (spa'-1). 9 nHTb (6yYep6p6A). lO As8A4&Tb (MecTo). II CopoK (ra38Ta). 12 AesHTb (anenbCiiiH). 13 Aseent (aMepMKilH(e)4). 14 nHTb (TbleH'-18). 15 KMnorpaMM (H6nOKO).

16 WeCTb (Apyr). 17 HeT (AeHbrM). 18 C6poK (KoneliiKa). 19 0Aii!HH8AL\8Tb (nMebMo). 20 CeMbAecHT (aHrnM'-IBHMH). 21 0AiiiHHBAL\8Tb (H8AenH). 22 YeTblpeeTa nHTbAeeHT (roA). 23 CeMb (Mope). 24 BoeeMb (liiMH). 25 AesHHOeTo (aHrnM'-ISHK&).

EXERCISE 9/4

Read, adding the genitive plural endings: (I) 10 py6n __ 30 KOne __ . (2) 5 '-l&e __ . (3) 15 MMHjT__ . (4) 5 tte,q&n_. (5) 80 anenbCiiiH_. (6) 50 A(mnap_. (7) 20 {Aettb) _ _ . (8) 5 MKH4--· (9) 100 enos __ . (10) 260 KS&pTiilp __ .

9.10 One: OAMH etc. (Table 7) Note that one (OAMH, OAHS, OAHO etc.) is not a numeral (i.e. it is not a quantity word followed by the genitive case). It behaves like an adjective, agreeing 1 with the following noun, and has the same endings as 3TOT, 3Ta, 3To 'this'. The Mof OA(M)H is a mobile' vowel (8.6). Sl 3HSIO OAHY A&sywKy. Sl 3HSIO OAHOrO &MepMKSHI.\8.

I know one girl (ace.). I know one American (animate ace.).

101

LESSON 9

All numbers which end with a fonn of OAMH, e.g. 21, 151, behave in the same way and any accompanying noun is singular: fi3H{uo CT6 ABSA48Tb OAHX A8aywKy_. I know 121 girls ('121 girl').

9.11 Last Number Determines Agreement It is a general rule that the last number detennines the fonn of the noun: ABBA48Tb OAMH A6nnap_ ABBA48Tb 'leTblpe A6nnapa ABBA48Tb ceMb A6nnapga '18Tblpe-nRTb A6nnapa

twenty-one dollars twenty-four dollars twenty-seven dollars four or five dollars

EXERCISE 9/5

Put the required endings on the words in brackets and translate: 1 TpM (MMHjl'a). 2 nRTb (MMHyY8). 3 .QBSA48Tb OAHil (MMHyY8). 4 .Qaa (r6A). 5 .QkRTb (roA). 6 CT6 ABBA48Tb TPM {AeHb). 7 TbiCR'Ia ABecTM weCTbAecRT OAMH (A6nnap). 8 ~eTblpe (A6'1b). 9 CopoK (OAMH) (KoneiKa). lO fl 3Hil10 ABSA48Tb (OAMH CTYA6HT).

9.12 Other Quantity Words Other quantity words also take the genitive- singular or plural, according to meaning: MH6ro MH6ro APY38M (gen. pl.) MHOfO caxapa (gen.sg.) Milno Milno caxapa HKKOnbKO H6CKOnbKO MMHyY (gen.pl.) CKOnbKo? CK6nbKO ap6MeHM? (gen.sg)

much, many, a lot many friends a lot of sugar few, little not much sugar some. a few a few minutes how much? how many? How much time? What time is it?

102


CK6nbKO 'tacoa? (gen.pl.) CTOJ)bKO CT6nbKO pa66Tbl (gen.sg.) 66nbwe 66nbwe A8Her M6HbW8 M8HbW8Cn6B

How many hours? so many, so much so much work more more money less, fewer fewer words

9.13 Vocabulary 66nbwe +gen. more 6YTblnK8 gen.pl. 6YTblnOK bottle aanlbTHbiM currency, foreign currency (adj) aererapMiiHKB gen.pl. aererapMllttoK (female) vegetarian B8Ab you know/isn't it/aren't you, etc. (indicating that the speaker expects agreement) apeMR gen.sg. apeMeHM time rpaMM gen.pl. rpiMMOB or rpaMM gram( me) AeaywKa gen.pl. AeayweK girl AO + gen. as far as; until A6nnap dollar e&qii 'tT6-HM6YAb? anything else? (lit. 'more anything') JtdiTenb (m) inhabitant liinM or MHorAi sometimes KBJKAbiM each, every Konei11Ka gen.pl. Kon6eK kopeck (1/100th of a rouble) uino +gen. little, not much MeHbwe +gen. less M6cRLI gen.pl. M6cRI.I8B month

MMnnM6H million MH6ro + gen. much, many M6JKeT 6b1Tb perhaps HO'Ib (f) gen.pl. HO'teM (NB stress) night 6BOI.LIM gen.pl. oaoaqei11 vegetables OT +gen. from n6nKMn6 (indecl) half a kilo nony..iTb +ace. to receive, get R nony..luo, Tbl nony..aewb no3ToMy so, consequently pa3 gen. pl. pa3 a time p83HbiM various POAiiiTenM (sg. POAMTenb m) parents py6nb (m) rouble pyccKMM (m) (adj) a Russian (man) c aac you owe (idiom lit. 'from you') CAB'IB change (money returned) cK6nbKO +gen. how much, how many CTOMTb + ace • to cost CK6nbKO :no CTOMT? How much does this cost? CK6nbKO OHM cT6RT? How much do they cost?

103

LESSON 9

TO'tHO exactly

TYA8

XOAMTb to go (there and back,

there (motion 'thither')

ci»YHT pound (weight and currency)

on foot)

H XOlKj, Tbl XOAMWb 'tT6-HM6YAb anything

9.14 Dialogues (Translation in Key) Buying things (1) A: AB'he, no•anyiiiCTa, TPM Koelle, TPM otiiH, nHTb 6yYep6pOAOB M OHTb nMpOlKKOB. Ei: C aac oteTblpe py6nfl ABiiAJ.I8Tb aoceMb KoneeK. A: no•anyiiicTa. Ei: BoT cp.jota - nHTb py6neiii ceMbAecHT ABe KoneiiiKM. A: Cnac.t6o. Ei: nolKflnyiiiCT8.

(2) A: A&iiiTe, no•anyiiiCTa, AB8CTM rpaMMoa Cblpa M nonKMno Kon6acbl. Ei: CeMb py6neiii ABfiAJ.18Tb wecTb KoneeK. (3)

A: CKOnbKO 3To CTOMT? Ei: AaeHfiAJ.I8Tb py6neiii KMnorpaMM. A: ~eTblpecTa rpaMMoa, no•anyiiicTa. Ei: no.anyiiiCT8. ~eTblpe py6nfl BOC8MbA8CHT KoneeK.

(4) A: Ei: A: Ei: A: Ei:

nolKilnyiiicTa, p.jiiiTe KMnO fl6noK. Ell(e 'tT6-HM6YAb? CKonbKO CTOHT anenbCMHbl? ~8TbiPH8AJ.18Tb py6neiii. nonKMno, no•8nyiiicT8. c aac weCTHfiAJ.I8Tb py6neiii.

104


Population figures A: CK6nbKO :IKMTenei a MocKa6? Aaa·TPM MMnnM6Ha? &: HeT, 66nbW8. 86C8Mb MMnnM6HOB. A B neTep6ypre :IKMTeneM MeHbW8- '18Tblpe MMnnM6Ha. A: A cKonbKO a Poccr.tM? &: Sl He 3HBIO TD'IHo. M6:1KeT 6b1Tb, CTO nSITbA&e~T MMnnM6Hoa.

EXERCISE 9/6

Read the following 1990 prices in Russian: 'laCbl (watch) BMA80MarHMTociJ6H (video recorder) MOTOl4MKn «Yp8n» ('Ural' motorbike) aBTOM06Mnb «>KMrynM» BA3 21063 (Zhiguli/Lada car) l4B8TH6M Tenearot3op (colour tv) aneKTPM'IeCKHM caMoaap (electric samovar) MMKpoKanbKynmop (pocket calculator) aneKTPOMMKcep (electric mixer) p&AMOnpMfiMHMK (radio)

21 py6nb 1 200 py6nei 1 873 py6n~ 9 ooo py6nei 755 py6nei 52 py6n~ 50py6n6i 35py6nei 36 py6n6M 60 Kon6eK

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 9/7 How long has Mary been in Moscow? 2 How often does she go to the market? 3 Why doesn't she buy more vegetarian food in the foreign currency food shop?

Bon6Af1: CK6nbKo MecH4ea Bbl Y*e a MocKae, M3pM? M3pM: Y:IK6 TPM M6CH48, MnM, 6cnM TO'IHO, OAMHHBA48Tb H&A6nb M 'IBTblpe AHSI. Bon6Afl: KaK Bbl :IKMBiTe? BeAb Bbl aereTapMBHKa, a pyccKMe 6'18Hb n106SIT M~CO. M3pM: Sl noKynaiO MH6ro npOAYKTOB Ha pb1HK8. Sl XO:IKj Typ.i ABa - TpM pB38 B H8A6n10*. 111Horp.i Sl XO:IKj B aamOTHbiM M8r&3MH «CIIAKO». TaM 8CTb pa3Hb18 MOn6'1Hbl8 npoAjKTbl,

105

LESSON 9

MH6ro oao~eM McJlpjKTOa, HO ace CTOMT A6poro*. KMnorp8MM Cbtpa CTOMT nHTb cJljHTOa, A8CHTb Htino~ cr6HT Aaa cJljHTa. Sl nonyotato OT POAMTeneill T6nbKO cT6 Aa8ALtSTb cJljHToa a MeCHI.I, no3ToMy H noKynato TaM 6oteHb MSnO. *Aaa-TpM p838 a HeAento

two or three times a week (lit. 'in week' -accusative, 6.8 (2))

*ace cT6MT A6poro

everything costs a lot

106

10 YPOK H0MEP ~ECSITb 'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE

10.1 Key Phrases Y aac ecTI:t KOciJe?

Y aac eCTI:t A8TM? ~BR H8T.

Y M&HH HeT A6nnapoa. CBo66AtfbiX

M8CT H8T.

Have you any coffee? Have you any children? There's no tea. I have no dollars. There are no seats left.

10.2 To Have In Russian there is no commonly used verb corresponding to 'to have'. When you want to say 'Have you any children?', you use a construction which literally translates as. 'By you is children?' Y aac 8CTI:t A8TM? Y means 'by', aac is the genitive form of the word Bl:tl 'you', 8CTI:t means 'is' in the sense of 'exists', and A8TM is 'children'. Do you have coffee? Do you have vodka?

Y aac 8CTI:t KOciJe? Y aac ecTI:t a6AJca?

The answer could be simply: ECTI:t.

This is literally 'Is' or 'Exists', but here it corresponds to 'There is' or 'We do.'

107

LESSON 10

Y B8C 8CTb CbiH?

Do you have a son? I do.

ECTb.

Or the answer could be HeT 'No, I don't'. If you want to say 'My brother has a car', the structure is the same: y + genitive of the possessor+ ecTb +thing possessed in the nominative: (My) brother has a car. ('By brother is car.')

Y 6pBT8 eCTb M8WMH8.

10.3 Genitive Pronouns

The genitive forms of A, Tbl etc. are the same as the accusative forms we met in 6.7: MeHtl, Te6tl, er6 [ye-v6], ee, er6, Hac, aac, MX. Remember that after a preposition, er6, ee and MX have an initial H: Hero, Hee, HMX. Here are examples of the 'have' construction with all the personal pronouns: Y M8HR eCTb CbiH. Y Te6tl ecTb A6nnap? Y Hero ecTb •eHa? Y Hee eCTb My)l(? Y H8C eCTb BpeMR. Y aac ecTb AiiHbrM? Y HMX 8CTb Ai!TM?

I have a son. Do you have a dollar? Does he have a wife? Does she have a husband? We have time. Have you any money? Have they any children?

You will also meet the Y aac construction without the ecTb. For example, Y aac 6onbw6l4 AOM? 'Is your house large?' In this case you are not being asked whether you have a house, but whether your house is a big one or not. That is, the question with ecTb asks about existence ('Do you or do you not have a house?'); without the ecTb, the question asks about some feature of the thing possessed. Y aac ecTb CbiH?

'Do you have a son?' (Does a son exist?')

If you reply, Aa, ecTb, the next question might be: Y aac CbiH 6onbwol4 lilnM MineHbKMM? 'Is your son big or small?'

108

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE

Exercise 10/1

Translate: I Y BfiAMMa ecTb >KeHa? 2 Y Hero ecTb pyccKaH noApyra. 3 Y Eabl ecTb 6paT? 4 6paTa y Hei HeT. 5 Do you have (any) white wine? 6 They

have a daughter and two sons. 7 Does she have (any) money?

10.4 EXTRA: MMeTb 'to have' There is also a verb MMeTb (3H&Tb-type): H MMeiO, Tbl MMeewb 'to have'. This verb is not used in the everyday sense of possession ('I have a car' is Y MeHH eCTb M8WMH8, not Sl MMeiO M8WMHy). Instead, it is used with abstract nouns in a number of fixed expressions: MMeTb npaao 'to have the right' MMeTb MecTo 'to take place' MMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb 'to have the opportunity' MMeTb a BMAY 'to have/bear in mind' MMeTb 3Ha'teHMe 'to matter' Bbl MMeeTe npaao. You have the right. 3To He MMeeT 3Ha'teHMH (gen.). It doesn't matter.

10.5 There isn't: HeT +genitive The opposite of ecTb 'there is/there exists' is HeT 'there isn't'. This word looks and sounds the same as the word HeT meaning 'no', but it is actually a shortened form of the phrase He ecTb 'not there is'. Whatever there isn't is put in the genitive case: A: l.lai eCTb? B: l.laaHeT.

Is there tea? There is no tea.

A: y B8C 8CTb caxap? B: Caxapa HeT.

Have you any sugar? There's no sugar/No, we haven't.

Note the idiomatic use of H&T +person to mean 'not here'.

109

LESSON 10

8aAMMI (gen.) HeT.

Vadim isn't hereNadim isn't in.

Ee (gen.) H&T A6Ma.

She's not at home.

You may guess that 'I don't have ... '/'1 haven't got ... ' is Y M&HR HeT genitive: I have no children.

Y MeHt1 HeT AeTeM. Y 6p8Ta H8T M8WMHbl.

My brother has no car.

10.6 Prepositions Used with the Genitive 6e3 KiK~Je

without

6e3 MonoKj

AnR nMCbM6 AnR BSAMMI AO AO CBMA{IHMB. M3 M3 MOCKBbl OAMH M3 ei APY3U Kp6M8 ace Kp6Me EB.!!! MMMO Mb• 8AeM MMMo ny6t1HKJ!.

coffee without milk, black coffee for a letter for Vadim until until (our) meeting, goodbye from (out of)- opposite of B + ace. ('into') from Moscow one of ('out of') her friends except everybody except Eva past We're passing the Lubianka (KGB HQ). near/approximately

OT nitCbMa oT APY3D n6cne n6cneyp6KB np6TMB np6TMB M8r83MHB

PSAM PSAMA8TU

c

near the house from (people) letters from friends after after the lesson opposite, against opposite the shop for the sake of for the sake of the children from - opposite of Ha + ace. ('on to')

110

+

'TO HAVE': MORE ON THE GENITIVE

C BOK38n§ y y OKHI. yHac

from the station by, near; at (someone's place), chez by the window in our house/ in our country/ at our place

10.7 EXTRA: Another Fourteen Prepositions with the Genitive 6nM3 'near', a6nM3M 'near', BAOnb 'along', aMecTo 'instead of', &He 'outside', BHYTPM 'inside', aoane 'near', BOKpyr 'around', M3-38 'because of', Ma-noA 'from under', H&KaHyHe 'on the eve of', noMMMO 'apart from'/'besides', nOCp8AM 'in the middle of', cpeAM 'among'/'in the middle of'. M3-38 nor6A1!f BAOnbpeK.ti CP8AMAPY~

because of the weather along the river among one's friends

10.8 EXTRA: Partitive• ('Some') Genitive A minor use of the genitive case is to express the meaning 'some' with food and drink nouns:

A&ihe ao~BMHjfxn66a. Give me some water/some wine/some bread. (,Q8iiiTe xne6 corresponds to 'Give me bread' or 'Give me the bread'.) A small number of nouns have a special y/10 ending for the partitive. You may hear the question:

Bbl XOTMTe otitO? Would you like some tea? "iatO, with a special genitive ending -10 (an alternative to -A), is the partitive' genitive of otaiii 'tea'. Other nouns which may have this -y ending are cixap 'sugar', MiA 'honey', Cblp 'cheese':

n6)1(K8 caxapl£ (or caxapa)

a spoonful of sugar

Ill

LESSON 10

10.9 Genitive of Adjectives The genitive singular for all adjectives with masculine or neuter nouns is -oro or -ero. The r is pronounced [v]. This is the same adjective ending you used with accusative masculine animate nouns in 7.12. With feminine nouns the adjective ending is -oi or -ei, the same endings as in the prepositional (7 .11). Here are the four types of adjective -yve met in Lesson 7: H6Bbli 'new' (all adjectives ending -bli or -6i) nMCbM6 OT H6agrg [n6-va-xa] a letter from a new friend APYra the name of the new female friend pjccKIIIi 'Russian' (all adjectives ending -rMi, -KMi, -xMi): books from a Russian shop KHrotrM M3 pjccKgrg Mara3ri1Ha letter from a female Russian friend a nMCbM6 OT pjCCK.Qi nOAPJfM xop6wMi 'good' (e not o after Spelling Rule letters *• '1, w, ~. 4): HeT xop6w§Ull BMtti. There isn't any good wine. OT xop6wU. noApjrM

from a good (female) friend

nocni!AHMM 'last' (soft adjective- in the nominative they all end -HMi): jTpo nocni!AH~ AHA AO nocn6AHB MMHJTbl

the morning of the last day until the last minute

Remember the extra bin Tp8TMi 'third' (7.6) jTpo TpliT~ AHA M3 TpeTI!H_ KB8pTMpbl

the morning of the third day from the third flat (flat three)

EXERCISE 10/2 Put the required endings on the words in brackets and translate:

1 M3pM nony'lieT nrilcbMa OT (pjcCKMi APYr). 2 0Kono (&onbw6i TeBTp) 8CTb CTBHJ4MA M8Tp6. 3 (Bon6AJI) HeT A6Ma. 4 AnSI (APy3bJ1) Mbl noKynaeM 6yYtOJnKY (xop6wee BMH6). 5 Cer6AHA n6cne (pa66Ta) ace, Kp6Me (Ciwa), MAJT B TeBTp. 6 noJKinyiCTa, ABMTe AB8 (KMnorpBMM) (ca6JK&A Kon6aca).

112


10.10 Genitive Plural of Adjectives Unlike nouns, the adjective endings are as usual simple and regular and the same for all genders: ·biX for the HOBbliiAPyroM types and -Mx for all the others:

Y HBC HeT HOB.!;!IX KHMr. oT pycCKU APYHM 4eHll xopowu fl6noK MMMo nocneAHU AOMOB Cao60AHbiX MeCT HeT.

We have no new books. from Russian friends the price of good apples past the last houses There are no free places. (There are no seats left.)

10.11 Genitive of Possessives and Demonstratives MoMhaoi/Hawlaaw have adjective endings which are the same as those of xopowMM: -ero/-el'i in the singular and -Mx in the plural: My brother has no money.

Y Moero (NB stress) 6pi1Ta HeT AeHer. 6e3 TBotB_ :IKeHbl KB&pTMpa HiiW§r2 APYr& nMCbMO OT MOMx pyCCKMX

without your wife our friend's flat a letter from my Russian friends

APYHM MMeHil BiiWMX AeTeM

the names of your children

3ToT and TOT have the adjective endings of HOBbiM in the singular (3T2[Q/3T~, TmQ (NB stress)/Tmt), but in the genitive plural 3ToT has 3TMX and TOT has TU i.e. the n.pl. endings (8.8) plus x. MMMO 3TQ[Q HOBQ[Q AOM8

past this new house

AOT~AHJI

until that day from this/that girl

OT

3T~M

A8ByWKM

4eHi1 3TMX fl6nOK oT TU AeayweK

the price of these apples from those girls

113

LESSON 10

EXERCISE 10/3

Translate: 1 Y a6w111x pyccKMX APY36iii 8CTb A6TM? 2 no'leMy y aac HeT ca6•111x $pjKTOB? 3 0Kono H6Wero A6M8 8CTb IIIHCTIIITjT IIIHOCTp6HHbJX H3biK6a. 4 Mx HeT A6Ma. 5 Here is a letter from my Russian (female) friend. 6 A kilo of these large apples, please. 7 We have a'few (9.12) books for your friends. 8 Two bottles of red wine and one bottle of Russian vodka. 9 He has a lot of interesting books. 10 We have no Russian money.

10.12 Accusative Plural of Animates

= Genitive Plural

In 8/2 it was mentioned that all animate nouns (people and animals) of whatever gender have special endings in the accusative plural. These endings, and the endings of any accompanying adjectives, possessives and demonstratives, are the same as the endings of the genitive plural. St nl06nl0 pyccKMX A6ayweK. I love Russian girls. pyccKg Aeaywu also means 'of Russian girls' Mbl 3H6eM 3Tg aMepMKAHLUlllWe know these Americans. 3TMx aMepMKilH1.48B also means 'of these Americans' Eaa ni06111T aHrnt1iiicKg co68K_. Eva loves English dogs.

10.13 Adjectives with Numerals

There are no surprises with OAMH or numerals which are followed by the genitive plural: St 3H610 IU8CTbA8CIIT OAH6 pyccKiHI (nom.sg.) cn6ao (nom.sg.) I know 61 Russian words

nHTb H6BI!!X (gen.pl.) cn6a (gen.pl.) five new words

But after ABB, Tplll, '18Tblpe, nouns are in the genitive singular (9.5) and any adjectives are in the genitive plural with masculine and neuter nouns and in the nominative plural with feminine ones: ABBMHOCTp6HHIIIX (gen.pl.) H3biK6 (gen.sg.) two foreign languages

114


TPM HOBbiX (gen.pl.) cnoa§ (gen.sg.) three new words ABe.KpacMBJilll (nom.pl.) A6ByWK.!!t (gen.sg.) two pretty girls otenilpe HOB.t!!L(nom.pl.) KHMrtt (gen.sg.) four new books

The grammar of Russian numerals has other intriguing complications. For details see Lesson 22.

EXERCISE 10/4

Put the required endings on the words in brackets: l 0Hil 3HileT (MOM auepMKSHCKMe APY3bR). 2 TPMA48Tb nHTb (auepMKiiHCKMM A6nnap). 3 0Hil noKynileT nHTb (6onbwaH 6yYblnKa) c6Ka M (OAHil uilneHbKaH 6yYblnKa) BMHil. 4 M3pM 3HileT TPM (MHOCTpBHHbiM Jl3b1K).

10.14 EXTRA 2, 3, 4 with Feminine Adjectives

Note: It is permissible to use the genitive plural with feminine nouns too, which makes things a little simpler: ABe uonOAbiX A6ByWKM. However, Russians prefer to use the nominative plural of adjectives with all those feminine nouns whose genitive singular is identical to the nominative plural - A8aywKM (gen.sg. 'of a girl') = A6aywKM (nom.pl. 'girls'). Those femi-

nine nouns which have different stresses in the genitive singular and nominative plural (e.g. peK.!!I 'of a river'- ptKM 'rivers') are more likely to have genitive adjectives: ABe pycCKMX (gen.pl.) peKM (gen.sg.) 'two Russian rivers'.

10.15 Question Word

mt 'whether'

Yes/no questions (5.3) can also be asked with nM (a particle' you will meet again with the meaning 'whether'). No question intonation is required, so you may prefer it if you have difficulty getting used to the rise-fall intonation pattern described in 5.3. The question particle nM is always the second

115

LESSON 10

item in the question. A typical example is:

HeTnMy aac ... HeT nM y aac Aonnapoa?

Don't you have ... ? You wouldn't have dollars, would you?

This question is an alternative way of asking:

Y aac HeT A6nnapoa? with rise-fall on HeT. Other examples: EiblnM nM Bbl a MocKae? Have you been to Moscow? (Cf. 8bl 6blnM B MOCKBe? with rise-fall on 6blnM) EcTb nM y aac .. npilaA&»? Do you have Pravda? (Cf. Y aac ecTb ccnpilaA&»? with rise-fall on ecTb) Do you speak Russian? roaop.tTe nM Bbl no-pyccKM? HeT nM y HMX CBe)I(MX ct»PYKTOB? Don't they have any fresh fruit? Note the colloquial phrase 'ITO nM) 'is it?'/'am 1?'/'are you?' etc., (expressing surprise or hesitation), always placed at the end.

CTo Aonnapoa, 'ITo nM? OH pyccKMM, 'ITo nM?

A hundred dollars, is it? He's a Russian, is he?

10.16 Vocabulary aaMaKOHaepT airmail envelope aHrn.titcKMM English 6aHaH banana 6e3 + gen. without 6MneT ticket 6paTb +ace. to take R 6epy, Tbl6epiWb aci (from aecb 'all') everything 6y~T snackbar Be1J4b (f) gen.pl. aeiJ4tM thing acero in all/only a'lepa yesterday AHM, (sing. pe6iH(O)K) children gen.pl. A&Teit

AnR +gen. for 3HB'IMT so (that means) M3 +gen. out of, from MHOCTpBHHbiM foreign K co•aneHMIO unfortunately K8pTa map KOHBepT envelope KOH8'1Ho [ka-nyeab,-na] of course Kp6Me + gen. apart from. except nM (question word); whether 'ITO nM? am I? is it? etc. -see 10.15 MapKa gen. pl. M8poK stamp MBWMHB car; machine

116


MMMO + gen. past Hanpc)TMa opposite (place adverb) HaT+ gen. there isn't/there aren't H8YA66Ho it's awkward 6Kono +gen. near; approximately nMpc)r (M3 + gen.) (large) pie (made of) (nMpoJK6K small pie) n6cne +gen. after nocMOTPMTe look (imperative) nO'fT6awi postage (adj) npMkntbli pleasant np6cTo sir,ply np6TMa +gen. opposite nyYBBOAMTenb (m) guidebook f)&AM + gen. for the sake of pa3roa6p conversation p&3Mep size. dimension pl:l16a fish pi:I16HbiM fish (adj)

c +gen. off, from CB()66AHbiM free cer6AHR jTpoM [sye-ll,6d·nya] this morning cnt1wKoM too (excessively) cnoaapb (m) gen.sg. cnoaapj dictionary co6au dog coaceM completely coaceM HaT + gen. none at all c6K juice cne4MSnbHO specially cfJ6AHMi average; middle CT6nbKO + gen. so much, so many c10pnpt13 surprise TaK KaK since (because) TaK6i such y + gen. near; by 48H8 pl. I.46Hbl price

You have now met about 350 Russian words. If you feel you've forgotten most of them, that's normal. Just go back and learn them again. Once you've made the first few hundred stick, it then gets easier and easier to learn new ones.

10.17 Pa3roa6pbl a 6y$8Te Ma uara3ttHe Snackbar and Shop Conversations (l) A: &: A: &:

Y aac eCTb 'lai? HaT, H6 8CTb c6K. A K6c1Je 8CTb? ECTb.

(2) A:. ECTb nM y aac 6aHSHb1? &: HaT. &aHaHoa HaT.

ll7

LESSON 10

A: A 'ITO lKe y aac ecTb? 5: ECTb il6noKM. Apyrilx ci'PYKTOB HeT.

(3) A: A 'ITO y aac eCTb BblnMTb*? 5: BMHO. senoe, KpiiCHoe. BOAKM HeT. A: nolKilnyMCTB, AiliiTe 6yYblnKy 6enoro BMHil. 5: nolKilnyMCT8. *"'Toy Bac ecTb BblnMTb? What have you got to drink (alcohol)? Ha no'ITe At the Post Office A: CK&lKMTe, no•anyiiCTa, HeT "" y Bac aBM&KOHBepToB? 5: ECTb. A: A cKonbKo cToMT TaKoii KOHBepT? 5: ABM&KOHBepT CTOMT nt1TbAeciiT 'leTblpe KoneiiKM. A: nolKilnyiiCTa, ABB KOHBepTa. 5: 0AMH py6nb BOC8Mb KoneeK. A: Xopowo. In the Map Section A: CK&lKMTe, nolKanyiicTa, y Bac ecTb nnaH ropoAS? 5: K colKaneHMIO, ceii'lilc HeT, HO ecTb nyreBOAMTenb. A: A KilpTbl PocciiM ecTb? 5: KapTbl ecTb. nocMoTpiiTe BOT 3TY. A: HeT, 3Ta KapTa cnilwKOM ManeHbK&H. Y B&c HeT 6onbwoii KapTbl? 5: 5onbwilx HeT. Ho ecTb B6T TaKaH, cp8AHMX pa3MepoB. A: Xopowo. s:l6epy 3TY. CK6nbKO oHil cToMT?

5: "18TbiPH8AL18Tb KOneeK. A: Been) '18TbiPHBAL18Tb KoneeK! TaK Milno! KaK6ii npMRTHbiM CIOpnpM3! B pbi6HOM Mara3MHe In the Fish Shop (a Typical Shortage Joke) noKynaTenb*:

CK8lKMTe, no•anyiiCTa, y Bac HeT Milca?

npoA8B84:

HeT, 3TO pb16Hb1M Mar&3MH. Y HBC H8T pb16bl. Milca H8T B M8r83MH8 HBnpOTMB.

*Customer ('buyer').

118


10.18 Signs (Everyday Genitives) CB066AH.!!IX MBCI.. HeT. Mecrro 'place', 'seat' 6MneTOB HBT. 6MneT 'ticket' OrAen 38K83Qil 38Kll3 'order'

There are no free seats (restaurant). There are no tickets left. Orders Section (Section of Orders) part of a shop where certain categories of people (e.g. war veterans, mothers of large families) may order scarce goods

MecTo An" KypeHMB KypeHMe 'smoking'

Place for Smoking (Smoking Permitted

K6MH8T8 MliTmnt .. pe68H.!Ql M8Tb 'mother' pe68H(O)K 'child'

Mother and Child Room in stations and

ynMLI8 lf8MKOBCKQ[g (8-l£8)

Chaikovskii Street (Street of

KaMep8 xp8HeHMB xpaHeHMe 'keeping'

Left luggage room (room of keeping)

here) airports (for changing nappies etc.)

Chaikovskii)

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 10/5 (Translation in Key) 1 What has Vadim borrowed from Eva's parents in the last two days? 2 Does Eva have any brothers? 3 Does Eva's mother like Vadim?

BSAMM: HeT nM y Te6fl no'IT6BbiX MapoK? Y MBHH TPM nMCbMa A"R 8Hrnl41iicKMx APYHiii, H6 coaceM HeT MilpoK. Ea8: Y MeHJ1 TOnbKO ABe wecTMKonile'IHble* MSPKM. Cnpoc14* y MOMx poAMTenelii. BSAMM: HeyA66Ho. Sl 6epy y* HMX cT6nbKO pli3HbiX ae&qelii - B'lepa

Ea8:

HecKonbKO 8Hrnl41iicKMX r83eT, cer6AHR YTpoM AB8 8Hrnl41iicKMX cnoa8ps1 ... T8K K8K y HMX HeT CbiH8, Tbl AnA HMX - K8K CbiH. Tbl MMileWb* npaao 6p8Tb BCi, 'ITO Tbl XO'I8Wb*.

119

LESSON 10

B&AMM: A AJ"'R Te6s1 Jl KTO- TBOM 6paT, 'tTO mt? Eaa: HeT, KOH8'4Ho. Tbl np6cTo OAMH M3 Moilx APYHM. B&AiiM: Cnac.t6o. 3Hi'tMT, Jl np6cTo OAMH M3 TBOMx APY38rli. H6 MeHR nlb6JIT TBOM pGAMTenM. Eaa: Aa, cer6AHJI MiMa A8naeT nMp6r M3 caeJKMX :R6noK, cne~MSnbHO AJ"'fl Te6R. ;Extra Vocabulary

:f:wecTMKonlle'tHblrli six-kopeck

*Tbl MMSeWb npaao you have the right (10.4)

(adj)

:t:cnpoc.t y Motilx poAti!Tenerli. Ask

:f:aci, 'tTO Tbl x6~~teWb everything that you want

my parents ('Ask at my parents').

:f:SI 6epy y HMX. I borrow from them ('I take at them').


You should be able to say the following in Russian: I I don't understand. 2 Do you speak English? 3 Do you live in Moscow? 4 Do you know where the post office is?

5 He doesn't speak Russian. 6 Thank you for the letter. 7 What are her. name and patronymic? 8 I'm going to Red Square. 9 I'm not very fond of Borodin. 10 I think that McDonald's (MBKAOHBnAC) is in Pushkin Square. II My friends live in this street. 12 Twenty-five dollars. 13 There is the house of my friend Ivan. 14 There is no milk today. 15 Have you any English books? 16 Excuse me, do you have any coffee?

120


17 I have many Russian friends. 18 Natasha has two small sons. 19 Give rr.e a bottle of good white wine, please. 20 Do you know these girls?

121

11 YPOK HOMEP O.QIIIHHA.Q~ATb THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS

11 . 1 Key Phrases Ba.• 6bii1M a n6HAoHe? S1 He 3Han. S1 He 3H8na. KaK :ho H83biBBeTcH?

Have you been in London? I didn't know (man speaking). I didn't know (woman speaking). What ('How') is this called?

11.2 Talking about the Past MaaH 61>111 3Aeca. aotepil. HaTawa 6bii1B B nap.tlKe.

Ivan was here yesterday. Natasha was in Paris.

When you want to talk about the past in English, you use forms like 'I was', 'She knew', 'We were talking', 'I have been to Moscow'. These verb forms are all forms of the past tense. The past tense of verbs is very easy in Russian, much easier than the present tense. To make the past tense of most verbs, there are two simple steps. First, you take off the ·Tb of the dictionary form (the infinitive, corresponding to 'to know') and replace it with -11. Second, you make the ending match (agree with) the gender (m, for n) and number (singular or plural) of the subject, according to the following table: m sing

f sing

n sing

m/f/n plural

·11

·118

·110

·11M

122

THE PAST: REFLEXIVE VERBS

So the past tense of 3H8Tb 'to know' is:

OH 3H&n he knew

OHB3HBnil

OH03HBnO

OHM 3HBnM

she knew

it knew

they knew

6H H&3Han

he didn't know Other examples pa66Tafrb 'to work' R pa66Tan, R pa66Tana, Mbl pa66TanM 'worked' npo,qaaatrb 'to sell' R npo,qaaan, R npo,qaaana, Bbl npo,qaaanM :Sold' >KMhb 'to live' R >KMn, R >KMna, 6H >KMn, oHa >KMna 'lived' 6b1Tb 'to be', which does not have a normal present tense, forms its past

tense like any other verb: 6H 6bln

OHa6bln8

OH06blnO

OHM 6blnM

he was

she was (NB stress)

it was

they were

Remember that the gender of the subject must be shown if the subject is singular. So if you are a man, your past tense forms end -n, but if you are a woman, the past tense forms of all your verbs end -na. So if you want to say 'I was in Moscow', the Russian will be either R 6bln a MocKae (man speaking) or R 6b1n8 B MocKae (woman speaking) And if you're using Tbl, the verb ending will also depend on the sex of the person you're talking to: Tbl 6bln B n6HAOHe? Tbl 6bln8 B n6HAOH8?

Were you (man) in London? Were you (woman) in London?

However, Bbl always takes a plural past tense ending, even if you are talking to one person: MB8H neTp6BM'I, Bbl6blnB. B CM6MpM? Ivan Petrovich, have you been

in Siberia? Here is the complete list with 6b1Tb: R 6bln (m), R 6blna (f) Tbl 6bln (m), Tbl 6bln8 (f)

I was you were (fam)

123

LESSON 11

oH6bln oHll6blnll OH06blnO Mbl6blnlll Bb16WnM

he was she was it was we were you were (pol./pl.)

Remember Bbl always takes plural past tense endings, even if you are talking to one person. OHM6Iilmt

they were

Note that the negative forms of 6b1Tb have an unusual stress pattern. The stress moves to the He except in the feminine: A.Hi6bln A H8 6blnB oHo Hi 6blno Mbl J:lj 6blnM

I wasn't (m) I wasn't (f) it wasn't we weren't

11.3 Past of ecTb and HeT 'there Isn't'

Since ecTb 'there is/are' is the present tense of 6b1Tb, the past-tense forms of ecTb are those of 6b1Tb: Y Hac ecTb A6nnapbl. Y Hac 6blnM AOnnapbl.

We have dollars (10.2). We had dollars ('By us were dollars').

The past of H8T +genitive is He 6blno (note stress)+ genitive HaT ocllA.

There's no tea (10.5).

He 6blno ocllA.

There was no tea.

Y H8C coaceM H8 6blll0 A6nnapoa. We had no dollars at all.

11.4 EXTRA: Stress of the Past Tense

As a general rule, if the infinitive has only one syllable (*IIITb, 6paTb), the feminine form will be stressed on the -6 (oHii ••nll, "she lived'; OHB 6panll 'she took'), while the other forms will be stressed on the stem (OHM

124

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS

JKMnlll, OHM 6pan111). 3H&Tb is an exception: oHa 3H8na 'she knew'. Where the stress moves, this will be shown in the vocabularies. Longer verbs (nPOA&Blrrb 'to sell') are likely to have fixed stress (oHa npGA&aina 'she sold'). But verbs with prefixes (Lesson 19) normally have the same stress pattern as the root verb; so M36p6Tb 'to pick out', 'to elect' has the past tense OHil M36panj 'she elected' because it is derived from the verb 6paTb 'to take', which has the past tense OHS 6panj 'she took'. The shift of the stress to He with 6b1Tb (see examples above) is found with a small number of one-syllable verbs, e.g. :IKIIITb 'to live' (6H He JKIIIn, Mbl He :IKIIInlll) and A&Tb 'to give' (12.7), but the only important one is 6b1Tb, because its negative forms are so common.

11.5 Exceptional Verbs

If the infinitive ends in something other than -Tb (e.g. MATM 'to go' 6.9, M6'fb 'to be able' 11.8), then the masculine singular past tense stem cannJt easily be predicted (them past of MO'fb is M6r 'was able'). However, once you know the masculine form, the other forms always end -na, -no, -n111: M6'fb 'to be able' A M6r, A Morn&, oHo Morl!Q, OHM Morrui (was able, could)

Note the odd past tense of MATM 'to go on foot', which has both an unexpected stem w(i) and a fleeting vowel. 6H win, OHa wna, oH6 wn6, OHM wn111 'he/she/it/they was/were going'

No other Russian verb has such a difference of stem between the infinitive and the past tense.

EXERCISE 11/1

Make the verbs in brackets past tense and translate:

1 MasH (6b1Tb) a MocKae. 2 Mawa T6JKe (6b1Tb) a MocKae. 3 Sl (6b1Tb) a KMeae AB8 AHA. 125

LESSON 11

4 OHM (pa66TBTb) aecb AGHb.

5 Sl (pa66TBTb) &'tepa. 6 Bbl (3HBTb), 'tT6 OHB (6b1Tb) a &epnMHe?

7 Bbl (BMAGTb 'to see') uoer6 uy•a? 8 OHa He (M6'fb) pa66T&Tb. 9 10 11 12 l3 14

Mbl (MATM) M8AneHHo. KorA8 R (BMA8Tb) er6, 6H (MATM) B Mara3MH. Y sac (ecTb) APY3bR a MocKa6? Y Hei (eCTb) pyccKMM APYr. 8 6ycfleTe (HeT) MOnOKB. Y Hac (HeT) pyccKMx A6Her.

11.6 Reflexive' Verbs Many Russian verbs have a suffix -cR, which is short for ce6R, meaning 'self' (21.4). Our example is OAeBaTbCR [a-dye-va-tsa] 'to dress oneself'. Note that ·TbCR is always pronounced [tsa]. These verbs are called reflexive'. The suffix ·CR (pronounced [sa] after T), which becomes Cb [s'] after a vowel, is simply added to the endings you already know (present tense- Lesson 4; past tense above). 0AeBBTb 'to dress (someone)' has the 3H8Tb-type endings OA&BBIO, OA&Baewb, so the endings of OAeB8TbCR 'to dress oneself' are: R OAeBBIOCb I dress myself [a-dye-va-yoos']

Mbl OAeBaeMCR we dress ourselves [a-dye-va-yem-sya]

Tbl OAGBB&WbCR you dress yourself Bbl OAeaaeTecb you dress yourself [a-dye-va-yesh-sya] OH OA&BaBTCR he dresses himself [a-dye-va-ye-lH]

[a-dye-va-ye-tyes'] OHM OA&BBIOTCR they dress themselves [a-dye-va-yoo-IU]

0Ha OA&BileT Milnb'fMKa. She dresses the boy. 0Hil OAGBB&TCR KpacMao. She dresses (herself) well. The past tense works in the same way ( CR added after consonants, Cb after vowels): R OA&BancR I dressed myself (man speaking) R OA&Biln&Cb I dressed myself (woman speaking) Mbl OAeBilnMCb we dressed ourselves

126


In English we often omit the 'self' ('I dressed') but in Russian the ·CJI is not optional. Apart from OA8BlrrbCH, MbJTbCJI 'to wash oneself' (H MOIOCb, Tbl MOeWbCJI), 6pMTbCJI 'to shave (oneself)' (JI 6pe10Cb, Tbl 6peeWbCH), there are a large number of verbs which have a reflexive suffix ·CJI for no obvious reason: to smile

ynbl6ilTbCJI ynbi6SIOCb, ynbi688WbCJI

to laugh

CM8RTbCJI CM81bcb, CMHWbCJI

to be angry

C8PAMTbCJI cepJKjcb, cepAMWbCH

to swear

pyrilTbCJI pyriliOCb, pyrilewbCH

You simply have to learn that these verbs have -cJI suffixes, even though there is no meaning of 'self'. Another common use of ·CJI is with verbs like OTKpbiBSTb 'to open', 38KpbiBSTb 'to close', H&'tMHSTb 'to begin', when they are used 'intransitively', that is, the thing which opens, closes, or begins is made the subject of the sentence and there is no object in the accusative case. Compare transitive' (a) with intransitive' (b): (a) (b)

Ivan begins the concert. The concert begins ('itself').

lllailH H8'tMH8eT KOH46pT. KoH4epT HB'tMH8eTi
KoH~pT H&'tMHaeT ••• is an incomplete construction to a Russian, who expects to hear an object in the accusative case or a following verb, e.g. K0H46pT HB'tMHileT H8A08AflTb 'The concert begins to bore' or K0H4epT HB'tMHileT H6ay10 cepMIO 'The concert begins a new series'; if there is no following noun or infinitive, then the reflexive ending is added 'The concert begins itself' (KOH48PT HB'tMHileTi<&). This structure is common with verbs (e.g. OTKpbiBSTb 'to open') which are normally followed by an accusative noun ('He opens the door') or an infinitive verb ('He continues to talk') but which can also be used with an inanimate noun as subject ('The door opens'):

Sl

OTKpbiBSIO AB8pb. Aaepb OTKpbiBileTi<&.

Mbl npoAOnJKSeM yp6K.

I open the door. The door opens. We continue the lesson.

127

LESSON 11

Yp6K npoAomKileT~. Mbl npoAOnJKileM pa60T&Tb. Pa60Ta npoAonJKaeT~.

The lesson continues. We continue to work. The work continues.

11.7 Common Phrases with Reflexive Verbs KorA3 OTKpbiBS8TCfl M8r83MH? KSJK8TCR . . . (from Ka38TbCR 'to seem') KilJKeTCR, 6H A6Ma. Ka38nocb ... OH, Ka38nocb, C8PAMnCR.

When does the shop open? it seems (often corresponding to 'I think') I think he's at home. It seemed ... He seemed to be angry.

('He, it seemed, was angry.') Take a seat. (Sit yourself down.) CSAMT8Cb. (CSAMTbCR 'to sit down') What is this called? (What does this KaK 3To H83btaileTcR? call itself?) (Ha3b1BilTbCR 'to be called' of things, not people) Take your coat off. (Undress Pa3Ae&iliTecb. yourself.) (pa3AeailTbCR 'to undress') I hope (so). HSA610Cb. (H8A6RTbCfl 'to hope') He TonKiliTeCb. Don't push. (TonKSTbCR 'to push', 'to shove')

EXERCISE 11/2

Translate the verbs: l no..eMy OnR He (smiles)? 2 Mbl (got dressed). 3 Aaepb (opens). 4 AaepM (opened). 5 KorAil (begins) ciJMnbM?

128


11.8 Vocabulary &ann41iicKoe M6pe Baltic Sea 6on63Hb (f) disease 6brrb (only present form ecTb) to be aenMKMiii great aecb gen. pl. acex (Table 4) all ati!AeTb: att:IKy, aMAMWb to see ace paaH6 nevertheless, all the same ace (pl. of aecb) everybody AO*Ab (m) gen.sg. AO*A& rain A6nro for a long time 38XOAMTe come in (to guest) M3-38 (+gen.) because of M3aMHMTe 38 (+ace.) excuse me for MCKBTb (+ace. or gen.): MU4y, MIJ48Wb to look for, to seek Klfl:IKeTcR [k8-zhe-tsa] it seems, I think KMHO (n indecl) cinema KOH48PT concert Ha KOHL\epTe at a concert KpacoTil beauty KpeCTbRHMH nom.pl. KpeCTbRHe peasant gen. pl. Kp8CTbRH MaMa mother, mum(my) MO'Ib: Morj, M6:1K&Wb, M6QT to be able (past M6r, Morna, Morn6, Morntll) H&3blai1Tb (+ace.) (like 3H&Tb) to name (sth) H&3blaiiTbCR [na-zl-va-tsa] to be called (of thing, not person)

H8'1MHSTb(Cfl) (11.6) (like 3H8Tb) to begin HSA8fiTbCfl: HSA810Cb, HSA8eWbCfl to hope Heail Neva River HeAiiaHo recently HM'Ier61 [nee-chye-~6] it doesn't matter/that's all right HM'Iero [nee-chye-v6] He + verb nothing HY:IKHO it's necessary OAeaiiTb(CR) (like 3H&Tb) ( 11.6) to dress (oneself) O:IKMASTb (+gen.) (like 3H8Tb) to expect (something/someone) onoaAiiHMe lateness OTKpblaiiTb(Cfl) (like 3H8Tb) (11.6) to open n6pT prep. a nopTj port npilaA& truth npiiBA&? Is that so? npoAOn:IKBTb(Cfl) (like 3H8Tb) (11.6) to continue npoXOAMTe go through (imper) np6wnbllii previous, last a np6wnoM rOAY last year pa:JAeaaliiTeCb take your coat off C8PAMTbCfl: cep:IKycb, cepAMWbCfl to be angry CnbiW8Tb: CnbiWy, CnbiWMWb to hear CMBRTbCfl: CM81bcb, CMeiWbCfl to laugh CMOTp8Tb (+ace.) to watch; to look at (the content of)

129

LESSON 11

)'*e HeT (+gen.) there is/are

CMOTpJO, CMChpMWb

no more

CMOYpeTb Ha (+ace.) to look at

ynbl6aTbCH [oo-ll·ba-tsa] to smile

(the surface of)

ynbi6810Cb, ynbl68eWbCH

coc&A pl. coc&AM gen.pl. coc&Aelii

neighbour CTOHTb: CTOJO, CTOMWb to stand CTpOMTb: CTpOIO, CTp6MWb to

«
build cTp6MTbCH to be built ('build itself')

wjrKa gen.pl. wjroK joke

T{lnO'IKM gen.pl. Tano~teK slippers

3pMMTI'iJK the Hermitage

yYMBH mist, fog

(St Petersburg museum)

11.9 AManorM (I) Bn:

Bbl 6blnM a neTep6ypre?

Eaa:

Aa· B np6wnoM rOAY· s:t 6blnl'i T&M 'teTblpe AHH.

an:

"iT6 abl TaM aliiAenM?

Eaa:

s:t aliiA&na HeacKMiii npocneKT, Heay, neTponaanoacKyiO KpenOCTb, 6blnB a 3pMMTaJKe, KOH&'tHO. s:l He 3HBn8, 'tTO neTep6ypr T&KOM KpaclilabiM r6pOA. s:l MH6ro cnbiW&na 06 3TOM r6pOAe, HO ace paaH6 H He OJKMA&na T8KOM KP8COTbl.

(2) Eaa:

KorA& H8'tMHS8TCH KOH48pT?

B&AMM: Kl'iJKeTCH, a CeMb 't&C6a. no'teMy Tbl ynbl6aeWbCH?

Eaa:

s:t 3Hal0, 'tT6 6MneToa Y*e HeT. H6 a KMH6 MAeT xop6wMiii &MepMKBHCKMM

«
MaMa

a'tepa

CMOTpena.

0HI'i

roaopMT, 'tTO ace CMeHnMCb.

(3) KM:

AS:

MlilnocTM np6cMM~I 3aXOAMTel Pa3Aeal'iliiTecb. B6T Tl'inO'IKM. Knapa MMxaliinoaHa, M3aMHMTe 38 ono3AI'iHMe. H&AeiOCb, abl He cepAMT8Cb. s:t O'teHb A6nro MCKI'ina T8KCM.

KM:

HM'ter6, HM'ter6. npoXOAMTe, noJKI'inyliicTa.

AS:

CB066AHbiX M8WMH He 6blnO coaceM. s:t He 3Hina, 'tTO Ac!n&Tb.

130


KM:

no3H8KOMbT8Cb, 3TO H8W Coc8A, anSAMMMp neTpOBM't. 6H

A&:

6oteHb npMRTHO. MeHil 30ByY AHHa &opMCOBHa. A otTO Bbl

HeA{IBHO 6bln B n6HAOHe. TaM BMAenM? an:

K COJKaneHMIO, M3·38 yYM8Ha R HM'tero He BMAen.

A&:

npllBAS? nooteMy Bbl CMeiTecb?

an:

3To wjTKa, KoHeotHo. TyMaHoa He 6b1no. Ho nocToiiHHo win AOJKAb.

i:MMnOCTM npocMM! welcome! (to guests)

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 11/3 (Translation in key) 0CHOB8HMe neTep6ypra The Founding of St Petersburg (1703) 1 Was St Petersburg founded on a completely empty site?

2 What hardships did the peasant labour force endure? PyccKMiii 48Pb niTp aenMKMiii cotMTan, otTo HYJKHO cTp6MTb HOBbliii nopT Ha &amMiiicKoM Mope. 3To r6poA CaHKT-neTep6ypr, MnM neTep6ypr, KaK ero o6blotHo H83biB810T. 3To H6aoe «OKH6 a Eapony»* CTpOMnM H8 peKe Heae, rAe H8 OCTpoae* yJKe CTOilna neTpona&nOBCK8R* KpenOCTb. neTep6ypr CTpOMOCR 6biCTpO. AnR noCTpOiiiKMi: r6pOA8 CO BC8X KOHI.lOBi: POCCMM KllJKAbliii fOA noCblnMM TbiCR'tM KpecTbHH. OHM pa66TanM B x6nOA8, nOCTOHHHO wen AOJKAb M AY"i: aeTep. OHM CTOHnM no KOneHMi: B BOAe M rpR3M. KBJKAbiM fOA TbiCR'tM OIOAeiii norM6llnMi: OT 6one3Heiii, ronoAS M HenocMnbHOroi: TPYAB· i:Extra vocabulary (less common words and phrases, not worth learning at this stage). In alphabetical order:

aeT(e)p wind

AYTb to blow

r6nOA hunger

CO BC8X KOHI.lOB (KOH(e)l.l end)

from all corners ('ends')

rpR3b (f) mud a rpR3M in mud

131

LESSON 11

Henocl4nbHbliii excessive, over-demanding

«OHK6 a Eap6ny» window on ('into') Europe

6crpoa pl. OCTpoaa island nerpon8&nOBCK8JI KpilnOCTb

no KoneHM up to (their) knees norM66Tb to perish nocTp6iiiKa construction nocblniTb to send C'IMTiTb [lblb.ee-tat>") to consider TPYA labour, work

Peter and Paul Fortress

132

12 YP6K H6MEP ABEHAA~ATb THEFUTURE;ASPEC~

THE DATIVE CASE

12.1 Useful Phrases 5I no3BOHIO 38aTpa. 5I npM6AY B

cP&Ay.

Bbl H8M CKUceTe?

5I XO'tj noiiiTM B KpeMnb. MOCKBB MH8 HPBBMTCR.

I'll phone tomorrow. I'll come on Wednesday. Will you tell us? I want to go to the Kremlin. I like Moscow.

12.2 Aspect: Imperfective (i) and Perfective (P) Verbs If you look up any verb, e.g. 'to write', in an English-Russian dictionary, you will usually find two Russian verbs. 'To telephone' is both 3BOHMTb and no3BOHMTb. 3BOHMTb is called the imperfective aspect form of this verb, and no3BOHMTb is called the perfective aspect form. The imperfective and perfective forms are usually, but not always, fairly similar to look at. All the verbs you have met so far in this book (apart from some imperative' forms) have been imperfective. From now on imperfectives will be marked;, and perfectives •. The present tense is always formed from imperfective verbs. The future is most often formed from perfective verbs, as in this lesson. The meaning of the two aspects, their use in the past tense, and the imperfective future are dealt with in Lessons 13 and 14.

133

LESSON 12

12.3 Future Tense A major use of perfective verbs is the formation of the future tense. If you add to perfective verbs the same verb endings which you met with imperfective verbs in Lesson 4, the meaning is future.

3BOHMTb' to telephone

no3BOHMTbP to telephone

present tense R 3BOH!b I phone/am phoning

future tense

Tbl 3BOHMWb you phone 6H 3BOHMT he phones Mbl 3BOHMM we phone Bbl 3BOHMTe you phone OHM 3BOHRT they phone

R 003BOH!b I'll phone Tbl 003BOHMWb you'll phone OH no3BOHMT he'll phone Mbl 003BOHMM we'll phone Bbl no3BOHMTe you'll phone OHM no3BOHHT they'll phone

Another example The perfective of OTAbiXSTb' 'to rest' is OTAOXHYrbP. 0rAOXHjTbP is a lKMTb- type verb with the stem OTAOXH-. So: R OTAbiXSIO is 'I rest' and R OTAOXHY is 'I shall rest'/'1'11 take a rest' Tbl OTAbiXSeWb 'you rest' Tbl OTAOXHiWb 'you'll rest'

12.4 More Pairs of Imperfective and Perfective Verbs Notice that a perfective (e.g. noexaTbP) formed from an imperfective (ex&Tb;) by the addition of a prefix (no- in this case) always has the same conjugation (endings) as the imperfective: AenaTb' to do R Aena10, Tbl A8naewb I do etc. MATH' to go on foot R MAY· Tbl MAiWb I go etc. eX8Tb; tO go by transport R iJAy, Tbl eA&Wb I go etc. noK83biB8Tb' to show R OOKil3biB810, Tbl OOKil3biB88Wb

CAenaTbP R CAenaJO, Tbl CAenaewb I'll do etc. nOMTMP R noiAY· Tbl noiAiWb I'll go etc. noex&TbP R no6Ay, Tbl no6Aewb I'll go etc. OOK83iiTbP R noK8lKy, Tbl noKillKewb I'll show etc.

134

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE

noKynaTb' to buy A noKYniiiO, Tbl noKYnilewb BMA8Tb' to see A BMJKY, Tbl BtfAMWb noMoriTb' to help A noMoriiiO, Tbl noMoraewb

KynMTb 0 A Kynnlb, Tbl KjnMWb I'll buy YBMA8Tb 0 A YBMlKy, Tbl YBMAMWb I'll see noM6'1b0 A nOMOrj, Tbl nOM6lK8Wb, OHM nOMOryT I'll help

A&BiiTb' to give (stem AS·) A A&lb, Tbl A&iWb

A&Tb0 (irregular verb)

Mbl MAiM' Ha KpicHyiO nnolq&Ab. Mbl noiiiAiM 0 Ha KpicHyiO nn61q&Ab. S1 BMJKY' ei KBJICAbiM A8Hb. S1 yaMlKY 0 ei 3llaTpa. OHM He noMoriiOT.' OHM He noM6ryu

We're going to Red Square.

A A&M, Tbl A&Wb, 6H A&CT, Mbl ABAMM, Bbl ABAMTe, OHM ABAfT

We'll go to Red Square. I see her every day. I'll see her tomorrow. They're not helping. They won't help.

Very occasionally, the i and p partners look very different: roaopMTb; to say A roaoplb, Tbl roaopMWb 6paTb' to take A 6epj, Tbl 6epiWb

CK83i1Tb 0 A CKBlKj, Tbl CKD8Wb I'll say B3ATb 0 A B03bMj, Tbl B03bMiWb I'll take

0Hi roaopMT' «cnacM6o». 0Hil CKD8T 0 cccnacM6o». Mbl 6epiM' waMniHCKoe. Mbl B03bMiM 0 waMniiHcKoe.

She says 'thank you'. She'll say 'thank you'. We're taking champagne. We'll take champagne.

EXERCISE 12/1

Translate into Russian: 1 I'll help. 2 Will you help? 3 We'll see her tomorrow. 4 We'll go to Red Square. 5 They won't go (by transport). 61'11 buy this book. 7 We shall rest. 8 He won't come. 9 I'm taking this book. 10 I'll say two words.

135

LESSON 12

12.5 XoTeTb' 'to want'

There are very few irregular (unpredictable) verb conjugations in Russian (though there are plenty of awkward infinitives). One unpredictable verb is xoTeTb, which has exaTb-type endings in the singular and roaoplliiTb- type in the plural: RXO'Ij Tbl xl»
I want you (fam) want he wants

Mbl XOTMM BbiXOTMTe OHMXOnTr

we want you (pol./pl.) want they want

Most commonly this verb is used with an infinitive ('I want to go to the circus'). If what you want to do is a single event, use the perfective infinitive: Sl XO'Ij noiiiTM 0 B 3pMMTSlK. Sl XO'Ij noeX&Tb0 B Kllilea.

I want to go to the Hermitage. I want to go to Kiev.

If what you want to do is to be repeated or has no specified duration, use the imperfective: Mbl XOTMM roaopMTb' no-pyccKM.

We want to speak Russian.

Compare: Sl xo'ly npo'IMTSTb" :hy KHMry. Sl XO'Ij 'IMTSTb' pyccKMe KHMrM.

I want to read (and finish) this book. I want to read Russian books (in general, no specified number)

Note also: Sl XO'Ij nMTb' . Sl XO'Ij BblnMTb 0 •

I'm thirsty. I want a drink (a strongly alcoholic one, not beer).

XoTeTb can be used with a noun in either the accusative case (with specif-

ic objects) or the genitive (with abstract objects, or in the partitive meaning - see 10.8), but constructions with an infinitive are much commoner: ~TO

Bbl XOTMT&?

What do you want? (The questioner

Sl XO'Ij 6yYep6p6A.

definite.) I want a sandwich (a specific thing).

Mbl XOTMM MMpa.

We want peace (abstract noun).

XoTIIIITe 'IiilO?

Like some tea? (partitive 10.8)

supposes you want something

136

THE FUTURE: ASPECT: THE DATIVE CASE

Xo:re:rb' is a good example of a verb whose meaning (a state, not an action) is naturally associated with the imperfective aspect. However, there is a perfective 38XOTeTb", which means 'to start to want', 'to conceive a desire', and is used quite frequently to form the future:

Mo•e:r 6b1Tb, a8a:rpa OHM 38xo:rfi:r• noiiril a :rea:rp. Tomorrow they may decide that they want (lit. 'perhaps they will begin to want') to go to the theatre.

EXERCISE 12/2 Translate into Russian: 1 What do you want? 2 I want to go (p) to Siberia. 3 We don't want (to). 4 They want to buy vodka. 5 Do you (tam) want to have a drink (p)?

12.6 Dative case: Pronouns The basic meaning of the dative case endings is 'to' as in 'She gave it to

me'. The dative forms of the personal pronouns are: Jl

MH8

Jbl

Te68

OH

eMy

OHi

ei

OHO

&My

Mbl

HBM

Bbl OHM

tome to you (tam.) to him to her

H&My

BBM

to it to us to you (pol/pl.)

MM

to them

HMM

0Hi ABCT" MH8 nJITb py6nei. K HeMy

after prepositions' after prepositions

H&My H&i

after prepositions

after prepositions

She'll give (to) me five roubles. towards him

BbiP/IAWre" 8Mj A6cJJno py6nei? Will you give him ten roubles?

12.7 Aa:rb 'To Give': Another Irregular Verb Like xorin.; in 12.5 above, ABTb" is an awkward verb:

137

LESSON 12

I'll give

we'll give

RASM TbiA8Wb

you'll give

MbiABAMM BbiA8AMT8

you'll give

OHA8CT

he'll give

OHMABAYr

they'll give

The only other verb of this type is eCTb' 'to eat' - see 12.18.

12.8

HpaBIIITbCJI

'To Please'

Note the use of the dative in the Russian structure corresponding to 'Do you like ...?' using the verb HpiiBMTbCR (third person HpiiBMTCR/HpiiBRTCR) 'to please':

BaM HpllBMTCR MOCKBS?

Do you like Moscow? (lit. 'To you

MocKaa MHe He HpSBMTCR.

I don't like Moscow ('Moscow to me

pleases Moscow?') does not please'). MHe aawM AitTM O
ni06MTb 'to like/love' (with the accusative) can be used when the feeling is

stronger:

Sl nl06n10 MOCKBj.

I love/am very fond of Moscow.

12.9 Formation of the Dative Singular of Nouns The dative is an easy case to fonn: Masculine nouns ending in a consonant add -y: APYrfriend

APYI'X to a friend

Masculine nouns ending -b or -iii replace the b or iii with -10: Mropb Igor Bac..tnMiil Vasilii

Mrop.m to Igor Bac..tnM.m to Vasilii

138


Neuter nouns replace -o with -y and -e with -10:

OKtu) window co•aneHMe regret C'IBCTb8 happiness, luck

OKHX to the window K co:IKaneHM.!2 unfortunately ('to regret') K c
MMJI 'name' has dative MMeHM (same as the genitive form) Feminine nouns (and masculine nouns ending -a/-fl) have the same endings as in the prepositional case (see 5.4): HaTaw~

HaTawa AHfl CM6Mpb MaTb POCCMJI BaHJI

CM6Mp}! to Siberia MBTmnt to mother PoccMtt to Russia B8H~ to Vanya

Sl n03BOHIO llla8Hy. Sl A&M Mawe nfiTb Aimnapoa.

I'll give (to) Masha five dollars.

to Natasha

AH~to Ania

·-

I'll phone (to) Ivan.

OHa noMoraeT Mj:IKy. She helps (to) her husband. OH He noMoraeT lKeHe. He doesn't help (to) his wife. (noMoraTb'/noM6'1b• 'to help' is followed by the dative case)

EXERCISE 12/3 Put dative endings on the words in brackets and translate:

l Sl A&M · (Bbl) nfiTb A6nnapoa. 2 Bbl (fl) noM6:1KeTe? 3 Sl noKa:IKj nMcbM6 (lKeHa). 4 Sl no3BOHIO (Eaa M B&AMM). 5 K (c'laCTbe), pjccKMe xon1TM.tpa.

12.10 Formation of the Dative Plural All nouns, regardless of gender, add either -aM or ·JIM to the stem of the nominative plural (Lesson 8). That means: (a) If the nominative plural (see Lesson 8) ends -bl or -a, replace the ·bl or

-a with -aM:

139

LESSON 12

AOMil houses AliByWKM girls nMpbMa letters MMeHil names

AOMBM (A6M 'house') AllsywKBM. (AesywKa 'girl') nMCbMBM. (nMCbMO 'letter') MM8HU (MMH 'name')

(b) If the nom. plural ends ·M or ·H, replace the M or H with RM: APY3bH friends MiiTepM mothers HeAenM weeks

APY3bii.M. 'to friends' (Apyr 'friend') M&Tepg 'to mothers' (M&Tb 'mother') H8A8n.HM 'to weeks' (HeAenR 'week')

12.11 The Last Two Spelling Rules (3 and 4) Rule 3. After r, K, x, '-1, lK, w, 1q, 4 (all the eight letters involved in Rules 1 and 2), you always find A not a. So the dative plural of KHMra 'book' (pl. KHMrM) is KHMrBM. (not KMMrRM). 'They are learning Russian' from the rosopMTb-type verb YI.IMTb 'to learn' is OHM j'"laT (not y'"IRT) pyccKMM R3biK.

Rule 4. After those same eight letters, you always find y, not learning Russian' is R Y'-1-i (not y'-110) pyccKMM R3biK.

10.

So 'I am

12.12 The Main Uses of the Dative (I) To translate to a person in sentences such as 'I wrote to my friend' (st nMciln APYrv - y is the dative ending), 'I shall give ten dollars to the waiter' (st ADM AKRTb A6nnapoa o~M4MBifT¥). The dative is the opposite of OT + genitive 'from'.

(2) In impersonal constructions with words like HSAO 'it is necessary', MOlKHO 'it's possible', the person affected is in the dative, e.g. EMy MOlKHO 'He's allowed to' (lit. To him it is possible'). See Lesson 14 for the details. (3) After certain verbs, including most verbs of speaking and communicating and many which have a sense of giving something:

140


roaoprotTb'/cKa3itTb0 'to say', 'to tell' (to someone) paccKlt3biB&Tb'/paccKa38Tb0 'to tell (a story)' (to someone) A8BBTb'IA&Tb• 'to give' (to someone) npMHOcMTb'/npMHecTM0 'to bring' (to someone) noMorilTb'/noM6'1b 0 'to help' pa3pewltTb'lpa3peWMTb0 'to permit' Sl ~ CK&My. I'll tell him. 6H paccKit3biB&n .l:!ilM_O CM6MpM. He told us about Siberia. She helps her parents. (4) After the prepositions K 'towards'/'to (a person)' and no 'along', 'according to' and various other meanings depending on context (no is the vaguest of Russian prepositions).

Sl XOAMn K APY3bRM. no r6poAl no ynMI.lll! no nnilHV. no n6'1T~ noMM8HM

I went to (see) my friends. around the town (r6pOA 'town') along the streets (ymu.j& 'street') according to plan (nnaH 'plan') by post (n6'1Ta 'post', 'post office') by name (MMR 'name')

The dative is the least common case of nouns.

12.13 Dative of Adjectives, Possessives, Demonstratives (3TOT and TOT) Check that you know the prepositional endings of adjectives, possessives and demonstratives (7 .II, 7.14). The masculine and neuter endings of the dative simply require the addition of y to the -oM or -eM of the prepositional, i.e. the dative endings are always -oMy or -eMy. The feminine dative is the same as the feminine prepositional, i.e. always -olii or -elii. HBW~f~X xop6weu APYrv

to our good friend (ct. prepositional o

HilweM xop6weM APyre) cne14MMMCT no pycCKQMX TeltTpy a specialist on the Russian theatre TOMy O~MI4MilHTV, to that waiter to my Russian friend (same endings as prep.) 141

LESSON 12

no 3MMH~ ropOAY

across the wintry town (3MMH.ttM 'winter', 'wintry' has soft endings)

Sl noMoriuo 3TQii AeaywKe.

I'm helping this girl.

Note: all forms of MOM and TBOM are stressed on the last syllable, so the m and n dative forms are MoeMy and TBoeMy (prepositional: MoiMfraoiM; remember that e only occurs in stressed syllables- 1.2 (c), 4.9 (a)): MoeMYAPYrv

to my friend

12.14 Dative Plural of Adjectives, Possessives, Demonstratives Adjectives ending ·biM or -Oi have ·biM Adjectives ending -Mi have -MM

HOBbiM APY3bAM to new friends pyccKg APY3bAM to Russian friends

The possessives and demonstratives (3TOTh6T) simply add -M to the ending of the nominative plural (8.8): MOMM APY3bAM iTMMA8TfiM

to my friends (MOM APY3bA 'my friends')

TitM. AeaywKaM

to those girls (Te AeaywKM 'those girls')

to these children (3TM ASTM 'these children')

For the forms of TpeTMM 'third', see Table 5.

12.15 Common Phrases with the Dative KBOK38ny K noe3A{IM Toaapbl no CHMJKeHH.!!IM 48HDt BXOA nOCTOpOHHMM aocnpeU(eH

To the station To the trains Goods at reduced prices Private (entry to strangers forbidden)

142


12.16 EXTRA: Minor Uses of the Dative

With four rarer prepositions: 6narOASPH 'thanks to', cornacHo 'according to', sonpeKM 'in spite of', H&BCT~Y 'towards': 6narOASPH xopoweiil nor6Ae cornacHo nnaHy HascTp&'ty H8M wen AeAyWKa.

thanks to the good weather according to the plan Grandfather was coming towards us (to meet us).

In infinitive phrases (I.IT6 Aen&Tb? 'What is to be done?') you can add a subject in the dative: I.!To H&M Aen&Tb'? What are we to do? ('What to us to do?')

EXERCISE 12/4

Put in the dative singular: 1 MOH >KeHa. 2 aaw pjccKMM APYr Bon6Af1. 3 3TOT MHTepecHbiM &HrnM'ISHMH.

EXERCISE 12/5

Put dative plural endings on the words in brackets: 1 K (HSWM p<)AMTenM). 2 no (3TM jnMI.lbl). 3 6H nOMOrBer (Te 8MepMKSHI.lbl).

4 Sl no3BOHIO (Mor.t APY3bH). 5 OHa cneLIManr.tcT no (C08AMHiHHble WTSTbl).

12.17 Prepositional Plural It is convenient to deal with the plural of the prepositional case (Lesson 5) after the dative plural, since for both adjectives and nouns the prepositional endings can always be derived from the dative endings by replacing the final -M with -x.

143

LESSON 12

Dative plural:

MOMM APY3bRM

to my friends

Prepositional plural:

1llM A8BYWKI.M HOBJiiM ropoAtM 0 MOB APY3bRX 0 TU AliByWKIX a H6B.I!IX ropoAix

to those girls to new towns about my friends about those girls in new towns

So the prep plural endings for nouns are always -ax or ·AX. The prep.pl. endings for adjectives are always ·biX or ·MX. Since the dat.pL of TOT 'that' and aecb 'all' are TeM and aceM, the prep. pl. are Tex and acex.

EXERCISE 12/6

Put the words in brackets in the dat. or prep. case and translate:

1 Sl paccK83bl&ana (pyccKMe APY3bR) o (HawM AliTM). 2 Bo (ace pyccKMe AOMa) '48CTO roaopRT 0 (CoeAMHiHHble WT8Tbl). 3 npOAYKTbl B (3TM M8r83MHbl) (Mbl) He Hp8BATCA.

12.18 Vocabulary 6MctJwTeKc (beef·shteks] meat rissole, hamburger 6n.0AO pl. 6n.0Aa dish, course of a meal 6YAbTe A06pttl be so good (polite phrase before a request) aereTapMaH(e)LI (male) vegetarian aereTapMaHCKMi vegetarian (adj) B3ATb 0 (6p8Tb') B03bMy, aoabMewb to take attlnMTb0 (see nMTb') ( + ace.) to have a drink BblnbiO, Bblnb8Wb r6cTb (m) gen.pl. rOCTji guest

MATril' (noiTril 0) a r6CTM K (+ dat.) to go visiting someone 6b1Tb a rOCTRX y (+gen.) to be visiting someone rpM6 pi rpM61!! mushroom ASB8Tb'IA&Tb0 (see 12.7) to give AM8K6 (OT + gen.) far (from) eCTb' (C'b8CTb0 ) (+ace.) (past en, ena) to eat eM, 8Wb, ecT, eAMM, 8AMTe,

8ART aaoHm' (no-") (+ dat.) to telephone (someone) 3BOH.0, 3BOHMWb KanyCTa (no pl.) cabbage

144


KOTneTbl no-KiileBCKM Chicken

npMMTMP (npMXOAMTb') to arrive,

Kiev (with butter and garlic)

come

Kp6Me Tor6 also, in addition

npMAY• npMAiWb npMHecliiTe bring (imperative) npMHecTiiiP ( + ace. + dat.) to bring

('besides that')

KpbiMCKMiil Crimean nMHMR line MMHepanbHbllil mineral (adj) MMP peace; world HpSBMTbCR' (no-") (see 12.8) to

(something to someone)

npMHecy,npMH8CiWb (npMHOCMTb', npMHOWj, npMH6cMWb) npRM6Iil direct, straight p8CCK83flTb0 (paCCKSr3biB8Tb') to

please

MHe HpSBMTCR I like o6eA dinner; meal o6eA&Tb' (no- 0 ) (like 3H&Tb) to

tell, talk about (to somebody)

paccKa>Ky, paccKil>Kewb (+dat.) cansT salad cKamb" (roaopli!Tb') (+ace.+ dat.)

dine, have a meal

OTAb1X8Tb;/OTAOXHj'Tb0 (12.3) to

to say (something to someone)

rest

CK&>Ky, CKB>K8Wb ceMbH, gen.pl. ceMelil family cnywaTb' (noP) (+ace.) to listen to cnywa10, cnywaewb coeAMHiHHble WT&Tbl AMepMKM

OcilM4MBHT waiter OcilM4MflHTK8 gen. pl. OcilM4MSHTOK waitress

nMTb' (Bbl- 0) nbiO, nbiwb ( + ace.) to drink

noeX&Tb0 (eX&Tb') tO go (by trans-

United States of America

cTpaHa pl. cTpilHbl country T6 then (in that case) TOrAfl at that time, in that case yliiTM 0 (yXOAMTb') to leave

port)

noeAy, noeAeWb noliiAiM B r6cTM let's go visiting noMMA6P tomato noo6eA&Tb0 (see o6eA&Tb') to dine, have a meal

noceTii!Tenb (m) customer noT6M then, next noToMy 'ITO because npeAynpeJKAilTb' (3H&Tb- type) to

R YMAY· Tbl yliiAiWb xoTeTb' (38-0 ) (see 12.5) to want '!aCTo often 'IMTSTb' (npo-0 ) (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to read

waMnflHcKoe n adj champagne,

warn

sparkling wine

145

LESSON 12

12.19 AManont Dialogues B pecTopaHe In the Restaurant Oct»M 4 MaHTKa: Ao6pbliii A8Hb. nocenhenb: 3APBBCTayiiiTe. 0ci»M4MiiHTKa: LITo Bbl xoniTe? noceTIIITenb: Mbl xoTMM noo68A&Tb. 0ci»M4MBHTKa: noJKilnyiiiCTa. noceTIIITenb: A 'ITO y aac ecTb? 0ci»M4MBHTKa: Y HaC 8CTb rpM6bl B CM8TSH8, pb16Hbliii cansT, 6Mci»WTeKC (beef·Shteks), 6eci»CTpOr&HOB\ KOTn8Tbl no-KM8BCKM. LITo Bbl XOTMTe? noceTMTenb: MOR JKeHil B03bMiT rpM6bl M KOTneTbl, a J1 B03bMY rpM61i• M 6ecl»cTporaHoa. MMHepanbHaA aoAil eCTb? 0ci»M4MBHTKa: noceTiiiTenb: 0ci»M4MSHTKa: noceTIIITenb: 0ci»M4MBHTKa:

Aa· A 'ITO y aac ecTb alilnMTb? Y HaC 8CTb WaMnSHCK08 M BMHO. no•ilnyiiiCTa, npMHecliiTe Moeiii JKeHe 6yrli•nKy MMHepanbHoiii BOAbl, a MHe KpacHoe BMHo. Xopowo. st npMHecy BaM Hilwe KpbiMCKOe KpilcHoe.

*~poraHoa Beef Stroganov (chopped beef in a cream sauce)

noceTMTenb: 0ci»M4MSHT: noceTIIITenb: 0ci»M4MSHT: noceniTenb: 0ci»M4MSHT: noceTMT8nb:

0ci»M4MSHT, 6YAbT8 A06pb1. st aac cnywa10*. st aereTapM8He4. Y aac eCTb aereTapMaHCKMe 6mbA&? Aa· Bbl xoTIIITe pli16y? HeT, A eM TOnbKo oaoaqM. Xopowo, Jl npMHecy BaM KapTOcl»enb, KanyCTY M nOMMAOPbl. Cnacl46o.

*st aac cnywa10 What would you like? ('I'm listening to you') noiiiAiM B r6CTM Let's Go Visiting Eaa: 8aAI4M:

KyAil Mbl noiiiAiM? Aaaaiii noiiiAiM K TaoliiM APY3bRM.

146


K KOMY Mbl noiiiAiM? K Bepe "Onery. B rOCTHX Visiting Friends Bepa:

Eaa: B&AMM:

Eaa:

Xonrre alimMTb? HeT, C08CM6o. Jl XO'tj 6yTep6!)6A • MnencM, ecnM ecTb. AR BblnbiO. npttAynpe*Aflto: ecnM Tbl Bblnb8Wb MH6ro, TO R YMAY 6e3Te6H.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 12/7 1 What are Vadim's three objections to going to visit Natal'ia Petrovna and Boris Karlovich? 2 How does Eva win the argument?

Eaa: B&AMM:

Eaa: BBAMM:

Eaa: BSAMM:

Eaa:

Eaa:

Aaailiii no8AeM K MOMM APY3bRM. K Bepe MOnery? HeT, K HBT8nb8 n8Tp6aHe Mei ceMb8. Jl He XO'tj ex&Tb K HMM. 88Ab* OHM )I(MBjT B CoK6nbHMKax*. 3To O'teHb A811eK6. Typ/J MAih npRMSR nMHMR MeTp6. Kp6Me Tor6, HaTBnbR neTp6aHa nOCToRHHO roaoptiT o MilneHbKMX A6TRx. MHe 3To HeMHTep8cHo*. Ee MY. p&CCKB)I(8T Te68 0 CTpilHax 3lln&AHOiii Eap6nbl. 6opMc KapnoaM't - cne4ManMCT* no EaponeiiicKoMy* Col03y, 6H '48cTO nyTew8cTayer no 3TMM CTpilHaM. J1 He XO'tj cnyW&Tb neK4MIO* no 3KOHOMMKe*. no8A&M KBepe. MHe KIDKeTCR, Tbl He xO'tewb ex&Tb K H8TBnb8 M 6opMcy TOnbKO noTOMj, 'tTO OHM He nbiOT. A Bepa ABeT* Te68 BblnMTb. KaK Te6e He CTb!AHO* ! Tbl •e 3HB8Wb, 'tTO MHe HpilaMTCR ypnabliii* 66pa3* )I(M3HM HaTilnb.M n8Tp6aHbl MeiMf-8.

147

LESSON 12

Eaa:

TorA& no8AeM K MOMM Tp83aeHHMK&M*. Ceiotac A MM n0380Hib, a nOT6M Mbl noaaoHMII 11811e M cKaeM, 'IT6 Mbl K o66AY He npttAiM.

*' Extra Vocabulary HAlt you know A&CT T866 BblnMTb will let you have a drink ('will give to you to drink') EaponeicKMi Colb3 European Union 38n&AHaA Eapbna Western Europe n8KqMA lecture H8MHTep6cHo uninteresting, boring 66pa3 kind, type 66pa3 )I(M3HM way of life

nyYew8c:TaoaaTb' (no+ dat.) to travel (around) nyYew8cTayiO, RJTew8cTayew~o CoK6nbHMKM Sokol'niki (Moscow district north-east of the centre) cneqttanl1CT (no+ dat.) specialist in CNAHO shameful KaK Te68 He CTbiA'fO you ought to be ashamed Tp63B8HHMK abstainer Tp63Bbli sober 3KOHOMMKa economics

148

13 YPOK H6MEP TPMHAA~ATb ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES

13.1 Key Examples of Aspect in the Past Tense (a) MAnWnol4ntP to go (on foot) Mbl wnM' no ynM~e. BSAiiM nowenp AOM6M.

We were walking along the street. Vadim went home.

(b) 386biBBTb'/386biTbp to forget

0Ha otacTo 386blailna' er6 MMR. Cer6AHR oHa 386bln&P no3BOHMTb.

She often forgot his name. Today she forgot to phone.

(c) 6b1Tb' to be OHa 6blna A6Ma.

She was at home.

(d) nMcilTb'/HanMcilTbp to write

fl nMciln' aecb A&Hb. fl HanMcilnP ABB nMCbMa.

I wrote all day. I wrote two letters.

(e) 3BOHMTb'/n03BOHMTbP to telephone Eaa He 3BOHilna'. Eaa He no3BOHilnaP.

Eva didn't phone. Eva failed to phone.

(f) 3BOHMTb'/n03BOHMTbP to telephone

149

LESSON 13

R 3BOHiina', HO aac He 6wno. R n0380Hiina• M cK838na•, '1'1'6

I phoned but you weren't in. I phoned and said I'd come..

nplfAJ·

13.2 Use of Aspect In the Past Both perfective and imperfective verbs have past tense forms. The rules for making the past tense of perfective verbs are exactly the same as for imperfective verbs (see 11.2). The past tense of imperfective verbs, as you know from Lesson 11, corresponds to English 'I did' or 'I was doing'. The past tense of perfective verbs, on the other hand, has an extra element of meaning. Basically, the perfective past indicates that the action was a completed whole. So, while the imperfective ott6 lfi!IT6na' means 'she read' or 'she was reading', the perfective ott6 npooti!IT6na means 'she read (and finished what she was reading or read a specific amount)'; because of its meaning, the perfective npootll'l'8no will nearly always have an object noun (e.g. nMCbll6 'letter', AfJlJ KHiillll 'two books') specifying how much was read. The six sets of sentences above are typical examples of the use of the aspects in the past tense. Here are some general rules for the use of the imperfective and the perfective, using the examples above.

lmperfectlve1'1 (a) Actions in process (unfmished actions) are always imperfective. If you use the English continuous past (I was doing something; We were reading), the Russian equivalent will always be imperfective. 'We were walking' indicates an action in process (i.e. unfmished), so it cannot be perfective (it cannot be a completed whole). Mw wnM'-: 'We were walking'. Mill nownii•, on the other hand, means 'We went (somewhere)' or 'We set off'. (b) Actions repeated habitually or an unspecified number of times are imperfective. 0Hi 'ficTo 386111aina' 'She often forgot'. Mill 3BOHMnM' iK8JKAwi A8ftb 'We telephoned every day'. But Cer6AHA oHi 386blna• ('Today she forgot') indicates that we are talking about one single occasion.

150

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES

(c) Verbs denoting states rather than actions are normally imperfective. 6H 6btn' A6Ma 'He was at home', OHM MlilnM' a MocKae 'They lived in Moscow'. (d) Expressions of duration ('all day', 'for three hours') require the imperfective. s:l nMcan' aecb AeHb 'I wrote/was writing all day'. This sentence does not indicate how much I wrote or whether I finished what I was writing, so it has to be imperfective. You will find that duration phrases such 'for a long time' (A6nro), 'for three hours' (TpM 'l&ca), 'all night' (ac10 H6'1b) always go with imperfective verbs.'

(e) If there was no action, use the imperfective. 0Hil He 3BOHMna'.

She didn't phone.

(f) Actions attempted but without result are imperfective. s:l BBM 3BOHMna'.

I telephoned you (but you weren't in).

Perfectlve
(i) Use the perfective for completed single events. Mbl nowntilo AOM6M.

We went home.

(ii) Sequences of actions, except when they are repeated actions (see (b) above) are perfective, since each action must be finished before the next one can take place. s:l n03BOHiilnao M CKaaanao,

I phoned and said I'd come.

'IT6 npMAY·

(iii) With negation (He) the perfective indicates failure to do something. 0Hil He n03BOHMn8°.

She failed to phone (though she was expected to).

I. Except for perfective verbs with the prefix npo- meaning 'to spend a specified amount of time doing something' e.g. Mbt np6MMnM• TBM TpM r6AB ·we lived there for three years.'

151

LESSON 13

13.3 EXTRA: Minor Uses of the Imperfective

(a) The imperfective is also used in the past in cases where the fact of completion is irrelevant. Bbl 'IMTBnM' «BoiiHy It MMp»? 'Have you read War and Peace?' I'm not concerned with whether you finished the book or not, only with whether you have some knowledge of it. The question Bbl npo'IMTBnM0 ocBoiiHy It MMp»? would correspond to 'Havtl you finished War and Peace?'

(b) The past imperfective is also used for actions which. though completed, were reversed or undone or cancelled. This situation is common with verbs of motion: Moil p,pyr npMe3lKiln' KO MH8. Moil APYr npMexano Ko MHe.

My friend came to (visit) me (and left again). My friend has come to (visit) me (and is here now).

In Moil APYr npMe3JKin' KO MHe my friend 'undid' his arrival by leaving again. fl OTKpbiBM' OKHO.

I opened the window (and later closed

it)/1 had the window open.

13.4 Aspect of the Infinitive

In sentences such as 'I want to work', you have to make the same choice between the aspects of the infinitive (fl XO'IY pa60T8Tb'/R XO'IY nopa66T8Tb0 ). If you mean 'work in general (e.g. to have a job)' or aren't specifying how much work you're going to do, use the imperfective. If you mean to do a fixed amount of work and then stop, use the more specific perfective nopa66TaTb0 'to do a bit of work'. fl pewtin 'IMTiTb' 3Ty KHtiry.

I have decided to read this book (not

necessarily all of it). fl pewtin npO'IMTiTb0 iTY KHtiry. I have decided to read this book (and

finish it).

152


In many situations the choice of aspect in the infinitive will seem difficult, but, fortunately, you are unlikely to cause any serious misunderstandings if you choose the wrong one. One handy rule to note is this: after the verbs H8'tMHBTb'/Haot8Tb• 'to begin', npOAOn>KBTb' 'to continue' and KOH'tBTb'/K6HotMTb0 'to finish', any infinitive is always imperfective:

Sl H8'tMHBIO nOHMMBTb;.

I am beginning to understand.

0Ha npoAon,.ulna' otMTii'rb'. KorA& Bbl K6H'tMTe0 nMCBTb'?

She continued to read. When will you finish writing?

EXERCISE 13/1 Say why the verbs are ; or • in the following story:

Eaa M B&AMM wnM' no TaepcK6M ynMLie M roaopl4nM' o ei APY3bilx. BApyr Eaa acn6MHMna•, otT6 oHa 386blna• no3BOHMTb0 Bepe. 06bl'tHO oHa eM 3BOHI4na' K8JKAoe jTpo, H6 cer6AHJI oHa eM He n03BOHI4na•. - Sl xa..y' no3BOHMTb•, - cKa38na• oHa B&AMMy. - H&Ao H&MTI4• 8BTOMBT. OHM MCKBnM' er6 A{tcHTb MMHjT M H&KOHBLI Hawnl4• 6Kono roCTMHML!bl «IIIHTYPMCT». Eva and Vadim were walking along Tverskaia Street, talking about her friends. Suddenly Eva remembered (acnoMMHBTb'lacn6MHMTb0 'to recall') that she had forgotten to ring Vera. Usually she rang her every morning, but today she hadn't rung her. - I want to make a phone call, - she said to Vadim. - We need to find

(H8XOAMTb'/H8MTM 0 'to find') a call-box. They searched (MCKBTb' 'to search for', 'to seek') ('for it') for ten minutes and finally found (Hawnl4- past of H&MTM 0 ) one near the Hotel 'lntourist'.

13.5 Use of Tenses: Reported Speech He said he spoke (past) Russian. OH cKa38n, otT6 6H roaopi4T (pres.) no-pyccKM.

153

LESSON 13

In Russian, when someone's words are reported, the tense (past, present or future) of the original words stays unchanged. So if Mary says Sl roaoptb (pres.) no-pyccKM, then any report of her words ('Mary said that she spoke Russian') will keep the present tense (M3pM CKa3ilna, 'tTO oHa roaopMT no-pyccKM). English grammar is more complicated here. Notice how in English a future tense statement (e.g. Vadim: I shall phone Vera) acquires a 'would' form if it is reported: ('Vadim said that he would phone Vera'). In Russian the future tense remains. B&AMM: Sl no3aoHtb Bepe.

Reported speech: B&AMM CKa3iln, 'tTO 6H no3BOHMT (fut.) Bepe. Other examples: Vera: I was (past) in London. Report: Vera said that she had been (pluperfect) in London. Bepa: Sl 6blnS (past) B noHAOHe. Report: Bepa CK83ilna, 'tTO OHS 6b1nlt (past) B n6HAOHe. This preference for keeping the tense of the original words is extended to cover seeing, hearing and other forms of perception in addition to verbs of speaking: I heard you were now living (i.e. are living) in Siberia. Sl cnbiW&n, 'tTO Bbl C8M'tSC lKMBiTe B CM6MpM. I knew he was Russian. Sl 3Han, 'tTO 6H pyccKMM ('I knew that he is Russian').

We thought he was in Berlin. Mbl AYM&nM, 'tT6 6H a SepnMHe (pres.). Vera realized that he was annoyed (i.e. that he is annoyed). Bepa nOHRna, 'tTO OH cepAMTCR (pres.).

13.6 Whether:

mt

The same retention of the original tense is found in reported yes-no questions. In English, if John asked 'Does Anna speak Russian?', the question will be reported as 'John asked if Anna spoke (past tense) Russian.' Whenever English 'if' can be replaced by 'whether', 'if' must be translated

154


as mt (not ecmt). This is the same mt as in the structure for yes-no questions in lO.lS; mt is placed second in the clause', and the verb tense is the same as in the original question.

,Q>K6H cnpocliln: «AHHa roaopliiT (roaopli!T mt AHHa) no-pyccKM?» John asked: 'Does Anna speak Russian?' Report of John's question: ,Q>K6H cnpocliln, roaop.tir (pres.) llll AHHa no-pyccKM. John asked if Anna spoke (past) Russian. More examples: I asked if (=whether) Boris was at home. (Actual question: 'Is Boris at home?')

Sl cnpoclilna, AOMa nM 6op.tc (present tense). The reported question Sl cnpoclilna, 6bln nM 6oplilc AOMa would correspond to 'I asked if Boris had been at home.' This same construction with ntt is used in all structures involving 'whether' or 'if' in the meaning 'whether'. I didn't know if (=whether) she would come. (Actual thoughts: 'I didn't know if she will come.') Sl He 3Han, npMAiT (future) nM oHa.

EXERCISE 13/2

Translate:

I Mbl cnpoclilnM, 3HaeT nM oHa 6oplilca neyp{)aM'Ia. 2 Eaa He 3Hana, yBMAMT nM oHa BSAiiiMa. 3 I don't know if he speaks Russian. 4 I don't know if she'll telephone tomorrow. S We didn't know if she spoke English. 6 She asked whether I was an American. 7 I'll ask her if she wants to go to the theatre.

13.7 Learning One of the first topics on which you are likely to become fluent is the

ISS

LESSON 13

question of how you started to learn Russian and what other languages you know: to study: M3)"4BTb' +ace. - R M3)"4BIO, Tbl M3Y'IB8Wb or to learn )"4MTb' +ace. - R y'lj, Tbl Y'tMWb, OHM Y'tBT (note y (not 10) and a (not R) after ' I - Spelling Rules 3 and 4 (12.11)

Sl M3Y'IBIO pyCCKMM R3biK yJK6 nRTb MKR48B. I have been studying Russian for five months (lit. 'I am studying Russian language already five months'). Sl Y'4Y pjCCKMM R3biK YJK6 W8CTb neT. I have been learning Russian for six years. Both M3)"4BTb' and Y'IMTb' mean 'to study', but )"4MTb, like 'to learn', has connotations of memorizing. Both verbs can be used of learning a language. But 'I'm learning these words' (i.e. committing them to memory) is Sl Y'4Y 3TM cnosa, while 'She's studying mathematics' (not 'She's learning mathematics') should be 0Ha M3)"4B8T M8T8MBTMKy. The perfective of M3y'I8Tb' is M3)"4MTbP (M3)"4j, M3Y'IMWb) and the perfective of )"4MTb' is Bbi)"4MTbP (Bbly'ly, Bbi)"4MWb). Since perfective verbs always describe a successful, completed act, M3)"4MTbp and Bbi)"4MTbP correspond to 'to master', 'to learn successfully': M3pM Bb1)"4Mnap pyccKMM R3biK.

Mary mastered Russian.

Eiopr.tc KapnoBM'I M3y'lr.tnP 3KOHOMMKY AHrnMM.

Boris Karlovich has

made a thorough study of the British economy.

Note: If you want to say that you're studying without saying what you're studying, use the reflexive verb Y'IMT~ 'to study' (somewhere):

Sl

Y'~Y~ B n6HAOH8.

I'm studying in London.

13.8 Vocabulary America quickly

opportunity

AM6pMKa 6biCTpo aaJKHbiM

past like MATH (BXOAMTb' like XOAMTb) to enter

aoMTr.tP BOMAY. BOMASWb

important

aowin, aowna-

BAPyr suddenly B03MOJKHOCTb

(f) possibility,

156

ASPECT IN THE PAST: USE OF TENSES

aoo6~qe

HeMH6ro (+gen.) a little

altogether, totally

BOT nooteMy that is why

o6bt'tHO usually

BCnOMMHSTb' (like 3H8Tb)

OKOH'tMTbP (+ace.) OKOH'ty,

(BCnOMHMTbP BCnOMHIO,

OKOH'tMWb (oKaH'tMB&Tb' like

BCnOMHMWb) ( + ace.) to

3H&Tb) to finish, graduate from

remember, recall BbiY'tMTbp (see yotMTb') ( + ace.) to

opMrMHan original OCT8HOBMTbP (+ace.)

master (13.7) A8BH6 long ago, since long ago

OCT8HOB.llt01 OCT8HOBMWb

A6no a T6M, 'tT6 . • . the thing is

(OCT8HBBnMB8Tb1 like 3H8Tb) to stop (something)

that ...

OTBeTMTbP ( + dat.) OTBe'ty,

JKYpHamtCT journalist

OTBeTMWb (OTBe'tBTb' like

386biBSTb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.)

3H&Tb) to answer

(386b1Tbp 386YAY. 386YA8Wb)

(someone)

to forget 38CM8HTbCRP (CM8HTbCR')

OTHOCMTbCR' K ( + dat.) to relate to, regard, treat

38CM8t0cb, 38CMeiWbCR to start laughing

nepeBOAMTb' nepeaoJKy, nepeBOAMWb (nepeaeCTMP) to

M3Y'tBTb' (like 3H8Tb) to study

translate

(13.7)

nepe6x&Tbpnepe6Ay,nepe6AeWb

M3yotMTbP M3y'ty, M3j'tMWb to master (13.7)

(nepee3JKBTb' like 3H&Tb) to move (house); to drive across

Kypcbt (pl. of Kypc) classes, a

nMciiTb' (Ha-P) nMwy, ntitwewb to

course of study nMTeparypa literature

write noae3n6 ( + dat. of person)

MBnb'tMK boy MH6rMe (pl. adj.) many (people)

(someone) was lucky

MOnOAOM young

MHe noaeano I was lucky (idiom)

H8'tBTbP (H8'tMHBTb' like 3H8Tb) H&-tHy, H&'tHiWb past Hj-tan,

no-M6eMy in my opinion

Ha-tana, HB't&nM + 'inf

no-Her.teLIKM (in) German

to begin

Ha38A ago;back

noHRTbpnOMMy,noMM8Wb

H&pOA people, nation

pastnQHRn,noHRna,noHRnM

H8XOAMTb' H8XOJKy, H8XOAMWb

(nOHMMSTb' like 3H8Tb) to understand, realize

(H8MTMP H&lfAy, H8MA8Wb past Hawen, Hawna) to find

nonynilpHbiM popular

157

LESSON 13

OOCMOTpeTbP (H8 +ace.)

POAMTbCRP to be born

(CMOTpBTb; CMOTpiO, CM6TpttWb) to have a look (at) nocyYnMTbP (a+ ace.) noCyYnniO,

pastpOAMnCR,pOAMnBCb poMaH novel; love affair caM (m)/caMa (f)/ciliMM (pl.) oneself

noCTjnttwb (nocyYn8Tb' like 3H&Tb) to enter

(see Table 4) CMO'IbP CMOrj, CMO>K&Wb, CM6ryr to be able (to), manage (to)

(university etc.)

(MO'Ib;) ( + inf) past cMor,

nO'ITM almost npenoA&BSTenb (m) teacher, lec-

cMorna, cMorno, cMornt1 coapeMeHHbiM modern,

turer npenoA&BSTb; (+ace.) npenoA&IO, npenoA&eWb to teach

contemporary COpBWMB8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (cnpocMTbp cnpowy,

nptteX8TbPnptt8Ay,nptteA&Wb (nptte3>KSTb' like 3H&Tb) to

cnp6CMWb) to ask (a question)

arrive (by transport) npttKa38Tbp ( + dat. + inf)

C'IMTSTb' (like 3H8Tb) to consider,

npMKB>Ky, npMKS>K&Wb

count

(npMKS3biB8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to

Teneat1aop television

order someone to do sth

TPYAHbiM difficult

npO>KMTbP npo>KMBy, npO>KMBeWb

yMeTb' yMeiO, yMeewb (+ inf.) to know how to

(>KMTb') to live (for a specified period)

Y'IMTb' Y'fY, Y'IMWb (Bbl-") to study (see 13.7)

paBHOAYWHO indifferently, with indifference

Y'IMTbCR; Y'fYCb, Y'IMWbCR to study

~OCTb (f) joy

OT ~OCTM from joy

(somewhere- see 13.7) woc~Jip driver

peWMTbP pewy, peWMWb (+ace.) (pew8Tb'1 like 3H&Tb) to decide; to solve

13.9 Aaa TaKeTa HH:

KorAi Bbl Hit'l&nM M3Y'fSTb pyCCKMM R3biK?

M~ptt:

"'&Tblpe r6A& Haa&A.

HH:

BaM pyccKMM R3biK HpSBMTCR?

M~ptt:

6-teHb. Ho 6H 6'1&Hb TPYAHbiM.

158


HH: M3pM:

HH: M3pM:

HH: M3pM:

HH:

KaKM8 A3biKM Bbl 3Hll8T8, KpOMe pyccKoro?

S1 roaoplb H8MH6ro no-cl»p&HLIY3CKM. B HllWMX WK6nax nOIIfTM ace A6TM jllfaT «1Jp&HLIY3CKMi. M A yMeiO llfMTllTb no-HeM81.1KM, H6 He roaop.O. A pyccKMi A3biK y aac* nonynRpHbli? MH6rMe xoTRT er6 M3YIIfllTb, nOToMy llfTO ace 3Hll10T, llfT6 3To 611feHb BlllKHbli A3t:itK a coapeMeHHOM MMpe. H6 a03MOJKHOCTeM M3YIIfllTb er6 y Hac* a WK6nax MllnO. S1 C8Mll XOAMn8 H8 a8'1epHM8 KypCbl. MHe noaean6: a MOiM r6pOAe eCTb MHCTMTjT, rp.e v-e p.eaHo npenop.eiOT pyccKMi A3b1K. Boo61q6 8HrnMIIf6He OTHOcATCA K MHOCTpilHHbiM A3b1KllM paaHOAYWHO. 06blllfHO OHM CllfMTlliOT, llfT6 aecb MMp roaopMT no-aHrnMMCKM. A nOIIfeMj abl pew.tnM M3YIIfllTb pyccKMi? $nO a TOM, llfT6 HeCKOnbKO neT H83flA A H811f&nllllfMTBTb poMllHbl AOCToeacKoro- no-aHrn.ticKM, KOH811fHo. noT6M A 38XOT8n8 llfMTllTb pyCCKYIO nMTepaTjpy a OpMrMHiine. 86T nOIIfeMy R p8WMn8 38nMCllTbCA H8* Kjpcbl. S1 He 3Hll10, CMOrj nM A abiY'fMTb A3biK, Ho A y•e nP011fMTllna TPM poMllHa AOCToeacKoro no-pyccKM. no-M6eMy, abl er6 y•e at:ityllfMnM.

*y aac in your country (10.6) *aanMcllTbCA" Ha +ace to enrol for CTllpbli &HeKA6T An Old Joke )l(ypHan.tCT npoaOA.tn'* onp6c Ha ynMLI&X MocKat:it: - npoCT.tTe, rp.e abl POAMnMCb0 ? - B CaHKT·neTep6ypre. -A rp.e abl OKOHIIfMnM• WK6ny? - B neTporpllp.e. -A rAe abiJKMaiTe Tenepb? - B neHMHrpllp.e. -A rAe abl xoriTe JKMTb'? - B CaHKT-neTep6ypre. *npoaOA.tTb' onp6c to conduct a survey

159

LESSON 13

Note: Peter's city on the Neva, founded 1703, was officially CaHKTneTep6ypr until the First World War, though the name was often shortened to neTep6ypr. CaHKT 'saint', neTep 'Peter' and 6ypr 'town' are all German borrowings; the Russian equivalents would be CBATOM, neTp and ropOA or rp&A. During the War, in 1914, the German-sounding name was Russified into neTporpflA. In 1924, after Lenin's death, the city acquired its Communist-era name fleHMHrpflA.

EXERCISE 13/3

Translate, noting the aspects: Bepa POAMnilcb• a MocKae. OHil npo•Mnil• TaM TPM r6A&, noTOM C8MbH nepeexana• B lltpKjTCK. TaM OHil OKOH'IMna• WKOny M nOCyYnMna• B MHCTMTyY. KorAil OHil Y'!Mn&Cb' B MHCTMTjTe, OHS amo61iinacb• a MonoA6ro npenOA&BilTenJI. TaK K&K oH npenoA&ailn' &HrnliiMCKMM Jl3biK M nepeBOAMn' &HrnMMCKMM pOMSH, OHil pew.tna•, 'ITO T0)1(8 XO'I8T M3Y'ISTb' 8HrnMMCKMM. no3TOMY OHS H&'lana• XOAMTb' H8 B8'1epHM8 KjpCbl. amo6MTbCJI• a + ace. to fall in love with

EXERCISE 13/4

Say in Russian: 1 I have been studying Russian (for) three months. 2 We want to master Russian. 3 Mary moved to Moscow and quickly mastered Russian. 4 I don't know if Vadim speaks English. 5 If he speaks English, I'll give him this novel.


A Brezhnev Joke (Translation in key) Why did Brezhnev order his chauffeur to stop?

160


2 What was his first question to the small boy?

3 Why did the boy think Brezhnev was his American uncle?

6pe.JKH8B exan' Ha MaWMH8 no OAHOMj M3 MOCKOBCKMX npocnltKTOB. 6H pewt1n• nOCMOTp6Tb0 , KaK .JKMBiT COBltTCKMM* HapOA. 6H npMKa38n• wo«
MarHMTOci»>H tape recorder MHoro3TibKHbiM many-floored

coBeTCKMM Soviet (adj) TBK BOT well then (idiom) xonoA"'nbHMK refrigerator

Note: Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party from 1964 to 1982.

161

14 YP6K H6MEP LIETbiPHA.Q~ATb ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

14.1 Key Expressions Sl 6YAY AOMa. 3ilaTpa Mbi6YA8M OTAbiXSTb'. Sl 6YAY mtCSTb' 'fSCTO. Bbl 6yAeTe CMeHTbCJI, H6...

I shall be at home. Tomorrow we shall rest.

Ecmt 6yAeT apeMJI . . .

If there is time ...

M6•Ho? MHe xonOAHO.

May I?

I shall write often. You're going to think this funny, but ('You will laugh, but .. .')

I'm cold.

14.2 The Future of 6b1Tb; H6YAY Tbi6YA8Wb 6H/OHiiiOH6 6jA8T Mbi6YA8M Bbl6yAeTe OHM 6YAYT Sl 6YAY B MOCKBG. Bbl 6yAeTe 3A8Cb 3ilaTpa?

I shall (I'll) be you (lam) will (you'll) be he/she/it will ('II) be we'll be you (pol/pl.)'ll be they'll be I shall be in Moscow. Will you be here tomorrow?

162

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

14.3 Imperfective Future As in the past tense, Russian has a choice of aspects in the future too. The imperfective future is easy. Simply use the future forms of 6b1Tb (14.2) plus the imperfective infinitive of the required verb. Sl 6YAY roaopMTb' no-pyccKM.

I'll speak/be speaking Russian

rAe Tbl 6yAeWb M
Where will you live?

(literally, 'I shall be to speak .. .').

8 MOCKBe Bbl 6yAeTe M
Will she speak Russian? We're going to take a holiday ('rest') in the Crimea. In Moscow you will stay (live) with us. They will write often.

(Note that the future of 6b1Tb is simply R 6YAY etc., as in 14.2, never SI6YAY 6b1Tb. 'I shall be in Moscow': SI6YAY a MocKae) The choice of aspect in the future follows the same basic principles as the choice in the past (i.e. the imperfective simply names the action, while the perfective specifies that the action is seen as a completed whole). But in practice the choice in the future will seem much simpler. Rule of thumb: In most cases (90 per cent) use the perfective, as in Lesson 12. Use the imperfective only if the action will be unfinished or repeated.

EXERCISE 14/1

Translate, using the imperfective future: 1 I shall be in Moscow. 2 Will she be at home tomorrow? 3 We shall study Russian. 4 Tomorrow I shall be working. 5 In Moscow I shall speak only Russian. 6 They will telephone every day.

14.4 Use of Tenses: Future for English Present In Russian, after the conjunctions KOrAll 'when', ecnM 'if' (never 163

LESSON 14

'whether'), noKil . .. He 'until', the future tense (i or p) must be used meaning is future (English often uses the present):

if the

KorA{I fl 6'JAY' B MOCKBe, fl n03BOHt0° er6 cecTpe. When I am (will be) in Moscow, I'll phone his sister.

Ecmt Bbl 6yAeTe' M3y~t8Tb' pyccKMM fl3biK, Bbl nony~tMTe0 xop6wy10 pa66TY. If you study (will study) Russian, you will get a good job.

EcnM Bbl M3Y'tMTe0 pyccKMM fl3b1K, Bbl nony~tMTe0 xop6wy10 pa66TY. If you master (will master) Russian, you will get a good job. s:l CK8>KY0 cecTpaM, KorA{IMX YBM>KY0 (future). I'll tell (my) sisters when I see (pres.) them (i.e. when I will see them).

EcnM 6yAeT' apeMfl, Mbl noliiAeM• a PyccKMM My3elii. If there is (will be) time, we'll go to the Russian Museum.

BaAMM He yliiAeT•, noKa Eaa He no3BOHMT0 • Vadim won't leave until Eva phones (will phone).

Be careful to note the aspect when translating such KOrAll and ecnM clauses: KorA{I fl 6YAY OTAbiXiiTb', fl HB'tHY 'tMTiiTb ccBOMHY .. MMp». When I'm on holiday ('shall be resting'- action in process), I'll start reading War and Peace.

KorA{I fl OTAOXHj 0, fl H8'tHY 'IMTiiTb ccBOMHY M MMp». When I've had a holiday ('when I finish resting'- completed action), I'll start reading War and Peace.

EXERCISE 14/2

Translate: 1 KorA{I Mbl 6'JAeM B MOCKBe, Mbl 6'JAeM >KMTb B rOCTMHM4e «PoccMfl». 2 EcnM Bbl HanMweTe elii nMCbM6, oHa OTBeTMT. 3 EcnM BSAMM Bblnb&T MH6ro, Eaa yliiAeT 6e3 Her6. 4 Mbl aaM cKa>KeM, KorA{I Bbl npMeA&Te. 5 KOrAil Mbl noo6eASeM•, Mbl nOCMOTpMM TeneBM30p. 6 When I'm (14.4) in Moscow, I shall speak only Russian. 7 When Eva arrives•, Vadim will phone us. 8 If you (pol. pl.) give• him ten dollars, he'll give you the tickets. 9 I don't know if (14.4) she will be at home.

164


14.5 EXTRA: Planned Future Do not confuse the 'hidden' future of 'If you write (= will write) she'll answer' (14.4) with the planned future of 'I'm working tomorrow', where the present ('We're working') is used with a future time word ('tomorrow') to show that some future event is regarded as an accepted fact. In the case of the planned future, Russian and English have the same usage. 3iBTpa fl pa66Tal0 (pres.) 'Tomorrow I'm working' (pres.). ~epe3 Ml!Cfl4 Mbl l!AeM (pres.) B CM6Mpb 'In a month's time we're going (pres.) to Siberia.'

14.6 Dative in Impersonal Constructions Many English constructions such as 'It is cold today', 'I have to go', 'He needs to study' have Russian equivalents in which 'is cold', 'have to', 'needs' are translated not by verbs but by indeclinable adverb-type words usually ending -o (e.g. x6nOAHO 'is cold', HY>KHO 'is necessary'). Words like HY>KHO are often called 'category of state' words (KaTer6pMfl cocToiiHMfl), because they describe states, not actions. If you want to indicate the person who is affected by the state of affairs (e.g. 'I am cold'), in Russian the person is in the dative (12.6) case (MHe x6nOAHO literally 'To me is cold'). Look at these useful examples: Cer6AHfl x6nOAHO. EMy x6nOAHO. B TeilTpe >KllpKo. EM Tenn6. HliAo/Hy>KHo MATM. MHe HSAO MATM. 3Aecb cKY'tHo. [sko'o.lb.-na] HaM 3A8Cb cKY'tHo. MO>KHO OTKpbiTb OKH67 M6>KHO MH8 BOMTM?

It's cold today. (Today is cold.) He's cold. (To him is cold.) The theatre is hot. (It's hot in the theatre.) She's warm. (To her is warm.) It's necessary to go. I have to go. It's boring here. We're bored here. (To us here is boring.) Is it possible to (May I) open the window? May I come in? (Is it possible to me to come in?) 165

LESSON 14

Now read through this list and then try to find idiomatic translations for the examples which follow, covering up the answers below with a piece of paper: Heo6XOAMMO MHT8p6CHO caeTno HY*HO (like HBAO)

(it) is essential (it) is interesting (it) is light (it) is necessary

BaM Heo6XOAMMO KynMTb wilnKy. 2 BaM MHT8p6cHO CMOTp6Tb 4Jyr66n? 3 B 3Toi KOMHaTe O&teHb caeTno. 4 HaM Hj)I(HO KynMTb AB8 6yYblnKM MMH8pSnbHOM BOAbl. You must buy a hat. (To you is essential to buy a hat.) 2 Do you like watching footbaii?/Do you find watching football interesting? (To you is interesting to watch football?) 3 This room is very light. (In this room is very light.) 4 We need to/have to buy two bottles of mineral water. (To us is necessary to buy ... )

Note that it is not common in Russian for a place (e.g. 'Siberia') to be the subject' when the sentence describes something that happens in the place: B Ctt6MpM xonOAHO. B KOMHaTe caeTn6. Ha yntt1.1e wjMHO.

Siberia is cold. ('In Siberia is cold.') The room is light. ('In the room is light.') The street is noisy.

Note also Henb3R 'it is not possible', 'it is not permitted', which behaves in the same way though it does not end ·o. KypMTb Henb3R. BaM Henb3R 3A8Cb KYPMTb.

Smoking is not permitted. You may not smoke here.

These indeclinable words can be made past tense by placing 61i.no ,'was' after the 'state' word. (&li1no can also be placed before the 'state' word, particularly those like xonOAHO or MHTep6cHo which are also used as adjectives i.e. xon6AHbiM 'cold', MHTep6cHbiM 'interesting'.) HaM HSAo 61i.no no3BOHMTb0 •

We had to make a phone call.

HaM 61i1no x6nOAHO. Henb3R 61i1n0 HaMTM 0 TaKCM.

We were cold.

('To us was necessary to phone.') It was impossible to find a taxi.

166


Similarly, to make these 'state' words future, put 6yAeT after (or before) them:

BaM HSAO 6yAeT no3BOHMTbP, You will have to phone. Mo)I(H() 6yppr aepttj'rbcRP H8 T&KCM. It will be possible to come back by taxi. It will be cold there. Note some special features of negation with these words: The opposite of MO)I(HO is not He MO)I(HO. Use either Henb3H ('it's impossible'/'it's not permitted') or H8B03MO)I(HO ('it's impossible')

Henb3H OTKpbiBBTb' OKH6. Henb3HIHeB03MO)I(HO 6blno OTKpbiTbP OKHO.

It is not permitted to open the window. It was impossible to open the window.

(Note the use of the i infinitive in the meaning of 'not permitted' and the use of the p infinitive in the meaning 'it's impossible'- see 15.11.)

He HSAO and He HY*HO both have the meaning 'one shouldn't'/'don't' (as well as 'it is not necessary'): He HSAO roaopMTb' o6 3TOM. He HSAO TaK MH6ro pa66TaTb'.

Don't talk about that. You shouldn't/it's not necessary to work so much. A: EcnM XOTMTe, R a&M paccK&)I(j If you like, I'll tell you about the economy of Siberia. o6 3KOH6MMKe CM6MpM.

B: HeH8Ao.

I'd rather you didn't.

Other 'state' words:

>Kanb (or *BnKo). >Kanb, 'tT6 aac TaM He 6blno. MHe )I(SflKO Te6Si (gen.). nopa ... HaM nopa MATM. Heox6Ta (coli) MHe Heox6Ta o6 3ToM roaopMTb'. CTbiAHO. KaK BaM He CTblAHO?! EcnM Bbl HamJiTecbP, aaM noT6M 6yAeT CTbiAHO.

It's a pity. It's a pity you weren't there. I'm sorry for you. it's time ... It's time for us to go. one doesn't feel like + verb I don't want to talk about it. It's shameful. You should be ashamed of yourself! If you get drunk, you'll feel ashamed afterwards.

167

LESSON 14

EXERCISE 14/3

Translate: 1 -BaM He x6nOAHO?- !'teT, MHe AS1K8 Tenn6. 2 B MoCKBe 8 aarycTe H8M 6bln0 1KBpKO.

3 - M61KHO OTKpbiTb OKH6? - no1KanyMCT8, H6

6yAeT WYMHO. 4 3aaTpa HY1KHO 6yAeT KymfTb wanKy. 5 Is it possible to buy• vodka here? 6 This room is very cold. 7 You will not be bored. 8 Vadim is not allowed to drink.

14.7 Vocabulary aarycT August

M61KHO it's possible, one may

(14.6)

6ecnoK6MTbCR' 6ecnoK610cb, 6ecnoK6MWbCR to worry

MY1KCK6M male

He 6ecnoK6icR don't worry

HBAO (= HY1KHO) it's necessary, one must (14.6)

aepHjTbCR•aepHycb,aepHeWbCR to return, come back

H8nMTbCR 0 H&nbtOCb, H&nb8WbCR

(8038p8IJ.I&TbCR' like 3H8Tb)

(H&nMBBTbCR' like 3H8Tb) to get drunk

B03p81KBTb' (like 3H8Tb) (B03p83MTb0 B03pa1Ky,

H8CTpOeHM8 mood

ao3p&3MWb) to object

AnR HacTpoeHMR for a (good)

aoMHB war apeAHO harmful, it's harmful (14.6)

mood ( = to relax) He&03M61KHO ( + Pinf) it's impossible (to do sth) (14.6)

rOAOBIJ4MH8 anniversary r6noc pl. ronoca voice

HeA&neK6 not far

rp6MKMM loud

Henb3R it's not allowed; it's

A&*e

impossible (14.6)

even

1K&nb (1KanKo) it's a pity (14.6)

H8MH61KKO a little (diminutive' of

1KBPKO hot (of weather), it's hot (14.6)

H8MH6ro) Heo6XOAMMO it's essential (14.6)

1K8HIJ4MH8 woman

6ceHbiO in autumn

MHTepecHO (it's) interesting (14.6)

OCTBTbCR•ocT8Hycb,ocT8HewbCR

K6MH&Ta room

(OCT8BSTbCR' OCT8t0cb,

KOMnBHMR company Kpadao it's attractive

ocTaewbCR) to remain, stay OTKpbiTbP OTKp610, OTKp6eWb

neToM in summer

(OTKpbiBBTb' like 3H8Tb) to open

168

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE: IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

CTbiAHO shameful ( 14.6) cy666Ta Saturday a cy666TY on Saturday Tenn6 it's warm (14.6) Tlilxo quiet, it's quiet (14.6) TPYAHO difficult, it's difficult (14.6) yex&Tbp y6Ay, y6AeWb to leave (by transport) (ye3JK8Tb' like 3H8Tb) x6nOAHO it's cold (14.6) wanK& g. pl. wanOK hat (no brim) wyMHO noisy, it's noisy (14.6) 10r south Ha lOre in the south

OTMe'laTb' (like 3H8Tb) (OTMeTMTbP OTM8'1y, OTMeTMWb) tO mark, celebrate noKa .•. He until (14.4) noHHTHO comprehensible(= I see) nopa ( + inf) it's time (to do sth) (14.6) nbHHbiM drunk pa3B6A divorce cecTpa pl. cecTpbl, g.pl. cecTep, dat.pl. cecTpaM sister CMA6Tb'(no-P) CMJKy, CMAMWb to sit, be sitting cKy'IHO [sko·o-mna] boring, it's boring (14.6)


B&AiiiM: Tbl He 6yAeWb B03paJKiiTb, ecnM B cy666TY H nOMAY K Anewe? Mbl 6yAeM OTMe'lilTb roAOBII.IMHY er6 pa3B6AS. B MyJKCKOM KOMnliHMM, KOHe'IHO, 6e3 JK6HII.IMH. Eaa: noHHTHO. 3Hii'IMT, Tbl 6yAeWb nMTb BOAKY aecb ae'lep. A Te6e nMTb apeAHO. B&AiiiM: Sl BblnbiO HeMHOJKKO, T6nbKO A"H H&CTpo6HMH. Sl 3HSIO, 'IT6 HliAO nMTb B Mepy.* Eaa: EcnM Tbl H&nbewbcH, Te6e noT6M 6yAeT CTbiAHO. B&AiiiM: He 6ecnoK6McH. *a Mepy in moderation (Mepa measure)


(Translation in key) I What three reasons does VP give for choosing to spend the summer in his Moscow flat rather than in the Crimea? 2 What is AM's reaction to his summer plans? 3 What will VP do in the autumn?

169

LESSON 14

Bn:

rAe Bbl 6yAeTe OTAbiXSTb n6ToM?

AM:

Ha lOre, a KpbiMy, H8A&neK6 OT tlnTbl. TaM O't8Hb KpacMao.

Bn:

MHe neTOM B KpbiMY He HpSaMTCR. 0't8Hb DPKO. 111 TPYAHO

AM:

A MO)I(HO aac cnpocMTb, 'tT6 Bbl 6jA8T8 A&naTb a aarycTe?

HaMTM KOMHayY. Bn:

Bbl 6jAeTe CMeiiTbCR, HO Mbl pewMnM OCTSTbC:R B MOCKBe. Mbl 6jA&M CMA6Tb AOMa Ill CMOTp6Tb Tene&M30p.

AM:

H6 B8Ab 6jAeT cKj'tHO [sko"o-shna].

Bn:

3aT6* 6jA8T TMXO. Bee COCeAM yflp,yr, H8 6YA8T CnbiWHO* HM* nbAHbiX ronoc6B, Hill pyraHM*, Hill rpOMKOM

AM:

A a HaweM AOMe aayKoMaonfi4MR* xop6waR.

an:

Y Hac 6~teHb wyMHO. noT6M 6ceHbto, KorA& ace aepHjTcR a

pOK·Mj3biKM*.

MacKay, Mbi6YA8M OTAbiXilTb a Co'tM, y Moei ceCTpbl. *Extra Vocabulary 38TO on the other hand (in compensation) 3BYKOM3onfi4MR sound-proofing HM .•. HM neither ... nor

pyraHb (f) swearing cnbiWHO audible He 6yAeT cnbiWHO + gen. we won't hear ('won't be audible')

p6K-Mj3b1Ka rock music

170

15 YP6K H6MEP nSITHAA~ATb REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE

15.1 Key Examples CKaJKiiiTe, noJKanyiiicTa noKBlKiiiTe, noJKanyiiicTa npocTiiiTe, noJKanyMcTa. YxoAiiiTe. npliiXOAMT8 K H8M. C&AiiiT8Cb. A&iiiTe, noJKany.:tcTa. noMOrJiiTe H8M. roaopliiTe MeAneHHO. He 386YAbTe.

Tell (me), please/Could you tell me? Show (me), please/Would you show me? Excuse (me), please. Go away. Come and see us. Take a seat. Give (me), please/Could you give me? Help us. Speak slowly. Don't forget.

15.2 Asking People to Do Things: Imperative Form

When we ask people to do things in English, we tend to use such polite constructions as 'Would you pass me the bread?', 'Could you open the window, please?' Russians make such requests with a form of the verb called the imperative' (the form for giving commands), which ends -iiiTe, ·MTe or ·bTe, depending on the verb. The imperative in English is the same as the infinitive (without 'to'), as in 'Pass the bread', 'Give !Tie that book, please'. 'Give me that book please' sounds abrupt in English, but its literal equivalent A&iiiTe" MHe 3TY KHiiiry, noJKanyiiicTa is normal usage in Russian. 171

LESSON 15

We have already met examples of the imperative. If you have learnt these, then you already know all the possible types. ,QauiiTe•, noJKanyiiicTa . .. (B) P&3A8BBiiiTecb (11 ). CKBJKifreP, noJK8nyiiicTa ... (4.11) npocTMT&P (3). no3H8K6MbT8CbP (11) ...

Please give (me) ... Take your coat off. Please tell (me) ... Excuse (me). Meet (Become acquainted) ...

The three possible endings are -iiiTe, -MTe, -bTe, if you are speaking to someone you call Bbl. If you are speaking to someone you call Tbl, leave off the -Te. Reflexive verbs add CR after iii or b and Cb after " or Te. (a) -iii(Te) is the ending if the stem of the verb ends with a vowel (for 'stem' see 4.4), e.g. 'tMTBTb' 'to read' stem 'tMTB- imper 'tMTBiii(Te) BiHR, 'tMTiiii;, noJKinyiiicTa. Vanya, read, please. A&Tb• 'to give' stem AS- imper Aiiii(Te) ,Q{liiiTe•, noJKanyiiiCTa, ABB cTaK8Ha. Please give (me) two glasses. 6ecnoK6MTbCR' 'to worry', stem 6ecnoK6He 6ecnoK6iiicR'/He 6ecnoK6iiiTecb'. Don't worry.

All 3H8Tb-type verbs have this ending.

EXERCISE 15/1

Make the verbs imperative: I (,QaTb•) MHe aaw Teneca»6H 'Give me your telephone number.' 2 (nocnywaTb") MeHR, noJKanyiiiCTa! 'Please listen to me.' 3 (OAeBBTbCR'), noJKanyiiicTa, yJK6 napa 6xaTb 'Please get dressed, it's time we were leaving.'

(b) M(Te) is the ending if the stem of the Tbl- form ends in a consonant and the R-form of the present (i-verbs) or future (p-verbs) is stressed on the end. This is the ending for most roaopMTb- and JKMTb- type verbs. npMXOAMTb' 'to come' stem npMXOA- (as in Tbl npMX6AMWb), stress of R npMxoJKj on ending, so imper npMXOAM(Te)

172

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE

npMXOAM' K HaM 3ilaTpa. Come (lam) and see us tomorrow. roaopr.tTb' 'to say, speak' A roaoptb, Tbl roaopr.twb stem roaop-, stress on end, so the imperative is roaopr.t(Te) roaopr.tTe, nolKitnyMcTa, MI!AneHHO. Speak slowly, please. cKa3iiTb0 'to say' A cKalKy, Tbl cKillKewb stem CK&lK-, stress on end, so the imperative is CK&lKM(Te) CKalKr.tTe 0 , nolKitnyMCTa, rAe 3AeCb KMH6? Could you tell me where the

cinema is, please? C&AMTbCA' 'to sit down' A C8lKYCb, Tbl C8AMWbCA stem C8A·, stress on ending, so the imperative is ca,qr.tcblc&Ar.tTecb 'take a seat'

EXERCISE 15/2

Make the verbs imperative: l (npMHeCTM 0 ) HaM waMnitHCKOe, nolKitnyMcTa 'Bring us champagne, plsase.' 2 He (yXOAMTb') 'Don't go away!' 3 (Kynr.tTb0 ) AB& 6MneTa 'Buy tv to tickets.' 4 (nocMoTpeTb 0 ) Ha Hee! 'Look at her!'

(c) ·b(Te) is the ending for verbs whose stem ends in a consonant with the stress on the stem. So the difference from type (b) is determined by the place of the stress on the A-form of the present/future. 386b1Tb0 'to forget' A 386YAY· Tbl 386yAeWb, stem 386YA-, stress on the stem in all forms, so imper 386YAb(Te): He 386YAbTe° CKa3iiTb eM o6 3ToM. Don't forget to tell her about it. no3H&KOMMTbCA 0 'to become acquainted' A no3HaK6MniOcb, Tbl n03H8KOMMWbCA, stem no3HaK6M- (from the Tbl·form), stress on the stem in the A-form, SO imper n03H8KOMbTeCb (n03H8KOMbCA) no3H&KOMbT8Cb. M3pM, 3To Bon6AR. Mary, meet Volodia. 6b1Tb' 'to be' forms its imperative from the stem 6yA- of the future tense: 6YAbTe 3AOPOBbl!

Be healthy! (Set phrase)

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LESSON 15

5jAbTe A06pbl.

Be so good. (Set phrase introducing a request)

This ending -b(Te) is by far the least common of the three.

EXERCISE 15/3

Make the infinitives imperative: 1 (0CTIJTbCR 0 14.7) :JAeCb 'Stay here.' 2 nolKanyMCTB, (OTBeTMTb0 ) HB ABB aonp6ca 'Please answer two questions.' 3 BaHst, He (3&6b1Tb0 ) no3BOHMTb Eae 'Vania, don't forget to ring Eva.'

15.3 Choice of Aspect

Rule 1: Use the perfective for commands and requests involving single events: CK&lKMTe 0 , no•anyliicTa ... no3oaii!Te0 , nolKilnyliicTa, Eay.

Could you tell me . Please call Eva.

Rule 2: Use the imperfective for commands to do something repeatedly or without time limitation, as you would expect from the general rules of aspect usage: Write to me often. (Compare HanMwii!Te•

elii nMCbMO 'Write her a letter'.) roaopii!Te' no-pyccKM, nolK&nyliicTa.

Speak Russian please. (Compare

CK&lKMTe 0 3To no-pyccKM, nolKilnyliicTa 'Say that in Russian, please.')

Rule 3: Use the imperfective for negative commands (Don't ... ) with He: He yxoAMTe'. He cnpilwMaaliiTe'.

Don't go away. Don't ask.

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Rule 4: Use the imperfective for invitations. npMXOAMT8' K H8M. &epliiTe' eaqi C&AMT&Cb'.

Do come and see us. Take some more (food). Take a seat.

EXERCISE 15/4 Translate and account for the choice of aspect:

1 npMXOAMTe' K H8M B r6CTM B cy66iny. 2 0TKp6i1Te• OKHO, noJK&nyiilcTa. 3 - M6•Ho 38KypliiTb• ('to light a cigarette')? no•anyiilcT&, KypliiTe'. 4 OTaeTbTe• Ha ABB aonpoca. 5 Aa\iiiTe• MHe aaw Teneci»6H. 6 &epliiTe1 nMpo•oK. 7 He yxoAiiiTe1 •

EXERCISE 15/5 Translate, using the imperative forms:

1 Phone• me tomorrow. 2 Could you tell• me where the station is? 3 Don't forget• to bring• the juice. 4 Write' to us often. 5 Do have a seat'. 6 Would you give• me two tickets, please? 6 Don't open' the window. This room is cold.

15.4 Imperative Exceptions There aren't many exceptions. Of the verbs we have met so far, only the following need to be noted:

nMTb' 'to arink' has neiii(Te) 'drink' All prefixed forms of nMTb (e.g. BblnMTb" 'to have a drink') have the same ending:

BllmeiiiTe•.

Have a drink.

The imperative of both eX&Tb' (8Ay, 8A&Wb) and no8X8TbP 'to go by trans-

port' is noe3JK8iii(Te)"P.

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LESSON 15

noMO'IbP (nOMOrj, nOMO>KeWb) 'to help' has nOMO[M(Te) (not nOMO>KM(Te))

In this lesson you meet BbiMTiotP (BbiMAY, BbiMAeWb) 'to go out', which has the imperative BbiMAM(Te) (not BbiMAb(Te)), probably because all the other ·MTM ('go') verbs have ·M(Te) in the imperative (BbiMTM is the only one stressed on the stem). Any other exceptions are shown in the vocabularies.

15.5 EXTRA: An Unexpected Idiomatic Use of the Imperative

The Tbl· imperative is occasionally used idiomatically wi.th the meaning 'If .. .' 5YAb R HB TBoiM MecTe, R 6bt ywna oT Hero. 'If I were you (in your

place), I would leave him.' 3HaM OHM, 'ITO ... 'If they had known that .. ./If they knew that .. .'

15.6 EXTRA: Two More Imperative Aspect Rules

Rule 5. Negative commands which are warnings rather than prohibitions ('Mind you don't ... ')can be perfective. There aren't many of these. Just learn the following: He 386YAb(Te)P. He yn&Aiii(Te)P. He npOCTYAMTeCbP.

Mind you don't forget. Don't fall/Watch your step. Mind you don't catch a cold.

Rule 6. Insistent or peremptory commands may be impeifective, particularly when you are telling people to get on with something they know they ought to do. The customs officer asking you to open your case will say 0TKp6MTeP, no>K8nyMcTa 'Open it, please', using the perfective as in Rule I. If you hesitate, he may repeat the command as OTKpbtB8MTe'! 'Go on, open it (as you know you're supposed to)'.

176


15.7 First Person Imperative The equivalent of 'Let's' in 'Let's go to Red Square' is Aaaati(Te) plus either the first person plural (the Mbl form) of the future perfective or the imperfective infinitive, depending on whether the proposal is for a single action (p) or a repeated one (i). AaaatiTe noWMo Ha KpacHyiO nn6tq8Ab. Aaaati no3aOHMM° KaTe.

Let's go to Red Square. (AaaatiTe to someone you call Bbl) Let's ring Katia. (Aaaati to someone you call Tbl) AaaatiTe npootMTS§M0 ei nMCbM6. Let's read her letter. (Completed act of reading with amount specified) AaaatiTe otMTI:rll'. Let's read. (No amount specified) AaaatiTe noroaopuo. Let's have a talk. (noroaopMTb0 means 'to do a little talking'.) AaaatiTe roaopm' no·pyccKM. Let's talk Russian. (No amount or time limit specified) The imperfective infinitive is a shortened version of the impelfective future, i.e. AaaatiTe (6yAeM) roaopMTb (14.3). If the imperative is negative ('Let's not ... '), the 6yAeM must be included. 'Let's not talk about that' Aaa8MT8 H8 6yAeM roaopMTb' 06 3TOM.

15.8 Third-person Imperative ('Let') If you want some third person to do something, i.e. if you want to say the equivalent of 'Tell her/them to (Let her/them) come back tomorrow', you can use nycTb (lit. 'let', 'allow') with the third person of the verb: nyCTb (OHB) npMAiT 38BTpa. nycTb roaopfiT.

Let her come tomorrow. Let them talk.

EXERCISE 15/6

Translate: 1 AaaatiTe BblnbeM. 2 AaaatiTe no8AeM K Eae M BSAMMy.

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LESSON 15

3 He cepA•ilTecb. nycTb 8AYT, ecnM xon1T. 4 EcnM Bon6A:H no3BOHMT, CK8)J(MT8 eMy, 'fTO H ywna. nycTb n03BOHMT 38&Tpa. 5 Let's speak Russian. 6 Let's phone Eva. 7 Let's not think about work. 8 Let him study French if he wants (to).

15.9 Official Imperative

In official style (e.g. on notices), commands, particularly negative ones ('Don't .. .'), are often in the infinitive. This construction often corresponds to the English 'No' +noun structure. He KYPMTb'! (4.1) Mon'fBTb'! He pa3rosapMsaTb'! no f830H8M He XOAMTb'! HecopMTb'!

No smoking Be quiet! No talking! Do not walk on the grass No litter

15.10 More Everyday Phrases with Imperatives Pa3pewi4Te0 npoJiiTM. nepeCTSHbT8°1 06p8TMT8° BHMMSHMe. 5YAbT8' OCTOPO)J(Hbl. noKa)J(MTe' :ho, no*anyJiicTa. He KnSAMTe' Tpy6Ky. npMXOAMTe' K H8M.

Excuse me (Let me pass). Stop it! Noteffake note. Be careful (set phrase). Show me that, please (asking a shop assistant to show you something). Don't hang up (on telephone). Come and see us (invitation to visit).

15.11 Revision and Summary of Aspect Use:

Fourteen Key Examples The imperfective is used: (I) for present-tense actions Sl 'fMTBIO'.

I read/1 am reading.

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(2) for uncompleted actions, so that English continuous forms ('I was doing', 'She will be working') always correspond to the imperfective: Mbl WllM' AOM6M. St 6'JAY 'IMTBTb' B8Cb B6'1ep.

We were walking home. I shall be reading all evening.

(3) for states and processes: 6H )I(Mil' B MOCKB6. M3pM M3Y'IBI18' pyccKMM R3biK. Mbl 6'JAeM )I(MTb' y APYHM.

He lived in Moscow. Mary studied Russian. We'll stay with friends.

(4) for negated actions (particularly in the past), to indicate absence of action: 0Hil He npMXOAM118' .

She didn't come.

(5) with infinitives and the negated imperative (15.3, rule 3) to indicate undesirability of an action: He HBAO noKyniiTb' 3TY KHiilry. You shouldn't buy that book. He noKynai4Te'3Ty KHiilry. Don't buy that book. St coa6yYIO B&M He noKyniiTb' ei. I advise you not to buy it.

(6) for actions repeated an unspecified number of times: St acerA8 3BOHMI1&'B C8Mb 'l&c6a. I always rang at seven. St 6'JAY nMCBTb''IBCTO. I shall write often. Write often.

(7) in the past tense, to indicate that the result of an action was cancelled or annulled- particularly with verbs of motion (13.3): B'lepanpMXOAM11' M6l4 pyccKMM APYr. Sl OTKpb1BBI1' OKH6.

My Russian friend came yesterday (and left again). I had the window open (it's closed now).

(8) when the fact of completion is irrelevant: Bbi'IMTBI1M' ccBOMHY M MMp»?

Have you read War and Peace? (I'm not concerned with whether you finished it)

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LESSON 15

KT6 CTp6Mn' 6onbWOM T88Tp?

Who built the Bolshoi Theatre? (I want to know the name of the architect, not to stress the fact that the theatre was finished)

The perfective is used: (9) to describe an action as a completed whole, with a beginning and an end: B cy666-ry R KynlilnP «npaBAY"· I bought Pravda on Saturday. Sl 3To CA(!n&IOP 38aTpa. I'll do it tomorrow. A{lMTe" AB& 6Mn8Ta, nolK8ny111CTa. Would you give me two tickets? I want to buy a dictionary.

(1 0) to indicate the relevance of the result: Bbl KynlilnMP «np{laAY" cer6AHR? Have you bought Pravda today? (I.e. perhaps I want to borrow it)

( 11) to indicate completion, particularly in sequences of actions, where each action must be finished before the next one can begin: B&AMM npMwenp AOM6M, BblnMnp Vadim came home, drank some water BOAbl Mcenp y OKHil. and sat down by the window.

(12) with infinitives, to show that something is impossible or can't be done: 0TKpb1TbP OKHO H8803MOMHO. 0Ha He MOrna H8MTMP T8KCM.

It's impossible to open the window. She couldn't find a taxi.

(13) with negation (He) in the past tense, to indicate failure to do something: 111a8H xoT6n OTKPbiTb OKHO, H6 HecM6rP. 0Ha CKa38na, ..TO npMAGT, H6 (TaK M) He npMwnaP.

Ivan wanted to open the window but failed. She said she'd come but (in fact) she didn't.

(14) perfective infinitives and imperatives are used after negation (He) (15.6) to indicate that something might happen by chance: 180


S1 He XO"'Y sac 06MAeTb0 • He386YAb0 l CMoTpM He yn&AM 0 l

I don't want to offend you (by chance). Don't forget. Mind you don't fall.

These example sentences illustrate typical imperfective and perfective situations. Learn these and then try to relate other situations to this list. For example, if 'Have you read War and Peace? is Bbl "'MTilmt' «BOMHY M MMp»?, then 'Have you seen this film?' is the same type of imperfective situation: Bbl CMOTpenM' 3TOT 4IMnbM? Short Summary: General Rules of Thumb

(a) In the present, verbs are imperfective. (b) In the future, use the perfective, unless the action will be repeated or unfinished. (c) In the past (where about 50 per cent of verbs are perfective and 50 per cent are imperfective), remember that the perfective always carries the meaning 'action seen as a completed whole', while the imperfective simply names the action without saying anything about completion. (d) In the imperative, use the perfective (plus noJKilnyitcTa) for polite commands and requests (CK&JKMT8", noJKilnyitCTa ... 'Could you tell me ... ' Use the imperfective for invitations, repeated or unfinished actions, and for negated commands and requests (He AenaitTe; 3Toro 'Don't do that'). (e) For the irifinitive choose the perfective for actions with an intended result (particularly after all verbs meaning 'want', 'to be able or unable', 'try', 'forget' (Sl MOfY/He MOrY npMMTM 0 3ilaTpa 'I can/can't come tomorrow'). Use the imperfective after all verbs meaning 'begin', 'continue' and 'finish' (6H Hil"'an nMcilTb1 'He started writing'), and for repeated, unfinished and undesirable actions, particularly with all phrases meaning 'one shouldn't', 'it's not allowed', 'it's not necessary' (He HSAO ee npMrnawilTb1 'You shouldn't invite her').

15.12 EXTRA: Linguistic Note on Aspect

Aspect is about how actions take place in time; tense is about when. We have aspect in English too: the difference between 'He was reading 181

LESSON 15

'War and Peace' and 'He read War and Peace' is a difference of aspect, not of tense (they're both past tense). 'He was reading' tells us that the reading was in process, not finished; 'he read' simply tells us what kind of activity it was- perhaps he finished the book (as in 'He read War and Peace in sixty-five minutes'), perhaps he didn't (as in 'He read War and Peace for a couple of hours and realized he would never finish it').

EXERCISE 15/7

Translate, noting the aspects: lbpa: Wl4pnM:

lbpa:

Bbt •ntTamt' poMaH «AHHa KapeHMHa»? nod HeT. fl Kynl4nao ero a npownoM rOAY· XoTena' npO"'MTSTb0 1 HO Sl MHOfO pa6oTana', 0"18Hb YCT8Bilna' M HM"'ero He ycneaana'. BoT 6YAY B aarycTe OTAbiXSTb', TOrAil 06S13liTenbHO npO"'MTitl0°. KorAil npO"'MTileTe0 , Mbl noroaopMM 0 , o TOM, noHMMiln' nM ToncToif )l(eHcKoe cepA4e.

15.13 Vocabulary 60RTbCSI' 60tOcb, 60MWbCSI ( + gen.) to be afraid (of) ae"'epoM in the evening BHM3 down BbiMTM 0 BbiMAY• BbiMA8Wb past Bbtwen, Bbtwna, BbtWnM imper Bb1MAM(T8) 0 (BbiXOAMTb' BbiXO)I(j, BbiXOAMWb) to go out BbiXOA exit AOBOnbHO fairly, quite AOMTM 0 AOMAY.AOMAiWb (AO +gen.) past AOWin, AOWnil, AOWnM (AoxoAMTb')

to reach (on foot) pa3 again

e~qe

~STb'

(nOAo-0) ~y, ~iWb (+ace.) to wait for (someone) )l(eHCKMM female 38nMCK8 g.pl. 38nMCOK note 3A{IHMe building KnMeHT client nto6oi4 any (any one you like) MO"'b' (c-0 ) Morj, MO)I(8Wb, MO£YT past Mor, Morna, Morno, Mornl4 to be able HSAoeno that's enough, I'm tired (of it)

182


for a while (ct. CK&38Tbp 'to say')

H8K83itTbP H8K8lKy, H8KillK8Wb, (H8Kit3biB8Tb' like 3H8Tb) tO punish

nOA39MHbllii underground nod HeT not yet (while not) npoexaTbPnpoeAy,npoeAeWb (npoe3lKSTb' like 3Hl1Tb) (BIHa + ace.) to travel to npocMTb' (no-P) +ace. + inf. npowy, np6CMWb to ask someone to do something nyCTb let (15.8) pa3pew8Tb' (like 3H&Tb) ( + dat.) (pa3pewMTbp pa3pewy,

H&n6MHMTbPH&n6MH~,

Han6MHMWb (H&nOMMHSTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ dat.) to remind (someone) H8XOAMTbCSI' H8XOlKyCb, H&X6AMWbCJI to be situated rAEt HBX6AMTCR •••? where is ...? o6R38TenbHO definitely, without fail OCB060AMTbCJIP OCB060lKyCb,

pa3peWMWb) to allow (someone)

ocao60AMWbCJI (ocao6o)I(A8TbCR' like 3H&Tb) to become free OCTSBMTbP OCTSBn~, OCTSBMWb (OCT&BnHTb like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to leave (sth) nepeA&Tbp (like A&Tb 12.7) to pass, transmit, give a message

CSAMTbCJI' C8lKYCb, CBAMWbCJI (see ceCTbP) to sit down; (Ha +ace.) to take (transport) ceKpeTapb (m) gen.sg. ceKpeTapil secretary (male or female)

cepA4e gen.pl. cepA94 heart cecTb° CHAY· ciiAeWb past cen, cena (see C8AMTbCSI') to sit down; (Ha +ace.) to take

(nepeA&BSTb' like ABBSTb') (+ dat.) (to someone)

(transport) cneaa ontheleft

nepececTbPnepeciiAY, nepeCHA8Wb (nepecalKMB&TbCR') (Ha +ace.) to change (from one form of transport to another)

co66p BaclilnMR SnalKeHHoro St Basil's on Red Square ('the Cathedral of Vasilii the Blessed') cnycTMTbCJIP cny~ycb,

nepecT8Tb ( + ' inf) nepecTaHy, nepecTaHewb (nepecTaaaTb') to stop (doing sth)

cnycTMWbCJI (cnycKaTbCJI' like 3H&Tb) to go down

nepex6A street crossing nnaK&Tb' nna1.1y, nn8"18Wb tO cry (38-P 'to start crying') noaepHYTb0 noaepHy,noaepHewb (noaopli"'MB&Tb' like 3H&Tb) to turn (change direction) noroaopMTbp (of roaopMTb') to talk

CTOpOHB ace. CT6poHy, pl. CT6pOHbl gen.pl. CTOp6H side, direction a cT6poHy (+gen.) in the direction of

Tenecj)6H telephone

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LESSON 15

T6nbKO 'IT6 ( + past) just ( = very recently) Tp8MBSM gen.pl. Tp8MBS8B tram TYPMCT tourist ycneaaTb' (like 3H&Tb) (ycneTbp

ycne10, ycneewb) to have time (to do something) yCT&B8Tb' yCT&IO, ycraiwb (ycrin'b" yCTaHy, ycTaH&Wb) to get tired '18TBepTbiM fourth

15.14 AManorM Two Lost Tourists TyplilcT: B&AiiiM:

CK8JKMT8, no>KanyMCT8, K8K npoex&Tb H8 BOK38n? C&AiiiTecb Ha 'leTaepTbiM Tponnei46yc, BbiMAIIITe Ha nn61J48AM, 8 T8M nepeCRAbT8 H8 111066M Tp8MBSM.

* TyplilcT: Eaa:

no>KanyMCTa, CK8>KMTe, KBK AOiiiTM AO rOCTMHit4bl «POCCMR». Aaaai4Te nocM6TpMM nnaH r6pOA8· B6T rocntHM48, HeAa· neK6 OT KpeMIIR. Mbl H8XOAMMCR 3A8Cb, OKOIIO peCTOpBH8 «M8KAOH811AC» H8 nywKMHCKOM nn61J48AM. noaepHMTe Hanpaao MMAMTe npiiMo no TaepcK6M. Y rocTiiiHM4bl «H84MOHSI1b» Bbl yaliiAMTe nOA3GMHbiM nepex6A. CnycTMT8Cb BHM3, MAMTe npiiMO, HBMAMTe BbiXOA Ha KpacHyiO nn61J48Ab. MAiiiTe a CT6poHy co66pa BaclilnMR &na>KeHHoro. Cneaa oT co66pa Bbl yaliiAMTe 6onbw6e COBpeMeHHOe 3ASHM8. 3To MeCTb; «POCCMR».

*3To MecTb that is ('that indeed is') Pa3roa6p no TeneciJ6Hy A Telephone Conversation Eaa: HH: Eaa: HH: Eaa: HH:

M3BMHMTe, nonpocliiTe* B&AiiiMa K TeneciJ6Hy. 6H T6m.:c:o 'IT6 Bblwen. 3To Eaa roaopliiT? Aa· 6H 3BoHiiln aaM AGcRTb MMHYT Ha38A, H6 aac* He 6blno A6Ma. CK8JKMTe eMy, 'IT6 R 6YAY A6Ma a8'1epoM. nycTb no3BOHMT e~qe pa3. 06R38T811bHO.

184


tnonpoct!Te (imper of nonpocMTb 'to ask') B&At!Ma K TenecllOHy. Ask Vadim (to come) to the phone.

*BacHe 6blno A6Ma. You weren't at home ('of you wasn't' 10.5). niOAMMna neTp6BH8 M MM8HbK8JI TllHR nn: TaHR: nn: TllHR: nn: TllHR: nn: TBHR:

T8HRilfT6 Tbl AEinaewb?l nepeCTBHbl HOR XO'Iy. He pa3pewa10! Henb3HI no'leMy Henb3H? TllHR, H&Aoeno! Sl Te6J1 He 6olbcb. Sl Te6H H&Ka)l(j. EcnM Tbl MeHH H8KSJK8Wb, R 6YAY nnaK&Tb.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 15/8 (Translation in key) Borisov seeks Ravvlnov 1 What four things did Borisov ask the secretary to do during the first call? 2 Did she carry out the four instructions? 3 What did Borisov ask her to do during the third call? 4 How did she propose to carry out his instruction?

nepBbiM 3BOH6K First Call 6optlcoa: no3oat!Te Paaat!Hoaa, noJKanylilcTa. CeKpeTapb: K COJKaneHMIO, OH 38HRT*. no3BOHMTe 'lepe3 '18C. 6optlcoa: He KnBAMTe Tpy6Ky, noJKanylilcTa. nepeA81i1Te eMy, 'ITO 3BOHMn 6opMCOB. CeKpeTapb: Xopow6, nepeA&M. 6optlcoa: nonpoct!Te er6 no3BOHMTb MHe no Tene~6Hy 125-36-47. CeKpeTapb: He 6ecnoK61i1Tecb, R nepeA8M. *oH 38HRT he's busy

185

LESSON 15

BTop6i 3BOH6K Second Call &oprilcoa:

Bac 6ecnoK6MT* Ean!HMM MaTB6eBM't &oprilcoa. nonpocriiTe P&BBMHOB8 K T8118cj)6Hy, nOlKMlfMCT8. CeKpeTilpb: OH y•e ywen. &oprilcoa: KaK ywen?* no'teMy 6H He no3BOHriln? CeKpeTilpb: He 3Hil10. Sf eMy cKa3ima, 'tT6 Bbl 3BOHMI1M. &oprilcoa: nolKill1yMCT8, Han6MHMT8 BMY eaqe pa3 3iiBTpa. CeKpeTilpb: 06R3iiTBI1bHO. *Bac 6ecnoK6MT ... &oprilcoa 'You is troubling ... Borisov'. Polite formula corresponding to: 'My name is Borisov. Excuse me for troubling you.'

*KaK ywen? 'How can he have left?' TpeTMM 3BOH6K Third Call 3ApilaCTayiTe, roaopriiT &oprilcoa. PaaariiHoB Ha MeCTe*? CeKpeTilpb: Ha MecTe, H6 6H lKAeT KnMeHTa. KorAi16H OCB060AMTCR, Han6MHMT8 eMy, nOlKBI1yMCT8, &oprilcoa: 'tT6 R npocri111 er6 n03BOHMTb MHB. CeKpeTilpb: Xopow6, R eMy ocTiiBI110 38nrilcKy. &oprilcoa:

*PaaariiHoa Ha MecTe? Is Ravvinov in ('on (his) place')?

EXERCISE 15/9 REVISION OF LESSONS 11-15 (Tense, Aspect, Dative) Say in Russian:

I I want to buy a hat. 2 We stayed {'lived') in the Hotel 'lntourist'. 3- Have you read the novel Anna Karenina?- No, I haven't. 4 We often telephoned Vadim and Eva. 5 - Will you come tomorrow?- I'll come if I can ('shall be able'). 6 If we have time tomorrow, we'll phone (our) friends. 7 We'll be waiting for you. 8 I'll have a rest, then I'll go (on foot) to Red Square. 9 It's impossible to open this door. 10 Please bring me a bottle of mineral water. 11 Please don't open the window. We're cold. 12 Write (lam) to me often. I shall write to you every week. 13 Don't forget that tomorrow we are going to

186


(see) Natal'ia Petrovna. 14 Take a seat (pol). I'll come in (lfllpea) a few mir .qtes. I have to telephone0 the children. 15 Let's not talk about children.

187

16 YPOK H0MEP WECTHAA~ATb THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE

16.1 Useful Phrases ae
in the evening Happy New Year! (lit. 'With New Year') With pleasure! between us Meet my friend. Don't touch (with your hands) (sign in museums)

fl MHTepecjiOCb pjCCKOM

I am interested in Russian literature.

nMTepaTypoi4.

16.2 Instrumental' case Here we meet the last of the six cases. For many learners it is the one which is most distinctively Russian. Its primary meaning is 'with' (in the sense by means of) as in the sentence 'He wrote with(= by means of) a pencil' - OH nMcan Kap&HASW6M. The ending ·OM on a masculine noun is the instrumental case. It has a number of other uses (see 16.5), particularly with six prepositions including c 'with' in the meaning 'accompanied by' or 'together with'.

188

THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE

16.3 Formation of the Instrumental Singular For m nouns ending in a consonant and neuter nouns ending o, the instrumental is -oM: K8p8HASW 'pencil'

K8p81fA8WQM

with (by means of) a pencil

a6olep 'evening' jTpo 'morning'

B6"18pm(

in the evening

YTPmA

in the morning

If the m noun ends with a soft sign b or Iii, replace the b or Iii with -eM ( -iM if stressed); if the neuter noun ends -e or -i, add ·M:

Mropb 'Igor'' A(e)Hb 'day' M6pe 'sea'

Mropa

by Igor'

AHIM

in the daytime/in the afternoon

M6pU

by sea

For m and f nouns ending -a the instrumental is -olii:

B8CHB 'spring' nana 'dad'

BecHQi

in the spring

c nanm!

with dad

If the noun ends ·R, replace the R with -elii. Stressed R becomes iii:

BanR

'Valia'

C8MbR 'family'

Banili

by Valia

cceMbii

with the family

Feminine nouns with -b add 10:

H6"1b 'night' 6ceHb 'autumn' A6'1b 'daughter'

H6'1b)Q 6ceHbJ2 c A6'lepbJ2

at night in autumn with a daughter (remember the extra -ep- 5.6)

Remember that Spelling Rule 2 (8.10) will apply to nouns (with unstressed endings) whose last consonant is lK, '1,

w, aq or 4·

After these consonants

you find e instead of unstressed o:

Mawa 'Masha' c Mawli (not Mawolii) with Masha ToaapMaq 'comrade' c TOBBPMUUUI (not -aqoM) with a comrade aMepMIC&tte4 'American' c &MepMKBHI.UlM with an American (but 'with father' is c OTI.46M because the ending is stressed) There are no exceptions to these rules.

189

LESSON 16

EXERCISE 16/1

Put the nouns in brackets in the instrumental: 1 LlaA c (aap8Hb8) Tea with (together with) jam. 2 Bap6Hb8 8ART (n6•Ka) One eats the jam with (by means of) a spoon. 3 OH npMAiT (jTpo) He'll come in the morning. 4 fl npMAY c <•eHa M A6&tb) I'll come with (my) wife and daughter. 5 C (Cawa) With Sasha. 6 C (~pb HMKonaA) With Tsar Nicholas (1.48Pb is stressed on the ending).

16.4 Instrumental Plural To form the instrumental plural, you need to know the nominative plural (see Lesson 8). If the nominative plural ends ·bl or -a, replace the bl or a with -aMM; if the ending of the nom. pl. is ·M or ·R, replace the M or R with ·RMM. The gender of the noun does not matter. M8f83MH 'shop' AOM 'house' 6paT 'brother' H&A6nR 'week' CbJH 'son'

nom.pl.

inst.pl.

M8f83MHbl

M8f83MH8MM AOMSMM 6pSTbRMM H&A6nRMM CbiHOBbRMM

AOMS 6pSTbR H&A6nM CbiHOBbR

Don't forget Spelling Rule 3 (-a not ·R 12.11): KHiilra 'book' ToaapMut 'comrade'

KHJilraMM (not -RMM)

KHiilrM TOBSPMutM

TOBSPMutaMM

There are four exceptions (apart from some cases with unpredictable stress). These have the ending ·bMM: AfibMM (from A6TM 'children') AO'tepbMM (from A6'tepM 'daughters') noW&AbMM (frorn n6WSAM 'horses') nJOAbMM (from n!OAM 'people')

A few nouns have alternative forms in -RMM (neutral style) and ·bMM (bookish style) AHPRMM- ABepbMM 'doors'.

190


EXERCISE 16/2

Put on the required endings: 1 C (cicTpbl) 'With sisters.' 2 C (6yrliJnKM) 'With bottles.' 3 C (A6TM) 'With the children.' 4 C (aMepMKiiH4bl) 'With Americans.'

16.5 Uses of the Instrumental (In Russian Taopr.tTenbHbJM n&A8• 'creative case'}

( 1) To indicate the instrument used to carry out an action: OH nMcan KBp&HABWmt. He wrote with ( = by means of) a pencil. 3-ro MO)I(HO ecTb no•Kml.. You can eat this with a spoon.

(2) After six prepositions: 38

Me)I(Ay HBA n8peA

"OA

c

38 ABepbJO behind the door Me)I(Ay necoM M peKolii between the wood and the river HBA r6pOAOM above the city n6.,eA A{»MOM in front of the house "OA 38Mnilii under the ground c YAOB6nbCTBM8M with pleasure

behind, beyond between above in front of under with

(3) The instrumental is used with parts of the day and the seasons of the year answering the question 'when?': jTpo A8Hb a6&tep HO'tb (f) B8CHS n6To Oc8Hb (f) 3MMS

in the morning in the afternoon in the evening

jTpoM AHiM a6olepoM HO'tbiO aecH61ii nfiOM OceHbiO 3MM6Jii

at night in spring in summer in autumn in winter

(4) The instrumental is used after certain verbs, e.g. 6bJTb 'to be', 38HMM8TbCJ1' 'to occupy oneself with/to study', KB38TbCJI' 'to seem',

191

LESSON 16

H83bla8n.cR' 'to be called', CTaHOBMTbCR'ICTBTb" 'to become', RBnRTbCR' lit. 'to appear' (frequently used in formal style with the meaning 'to be'):

She became an engineer. We are studying the history of Russia.

0Ha CTina IIIHlK8HSPQM. Mbl 38HIIIMBeMCR MCT6plllai POCCMIII. 6H RanAncR AlllpSKTOpgM.

He was the director.

The most important of these is 6bJTb 'to be'. As you will remember from Lesson 3, the verb 6b1Tb is normally omitted in the present tense (st &HrnM'IBHIIIH 'I am English') but it has normal past and future forms (6bln, 6blna etc.; 6YAY· 6jA8Wb etc.). The past and future forms, and also the infinitive, are normally followed by the instrumental: His father was a doctor. Our son will be a teacher. His travelling companion was a Russian businessman (see 16.8(b)).

Er6 OT84 6bln apa'IQr!. Haw CbiH 6YABT Y'IMTeneM. Er6 cnjTHMKRM6bln pyccKMM 61113H8CM6H. (5) Note the idiomatic use of

c + inst.

to join two human subjects where

English uses 'and': Ivan and his wife came. English 'X and I' is in Russian Mbl c X ('we with X'): Mbl cMjlKeM Mbl c EaoM pewlotn111 no6xaTb a C11161otpa..

my husband and I Eva and I have decided to go to Siberia.

16.6 Instrumental of Adjectives, Possessives and Demonstratives

Singular. If the nominative adjective ends ·biM or -6M, the masculine and neuter instrumental ending is ·biM. Adjectives with nominative ·111M have instrumental ·MM. Feminine adjectives have ·OM or ·eM, exactly the same endings as in the feminine singular of the genitive, dative and prepositional. c H6Bil!M pjcCKJ:tM APYrOM c H6Bmt pyccKgi noAPyroM

with a new Russian friend with a new Russian girlfriend

192


Plural. All genders have

-biMM (-biM

and

-OM

adjectives) or -MMM (-MM

adjectives): c HOBbiMM pyccKMMM APY3bRMM MOM, TBOM

with new Russian friends

etc. all have -MM (m and n sg.), -eM (f sg.), -MMM (pl.) with your children

OHM 6blnM HllWMMM cnjTHMK&MM.

They were our travelling companions.

Two tricky words: 3TOT and T6T (see Table 4). 3TOT TOT

'this' has m/n 3T}tM, f 3TOM, plural3T.!!MM

'that' has m/n TIM, fT6M, plural TtMM with those people

16.7 Instrumental of Pronouns R

MHOM

Tbl

T060M

OH

MM (HMM

OHa

elii (HeM

OHO

MM (HMM

Mbl

HllMM

after prepositions) after prepositions) after prepositions)

Bbl

B8MM

OHM

MMM (HMMM

Sl38 BllMM.

I'm behind you (phrase used to book a

L!T6C HMM?

place in a queue). What's the matter with him?

after prepositions)

Note also: KTO 'who' has inst. KeM; 'ITO 'what' has '18M (Table 4): LleM Bbi38HMMlleT8Cb?

What are you doing? ('With what are you occupying yourself?')

KeM 6bln A3eplKMHCKMM?

Who was Dzerzhinskii?

193

LESSON 16

EXERCISE 16/3

Put the words in brackets in the instrumental and translate:

l fl ,qaaH6 38HMMSIOCb (pyccKIUI MY3bJKa.). 2 Mbl c (6paT) OTAbiXBnM a KpbiMy. 3 BBAMM nbiT K{)cpe c (MonoK6), a M3pM nb8T BOAKY c (anen~o cliiHOBbiM 'orange' COK). 4 fl XO'fY no3H8KOMMTb aac C (MOM pyccKMe APY3bR). 5 l.h-6 c (OHS)? nO'feMy OHS He XO'teT pa3roaapMB8Tb c (Mbl)?

16.8 EXTRA: Instrumental with 6b1Tb: Two Problems (a) With 6b1Tb the nominative may be used instead of the instrumental (M6it OTel.\ 6bJn apa't instead of apa'tQM 'My father was a doctor'). The nominative is common if the complement (the phrase after 6b1Tb) denotes a permanent characteristic of the subject, i.e. if your father was a doctor all his life. Ltep'tMnnb 6bln aHrnM'fSHMH 'Churchill was English' (all his life). The nominative is also very common if the complement is an adjective rather than a noun, e.g. noro,qa 6bJna xop6waR (nominative) rather than xopoweit (instrumental). (b) The second problem arises with sentences such as 'The main problem was the grammar'. Which noun, npo6neMa 'problem' or rpaMMSTMKa 'grammar', is in the nominative and which in the instrumental? Generally, the more specific word will be nominative, the more general one instrumental. A good test is to replace the verb 'to be' with the verb 'constitute' and see which order sounds more natural: 'The problem constituted the grammar' or 'Grammar constituted the problem'? The latter, you should agree, so 'grammar' is the subject': rnaBHOM npo6neMOM (inst.) 6blna rpaMMSTMKa (nom.). The word order in neutral Russian requires the new information to come at the end (see 26.8), so if you are stressing 'the grammar', it comes after the verb. If you want to stress 'main problem', you turn the sentence round: rpaMMSTMKa 6bJna rnaaHoliii npo6neMoM. In the example MoMM. cnjTHMKQM 6bln pyccKMM 6M3HecMeH 'My travelling companion was a Russian businessman' you are saying 'A Russian businessman constituted my travelling ·companion' and you are indicating that the new information is 'Russian businessman'.

194


16.9 Declension of Surnames Russian male surnames nonnally end -biH, -IIIH, -oa, -ea or -ea. These were originally possessive adjectives (MaaH6a meant 'belonging to Ivan'). They have nonnal noun endings except in the instrumental, where the ending is the adjectival ·biM (not -oM). So Sl n106ntb ~exoaa 'I love Chekhov' but SI38HIIIMBIOCb ~6XOBIII.M 'I am studying Chekhov'. Female surnames (·biH&, ·IIIH&, -oaa, -eaa, -eaa) are more adjectival. Apart from the accusative (ending -y, like a feminine noun), all the other cases have -oM, like adjectives. In the plural ('the Ivanovs'), all endings except the nominative are adjectival. N A G D I p

Mr Ivanov MaaH6a MaaH6aa MaaH6aa MaaH6ay MB&HOB.!!IM (not OM) MaaH6ae

Mrs/Miss/Ms Ivanov MaaH6aa MaaH6ay MaaH6a.Qi (not bl) MaaH6agi (not e) MaaH6aoi MaaHoa_mt (not e)

the lvanovs MaaH6Bbl MBBHOBbiX MaaH6BbiX MB&HOB.I!I.M MaaH6&tdiUI MB&HOB.Idl

16.1 o Vocabulary 61iiBWIIIM former

AO'IK& gen.pl. A6'1eK (little)

aap6Hbe jam, preserves aM6CTe (c + inst.) together (with)

daughter 38 (+ inst.) (16.5) behind; for ('to fetch')

aM6CTo (+gen.) instead of apa'l gen.sg. apa'la* doctor BCT8BBTb' &CT&tb, BCT&iWb (BCT8Tbp BCTBHy, BCTBH8Wb) to get up

38B6A factory Ha 38B6Ae at a factory 3iiBTp&K breakfast 38 3ii&Tp&KOM at ('behind') breakfast 3ii&Tp8K8Tb' (nD-") (like 3H8Tb) to breakfast 38HIIIMBTbCJ1' (+ inst.) (like 3H8Tb) to study (something) 3H&K6MIIITb' (nD-") (+ace.; c + inst.)

rliiA guide (person) rMTapa guitar roTOBIIITb' (np111-•) rOTOBDIO, roT6&111Wb (+ace.) to prepare;

3H8KOMDIO, 3H8KOMIIIWb to acquaint someone with

to cook A&nbwe further

195

LESSON 16

someone, to introduce someone to someone 3H8K6MiiiTbCR; (no-•) (C + inst.) to beome acquainted with, to get

neTb' (c-•) nolO, noiwb (+ace.)

to sing (sth) noiT see neTb (he) sings n63AHo late

to know, to meet lilrpaTb' (Cblrp6Tb0) (like 3H8Tb)

n03H8K6MIIITb(-cR)- see

to play IIIHJK8H6p engineer

npeAC&A'Tenb (m) chairman

liiHOCTp8H(e)4 foreigner

npocl)eccliloHan professional

3H8K6MiiiTb(CR) npliiBbi'IK& gen.pl. npMBbi'I8K habit

(noun)

IIIHTep6c interest liiHT8p8COBBTbCR' (38-") (+ inst.)

paaroaapliiB&Tb' (like 3H8Tb)

(c + inst.) to converse with, talk to

IIIHTepecjiOCb, IIIHTepecyewbCR to be

p8Ho early

interested (in)

p6HbW8 before; earlier

IIICT6p111R history

peaon1041110H6p revolutionary

K8p&HA6W gen.sg. K8p8HA8WB*

peaoni04111R revolution

pencil K6wa kasha, Russian porridge

cnY'IMTbCR" (c + inst.) to happen (to)

piiAOM (c + inst.) beside ~ ~rilnocb?

n111M6H lemon

What happened?

mo6ri1Mblil favourite

CH&'I6na first, at first

n!OA111 gen.pl. n10A6il dat.pl.

cn&Tb' (no-•) cnn10, cn111wb

niOARM, inst.pl. niOAbMM,

to sleep

prep. pl. niOARX people (pl. of

cnjTHIIIK travelling companion

'lenoa6K 'person')

CT8HOBMTbCR' CT8HOBlJIOCb, CT8H6BiiiWbCR (CT8Tb0 ) ( + inst.)

M6JKAY (+ inst.) between (16.5) MOn'I6Tb' (38-") MOn'lj, MOn'IMWb

to keep silent, say nothing

to become CT8Tb° CTBHy, criH8Wb (+ inst.)

to become

MY3b1KBHT musician H83BBHIII8 name

CTeHa ace. CT6Hy, pl. CT6Hbl wall

H83biBBTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.)

CT6n gen.sg. CTona* table

to be called H&CTOHiqlllil real, genuine

T6Ma theme, topic yaneK6TbCR' (like 3H&Tb) (+ inst.)

to be keen on, enthusiastic (about)

HliiKorA6 (He) never opr&HIIIU4111R organization

YAOB6nbCTBiile pleasure,

n6n(e)4 g.sg. nan~a48, pl. n8nJa4bl

finger n6p&A + inst. before, in front of

satisfaction jJKIIIH supper jJKIIIH8Tb' (nO-") (like 3H8Tb)

to have supper

(16.5)

196


ypoK lesson yxoAMTb' yxolKj, yxoAMWb (yliiTr.t•) to leave \"'MTenb (m) pl. \"'HTenR teacher, schoolteacher xod although

RBnRTbCR' RBnRIOCb, RBnReWbCR (+ inst.) to be (something) (used in formal style, not in conversation) RM'IHH48 [ye"esh·nee-tsa] fried eggs

*Stress Note. If the genitive singular of a masculine noun is shown as stressed on the end (CTona), that means all forms of the word are stressed on the end (pl. CTonbi, dat. CTony etc.)

16.11 TeKCT (Translation in Key) YTpoM Mbl c 6p8TbRMM CepreeM .. AneKc8HAPOM acTaiiM paHo, OAeaaeMcR 111 MAiM Ha KYXHIO. Mbl 3ilaTpaK&eM o6bi"'HO aM6cTe c OTI"'OM. 6H CMAMT 38 CTOnOM 1, nbiT KOCI»e C MOnOKOM Ill C HHTepeCOM "'MTSeT ra38yY. C HSMM OH nO"'TM HHKOrAS He pa3roaapMB&eT 38 3ilaTpaKoM. PaHbWe oH 6bln y~o~r.tTeneM 111 38 3ilaTp&KOM seerA& roT6aHn yp6KH. BoT no~o~eMy y Hero T&KSR npMBbi"'K& - "'HTSTb 111 MOn"'STb 38 CTOn6M. H6 KOrAS Mbl C&AMMCR 38 CT6n1, OH roaopMT: - 3ApSBCTBYMTe, MBnb"'MKM! 3ApSBCTByM, AO"'K&I KaK cnanH? - Xopowo, nana,- OTBe"'aeM Mb1 1• noTOM Mbl H&"'MHBeM eCTb. MOM 6pSTbR 06bi"'HO 8ART KSWy. Cepii*a ecT n6*KOM, a Cawa- nanb4BMM, T&K K&K oH 3H8eT, "'TO oT64 H& Her6 He CMOTpMT• .R eM 6yYep6p6Ab1 C CblpOM. Mbl nbiM "18M C nMMOHOM r.tnM c aapeHbeM. MHorA& MaMa A6naeT MHe RM"'HM4Y c Kon6acolil, Ho o6bi"'HO oHa acTaiT n63AHO. Hawa MBM& He n106MT 3ilaTp&K8Tb. 0HS BCT&iT n6cne H&C M6AeT H& 3ilBOA, rAe pa66TaeT rnaBHbiM MH*eHepoM1• Be~o~epoM OHS 803· apaaqlleTcR AOM6M, nana roT6BMT Y*MH, M Mbl ace Y*MH&eM BMecTe. n6cne Y*MH& Mbl CMAMM n6p8A T8neBM30pOM, HO 06bi"'HO Mbl He cMoTpMM. MaMa cHAMT M6*AY MHolil .. 6p8TbRMH, .. Mbl pa3rOBSpMB&eM. 3-fo O"'eHb npMRTHO. K CO*&neHMIO, HHOrAS BMeCTO pa3roa6pa Cepe*a MrpaeT H& rHTape 111 Cawa noiT. XoTR R

197

LESSON 16

MHTepecyiOCb My3biKOM, Sl He MOrj MX cnyWBTb, KOrAS OHM ABIOT T8KOM KOH48pT. OHM rosopHT, 'ITO XOTHT CT8Tb npociJeCCMOHilnBMM, HO no-MoeMy OHM HMKOrAil He 6YAYT H&CTOHiqMMM MY3biKllHT&MM. KorAil OHM H&'IMHiiiOT, H roaopiO, 'ITO MHe HBAO 38HMMiiTbCH, "' " yxo>Ky M3 KOMH&Tbl. Ho nilna O'leHb yaneKileTCH 3TMMM KOH~.tepT&MM "' cnywaeT cb1Hosei1 c YAOsonbCTaMeM. 'cMA8Tb 38 cTonoM (inst.) to sit at ('behind') the table (place) 'cBAMTbCH'IcecTb• 38 cTon (ace.) to sit down at the table (motion) 'oTBe'llleM Mbl 'answer we'. After direct speech the verb and the subject are nearly always in that order in Russian. 'pa60T&Tb + inst. to work as something


Volodia and the KGB I Which three places mentioned by Volodia have new names? 2 What organization did Dzerzhinskii head? 3 Why does Mary ask if Dzerzhinskii was a foreigner? 4 Of the 'old Bolsheviks' listed by Volodia, which two were women? 5 What two opposing views of the Chekists does Volodia mention?

KyA8 Bbl XOTMTe noi4nt cerOAHH? s:l XO'Iy D03H8KOMMTbCSI C AOCTOnpMM8'18TenbHOCTSIMM' MOCKBbl. Bbl 6yAeTe MOMM rMAOM?

c YAOBOnbCTBMeM. Aaslli4Te noeAeM B ~.t8HTp. Cei4'18C Sl B03bMy nnaH ropOAB· B6T. noeAeM CHB'Iilna HB 0XOTHbiM' PHA. 3To 6biBWMM npocneKT MilpKca. no HeMy Mbl AOMAeM AO TeaTpilnbHoM' nno~qBAM - oHil pilHbwe H83biB8nacb nn6~qBAb10 CsepAnOBa. A BOT "'' 3HaMeHMTbiM SonbWOM TellTp. PHAOM c HMM - MilnbiM' TeiiTp. noTOM Mbl nOMAeM Ailnbwe, HB ny6HHCKYIO nnOiqBAb. nocne peaoniO~.tMM ny6HHKa AOnroe' speMH HB3blsllnacb nno148Abl0 A3ep>KMHCKoro. KeM 6bln A3ep>KMHCKMM? no-M6eMy, OH npocniiBMnCH' 'leM•TO' He 0'18Hb npMHTHbiM.

198


Bon6AR:

cNmtKC 3AMYHAOBM't AMP:atUtHCKMM 6bln OAHMM* M3 nepBbiX 't8KMCTOB*. TO'tHee*, OH 6bln nP8AC8AlrreneMBcepoccMMCKOi* 'lp83Bbi'IBMHOM KOMMCCMM no 60pb66* C KOHTppeaonlb4Jiei* Mca6oTiJKeM* - BI.4K* [ve-chye-k8]. M~pM: CDenMKC 3AMYHAOBM't? 6H 6bln MHOCTpaHeLf? Bon6Af1: no npOMCXO*A6HMIO* OH 6bln nonfiK*'. M~pM: A 'ITO cny'IMnOCb c er6 1.4pe3Bbi'IBMHOM KOMMMCCMeM? Bon6AR: 3Ta opraHM381.4Mfl H6CKOnbKO p83 M8HRna* H83BSHMe: Tenepb tro Kr& [ka-ge-be)- KOMMTer rocyA8pCTB8HHOM* &e3onacHOCTM*. Ecntt xoTMTe, R aaM paccKaJKy 6ttorpa~MIO* A:tep:IKMHCKoro. M~pM: Cnac.t6o, R 6ecc6HHML(ei* He CTP&ASIO*. Bon6Af1: llt3BMHMTe, He n6HRn. M~pM: 3TO 6blnS WJTK82• A nO't8Mj Bbl T8K yaneKieTeCb ~TOM TeMoM? Bon6Af1: MoMM n106MMbiM npeAM6ToM* a wK6ne 6bln8 MCT6pMR. Sl 6'teHb MHTepecoaancR cTapbiMM 6onbweaMK8Mtt*neHMHbiM, KpynCKOM, Tp6L(KMM, 6yxapMHbiM, KaMeHeBbiM, 3MH6Bb8BbiM, KonnoHTSM, A38PJKMHCKMM MAPYrMMM. B 'ISCTHOCTM*, fl yJKe A8BH6 38HMMSIOCb A3epJKMHCKMM Mer6 noM61qHMK8MM*. XOTH Tenepb MHorMe C'IMTSIOT* '18KMCTOB* npeCTjnHMK8MM*, ASJKe y6MML(8MM*, fl C'IMTSIO, 'ITO OHM 6blnM H8CTOHiqMMM peaoniOL(MOHep&MM, np(IA&HHbiMM* MA6RM* neHttHa. M~pM: M6JKeT 6b1Tb, a6olepoM aepHiMCR K ~TOM T6Me. A K&K* c HSWMM MapwpjTou* no MocKae? Bon6Af1: Xopow6. noT6M Mbl nOMAiM no HMK6nbCKOM ynttl(e. nepeA BSMM OTKpoeTCR* BMA* H8 KpacHyiO nn61q&Ab, M8B30n6M* neHMH8 M, 38 M8B30neeM, KpeMniBCKYIO* CTeHy C 68WHRMM*.

I After 6b1Tb the nominative can be used for permanent features of the subject (see 16.8). 2 In 'It was/will be something' sentences, it is normal to make 6b1Tb agree with the noun. 3To 6blno WyYKOM (inst.) is possible but less common.

199

LESSON 16

*EXTRA Vocabulary for Comprehensl~n Exercise (in Alphabetical Order) 6awHR tower 6e30nacHOCTb (f) security, safety 6ecc6HHML48 insomnia ('without sleepness') 6MorpllciJMR biography 6onbW8BMK gen. 60flbW8BMKA Bolshevik 6opb68 (c + inst.) struggle with/against BMA H& +ace. view of Bcepoccr.ticK&R 'tpe3Bbl'tliMHaR KOMMCCMR All-Russia Special Commission BliK the Cheka (Lenin's secret police 1917-22) rocyAllpcTBeHHbiM state (adj) A6nroe apeMR for a long time AOCTonpMM8'tliTenbHOCTM (f. pl.) sights M and; even; (used for emphasis)

H83biBliTbCR' (+ inst.) to be called something OAHMM (inst. of OAMH) (Table 7) one (same endings as 3TOT) OTKpbiTbCR• to open (intrans) Ox6THbiM PRA 'Hunting Row' nonfiK Pole nOMOIJ4HMK assistant npeASHHbiM (+ dat.) devoted to np&AMeT subject (of study); object (thing) npecTjnHMK criminal npOMCXO*AeHM8 origin npocnaaMTbcR• npocnaanJOcb, npocnaaMWbCR (+ inst.) (npocnaanRTbCR' like 3H8Tb) to become famous (for) ca6oTa* sabotage CTPBAliTb; (like 3HaTb) (+ inst.) to suffer (from)

a a6T M and here is MAeR idea K&K (c + inst.) what about ... ? KOMMTeT committee KOHTppeaoniOJ.4MR counterrevolution KpeMniBCKMM Kremlin (adj) M&B3onei mausoleum MllnbiM small (rarer form of MSn8HbKMM) MapwpjT route MeHRTb' to change

C'tMTliTb' (+ace.)(+ inst.) to consider sth to be sth TeaTpllnbHbiM theatre (adj), theatrical TO'tHH more precisely y6MML48 (m and f) murderer B 't8CTHOCTM in particular 't8KMCT Chekist (member of secret police) 'teM·TO (inst. of 'tTO·TO) by something

200

17 YP6K H6MEP CEMHAA~ATb TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS

17.1 Phrases: Time, Date, Age MHe Aa8Aq&Tb neT. a np6wnoM rOAY a cn6Ayl01q8M (6YAYII48M) rOAY npMXOAMTe a nkrHM4Y· Mbl npM6AeM nkroro MD. a TbiCJI't8 A8afiTbCOT A8aJIHOCTOM rOAY a anpene A8aJIHOCTO nepaoro r6A& KoT6pbiM o.tac? CKonbKO apeMeHM? Lfac. Aaa o.taca. nJITb MMHJT aTop6ro &e3 nRTiil ASaJITb.

I am twenty. last year next year Come on Friday. We'll arrive on the fifth of May. in 1990 in April (19)91 What time is it? What time is it?/How long? (It is) one o'clock. (It is) two o'clock/Two hours. (at) five past one (It is/At) five to nine.

17.2 Days of the Week Monday

'after Sunday day' from the old word for Sunday HeA&nR which now means 'week'

Tuesday

aTOpHMK [ftO-)

'second day' - aTop611 'second'

201

LESSON 17

Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

cpeA{l ~teTaepr

[-rk]

nJlTHM48 cy666Ta BOCKp8C8Hb8

'middle day' - cp8AHMM 'middle' 'fourth day' - 't&TaipTbiM 'fourth' 'fifth day'- nRTbiM 'fifth' 'Sabbath' 'resurrection' (g.pl. aocKpeceHMM)

On a particular day is a + the accusative: B nRTHM4Y BO BTOpHMK a cp8AY

on Friday on Tuesday (a~ao before a word beginning with a+ consonant) on Wednesday (note stress)

17.3 Time of day KoT6pbiM

~tac?

or CK6nbKO apeMeHM? What time is it?

If the answer is a full hour, say: l.fac. Aaa~taca. Ceit~tac

nATb ~tac6a.

(It is) one o'clock. (It is) two o'clock. It is now five o'clock.

See Lesson 9 for the forms of nouns after different numerals.

17.4 From the Full Hour to Half Past If the answer is between the full hour and half-past, Russian says 'It is so many minutes of the xth hour'. The hour from twelve to one is called nepabiM 't&C ('the first hour'); from one to two is 'the second hour' BTop6M 'tSC, and so on. For the list of the Russian equivalents of 'first', 'second' etc., see 17.5 below. 'Ten past one' is 'ten minutes of the second', using the genitive case of BTOpOM, i.e. BTop6ro: A8cATb MMHjT BTOpOrO (·OV8) ABBA48Tb MMHYT nfiToro W8CTb MMHjT TpeTb8rO

ten past one twenty past four ('twenty minutes of the fifth') six minutes past two

202

TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS

'Half' is nonoar.tHa, and 'half past six' is 'half of the seventh' nonoar.tHa C8AbM6ro.

17.5 Ordinal Numerals (Number Adjectives) nepabnii first

WecTHSAL!IlTbiM sixteenth

BTop6i second

ceMHSAL!IlTbiM seventeenth

Tp6nti (see Table 5) third

BOC8MHSALI8TbiM eighteenth

'teTBipTbiM fourth

A8BRTHSALI8Tb1M nineteenth

nRTbiM fifth

AB8Ai48Tbli twentieth

wecT6i sixth

ABSAL!IlTb nilpBbiM twenty-first

C8AbM6i seventh

TPMAI.48Tbli thirtieth

BOCbM6M eighth

copoKoa6i fortieth

A8BRTbiM ninth

nRTMA8cRTbiM fiftieth

A8CRTb1i tenth

W8CTMA8CRTbiM sixtieth

OAMHH&AL!IlTbiM [·a-tsa-ti]

C8MMA8CRTbiM seventieth

eleventh AB8Ha\AL18TbiM [-8-tsa-tl) twelfth

BOCbMMA8CRTbiM eightieth A8BRH6CTbiM ninetieth

TPMHSAL!IlTbiM thirteenth

c6Tbli hundredth

't8TbiPH8ALI8TbiM fourteenth

CT6 n6pBbiM hundred and first

nRTHSAL!IlTbiM fifteenth

17.6 Half-past to the Full Hour From half-past to the full hour, Russian says 'without so many minutes x hours', so 'ten to eight' is 'without ten eight' 683 A8CRTM a6ceMb. After 6e3 'without', numbers, like nouns (see 10.6), must stand in the genitive case. The genitive of the numbers up to twenty-five is: nominative

genitive

1 OAMHIOAH8IOAH6

OAHOr6 (m/n)/OAH6i (f)

2 ABaiAB8 3 TPM

ABVX Tpix

4~teTiilpe

't8TblpiX

5 nRTb 6 W8CTb

nstTM W8CTM

203

LESSON 17

7 C8Mb 8 BOC8Mb

C8MM

9

A8BRTb

A8BRTM

10 II I2 13 I4 I5 I6

A8CRTb

A8CRTM

OAMHHBALI&Tb

OAMHHBALI&™

BOCbMM

AB8HSAL18Tb

AB8HBAL18™

TpMHBAL\BTb

TpMHSALI&TM

'18TblpH8Al.j8Tb

'18TbiPHBALI8TM

nRTHSAl.j8Tb

nRTHSALI&TM

W8CTHSAl.j8Tb

W8CTHSAL18TM

I7 C8MHSAl.j8Tb

C8MHBALI8TM

I8 I9 20 2I 22

BOC8MHSAl.j8Tb

BOC8MHSAL18TM

A8BRTHSAl.j8Tb

A8BRTHBAL18™

ABBALI&Tb

ABBALI&TM

ABSAL\8Tb OAMHIOAH8IOAH6

ABBALI&TM OAHOr6/o,qHOWOAHOr6

ABSAl.j8Tb ABaiAB8

AB8Al.j8TM ABVX

23 ABSAl.j8Tb TPM 24 ABBALI&Tb '18Tblpe 25 ABBAL\BTb nRTb

ABBALI&TM '18Tblpix

683 ABBALI&TM A8BRTb

twenty to nine

ABBALI&TM Tpix

ABBALI&Tr.i nRTM

Celii'lac 6e3 ABBALI&TM nRTM nRTb. It is now twenty-five to five.

As in English, if the number does not divide by five, it is normal to add the word for 'minutes' (MMHY'ra: MMHYrbl (gen.sg.) /MMHYr (gen.pl.)). It is nineteen minutes to one. It is now one minute to four.

&e3 A8BRTHBAL\BTM MMHYr 'lac. Celii'lac 6e3 OAH61ii MMHYrbl '18Tblpe.

EXERCISE 17/1 Translate: I

B aocKpec8Hb8. 2 Celii'lac wecTb 'lac6a. 3 Celii'lac ABBALI&Tb nRTb

MMHYr Tp8Tb8ro. 4 On Wednesday. 5 It's ten past four. 6 It's twenty to

twelve.

204


17.7 At a Time To say at an hour, simply put a in front of the time:

B '18C 8 A6cRTb '18C6B

at one o'clock at ten o'clock

At half-past a nonoaMHil (prepositional case):

B nonOBMH8 nATOro

at half past four

For 'at any other time', use the same form as for 'It is such and such a

time': He came at ten past six. OH npMwin A6CRTb MMHjT C8AbM6ro. (Ceill'lac AKRTb MMHYT C8AbM6ro. It is now ten past six.) st npMAY 6e3 nRTM OAMHHBALIBTb. I'll come at five to eleven. (Ceiii'IBC 6e3 nRTM OAMHHBAL!BTb. It is now five to eleven.)

17.8 a.m./p.m. Either use the twenty-four hour clock (a ABBALIBTb OAMH 'lac 'at 9 p.m.'21 hours) or the following divisions of the day and night:

4 a.m.- midday: YTP' ('of the morning' from jTpo 'morning') midday- 6 p.m.: AHR ('of the day' from A(e)Hb 'day')

6 p.m.- midnight: a6'1epa ('of the evening' from a6'1ep 'evening') midnight- 4 a.m.: H6'1M ('of the night' from H6'1b 'night') 10p.m. He came back at 3 a.m. (three in the morning).

A6cRTb &~ac6a a6'1epa 6H aepHjncR a TPM 'laca H6'1M ('at three of the night').

EXERCISE 17/2 Translate:

1 0Ha npMAiT 683 nRTioi a6ceMb. 2 Aaaaill noiJIAiM -ryp.i a cy666-ry a nonoaloiHe Tp6Tb8ro. 3 CI»MnbM H&'IMHaeTCR AKRTb MMHYT BOCbM6ro. 4 Mbl npM6AeM a AKRTb 'lac6a a6'1epa. 5 I'll come on Wednesday at six. 6 The film starts at ten to seven. 7 He'll telephone at half past four. 8 In London it is 11 p.m.

205

LESSON 17

17.9 EXTRA: Some Alternatives 'Midday' can be AB8HSA48Tb 'lac6a or n6nAeHb; 'midnight' can be AB8HSA48Tb 'lac6a or n6nHO'Ib; 'a quarter' can be nf!THSA48Tb MMHYr or 'leTaepTb (f). He came at midnight. OH npMwen a ABeHSA48Tb 'IBC6a/a n6nHO'Ib. Sl n03BOHIO 6e3 nSITHSALIBTM/6e3 I'll call at a quarter to seven. 'leTBepTM C8Mb. There is also an official style for giving times, used in station announcements and on the radio. This uses the twenty-four-hour clock and gives the hours and minutes as follows: 14.53 ~8TbiPHBA48Tb 'IBC6B nfiTbAeCRT TpM MMHyYbl 10.02 AecSITb 'lac6a ABe MMHYrb• 23.00 ABSA48Tb TPM H6nb-H6nb MOCKOBCK08 BpeMSI- BOCeMHSA48Tb 'IBCOB nSITHSA48Tb MMHyY. Moscow Time is 6.15 p.m.

17. 10 Months The months, all masculine, are: January February March April May June July August

Nominative SIHBSpb

Genitive SIHBBPR

~eapanb

~eapant1

a~eapane

MBPT anpenb MBM MJOHb MIOnb SBryCT

MSpTa anpenfl MSSI MJOHSI MJOnSI aaryCT8

B MllpTe a anpene a Mae B MlbHe a MIOne B aarycTe

206

Prepositional B SIHBape


September October November December

ceHTi16pb oKTil6pb HOH6pb A&Kll6pb

C8HTH6pH OKTR6pR HOR6pH A8K86pil

BC8HTR6p6 BOKTR6pe B HOR6pe BA8K86p6

Note that the first two months and the last four have the stress on the end in the genitive, while the six in the middle have fixed stress on the stem. 'In a month' is a+ prepositional. Since all the months are masculine, all end -e in the prepositional case: in March a MllpTe in December a A&Ka6pe What is the date today? is KaK6e cer6AHR 'tMcno? ~Mcno means 'number'. A day in the month is the adjective form of the numeral (see 17.5 above) in its neuter form (agreeing with the word 'tMcno 'number', 'date', which is usually omitted). So 'the first' is nepaoe. The month is then in the genitive ('of April'). CerOAHR BTOp6e RHBapil. ABllA48Tb TpeTbe MU

Today is the second of January. the twenty-third of May

On a date is expressed by the genitive ending of the adjective: J1 npMBAY BOCbM.Q[Q MllR.

I'll come on the eighth of May.

17.11 Years The year is an adjective too, so once again we need the ordinal numerals from 17.5. The year 1991 is 'the thousand nine hundred ninety-first year' TbiCR't8 A8BRTbCOT A8BRHOCTO nepBbllli r6A. TbiCR't8 A8BRTbCOT copoK nRTbiM r6A TbiCR't8 nRTbCOT nRTbA8CRT BTOp611i rOA

1945 1552

Note: It is perfectly acceptable to omit the century if it is obvious: Jl POAMnCR B copoK BOCbMOM rOAY·

I was born in 1948 ('in forty-eighth

year'). 'In a year' is a + prepositional case. (Note prep. of r6A is a roAi.)

207

LESSON 17

B TbiCRr.ta A8BRTbC6T A8BRHOCTO In 1992 BTOpOM rOAY

If the month is included, say 'In May of the year (gen.)' Sl POAMnacb a MlbHe c6poK BOCbMOro r6A8.

I was born in June 1948 ('in June of 48").

EXERCISE 17/3

Translate: 1 rnaBHbl8 np83AHMKM B CCCP 6blnM nepaoe RHB8pR, nepaoe MBR, A8BRT08 MiiR, C8AbM08 HOR6pR. 2 neHMH POAMnCR ABSA48Tb BTOp6ro anpenR TbiCR't8 BOC8MbCOT C8MMA8CRTOfO r6A8. 3 OHM npMexanM B weCTb '48COB aer.tepa B noHeAenbHMK TPMA48Tb nepaoro A8K86pil TbiCRr.ta A8BRTbCOT A8BRHOCToro r6AB. 4 On the sixth of April 1991. 5 At 9 a.m. on Friday the eleventh of January. 6 At 5.45 on the tenth of October 1977.

17.12 From (c +gen.), Until (AO +gen.), After (n6cne +gen.) These three prepositions are used with all the time words in the preceding sections. c wecTM (gen.) r.tacoa AO nRTOro OKTR6pil AO BTOPHMKa C W8CTbA8CRT C8AbMOrO rOAB

from/since six o'clock until fifth October until Tuesday since (19)67

c weCTM r.tacoa AO OAMHH8A48™ from six o'clock until eleven OT (+gen.) ... AO can also be used

With dates, no+ ace. (meaning 'up to and including') is the equivalent of 'inclusive' (American 'thru'): c AeCiiToro MBR m nRTHSA48Tml from the tenth to the fifteenth of May inclusive

208

TIME, DATE, AGE: ORDINAL NUMBERS

17.13 Age To give your age in Russian, you say 'To me (dat.) is twenty-five years'. Remember that the genitive plural of r6A is neT (from naTO 'summer'): MHe (dat.) ABBALI&Tb nRTb neT. CK6nbKO BaM neT?

I am twenty-five. How old are you? ('How many to you of years?')

EMy TPMALI&Tb TPM r6AS. Elii 6blno (n.sg. - see 22.12) ABSALI&Tb neT.

He is thirty-three. She was twenty.

For other expressions of time and duration, see Lesson 23.

EXERCISE 17/4

Translate: (1) A: 5: A: 5: A:

CK6nbKO aaM neT? MHe TPMALI&Tb 'leTblpe r6AS. KOrAl! aaw AeHb PO>KA8HMR? .Qa&ALI&Tb Tp8Tbero MapTa. CK6nbKO neT aawMM AliTRM? 5: CbiHY A8CRTb neT, a AO'IepM a6ceMb. A: Bb• ASBHo a MocKae? 5: C npownolii niiTHM~bl.

(2) A: BaHR, B K8KOM fOAY Tbl CTan Y'IMTeneM? 5: a wecTbAeciiT TpeTbeM. A: CK6nbKO Te6e 6blno neT TorA&? 5: .QBSALI&Tb TpM. (3)

A: CKIUKiiiTe, nolK&nyliicTa, KorAl! pa66TaeT 3TOT Mara31iiH? 5: C AeBRTiil YTPB AD AeCRTiil all'lepa. (4)

A: Celii'lac nRTHSALI&Tb MMHYT niiToro.

209

LESSON 17

5: KaK?I Ha Moilx 'facllx" eLqe HeT 'f8Tblpex. ''f&Cbl watch

(5) TypMCT: CK&>KMTe, no>KanyMCT8, KOrA{I pa66T88T PjCCKMM My3eM? Eaa:

Kii>KAbiM A8Hb, Kp6Me aT6pHMKa, c A8BRTM AO wecTil.

TypilcT: Cnacil6o. Eaa:

no>KilnyMCTa.

(6) A: CKa>KiiTe, no>KilnyicTa, KorA{I OTKPbiBlleTCR 3TOT Mara3MH? 5: B OAMHH8ALI8Tb 'f8COB.

A: A KorA{I nepepl01a Ha o68A? 5:

c ABYX AO Tpex.

(7) A: KorA{I a rYMe nepepl01a Ha o68A? 5: rYM pa66TaeT 6e3 nepepl01aa.

(8) A: KorA8 a racTpoH6Max BbiXOAH6i A8Hb? 5: racTpoH6Mbl pa66TaiOT 6e3 BbiXOAHbiX AHeM.

17.14 Vocabulary (See also Days 17.2, Months 17.10, Ordinal Numerals 17.5) 38Kp6ewb to close

6onbWMHCTB6 majority 6YAYLqMM future (adj)

38M8'fST8nbHbiM remarkable

610p6 (n indecl) office

38py68>KHbiM foreign

ao apeMR (+gen.) during (23.3 (h))

38TeM then, next(= noT6M)

BbiXOAHOM A8Hb day off

KT6 ••• KT6 some ... some

racTpOH6M food shop

MOCKBM'f gen. MOCKBM'fil (stress)

Muscovite

ryniiTb' (no-0 ) ryni110, rynt1ewb

to take a walk AliTCTBO childhood 38KpbiBllTb(CR)' (like 3H8Tb) 38Kpb1Tb(CR) 0 38Kp010,

MOCKOBCKMM Moscow (adj) HeKOTOpbiM some, certain (adj) nllMRTb (f) memory nepepbiB break

210

TIME, DATE, AGE: ORDINAL NUMBERS

neTep6yprcKMiii Petersburg (adj) nMcaTenb (m) writer n6e3A (pl.) noe3A8 train nonoaMH& half np83AHMK [praz-neek] national holiday; festival

npMp6AS nature (scenery) npoaOAMTb' (npoaecTMP) apeMR npoaoJKy, npoa6AMWb to spend ('conduct') time

nporjnKa gen.pl. nporjnoK walk npOAOa6nbCTa8HHbiM food (adj), grocery

np6MTOa8pHbiM M8f83MH nonfood goods shop (np6M is from npoMiilwneHHbiM 'industrial' and Toaap means 'goods' or 'wares')

poaHo precisely; evenly poJKAeHMe birth AeHb poJKAeHMR birthday

cMepTb (f) death cH6aa again C03A8aSTb' C03ASIO, C03A8iWb (C03#\&TbP like A8Tb 12.7) to create

c(6)H sleep; dream nepeA CHOM before bed ('before sleeping')

cpeAM (+gen.) among cTeneHb (f) degree, extent AO T&K6iii cTeneHM to such a degree

c10A8 here, hither (motion equivalent of 3A8Cb) TMWMHil silence, quiet Ypan the Urals Ha Ypilne in the Urals 'I&Cbl (pl. of 'lac) watch; clock '~YA8CHbiM

wonderful

3KCKypcMR excursion

17.15 Texts Moscow Working Hours M3pM: KorA8 MOCKaM'IM o68ASIOT AHiM? Bon6AR: KT6 a Aa8HSA48Tb '4&c6a, KT6 a 'l&c, KTO a Aaa, KT6 M* a TpM. HeKoTopb•e Mara3MHbl 38KPb•aaiOTcR c Tpix 'lacoa AO 'teTblpix, MHorA& A8JKe c 'teTblpix AO nRTM. MH6rMe M8f83MHbl pa66T&IOT 6e3 nepepli1aa. M3pM: A KorA& OHM OTKpblaSIOTCR jYpoM? Bon6Af1: npOAOa6nbCTa8HHbl8 M8f83MHbl C aOCbMM, 8 np6MToailpHble c AecRTM. M3pM: KorA& OHM 38Kpbla810TCR? Bon6Afl: n63AHO [p6-zna]. SonbWMHCTa6 pa66T88T AO aOCbMM,

211

LESSON 17

H6KOTOpble AO A8CRnt. H6 fnop6 38Kpb1Bll10TCR pilHbwe, 6Kono nRTM. M3pM: A B cy666TY M BOCKpeCeHbe? Bon6AR: racTpoH6Mbl pa66T&IOT Kli>K,qbiM AeHb. 610p6 a 3TM AHM He pa60T810T. *M even (particle' -see Lesson 30). In the Hotel Service Bureau rocTb: AeaywKa: r6cTb: AeaywKa: r6cTb: AeaywKa: r6cTb:

KorA& OTXOAMT* n6e3A B Bop6He>K? B OAMHH&A48Tb 'facoa ae'fepa. A KOrAS R CMOrY nonY'fMTb 6MneT? 3llBTpa jTpoM. Xopow6. Sl npMAY B BOC8Mb 'f8COB. 3To paHo. 610p6 oTKpbl&aeTcR a A6BRTb. H6 38aTpa R He cMorj npMMTM a A6BRTb. Hawa 3KCKypcMR no ropOAY H8'fHeTCR B a6ceMb TPMA48Tb. AeaywKa: TorAfl Mbl 6yAeM >KABTb sac nocne 3KCKypcMM. Mbl pa66T88M AO BOCbMM 'f8COB Be'fepa. *oTXOAMTb to depart (of a train).

EXERCISE 17/5

Translate: 1 How old is she? 2 I am thirty-six. 3 In 1988 he was forty. 4 I'll come on Tuesday at a quarter to three in the afternoon. 5 Please phone me on the tenth after six. 6 We'll be in Siberia from the ninth of May to the sixteenth of June. 7 I have lived(= am living) in London since 1973.

READING AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 17/6 1 Read in Russian (or write out in full) the three dates in the first paragraph: 'in 1840', 'from 1885', 'in May 1892'. 2 Write out Chaikovskii's twelve-part daily timetable in Klin. 3 Which two dates are mentioned in the last paragraph?

212


4 Why are these two dates significant?

nihp lllnbM'I "'ai4KOBCKIIIM POA.tncH Ha Ypane a 1840 rOAY· My3biKY 6H Ha'lan cO'IIIIHRTb* y•e a A6TcTae. My3biKllnbHoe o6pa3oa8HMe' 6H nony'IMn B neTep6yprCKOM KOHCepaaT6pllllll*. C 1885 r6AS "'aMKOBCKIIIM :IKIIIn B OKpeCTHOCTHX* r6pOA8 KnMHa, H9A&neK6 OT MocKBbl. A a AOMe, rAe Tenepb AOM-My3el4 "'ai4K6acKoro, nihp lllnbM'I nocen.tncH* B Mae 1892 r6AS. 3AeCb 6bln0 BCi, K 'leMy "'aMKOBCKMM AaBHO CTpeMMnCH*: 38M9'1STenbHaH nplllpOAS, TIIIWIIIHa, B03MO:IKHOCTb nMCaTb MY3b1Ky. 6H BCTaaan B BOCbMOM* 'lacy yTpa, AO A9BHTM 3aHMM8ncH aHrnMMCKIIIM H3biK6M 111 'IMTan. B nonoa.tHe A9CRTOro npiiiCyYnan' K pa66Te. Pa66T8n neTp lllnbM'I AO 'lacy' AHH. "'ac o6eA&n, a 3aTeM poaHo ABa 'laca rynRn. rynRn o6H38TenbHO OAMH*, TaK KaK ao apeMH nporjnoK no'ITM acerA& CO'IIIIHRn MY3b1Ky. C nATM AO ceMM neTp lllnbM'I CHOBa pa66Tan. nocne pa66Tbl rynRn Mnlll lllrpan Ha c~»opTenbRHO*. B BOC9Mb '18COB nOASB8ncH' Y:IKIIIH. nocne y:IKMHa "'ai4K6BCKIIIM npoBOAMn apeMH c rocTRMIII, a ecn111 rocTeM He 6blno, 'IMTan. B OAMHHaA48Tb win a cao.O' KOMHayY, n111can n.tcbMa 111 nepeA CHOM CHOBa 'IIIITSn. B 3TOM AOMe "'aMKOBCKIIIM C03AaBan CBOM nocnl!AHMe npoM3BeAiiHMH', cpeAM HIIIX reHMSnbHYIO' WecTj10 CIIIMci»OHIIIIO*. Tenepb Kn111H - ropOA "'aMKOBCKOro. A6M n.lll. "'aMKOBCKoro B KnMHY cTan My3l!eM. Aaa p838 a r6A, ceAbM6ro MSH, a A9Hb po:IKAeHMH neTpa lllnbM'Ia, 111 wecToro HoH6pR, a AeHb er6 cMepTM, CIOAS npiii93:1KSIOT OTe'19CTB9HHble* Ill IIIHOCTpSHHble MY3biKaHTbl. 111 3Aecb cHoaa 3BY'!MT* '~YAilcHaH MY3b1Ka neTpalllnbM'Ia "'aMKOBCKOro. TOrAS MHOrllle cnywaTenlll BCnOMIIIHSIOT cnoa{l aenMKOro pyccKoro niiiCSTenH AHTOHa naanOBIII'Ia "'exoaa: ccSI roT6B' AeHb 111 HO'Ib CTORTb a no'liTHOM' Kapayne y Kpb1nb48 1 Toro A6Ma, rAe :IKIIIBeT nihp lllnbM'I.» 'Extra Vocabulary a BOCbMOM 'lacy between 7 and 8 ('in the eighth hour'- see 17.4) reHIIISnbHbiM brilliant roT6B (m) roT6aa (f) roT6Bbl (pl.) ready (short adj- 29.7) 3BY'IBTb' 3BY'!MT to sound

213

KOHcepaaT6pMH conseNatoire Kpblnb40 porch; front steps MY3biKSnbHbiM musical o6pa30BSHMe education OAMHIOAH8JOAH6IOAHM alone oKpl!cTHOCTIII (pl.) environs

LESSON 17

OT6of8CTB8HHbiM home ('of the fatherland', from m'f8CTBO 'fatherland', 'Russian') noA&BBTbCR' to be served nocenMTbCRP to take up residence nO'firHbli Kapayn guard of honour npttc-rynilTb' K (+ dat.) to get down (to), start (on) npott3B8A8Htte a work (of art) a cao.O K6MH&TY to his own room CMMciJc)HMR symphony

CO'fMHRTb' (CO'fMHiirrb") to compose CTpeMMTI:tCR' K ( + dat.) to strive for, aspire to c~»opTenbiiHo piano (modern equivalents are poRnb (m) ('grand piano') and nttaHMHO (indecl) ('upright')) 'f&C hour; one o'clock (17.3) AO 'facy until one o'clock (lfilcy is a variant of the genitive 'fica) ·

214

18 YP6K H6MEP BOCEMHAA~ATb THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOT6Pbllil

18.1 Phrases with Comparatives 3-ro 6yAeT ny"'we. KaKoe BMH6 Aeweane? TOT ciiMnbM MHTepecHee. &biCTpee! no6biCTp8el roaopliiTe M8A"eHHee! A&liiTe KOelle noKpen"'e.

That will be better. Which wine is cheaper? That film is more interesting. Faster! A bit faster! Speak more slowly! Give me stronger coffee.

18.2 Comparative of Adjectives and Adverbs: Examples to Learn better cheaper easier larger less longer more more beautiful more difficult more expensive more interesting

nj"'we Aeweane nel"te 66nbwe M8HbW8 A"MHH88 66nbwe Kpaclilaee

from from

TPYAHH AOP6:1Ke MHTepecHee

from

from from from from from from from from

215

xop6wMiii good AeweBbllii cheap nirKMiii easy 6onbw61ii large ManeHbKMiii small A"MHHbiM long 6onbw61ii large KpacliiBbllii beautiful TPYAHbllii difficult AOpor61ii expensive MHTepeCHbllii interesting

LESSON 18

more often nicer quicker shorter simpler slower smaller stronger worse

'facTo often npMRTHblli pleasant, nice 6biCTpbnii quick KOpOTKMiil short npocT6iii simple MeAneHHbliii slow ManeHbKIIIiii small KpenKMiii strong nnox6iii bad

from

'f8114e nploUlTHee 6biCTpee Kop6'fe npoaqe MeAJ1eHHee MeHbWe Kpen'fe xy>Ke

from from from from from from from from

Use these as adverbs ('Write faster') or as predicative1 adjectives, i.e. with no following noun, in sentences such as 'This hotel was/will be better'

3Ta

rocntHM4& 6b.na/6yAeT ny'fwe. In informal Russian, no- 'a little' is often added to the comparative: no6biCTpee 'a bit faster', noM6Hbwe 'a little less' 'Than' is 'feM:

Bawa KOMH&Ta ny'fwe, 'feM Haws. neTep6ypr Kp8CMBee, 'feM MocKaa. B neTep6ypre MHTepecHee, 'feM B MOCKBe. Bbl roaopMTe 6biCTpee, 'feM R. Sl 3HBIO Eay ny'fwe, 'feM Bepa

Your room is better than ours. Petersburg is more beautiful than Moscow. It's more interesting in Petersburg than in Moscow. You speak faster than me/than I do. I know Eva better than Vera does.

(nom.).

Sl 3HatO Eay nj'fwe, 'feM Bepy

I know Eva better than I know Vera.

(ace.). But in colloquial Russian, instead of 'f9M

+ the nominative case, the

genitive (with no 'feM) is preferred:

Bawa KOMHaTS nj'fwe Hawu (gen.). neTep6ypr Kp&CMBee MOCKB.Ii!! (gen.).

Bbl roaopm 6biCTplle MeHR

Your room is better than ours. Petersburg is more beautiful than Moscow. You speak faster than me/than I do.

(gen.).

SI3HatO Eay ny'fwe Bep)!! (gen.). I know Eva better than Vera does.

216

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH

KOT0Pblril

18.3 Formation and Use of Comparatives

If the last consonant of the adjective or adverb is H, n, p or a labial (lip consonant - n, 6, M, a) simply add the indeclinable ending -ee. If the adjective has only two syllables, the stress is generally on the -ee. KpaCMBbiM YMHbiM

beautiful clever

Kpaclllaee yMHee

more beautiful(ly) cleverer/more cleverly

aecenee xonoAHee

more cheerful(ly) colder/more coldly

Note the stress of: aecenbllil xon6AHbiM

cheerful cold

If the adjective or adverb has some other ending, such as ·KMM or ·TbiM, the stem changes and the ending is a single indeclinable -e. See the list in 18.2. Stress is always on the stem. 6niii3KMM 6orliTbiM BbiCOKMM rny66KMM A&neKMM MOnOA61i1 HM3KMM TMXMM WMPOKMM

near rich tall deep far young low quiet wide

6nlll•e 6ora'fe BbiW8 rny6•e A{tnbwe Mon6•e HMlKe TMW8 wlllpe

Two common adjectives have totally unpredictable comparatives, as in English: xop6WMM nnox6171

good bad

better worse

Since it is sometimes difficult to work out, or guess, the -e comparative of an adjective, it is reassuring to know that there is a simple alternative: just place the word 66nee 'more' (not 66nbwe in this construction) in front of the adjective, which then has its normal case, gender and number endings. So 66nee Aewe&biM (m), 66nee AeweaaH (f) or 66nee Aeweaoe (n) is another way of saying Aeweane 'cheaper'. 31-a KHIIIra 66nee A&weaaH. This book is cheaper.

217

LESSON 18

However, Russians much prefer to use the indeclinable form: 3Ta KHIIira Aeweane.

But note that if you put a comparative before a noun ('a cheaper book'), you must use the 60nee construction: Sl Kynmo 66nee Aeweay10 (not Aeweane) KHIIiry. I'll buy a cheaper book. 0Ha 6bJna a 66nee AnMHHOM nnaTb8. She was wearing ('in') a longer

dress. With the 66nee comparative, 'than' is always oteM, never the genitive: Bepa 66nee MHTepecHaH JKeHiqMHa, oteM Eaa.

Vera is a more interesting woman than Eva. Russians tend to avoid using the 66nee construction, except with long adjectives (four syllables or more, e.g. YAMBMTenbHbiM 'surprising', ecTlK:TB&HHbiM 'natural' 3To 66nee ecT6CTB8HHO 'That's more natural'). So in equivalents of sentences such as 'I want a lighter room', Russians normally say 'I want a room (which is) lighter'. Sl xooty KOMH&TY nocaeTnee' (though you can also say Sl xooty 66nee caemy10 KOMH&yY).

'Much' with comparatives is H8MH6ro (formal usage) or rop83Ao (colloquial): ~ai4

H&MH6ro/rop83Ao Aeweane BMHll. Tea is much cheaper than wine.

EXERCISE 18/1

Translate: I KaK6e BMH6 nyotwe? 2 3TM anenbCIIiHbl AOP6JKe. 3 npMXOAIIiTe K H&M noota~qe. 4 no6biCTpee, no•anyi4cTa, y•e nonoalliHa aocbMoro. 5 Eaa

Mon6JKe Bepbl. 5 B MocKae nor6A& 6bJn8 nyotwe, oteM a neTep6ypre. 7 pYCCKMM H3biK H8MH6ro TPYAHH «<»P8HI.IY3CKOrO. 8 ccBOMHS M MMp» 66nee AnMHHbiM pOMBH, '48M ccAHH8 Kap8HMH8». 9 Bepa 6b!.!"'a B 60nee

I In this construction, no- ('a little') is always added to the comparative.

218

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOT0Pbllit

AOpor6M nn8Tb8,
EXERCISE 18/2 Translate the words in brackets: 1 B fl6HAOHe :IKM3Hb (is better). 2 B&AMM roaopliiT (more slowly than you). 3 B6AK8 CTOMT (much more expensive) B pecropaHe, (than in the shop). 4 Bepa 3Haer (more than Eva). 5 AocroeacKMM M'-texoa (are more interesting) nMcarenM, (than Tolstoi). 6 s:l noKynaiO BMH6 (more often),
18.4 Special Comparatives When used before a noun, four common adjectives have declinable comparative forms which must be used instead of the 66nee construction above. They have the same endings as xop6wMii.

xop6WMM nnox6ii 60nbw6ii ManeHbKMM

good bad big small

ny'tWMM XYAWMM 6QnbWMM MeHbWMM

better worse bigger (note stress) smaller

Eaa :IKMBeT a ny
Note 1: If there is no
Note 2: Two more common adjectives sometimes behave like the four above: MOnoA6ii 'young' has the comparative Mn8AwMM in the meaning 'junior', and crapbiM 'old' has crapwMii in the meaning 'senior'. They are also used for 'younger' and 'elder' in family relationships.

219

LESSON 18

3To MOH MnSAW8R CecTpB. 66nee CT6pbliii AOM but CTSpWMM OCi»M~p

This is my younger sister. an older house a senior officer

Note 3: If there is no following noun, the comparatives nj'twttiii, xjAWMiii, 66n~owttiii,

MeHbWMiii must be replaced by the indeclinables njolwe, xj)Ke, (the forms in 18.2):

66n~owe, M6H~owe

3To K6MH8Ta njolwe (not njolwaR). This room is better.

(3Ta KOMH&T8 njolwaR (= 3To nj'4W&R KOMH&Ta) means 'This room is the best/This is the best room' - Note 1)

18.5 Less M6Hee 'less' (an alternative form of M6Hbwe) is used like 66nee. HeM6a.pc:ttiii R3JOJK MeHee TPjAH~>Jiii, 148M pjccKttiii. German is less difficult than Russian. More colloquially, you can use He T&K6iii ... K&K ('not such ... as') with adjectives and He T&K ... ic:aK ('not so ... as') with adverbs: CDpaHJ.~j3CKMM

R3biK He T8KOM TPjAHbiM, K8K.pjCCKMM. HB T8K '4BCTO, K8K pBHbW8

French is not as difficult as Russian. not as often as before

18.6 Superlatives If you want to say 'the cheapest wine', 'the most interesting girl', simply place c8MbJM ('the very') in front of the adjective. CIIMbJM is itself an adjective (same endings as HO&bli), so it has the same gender, number and case as the adjective which comes after it:

A&Wiaoe BMH6 c8Moe A&Wiaoe attH6 Sl roaopliln C MHT8p6CHOM AiiBYWKOM. Sl roaopliln c c8Moi MHT&p6cHoiii A6aywKoi.

cheap wine the cheapest wine I talked to an interesting girl. I talked to the most interesting girl.

220

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOT6Pbllii

18.7 Superlative Adjectives (see 18.4 Note 2 above)

Although 'best' can be cllMbiM xopowMil (as in 18.6), 'worst' can be cllMbiM nnox6it and 'smallest'/'least' can be cllMbiM Miln&HbKMM, it is

common to use nj'lwMIJi and (less commonly) xYAWMM and M8HbWMM (18.4) as superlatives, with or without CBMbiM: B&AMM - MOM (CilMbiM) nyotWMM APYr. B XYAW&M cnj'lae

Vadim is my (very) best friend. in the worst case

In bookish style, these three superlatives can have the prefix HBM· ('most'), instead of the word cllMbiM: HaMnj'lwMil the very best H&MMiiHbWMM the least

H&MnyotwMe rOAbl the best years c H&MMiiHbWMM TPYAOM with the least effort

HaM66nbWMM 'biggest' also exists as the superlative of 6onbw6it.

EXERCISE 18/3

Translate:

l Mbl KjnMM cllMble AOporlile 6Mn8Tbl. 2 Mbl >KMBeM B nj'lweit rOCTMHMl48. 3 5ai1Klln - caMoe 6onbw6e 638po B Mlilpe. 4 He bought (0 ) the cheapest vodka. 5 This is the easiest exercise.

18.8 EXTRA: Another Type of Superlative: aenwo~aliiwMiii

This type of adjective has the ending -eilwMil or, for certain adjectives (see below), -ailwMil. It is rarer than the cllMbiM type of superlative and differs from it in meaning by being more emotive. It can indicate a high degree of the quality expressed by the adjective ('a very great writer') without necessarily implying that no other case is greater ('the greatest writer'): nywKMH- cllMbiM aenliiKMM pyccKMiii no3r. Pushkin is the greatest

Russian poet.

221

LESSON 18

nywKMH - &enM'IltiiiwMiii pYccKMM no3T. Push kin is a very great Russian poet.

Examples: 'IMCTbiM clean/pure MHTep6cHbliii interesting

'IMCT6iiiwMiii purest/very pure MHTep6cHeiiiwMiii most interesting

Adjectives whose stem ends K, r, x change the K, r, x to tively and add the ending -iliiiwMiii: aenMKMiii great WMPOKMiii wide TMXMiii quiet AOporoiii dear

If,

:JK, w respec-

aenM'IlliiiwMiii greatest WMpo'lilMWMM widest TMWilMWMM quietest APB:JKltiiiwMiii dearest (from AP&roiii, a rarer form of AOporoiii)

Three ·3KMiii adjectives have exceptional forms: 6nM3KMiii 'near' 6nM:JKltiiiwMiii 'nearest'; HM3KMM 'low' HM:JKltiiiwMiii 'lowest'; Mep3KMiii 'foul', 'disgusting' MepaeiiiwMiii 'foulest'. It is unnecessary to learn this method of forming superlatives. But note these phrases: HeT HM Maneiiiwero COMH6HMR. There isn't the slightest doubt (from MltnbiM 'small'). 'IMCT6iiiwMiii B3AOP utter rubbish ('purest rubbish') APB:JKltiiiwaR nonoaMIHa better half (wife or husband, literally 'dearest half') c aenM'IltiiiwMM YAOB6nbCT&MeM with the greatest of pleasure a KpaT'IaiiiwMiii cp6K in the shortest possible time (from KpiiTKMiii 'short') rAe 6nM:JKaiiiwaR oCTaH6BK& aaT66yca? Where's the nearest bus-stop? HM:JKaiiiwMiii noKn6H kindest greetings ('lowest bow') Mepaeiiiwee H&CTpo6HMe foulest mood

18.9 Relative Clauses' with KOT6pblii ('Who'/'Whlch')

If you want to say 'That's the girl whom /the film which I saw yesterday', the Russian word you need is KoT6pbiM. This is an adjective with the same endings as HOBbiM.

222


rAe 6yTblnKM, KOT6pble croflnM 3Aecb? B6T A8aywKa, KoT6paR 6blna a pecTopilHe.

KOT0PbiM

Where are the bottles which were standing here? There's the girl who was in the restaurant.

It is curious that English makes a distinction here between animate (the girl who ... ) and inanimate (the glass which . .. ) while Russian doesn't. KoT6pbiM agrees in number and gender with the noun to which it relates: AeaywKa, KOT6paa (f sg.) 6bln8 ... The girl who was ... ;

AeaywKM, KOT6pble (pl.) 6blnM ... The girls who were ... KoT6pbiM also has case endings, but these depend not on the preceding noun but on the role of KOT6pb1M in its own clause'. So in the sentence 'This is the girl who(m) you saw yesterday' B6T A8BywKa (nom.),

KOT6py10 (ace.) Bbl BMAenM B'lepa the relative KOT6py10 has an accusative ending because it is the object of BMAenM. If in English you say

'whom you saw', then you are obeying the same grammatical rule, since 'whom' is the accusative of 'who'.

86T OcllMI.lMBHT (m sg. nom.), KOT6poro (m sg., ace.) Bbl MCKBnM. There's the waiter (whom) you were looking for. rAe OcllMI.lMBHT, c KOT6pbiM (m sg., inst.) R roaoplr1n? Where's the waiter I was talking to (with whom I was talking)? Bbl 3HaeTe AliByweK (pl., ace.), c KOT6pbiMM (pl., inst.) R n03H8K6MMnCR B 6ape? Do you know the girls I met in the bar (with whom I became acquainted)?

EXERCISE 18/4 Put the required ending on KOT6pbiM:

>KeHU4MH&, KOT6p __ CMAMT a yrny, aMepMKBHKa. The woman who is sitting in the corner is American. 2 >KeHU4MH8, C KOT6p __ Bbl ro&OpMnM, T6lKe 8M8pMKSHK8. The woman you were talking to is also American. 3 nolK8nyMCT8, nOK8lKMT8 KHMrM, KOT6p __ Bbl Kynlr1nM. Please show me the books which you bought. 4 Mbl lKMBiM B rOCTMHMI.le, KOT6p __ nocTp6MnM cllMHHbl.

223

LESSON 18

We are staying in a hotel which was built by (which built) the Finns.

5 Mbl lKMaiM a H6Mepe (m), a KOT6p __ H8T Tenea.taopa. We have a room without a television (in which there is no television).

6 3-ro nMcaTenb, KOT6p __ R 6'18Hb mo6mo. He's a writer I like very much. In English 'which'/'who'/'whom' can be omitted 'There's the waiter (who) you were looking for', but in standard Russian KOT6pbliii must always be present in such sentences.

18.10 Use KT6/o.tT6, not KOT6pbtlii, after the pronouns TOT 'that', aecb 'all' After the pronouns T6T 'that' (pl. Te 'those'), ace 'everybody' and ace 'everything', KOT6pbliii is usually replaced by KT6 (for animates) or 'IT6 (for inanimates). The verb in the KT6/'IT6 clause' is singular if KT6 or 'IT6 is the subject, since KT6 is grammatically a masculine singular word and 'IT6 is grammatically neuter singular. However, some Russians make the verb plural after KT6 if the verb in the main clause is plural.

Te, KT6 (not KOT6pb18) 6bJn (possible: 6bJnM) Ha ae'lepe, aepHynMCb a TPM 'laca H6'1M. Those who were at the party came back at three in the morning. Bee, o 'liM (not o KOT6poM) 6H roaop.tn, Mbl YlKll aHilnM. Everything which he talked about we already knew. T6T, o K6M abl cnpawMaanM, yexan a'lepa. The one you asked about left yesterday. Cnac.t6o 38 ace, 'IT6 abl CAllnanM AJlSI Hac. Thank you for everything (which) you've done for us.

18.11 Vocabulary (See also comparative lists 18.2, 18.3) AaMR Asia aMepMKilHKa gen.pl. aMepMKSHOK American (woman) aHeKA6T joke, anecdote ax oh

SaiiiKiln Lake Baikal 6ap bar 68per prep. Ha 6eperj pl. 6eperil bank, shore 66nee more

224


66nbWMiii (18.4) bigger BOAMTb' ao>Kj, B6AMWb (20.2) to take, lead (there and back)

BOCT6K east Ha aocT6Ke in the east BOCT6'tHbiM eastern BbiC6KMM tall BbiWe taller rny66KMiii deep ropa ace. r6py, pl. r6p1>1 hill; mountain rpaHM48 border AOCTBBiiTb' AOCT8JO, AOCT8SWb (AoCTllTbP AOCTitHy, AOCTitH8Wb) to get hold of, obtain; to reach

APliBHMiii ancient 38HMMSTb' 38HMMSIO, 38HMMS8Wb, (38HflTbP 38MMy, 38MM8Wb) + ace. to occupy (something) 38nBA (Ha 3llJ18A8) west (in the west) 38nilc stock, reserve 3Bepb (m) gen. pl. 3aepelii (wild) animal

36nOTO gold KMTlllii China KOH(e)LI end KOT6pb1M who/which (18.9) neKL!Mfl lecture ny'twe (18.3) [lo'o-tshe] better nY...wMiii (18.4, 18.7) [lo'o-tshi] better, best

MoHr6nMR Mongolia M}')K'IMHB (m)

KOT6Pbllil

HanpMMep for example H&'tilno beginning orp6MHbiM enormous 63epo pl. o38pa lake 6cTpoa pl. ocTpoaa island OTAenbHbllii separate no6nMJKe a bit closer (18.3) no38a'tepa the day before yesterday

n6MHMTb' n6MHIO, n6MHMWb tO remember

npMrnacMTbp npMrnawy, npMrnacr.twb (npMrnawllTb' like 3H8Tb) ( + ace.) to invite (someone)

nTM48 bird peAKMiii rare ciiMbiM very, most (18.6) ceaep (Ha ceaepe) north (in the north)

ceaepHbllii northern cneLIM&nMcT (no + dat.) specialist (in)

TeppMT6pMR territory XYA61ii thin; bad 't&CTb (f) gen. pl. 't&CTelii part 'tenoaeK pl. niOAM (16.10) person MonoA61ii 'tenoaeK young man 'teM than 'tMCTbllii pure, clean IOJKHbllii southern

[moo-.I!:!II::J.e'e-na] man

18.12 TeKcT Vlktor Wants to Meet Mary Bbl n6MHMTe BMKTopa? 3-ro T6T MOnOA6M 't8nOBeK, C KOT6pb1M Bbl rOBOpMnM

225

LESSON 18

Bon6AJ1: M3pM: Bon6AR:

M3pM: Bon6AR: M3pM:

Bon6AR:

a'lepa a 6ape? HeT. 3To T6T, KT6 AOCTBn H&M* 6MneTbl B T8BTp H8 TaraHKe*. 3To He T6T xyA6iil MVlK'IMHa, c KOT6pbiM Mbl pa3roaapMaanM y Bepbl? LfT6 Bbll* 3To APYr6iil BttKTop. Sl roaop.O o T6M BttKTope, c KOT6pbiM Bbl XOTenM n03H8KOMMTbCR no6nt1JKe. BbiCOKMM T8K6iil*, BbiW8 M8HR, C npMRTHbiM r6nOCOM. Ax Aft, n6MHIO. KoT6pbiM nY-twe acex paccKB3biB&eT 8H8KA6Tbl. TOT CBMbiM*. TaK aor, 6H n6MHMT sac .. x6'1eT npMrnaCMTb H8 neK4MIO, KOTOPYIO 6H 'IMTB8T 8 cpiiAY· Ha KaKyiO TeMy? HftAeiOCb, er6 neK~.tMR 6yA8T MHTepilcHee, '18M neK~.tMR 0 '18KMCT8X, H8 KOT6py10 Bbl M8HR BOAMnM no38B'Iepa. He 6ecnoK6iiiTeCb. BttKTOP- Haw nY-twMiil cne~.tMant1cT no pyccKOMY TeaTpy.

*AocTan HaM 6MneTbl got us ('to us') tickets *TeaTp Ha TaraHKe the Taganka Theatre (on Taganka Square in Moscow) *LfT6 Bbll Come now! (mild reproach) *BbiCOKMM T&K6iil a tall fellow (TaK6iil 'such' used colloquially for emphasis) *T6T CBMbiM that's the one ('that very') *TaK a6T well then


Siberian Superlatives and Comparatives: l What are the boundaries of Siberia? 2 A geographical feature of Siberia is number one in the world for three things. Find the details. 3 Something else in Siberia is described as number one in the world. What is it? 4 What does A&nbHMiil BOCT6K ('Far East') mean to a Russian geographer?

CM6ttpb 38HMMB8T 66nbWYIO '18CTb CeaepHOM A3MM OT y.panbCMX* rop H8 38nftAe AD Tt1xoro* OK8BH8 H8 BOCTOK8 MOT 6eper6a 226

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOT0PbiM

CeaepHoro' n8AOBMTOro OKeitHa H8 ceaepe AO lbJKHbiX CTenelii' M rp&H11u.lbl c MoHronMelii " KMTlleM. CM6ilpcKMe peKM 66b, EHMceti " neHa ax6Af1T a Aect!iTKy* caMblx 6onbwilx peK Milpa. Kp6Me peK, a CM6ilpM ecTb KpacilaetiwMe1 MllneHbKMe M6onbwile o3ipa c 'tMCTetiwelii 1 BOA6ii, OAH6 M3 KOTOpblX, 6aliiKan - CSMoe AP8BHee, caMoe rny66Koe, caMoe 6onbw6e a MMpe npecHoB6AHoe' 6aepo. B CM6ilpM H&X6AMTCR 66nbwe nonoaiiHbl npMpOAHbiX pecypcoa* PocciiM: yronb1, HectJTb*, ra31, aonoTo, anM83bl', peAKMe MeTllnnbl1• A no aanacaM rMAP03HeprMM* oHa 38HMMlleT nepaoe MeCTo a Milpe. CM6ilpb - :ho cliMble pa3Hble aaepM, nTMI.Ibl, 1.18HHetiwMe* ptil6bl HanpMMep, ocihp', noc6cb'. reorpactJbl* 'ta~e1 acer6'* A8nRr CM6Mpb H8 38n&AHYIO CM6Mpb, BoCTO'tHyiO CM6Mpb MA&nbHMM 1 BoCT6K, KOT6pbiM OHM C'tMTliiOT OTAenbHbiM perM6HoM1• AflnbHMM BocT6K- :ho orp6MH&R TeppMTOpMR, KOTOp&R BKniO'taeT K&M'tliTKy, SIKjTMIO MOCTpOB CaxanMH. CliMbiMM aaJKHbiMM ropoAliMM RBmliOTCR' Xa6apoBCK M Bn&AMBOCT6K. *Extra Vocabulary for Siberian Text anM83 diamond BKniO'tliTb' to include raa gas re6rpa4J geographer rMApo3HeprMR hydroelectric power AllnbHMM far Aeni4Tb' to divide A8CATKa a group of ten Kpacl4aeliiwMlii very beautiful (18.8) noc6cb (m) salmon MeTllnn metal HectJTb (f) oil, petroleum oceTp sturgeon (source of caviare) npeCHOBOAHbiM freshwater npMp6AHbiM natural (npMpOAB 'nature')

perM6H region

pecypcbl (m pl.) resources CeaepHbiM neAOBMTbiM OK88H the Arctic Ocean

CTenb (f) steppe (flat. dry grassland)

TMXMM oKeliH Pacific Ocean (TMXMM 'quiet') yr(o)nb (m) coal ypanbCKMM Ural (adj) 1.18HHeliiwMti highly valuable (18.8) (1.18HHblM 'valuable') 'ta~e acer6 most often ( = 'more often than all' -comparative of

'tSCTO 'often' + gen. of ace 'all') 'tMCTetiwelii very pure (18.8) ('tMCTbiM 'pure') RBniiiOrCSI (+ inst.) are - see 16.5 (4)

227

YPAflbCKIIIE r6Pbl (URAL MOUNTAINS)

CpeAHecMIIMpcKoe nnocKor6pt.e (Central Siberian Plateau)

KpacHOI1pcK

KA3AXCTAH (KAZAKHSTAN)

0

500Km

1-------i

0

Clll61i!Pb (SIBERIA)

SOOMiles

'~

' BepxollHCK

•

-

BOCT61.iHAS'I CI-!Sii!Pb (EASTERN SIBERIA)

AAnbHHiil BOCT6K (FAR EAST)

KHTAiil (CHINA)

MOHr6J1HS'I

19 YP6K H6MEP ~EBSITHA~~ATb

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (~611>KEH); PREFIXES

19.1 Key Phrases EcnM 6bl R 3Han, R ywen 6bl. Sl 6bl xoT{tn(a) aac npMrnacMTb. Sl ,q6n>KeH/,qon>KHa M3BMHMTbCH. Mbl ,qon>KHbl 6btnM OTKa38TbCH. Opoxo,qr.tTe. Bx6,q/Bblxo,q/nepex6,q/yx6,q

If I'd known, I would have left. I would like to invite you. I must apologize. We had to refuse. Go through. Entrance/exit/crossing/departure

19.2 Conditional Mood EcnM §!z!. H >KMll(B) a Poccr.tM, H §!z!. roaopr.tn(a) no-pyccKM.

If I lived in Russia, I would speak Russian. The equivalent of 'would' in Russian is a particle' 6bl, which suggests a hypothesis or something contrary to fact or something which you would like to happen. Eibl has no meaning of its own and is never used without other words; it cannot occur first in the sentence or clause. It adds a meaning of hypothesis, doubt or wish to the verb with which it is used. So 6H 6bln means 'he was' while 6H 6bln 6bl means 'he would be' or 'he would have been'. In Russian equivalents of such conditional sentences as 'If I knew Russian, I would go alone', there·are three points to note:

230

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION

(A0n>KEH);

PREFIXES

(a) there is a 6bt in each clause; (b) the verbs are always past tense; (c) it is nonnal to put one 6bt after ecnM ('if') and one 6bt before or after the verb in the other clause. To convert the sentence 'If I am (=shall be) in Moscow, I'll telephone him' into 'If I had been in Moscow, I would have telephoned him', add two 6bts and make the verbs past tense: If I'm in Moscow, I'll phone him. EcnM R 6'YAY a MocKae, R eMy n03BOHtO. EcnM 6bt R 6btll a MocKae, R 6bt If I'd been in Moscow, I would have eMy no3BOHritn. phoned him. Since Russian has only one past tense, this sentence could also be translated 'If I was in Moscow, I would phone him.' The 6bt can also stand after the verb: R n03BOHMI1 6bt eMy. As in English, the conditional can be used for polite requests. 'I would like' is~ xon}n(a) 6bt ('I would want'): ~

xoTena 6bt noexaTb a Cy3A811b.

I would like to go to Suzdal'.

EXERCISE 19/1

Translate: I EcnM 6bt oHa roaopritna MeAileHHee, R 6bt noHRnil. 2 EcnM 6bt Mbt 3HanM, 'fT6 Bbt 6yAeTe a MocKae, Mbt 6bt no3BOHritnM. 3 BSAritM HanMcan 6bt Eae nMcbM6, ecnM 6bt y Her6 6btno apeMR. 4 Bepa xoTena 6bt noroaopritTb c aaMM.

EXERCISE 19/2

Translate:

1 If he was in Moscow, he would phoneo us. 2 They would have cameo if you (pol) had invited 0 them. 3 If Eva knew that Vadim was (= is) drinking wine with us, she would get angry (paccepAMTbCR 0 ). 4 I would like to inviteo you (pol.).

231

LESSON 19

19.3 EXTRA: On 6bl

Russian has a very restricted set of verb endings, so those of you who have struggled with subjunctives in Gennan or the Romance languages (Latin, French etc.) will be glad to know that the various contrary-to-presentreality meanings associated with the subjunctive do not involve the learning of any new endings in Russian. The 6bl + past tense construction which you learnt for the conditional above also serves in 'subjunctive'-type situations such as: I don't know anyone who could help. S1 He at1610 HMKor6, KTO M6r 6bl noMO'tb (i.e. as far as I know, there is no such person). I want you to clean up your room (i.e. at present it's a mess). S1 XO'tj, 'tTOObl Tbl y6p6n CBOIO KOMH8yY. (These 'tT66bl (='tTO + 6bl) structures are dealt with in 21.8.) &bl

sometimes occurs without a past-tense verb:

no66nbW8 6bl T8KMX n10Aitliill H6Ao 6bl cnpocm.

We need more people like that. We ought to ask.

19.4 Obligation: A6mKeH + infinitive

The closest equivalent of 'I must' is A AOnJKeH (man), A AOnJKH6 (woman). 'Ivan must go' is MB6H AOnJKeH MATM. 'Must' is a verb in English, but AOnJKeH is an adjective which literally means 'obliged'. It is a special kind of adjective (called a short fonn- see 29.7) which has only one case, the nominative, and four endings, A6nJKeH (m), AOnJKH6 (f), AOnJKH6 (n), and AOnJKHiil (pl.): Ma6H A6nJKeH MATM. AHH& AOnJKH6 pa66T8Tb. Bbl AOnJKHiil M3BMHMTbCA.

Ivan must go. Anna must/has to work. You must apologize.

A6nJKeH can also express probability or expectation ('should'): 0H6 AQnJKH6 CK6po aepHjTbcA. ~ neK6pcTBo AQnJKH6 nOMO'tb.

She should be back soon. This medicine should help. 232

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (,11011lKEH); PREFIXES

Note the phrase AOn>KH6 6b1Tb 'probably', 'very likely' (lit. 'must be'): OH, AOnJKH6 6b1Tb, )')ICe aepHyncR. He has probably already returned.

In the meaning 'have to', the construction HSAOIHY*HO +dative (Lesson 14.6) and the construction with the adjective A6n•eH are, with humans, nearly synonymous, though A6n•eH can carry the meaning of moral obligation (duty) as well as necessity. However, notice (a) that only A6n•eH has the probability meaning of 'must' ('If she hasn't arrived yet, the train must be late'), and (b) only A6n•eH is used with inanimate nouns: CaMonih A6n•eH BblneT&Tb 14epe3 AB& lfacil 'The plane should/is due to leave in two hours' (not CaMoniyY HSAO ...).

19.5 Past/Future of AOmKeH

Since A6n•eH is an adjective, the past and future are formed with 6b1Tb, but note that the forms of 6b1Tb are placed after A6n•eH: He had to sell the car. OH A6n•eH 6bln npoA&Tb M8WMHy. Mbl AOn)I(Hbi6YA8M M3BMHMTbCR. We shall have to apologize. (A6n>KeH also means 'owing'. In this meaning, 6b1Tb is placed before A6n•eH: Bbl MHe AOn>KHbl nRTb py6nel4 'You owe me five roubles'; 0H86blna MHe AOn>KHa AB8 A6nnapa 'She owed me two dollars').

EXERCISE 19/3

Put A6n•eH in the correct form: 1 0Ha (must) aepHjTbCR 38aTpa. 2 OH (had to) M3BMHMTbCR. 3 Mbl (will have to) cecTb Ha MeTp6.

19.6 Prefixes

Russian uses a lot of prefixes'. Prefixes (such as, in English, un-, re-, over-) are attached to the beginning of words to add an extra element of meaning

233

LESSON 19

to the root'. For example, these prefixes can be added to the verb root 'do' to make 'undo', 'redo' and 'overdo'. You know that the prefix no- has the basic meaning 'a little' and is particularly common with comparatives (no66nbwe 'a little more') and as a way of making verbs perfective (noCMAeTb• 'to sit for a while'). It is indeed the commonest prefix in Russian: if you come across a set of the seventeen-volume Soviet Academy of Sciences Dictionary of Russian in a library, you will see that one whole volume consists of words beginning with no-. But there are another twenty-five or so common prefixes with more or less easily learnt meanings, and they are weU worth memorizing as a way of increasing your vocabulary. You will notice that some of these prefixes, e.g. 6e3/6ec 'without' are similar or identical to prepositions you have met (6e3 +gen. 'without'). 6e3-/6ec-t

without non-alcoholic uninhabited (mOAM 'people') to be uneasy (noK6i peace)

6eaanKor6nbHbiM 6e3niOAHbiM 6ecnOKOMTbCR a-/so-

in to go in entrance (XOA going)

aXOAMTb'/aointP BXOA &3-/ac-t/

up

803·/BOC·t

B03B8CTMP

to elevate ('uplead') to beat up B36MTb cnMBKM to whip cream to inflate ('upblow' - AYTb to blow) to rise to the surface ('upswim') rising ('upgoing')- aocx6A c6nH48 sunrise

B36MTbP

acnnbiTbp BOCXOA Bbl-

out to go out exit

BbiMTMP BbiXOA AO-

up to/as far as to go as far as/to reach,

AOXOAMTb' aa-

( 1) behind/calling in on the way

to call in 3&X6A c6nH48 sunset ('going behind of the sun')

234

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (A0n>KEH); PREFIXES

(2) starting:

383BOHMTb"

to start ringing

between

M&JKAYHBpOAHbiM (1) on H&XOAMTI:JHaliiTM

international (HBpOA nation) to come upon, to find

(2) a quantity of

HBA6n8Tb" (+ace. or gen)

to make a quantity of something

not

H8MHT8pecHO

uninteresting

away/back

OTnyCKBTb1/0TnyCTMTb" 6TnycK

to let go (nycKBTb1 to let) leave/holiday (from a job)

( 1) across (trans-)

nepeXOAMTb'/nepeliiTM0

to cross

(2) again (re-)

nep8'tMTbiB8Tb'/ nepeotMTBTb" nepeCTp61iiKa

to reread reconstruction/reorganization

(CTp61iiKa construction) a little

no66nbwe noroaopMTb

a little more to talk a bit

(1) under chin (6op0Ai beard) nOA6opOA(O)K nQAnMCbiBBTb'lnQAnMcBTb" to sign ('under-write') noA6Mp8Tb'/noAo6p8Tb" to pick up ('take hold of underneath') (2) approaching

nQAXOAMTb'/nOAOMTM0

to go up to, approach

pre-

np&AnoJKeHMe ·

offer, suggestion (no•- means 'put' or 'pose')

np&Anor np&AaoeHHbllii

preposition pre-war (aoliiHa war)

(1) arrival

npMXQAMTb1/npMMTM"

to arrive

235

LESSON 19

(2) proximity

npMM6pCKMM npo-

coastal (Mope sea)

( 1) through/past

npOXOAMTb;/npoiTM0

to go through/to pass

(2) pro-

npoaMepMKiiHCKMi paa-/ pac-*

pro-American

dis-/breaking up/different directions

f:a.nt6A paaroa6p

divorce ('apart-taking') conversation (several people

p83A8BSTbCA pacceAHHbiM

to undress ('dis-dress')

talking)

c-leo-

scattered (c6ATb to sow)

( 1) off/down

cxoAMTb'/coiTM"

to go down

(2) with

Cnj'THMK

companion (with-journey-person' from nyYb journey)

y-

away to go away/to leave

YXOAMTb'/yiTM 0

*spelt 68i;/a~a~pa~ before the ten unvoiced consonants K, n, c, T,cj), x, ""' '1,

w, &q.

**oTo/nOAO before some groups of two consonants.

In Lesson 20, there is a special section on prefixes with verbs of motion.

EXERCISE 19/4

Guess the meaning of the following. The words underlined are items from previous lessons combined with prefixes from the list in 19.6 above. 1 ~ A6HbrM. 2 nepeAiTb nMCbM6. 3 p&3111o6MTb NjJKB. 4 APY3Wi M HQpyrM. 5 OCMOTp6Tb r6pOA. 6 npMropojl MOCKBbl. 7 ~ C pa66Tbl. 8 nepecip6MTb A6M. 9 pxaTb AO aoK38na. 10 6UA6MH&A co68Ka. 11 npynocniAtndi AtHb. 12 npyar.1AQTb pe3ynbTaT.

236


(A6nlKEH);

PREFIXES

19.7 EXTRA: Rarer Prefixes &HTM- 'anti-' &HTMBOeHHbtiil 'antiwar'; BHe 'outside' BHe6pll'iHbliil 'extramarital' (6paK 'marriage'); BHyrp.t 'inside', 'intra' BHyrpMaeHHbliil 'intravenous'; e>Ke 'each' e>KeAHliBHbiM 'everyday', 'daily'; M3-/Mc- 'out' MCnMCSTb" 'to use up (paper, pencil) by writing'; HSA- 'above' HSACTp6ii1Ka 'superstructure'; H8AO- 'not as far as'/' insufficient' H8AOCTp6eHHbliil 'unfinished' (of building); HM3-/HMC- 'down' HM3nO>KMTb0 'to depose'; o-/o6'about', 'round' o6AYM8Tb" 'to consider, think about'; OKono- 'around'; non(y)- 'half', 'semi-' nony6cTpoa 'peninsula' ('semi-island'); npa- 'pre-', 'proto-' npil,qeA 'great grandfather'; npe- 'extremely; npoTMBO· 'counter-'; caepx- 'super-' caepx'ienoaeK 'superman'; Tp&HC- 'across', 'trans-' TpaHcCM614pcKMiil 'trans-Siberian'; 'ipea-/'iepea-/'iepec- 'across' 'ipeaMepHbtiil 'excessive' ('across measure'); 3KCTpa- 'extra-' 3KCTpaceHc 'psychic'.

19.8 Vocabulary an arrangement (with someone)

686ywKa gen.pl. 686yweK grandmother BOCnMTbiB8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to bring up (someone) ace-T&KM all the same,

A6n>KeH (19.4) must, obliged AOn>KH6 6b1Tb probably ('must be') AOCTSTO'iHO (+gen.) enough (of something)

nevertheless BCTpeTMTbC$1° (C + inst.)

AYM8Tb (no-) (like 3H&Tb) to think KaK Bbl AYM&eTe? What ('how') do you think?

BCTpe'iyCb, BCTp4!TMWbCJI (BCTp8'iSTbCJI' like 3H8Tb) to meet (someone) ax6A (a+ ace.) entrance (to)

>KM3Hb (f) life 3a6aii1Kitnb8 region beyond (38) Lake Baikal

A8KBH dean (university or institute) Aeno pl. Aenit matter AepeBHJI gen.pl. Aepea§Hb vil-

38BepHjTb0 (38 +ace.) 38BepHy, 38BepHiiWb (38BOpS'iMB8Tb' like 3H&Tb) to turn (round something)

lage; country (opposite of town) AOroaopMTbCJI 0 (c + inst.) (AoroaitpMB8TbCJ1' like 3H8Tb) to come to an agreement, make

38BMC8Tb' (oT +gen.) to depend (on)

237

LESSON 19

Bci 38BMCMT OT norOAbl It all depends on the weather 38nMC8TbP 38nMWy, 38nliiW8Wb (38nMCbiB8Tb; like 3H8Tb) to note down M3BMHMTbCRP M3BMHibCb,

M3BMHMWbCR (M3BMHRTbCR') (like 3H8Tb) (38 + ace.) to apologize (for) KOMBHAMPOBKB business or study trip, assignment nepeMTMPnepeMAY,n&peMAiWb past nepewin, nepewna (nepexoAMTb') (14epe3 +ace.) to cross ('overgo') noAllp(o)K present, gift nOAHMMMT8Cb see nOAHRTbCR nOAHRTbCRP nOAHMMYCb, nOAHMMeWbCR (nOAHMMliTbCR' like 3H8Tb) to climb up; to rise

n6Moaqb (f) help npOMTMPnpOMAYo npOMAiWb (npOXOAMTb') to go through/past npocj)8ccop pl. np~cop{l professor p83BecTMCbPpa3BeAYCb, p83B8AiWbCR past p83BinCR, p83Benl1Cb (pa3BOAMTbCR; p83BO>KYCb, P83BOAMWbCR) (c + inst.) to get divorced (from someone) pacceRHHbiM absent-minded caeTocj)op traffic light cepbi3HO seriously cp61.4HbiM urgent Tiaqa mother-in-law (wife's mother) yr(o)n prep. a/Ha yrny corner 38 yron (note stress) round the corner

nOAW3A entrance, doorway ('towards drive')

19.9 AManor Mary Seeks an Absent-Minded Professor M3pM:

npoCTMTe, Bbl He 3HaeTe, rAe npocpjccop MMpi4liHOB? 6H AOmKeH 6bln acTpitTMTbCR co MH6iiii 3AeCb a ABB

CeKpeTllpb:

Aa, AS· R n6MHIO, '4T6 Bbl AOroaopltnMCb c lllnbil4

'4aca. KaK Bbl AYMBeTe, R AOn>KHll noAo*AliTb? Er6poaM'4eM acTpeTMTbCR cer6AHR. ,Qon>KH6 6b1Tb, 6H 3&6bln. no-M6eMy, 6H y>Ke ywin AOM614. Sl6bl eMy H8nOMHMna, HO, K CO>K&neHMIO, R 6blna BCi yYpO y AeKliHa. EcnM 6bl R 3Hana, '4T6 6H TaK6M pacceRHHbiM, R 6bl n03BOHMn8 jTpoM. A KBK MH8 H8MTM ero? ,Qeno

238


CeKpeTapb:

M3pM:

(A0nlKEH);

PREFIXES

cp6'tHOe. Sl 3llaTpa ye3•810 a KOMBHAMPOBKY a 3a6&MKBnbe. Bbl AOn)I(Hbl BbiMTM M3 MHCTMTj'Ta, OOMTiof npRMO, nOTOM 38B8PHYrb 3ll yron y M8r83MH8 ccnoA&pKM». TaM nepeitAMTe ynM4y, AOMAMTe AO caeToCIJ6pa, npoitAMTe MMMO ax6A& a MeTp6, HBMAMTe A6M H6Mep wecTb, BOMAMTe a TpeTMM noA'b83A, nOAHMMMTecb Ha 't8TBepTbiM 3TU M n03BOHMTe B c6pOK BTOpjiO KB&pTMpy. Cnacr.16o, Jl ace 380MC8na.


l What does Elena Sidorova want and why? 2 What is her husband's view of her proposal? 3 Does Elena accuse her husband of doing no housework?

y EneHbl Mnaana CMAOPOBbiX r6A HBHA POAMnilcb AO'tKa TilHJI. neHa AYM&eT, 'tTO )I(M3Hb 6btna 6bl ner'te, ecnM 6bl PRAOM 6btna 6a6ywKa. - Sl 6bt He ao3pa•ana, ecnM 6bt c HBMM •Mna Moil MaMa, - roaopMT neH&.- 0Ha OOMOrana 6bl MHe rOTOBMTb MBOCOMTbiB8Tb TaH8'tKy. - no-M6eMy, Sl Te6e noMoraiO AOCTBTO'IHO,- B03pa•aeT naaen, KOT6pbtM C'tMTBeT, 'tT6 TiU¥1 AOn•Ha ocTaTbCH a AepeaHe. - EcnM 6bt Tbt MHe He noMoran, " 6bt c To66it pa3aenacb! cepbi3HO OTB8'tB8T neH&. - H6 BCi-T&KM 61itnO 6bl nj'twe, ecnM 6bl J1 He 38BMCena TOnbKO OT TBOeM n6MOtqM.

239

20 YPOK HOMEP ABAA~ATb VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING

20.1 Key Examples B np6wnoM rOAY R 83AMn(a) B MOCKBy. Sl otilCTO XO:IKy B KMHO. B'lepa Mbl HMKYAil He XOAMnM. KyAil Bbl MAiTe? Sl MAY a rocTMHM4Y· noliiAeM. MAeT AO:IKAb. Kil:IKAbllii AeHb MAeT cHer. KaKMe celii'lilc MAYT ci>MnbMbl? KaK npoliiTM Ha KpacHyiO

Last year I went to Moscow. I often go to the cinema. We didn't go anywhere yesterday. Where are you going? I'm going to the hotel. Let's go. It's raining. It snows every day. What films are on ('going')? How do I get to Red Square?

nn6~Ab?

KaK AOexaTb AO yHMaepcMTeTa? How do I reach the university? KorAil BblneTileT caMoneT? When does the plane leave?

20.2 Basic (Unpreflxed) Verbs of Motion: XOAMTb', MATM' etc. 'To go on foot' is either XOAMTb' or MATM' (see 20.3 for perfective forms). XOAMTb' means 'to walk in more than one direction' (e.g. there and back), or 'to walk around'. MATM' means 'to walk in one direction'. So 'I go to the

240

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING, BRINGING

cinema often' is S1 "'BCTO ~ a KMHO because each trip to the cinema involves coming back. But 'I'm going to the cinema' (now, or this evening) is S1 MAY a KMHO, and this means that you're only talking about the trip there. There are fourteen pairs of verbs which express this distinction between one direction and more than one direction. The eight common ones are: more than one direction' (multidirectional 'm')

one direction' (unidirectional 'u')

XOAMTb

MATH

XO>Ky, XOAMWb 63AMTb e3>Ky, 63AMWb

eX8Tb

6eraTb

6e>K8Tb

6era10, 6eraewb

to go (on foot)

MAY· MAiiWb past wen, wna to go (by transport)

6Ay, 6A8Wb imper noe3>KSMTe to run

6erj, 6e>KMWb, OHM 6erjT imper 6erMTe

neTSTb neTBIO, neTB8Wb HOCMTb Howy, HOCMWb

neTeTb

to fly

ne"'y, neTMWb HeCTM

to carry

Hecy, Hecewb pastHec,Hecna,Hecn6

BOAMTb BO>Ky, BOAMWb

aecTM

B03MTb

B83TM ae3y, ae38wb

BO>Ky, B03MWb

to lead (take on foot)

B8AY· B9ASWb pastaen,aena,aen6 to transport

pastae3,ae3nll,ae3n6 nnlla&Tb nnaaa10, nnaaaewb

to swim/to sail

nnbiTb

nnblay, nnbiBSWb past nnbln, nnblna, nnblno

The other six are: na3MTb na>Ky, nll3MWb

ne3Tb

to climb

n63YT, neHWb past ne3, ne3na

241

LESSON 20

n6n38Tb n6n3810, n6n38eWb T8CKBTb T8CKBIO, T8CKB8Wb K8TBTb K8TBIO, K8TB8Wb rOHRTb rOHRIO, roHR8Wb 6pOAMTb 6po•y, 6p6AMWb

to crawl non3TM non3y, non3iwb pastnon3,non3na,nonano T&lqMTb to drag Taaqy, TaaqMwb K8TMTb to roll K&'ly, KBTMWb rH8Tb to chase, drive roHib, rOHMWb pastrHan,rHana,rHano 6pecTM (6poAMTb) to wander 6peAy, 6peAiWb (6pecn1) to plo.d along past6pin,6pena,6pen6

All these verbs are imperfective forms. Note that the multidirectional (m) verbs are generally easier to learn than the more irregular unidirectional (u) ones. Three basic rules determine the choice between the XOAMTb-type (m column) and the MATM-type (u column): (1) If the motion involves more than one direction, use the XOAMTb (m) type. If the motion is in one direction, use the MATM (u) type.

Sl xo•y (m) a MHCTMTjT KB*Abllii I attend the institute every day. A8Hb. Mbl 'lacTo 83AMM (m) a &epnMH. B'lepa Mbl 83AMnM' (m) B 3ar6pcK. Mbl XOAMnM (m) no r6pOAY· AeTM 6eranM (m) ao ABope.

We often go to Berlin (there and back). Yesterday we went to Zagorsk (there and back)*. We walked around the town. The children were running around in

the yard. Where are you going? Sl6erj (u) B M8r83MH. I'm running to the shop. 38BTpa Mbl neTMM (u) a MocKay. Tomorrow we're flying to Moscow.

KyA8 Bbl MAiTe (u)?

Ka*AbiM A8Hb MAiT (u) AO*Ab·

It rains every day (rain goes in only one direction, i.e. down).

'Note that XOAMTb-type (m) verbs can be used for a single round trip only in the past tense.

242

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGtNG

(2) If there is no motion, the multidirectional verbs are used: He XOAMTe Ha 3TOT ci»MilbM. B'fepil Mbl HMKYAB He XOAM11M. 6H HMKorA& He neTileT.

Don't go to that film. Yesterday we didn't go anywhere. He never flies.

(3) If the number of directions is irrelevant, use the multidirectional verb: Have you ever flown in a plane?

Bbl neTBilM KorA8-HM6YAb Ha C8MOI1eTe? Slnl06mo nmllaaTb.

I like swimming.

EXERCISE 20/1

Mark the verbs as multidirectional (m) or unidirectional (u) and translate:

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO II

I2 I3

B np6WI10M rOAY Mbl e3AMI1M B HbiO-t,/t6pK. Kii>KAbnii AeHb )l(eHa a63MT AeTelii a wK6ny Ha Maw .tHe. B'fepa oHa BOAMila MilneHbKoro CbiHa a napK. KyA8 Bbl TilutMTe 3TM orp6MHble cnoaap.t? 06bl'fHo R acTaiO a a6ceMb 'fac6a, 38aTpaKaiO .. a AeBRTb MAY Ha pa66yY. BpeMR neT.tTr 5erMTe! MilbM H8'fMHSeTCR 'fepe3 nRTb MMHyY. Kii*AbiM r6A Mbl C My)l(eM e3AMM H8 Mope. BbllleTilllM KOrAii-HM6YAb (ever) Ha pyccKOM caMoneTe? Sl He yMeiO nnaaaTb. He XOAM Ha 3ToT ci»MilbM. Te6e 6yAeT cKy'fHO. He MAM TaK 6biCTpo, y Hac eute ecTb apeMR. Mbl He ni06MM 6eraTb nepeA 38aTp8KOM.

You will see from these examples that the unidirectional verbs always have the specific meaning of one direction, while the multidirectional verbs are vaguer - so the m verbs are used when there is no motion or the number of directions doesn't matter (rules 2 and 3 above). So as a 'rule of thumb', use the m verbs in contexts involving repeated motion, e.g. MHOrAil 'sometimes', 'fSCTO 'often', o6bl'fHO 'usually', KB*Abllii AeHb 'every day' (SI 'fSCTO XO)I(Y B TeaTp 'I often go to the theatre'). With

243

LESSON 20

MHorA& etc. only use the unidirectional verbs if the motion is clearly in one direction, for example: ~acTo MAiT (u) cHer. It often snows. 06bt'IHO A MAY (u) H& pa66-ry newK6M, a AOM61ii ao3apaU48tocb Ha aaT66yce. Usually I go to work on foot and return home by bus. Ka>KAbtlii A8Hb A acTaiO a a6ceMb 'lac6a, 38aTp&Kato MMAY Ha pa66-ry. Every day I get up at eight, breakfast and leave for work. (In this last case you are concerned only with the journey to work, not with the journey back.)

EXERCISE 20/2 Choose the correct verb (in each pair, the multidirectional one is first):

KyAi Bbl (XOAMnM/wnM) B cy666-ry? Where did you go on Saturday?

2 Mbt c >KeH61ii 'lacTo (neTaeMineTMM) a 0Aeccy. My wife and I often fly to Odessa.

3 KyA8 (x6AMTIMAiT) m1Tbtlii aaT66yc? Where does the number 5 bus go? (What's its destination?)

4 KaK MI!AneHHO (n6n38eT/non3iT) apeMAI How slowly time crawls! ('How time drags!')

5 Mbt (6POAMnM/6penM) no r6pOAY aecb A8Hb. We wandered round the town all day.

6 O«
20.3 Aspect Usage with Multidirectional/Unidirectional Verbs

All twenty-eight verbs can be made perfective by adding no-. Note that no

+ MATM is spelt noliiTM.

no-

gives multidirectional verbs the meaning 'a little', 'a limited

amount'. So noxOAMTb" means 'to walk about for a while', no6er&Tb" means 'to run about for a while'.

Celii'lac 6yAeT aHTpaKT. Aaaalii nox6AMM" no TeaTpy. It's the interval. Let's go for a little walk around the theatre.

244

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING

no- gives unidirectional verbs the meaning 'to make a complete trip in one direction' or, in the right context, 'to start'/'to set off'. noiAiiMI rAe cecTplt? 0Ha nownil a TeilTp. nowiin A6JKAb. Bee no6elKltnM.

Let's go/Let's set off. Where's your sister? She's gone to the theatre. It started to rain. Everybody began to run.

To express the meaning 'to make one round trip', multidirectional verbs (except 6POAMTb) have a different prefix c-, e.g. c6er&TbP 'to run somewhere and come back'. This is a different prefix from c- 'off' (19.6). Sl c6eraJ0° (m) a Mara3MH 38 xne60M.

I'll run to the shop for some bread (and come straight back).

Note that for single trips in the future the unidirectional verbs are much commoner than the multidirectional ones. Even if you expect to come back, it is normal to say 3ilaTpa R noiAY" a ... 'Tomorrow I shall go to ... ' JleTOM Mbl no8AeM 0 (u) Ha M6pe. In the summer we'll go to the seaside.

The perfective round-trip verbs (CXOAMTb0 (m) etc.) are used when you want to emphasize that you're coming back or that you won't be away for long: I'll pay a call on Vadim (and come back).

Imperfective future forms of the verbs of motion are rare. As you might expect, the imperfective future of multidirectional (XOAMTb-type) verbs is used for unfinished multidirectional motion and repeated round trips, while the imperfective future of MATr.i-type verbs (very rare) denotes uncompleted motion in one direction: Sl 6YAY XOAMTb' Ha neKLIMM npoca»eccopa MMp"'llHoaa. I shall attend Professor Mirchanov's lectures (repeated round trips).

OHM 6YAYT XOAMTb' no r6pOAY· They will be walking round the town.

38BTpa a a6ceMb "'ac6a R 6'YAY MATH' no aawei ynM4e. Tomorrow at eight I shall be walking along your street.

245

LESSON 20

EXERCISE 20/3

Translate: Mbl noXOAMnM• (m) no Mara3MH&M, noTC)M nown.t• (u) a KMH6. 2 Mbl CW3AMnM• (m) a napMlK H8 (for) TPM AHR. 3 AeTM no6eranM• (m) a nilpKe, ycTilnM Mnown.t• (u) AOM61ii. 4 Cer6AHR jTpoM Mbl caOAMnM• (m) TliHIO K apa'fy. 5 Mbl 6YABM nnila&Tb1 (m) a 6acceliiHe (pool) Kii)I(Aoe jTpo. 6 C6eralii• (m), nolKilnyliicTa, B M8r83MH 38 (for) xne6oM.

20.4 Verbs of Motion with Other Prefixes, e.g. BblneTaTb' 'to fly out'

If you put a prefix such as Bbl· 'out' or npo- 'through' on any of the unprefixed verbs (20.2), you form a new verb which combines the type of motion (flying, running etc.) with the direction specified by the prefix. So Bbl + neTiiTb' means 'out' + 'fly', i.e. 'to fly out', 'to take off' (of an aeroplane). The equivalent perfective is ablneTeTb•. The eleven prefixes (see 19.6) commonly used with verbs of motion are: a-

abl· AO· 380T-

nepenoAnpMnpo-

cy-

in out as far as calling in (on the way somewhere else) away (to or from a specified place) across approach arrival through/past off (a different prefix from c- 'there and back') away

Here is the general rule for forming prefixed verbs of motion: if you add a prefix to one of the multidirectional verbs of motion (e.g. neTiiTb) you get a new imperfective verb (e.g. ablneTBTb'). The equivalent perfective verb is formed from the unidirectional verb (e.g. BblnBTBTb•). 246


(Note that no- 'a little' and

c- 'there and back' behave differently and

are dealt with separately in 20.3.) Examples (same conjugation details as in 20.2):

aneTaTb' Bbln8TaTb' AOneTaTb' npMneTaTbi nponeT8Tb; OTHOCHTb'

aneT6TbP ali1neTeTb0 AoneTeTb• npMneT6Tb0 nponeT6Tb0 OTH8CTH 0

to fly in to fly out

nepeBOAHTb'

nepeaecTH

to lead across/transfer

OTB03HTb'

OTB83TH 0

to reach by flying to arrive (by plane) to fly past or through to take away somewhere (by carrying)

0

(also to translate) to take somewhere (by transport)

CaMoniT BblneTaeT' a ceMb. Aae H8AenM nponeTenM• KaK OAHHA8Hb. nana B8C OTB83i'r" H8 BOK38n. Eaa oTHeciT" rpii3Hble TapenKM H8 KYXHIO. Eaa oTaena• PYKY BeAHM&

However, the common verbs MATH

The plane takes off at seven. The fortnight flew past like a single day. Dad will drive you to the station. Eva will take the dirty plates to the kitchen. Eva led Vadim's hand away from the bottle.

and 83AMTb change slightly when they

are prefixed in this way: MATH becomes ·MTM after a prefix, and prefixes . ending with a consonant add -o-; 83AMTb becomes -e3JKirb. XOAHTb and

exaTb do not change. Examples: BXOAHTb' npMXOAHTb' npM83)1(aTb' npoXOAHTb'

BOMTH 0 (NB extra o) npMMTH 0 npM6X8Tb0 npoiiTM•

OH acerA& npMXOAHn' p8Ho. npoXOAHTe' B 6onbWYIO K6MH8yY.

to enter (on foot) to arrive (on foot) to arrive (by transport) to walk through or past He always arrived early. Go through into the big room (the living-room in a Russian flat). The train left the platform.

n6e3A OTOWin° OT nn&TCIK»PMbl.

247

LESSON 20

Call and see us (when you're passing).

3aXOAMTe' K H8M.

Ei6r&Tb, the multidirectional verb 'to run', changes its stress to -6eri1Tb when it forms prefixed imperfective verbs: to run away

y6eri1Tb'

20.5 Bring Notice the different equivalents of 'to bring':

npMHOCMTb'/npMH8CntP

to bring (by carrying)

npMH8CMT8°, no>KilnyMCT8, Aa8 CT8Ki1Ha. npMaOAMTb'/npMB8CTM0 npMaeAMTeo APvra. npMa03MTb1npMB83TMP Sl npMai3° aaM noAilpoK M3 AHrnMM.

Please bring two glasses. to bring (by leading) Bring your friend. to bring (by transport) I've brought you a present from England.

Similarly, 'to take away' can be yHOCMTb'/yHecntP (by carrying),

yaOAMTb'/yaecTM 0 (by leading), yao3MTb'/yae3TM 0 (by transport).

20.6 Everyday Examples (Prefixed Verbs of Motion together with Prepositions That Normally Accompany Them) npMXOAMTe K H8M. Come and see us. no AOp6re a MHCTMTjT Mbl 38MAiM a M8f83MH. On the way to the institute we'll call at the shop. 3aXOAMT8' K H8M. Do call and see us (when you're passing). Ao MeTp6 AOae3iT"? Will it (this bus/tram etc.) take me to (as far as) the metro station? no>KimyiicTa, OTH8CMT8 TapenKM H8 KYXHIO. Please take these plates to the kitchen.

248

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING, BRINGING

S1 K aaM noAOMAY a AB& -taca. I'll come up to you (I'll meet you) at two.

Mbl npowmt MMMO n6-tTbl. We walked past the post office.

npoXOAMTe, no•anyliicTa. Go in, please. (Go on through.) 6H c yMa cowen? Has he gone mad? ('Has he gone off his mind?')

OHa ywna c pa66Tbi!M3 yHMaepcMTeTaloT My•a. She has left her job/the university/her husband.

6H BbiWeno H8 A8CRTb MMHyY. noAO*AMTe, no•anyMCT8. He's gone out for ten minutes. Please wait.

EXERCISE 20/4

Translate: I 6H CK6po npMeAeT B n6HAOH. 2 0Ha BOWna B K6MH8yY. 3 6H Bblwen M3 Mara3MHa. 4 KorAa Bbl AOMAiiTe AO yrna, noaepHMTe H&npaao. 5 no)l(anyliicTa, OTOMAMTe OT OKHS. 6 AaaaliiTe nepeliiAiiM (-tepe3) AOp6ry y caeTo~6pa. 7 6H noAowen K Helii. 8 YxoAMTe.

20.7 EXTRA: XOAMTbiiiiATM with Vehicles

As a general rule, vehicles, particularly large ones such as trains, boats, buses and trams, go 'on foot' (XOAMTbiMATM). In particular, XOAMTbiMATM is normal when you are talking about the route of a vehicle or its timetable, as in the first three examples below. KyA& MQiT 3TOT aaT66yc? Where does this bus go? KorA& OTXMMT n6e3A? When does the train leave? TaKCM l!UWI a napK. The taxi is going to the depot (it's the end of the driver's shift).

n6e3A Bblx2J;un M3 yYHHenR. The train is coming out of the tunnel. 86T MiD: TpaMaalii. There's a tram coming. Tennox6A BbiiWUJ. M3 raB&HM. The steamer left the harbour.

249

LESSON 20

But smaller vehicles, particularly MBWMHB 'car', 'lorry', are often used with 6:JAMTblexaTb ('to ride'). MawMIHa npoU&ma otepea nee MBbiUilJII Ha wocc6. The car drove through the wood and came out on to the main road. Bo ABOP a'b~Dlifi ccB6nra». A 'Volga' (make of car) drives into the yard.

And any land vehicle can be used with &:JAMTbl6xaTb if you are stressing its movement rather than where it's going: n6e3A 6A8T Oot8Hb 6b1CTpo. The train is going very fast.

In many situations with vehicles, XOAMTWMATM ('go on foot') verbs and &:JAMTblexaTb ('ride') verbs are interchangeable: you can also say n6e3A MAiT 6oteHb 61i1ctpo.

20.8 Aspect with Prefixed Verbs of Motion

The general rules (15.11) apply, of course, but note that it is common to use the imperfective to denote a single round trip in the past. KorA(I Te6R He 6blno, 38XOAMnM' Eaa 111 BaAMIM. While you were out, Eva and Vadim called (and left again). neTOM npMea•anM' MOM pyccKM8 APY3bR. My Russian friends came in the summer (and have now gone home).

This is the 'cancellation of result' use of the imperfective, mentioned in Extra 13.3. That is, the result of reaching one's destination is 'cancelled' by returning. Compare: Botep8 npMexanao MOR Tilq&. Botep8 npMea*'na' MOR Tilq&.

My mother-in-law came yesterday (and is staying with me now). My mother-in-law came yesterday (and went home).

250


EXERCISE 20/5 Translate the motion verbs in brackets: 1 Mbl (are going on foot) a KMH6. 2 3ilaTpa Mbl (are flying) a MocKay. 3 nooteMy OHM (are running)? 4 Bbl 'tBCTO (go on foot) a TeaTp? 5 B npownoM rOAY Mbl (went and came back) a napM>K. 6 3aaTpa Mbl (shall go by transport) a r6poA. 7 0Ha (is taking by transport) CbiH& K 686ywKe.

8 He (go on foot) a 3TOT 6ap. nMao ('beer') TaM nnox6e. 9 6H acerA& (arrives on foot) a ceMb otac6a. 10 Mo)l Tilq& (will arrive by transport) 38BTp8. 11 TBHR (ran away). 12 0~M4MBHT (will bring) 'tMCTbiM CT8KBH ('glass'), 13 no>KanyliicTa, (bring by transport) AB8 6yYblnKM BMHB. 1~ Mbl (got out) M3 aaT66yca H& H6aoM Ap68Te. 15 B ceHTR6pe (came and left again) MOM APY3bH M3 MMHCKa.

20.9 EXTRA: Other Changes to Verbs of Motion when Prefixed: nnaa&Tb 'to swim or sail' becomes -nnbiBBTb' npMnnbiBBTb' npMnnliiTbp 'to arrive' (ship) n83MTb 'to climb' becomes -ne38Tb' ane38Tb' ane3Tbp 'to climb in' n6n38Tb 'to crawl' becomes -non38Tb' anon38Tb' anon3TMP 'to crawl in' T8CKBTb 'to drag' becomes ·TBCKMB8Tb' BbiTBCKMB8Tb' BbiT811(MTbP 'to drag OUt' K&TBTb 'to roll' becomes -KBTbiB&Tb' BbiKBTbiB8Tb' BbiK8TMTbP 'to roll OUt' 6POAMTb 'to wander' becomes -6peA8Tb' 386p8A&Tb' 386peCTMP 'to wander in'

All the imperfective forms of these verbs are conjugated like 3H&Tb. Note that the only one of the unidirectional verbs which changes after a prefix is MATM - and its change to -liiTM is a very minor one. To drive in is Blt83>KBTb' a)lilxaTbP. Note the hard signs. If a verb begins with a [y] sound (e.g. ex&Tb [xe-hat•] 'to travel', RBMTb [yee-ve'et•] 'to show'), any prefix ending with a consonant (a- 'in',

251

LESSON 20

o6- 'around', 'totality', noA- 'under', 'approaching') is separated from the (y] sound by a hard sign: o6'b83JKSTb'/o6wxaTb0 'to drive round', 06'bHBnRTb;/06'bHBMTb0 'to announce', nOA'b83JKBTb'lnOA'beX8Tb0 'to drive under/towards'.

20.10 Vocabulary (See also Verb list 20.2)

aar6H carriage anep&A forward Bbl6eJK&Tb0 (Bbl6er8Tb;) to run out (20.4) repMBHMH Germany rpR3HbiM dirty A083JKBTb'IAoexaTb0 AO (+gen.) to reach, go as far as (20.4) 386eriiTb'/386eJK8Tb0 to call in (running) (20.4) 38KpM'tiTb0 38KPM'tj, 38KpM'tMWb (KpM'tlm.') to shout, start shouting 38XOAMTb'/38iiiTril• to call in (20.4) K&K pa3 exactly, just KMHOTeinp or KMH6 (n indecl) cinema «KMTili-ropOA» 'China Town' KMTaicKMi npocneKT 'Chinese Prospect' neCTHML!B staircase OKa3ilnocb0 it turned out OKBHTbCH0 to turn out; to find oneself OCTBHOBKB gen.pl. OCTBHOBOK stop napK park newK6M on foot no6eJKiiTb0 (6eJK8Tb') to run (20.2) nonotaca half an hour npM6eJK8Tb" (npM6er8Tb;) to arrive

(running) (20.4) npMB83TM0 (npMB03MTb') to bring by transport (20.5) npMB8CTM 0 (npMBOAMTb') to bring (by leading) (20.5) npMneTeTb0 (npMneTllTb') to arrive (by air) (20.4) npOTMaonon6JKHbiM opposite (adj) nYTb (m) (unique noun) gen./dat./prep. nYTril, inst. nYTiM way caMoneT aeroplane CBOpS'tMB8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (caepHjTb0 caepHj, caepHiWb) to turn off CK6po soon cHer prep. a CHerj, pl. CHera snow coliiTril• (CXOAMTb') c (+gen.) to get off (20.4) cocliAHMM neighbouring, next CT&AMOH stadium Ha CT&AM6He at a stadium CTpiiHHO strange; it's strange Tap(lnKa g.pl. Tap(lnoK plate y6e)KirrbP (y6erim.') to run away (20.4) ycnl:iiW&Tb0 ycnl01wy, ycnl:iiWMWb (cnl:iiW&Tb') to hear 48HTp8nbHbllii central

252


20.11 TeKCTbl (Translations in Key)

Tania in Motion - TilHA, OTHecM, nolKilnyliicTa, 3TY rpii3HYIO T&p8nKy Ha KYXHIO M npMHecM "'MCyYIO. TllHA y6eJKltna. '4epe3 A8cATb MMHjT A nowin ei MCKiiTb: 38XOA!o\n H8 KjxHIO, TaM ei He 6blnO, TOrAil R 38Win B cnltnbHIO K 6lt6ywKe. - TllHA c!OAil He 386erltna? - HeT. MHe KitJKeTCA, "'TO A Cnb1W&n8 ei r6noc B COC6AHelii KB8pTMpe. - CrpilHHO, - CK83iln A. - A6pilMOBbl yexanM B repMilHMIO MSCALI H83ilA. Sl n06eJKltn K COCeAAM. 0Ka3itnOCb, "'TO A6pitMOBbl TOnbKO "'T6 npMneTenM M3 c»pilHKci»YPTa. TilHA ycnblwana, K&K OHM npMexanM, M Bbl6eJKana H8 necTHMLIY· - Aa, TilHA y H8C, - 38CMeAnMCb COC6AM. - 0Hil npM6elKitna MMHjT nATHSAL18Tb Ha3ilA. CKopo Mbl npMB&AiM ee AOMolii. - nltna, nOCMOypM, K8KM8 Kp8CMBble BlllqM OHM npMB83nMI 38KPM"'ilna TilHA. - Sl XO"'j nepe6X8Tb JKMTb B repMilHMIOI

Finding the Way A: KaK npoex&Tb Ha ._...HTpilnbHbllii CTBAM6H? &: ny"'we acero Ao6X8Tb H8 MeTp6 AO CTilHL!MM ccCnOpTMBH8A». A: A CK6nbKO TYAil6xaTb? &: AyMaiO, non"'acll.

A: &:

Bbl He cKitJKeTe, K8K npoex&Tb B roCTMHMLIY ccPOCCMA»? Bbl AQnJKHbl 6YAeTe cecTb Ha aaT66yc M npoexaTb TPM OCT8H6BKM. A: CnacM6o. &: nolKltnyliiCTa.

A: CKaJKMTe, nolKilnyliiCTa, KBK AQ6xaTb AO rocTMHML!bl ccPoccMA»? &: Ha MeTp6 AO CTilHLIMM ccKMTltlii-ropoA»·

253

LESSON 20

A: A M6lKHo T'fAi Ao8XaTb Ha aaT66yce? 6: M6lKHO. C&AriiTecb Ha ABBA48Tb
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 20/6 What are Ivan Petrovich's instructions for getting to his house by metro? 2 How can Eva get there by number 57 bus? 3 Why is the number 10 less suitable?

lltn:

3anMCbiB8MT8, K8K K H8M eX&Tb. HSAO ceCTb H8 M8Tp6 M AOeX&Tb AO CTBHL\MM ccnpoc~»coi03H8SI». IIIAriiTe B CT6poHy nocn8AHero aar6Ha MBbiMAMTe Ha ynML\Y· noaepHriiTe Haneao ..• Eaa: MMHjTo
EXERCISE 20/7

Say in Russian: 1 Where are you (fam) going (on foot)? 2 I'm going to Red Square. 3 They've gone to the Kremlin. 4 I go to the cinema often. 5 I went to Novgorod on Wednesday. 6 We go to Russia almost every year. 7 I like to run before breakfast. 8 I shall fly to Tallinn in three days' time. 9 We want to

254

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING. BRINGING

go to the market. 10 The waiter is bringing (carrying) beetroot soup. 11 Where are you taking (leading) us? 12 Does it rain often?


Translate the following and put the correct endings on the words in brackets. (You have now done all the verb, noun, pronoun and adjective endings.) Sl He (3H8Tb). Sl HB (rOBOpMTb) no-cl»p8H4Y3CKM. Sl (>KMTb) B AHrnMM. (pres. 4)

2 Sl {AaTb) nRTb A6nnapoe. (fut. 12)

3 M3BMHMTe, o.tT6 Mbl (npMMTiil) T&K n63AHO. Mbl He (M6o.tb) H&MTiil T8KCM. (past 11)

4 (noKa38Tb) 3To, no>KimyicTa. {AaTb) AB&, no>KanyicTa. (imper 15) 5 EcnM 6bl R (3H&Tb), R (no3BOHMTb) 6bl. (cond. 19)

6 no30BMTe, no>KanyicTa, (MapliiR
7 Sl He MOrj OTKpbiTb (3T8 ABepb). (ace. 6)

8 npMHecliiTe, no>KanyicTa, nRTb (6YTiilnKa) (MMHep{lnbH&R eoA&), TPM (o.tai) M nRTb (nMpo>K6K). (gen. 9, 10)

9 Y (R) HBT (pyccKMe A8HbTM). (gen. 10) 10 BliiKTop- cne4ManlilcT no (pyccKMM TeaTp). (dat. 12) 11

noMorliiTe (oHiil), no>KanyicTa. noMorliiTe (3TM TYPMCTbl). (dat. 12)

12 no3H8K6MbTeCb c (M6M H6BbiM APYT). (inst. 16) 13 Sl xoo.ty n03H&K6MMTbCR c (BBWM APY3bH). (inst. 16) 14 Y B8C eCTb KHMTM H8 (aHrnMMCKMM R3b1K)? (prep. 5, 7) 15 Mbl roeoplilnM o (6H). (prep. 5)

Say in Russian: 16 Come in, please (i). Take a seat (i). 17 I would like to go (p) to the Bolshoi Theatre. 18 Could you tell me how to get (p) to the institute by metro? 19 Please give (p) me two tickets. Does the film begin at half past seven? 20 I'm sorry I'm late ('for lateness' 11.8). It was very difficult to find (p) your house.

255

LESSON 20

21 22 23 24 25

I spoke (i) to (with) Vladimir Smirnov yesterday. He said (p) that I should telephone (p) you. It is cold in my room. It's also very noisy. The window doesn't close. There is no toilet paper (TYan6THaR 6yM8ra). Please do not say that should buy Pravda. I have reread (p) the letter. I cannot understand (p) it. Cross (p) the road, walk past (p) the shop and turn (p) right.

256

21 YP6K HOMEP ABAA~ATb OAif'IH POSSESSION (CB6M); PURPOSE (l.IT6Sbl)

21.1 Phrases Sl n1o6n1o cs6M r6poA. 0Ha rosop.tT o csob A8TRX. OHa nowna K ce6e. ~T66bl SbiY'IMTb pyccKMM R3biK, HSAO 'IMTiiTb ~exosa. Sl XO'Iy, 'IT66bi6H ywin.

I love my (own) town.

She talks about her (own) children. She went to her (own) room. To learn Russian, you have to read Chekhov. I want him to leave.

21.2 Ca6l4: 'Own' Cs6M means 'own', belonging to the subject of the verb. It has the same declension as M6M. It is always used instead of er6, ei, MX (4.2) and sometimes M6M, TS6M, Haw, saw, when the subject owns whatever is mentioned in the predicate' of the clause'. 6H rosop.tT o csoeM pa66Te. He's talking about his job. OHM He M6ryT Ham~ 6Mnerbl. They can't tind their tickets. B 11 'lac6s ~aMK6scKMM wens At 11 o'clock Chaikovskii went cso!O K6MHayY. to his room.

If the subject is R, Mbl, Sblt the use of csoM, instead of M6M, Haw, saw, is optional, since it doesn't make any difference in meaning.

257

LESSON 21

S1 B3An ca0171 (or MOM) 6MneT. I took my (my own) ticket. Bo3bMMTe a&we (or~ nanbTO. (You) Take your coat.H

Note 1. When the subject is Tbt, ca0171 is much preferred to TB0171. Say Tbt B03bMewb caoe (not TBOe) nanbTO? 'Will you take your coat?' u Note 2. You can save effort by remembering that Russians often do not use an equivalent of 'my','his' etc. if the possessor is obvious. For example, 'I love my wife' would normally be S1 mo6nto *&Hy (rather than cao.O )l(eHy or MOJO )l(eHy) because the hearer can assume that you mean your own wife. 'Take your coat' would be Bo3bMMTe nanbTO ('Take coat'), with no translation of 'your' if it is clear from the context who owns the coat. :1:

If the subject is third person (he, she, it, they or equivalents), you must use ca0171 if the thing belongs to the subject. As you see in the next two examples, the meaning changes depending on whether you use ca0171 or erO. Ceprelll He 3Han, 'ITO lita&H B3An Sergei didn't know that Ivan had

taken his (Ivan's) ticket. Ceprelll He 3Han, 'ITO lita&H B3An Sergei didn't know that Ivan had ero 6MneT. taken his (i.e. Sergei's) ticket. OHM He 3H8toT, rAe MX 6Mn8Tbt. They don't know where their tickets are.

Be careful not to misuse ca0171. Remember that it refers to the subject of the same clause' (see 'Glossary of Grammatical Terms' for 'clause'). So 'They do not know where their tickets are' is OHM He 3H8toT, rAe MX (NOT CBOM) 6MneTbt because rAe MX 6MneTbt is a different clause from the one with OHM in it. One simple rule for avoiding mistakes is: DO NOT USE CBOMIN THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

EXERCISE 21/1

Choose the correct possessive and translate: no'leMy litaaH He 3HaeT, rAe (ero, caoil) 6MneT? no'teMy OH He MO)I(eT H&MTM (ero, caoil) 6MneT? OH He 3HaeT, rAe 6MneT noToMy, 'ITO (ero, caoll) *eHa A&na (erO, caolll) 6Mn8T (ee, caoeil) no,qpyre.

258

POSSESSION (CB01it); PURPOSE ('IT0&bl)

EXERCISE 21/2 Translate the possessives:

1 0HIIi nownlli a (their).KOMH&Ty. 2 Bo3bMIIi (your) nanbT6. Ha yn.uo~e x6nQAHO. 3 no3H8KOMbT8Cb. ~0 MBBH n8Tp6BIII'I. (His) JK8HB- (my) ceKpeTipb. 4 Bepa B3Jina (her) nanbT6, a Eaa OCT8a111na (hers) A6Ma.

21.3 EXTRA: On ca6i Occasionally ca6i

is used in the nominative (meaning 'one's own', 'not

somebody else's), particularly in the 'have' construction (10.2). Examples:

Y KUcAOfO CBoi MHSHIII8.

Each has his or her own opinion.

Y KbcAoro ca6i A6M. Y Her6 CBOH M8WMH8.

Each has his or her own house. He has a car of his own.

Notice also the proverb: CaoR py6awKa 6nlli•e K T6ny.

One's own shirt is closer to the body (=charity begins at home).

And the special meaning 'home-made': Xne6 caoi, He 1113 uara311iHa.

The bread is our own, not from the shop (i.e. we made it ourselves).

You may also meet cases where ca6i refers to a non-nominative subject, e.g. ~

HBAO H&iTIIi mHli 6111n6T.

I must find my ticket.

21.4 Ce6t1: Self The grammar of ce6R 'self' is similar to the grammar of ca6i. If the person affected by the action is also the subject of the clause, then ce6R is used instead of M8HRfre6N.Hac etc., just as in English we say 'I talk to

259

LESSON 21

myself' not 'I talk to me', 'She loves only herself' not 'She loves only her' (i.e. the person loved is the same person as the person who is doing the loving). But unlike ca61ii, whose use is compulsory only with third person subjects, ce6il must be used if the person affected is the same as the subject. Bbl mb6MTe T6nbKO a§B. nocMOTpr.i H8 ~.

You love only yourself. (You) look at yourself.

Since 'self' cannot be the subject of a sentence, ce6il (which is the accusative/genitive form) has no nominative case. The other case forms match those of Te6A, namely: N AIG D I p

ce6il ce68 co661ii ce6e

lllaaH aaAn 6oKan A11A Hei. lllaaH B3An 6oK8n A11A ce6A. 0H8 roaopr.ina o Helii. 0H8 roaopr.ina o ce6e.

Ivan took a glass for her. Ivan took a glass for himself. She talked about her (somebody else). She talked about herself.

Because the forms of ce6A must be used if the subject and the person affected are the same, Russian and English uses of 'self' do not always match: Mbl aailnM A8Telii c co601ii.

We took our children with us

3aKp6iiiTe AB&pb aa co661ii.

Close the door behind you ('yourself').

('with ourselves').

EXERCISE 21/3

Say in Russian: 1 Take her with you. 2 Tell us about yourself. 3 She considers (C'IMTieT) herself very interesting (inst.).

260

POSSESSION (CB0Iil); PURPOSE ("'T06bl)

21.5 Idioms with ce6R OHa nowna

K

ce6e.

6H yce6fl. npMihM B ce6H Y MeHfl HeT npM ce6e A8Her. 6H Haaaan ce6fl. OTCES~

KCESE

She went to her (own) room/home ('to herself'). He's at home/at his own place/ in his own room. to come to one's senses/to recover ('to come back into oneself') I haven't any money on me ('attached to myself'). He gave his name ('named himself'). PUSH (notice on doors, i.e. 'away from self') PULL (i.e. 'towards self')

21.6 EXTRA: ce6R versus -cR Ce6H always means 'self', while the reflexive verb ending -cH may express the meaning 'self' less emphatically and sometimes not at all (e.g. in ynbl6iiTbCH 'to smile'). As you know from 11.6, most 'self' verbs (e.g. 'wash oneself' MbiTbCH', 'dress oneself' OAeB8TbCH 1) have -cH, but note the following contrasting pair, where the more emphatic 'self' meaning of ce6fl is clear: C"'MTBTbCH' 'to be considered' (by other people) C"'MTBTb' ce6fl 'to consider oneself' He is considered a specialist. He considers himself a specialist.

6H C'tMTal8T.!£8 cnel.IM&nMCTOM. 6H C'tMTSeT ~ cne4ManMCTOM.

21.7 LIT06bll§ht6-bi]: in order to When 'to' has the meaning of purpose ('in order to'), use 'IT06bl in Russian: We live (in order) to work. Mbt *MBiM, 'tT06bt pa66T&Tb.

261

LESSON 21

(In order) to master Russian, you have to study three hours every day. l.fr66b1 ab!Y'IM'Tb pYCCKIIIM J13b1K, H8Ao 38HMM8'nocsl TpM 'f8Cii K&*AbiM A8Hb.

After verbs of motion (but not non-motion verbs), 'tT06bl can be omitted: 6H yexan a repMSHMIO ('tT06bl) npenOA&aSTb pyCCKMM A3biK. He's gone to Germany to teach Russian. 6H pa66Taer ceMb AHeM a H8A6nl0, 'tT66bl noMorlrrb poAifienRM JK8Hbl. He works seven days a week to help his wife's parents.

21.8 4T66bl in 'Someone Wants Someone To Do Something' constructions LIT66bl, which comes from otTO + the particle 6bl (see lesson 19) is also

used when somebody wants somebody else to do something. The two clauses are linked by 'tT06bl and the verb after 'tT06bl is in the past tense (just as 6bl is followed by the past tense- see 19.2). Sl xooty, otT66bl oHa npMwna

I want her to come on Wednesday.

acp~tAy.

Mbl xontM, otT66bl abl OTAOXHynM. We want you to have a rest.

Most other verbs which indicate that somebody wants somebody to do (or not to do) something are also followed by the same otT66bl construction, for example verbs meaning 'to order', 'to wish', 'to insist', 'to demand': aen8Tb'1" (aemo, Tbl aen.twb) (+dative) 'to order roaopMTb'/cKa38Tbp 'to tell' npMKS3bla&Tb'/npMK838Tb0 (13) (+dative) 'to order' H8CTSMa8Tb' (like 3H8Tb)/H8CTOHTbP (H8CTOIO, H8CTOMWb) 'to insist' JKenaTb;/no-P (like 3H&Tb) 'to wish' Tp86oaaTb' (Tp86yl0, Tp86yewb)/no-p 'to demand' 6H aenMT, 'tT06bl abl npMwn.t 38aTpa. M3pM CKa38na, 'tT06bl 6H noAoJKA(In. 0HS H8CTitMaaeT, 'tT06bl 6H M3aMH.tncR.

He orders you to come tomorrow. Mary told him to wait. She insists that he apologize.

262

POSSESSION

(CB0M);

PURPOSE

('fT0&bl)

We want (wish) everything to go well. Mbl •enaeM, 'fT66bl ace 6blnO xopow6. TypliiCTbl nol"J)66oaanM, 'fT66bl MX nepecenliinM a APYrYIO rocTMHMLIY· The tourists demanded to be moved to another hotel.

Some verbs can be used either with 'fT66bl or with an infinitive. The main ones are npoCMTb'/no- 0 (15) 'to request' and npMK83biB&Tb'/npMK&38Tb" 'to order':

S1 npocliin, 'fT66bl oHa npMwna. or S1 npocliin ei (ace.) npMiiiTM.

I asked her to come.

OH8 npMK838na, o.rr66b16H np..wen. She ordered him to come. or OHa npMKa38na eMy (dat.) npMiiiTiii.

EXERCISE 21/4

Say in Russian, using 'fT06bl: l We're going to Russia to study (i) Russian. 2 I want them to come (p) tomorrow. 3 He wants you to ring (p) in the evening. 4 Give me two kopecks to make a phone call (p). 5 We told her to take (p) her coat.

21.9 Vocabulary 8aTop author IJAMMHMCTpaTop administrator; hotel manager 6odn wineglass 6yMara paper TY&neTH&SI 6yMilra toilet paper aepMTb' aep10, aepMWb (no-") to believe ( + dat. = someone) (a + ace. in someone or something) aarnSIA view BKniO'f8Tb' (like 3H8Tb)

(BKniO'fMTb0 BKniO'fy, BKniO'fMWb) to plug in, switch on aMecTo Tor6 'fT66bl ( +inf) instead of (doing something) BPSIA nM hardly, unlikely Bbi388Tb 0 Bbi30By, Bbi30B8Wb (Bbl3biBiiTb' like 3H8Tb) tO summon Bblp&JKeHMe expression BbiXOAMTb'/BblitTM0 1113 Ce6R to lose one's temper ('go out of oneself')

263

LESSON 21

rep6i4 gen.pl. rep6ea hero rHeBHbiM angry r6pHM'IH8R (f adj) maid eaponeMCKMM European lKBnOB8TbCR' (no-0 ) (H8 +ace.) lKBnyiOCb, lKBnyeWbCR to

(nepeHOCMTb' I ike HOCMTb) to transfer nepecenliiTb0 (+ace.) nepecenlb, nepecenlilwb (nepecenfiTb' like 3H8Tb) to move, resettle (s.o.)

complain (about) 38RBMTb0 38RBniO, 38RBMWb ( + ace.) (38RBnRTb' like 3H8Tb) to

noBOA cause no83AK8 gen.pl. noe3AOK journey n6nb30BBTbCR' (eoc-0 ) (+ inst.) n6nb3yl0cb, n6nb3yewbcR to use (sth)

announce (sth) MMeTb' a BMAY to bear in mind K8CBTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) ( + gen.) (KOCHyYbCR° KOCHYCb, KOCHeWbCR) to touch (sth); to concern 'ITO KacaeTCR ( + gen.) as for ('what concerns') KMnRT(O)K boiling water

KpOBBTb (f) bed Kynbrypa culture nelKBTb' nelKy, nelKMWb (no- 0) to lie, be in a lying position nM46 pl. nlil48 face; person MBCTep pl. MBCTep{l skilled workman MMnMI.IMR police MOHTep electrician HaaepHoe probably Hap6'1HO deliberately H6Mep pl. HOMepa hotel room; number o66M (m pl.) gen.pl. o66ea wallpaper OAMHBKOBbiM identical OTHOWeHMB attitude nepeBOA'IMK translator nepeHBCTM 0 (like HBCTM) +ace.

nOTpe60B8Tb0 (Tpe60B8Tb') noTpe6yiO, noTpe6yewb to demand npM'IMHa reason,cause npo6neMa problem npoaepMTb0 npoaep10, npoaepMWb (npoaepRTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to check npolKMBBIOI.qMM (m adj) resident np6cb6a request nyYeWeCTBOB8Tb' nyYeWeCTByiO, nyYewecTayewb to travel pa3BMTMe development pa3Aeni1Tb' (like 3H8Tb) +ace. (P83AenMTb0 PB3Aenlb, PB3A8nMWb) to share peMOHT repair(s), maintenance p6AMH8 homeland Ha POAMHe in one's homeland po38TKa gen.pl. po3eToK electricity socket, power point caMoaap samovar, urn ca6i4 own (21.2) ce6fl self (21.4) C&Tb (f) network; circuit c66CTB8HHbiM own, personal

264

POSSESSION

(CB0H);

cnpRT&Tb 0 cnpR~y,cnpR~ewb

PURPOSE

('IT05bl)

ycTpBMB8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) ( + ace.) (yCTp6MTb0 yCTp610, ycTpOMWb) to organize (sth); to suit (s.o.) XOTR although 4BBT pl. 4BeTil colour 'lilliiHMK kettle; teapot 'IBCTbllii frequent 'IBWK8 gen.pl. 'IBWBK cup 'IT06bl [sht6-bl] (in order) to 'IYBCTBOB8Tb' (n0-0) (+ace.) to feel (something) 'IYBCTByiO, 'IYBCTBY8Wb 'IYBCTBOB8Tb ce6R xopow6 to feel well 3neKTpo6priiTBa electric razor

( + ace.) {npRT&Tb') to hide cpil3y :IKe immediately

cp6'1HO urgently cntnb (m) style TepneTb' (no-0 ) Tepnmo, TepnMwb to endure; to be patient TepneTb He Morj (+ace.) I can't stand (s.o. or sth) Tpe6oB&Tb' see no- to demand

(21.8) ryprpynna tourist group rY«PnM (f pl.) gen.pl. rY«Penb shoes, house shoes yaaJKiiTb' (like 3H8Tb) to respect

21.10 B rocntHM4e In the Hotel A n

=AAMMHMCTpiiTop =nepeBOA'IMK ryprpynnbl

n: 3ApilacTayliiTe. Y MBHR K aaM np6cb6a. MrilcTep T6pHry31iiT x6'1eT, 'IT66bl Bbl eMYAilnM APYr61ii H6Mep. 6H roaopriiT, 'IT6 B ero H6Mepe HeT po38TKM, a 6H x6'1eT CAenaTb ce68 'IBWKY K6cpe. A: Po38TKa ecTb o6R3iiTenbHO, 38 KpoaiiTbiO. H6 aoo6aqe Mbl He nt06MM, 'IT06bl npO:IKMBBIOiqMB BKniO'IBnM B CeTb H&rpeBiiTenbHbiB npM66pbl.* CK&:IKMTe eMy, 'ITO ropHM'IH8R ABCTBMY KMnRTOK M3 caoero caMoailpa. n: Xopowo, R nepeAiiM. l.fepe3 A8CRTb MMHyY ••. n: MrilcTepa TopHry31iiTa 3To He yCTpiiMaaeT. 6H roaopriiT, 'ITO oH He XO'IeT nonb30B8TbCR CBMOBilpOM ropHM'IHOiii. 6H roaopMT, 'ITO, H&BepHoe, C8MOBilp y ropHM'IHOiii rpR3Hbllii, 8 y Hero CBOM 'IBMHMK, MOH 6yABT nonb30B8TbCR TOnbKO CBOMM C06CTB8HHbiM 'IBMHMKOM. A: A po38TKY oH Hawen?

265

LESSON 21

n: Hawen, H6 6H roaopiiT, 'tTO oHa He pa66TaeT. Kp6Me Tor6, OH >KanyeTCR, 'tTO OH He MO>KBT BKJliO'fMTb CBO!b 3neKTpo6pMTBy, 'tTO HeT Ty&n6THOM 6yMarM M'tTO 4BBT 066ea BMY He HpoBBMTCR. A: Xopow6. ~ Bbi30BY MOHTipa, 'tT06biOH npoaepMn po36TKy, MR CKB>Kj ropHM'tHOM, 'tT06bl OHB npMHecna Tyan6THYIO 6yMary. A 'tT6 KacaeTcR o66ea, R HM'ter6 He Morj CA6naTb. Bo acex HOMepax o66M OAMHBKOBble. n: 0T ce6fl CK&>Kj*, 'tTO R Tepn6Tb He MOrj STOrO MMCTepa T6pHTy3MTa. OH AYM&eT T6nbKO o ce6e, 6H ace apeMR cepAMTCR, BbiXOAMT M3 ce6il no ni066My n6BOAY· KorA& Mbl 6blnM B MOCKOBCKOM rOCTMHM48 MOH He M6r H8MTM CBOM ljcllnM, OH noTp660Ban, 'tT06bl R cp6'tHO Bbi3B8n MMnM4MIO. npMwna MMnM4MR, MOKa38nOCb, 'tTO TjcllnM ne>KBT nOA ero KpOBBTbiO. BM6cTo Tor6, 'tT66bl M3BMHMTbCR, 6H 38RBMn, 'tT6 r6pHM'tH8R H8p6'tHO cnpiiTana er6 TjcllnM, 'tT06bl nOTOM npOASTb MX H8 'tepHOM pbiHKe. noAXOAMT &HrnM'tBHMH C rH6BHbiM Bblp&>K6HMeM nMi48. n: MilcTep T6pHTy3MT Tp66yeT, 'tT66bl er6 cpa3y >Ke nepecenilnM a APYr61it H6Mep. A: Xopowo. ECTb cao66AHble HoMepa Ha AeBiiToM 3Ta>K6, xoTil TaM MAih peM6HT M BPRA nM eMy TaM 6yAeT ny'twe. ~ Morj nonpOCMTb, 'tT66bl er6 nepecenilnM TVAB· n: Sonbw6e cnacil6o. A: nycTb MMCTep TMpaH ... K&K er6 ... nycTb aHrnlilliiicKMM roCTb MA9T K ce66 B H6Mep. ~ CK&>Kj r6pHM'tHOM, 'tT06bl OHS nOMOrna eMy nepeHeCTM B611.1M. *HarpeaaTenbHbiM npM66p heating appliance. *oT ce6il CK&>Ky speaking for myself ('from myself I'll say').


Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev 1 When was Turgenev born? 2 What was the name of his birthplace? (You may need a map to find the nominative form.)

266

POSSESSION

(CB0M);

PURPOSE

('fT05bl)

3 Translate the first sentence of the second paragraph paying special attention to~ p6AMHy, ca6iii Hap6A, ~ Kynb,.Ypy, ~ st3b1K. 4 He spent a lot of time in Western Europe. What two reasons are mentioned? 5 Did Turgenev want to overthrow the Tsar or did he consider Russia to be paradise on earth?

1.13aecTHbiM pyccKMM mtcaTenb 1.1aaH CepreeaM'f TypreHea, aaTop poMilHa «OTI.Ibl MA8TM», POAMncst ABSALIBTb BOCbM6ro OKTst6pil (ABBHTOrO HOS16pfl no HOBOMY CTMniO*) TbiCSI'f8 BOCeMbCOT BOCeMHSALI8TOro r6AS B r6pOAe Opne, K lOry OT MOCKBbl. XoTil TypreHea 6oteHb mo614n cao.O p6AMHy, ca6iii Hap6A, er6 KynbTjpy, er6 Sl3biK, OH npOBOAMn MH6ro BpeMeHM 38 rp&HML!BM. 6H yot.:incst a 6epni4He, A6nro >KMn a nap.:i>Ke, nyTewecTaoaan no cTpilHaM 38nSAHOM Eap6nbl, 6bln a AHrnMM, rAe a TbiCstota aoceMbC6T weCTMABCHTOM rOAY 6H npoaen TpM HBAenM H8 YilMTB*, a B TbiCSI't8 BOCBMbCOT CeMbABCSIT ABBHTOM rOAY nonyot.:in nooteTHy101 CTeneHb1 6Kcct»opACKoro yHMBepcMTeTa. CotMTileTcst, otT6 rnaaHoiii npMot.:iHoiii er6 otilcTbiX noe3AOK 38 rpaHMLIY 6blnil er6 npMBH38HHOCTb1 K cpp&HLIY3CKOM neBMI.Ie* n. 8M8PA6, C KOT6poiii OH n03H8KOMMnCst B 1843 rOAY· H6 MHOrMe C'tMTSIOT, otTO 6H otyBCTBOBan ce6fl nyotwe B 3ilnSAHOM Eap6ne, 'tBM B Pocc.:iM. XoTil 6H nMcan o npo6neMax caoeiii p6AMHbl, 6H 6bln eaponeMCKMM nMCSTeneM. Ca6iii nyotWMM poMilH «OTI.Ibl MA8nt» 6H ony6nMKoaan* a TbiCstota BOCBMbCOT WBCTbABCHT nepBOM rOAY· Ha 3ilnSAB MHOrMe 3HSIOT 3TOT poMilH Mer6 rep6st, «HMrMn.:icTa••*-peaoniOLIMOHepa 6a38poaa. TypreHea yaa>Kan caoer6 Mj>KecTaeHHoro* rep6st, H6 He pa3Aeniln er6 B3rnHAOB. LIT66bl nOHHTb er6 ABOMCTBBHHOe1 OTHOWeHMe K 6a3llpoay, HSAO MMeTb a BMAY. otT6 TypreHea xopow6 3Han ace npo6neMbl caoei4 OTCTilnoiii* p6AMHbl, H6 cotMTiln ce6fl nM6epanoM*, a He peaoniOI.IMOHepOM. 6H He aepMn B Heo6XOAMMOCTb1 peaoniOI.IMM B POCCMM. 6H 6bln «HnSAHMKOM»*, TO BCTb 6H C'tMTan 3ilnSAHDeaponeMCKMM, K8nMT8nMCTM'tBCKMM* nyTb p83BMTMSI npMeMneMbiM1 A"SI POCCMM.

267

LESSON 21

*Extra Vocabulary for Turgenev Exercise (In Alphabetical Order): AB6icTaeHHbiM dual 38n&AHMK westernizer, i.e. one who believed that Russia could learn from the West; their opponents, the Slavophiles (cnaBRHOcillilnbl) believed in a non-western, Slavonic, path KanMTanMCTM'teCKMM capitalist nM6epan liberal MjlKecTBeHHbiM manly, courageous H806XOAMMOCTb (f) necessity HMrMnlilcT nihilist (an 1860s revolutionary who believed that all the

existing social institutions should be swept away) ony6nMKOBSTb0 to publish OTCTanbiM backward neBM48 (female) singer no'teTHaR CTeneHb honorary degree npMBR38HHOCTb (f) attachment, affection npM6MneMbiM acceptable no H6aouy cTiilmo new style (by the western calendar adopted after the 1917 revolution) YaiT Isle of Wight

268

22 YPOK H6MEP ABAAL\ATb ABA FUN WITH NUMBERS

22.1 Key Phrases Mii*AY nRTblb MC8Mblb 'l&c8MM 66nbWe (66nee) I1JITMC6T py6n6i 0H6 roaopM-r H& Tpix R3bldx. c o66Mx CTOp6H o66MMM pyK6MM Ha o66Mx CTon6x CO MH6rMMM pyCCKMMM B HilcKOnbKMX ropo,ql\x

between five and seven o'clock more than five hundred roubles She speaks three languages. from both sides with both hands on both tables with many Russians in several towns

22.2 The Declension of Numbers and Quantity Words The material in this lesson is concerned with the complexities of Russian number usage. If you find the difficulties of doing arithmetic in Russian intriguing, then enjoy yourself. If the grammar of numbers turns you off, then skip through the lesson to see the kinds of situations to avoid, and move on quickly to Lesson 23. The essential material on numbers is in Lessons 9 and 17. Have you revised 9.5 and 9.9 on 'two dollars' ABfJ. A6nn8J)il, 'five dollars' nRTb A6nnapmt etc? The two main grammar points to note in this lesson are: (a) that numbers and quantity words (nRTb, CT6, MH6ro) have declensions

269

LESSON 22

just as nouns do (nocne niiHMHfl 'after Lenin'; n6cne nATM. 'after five'genitive case); (b) the agreement rules for nouns and numbers in 9.9 (and adjectives 10.13) do not apply if the number is in the gen., dat., inst. or prep. case ('of three', 'with fifty' etc.). Note this new rule: When the number is in one of these four cases, for example the instrumental, any accompanying adjectives and nouns are in the plural of the same case as the number. Examples: (nom./acc. number) ABB A6nnapa two dollars ('of dollar' 9.5) (inst. number) c ABY.Mi! A6nn&Pil!!M'!. with two dollars ('dollars' in inst. plural) two young girls (see 10.13) ABe MonoAill8 A6aywK.It to two young girls (dat. pl.) ABYM MonoAtd.M AilaywKR AB8'f8Ci nocne ABD 'f&cgg

two o'clock after two o'clock (gen. pl.)

TPM MHOCTpSHH.!ill[ CTYA6HTI. C TPDm MHOCTpSHH.Ii!!MI! CTyAiiHT8MM

three foreign students (10.13) with three foreign students (inst. pl.)

HtiCKOnbKO A3biKOB

several languages in several languages (prep. pl.)

H8 HKKOnbKI!IX A3b1KU

In practice, Russians avoid using numbers, particularly big ones, in cases other than the nom./acc./gen., and you can do the same. For example, a sentence such as 'I arrived with 540 dollars' (instrumental c nATbiOCTilMM copod A6nnapaMM) can be rephrased as 'I had 540 dollars when I arrived' (KorAil A npM6xan, y MeHH 61i1no nATbC6T c6poK A6nnapoa).

22.3 Declension Details

Numbers which end with a soft sign in the nominative (e.g. 5-20) behave like soft-sign feminine singular nouns, so the genitive of nATb is nATM (cf. CM6Mpb-CM6MP.I!I). But many numbers are idiosyncratic. Aaa, TPM and 'f8Ttitpe have unique declensions, and other numbers have special features too. See the tables on pp. 378-86.

270

FUN WITH NUMBERS

As mentioned in Lesson 17 on times and dates, the only number case forms you have to know are the genitive forms of the low numbers, up to twenty-five or so (17.6). But for reference purposes it is useful to know how the phrases at the beginning of this lesson are formed. 0AiiiH, as you may remember, has the same grammar and endings as 3TOT ('this'): Sl 3Hluo OAHOr6 (note stress)

I know one(= a certain) writer.

nMCiflTenH. Sl no3H8KOMMnacb c OAHMM MOnOAbiM 'tenoaeKOM. nMCbMO OT OAHOM AeByWKM

I got to know a certain ('one') young man. a letter from one (a certain) girl

0AiiiH also has plural forms (for use with nouns which have no singular):

one watch 0AiiiH also means 'alone': OHSOAHS. MbiOAHM. B OAHMX 6piOK8X (6piOKM

'trousers')

She is alone. We are alone. wearing only trousers (in trousers alone)

AaaiABe, TPM and 't8Tblpe have the following forms: N

't8Tblpe

A ABalABYX;

TPM TpMhpeX;

G ABYX

TpiX

oteTblpex

D ABYM

TpiM

't8TblpiM

ABYMR

Tp8MR

't8TblpbMR

ABYX

Tpex

oteTblpex

p

AB8

't8Tblpe/'t8Tblpix;

;Aayx, Tpex and 't8TblpiX are used with animate nouns- see 22.9 below. nHTb, wecTb, aoc{e)Mb etc. look like feminine singular nouns. nHTb

BOC8Mb

nHTHSALI&Tb

ABBALI&Tb

A nHTb

BOC8Mb

nHTHSALI&Tb

ABSALI&Tb

G nHTM

BOCbMM

nHTHSA48TM

AB8A48TM

nHTM

BOCbMM

nHTHSA48TM

AB8A48TM

nHTbiO

BOC8Mbl0

nSITHSA48TbiO

AB8A48Tbt0

nHTM

BOCbMM

nHTHSA48TM

AB8A48TM

N

D

p

271

LESSON 22

The stress is on the end of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20 and 30. lit is fixed on the stem of 11-19. C6poK, A8BAH6cTO and CT6 have strange (but easy) declensions: N

COpOK

A8BAHOCTO

CTO

AG D

-c6poK

A8BAHOcTO

CTO

copoK8

A8BAHOCT8

CTS

co pod

A8BAHOCT8

CTB

co pod

A8BAHOcT8

CTS

co pod

A8BAHOCT8

CTB

p

The numbers 50, 60, 70, 80, and the hundreds - 200 etc. - are two-part words and both parts decline: N A G

nATbA8CRT

BOC8MbA8CAT

AB6CTM

nATbCOT

nATbA8CRT

BOC8MbA8CAT

AB6CTM

nATbCOT

nATMA8CATM

BOCbMMA8CATM

ABYXCOT

nATMCOT

D I p

nATMA8CATM

BOCbMMA8CATM

ABYMCTBM

nATMCTSM

nATblbA8CATbiO

BOC8MblbAeCATbiO

ABYMACTBMM

nATbiOCTBMM

nATMA8CATM

BOCbMMA8CfiTM

ABYXCTSX

nfiTMCTBX

The numbers 60 and 70 are like 50; 300 and all the other hundreds are like 200 and 500. Grammar Table 7 (see page 383) gives more examples. For 'thousand' (Tb1Cfl"18) and million, see 22.6 below.

EXERCISE 22/1

Translate:

1 6H npMAih M6*AY TpeMSi M nATblb "18CBMM. 2 0Hll 38p86llTbiB88T (earns) 66nbwe "18Tblpex TbiCfl"'

Tpixc6T A6nnapoa a MKALI·

3B

HBW8M M8r83MH8 npOASibTCA KHMrM H8 BOCbMMA8CfiTM ABYX fl3b1Kllx.

EXERCISE 22/2

Read (or write out) the numbers in Russian: 1 no•llnyMCT8, n03BOHMT8 MHO AO 11 eleven. 2 Sl XO"'Y B8C n03H8KOMMTb C 2

272

"18COB

Please ring me before 'I

MHTep6cHbiMM A6ByWK8MM

FUN WITH NUMBERS

want to introduce you to two interesting girls. 3 MMCTep n6yn rosopMT Ha

8 R3biKBX Mr Pope speaks eight languages. 4 AAMMHMCTpllTop nony'IMn nMCbM6 OT 31 aMepMKBHJ.I8 The manager has received a letter from thirtyone Americans.

22.4 Both: 66a/66e These words behave like ABaiABe 'two', so 66a is used with m and n nouns, while 66e goes with f ones. After 66al66e in the nom. or ace., the noun is genitive singular:

66aApyra 66e nOAPYrM

both friends both female friends

The declensions of 66a and 66e are: M 66a

66e 66e (inanim)/o6eMx (anim) o6eMx 068MM 068MMM o6eMx

66a (inanim)/o66Mx (anim) G o66Mx 0 o66MM I 066MMM p o66MX

A

Here are some phrases you might need:

o6eMMM pyKiiMM Sf 3Hal0 MX o66MX. 8 o66MX cny'I&RX

with both hands I know them both. in both cases

Note that 'both' linking two words isM ...

Sl 3Hato MEsy, M B&AMMa.

M:

I know both Eva and Vadim.

22.5 nomopit: One and a Half One and a half is always translated as nomopa (nonTopbl with feminine nouns), never as OAMH c nonosMHOM. After nonTopa (which is short for

nonosMHa sTop6ro 'half of the second'), use the genitive singular:

273

LESSON 22

Mbl JKAinM nonTopa 'laca (gen. sg.). nonTopa KMnorpaMMa

We waited for an hour and a half. one and a half kilograms

The feminine form is officially nonToplil: nomopliiHeAenM

one and a half weeks

But in informal, colloquial speech nonTopa is used with all nouns.

22.6 EXTRA: Declension of nomopil Like all numerals, nomopll/nomoplil decline. The G/D/1/P of both nonTOpS and nonToplil is nonjTopa. 66nbwe nonY,.opa TbiCH'I (gen. pl.)

more than one and a half thousand

22.7 Thousand, Million, Billion Note that TbiCH'Ia (1 ,000), MMnnM6H (million), MMnmtBPA (US billion = thousand million), and 6MnnM6H (million million) are grammatically nouns, not numerals, which means that (a) they have normal noun endings, and (b) they behave like KMnorpaMM, not like nHTb, i.e. following nouns and adjectives are always in the genitive: c ABYMR KMnorp8MM&MM anenbCMHQII c ABYMR MMnnM6H&MM py6nel4 (not py6niiMM) TpiM TbiCH'I&M &MepMKBHLieB (not 8M8pMKBHLI8M)

with two kilos of oranges with two million roubles to three thousand Americans

But remember (9.11) that in Russian it is always the last number which determines agreement: TpiM TbiCH'18M TpiMCTBM &MepMKBHI.IIM

274

to 3,300 Americans

FUN WITH NUMBERS

Sl n!)O'IMT&n ABe TbiCA'IM pyccKg KHM[.

I have read 2,000 Russian books.

Sl n!)O'IMTBn TWCA'IY AB8cTM OAHY pYCCKm KHM'"l·

I have read 1,201

Russian books. 'leTiilpe-nATb M8cAI.UHI (gen.pl.)

four or five months

22.8 Quantity Words: Declension of MH6ro etc. MH6ro 'many', HecKOnbKO 'a few', 'several', and cK6nbKO 'how many' have the following type of declension:

N MH6ro A MH6ro (inanim)/MH6rMx (anim)

G MHOfMX D MHOfMM MHOfMMM

p

MHOfMX

BO MHOfMX OTHOWeHMAX

in many respects

Sl roaop.tn co MH6rMMM

I spoke to many tourists.

TYPMCT8MM. B HecKOnbKMX MeCT8x

in several places

EXERCISE 22/3 Put the numbers/quantity words in the correct form and translate:

1 Mbl 61i1n1o1 a 32 cTpaHax. 2 Mbl exanM 1,5 'lace. 3 Mara3MH pa66TaeT c 9 YTPii AO 5 ae'lepa. 4 st no3H&K6MMncA c (66e) A8aywK&MM. 5 Mbl no6b1BiinM ao (MH6ro) pyccKMX ropoA&x. 6 Mbl pa3roaapMaanM c (HeCKOnbKO) pjCCKMMM MH)I(8Hep&MM.

EXERCISE 22/4 Read the following sentences aloud and translate, noting that each second sentence is a simpler version of the preceding one, avoiding awkward declined numerals:

275

LESSON 22

1 Mbt npown.t newK6M 6Kono 250 (gen.) KMnoMeTpoa. 2 Mbt npown.t newK6M npMMepHo (=approximately (adverb)) 250 (ace.) KMnoMeTpoa. 3 6H npMexan c 540 (inst.) A6nnap&MM. 4 KorA{l 6H npMexan, y Her6 6titno 540 (nom.) A6nnapoa. 5 s:l npMAY M8JKAY 10 M 11 'I&CiiMM. 6 s:l npMAY a 11-oM (adj) 'lacy (17.4). 7 B MocKae *"aeT 66nee 6.500.000 (gen.) 'fenoaeK. 8 HaceneHMe (population) MocKalit npeabtwileT (exceeds} 6.500.000 (ace.) 'fenoaeK.

22.9 The Accusative of Numbers with Animate Nouns

General rules. Only the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 have animate accusative forms (i.e. OAHOr6, AByx, Tpix, 'feTbtpix). Numbers ending 1 decline the 1, but numbers which end 2, 3 and 4, e.g. 22, 32, 5,134, do not have animate accusative forms. Note these three model sentences: s:l 3Hil10 ee ABjx (anim ace.) 6piiTbeB. I know her two brothers.

Mbl xoTMM 3&K&3i1Tb cT6n H& ABiiA48Tb ABB (inanim form) 'fenoaeKa. We want to book a table for twenty-two people. Mbt xoTMM 38K&3i1Tb cT6n H& ABiiA48Tb OAHQrQ (anim) 'lenoaeKa. We want to book a table for twenty-one people.

22.10 Collective Numerals

There is another set of number words which you will meet occasionally, particularly when Russians give the number of children in a family. Instead of ABB pe6eHKa 'two children' ('two of child'), they normally say AB6e A8Tei4, 'a twosome of children'. There are nine of these collective numerals, from two to ten, but only the first three are common: AB6e 'two', 'a twosome' Tp6e 'three', 'a threesome' 'feTaepo 'four', 'a foursome'

The others are m1Tepo, w&cTepo, ceMepo, B6cbMepo, A8BJITepo, A9cHTepo. You need these collective numerals:

276

FUN WITH NUMBERS

(a) when counting children (A8TM) and men (MY*'tMHbl): Y Hee AB6e AeTei. 'She has two children' (more idiomatic than ABa pe6iHKa). AB6e MY*'tMH 'two men' (not ABa MY*'tMHbl)

(b) when counting words which have no singular forms (since ABa, TpM, 't8Tblpe require the gen. sg.), e.g. cjTKM 'twenty-four hours', otaCbl 'watch', 6pKIKM 'trousers', J1cnM 'creche': B n6e3Ae Mbl exanM Tp6e cjToK. We spent three days and nights on the

train. Y MeHJ1 ABOe ~tacos. I have two watches. Ha 3TOM 38B6Ae AB6e J1cnei. This factory has two creches.

(c) in phrases such as 'There are four of us'. Hac oteTaepo. Hac 6blnO Tp6e. There were three of us.

22.11 EXTRA: More on Collective Numerals Optionally, collective numerals can be used for groups of males (not females or mixed groups), e.g. ABOe conA&T 'two soldiers' (or ABa conA&Ta), Tp6e yotMTenei 'three teachers' (or TPM yotMTenR). This usage is rather colloquial. Tpoe MMHMCTpoa ('a threesome of male government ministers') would sound disrespectful; TPM MMHMCTpa is more polite. The other collective numerals up to ten are, as we saw above: nJ1Tepo 'five', wecTepo 'six', ceMepo 'seven', BOcbM8po 'eight', ASBJITepo 'nine', A6cRTepo 'ten', but the higher the number, the rarer it is. Instead of Hac 6blnO niiTepo 'There were five of us' you can say Hac 6blnO nHTb otenoaeK. Since the numbers nRTb, weCTb etc. take the genitive plural, you do not need to use niiTepo, wecTepo etc. with words which have no singular. So 'five days and nights' is simply nHTb cjToK (no need to say nJ1Tepo cjToK), 'five children' is nHTb A8T8i. Like all numerals, ABOe, TpOe etc. decline, but Russians generally avoid structures in which declined forms would be necessary. Here are the declensions of AB6e ('two') and oteTaepo ('four'): N AB6e

oteTaepo

277

LESSON 22

A AB6e (inanim) ABOMX (anim) G 0 I p

ABOMX ABOMM ABOMMM ABOMX

'feTaepo (inanim)/'4eTaepbtX (anim) '48TB8pbiX '48TB8pb1M '48TB8pbiMM '48TB8pbiX

Tp6e declines like ABOe, the others like '48Taepo.

In a hotel: H6Mep Ha ABOMX 'a room for two (people)', 'a double' pa66T&Tb 38 Tpo.tx 'to work for three' (do as much as three people).

There are no collective numerals beyond AecRTepo 'ten', so there are problems if you should ever want to say 'twenty-three watches' ('48Cbl m pl. 'watch') or 'eighty-two creches' (sicnM pl. 'creche'), since numbers ending 2, 3, 4 require the genitive singular. In such cases, the construction has to be rewritten to separate the number from the noun, e.g. Mbl OTKpblnM ACnM B KOnM'48CTB8 BOCbMMA8CRTM ABYX ·we have opened creches in the quantity (to the total) of eighty-two.'

22.12 Verb Agreement with Numbers The general rule is: when the subject is a numeral, make the verb neuter singular: Y M8HA 6blllQ nRTbA8CAT A6nnapoa. Elit TorA& 6btllQ TPM r6AB. npMWM nRTb 'fenoaeK.

I had fifty dollars.

She was three years old then. Five people came.

But note the following details: - Plural verbs are quite common if the subject is animate (i.e. people): npMwn6 (npMwnM) AKRTb 8MepMK8H48B. Ten Americans came.

- Plural verbs are normal with animate subjects if (a) the number is ABa, TpM, '48Tbtpe, or the collective numerals AB6e, Tp6e, 'feTaepo, and/or (b) the subject comes before the verb:

278

FUN WITH NUMBERS

Ei TpM CbiH8 *ABnM (not *A&no) H8C H8 BOK3ilne. Her three sons were waiting for us at the station. AecHTb-nSITHSA48Tb TYPMCTOB xon1T (not x6~teT) noMTM B TeaTp. Ten or fifteen tourists want to go to the theatre. npMAYr ABOe. Two men will come.

B &ar6He-pecTopaHe CMA6nM/CMAeno Tpoe aMepMKBHI4eB. There were three American men sitting in the restaurant car.

EXERCISE 22/5 Say in Russian: 1 We have two children. 2 There are three of us. 3 You have to travel for three days and three nights (use cjTKM). 4 Two men were waiting for us. 5 I had more than (66nee +gen.) a hundred dollars.

22.13 Fractions You should already know the feminine nouns nonOBMH8 •half' and ~t6T&epTb 'a quarter'. Notice also TpeTb (f) 'a third'. The other fractions are all feminine adjectives, with the usual adjective endings after numbers:

OAH8 niiT&JI OAHB W8CTHSA48T8JI ABe nHTbiX (gen. pl.) TPM MnHTb A8CHTbiX

one-fifth one-sixteenth two-fifths 3.5 (three and five-tenths)

Both decimal fractions and vulgar fractions are read in the same way. So 4,3 and 4 3/tO are read as '48Tb1pe M TPM A8CHTbiX*. After fractions, adjectives and nouns are in the genitive singular:

56,8%

2,6 pe6iHK8

nHTbA8CHT WecTb M &6ceMb A8CHTbiX npo146HT8 fifty-six and eight-tenths of a per cent (npo14eHT is a masculine noun) 2.6 children (two and six-tenths of a child)

*A note on halves. 'Half' is nonoBMHa in everyday contexts and nHTb

279

LESSON 22

A8CRTbJX ('five-tenths') in statistical contexts. In everyday speech 'two/ three/four etc. and a half' is AB&/TpM/'teTblpe etc. e nonoatiHoJii ('with

a half'); the fonn of the following noun is then governed by the integer (the whole number), not by the fraction. For example: nRTb c nonoatiHoJii MeTpQ!l (gen.pl. after 5) five and a half metres

But in a more mathematical/statistical/official context ('5.5 metres'): nRTb M nRTb A8CRTbJX (5,5) M6Tpa (gen.sg. after a decimal fraction)

Remember that 'one and a half' is nonTopll (see above 22.5). Note that Russians use a decimal comma (5,5), not a decimal point.

22.14 TeKCT. CTaTMCTMKa ('Statistics')

As a difficult and entirely optional exercise, you can try reading out the numbers. They are written out in words immediately following the text. 8 1982 rOAY a Coa6TCKOM Col03e npo•Mallno 66nee 268.000.000 M3 HMX 6Kono 5.000.000 CTYA6HTOB, KOTOpbJe y~ttlnMcb a 900 YHM&epCMTeT&X M MHCTMyYT8X. 81982 rOAY 6blnO OKOno 1.000.000 apa't6Jii. 8 TOM *e rOAY B MOCKBe 6blnO 66nee 8.350.000 •r.heneJii, KOTOpbl8 CMOTp6nM cneKTSKnM B 26 TeSTp&X. MOCKOBCKMe AliTM XOAMnM a 1.000 WK6n.

~tenoa6K,

~ TbiCH'ta A8BRTbCOT a6ceMbA8CRT &TopoM- '1982nd year' (17.11); 268.000.000 ABYXCOT wecTM· A8CfiTM BOCbMM MMnnMOHOB - 66nee = 66nbWe + gen. 'more than (18.2); 5.000.000 nRTM MMnnMOHOB - gen. after 6Kono 'about'; 9® A8BfiTMCTSx- prep.; 1.000.000 (OAHOr6) MMnnMOHa; 8.350.000 BOCbMM

Answers to the numbers exercise:

MMnnMOHOB TpiXCOT nRTMA8CRTM TbiCfl't- gen.;~ AB8AJ¥1TM W8CTMprep.; 1.JHm TbiCR'tY- ace.


Russian Divorce Statistics Find the answers to the following questions: 280

FUN WITH NUMBERS

What percentage of married couples get divorced in any one year?

2 How do the divorce figures for 1950 compare with those for 1977? 3 At the time of writing what proportion of marriages break up within five years of the wedding?

4 What proportion of divorcing couples have no children? Ecmt cpaaHMTb 'IMCn6 pa3ao,qoa 38* ro,q c 'IMcnoM 6pil'IHblx* nap, KOTOpbl8 cyJqeCTBOBilnM B H&'lilne ro,q&, TO 3ll ro,q pa3BO,qMTCR BCero oKono nonY,.opa* npo1.1eHTOB cynpyroa, To ecTb 3ll ro,q pacna,q{leTcR* acer6 6Kono nRTHil,qLI&TM M3 TbiCR'IM ceMeM.

B 1950 ro,qy H& TbiCR'IY cail,qe6 6blnO Tptt,qLI&Tb ,qaa pa3BO,q&. B 19n ro,qy Ha TbiCR'IY CBil,qe6 6blnO y:IKe TpMCT& ,qBil,qLI&Tb TpM pa3a6,qa. Mccn8,qoaaHMR* noKa3llnM, 'ITO TpeTb acex pa3ao,qoa npoMcxo,qMT Ha nepaoM ro,qy ceMeMHOM )l(tt3HM, e~qe TpeTb npMxo,qMTcR* Ha ceMbM, cy~qeCTBjiOJqMe* OT O,qHoro ,qo nRTM neT. M3 CTa HOBbiX CeMeMHbiX nap Ha nepaoM ro,qy :IKM3HM pacna,qileTcR o,qttHHa,qLI&Tb, ,qo nRTJii neT pacna,q{leTCR ,qBil,qLI&Tb ,qBe C8MbM. M3BeCTHO, 'ITO B T8X cnj'laRX, KOr,qil B CeMb8 e~qe H8T ,qeTeM (MX H8T y 'leTBepTM p83BO,qRJqMXCR nap), MY*bR BbiCyYnilJOr MHML!MilTOp8MM 1 B nonOBMHe cny'laeB. A B CeMbJIX C ,qeTbMM MHML!MilTOpaMM 'lilJqe BbiCyYnilJOT* :IKeHJqMHbl - ,qae TpeTM BC8X MCKOBbiX* 38RBneHMM 1 B ceMbRX C o,qHMM-,qByMR ,qeTbMM no,q&nM :IKeHJqMHbl (T8KMX CeMb,q8CRT np01.1eHTOB OT BC8X pacna,q{lJOJqMXCR* CeMeM, C 6onbWMM KOnM'I8CTBOM ,qeTeM - BCero nRTb npOI.IeHTOB). TeM CilMbiM* :IKeHJqMHbl CTp8MRTCR 1 38JqMTMTb ,qeTeM OT KOHcl»nMKTOB ceMeMHOM :IKM3HM. OHJii C'IMTilJOT, 'ITo ,qeTRM 6y,qeT ny'lwe 6e3 oTI.Iil, '18M c nnoxliiM OTLIOM. (Based on figures quoted by the demographer B. nepeae,qeHLieB in 1981.)

22.15 Vocabulary (*Words marked with a 1 are less common and probably not worth learning at this stage.) 6onee (bookish) (gen.) more (than) (18.2) (same as more colloquial

281

6onbwe +gen.) 6paK marriage

LESSON 22

*6p8otHaR napa married couple *BbiCyYnBTb MHM4MBTOpOM to initiate (divorce proceedings) AB6e two, a twosome 38RaneHMe application *38 roA (note stress on prep.) during the year 381qMTMTb0 381J4Miqy, 381qMTMWb (381J4Miq8Tb' like 3H8Tb) ( + ace.) to defend, protect (someone) M3B8cTHO it is known *MHM4M8TMB8 initiative *MHM4MBTOp initiator *MCKOB6e 38RBneHM8 divorce application MccneAOB&HMe investigation, research KOnM't8CTBO quantity *KoHciJnli'IKT conflict MMnnMBPA a thousand million (US billion) 66a/66e both (22.4) napa couple noA&TbP (like A&Tb) ( + ace.) (nOA&BBTb' like A&BBTb) to serve, hand in, lodge nomopa one and a half (22.5) nonjTopa gen. of nonTopil one and a half nonyotMTb 0 nonyoty,nonyotMWb ( + ace.) (nonyotitTb) to receive, get *npMX6AMTCR H8 CeMbM happens to families npo>KMBBTb' (like 3H&Tb) to reside npoMCXOAMTb' (like XOAMTb)

(npOM30MTMP like MATM) to occur

npo48HT a per cent *p&3BOAJllqMMCR divorcing *pacn&A8101J4MMCR breaking up *pacnaABTbCR' to break up pyKit ace. PYKY pl. PYKM, pyKitM hand, arm ca&Ab6a gen.pl. cailAe6 wedding ceMeMHbiM family cnj'talit gen.pl. cnyotaea case CoaeTCKMM Colb3 Soviet Union cneKTiiKnb (m) performance, show Cp8BHMTbPCp8BHIO,Cp8BHMWb (cpitBHMB8Tb' like 3H8Tb) tO compare ecnM cpaBHMTb if one compares *cTpeMMTbCR' to strive, try CyYAeHT student *cynpyrM (pl.) husband and wife (from cynpyr 'm spouse', cynpyra 'f spouse') cy~qeCTBOBBTb' cy~qeCTBYIO cy~qecTayewb

(npo-P) to exist

*cy~qeCTBYIOIJ4MM existing

(Lesson 29)

*TeM citMbiM in this way ('by that very') T6 ecTb that is TpeTb (f) a third (22.13) Tp6e three, a threesome oteTaepo four, a foursome oteTaepTb (f) quarter (22.12) 'tMCn6 pl. otlilcna gen.pl. otlilcen number

282

23 YP6K H6MEP ABAA4ATb TPM TIME EXPRESSIONS

23.1 Key Phrases B'fepil ae'fepoM a npowny10 cpeAY B TOTA8Hb a ABBAI.IiiToM aeKe B W8CTMA8CRTbiX rOAilx 38 'fac AO Ha'filna Sl "AY a MocKay Ha HeAeniO. Mbl wnM AO TeiiTpa AecRTb MMHjT. Mbl AOWnM AO TeiiTpa 38 nRTb MMHjT.

yesterday evening/last night last Wednesday that day in the twentieth century in the sixties an hour before the start I'm going to Moscow for a week. It was a ten-minute walk to the theatre. We reached the theatre in five minutes.

23.2 Grammar of Time Expressions

The main structures for telling the time and giving the date are in Lesson 17. This lesson gives you more information on the grammatical patterns and also deals with the question of duration ('How long?'). There are several types of time meanings. Three basic types answer the following questions: (l) When?

(2) How long does something go on? 'He worked for three days.' (3) How long does something take to finish? 'He did it in three days.'

283

__ iTWIIf•l

"I' .. _,

LESSON 23

23.3 When?

The 'when' type is the commonest and the one with the biggest variety of answers. Notice that in English, when answering the question 'When did she arrive?', possible answers are on Wednesday, at three o'clock, in the morning. The use of 'on', 'at' or 'in' depends on what the noun is. In Russian too there are several different constructions, depending on the noun. (a) The first regularity to notice is the common use of a to mean in/at/on with time words: a CP'AY 'on Wednesday', a ABB t.taca 'at two o'clock'. We met such examples in Lesson 17. (b) If the word denotes a day or shorter (e.g. hour, second etc.), a is used with the accusative case: BCIJ8AY B 'tBC amo66MA8Hb

on Wednesday at one o'clock/in an hour on any day

(c) if the time word is longer than a day (e.g. week, month, year etc.), a is used with the prepositional case: BAHBBI)t

a 3Tm.troAi

in January this year

B ABBATHSA1.48Tmt.HK8

in the nineteenth century

Exception: HBAilnA 'week' is used with HB (+prep.) instead of a: HA np6wnoM HeAllne HA 3ToM H8Ailne HA cnliAYIOaqeM (6YAYII48M) HBA8ne

last week this week next week

(d) The parts of the day and the seasons are in the instrumental with no preposition: jTpoM 'in the morning', aecH6M 'in spring' (see 16.5). (e) Words which denote activities (e.g. BOMH6 'war', yp6K 'lesson') or indefinite periods (e.g. an6xa 'era' and apeMA 'time' itself) rather than specific time periods (e.g. HBABnA 'week') are used with a and the accusative:

284

TIME EXPRESSIONS

B 3TO BpeMH B BOMHy a Hawy 3noxy

at that time in the war in our epoch/era

(t) In the plural, all time words normally take a+ ace.:

a 3TM AHM/MllcHL!bl/r6Ab1

during these days/months/years

(g) Decades The nineties are A8BHHOCTble r6Abl 'the ninetieth years', the eighties are BOCbMMAecRTble r6Abl and so on. In this context, the genitive plural of r6Ab1 is~ (not neT): B KOHL!e W8CTMA8CRTbiX rOAOB

at the end of the sixties

'In a decade' is either the prepositional or the accusative. So 'in the seventies' is a ceMMA8CRTbiX roAix (prep. - slightly commoner) or a ceMMA8cRTJ;illl r6A!!l (ace.- in accordance with (t) above).

(h) During To indicate that something took place over a period of time (rather than momentarily), the two commonest equivalents of English 'during' are: ao apeMH (+gen.) with activity words, and B Te"'eHMe (+ gen.) with specific time words BO BpeMH BOMHbl/ypOK8/ peBOniOI.IMM B T8"18HM8 H8AenM

during the war/the lesson/the revolution during the week, in the course of a week

(i) From ... until (see 17.12) Both 'since' and 'from' are c with the genitive: c "'eTaepra C COpOK "18TBepTOrO r6AS

since/from Thursday since (nineteen) forty-four

'Until' is AO with the genitive: AOCp8Abl AO ABYXTbiCH"'Horo r6AS

until Wednesday until the year 2000

285

LESSON 23

'From ... to' is c ... AO (or c ... no with the accusative in the meaning 'inclusive'):

c wecnt otacoa AO A8BATM c A8CHToro no TPMHRA48TOe

from six o'clock to nine from the tenth to the thirteenth inclusive

(j) A month before I A week after These structures involve two prepositions in Russian: before: 38 + ace . . . AO + gen.

3a MeCAL\ AO no83AKM 6H cxoAiifn• a noconbcTao. A month before the trip he went to the embassy. after: otepea +ace ... nocne +gen.

l.fepe3 H&AeniO nocne 3K3ilM8HOB Mbl yexanM H8 Mope. A week after the exams we left for the seaside. (k) Before

AO +gen. means 'before'; nepeA + inst. means 'immediately before': AOBOMHbl nepeA BOMHOiii

before the war just before the war

(l) Once

'Once' in the meaning 'one day' is OAHflJKAbJ:

0AHBJKAbl aecH6iii A rynt1n no H86epeJKHOiii. One day in spring I was strolling on the embankment. one evening 'Once' meaning 'one time' is paa (or OAMH paa):

cK6nbKO paa (m)? how often? 'Twice' is AB8 p838 (gen. sg.). 'Five times' is nATb paa (gen. pl.). If you want to say 'twice a week', 'a' translates as !l with the accusative: twice a week five times a year three times a month

ABa pa38 a H9Aemo nATb pS3 B r6A TpM pa38 B M8cAL\

286

TIME EXPRESSIONS

EXERCISE 23/1

Translate the words in brackets: I Eaa npMAeT (on Saturday at seven). 2 (This year) Mbt6yAeM OTAbiXiiTb B KpbtMy. 3 MMCTep noyn 6btn 3A8Cb (last week). 4 (During the war) Mbl )KMnM B CM6MpM. 5 M3pM BCTpe'taeTCfl C Bon6AeM (four times a week).

23.4 How Long?

(a) If the question is about duration (CK6nbKO apeMeHM?/KaK A6nro? both meaning 'How long?'), the answer is simply the accusative with no preposition: CK6nbKO apeMeHM Bbt 6yAeTe 3A8Cb? or KaK A6nro Bbl 6yAeTe :JAeCb? Sl 6YAY :JAeCb OAHY HeAitnto. Mbt )J(MnM a CM6MpM TPM r6AS. noAO*AMTe MMHjTOotKy.

How long will you be here?

I shall be here (for) a week. We lived in Siberia (for) three years. Wait a moment ('a little minute'see Lesson 25).

(b) 'For' in the meaning 'in order to spend' ('We're going to Moscow for a month') isH& with the accusative: Mbt 6AeM a MocKBY H& MeCfiJ.4. She's come for a week. OHa npMexana Ha HeAenKt. The director has gone out for five AMpeKTop Bbtwen HB nfiTb MMHjT. minutes. 6H npM6AeT acer6 HI OAMH A8Hb. He'll come for just one day.

Rule of Thumb: 'for' in time expressions

If 'for' can be omitted in English ('He waited (for) ten minutes'), it must be omitted in Russian (6H )J(A8n ~ MMHjT).If 'for' cannot be omitted in an English time expression ('He's coming for a week'), then it is Ha +ace. in Russian (6H npM83)J({IeT HB H8A6nto).

287

LESSON 23

23.5 How Long Did It Take? If the question concerns how long something took to finish, then the preposition 38 with the accusative is used: Sl npO'tMTilna ccBOMHY M MMp»

I read War and Peace in a month.

38 MKSIJ..j.

Mbl ace CAenaeM

38

HBAemo.

We'll do everything in a week.

Note the use of perfective verbs because the meaning involves completion.

EXERCISE 23/2

Translate the words in brackets: 1 Mbl JKAilnM (twenty minutes). 2 M3pM 6yAeT a KMeae ((for) a week). 3 Mbl 8AeM a MocKay (for three months). 4 AMpeKTop Bblwen (for five minutes). 5 M3pM npO'tMTilna ccAHHY KapeHMHY» (in two weeks). 6 Eaa AOexana AO A6Ma (in an hour).

23.6 Until/After/Before with Verbs 'Before' with a verb is AO Tor6 K&K (or nepeA TeM K&K 'immediately before'):

Ao Tor6 K&K M3pM noexana a MocKay, oHa y
Ao is a preposition', so it cannot be immediately followed by a verb. If you don't like the complex conjunction AO Tor6 K&K, use AO with a noun in the genitive. The above sentence could thus be Ao no83AKM a MocKBY M3pM y
But notice that the simpler K2ull ('When') Mbl aepHiMCR M3 Kl4eaa ... has the same meaning.

288

TIME EXPRESSIONS

'Until' with a verb is nod ... He:

Sl 6YAY JKA8Tb B 6ape, nod OHil He aepHeTCfl. I'll wait in the bar until she returns(= will return).

noKil Bbl He ASAMTe MH8 6Mmh, fl He YMAY· Until you give rne a ticket I won't leave.

EXERCISE 23/3

Translate the words in brackets: I (After I master Russian), fl npo~tMTSIO «AHHY KapeHMHy». 2 BSAMM 6yAeT CMAI!Tb AOMa, (until Eva rings). 3 Bbl AOmKHbl cnpf'iT&Tb 6YTiilnKy, (before Eva comes home),

EXERCISE 23/4

Say in Russian: · 1 We went to Russia last year. 2 Life will be better in the twenty-first century. 3 Next week we'll go to Siberia. 4 In the summer Eva and Vadim will go to Yalta for a month. 5 That day we got up at 6 a.m. 6 Ivan Petrovich lived in America for two years. 7 He'll be working all week. 8 I've been there twice. 9 Mary read War and Peace in sixty-two hours. 10 During the war they worked eighty hours a week.

23.7 Vocabulary BK4eHT accent 6M6nMoTeKa library 6nMlKilMWMM next, nearest 6YAHMe AHM (or 6YAHM pl.) weekdays

aCTpl!'ta meeting AMpeKTOP pl. AMpeKTopil director AOBOnbHO rather 38BMAOB8Tb' (n0-0 ) (+ dat.) 38BMAYIO, 38BMAY8Wb to envy

6biBSTb' (like 3H8Tb) to be (repeatedly/often)

aeK pl. aeKa century BM38 visa

(someone)

388X8Tb0 388p.y, 388A&Wb K (+ dat.) (3883lK&Tb' like 3H&Tb) to call on someone (by transport)

289

LESSON 23

38Kii3bJB&Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.)

nOCbJnllTb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.)

(38K838Tb" 38K8:1Kj, 38Kll:JKeWb) to order 38MecntTenb (m) deputy

(nocniiTb" nowmo, nownewb) to send (someone or something) no33MR poetry no3T poet

3BY'f8Tb' (like roaopriiTb) to sound

npepaitTb"npepay,npepaewb

(something)

3TO 3BY'fMT CM8WH6 that sounds funny

(+ace.) (npepbJBllTb' like 3H&Tb) to interrupt

M3AfiTenbCTBO publishing house KOHTllKT contact

npecTapllnbJM aged npMli3A arrival

KOHTp{lKT contract

npriiHJ.!Mn principle

KOp6TKMM short

pacnpOCTpaHeHHbJM common,

widespread

M8HRTb(CR)' M8HRIO(Cb), MeHIIewb(CR) to change -for

CMewH6 (it's) funny

·CR see 11.6 (end)

cp6K period of time; time limit

MMHMCTepCTBO ministry

CTMXM (pl. Of CTMX) gen.pl. CTMX6B

poetry

OAHll:JKAbl once, one day

OnYAB from there

CyYKM (f pl.) gen. pl. CyYOK twenty-

napMKMllxepCK8R(fadj) hairdresser's, barber's

CBRT6M (m adj) saint

neperoa6pbl (m pl.) negotiations,

TOrAllwHMM (coli) then (adj)

four hours (22 .1 0)

talks

Y'fpe:JKAliHMe institution; office

BecTM neperoa6pbl to conduct

yMMpllTb' (like 3H&Tb) (yMepliTb")

to die

negotiations no ( + ace.) up to and including (17.12)

x6Tb even

nOAnMciiTb" nOAnMWj,

WyYMTb' (no-•) WY'fy, WyYMWb

~rilpMa

firm, company

to joke

noAnrilwewb (noAnMCbJB8Tb' like 3H&Tb) (+ace.) to sign

3K38MeH examination

no3Ap{lBMTb" (+ace.) no3Apllan10, nO:JApllBMWb (n03AP8BnRTb' like 3H8Tb) to congratulate

3MMrprilpOB8Tb '1" 3MMrprilpyJO 3MMrprilpyewb to emigrate an6xa era, epoch

290

TIME EXPRESSIONS

23.8 Pa3roaop B&AMM: no3ApSBb M8HR! '"4epe3 M8cRI.I M8HR nOCblnSIOT B KOM8HAMPOBKY B n6HAOH. Eaa: n03AP8BnRIO- ... 38BMAYIO· CKOnbKO BpeMeHM Tbl 6YA8Wb B AHrmtM? BSAMM: c ABSA48Tb A8BRTOro MSR no nepaoe MIOHR. K COJKaneHMIO, R 8AY acer6 Ha '48Tblpe AHR. Eaa: '"4T6 Tbl ycneewb yai4AeTb 38 T&Koi Kop6TKMM cp6K? BSAMM: HaaepHoe, TonbKo CMTM, co66p caRToro naana M, MOJKeT 6b1Tb, 5Mr 5eH. BeAb R 6YAY aecb A8Hb aecTM neperoaopbl B p83Hb1X Y'4peJKAeHMRX. Eaa: Tbl 8AeWb n6e3AOM ilnM neTMWb? BaAI4M: ne'4y, KOH8'4HO. Ha n6e3Ae HSAO exaTb no'4TM AB6e CYTOK, a Ha caMoneTe R AOn8'4y 38 TPM c nonoai4HoM '4&ca. 5MneT R A6nJKeH 38K&38Tb yJKe cer6AHR, AO nRTM '4ac6a. A K&KI4e y Te6R nnaHbl Ha cer6AHR? Eaa: ft llAY B 6M6nMOT8Ky. noTOM R 388AY K BMKTopy naanOBM'4Y a MHCTM$ Ha non'4aca. 0rrYAS R MAY a napMKM8xepcKyiO. ft Te6e no3BOHIO 6Kono weCTI4, nocne Toro K&K aepHycb. BSAMM: ft aepHycb M3 ropoAS He p{IHbwe nonoai4Hbl wecToro. MeHbwe '4eM 38 TPM '4aca R 6MneT He AOCTaHy. noT6u 38MAY K Bon6Ae. H6 R He YMAY· nod Tbl He no3BOHMWb. Eaa: Tbl MAeWb K Bon6Ae? BSAMM: He 6ecnoKOMCR. Tbl JKe 3Haewb, '4TO a 6yAHMe AHM Mbl COBC8M He n~M.


Two Businessmen Meet 1 What is Mr Pope's Russian background? 2 Why did his father change his name? 3 What leads him to believe that the business atmosphere in Russia has changed?

KM: 3Ap{IBCTBYMTe, M8HR 30BYT Ky3H81.10B, KOHCTBHTMH MBSHOBM'4. ft

291

LESSON 23

Pn: KM: Pn:

KM: Pn:

KM:

Pn:

38MeCTMTenb AMpeKTopa no KOHTBKTBM c 38py66liKHbiMM MWT8nbCKMMM* cfJMpM8MM. 3APBaCTBYMTe, KOHCT8HTMH MaltHOBM"'. Moil cfJ8MMnMA noyn. PM"'BPA noyn. Bba roaopliiTe no-pyccKM no"'TM 6e3 8Kl¥!HT8. Bba ~tllcTo 6baalleTe a PoccliiM? HeT. 3a nocn6AHMe ABBA48Tb neT A 6ban 3A8Cb TonbKO TPM pil38. Ho A roaoplb no-pyccKM c AiiTCTaa. MoM OT{n~ 3MMrplilpoaan M3 PoccliiM a H&"'ilne ABBAI.IllTbiX rOAOB, ao apeMA rp~DKA8HCKOM* BOMHbl. Ero cfJ8MMnMA TOrAS 6blna nonoa, HO "'epe3 ABB roAB nocne npM63A8 a AHrnMIO oH pewliln cT&Tb noynOM. no"'eMy? BeAb .. noyn» - 3To mina* pliiMCKMM. XoTil a PoccliiM nonoa - OAHll M3 cilMbax pacnpocTpaHeHHbax «
292

TIME EXPRESSIONS

*Additional Vocabulary BTOpaR nonOBMHa AHR afternoon ('second half of the day')

nii1A8P leader nana pliiMCKMA the Pope ('Father

rpa*A&HcKaR aoAHa civil war MaA{ITellbCKMi publishing (adj)

Roman')

293

24 YPOK HOMEP ABAA4ATb ~ETbiPE NEGATION; PLACE OF HE

24.1 Key Phrases Sl 3Toro He 3Hlln(a). He o6pau-\luiiTe BHMMilHMH. Sl He nOHMMliiO HM OAHOr6 cn6aa. He-tero A8naTb.

I didn't know that. Pay no attention. I don't understand a single word. There is nothing to do.

24.2 Genitive or Accusative after a Negated Verb There is a general rule which says: if a transitive' verb (a verb which takes the accusative case) has He in front of it, the object is in the genitive, not the accusative: OH 3HlleT pyccKMiii H3biK. OH .tte 3HlleT pyccK~ H3b1Kil. 0Hil 'IMTllna pyccK.!!§ KHMr!f. 0Hil.tte 'IMTllna pyccKMX KHM[.

He knows Russian. He doesn't know Russian. She read Russian books. She didn't read Russian books.

Notice these set phrases: MrpilTb p6nb (face.) 3-ro He MrpileT p6nl!t (gen.). o6palq{lnJo6paTMTb BHMMiiHM8 (ace.) OH He o6paiq{leT BHMMliHMB (gen.).

to play a role That doesn't matter/plays no part. to take note/pay attention He pays no attention.

294

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE

MMeTb 3H&IIfeHMe (ace.) 3-fo .He MMHT 3H811feHMB (gen.).

to have meaning/significance It's of no importance.

However, this genitive rule often does not apply, particularly in conversational Russian. If the negation relates to the verb more than the noun, the accusative is preferred: He OTKpbtB{UitTe OKH2 (ace.).

Don't open the window (emphasis on 'Don't open'). I don't know that woman (stressing 'don't know'). Kuznetsov didn't understand Mr Pope's joke (stressing 'didn't understand').

Sl He 3HSIO 3-ry lKeHtqMHX (ace.). Ky3He1.16B He n6HHn WYTKX (ace.) MMCTepa noyna.

Rules of Thumb I If the object is strongly negated, the object must be in the genitive, particularly if a word such as HMK&KOM 'no kind of' (see 24.7) or HM OAMH 'not a single' is present, or if in English you would use 'any' ('I didn't buy any souvenirs'):

I don't understand a single word. I didn't buy any souvenirs (at all).

Sl He nOHMMSIO HM OAHQ[Q cnoaa. Sl He KYnMn HMK&KMx cyaeHM~.

2 Use the genitive if the object is an abstract noun, something indefinite or the word 3To: He o6p&tqSMTe BHMMSHMH (gen.). Sl He llfMTSto ra38T (gen.). SI3TQ~ll (gen.) He roaopr.in(a).

Pay no attention. I don't read newspapers. I didn't say that.

3 Use the accusative if the object is a definite person or definite thing (e.g. with 'the' in front of it): Sl Eax He nto6ntb (ace.). Sl He llfMTiln r&HT)! (ace.).

I don't like Eva. I haven't read the newspaper.

4 If in doubt, use the genitive.

295

LESSON 24

24.3 EXTRA: Explanation

There is a connection between the use of the genitive after a negated verb and the use of the genitive after HeT meaning 'there isn't' (10.5 HeT ra38T 'There are no newspapers'). If you say S1 He 'tMTSIO raaeT (gen.), the statement is akin to 'There are no newspapers which I read'. But in a sentence such as He OTKpbiBSMTe OKHQ (ace.) 'Don't open the window', you are not saying that there is no window, so the accusative is used. S1 He alf•y nMCbMQ (ace.). S1 He alf•y nMCbMB (gen.).

I can't see the letter (but I know it's there somewhere). I can't see a (any) letter (maybe there isn't one).

24.4 Place of He

He is placed in front of what it negates. Usually that is the verb, but it can be other parts of the sentence, depending on the meaning. Eaa He Kynlfna aHaHaca (gen.). Eva didn't buy a pineapple. Eaa Kynlfna He aHaHac (ace.), Eva bought not a pineapple, 8 T6pT. but a cake. AHaHac Kynlfna He Eaa (nom.), a It wasn't Eva who bought the

BaAMM (for word order see 26.8).

pineapple, but Vadim.

Notice that the genitive instead of accusative rule (24.2) only applies when He goes with the verb.

Note the construction S1 He MOrj He + infinitive, which is the equivalent of 'I can't help' or 'I can't avoid': S1 He MOrj He KynMTb noA&poK (ace.).

I can't not(= I must) buy a present.

The meaning is positive, because the two He's cancel each other, so the noun is accusative.

296


24.5 EXTRA: Another Negative Oddity

Phrases which are equivalent in meaning to HeT 'there isn't' sometimes have the genitive instead of the nominative (and the verb is singular): CMHU aHaHacm~ (gen.) He CYU48CTBjeT. Blue pineapples don't exist (cy114eCTBOBBTb' 'to exist')= CMHMX aHaHacoa HeT. There are no blue pineapples.

He H8Wn6cb HM OAHQ[Q MHTepeCHQ[Q My>K•UiiHil! (gen.). There wasn't a single interesting man (HaMntcb 'to find itself').

Sometimes this structure is overused, as in this comic example:

(Someone is attacking a queue-jumper) Bac (gen.) 3A8Cb He CTOIIno! 'You weren't standing here!' (by analogy with Bac (gen.) 3A8Cb He 6btno 'You weren't here'). Normal would be Bbl (nom.) 3AeCb He cTollnM.

EXERCISE 24/1

Put the nouns in the genitive and translate: I He o6paU4BttTe H& HMX (BHMMBHMe). 2 Sl He Kyn.tn (HM OAMH nOABpoK). 3 Mbt He xoTMM (3To). 4 TypreHea He pa3Aenlln (a3rniiAb1) 6a38poaa (Ex. 21/5}.

EXERCISE 24/2

Say in Russian: I I won't give (p) you (pol.} a single kopeck. 2 Why didn't you (f fam) buy (p) any wine? 3 Don't buy that book. 4 It wasn't Vadim who bought (p) the wine.

5 I'll come (p) not on Friday but on Saturday.

297

LESSON 24

EXTRA: Exercise 24/3 Choose between the accusative and the genitive: I Sl He nbiO BMH6/BMH8 'I don't drink wine'. 2 0Ha He AOCTana 6MneT/6MneTa 'She didn't manage to get a ticket'. 3 AHIO!AHM Mbl

cer6AHR He BMAenM 'We didn't see Anya today'. 4 He Tepili.t apeMRIBpeMeHM 'Don't waste any time' (Tepi1Tb1 'to lose').

24.6 Nothing, Nobody, Never You have already met negative words such as HMKorA{l 'never' (16.10) and R HM'fer6 He BMAen 'I saw nothing' (11.8). The common ones are:

HMKTO HM'fTO(gen. HM'fer6)

nobody nothing

HMrAe

nowhere (place)

HMKYAS HMKSK

nowhere (motion) in noway

Any sentence with one (or more) of these words always has He before the verb. A Russian negative sentence must have a He in it somewhere.

HMKT6 He 3HaeT.

Nobody knows.

Mbl HMKYAS He XOAMmt.

We didn't go anywhere/We went nowhere.

Sl HMKSK He Morj OTKpbrrb ABepb. I just can't open the door. OH HMKorA& HM'fer6 He noK}'na&T. He never buys anything ('He never nothing doesn't buy'). Note that HMKT6 'nobody' and HM'fT6 'nothing' have the same declensions as KT6 'who' and 'fT6 'what' (Table 4):

Sl HMKOr6 (gen./ace.) He 3HBIO. B Mara31i1He HM'fer6 (gen.) HeT.

I don't know anybody. There's nothing in the shop

(HeT 'there isn't' from He + ecTb).

If there is a preposition, it comes between the HM and the rest of the word:

298


ElaAMM HM c KeM (inst.) He roaopl4n. Vadim didn't talk to (with) anyone. Bepa HM 38 'tTO (ace.) He nnaTMT. Vera doesn't pay for anything.

EXERCISE 24/4 Translate the negative words in brackets:

l Bon6AH (never) noMoraeT MeHe 'Volodia never helps his wife.' 2 Mbl (nothing) noHMMaeM 'We don't understand anything.' 3 0Ha He 38HMMBeTCH (anything- inst.) 'She doesn't do anything.' 4 Sl He nonyotato

nl4ceM oT (anybody). 5 B KHMre (there was nothing) MHTepecHoro. 6 6aHaHOB (there aren't anywhere).

24.7 HMKaKoiit: 'no' HMK&KOM 'no'(= 'none at all') is declined like K&KOM (7.8). Any preposition comes between HM and K&KOM:

Y Hac HeT HMK&KMX npaa.

We have no rights (at all).

6H He ocTaHOBMTCH HM nepeA

No difficulties of any kind will stop him.

K8KMMM TPYAHOCTHMM. HM npM K&KMX o6cTofl'renbCTBax in no circumstances (of any kind)

24.8 HeKoro, He'tero: There is No One/Nothing Russian has another set of negative words which all begin with stressed He and which translate as 'there is no one/nothing etc.'

HeKoro cnpoci4Tb. Heotero AenaTb.

There is no one to ask. There is nothing to do.

The verb is always in the infinitive (i or p depending on meaning). You may add the person affected - in the dative case:

MHe HeKoro cnpoci4Tb.

There is no one for me to ask (I have no one to ask).

111M Hl!'tero AenaTb.

There is nothing for them to do (They have nothing to do).

299

LESSON 24

Remember that a Russian negative sentence contains one He, so do not try to put another He before the verb. As with HMKT6 etc., the other case forms are based on the forms of KTO and 'ITO (see 24.6) and any preposition comes between the He and the form of KTO or 'ITO: Hj c MM. noroaoptiTb.

There is no one to talk to (with).

Ht oT K2C2 nonY'fllTb

There is no one from whom (I) could

nticeM.

receive letters.

The future is formed with 6yAeT and the past with 6blno: HaM Hi o ~ 6b1no roaoptiTb.

We had nothing to talk about. (No dots on 'feM because stress on He)

The other words in the set are HerAe 'there is nowhere' (place), HeKyA& 'there is nowhere' (motion) and HeKOrA& 'there is no time', based on rAe 'where', KYAll 'where'/'whither', and KorAll 'when'. HerAe C8CTb. HaM HeKyAa MATti.

There is nowhere to sit down. There is nowhere for us to go. (We have nowhere to go.)

MATM 6bln0 H8KYA8· MHe HeKorA&.

There was nowhere to go. I haven't got time.

EXERCISE 24/5

Translate: 1 B 3TOM ropoAe H8'fero A8naTb a8'fepoM. HeKYA8 noihti. HerAe nMTb KoetJe tinM ntiao ('beer'). HaM cKj'IHo. 2 B&AtiM He 3HlleT, Bepa He 3HlleT, MaptiHa M BtiKTop T6JKe He 3Hll10T. 66nbwe HeKoro cnpoctiTb. 3 M3BMHMTe, R He MOrY BaM noMO'fb. MHe HeKOrAa, R o'feHb cnewy (cneWMTb1 'to hurry'). 4 8 Kacl»& He 6bln0 HMKOro. He C K8M 6bln0 noroaoptiTb. 5 M3pM npO'fMTana TypreHeaa AOMa a AHrnMM, noToMy 'ITO OHll 3HBna, 'ITO B MOCKBe 'fMTBTb eiil 6YA8T H8KOrA8.

300


24.9 Vocabulary (See also list of He- and HM- words 24.6, 24.8.) 8HBHBC pineapple aambTa currency, hard currency BI18CTM gen.pl. BllBCTerii pl. of anacTb (f) power, authorities BHMMllHMe attention o6patq8Tb' (like 3H&Tb)/ o6pantTbp (o6pau.cy, o6paTMWb) BHMMiiHMe H8 (+ace.) to pay attention to rpynna group 3H&'"IeHMe meaning, significance HM ... HM neither ... nor HMrAe nowhere HMK&K6rii no; none at all; any (24.7) o6CToirrenbCTBO circumstance nepelKMBllTb' (like 3HBTb) to be upset, worry He nepe*"Bllrii(Te) don't be upset nll&TMTb' (38-") nll&'"ly, nnaTMWb (38 + ace.) to pay (for) no6b1Bi1Tbp (no i) (like 3H&Tb) (+prep.) to visit (somewhere) nOA&PMTb' nOA&plb, noA8pMWb (AapMTb0 ) to give, present npilao pl. npaaa right npeKpiiCHbiM beautiful, fine npMAYMBTbp (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) (npMAYMbiBBTb' like 3H8Tb) to

think up, invent npoA{IlK& sale p&CTM' (Bbi·P) pacTj, p&CTeWb (pastp6c,pocnil,pocn6, pocnl4) to grow C8MOCTORTellbHO independently ('self standing') CllY'"!llriiHo bychance cneKyniiHT speculator (black marketeer) cnewMTb' (no-P) cnewj, cnewMwb cnewiT (Spelling Rules 3 and 4) to hurry cnpilaKa gen.pl. cnpaaoK (piece of) information cT6MTb' to cost, be worth He CT6MT ( + i inf) it's not worth cyMKa gen.pl. cyMOK bag, shopping bag

Toproa(e)LI (+ in st.) trader (dealing in) TPYAHOCTb (f) difficulty ylKe He no longer 1.18PKOBb (f) gen./dat./prep. 48pKBM, inst. 1.18PKOBbiO, pl. 1.18PKBM,I.IepKBiiX,LiepKBerii, 4epKB8M, LlepKBiiMM church

301

LESSON 24

24.10 A Pineapple, but No

Banana~

Eaa: 3To* Bbl npMHecnlil aHaHac? Bn: HeT, Jl HMK&K6ro BH&Haca He npMHOCMn. rAe Bbl BMAenM 8H&Hae? Eaa: TaHR roaopliiT, 'fTO Ha Kjx:He a eyMKe ne1KMT aHaHac. Bn: He o6paaq{li4Te BHMMBHMR Ha To, 'fT6 roaopliiT TaHR. OHa HMKOrAB B 1KM3HM He BMAena BH&Haea. 0Ha AB1Ke He 3HaeT, 'fTO 3TOT&K6e*.

* BSAMM: Eaa, no'feMy Tbl eKa38na MapliiHe, 'fT6 Ha KyxHe ne1KMT BH&Hac? Eaa: 3To* He R eKa38na, a TliHR. 3To* oHa npMAYMana. BSAMM: HeT, oHa 3ToT aH&Hae He npMAYM&na. S1 ero Kynliln cny'fai4Ho Ha pbiHKe. S1 xoTen noA&PMTb er6 MapliiHe M BliiKTopy. Tenepb 3TO y.e He CIOpnpM3. Eaa: He nepe1KMaai4. 3To He MM8eT 3H&'feHMR. Bee paaH6* 3To npeKpaeHbiM noA&poK. *3To is used colloquially for emphasis: 'Was it you who brought the pineapple?' 'It wasn't I who said it, it was Tanya.' *'fTO 3TO T8K6e what it is *Bee paaHo ( 11.8) All the same.

* S1 He MOrj KynMTb 68HBHOB. IIIX HMrAe HeT. M3pM: Bon6AJ1: Ill He CT6MT MX MedTb. S1 HMKorA& HMrAe He BMAen a PoceliiM 6&HBHOB, HM HB pbiHKe, HM y cneKynRHTOB. 68HBHbl 3A8Cb HepaCTjT. M3pM: Ill Bbl AYM&eTe, 'fT6 MX HMKorA& He 6yA9T HM npM KBKMX o6CToRTenbCTaax? Bon6AJ1: HeT, R3Toro He roaop.O. PaHbwe y Hae He 6blno aaniOTbl, He Ha 'fT6 6blno Mx noKynaTb. H6 eK6po y acex 6yAeT B&niOTB, TOrAB npOXOAB* He 6yAeT OT TOpr6BI.IeB 6&HBH8MM. *npox6A& He 6yAeT OT + gen. there will be no way of avoiding

302



A Tourist Negotiates with Intourist 1 A tourist (T) wants to go to the religious centre in the town of Sergievskii Posad (formerly Zagorsk), 74 km NE of Moscow. Why is the lntourist woman (M) initially unwilling to assist? 2 Why does the tourist reject her offer of the Friday excursion? 3 If he accepts her second proposal, how much notice must he give? 4 Why shouldn't he go at the weekend?

T: CK8)1(MTe, no•anyliiCTa, abl He MO)I(eTe nOACK83ilTb', K8K MHe noex&Tb a CeprMeaCKMM noc&A? Sl CnbiW&n, 'fTO T8M MHOrO KpacilabiX 1.1epKaelii. ~ xo'fy noexaTb OAMH, 6e3 riiA&. M: K C0)1(8neHMIO, R He MOrj aaM noMO'fb. Mbl npOA8iM 6MnSTbl TOnbKO H8 3KCKypcMM. CnpaaoK Mbl He A&iM. A ecnM abl XOTMTe noeX&Tb C8MOCTORTenbHO, TO, K C0)1(8neHMIO, R He MOrj aaM HM'feM nOMO'fb. T: Sl xo'fy noexaTb a CeprMeacKMiii noc&A, M HMKT6 MHe He MO)I(eT noMO'fb, MA&•e He MOryT nOACKa3ilTb, K&K MHe npoexaTb TVAS· M: Ha aoK3ilne aaM ace cKS.yY. A Mbl KOMMep'tecKaR' opraHM3ili.IMR M38HMMSeMCR npOA8)1(eM ycnyr> M6MneTOa H8 3KCKypCMM. T: noHfn'Ho. H6 ace paaH6 R xo'fy no6bla8Tb a CeprMeacKoM noc&Ae. M: no•anyliicTa, abl MO)I(eTe noexaTb c rpynnolii a nRTHMLIY· T: Cnacil6o. H6 R He XO'fy eX&Tb C rpynnolii. Sl XO'fy noex&Tb caM, C8MOCTORTenbHO. M: TorA& abl MO)I(eTe 38K&3ilTb MawiiHy M riiA& 38 cjTKM AO no83AKM. T: M6•Ho noexaTb TVAS c riiAOM a mo661ii A8Hb? M: B nl0661ii AeHb, Kp6Me cy666Tbl " aocKpeceHbR. T: CK8)1(MTe, a no'feMy Henb3s1 a cy666Ty M aocKpeceHw? M: B npiiHL!Mne MO)I(HO, H6 1.1epK6aHb1e' anaCTM' nonpocilnM, '4T06bl Mbl He nocblnanM TypilcToa no cy666TaM MaocKpeceHbRM. 0Hil 6bl He XOTenM, '4T06bl MX 6eCnOKOMnM ao apeMR 6orocny)l(eHMM.' T: noHRTHO.Cnacil6o. M: no•anyliicTa.

One often gets the impression in Russia that officials are programmed to be unhelpful. But if you are politely insistent and always take the trouble

303

LESSON 24

to ask three times for what you want, they will often soften up. In Russia, never expect to do business quickly.

*Additional Vocabulary 6orocnp6HMe (church) service KOMM6potecKMiii commercial noACK&36Tb to suggest

ycnyra service 48PKOBHbllii church (adj)

304

25 YP6K H6MEP ABAA~ATb nstTb DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS

25.1 Key phrases Bo3bMMTe cTaKBH'4MK. XoTMTe -.aliiKy? AflliiTe Konee-.Ky, nolKilnyliicTa?

Take a glass. Would you like a little tea? Would you have a one-kopeck coin?

25.2 Diminutives

In informal conversations with Russians, you begin to notice that large numbers of everyday words are given suffixes such as ·MK and ·'4K8. These forms are known collectively as 'diminutives'', denoting smallness, like -let in English (booklet, coverlet). So, cT6nMK is literally 'small table' and co68'4K8 is 'small dog'. In most cases, however, the intended meaning is not smallness but politeness, tenderness or some related emotion. English has a similar phenomenon in the use of the ending -ie ('a doggie', 'Johnny', 'Annie'), but relatively few words, other than personal names, can have endings such as -ie or -let, at least in standard English. In Russian, as well as personal names, every noun can be made into a diminutive. Where in English you might offer a friend 'a nice cup of tea', a Russian offers -.aliiKy, 'some little tea', forming the partitive' ('some') genitive of -.a(e)K, the 'diminutive' of -.alii 'tea'. And the tea may come in a CTaKiiH'4MK 'a little glass' from CTaKiiH 'glass'. Diminutives are an important part of friendliness and politeness in everyday Russian.

305

LESSON 25

They are also essential if you have to deal with Russian children, or read a children's story. All hands are little hands, all foxes are little foxes, and many of the words may be hard to find in your pocket dictionary unless you know the basic rules for forming diminutives. The rules are fairly simple, which is why dictionaries do not normally list diminutives. Here are some examples of diminutives. Look for the patterns. Diminutive form 6paT

brother

6pSTMK

little brother

BOAB

water

BOAM'fK8

a little water

B6AK8

vodka

B6AO'fK8

a little vodka

A6M

house

A6MMK

cottage

M368

peasant cottage

M36ywKa

little cottage

KHiilra

book

KHM>KK8

small book

K6MH8T8

room

K6MH8TK8

little room

HBAenR

week

HBAenbKa

little week

Hora

foot, leg

H6>KK8

little foot, little leg

OKH6

window

OK6WKO

little window

nMCbM6

letter

nMCbM846

little letter

nn6148Ab

square

nno~Ka

piece of ground;

peKA pyK8

river

p{!'fKa

stream, rivulet

hand, arm

pYlfK8

little hand, little arm

CBCTp8

sister

cecrplil'fKa

little sister

CT8KSH

glass

CT8KSH'fMK

little glass

CTeHa

wall

CT8HK8

partition: a set of

staircase landing

wall units (shelves and cupboards) CT6n

table

CT6nMK

small table;

cryn

chair

CTjnb'fMK

small chair

'fSWK8

cup

'fSWB'fK8

little cup

restaurant table

'Diminutives' suggest smallness, and CT6nMK is indeed a small table, for example a restaurant table as distinct from a domestic dining-table. However, much of the time, so-called 'diminutives' have little to do with size. Their main stylistic colourings are tenderness, familiarity or politeness.

306

DIMINUTIVES: PROPER NAMES: POLITENESS

If someone offers you CT&KBH'fMK COK8 ' a little glass of juice', it will be no s~aller than a normal CT&KSH 'glass'. Some diminutives are particularly frequent. People commonly call a kopeck coin KOn8e'fKa 'little kopeck', rather than KoneiKa. Within families AO'fK8 'little daughter' is much commoner than AO'fb, and forms such as MBMO'fK& (from MaMa) and nano'fKa (from nana) are much used. A8AYWK8 'granddad' is commoner than A8A 'grandfather', and the originally diminutive 686ywKa 'granny' (686a 'old woman') is now the standard word for 'grandmother'. Foreign learners need to be able to recognize diminutives rather than to form and use them. If you do bother to add the common ones to your active vocabulary, it is worth noting that diminutives have the advantage of regular grammatical endings and predictable stress. So a difficult word like C8CTpS (pl. CKTpbl, CecTep, CKTp8M) becomes quite regular if you use the form C8CTPM48 (pl. C8CTPMf.tbl, cecTpMf.t, C8CTPM48M). Some general points: (I) Any noun can have several diminutives. To the 'everyday' diminutive

(examples above), further suffixes can be added- with further nuances of greater tenderness, familiarity, derision and so on. For example, from ceCTPM48 'little sister' can be formed the more affectionate 'double diminutive' cecTpM'tKa, and from cecTpM'tKa comes the colloquial 'triple diminutive' cecTpM'tYWKa 'darling little sisterlet' (diminutives are notoriously hard to translate). There are other variants too, e.g. cecTpiiHK8 and cecTpeHO'tK8. 11136ywKa (from M368 'peasant cottage') produces the even more affectionate form M36yw8'fK8. Here we shall restrict ourselves to 'everyday' diminutives. (2) 'Everyday' diminutives normally keep the same gender as the base noun. Feminine diminutives normally end -Ka (always unstressed): ronoaa A6'fb ne'fb

head daughter stove

ron6aKa A0otK8 n&'tKa

little head little daughter little stove

Nouns whose normal forms end with -Ka or a group of consonants have -otKa: 3Be3Aii MrpywKS

star toy

3BUAO'fK8 MrpyW8'fK8

307

little star; asterisk little toy

LESSON 25

KoneiKa nauna pyKa

kopeck lamp hand, arm

KOnertK8 n6MnO'IK8 pY'fK8

one-kopeck coin little lamp; bulb little hand or arm

The last consonant before the -a often changes:

AOpOra HOrB CTapjxa

road leg, foot old woman

AOpO)I(J(8 HOlKK8 CT8pYWK8

little road; path

AHP!.¥1 MKOpK8 Kypo'4K8 ynO'IK8

little door, car door

little leg or foot little old woman

Other variations:

AB8Pb MKpa KjpMq& ynMqa

door caviare hen street

nice caviare little hen little street, lane

Masculine nouns add -MK (unstressed) or -(6)K:

r6PGA cnoaapb CT6n

town, city dictionary table

Some nouns (with -n, ·M, ·H, -p)

6oKBn CT8KBH

wineglass glass, tumbler

rOPGA(6)K cnoaapMK CTOnMK

small town small dictionary small table

add ·'IMK: 6oKBnb'4MK CT8KBH'4MK

little wineglass little glass

Sometimes there are consonant changes:

APYr CTapMK

friend old man

APYlK(6)K CTapM'I(O)K

pal little old man

Neuter nouns have a variety of (neuter) endings:

AMO

matter, piece

A'nb148

small matter

A8p8B'40/ A6p8B'48 38Jian6HbMI48 nM'IMKO M8C'1'6'1KO OK6Hifi/OKOWKO nMCb118i46

little tree

of business

A8Peao

tree

38JIBn6HMe nMI.46

application face

M6CTo

place

OKH6 nMCbMO

window letter

308

small application little face little place little window little letter

DIMINUTIVES: PROPER NAMES: POLITENESS

nn8Tb8 cn6ao c6nHI.I8 jxo fl6nOKO

dress word sun ear apple

nnaTbMI.I8 cnOBI.IO c6nHbiWKO YWKO fl6nO'fKO

little dress little word little sun little ear little apple

EXAMPLES ~MTe,noMdlnyMCT8,CT8KBH'fMK

'f&sl. (CT8KSH 'glass') XontTe 'fawe'fKY K6cj)e? ('fSWK8 'cup'} npMXOAMTe 'f8pe3 H8AllnbKy. (H8AllnH 'week') noM<8nyMCT8, nMWMTe 38HBn8HbMI.I8. (38HaneHMe 'application')

Could I trouble you for a glass of tea? Would you like a nice cup of coffee? Could I ask you to come back in a week or so? Would you mind writing an official request?

EXERCISE 25/1

Find the non-diminutive forms of the diminutives in the following and suggest translations of the phrases: 1 Sales assistant: Y sac HeT ~
309

LESSON 25

25.3 Proper Names

As mentioned in 6.10, 'diminutive' (or 'intimate') forms of proper names are very popular in Russia as ways of indicating affection, familiarity and so on. Here are examples of the large range of possibilities. (There is also scope for individual creativity.) From MapMR: (Commoner forms) MapycR, MapycaHbK&, Mapyceo.tKB, MapycbK&, Map.tliiKa, MapbiOWKa, MapbRwa, Mawa, MaweHbKa, MawKa, MaHR, MaHe'tKa, MaHbKa, MycR, MyceHbK&, Myceo.tKa, MycbKa, Mapa, Mypa, Mypoo.tKa, MapRTa. (Rarer forms) Mawe'tK&, Map.twa, MapR, Map!OHR, MapyHR, MapynR, MynR, MacH, MadTa, MapiOTa, Maplbxa, Mapyxa, Maplbwa, Mapywa, Mywa, MaHIOHR, MaHIOpa, MaHibcR, MaHIOTa, MaHIOxa, MaHIOwa, MaHRTK&, MaKa, MaHRwa, MawiHR, Maw6HR, MawyKa, MawyHR, MyHR, Mawypa, Mawapa, MawjTa, MjTa, Mawyxa, M6pR. From Bn&AMMMp:

nw.

Bn&,qMMMpywKa, Bn8Afl, 88Afl, Baaa, BaaynR, BaaycR, BonOAfl, BonoAIOKa, BonOAIOxa, BonOAIOWa, BonOARKa, BonOARXB, BonOARW&,86aa,BoaynR,BoayHR,BoaycR,Boaywa,B6nR.

25.4 'Diminutive' Adjectives

Adjectives can be given the same connotation of affection or 'niceness' by replacing the final ·blliil-61ii or -KMiii with -aHbKMiii. So uonoAOiii 'young' becomes uon6AeHbKMiii 'nice and young'; XVA61ii 'thin' becomes XVA8HbKMiii 'thin in a nice way' (slim);' cripbllii 'old' becomes

I In a culture where fat tends to be regarded as a good thing (it keeps the cold out), there are some features of the Russian language which should intrigue westerners obsessed with slimming. Note that XYA6i 'thin' also means 'bad', nonp{IBMTbCR 'to get fatter' also means 'to get better'. :IKMPHbllii 'fat' has associations with richness (:IKMPHbllii Kyc6K 'fatty piece' is used of something tempting), and the phrase c JKii!py 6ecliiTbCR 'to be in a rage because of fat' means 'to be too well off'.

310

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS

cripeHbKMM 'attractively old'. An equivalent feature of English is the use of 'small' and 'little'. 'Small' is a neutral description of size ('a small dog') while 'little' means 'attractively small' ('a little dog'). Note, however, that the adjective MBneHbKMM 'small', originally formed from MBnbiM 'small' with the same ending -eHbKMM, has lost its positive connotation of niceness and is now a neutral word. Its hypocoristic (affectionate) equivalent is M81110ceHbKMM 'little'/'little tiny' or MiceHbKMM, a children's nursery word.

Sf mo6nl0 T8KMe AOMMKM, K8K BBW, CTBpeHbKM8 p,a TenneHbKM8. I'm very fond of little houses like yours, nice and old, nice and warm.

25.5 Politeness Phrases Apologies M3BMHMTe (38 +ace.). . . Excuse me/l'm sorry (for) .. . npocyroiTe (38 +ace.). . . Excuse me/l'm sorry (for) .. . Sl A6mutt {Aorulot{l) M38MHMTbcA. I must apologize (more formal). M3BMHMTeJrlpocTMTe 38 ono3AiHMe. M3BMHMTe 38 6ecnoK6MCTBO. npocyroiTe, A He&tiAHHO. M3BMHMTe, A cosceM He XOTen(a) aac o6MA8Tb. Pa3peWMTe npoMTM.

I'm sorry I'm late. Sorry for troubling you. I'm sorry, it was accidental. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to offend you. Excuse me (when you want someone to let you pass).

Responses to Apologies nolKilnyMCT8. HM
That's all right. It doesn't matter (lit. 'nothing'). There's no need to. Forget it (informal). It's nothing. Nothing to worry about.

311

LESSON 25

Requests M3BMHMTe 38 6ecnoK6McTao. 5YAbTe Ao6Pbl ... EcnM aaM He TPYAHO .. . CAenalitte OAOmKeHMe .. .

Excuse me for troubling you. Would you mind ... ('Be so good ... '). If it isn't too much trouble ... Could you do me a favour?

npocTr.tTe, y aac He 6yAeT ABYX KoneeK, 'IT06bl no3BOHMTb? Excuse me, could you let me have two kopecks to make a phone call?

Note how the Russian polite negative ('you won't have two kopecks?') often corresponds to the English use of the conditional.

EXERCISE 25/2

Translate:

1 npocTr.tTe, R He xoTen aac o6r.tAeTb. 2 M3BMHMTe, R, Ka)l(eTcR, 38HRn aawe MecTo. 3 npocTMTe, noJKanylitcTa, R aaM He noMewan? 4 M3aMHMTe, ecnM He TPYAHO, npMHecrotTe 'IMCTbiM CT&KaH. 5 5YAbTe Ao6Pbl, Bbl He cKaJKeTe, rAe 3A8Cb n6'1Ta?

25.6 Acceptance Sl HM'Iero He MMeiO npOTMB. Sl He np6'1bl OXOTHO. C YAOB6nbCTBMeM. c PSAOCTbiOI C &enM'ISMWMM YAOBOnbCTBMeM.

I've nothing against (it). I'm willing ('I'm not averse'). Willingly. With pleasure. With pleasure ('With joy'). With the greatest of pleasure.

25.7 Refusal 1113BMHMTe, He MOrj. HMK8K He Morj. Sl 38HRT(S).

I'm sorry but I can't It's quite impossible. I'm busy.

312


"'T6-To MHe He x6oteTcA. HM B K08M cnrcae! HM 38 otTO!

On no account/Out of the question. Not for anything.

HeT Y*l 0rKa3biBaiOCb HaOTpe3.

I absolutely refuse.

I don't feel like it.

I do mean no ('No really').

EXERCISE 25/3

Translate the three dialogues: (a) B Accidentally Bumps Into A A: 611i! 5: 11'13BMHMT8, A H8'4iiAHHO. A: no)l({lnyllicTa, nO)I(SnyllicTa. (b) Acceptance

AHApelli: ,QaaalliTe noeAeM KO MHe. Y M8HH AOMa XOpOWMM KOHbHK. 56pA: Sl He np6otb! BacA: Sl TO)I(e HM'ter6 He MMBIO np6TMB. AHAP611i: Cepe)l(a, Tbl noeAeWb c HiiMM? )l(eHa npMroT6BMT HaM Y*MH. Cepe*a: C YAOB6nbCTBMeM. C aenMotillliwMM YAOB6nbCTBMeM. AHApei: A Tbl, Bon6AA? Bon6AA: C ~ocTbiO! Ox6THO. AHApelli: Hy otTo *e*, no6AeM. * HY otT6 *e well then. (c) Refusal (A Telephone Conversation) AHApei: B&AiiM, 3To Tbl? Mbl ace co6panilcb y MeHII, oTMeotaeM AeHb po*ABHMR OAHOr6 TOailpMaq&. 3aXOAM. B8AiiM: HMKiiK He MOrj. SIO't8Hb 3ifiHAT. AHApelli: Hy Bbmelli c HiiMM xoTII 6bl CT6 rpaMM*. B&AMM: HM B KOeM cnrcae! HM 38 'tT61 Tbl )1(8 3Ha8Wb, 'tTO Eaa He pa3pewileT. AHApelli: Hy, Bblnelli 'taiKy. B&AMM: "'T6-TO MHe He X6'48TCA. ,Qaaalli nrcwe 3ifiBTpa.

313

LESSON 25

AHApelii: Cnywalii, He o6palqlilii aHMMiiHIIIR H8 Eay. noAjM&M 0 Hac. He 386blaillii ,qpy3elii. 803bMM T8KCM Ill npMe3lKiilii! B&AMM: HeT y•! He xo'fj o6MAeTb Eay. AHApelii: OrKil3blaaewbCR HaoTpe3? >KanKo. *cT6 rp&MM 100 grams - a generous glass of vodka (Russians measure vodka in grams, not glasses, treating half a litre as 500 grams).

25.8 Vocabulary (See also diminutive list 25.2 and phrases 25.6-25.7)

6p6CIIITb0 6p6wy, 6p6CIIIWb (6p6ci1Tb' like 3H&Tb) (+ace.) to throw, throw away ace (ace apeMR) all the time aCKO'IMTb0 aCKO'fj, acK6'1111Wb (acKiiKIIIaaTb' like 3H8Tb) to

IIIKpil (dim IIIK6pK8) caviar( e) 111cnyri1TbCR 0 (nyraTbCR') (+gen.) (like 3H8Tb) to take fright (at) KOHbiiK gen. KOHbRKa cognac, brandy nerna see ne'fb0

jump in/up abiCKO'IIJITb" abiCKO'fy, abiCKO'IIIIWb (abiCK8KIIIa8Tb' like 3H8Tb) (1113 + gen.) to jump out (out of) rna3 pl. rna38 gen.pl. rna3 (dim rna3(6) K pl. rn83KIII) eye

ne'fb0 niiry, nii•ewb past ner, nerna imper nllr(Te) (nO)I(MTbCR' nO*YCb, no•MWbCR) to lie down nllry see ne'fb0

rnRAeTb' (no-) rnR•j, rnRAMWb (Ha +ace.) to look (at) AeaO'IKa dim of Aeaa 'maid' little girl AenaTb' H8'fero there was nothing to be done, there was nothing for it AOp6ra (dim AOP6•Ka) road •llnKo (dat. of person + inf 14.6) it's a pity; to grudge 3iiHRT (m)/38HRTB (f)/3iiHRTbl (pl.) busy

111368 pl. M36bl peasant

..

cott~~

M8WBTb' (no-•) (like 3H8Tb) ( + dat.) to hinder (someone) Mew(6)K bag, sack MY*MK gen. MY*IIIKS peasant man (orig. dim of MY* 'man') Hlll'fer6 He noAenaewb there's nothing one can do (idiom) Hora pl. H6rlll (dim H6•Ka) leg, foot HY well

o61JtAerb" o6"'*Y, o6"'AAIIwb (+ace.) (o6111•8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to offend. hurt

.

OTABaliTb' (like A&a8Tb) to give up

314

DIMINUTIVES: PROPER NAMES: POLITENES::;

oTA{ITb0 (like A&Tb) to give away

npMXOAMTb) to be forced to

OTKil3biB8TbCH' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inf)

npMwn6cb see npMMTMCb0

(OTK8UTbCH 0 OTK&lKjCb,

nycTMTb0 nyLL\yY, nyCTMWb (+ace.)

OTKS)I(eWbCH) to refuse

(nycK8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to let. per-

OXOTHO willingly

mit; to let in/out

neotb (f) gen.pl. neotelft (dim nt!'tKa)

cecTp8 pl. cecTpbl cecTep

stove

CiCTp8M CicTp8MM CiCTpax

sister

nepeHO't8BSTb0 (HO't8BSTb') nepeHO'tyiO, nepeHO'tY8Wb to

CT&KSH glass, tumbler

spend the night

cxaaTMTb0 (+ace. 38 +ace.)

necHH gen.pl. neceH song

CXB&'ty, CXBSTMWb (XB8TSTb1 or

noA (+ace.) under (motion)

CXBSTbiB8Tb' both like 3H8Tb)

to seize (someone by something) TecHo crowded; tight

nOAHRTb0 nOAHMMy,nOAHMM8Wb (nOAHMMSTb' like 3H8Tb) to lift,

pick up nolft! (imper of neTb') sing!

TOBSPMLL\ comrade, friend

nono*MTb0 nonolKj', nonO)I(MWb

TYT here(= 3A8Cb) yxo pl. ywM (dim ywKo pl. ywKM) ear X03AMH pl. X03A8B8 gen.pl. X03Aea host, owner, master

(Kn8CTb' Kn&Ay, Kn&AiWb)

(+ace.) toput nOCyY'tSTb0 nocyY'ty, nOCyY'tMWb (C'fY'tSTb') (a +ace.) to knock (at) npMMTMCb0 ( + dat. of person + inf) like npMMTM (npMXOAMTbCH' like


Note the diminutives in this well-known Russian folk tale 'The Fox and the Rolling-Pin' (or, literally, 'The Little Fox and the Little Rolling-Pin'). The rules of peasant hospitality allow travellers to ask for a bed for the night at the first house they come to. However, the fox is not a very welcome guest. How does the peasant try to turn the fox away? 2 How does she counter this objection? 3 If a guest loses something, the host has to make good the loss. How does the fox acquire a hen? 4 What happens to the hen?

315

LESSON 25

5 What does the fox want for the goose and what does she get? 6 How does the surreal conversation in the burrow under the tree-stump lead to punishment for the fox? Wna nMCM'IKa* no AOPOJKKe, Hawn a cKano'IKY*. noAHflna ei M nowna A&nbwe. npMwna a A8JK!BHIO M nocyY'Iana a ABepb nepaorii M36bl: - CyYKoCyYK-cTyK*! - KT6TaM?

- s:t, nMCM'IKa•CeCTpM'IKa*, nyCTMTe nepeHO'IeBSTb. - Y HaC M1 6e3 Te6H TKHO. - Aa 1 J1 He nOTeCHI0 1 aac: CaMa nt1ry Ha naBO'IKy 1, XBOCTMK 1 nOA naBO'IKy, CKBnO'IKY nOA ne'IKy. Ee nycTMnM. 0Ha nern{l C8MB Ha naBO'IKy, XBOcTMK nOA nBBO'IKy, CKillnO'IKY nOA ne'IKy. PBHO jTpoM nMCM'IKa BCTana, COJKrna* CBOIO CKBnO'IKy, a nOTOM cnpocl4na: - rAe JKe MOH cK8no'IKa? AaaariiTe MHe 38 Hei Kypo'IKy*! MyJKMK- Alln&Tb Hl!'lero! - 6TA&n erif 38 cKanO'IKY Kjpo'IKy. Baflna nMCM'IKa KYPO'IKy, MAiT M noeT: - Wna nMCM'IK& no AOpOJKKe, Hawn& cKano'IKy. 3a cKano'IKY aaflna Kypo'IKy! npMwna oHa a APYrYIO AepeaHIO: - CyYK-CyYK-CyYKI - KTOT&M?

- s:t, nMCM'IK&-cecTpM'IKa, nyCTMTe nepeHO'IeBSTb. - Y HaC M 6e3 Te6H TeCHO. - Aa

f1

He nOTecHIO B&C: C8MS nt1ry Ha naBO'IKy, XBOCTMK nOA

nilBO'IKy, KYPO'IKY nOA ne'IKy. Ee nycTMnM. nMCM'IKa nern{l caMB Ha miBO'IKy, XBOcTMK nOA nBBO'IKy, KjpO'IKY nOA ne'IKy. PaHo jTpoM nMCM'IKa noTMXOHbKY 1 BCT8na, cxaaTMna Kypo'IKy, c'bllna, a noT6M M roaopi4T: - rAe JKe MOH KYPO'IKa? AaaariiTe MHe 38 Hei rjCO'IKy*!

316


HM'Ier6 He noA&naew~o, npMwn6c~o xo311MHY oTAirrb elii 38 Kjpo'IKY rYCO'IKY· B3Rna nMcM'IKa rjco'IKy, MAiT .. noeT: - Wna nMCiii'IKB no AOpOJKKe, Hawna cKanO'IKy,

3a CKSnO'IK}f a3Rna KjpO'IKy, 3a KYPO'IKY a3Ana rjcO'IKyl npMwna oHa a6'1epoM a Tp8Tbl0 ~HIO: - CTyK-cryK-cryKI - KT6T8M?

- Sl, nMCM'IIaM:&CTpM'IK81 nyCTiiiTe nepeH0'18BSTb! - Y HBC M 6e3 Te6il TKHO. - A A He nOTeCHIO aac: C8MS nilry H8 naiBO'IKy, XaOcTMK nOA nSBO'IKy, rjCO'IKY nOA n6'1Ky. Ei nyCTiiinM. 0Ha nerna C8MS H8 naBO'IKy, XBOCTMK nOA naBO'IKy, rjCO'IKY nOA n8'1K}f. YTpoM nMclii'IK8 BCKO'IIiina, cxaaTiiina rjCO'IKY, C'b8na, noToM M roaopliiT:

- A rAe JK8 MOil rjCO'IKB? AaaaliiTe MHe 38 Hei A6BO'IK}fl A MYJKMKY A6BO'IKY JK8nKo OTABBBTb. nonoJKiiin OH a MewoK 6on~owy10

co68Ky .. OTAM nMce:

- &eplii, nMca*, A6BO'IKyl BoT nMCS a3Ana M8WOK, abiWna H8 AOpOry M roaopliiT: - A6BO'IK8, nolii* necHMI A co6au a Mewd 38pbl'lana*l nMCM'IK8 MCnyran&Cb, 6p6cMn8 M8WOK, no6eJK8na. TyY C061iK8 abiCKO'IMn8 M3 M8WKS- M 38 Heliil

n ..

ca OT co68KM 6eJK8na-6eJKana AB nOA neHiK* a Hopy* ,386eJKana.

CMAiiiT TBM M roaopliiT: - YwKM Molii, ywKMI LITo Bbl A6nanM? - M111 aci cnywanM. -A Bioi, H6JKKM, 'ITO A6nanM? - Mw aci 6eJK8nM.

- A aw, rn83KM? - M1o1 aci rnRA6nM.

- A Till, xa6CT*? -A A aci M8WSn T866 6eUTb.

317

LESSON 25

- A, Tbl ace uewilnl Hy noCToM •e*, BOT Jl noKa.Y Te6e*l - 111 BbJCyHyna* XBOcT M3 HOpbl: - EWb ero, C06i1Ka! TYT co68Ka cxaantna nMCM4Y 38 xaoCT, BbJTa~qMna* H3 HOpbl M H&'fanil ee Tep3i1Tb *I

*Extra Vocabulary for Comprehension Exercise BbiCYHYTb0 to thrust out BbJT&JqMTb0 to drag out (Bbl + T8JqMTb 20.4 + 20.2) rYCO'fKa (dim from rycbJHJI coli)

BoT Jl noKa•y Te681 I'll show you! nocTOM •e hang on a moment noTeCHMTb0 (+ace.) to constrict (someone); to get in (someone's)

little goose

AfJ. (coil) (30.4) and/but 38pbl'fSTb0 to start growling KYPM48 (dim KjpO'fK&) hen nilaKa (dim niiBO'fK&) bench in peasant hut

nMcll pl. nMCbJ fox nMCM'fK&-cecTpM'fK& little fox-little sister (standard rhyming name

way

noTMXOHbKY (coil) noiselessly (dim. from TMXO 'quiet') CKSnK& (dim CKilnO'fK8) little rolling-pin (for rolling pastry)

co•rnil burnt past of c•e'fb0 ( + ace.) to burn (something)

CTYK-cTYK-cTVK knock-knock-

for the fox in folk tales)

nMCM48 (dim nMcM'fKa) fox, vixen Hopil burrow; lair n(e)Hb (m) (dim neH(i)K) tree

knock

Tep3i1Tb' to pull about, torment XBOCT tail

stump


Put the words in brackets in the correct form and translate: 1 3a WecTb AHeM Mbl no6bJBBnM a (wecTb ropoAOB). 2 Mbl pa3roaapMaanM c (TpM pyccKMx CTYAiiHTa). 3 Sl aaM ASM He 6onbwe ('f8Tblpe AOnnapa). 4 Mbl 6YA8M B neTep6ypre (OAHil H&AenJI).

Translate:

5 She loves only herself. 6 They are in their hotel room. 7 We have come to Russia in order to speak Russian. 8 I want him to apologize. 9 She is

318


here alone. 10 They have three children. ll There are four of us. 12 I don't know anybody in Irkutsk. l3 She doesn't understand a single word. 14 There's no one to ask (p). 15 There was no one for her to talk to (i).

Translate the English into Russian and Russian into English: A: Mr.tcrrep CMMT, Mbl c JKeHoi XOTMM aac npttrnacrotTb K ce6e AOMoi. 6: With pleasure. A: Bbl cM6JKeTe nptdiTtt nocne38aTpa, a m1THM14Y? 6: Unfortunately, I can't. I shall be in Kiev for three days. A: TorA{I npMXQAMTe ABBA48Tb C8AbM6ro. 6: On that day I'm busy. A: A TPMA4BTOro? 6: I think I have no meetings (acyp6ota) at all after the twenty-ninth. A: npeKpacHo. M1o1 aac JKAiM TPMA46Toro, n6cne ceMr.t 'lac6a.

319

26 YPOK ABAA~ATb WECTb INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS

26.1 Useful Expressions KT6-HM6YAb 3BOHiiln? KT6-To 3BOHiiln. OHa ywna KYAB·To. PaccK8lKMTe 'fT6-HM6YAb o ce6e.

Did anyone ring? Someone rang. She's gone off somewhere. Tell me something about yourself.

26.2 Someone KT6-To Kn)-To 'someone' means someone definite, though the speaker may not know who. It is declined like KT6: KT6-To CTY'fMT a ABepb.

Sl BMAen Kor6-To.

Someone is knocking at the door. I saw someone.

26.3 Anyone KTO·HM6YAb KTO·HM6YAb 'anyone' means that no specific person is meant: EcnM KTO·HM6YAb npMAiT, CK8)1(M, 'fTO MeHR HeT.

If anyone comes, say I'm out.

320

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS

For most uses of someone/anyone, English and Russian usage coincide:

KT6-To npMwen. Someone has come. EcnM Tbl KOMY·HM6YAb CKB)I(8Wb, If you tell anyone, I'll divorce you. R c To66M p83BeAYCb. But note the following differences:

(1) The distinction between definite person (-To) and no specific person (·HM6YAb) tends to be stricter than in English, so an English sentence such as 'If someone rings, tell them I'm out' should be EcnM KT6-~ no3BOHMT if you do not know who is going to ring. This means that future and imperative sentences will nearly always have ·HM6YAb.

CnpOCMTe KOr6-HM6YAb.

Ask someone (I have no specific person in mind).

(2) When English 'anyone' means 'no one', i.e. in negative sentences, forms of the Russian word HMKT6 ('no one', 'nobody' 24.6) are used: I don't know anyone. Don't tell anyone.

R HMKor6 He 3Hiuo (=I know no one). He roaopMTe HMKOMY (=Tell no one). (See Lesson 24.)

26.4 Somewhere, Anywhere, Sometime, Anytime etc. The rules for other -TO and ·HM6YAb words are exactly the same: something '4T6-To

anything '4T6·HM6YAb

somewhere rA8-To somehow KSK·To

anywhere rAe·HM6YAb anyhow KSK·HM6YAb

(to) somewhere KYAB·TO

(to) anywhere KYAB·HM6YAb

sometime KorAfi-To

anytime KOrAfi·HM6YAb for any reason no~teMj-HM6YAb

for some reason no~teMy-To

I've seen you somewhere (somewhere specific, though I can't remember where). EcnM Bbi6YA8Te KorA8-HM6YAb If you are ever (anytime) in Moscow, telephone us. B MOCKB6, n03BOHMTe H&M.

321

LESSON 26

OH KyA{I-To ywen. AaaiiMTe noeAeM KyA{I·HM6YAb. 0Hil 'fTO·TO Kyn.tna. 0Hil 'fT6-HM6YAb Kyn.tna? OHil HM'fer6 He Kyn.tna. OHM HMKYAB He XOAMnM.

He's gone off somewhere. Let's go somewhere (I have nowhere specific in mind). She's bought something. Has she bought anything/something? She hasn't bought anything. They didn't go anywhere.

26.5 KaK6iii-To/K8KOM·HM6YAb Notice also the adjectives K&KOM·TO 'some (or other)', 'some kind of' and

K&K6M-HM6YAb 'any', 'any kind of': Some woman rang you. BaM 3BOHMna K&Kiui·TO .JKeHiqMH8. OH MU48T K&KjiO-HM6yAb pa66yY. He's looking for any kind of job. We'll find some kind of hotel. Mbl H8MAiM K8KYIO-HM6YAb rOCTMHM4Y·

EXERCISE 26/1 Translate the words in brackets: 1 0Hil Kyn.tna (something). 2 Bbl KynilnM (anything)? 3 Mbl He KynilnM (anything). 4 PaccK&.JKMTe HaM (something) o .JKM3HM a CM6MpM. 5 EcnM (anybody) no3BOHMT, CK&.JKMTe, 'fTO H 6YAY n6cne C8MM. 6 0Hil ywnil (somewhere) c (some) MonOAbiM ~tenoaeKoM. 7 (For some reason) oHil He M6.JKeT npMMTM. 8 Bbi.JKMnM (ever/at any time) a AepeaHe?

26.6 Rules of Thumb for 'Some-/Any-' Words (a) -To is 'some'. (b) ·HM6YAb is 'any'. (c) Use ·HM6YAb for 'some' in sentences about the future, in orders and questions. (d) Use HMKT6/HM'fT61HMrAe (24.6) etc. for 'any' in negative sentences. 322


Key examples: Someone is looking for you. Have you bought anything? Ask someone. We don't know anyone.

KT6-To aac ..t.qeT. Bbl KynlltnM 'tT6-HM6YAb? CnpoCMTe KOr6-HM6YAb· Mbl HMKOr6 He 3HBeM.

26.7 EXTRA: -m16o and KOeThere is another suffix -nM6o, which is similar to ·HM6YAb but implies even more unrestricted choice:

EcnM aaM 'tT6-nM6o HjlKHo . . .

If you need anything (whatever) ...

It is also a little more formal than -HM6YAb so it is not common in conversation. Note also the prefix K6e-, which generally has a distributive meaning:

K6e-rAe K6e-KT6

in several places/here and there a number of people (declines like KT6)

K6e·KYAB K6e-'tT6

to several places certain things (declines like 'tT6)

K6e-rAe ne•an cHer. K6e-KOMY (dat.) 3TO He nOHpBBMTCR. Prepositions with K6e-KT6 and

Snow lay here and there. A number of people won't like this.

K6e-~~tT6

generally come between the two

parts:

0HB y)l(e KQe C KeM n03HBK6MMn8Cb.

She's already met a few people.

However, K6e- can also be an equivalent of -To, but with the extra nuance that the speaker is concealing the identity of the person, thing or place. So K6e-KT6 can mean 'someone' in the sense 'a certain person whom I am not naming'. S1 npMaea eii K6e-'tT6 'I've brought her something (which I'm not naming)'; S1 MAY K6e-KYAB 'I'm going to a certain place' (a euphemism for the toilet).

323

LESSON 26

Note that KOe·K&K means 'badly', 'sloppily' or 'with difticulty', not 'in several ways'/'in a certain way': OH aci AilnaeT K6e-K&K 'He does everything sloppily.' npo6aam'ieMCR K6e-KaK 'We manage to get by' (30.5).

26.8 Word Order You will have noticed that Russian word order is very flexible. The endings of words show the relationships between parts of the sentence so these parts can go in almost any order without causing misunderstandings. The basic rule for written Russian is that new information (or emphasized information) comes at the end of the sentence. 3A8Cb 6bln BacH. Vasla was here (emphasis on Vasia). OH cao66AHO roaopliiT no-pyccKM M no-HeMei.\KM. He speaks fluent Russian and German (emphasis on the languages, not the fluency). OH roaopliiT no-pyccKM cao66AHO. He speaks Russian fluently (emphasis on the fluency). B anpene Mbl 6blnM a CO'tM. In April we were in Sochi (emphasis on where). B Cot.tM Mbl 6blnM a anpene (emphasis on when).

As general rules, note that unemphasized time and place expressions come first in the sentence and that unemphasized adverbs come before the verb. For the beginner in Russian there is nothing very important to remember about Russian word order- other than the fact that it is very flexible. However, it is worth noting that some things which are complicated in English are simpler in Russian because of this flexibility. An English sentence such as 'It was Tolstoi who wrote Resurrection' (emphasizing 'Tolstoi') can be in Russian «BOCKpeceHMe» H&nMcan TonCTolil.

EXERCISE 2612

Translate, paying attention to the word order: I Some woman rang you (fam) (emphasis on 'some woman'). 2 She

324


bought something (emphasis on 'bought'). 3 There are no bananas in Moscow (emphasis on 'no bananas'). 4 There was a Russian book lying (ne•aTb) on the table (emphasis on 'Russian book'). 5 It was Mary who brought the book (emphasis on 'Mary'). 6 I'll phone you (tam) tomorrow (main emphasis on 'tomorrow', some emphasis on 'phone'). 7 I'll phone Vadlm tomorrow (emphasis on 'Vadim').

26.9 EXTRA: Word Order in Speech

Different rules apply in informal conversation, where intonation and stress play important roles. For example, important information is likely to come first and to be pronounced with extra emphasis: Tepnjyb He Morj KorR& pyriiiOTCRI 'I can't stand people swearing!'

26.10 Russian Addresses

A Russian address (BAPec pl. BAP8C8) runs backwards (from a western point of view), starting with the town and ending with the name of the resident. Here is an example: MOCKB8127436 yn. HOB8TOpOB A- 35, KOpn. 2, KB. 236

CM111pH6By B.C.

(Moscow+ six-figure postcode) (jnllll¥1 'Street of the Innovators')

(A6M 'house' 35, K6pnyc 'block' 2, KB&pnipa 'flat' 236, which can also

be written 35/2/236) (to Mr V. S. Smimov- dative case)

Most city dwellers live in blocks of flats. The street number, 35 in the example above, may cover several buildings one behind the other, each of which is called a K6pnyc. Blocks of flats are often built round an open space called a AB6p 'yard', which may contain benches, a children's playground, trees, a kindergarten and sometimes a parking lot. The entrances (nOA"b63A 'porch', 'entrance') to the blocks are usually on the AB6P side of the building, not on the street. 325

LESSON 26

26.11 Writing Letters

In English we begin 'Dear ... ', whether writing to a friend or the tax inspector. In Russian, the greeting depends on the degree of formality. If you are writing to someone you call Tbl, you can use: or or

Aopor6i ('Dear') BiHR! AoporaR Mawal 3ApiacTayi, BiHRIMMwal

The ending of the letter can be '-'eny10 Te6il ('I kiss you'), 06HMMBIO Te6il ('I embrace you'), Ao CBMASHMR or Ao cK6poi BCTp&'IM ('See you soon').

If writing to someone you call Bbl, use yaa•ieMbiM 'respected': Yaa•aeMbiM neTp MaaHoaM't! Yaa•ieM&R MapMR Bn&AMMMpoaHal

An even more honorific form of address is MH6royB8lKB8MbiM 'much respected':

MHoroyaa•aeMbiM

npo~cop

MMp"'iiHoa!

The ending of the letter should be: · C yaalKeHMeM ('With respect')

26. 12 Vocabulary &Apec pl. 8AP8Ca address &TMoc4Jt!pa atmosphere aecenbiM cheerful, jolly ao3apaiJ4eHMe return racTp6nM (f.pl.) gen.pl. racTp6nei (theatre) tour ('guest roles')

Aepeao pl. AepeabR gen.pl. A8peBb8B tree A8TCK&R nnoiJ4iAKa children's

3AOP6Bb8 health 3H&KOM&R (f adj) female acquaintance

3H&KOMbiM (m adj) male acquaintance

3H&KOMCTBO acquaintanceship, first meeting

K8'16nM (pl.) gen.pl. K&"'eneM swings K6e-K&KMe certain, a number of (26.7)

playground

38CT6nb8 party (round a table, with food and drink)

KpenKo firmly, strongly M&TepMiln material

326

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS

MbJCnb (f) thought

npMa6T greetings (informal usage)

HB4MOH8nbHbliii national

nRTM3T{i)J(Hbliii five-floor pa6oTa HBA ( + inst.) work on something

Heo*MABHHbliii unexpected H&CMOTpR HB TO, 'ITO in spite of the fact that HOBOrOAHMiii New Year (adj) OK83ilTbCR 0 OK&)J(jCb, 0KB)J(8WbCR (OKil3biB8TbCR' like 3H&Tb) to find oneself; to turn out oc66bJiii special oTnrii'IHbliii excellent

OTb83A departure ne'lanb (f) sadness nOBTOpRTb' (like 3H8Tb) (nOBTOpMTbP nOBTOpJb, noaToprilwb) (+ace.) to repeat no3APaaneHMe greeting, congratulation noKoneHMe generation noHpaaMTbCR• to please KHrilra MHe noHpaaMnacb I liked the book nocenriiTbCR 0 nocenlbcb, nocenrilwbcR (nocenfiTbCR' like 3H&Tb) to settle, take up residence npe*Ae acero first of all, primarily npMCTYnMTb•npMCTYnnlb, npMcTjnMWb (npMCTYnilTb' like 3H&Tb) (K +dat.) to get down to, to start on

cepeAriiHa middle CK&MeiiiKB gen.pl. CKBMHK bench (dim. of CK&MbR 'bench') co6Mp8TbCR' ( + inf) to intend to co6paTb•co6epy,co6epiwb (co6Mp8Tb' like 3H&Tb) to gather cTapriiK old man cTapywKa old woman (dim 25.2) CTBTbR article C'IBCTb8 happiness. luck T8K 'ITO SO, SO that TO, 'ITO the fact that TPYA gen.sg TPYAil work yB8)J(aeMbliii respected yaa*eHMe respect YAMBniHHO with surprise YAMBnRTbCR' (like 3H&Tb) (+ dat.) (YAMBMTbcR• YAMBnlbcb, YAMBMWbCR) to be surprised (at) ynbJ6Ka gen.pl. ynbJ6oK smile ypoa(e)Hb (m) level 4enoa8Tb' 4eny10, 4enyewb (no-•) to kiss 'IT6-nM6o anything whatever (26.7) wyMHbliii noisy

327

LESSON 26

26.13 nMCbM6, 3anMCK8, no3AP8Bn8HM8

YBIDKB8Mb1M npocl»6ccop HMd$opoal M3BMHrhe 38 T6, -tT6 R T&K A6nro He nMcilna. ~ co6Mp8n&cb HanMcirrb BaM cp83Y JKe n6cne ao3apalqitHMR M3 MocKBiil, H6 A&n 61i1n0 CnMWKOM MH6ro. Ha np6wnoi HeA{tne R npootMTana Bawy npeKpicHyiO KHMry o 60nbWOM TeBTpe. 0HB MH8 O't8Hb ROHpBBMn&Cb. '46pe3 napy H8A6nb n6cne B03Bp&lqitHMR B 6pMCTOnb R n03BOHMn8 B H8W H81.4MOHBnbHbiM TeBTp M roaopMna C Biwei 3H8KOMOM. 0H8 CK&:tina, 'tTO K6e-K8KMe M8TepM8nbl AnR Bac OHB p6 co6pana, T8K 'tTO, KOrAB Bbl 6jA&Te B n6HAOH8 B aaryCTe, Bbl CMOJK8T8 cp83y npMCTYRMTb K pa66Te H&A CT8Tbii 0 raCTp6nRX 6onbw6ro TeaTpa a AHrnMM. EcnM HM-tT6 He noMewaeT, T6 Mbl c Pil-t&PAOM cH6aa oKiJKeMCR a MocKa6 rA6-To a ceP&AMHe MIOnR. EcnM R eMOry BaM oteM-HM6YAb noMO'tb (otTO-To nepeA&Tb OT Bawei 3H&K6Moi ilnM -tT6-nM6o e!¥)•• 3BOHMT8 MHe. E114i pa3 cnacil6o 38 OTnM-tHYIO KHMry. Bcer6 BaM A66poro*. c yaaJKeHMeM &ap6apa noyn *Best wishes (short you all good').

for~

JKenaiO BaM acer6 A66poro (gen.) 'I wish to

3anMCK8 (A Note) AoporiiR MOR AHHYWKal 0pMB8T Te68 M3 OapMJKa. 3Aecb CTOnbKO MHTepecHoro, 'tTO HeKOrA& nMCBTb nMCbM8. fl aepHjCb B 't8TMpr, n6cne WeCTM. OpMXOAM a rocTM, R Te6e aci paccKaJKj. ~ny10 KpenKo, lbpa

328

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: WORD ORDER: WAITING LETTERS

Hoaor6AHee no3,qpaaneHMe (New Year Greetings) Ya8)1(aeMbliii neTp MaaHoaM'II nycTb ne'ISIIM OCTSHyYCR B npOWIIOM rOAY· nyCTb B BaweM AOMe nocenr.tTcR c'laCTa.e! >Ken810 BaM aecenoro 38CTOIIbR, Yllbi60K, PSAOCTM, 3AOPOBbR. >Kena10 BaM ycnexoa a )I(M3HM M a TPYA8· >Kena10 BaM Toro, 'ITO Bbl •enaeTe ce68. C YB8)1(eHM8M Eaa AHToHoaa

Note that in letters (a) the first line is positioned towards the middle of the page, (b) the name is followed by an exclamation mark •. and (c) all forms of Bbl are written with a capital letter.

EXERCISE 26/3

Translate: Note the word order: in eleven cases the subject (noun in the nominative case) comes after the verb (see 26.8). ,Qaop ('The Courtyard'- see 26. 10) BOIIOAR M M3pM aownr.t ao ABOP nRTM3TS)I(Horo AOMa. Xon1 wyMHbiM npocneKT 6blll H8A8118KO, BO ABOpe 6blll0 TMXO, pOCIIM 6onbwr.te cTapble AepeabR, a a caMoM 48HTpe 6blll8 A8TcKaR nno!J48AKa C Ka'leiiRMM. Ha CKaMeMKaX CMAeiiM CTapMKM MCTapyWKM, nep8A HMMM MrpanM A8TM. - 3ApaacTayiiiTe! lApaacTayiiiTe - noaTopJ1n BonoAJI. - Tbl acex 3A&Cb 3H8ewb?- YAMBIIiHHO cnpocr.tna M3pM. - KoH8'1Ho. Sl B8Ab Bblpoc a 3TOM ABOpe. B CT8pbiX MOCKOBCKMX AOMSx OC06aR aTMOCcl»epa. B HMX MHOrAS )I(MByY ABa-TpM nOKOIIeHMR. BoT 3TM cTapywKM 3HSIIM MOMX A8AYWKY M 686ywKy, BMA811M, KaK poe Moiii nana KaK p6c R, KaK poena MoJ1 ceCTpa Mawa. 3Aecb npowna MX )I(M3Hb. M OHM mo6RT M 3ToT AOM, M acex, KTO a HiM )I(MBiT.

329

LESSON 26

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 26/4 Where exactly did Vera Petrishcheva and Barbara Pope meet? 2 Y MeHR B03HMKI18 MbiCnb ••• What is Vera's idea? 3 What two reasons does she give for considering this idea realistic? 4 What does she want Mrs Pope to do?

3APBBCTBYMTe, yaa>KaeMaH MMCCIIIC noyn! He YAIIIBnflitTecb, no>KanyitcTa, MoeMy Heo>KMA8HHOMY nliiCbMy, HecMoTpfl Ha To, 'fT6 co AHH Hawero 3HaK6McTaa Y*e npown6 BOC8Mb MKH48B. Aeno a TOM, 'fTo1 T6nbKO Bbl cMo>KeTe noMO'fb MHe 111 MOMM APY3bRM. Ho AnH Ha'fana H Han6MHIO HeMH6ro o ce6e. MeHfl 30BYT Bepa. Sl 1113 ropoA& MIIIHYCMHCKa. Toro ManeHbKoro npoaliiH4111BnbHoro1 Clii6MpcKoro ropOAKB 1, rAe Bbl co CBOMM My>KeM 6blnlil B KOM8HAIIIPOBKe B MBe npownoro r6A&. Sl 6'feHb co>KaneiO, 'fT6 3To nliiCbMO H He Han111cana cpa3y n6cne Bawero OT"b63A8, HO, K8K y H8C roaopRT, ccnj'fwe n6a>Ke1, 'feM HIIIKOrAB"· nocne 3H8KOMCTB8 c BSMIII B HSWeM Myaee y MeHR B03HMKI181 MbiCnb, KOTOp8H He nOKIIIASna1 MeHH y>Ke HIIIKOrA8. 0HB 38KniO'fSeTCH1 B TOM, 'fTO H XO'fY K8K·TO no6nM>Ke n03H8KOMIIITbCH C BaweM CTp8HOM, c o6bl'f8HMIII1 Ill niOAbMM. Tenepb 3To CTano 66nee pe8nbHo1, 'feM p&Hbwe. HaaepHoe, 3To caflaaHo1 npe*Ae acer6 c 6nenenbl01 a noniiiTM'fecKIIIX1 111 KynbTjpHbiX1 OTHOWeHIIIHX1 Me*Ay HBWIIIMIII CTpBH8Miil, a, KpOM8 TOrO, H nocrynMn& B IIIHCTIIITjT, rAe H H&'fana 38HIIIMBTbCH 8HrnMMCKIIIM H3biKOM, KOTOpbiM npenOA&eTCH 1 H8 Hennox6M1 ypo&He. no3TOMY H 6bl XOTena, 'fT06bl Bbl noMornM MH8 CBH3iiTbCH1 C KeM· Hlii6YAb 1113 yHIIIBepCIIITeTa B 6pMCTone, KTO IIIHTepecyeTCH IIICTOplileM Clii6Mplil. Ecn111 H cMorj 'feM-H1116YAb noMO'fb BaM, 6YAY 6'feHb PW1 • C HeTepneHIIIeM1 >KAY Bawero niiiCbMS.

ee

330


Moi

liAPec:

6.60022 r. KpacHot1pcK,

yn. A6aKaHcKaSI 33/2/315 neTplii~eaoi Bepe MaBMHMTe 38 6ecnoKoicTao.

c yalllKeHMeM Bepa

*Extra Vocabulary B03HMKHYTbP past B03HMK, aoaHiiiKna to arise y MeHH B03HMKna MbiCnb I had an idea ropoA(O)K small town (dim 25.2) Aeno a TOM, 'ITO the thing is that 38KniO'IirrbCSI' (a+ prep.) to consist of, to be 3H&KOMCTBO acquaintance with, first meeting KynbTjpHbiM cultural Hennoxoi (adj) not bad HeTepneHMe impatience c HeTepneHMeM impatiently o6bl'l&i custom OTHoweHMe relation

orrenenb (f) thaw no6nlii•e (comp of 6nliiaKMM 18.3) a bit closer noKMASTb' to leave nonMTM'IecKMi political noa•e later (comp of nO:JAHO) npenOA&B8TbCSI' to be taught npoaMH4MilnbHbiM provincial piA& (f adj- 29.7) glad peilnbHO realistic caS138TbCJ1P c ( + in st.) to make contact with CBH38HO c ( + in st.) connected with co•aneTb' to regret

331

27 YP6K H6MEP ABAA~ATb CEMb PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS

27.1 Key Examples Bee 6yAeT eAenaHo. Bee 6MneTbl np6A&Hbl. Mbl 61imM YAMBneHiil.

We were surprised.

3-fo MecTO 3iiHRTO?

Is this seat occupied?

Everything will be done. All the tickets have been sold.

27.2 Participles'

In Russian, there are six other verbal forms which you need to know, or at least to recognize, if you want to read Russian. These six forms are different types of participle', that is, verb forms which have some of the features of adjectives or adverbs. Equivalent participles in English are 'murdered', 'exhausted', 'sitting' in 'Was Stalin murdered?', 'Exhausted by participles, I needed a large whisky', 'I know the girl sitting in the corner'. Four types of Russian participles are verbal adjectives, dealt with in this lesson and in Lesson 29. Two are verbal adverbs, dealt with in Lesson 28. The most important of these participles is the past passive participle (PPP), corresponding to 'done', 'exhausted' etc. in English.

332


27.3 Past Passive Participle (PPP) or Past Passive Verbal Adjective

Bci 6YA8T CA8n&HO.

Everything will be done.

The participle cA8naHo 'done' is from CA'n&Tb" 'to do'. The neuter ending -Ho agrees with the subject ace. The linking verb is always a form of 6b1Tb 'to be'. These participles are quite common, though more so in bookish style. They correspond to 'murdered', 'surprised' in such sentences as 'Stalin was murdered' and 'He was very surprised'. They are formed only from transitive' verbs (i.e. verbs which can be followed by a noun in the accusative case) and normally only from perfective verbs (since PPPs denote completed actions).

27.4 Formation of Past Passive Participles (PPPs)

There are three categories, based on the endings of the infinitive. Under each category, note that there are two separate rules to remember, namely (a) how to form the participle, and (b) where to put the stress. (l) Fairly Simple: -&Tb-type Verbs

(a) Ending. If the verb ends ·8Tb, take off the Tb and add ·H (m)/-Ha(O/ -Ho(n)/·Hbl (pl.) It doesn't matter what the future conjugation' of the verb is or how irregular it is. So: A&Tb 'to give' has the PPP: A&HIA&H81A&H61A&Hiil 'given'

(b) Stress. If the verb ends -§Tb, the stress moves back a syllable. So: npo'tMTirrb 'to read' has: npo'triiTaH/npo'triiTaHa/npo'tMT&Ho/ . npo'tliiT&Hbl 'read'

A one-syllable verb such as A&Tb 'to give' always has the stress on the last vowel, so the endings are ASH, A&HS, A&H6, A&Hiil 'given'. Where the stress moves back a syllable on to a prefix, the stress is often on the ending in the feminine form: 6TA&H, OTA&H8, 6TA&HO, 6TA&Hbl 'given back'. Common phrases with PPPs ending -aH/-aHa/-aHo/-aHbl:

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LESSON 27

CA9n&Tb• 'to do' Bee eA(InaHo. EiyAeT CA9naHo. noK&3ilTb• 'to show' CI»M11bM 6yAer noKll38H 3il&Tpa. npoA8Tb• 'to sell' Bee 6MneTbl np6A&Hbl.

Everything's done. (lt)'ll be done. The film will be shown tomorrow. All the tickets have been (are) sold.

Note that the missing present tense form of 6b1Tb 'to be' can correspond to the English perfect tense 'has/have been', as in the last example. (2) Trickier: ·MTb and ·TM Verbs (and -eTb verbs of Type 2, i.e. with conjugation -10, -MWb) (a) Ending. To find the PPP of these verbs, you need to know the first person H ('I') form of the future conjugation. Take off the -y or -10 and add -eH or -iH, depending on the stress. Examples: o6ritA8Tb 'to offend' H o6rit*Y. PPP: o6ritJKeH 'offended' npMrnaeritTb 'to invite' H npMrnawy, PPP: npMrnaweH 'invited' np8AeTiiBMTb 'to present' H npeAeTliBniO, PPP: np8ACTilaneH 'presented' npMBeeTrit 'to bring' H npMBeAy, PPP: npMBeAiH 'brought'

(b) Stress. If the verb is stressed on the stem (i.e. not on the ·MTb), the stress is on the stem in all forms, so: npeAeTilBMTb 'to present' has npeAeTaaneH (m), np8ACTilaneHa (f) npeAeTaaneHo (n), npeAeTaaneHbl (pl) 'presented'

If the m form is -eH, the f, n and plural forms are always unstressed eHa, 8HO, 8Hbl.

If the verb has fixed stress on the ending in the future, then the PPP always ends ett/eH8/eH6/eHbl: npMrnaeritTb 'to invite' (H npMrnawy, Tbl npMrnaeritwb). PPP: npMrriaweH 'invited'. The f, n and plural are npMrnaweHa, npMrnaweH6, npMrnaweHbl.

Note that if the m form ends -eH, the other three endings are always eHA, eHQ, eH.I!!..

If the stress of the future shifts back from the ending to the root, the stress of the PPP is likely to match the stress of the Tbl form (though there are exceptions). Examples:

334


KynMTb 'to buy' (H Kynmo, Tbl KinMWb). The PPP is Kynnmt/KynneHal KynneHo/KynneHbl 'bought'). o61>HBMTb 'to announce· H o61oHBntb, Tbl o61>HBMWb, PPP: o61oHBneH 'announced'. Examples: BonpOc: 6yAeT peweH.

The question will be dealt with ('solved', 'decided').

6Mn8Tbl y:IKe KjnneHbl.

The tickets have already been bought.

(3) Easy Ones: Verbs with Unusual Infinitives -oTb, ·yYb, ·HTb, ·biTb, -eTb (if not Type 2) (a) Endings. Simply take off the soft sign. The four endings are then -T/TaiToiTbl. Example: 38Kpb1Tb 'to close' PPP: 38Kpb1T, 3&KpbiT8, 38KpbiTO, 38Kpb1Tbl 'closed' (b) Stress. Verbs in -biTb have fixed stress on the -bl. Verbs in -6Tb and -jTb shift the stress to the stem like -ilTb verbs (see l(b) above). Verbs in -HTb also shift the stress forward, but the feminine form tends to be stressed on the

-a. Examples:

38THHyYb 'to tighten': ppp 38THHyY, 38THHyY8 'tightened' npoKon6Tb 'to pierce': PPP npoK6noT, npoK6noTa 'pierced' 38HHTb 'to occupy': ppp 3ilHHT, 38HHTS, 3ilHHTO, 3ilHHTbl 'occupied', 'busy' OTHHTb 'to take away': ppp OTHHT, OTHHTS, OTHHTO, OTHHTbl 'taken away' OA8Tb 'to dress': PPP OA8T, OA8Ta, OAeTo, OAeTbl 'dressed' (B +ace. 'in') Ott& 6bll1ll opf1ra a KP{k:ttoe nnlrrbe. She was wearing a red dress. Notice that BblnMTb 'to drink' belongs to type 3: BblnMT, BblnMTa, BblnMTO, BblnMTbl 'drunk' (of a liquid, not a human) B'lepil6blnO BblnMTO MH6ro. A lot was drunk yesterday.

27.5 Use of PPPs Pa66Ta CAenaHa. Pa66Ta 6blnll CAenaHa. Pa66Ta 6yAeT CAenaHa. Pa66Ta 6blnil 6bl CAenaHa.

The work is/has been done. The work was done. The work will be done. The work would be/ would have been done.

335

LESSON 27

If you want to say who did it, use the instrumental, meaning 'by': Pa66Ta 6bma c,qenaHa Mawd. The work was done by Masha. (Maweiii is the instrumental case of Mawa.)

27.6 EXTRA: Exceptional Cases HaiiiTiil 'to find', PPP HiiiiABH, HiiiiAeHa, HiiiiA&HO, HiiiiA&Hbl 'found' (note stress). BbiHYAMTb (JI BbiHYJKY, Tbl BbiHYAMWb) 'to force', ppp aliiHYlKA&H 'forced'. YBMA8Tb 'to see', PPP yaliiAeH 'seen'. Ha118Tb 'to begin', PPP Hil'laT, H&'I&Ta, Ha'laTo, Hi'I&Tbl 'begun'.

27.7 PPPs with ·bJi-adjective Endings In dictionaries you will find PPPs given with a long-form adjective end~ ing, i.e. ·HHbliii (types 1 and 2 - note the two HH's) or ·Tbliii (type 3). For example Hanlilc&HHbliii 'written' or a3.ATbliii 'taken'. These long forms, which have all the case endings of an adjective, are used in certain bookish constructions which you will meet when you read technical books or literature and newspapers. Examples:

Bo acex KHiilrax, H8nMC8HH.!ill! (prep. pl.) 3TMM BBTOpOM AD 39-ro r6AB, 8CTb MHT8p6c:Hbl8 lKeHJqliiHbl. In all the books written by this author before 1939 there are interesting women. In more neutral style, you would say: Bo acex KHiilrax, KOT6pble 6blnM Hanlilc&Hbl jTMM aaTopoM AD 39-ro r6AB, 8CTb MHT8p6c:Hbl8 lKeHJqMHbl (or Bo BC8X KHiilrax, KOT6pbl8 H8nMc8n jTOTSBTOp .. .).

These 'long' participles replace a clause beginning KOT6pbliii 'which', just as in English you can say either 'all the books written by this author' or 'all the books which were written by this author'. Notice that it is easier and less bookish to use KOT6pbliii + the short participle in Russian; if you

336


choose to miss out the KOTOpbiM, then you must use the long participle and make its adjective ending agree with the noun to which it refers. B6T nATb 6Mn6Toa, KoT6pble 6bii1M KjnneHbl B'lep8 or B6T nATb 6Mn6Toa, Kjnne.Hl:U!IX (gen. pl.) a'lepa. Here are five tickets (which were) bought yesterday. Pa66yY, KOT6paA 6bJna CA611a.tta Maweill, A6mKeH 6bln CA6naTb BliHA. The work which was done by Masha should have been done by Vanya. Pa66yY, cA6n&.f!HDl (face. sg.) Maweill, AOnJKeH 6bJn CAenaTb BliHA. The work done by Masha should have been done by Vanya.

If you miss out the 'which' in the participial clause, then you have to use the long fonn of the participle and make it agree in case with the noun to which it relates (in this instance pa66TY in the accusative). In bookish style you will also meet constructions in which the long participle is placed in front of its noun, often with words inserted between them, e.g.: Hanrilca.H.H.Illl. AOCToeacKMM a 3To apeMA poMaHbl CT8nM 6'1eHb nonynRpHbiMM. 'The written-by-Dostoevsky-at-this-time novels became very popular' (i.e. 'The novels written by Dostoevsky at this time ... '). B HliaaaHHbiX KHrilrax M6JKHO HaMTM MHoro MHTep6cHoro. In the named books one can find much of interest.

The fonns given in section 27.4 above (CA6naH/alo/bl etc.) are the ones you will nonnally meet and use. Do not mix up the short and long fonns of the participles! In a sentence of the type 'Something is/was/will be done', you must use the short fonn. For 'The work is done' it is wrong to say Pa66Ta CA'n&HH&A. Correct is Pa66Ta CAenaHa.

EXERCISE 27/1

Translate: I Bcl6yAeT cA&naHo. 2 MaraariiM rYM 6bln nOCTp6eH a AeBATHBA4&TOM aeKe. 3 3ToT pOMBH 6bln HanrilcaH TonCTbiM. 4 HMKT6 He 386biT, HM'IT6 He aa6b1To (quotation from the poet B6pa MH6ep at the

337

LESSON 27

main Petersburg war cemetery). 5 CJ)ecTMBBnb 6bln opraHM30B&H

CTYA8HT&MM. 6 Mbl 6blnM npMrnaweHbl Ha ae'tep a .Q6Me APY*6bl. 7 He ace aonp6cbl 6blnM peweHbl. 8 Pa66Ta KOH'teHa. 9 AnenbCMHbl 6blnM npMae38Hbl M3 Acl»pMKM. 10 B nep8Ail'te (programme) 6YA8T paccK838HO o >KM3HM a CM6MpM. 11 .Qae Tp8TM acex cj)MnbMOB, nOKS38HHbiX H8 cl»ecTMBSne, 6blnM KynneHb18MepMKBH48MM. 12 MHorMe M3 npMHHTbiX a MHCTMTjT CTYA8HTOB - MHOCTpSH4bl.

EXERCISE 27/2

Put the corn!ct endings on the words in brackets: 1 MnbM 6yAeT (noKa38Tb) 3ltaTpa The film will be shown tomorrow. 2 Bee MecTa6blnM (38HHTb) All the seats were occupied. 3 Bonp6c y>Ke (peWMTb) The matter has already been dealt with. 4 3-roT aonp6c 6bln (38A{!Tb) (pycCKMiii >KypHanti!CT) This question was as'ked by a Russian journalist. 5 Mara3MH (38Kpb1Tb) The shop is closed. 6 5blnO (o6bHBMTb}, '4T6 KOH48PT H8'4HiTCH a ceMb 'tacoa It was announced that the conce•rt would begin at seven. 7 Baw 38KB3 (npMHHTb) Your order has been accepted.

EXERCISE 27/3

Say in Russian: 1 All the tickets have been sold. 2 The museums will be closed tomorrow. 3 Is this seat (MeCTo) occupied? 4 The tickets will be ordered (38K&38Tb") tomorrow. 5 In our shops it is difficult to find (p) books written by modern Russian writers.

27.8 EXTRA: The Present Passive Participle (or Present Verbal Adjective)

This participle is very rare. You may find examples if you read scientific Russian and other texts in 'bookish' style. Its meaning is 'being V-ed' (V 338


being any transitive' verb), e.g. yaaJKB&MbiM 'being respected' from yaaJKBTb 'to respect'. Here is an example:

0Ha '4enoak, yaBJKileMbliil ac8MM.

She is a person who is respected (being respected) by everybody.

These participles are formed from the first person plural (the Mbl form) of impeifective transitive' verbs by adding the adjective ending ·bliil:

yaaJKBTb' 'to respect': Mbl yaaJKaeM: yaaJKaeMbliil '(being) respected' '4MTBTb1 'to read': Mbl 'tMTSeM: '4MTB8MbiM '(being) 'read' opraHM30BSTb1/" 'to organize': Mbl opraHM3jeM: opraHM3jeMbiM '(being) organized' o6cyJKA&Tb' 'to discuss': Mbl o6cyJKA&eM: o6cyJKA&eMbliil 'being discussed' The stress is generally the same as the infinitive:

mo6MTb' 'to love': Mbl mo6MM: mo6MMbliil '(being) loved' Special cases:

aeA6MbiM 'being led' (from aecTM 'to lead'), Hec6Mbliil 'being carried' (from HecTM 'to carry') Like past passive participles, present passive participles match the nouns to which they relate in number, gender and case. npo~cop MMp'tiiHoa A8BH6 38HMMaeTCJI aonp6caMM, o6cyJKASieMbiMM Ha 3Toiil KOH4JepeHL!MM. Professor Mirchanov has long been concerned with the questions being discussed at this conference.

These participles are sometimes used as adjectives:

Y!ISJK8eMJJt flltAMfl HMKonaeaHa! Respected Lidiia Nikolaevna! (start of a formal letter- see Lesson 26) 3To noA&poK A"" Moeiil mo6MMoiil cecTpM'tKM. This is a present for my beloved ('being loved') little sister.

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LESSON 27

EXERCISE 27/4

A text with and without PPPs. Translate: (a) B cP'Ay 6blno o6'bflaneHo, 'ITO ace 6MnltTbl yJKe npc)A&Hbl. Mbl 6bmM o'leHb YAManeHbl, noToMy 'ITO a nMCbMe AMpeKTopa 6bmo H8nMC8HO, 'ITO 6MneTbl AnA H8C 6YAYT KynneHbl a '18TBepr.

(b) B cpl!Ay o6'bAaMnM, 'ITO ace 6MneTbl yJKe npoA&nM. Mbl o'leHb YAMaMnMcb, noToMy 'ITO a caoiM nMCbMe AMpeKTOP H&nMcan, 'ITO 6MneTbl AnA H8C KynAT a '18Taepr.

27.9 Vocabulary areHT agent

(abiCKS3bla8TbCA like 3H8Tb) to

aKTip actor

speak for/in favour of

aKTpl'ca actress

reHepan general

annOAMpoa&Tb' (38-P)

8AMHCTa8HHO only

annOAMPY~.annOAMpyewb

( + dat.) to applaud someone AC~JpMK8 Africa BenMK06pMTBHMA Great Britain

*YPH&nMCTK8 gen.pl. *YPH&nMCTOK female journalist 38AiiTbP (like A&Tb 12.7) (38A8aBTb

38A81b, 38A8iWb) to set, pose 38AiiTb aonp6c ( + dat.) to ask (someone) a question

al!T(e)p wind aKniO'IMTbP aKn~'ly, aKniO'IMWb (aKn~'IBTb'

like 3H8Tb) (a + ace.) to include (in) a03MOJKHbiM possible

MaaecTHbiM well-known MCKniO'IMTbP MCKniO'Iy, MCKn~'IMWb (MICKn~'IBTb'

aonpoc question anepable for the first time abl6paTbP abl6epy, abl68peWb

like

3H&Tb) + ace. to exclude K&MnaHMA campaign KMHoCIJecTMaanb (m) film festival

(abi6MpBTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.)

Kop6nb (m) gen.sg. Koponfl king

to choose

Me:JKAyHap6AHbiM international

abiHYAMTbP abiHyJKy, abiHYAMWb

(PPP abiHYJKA8H) (abiHYJKABTb' like 3H&Tb) (+ace. + inf.) to force (someone to do something)

o6n&A8Tb' (like 3H&Tb) ( + in st.) to

possess o6cyJKA&Tb' (like 3H&Tb) (+ace.) (o6CYAMTbp o6cyJKy, o6CYAMWb) to discuss

abiCK838TbCAP abiCK8JKYCb abiCK8JK8WbCA (38 +ace.)

06'bAaMTbP o6'bABnlb, o6'bRaMWb

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(o6'bJIBnATb' o6'bJianiuo, o6'bRanilewb) ( + ace.) to

(npMo6peTIITb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to acquire nporpaMMB programme

announce

onp6c survey opraHM30BBTb"0 opr&HM3j'IO, opraHM3jewb (+ace.) to

paaaeAiHHbiM divorced (originally a PPP)

organize

noKnOHHMK admirer np&ACTBIBMTb0 np&ACT8an10 np&ACTBBMWb (np&ACTaam1Tb' like 3H&Tb) ( + ace. + dat.) to present something/someone

peilnbHbiM real, real-life peaynbm result a peaynbTilTe (+gen.) as a result of

peweHMe decision COA8PJKBHMe content, contents cn6pMTb' cn6p10, cn6pMWb

to someone

(no-") to argue, dispute

npeaMAeHT president npeMb6pa premiere npeMb6p-MMHMC:Tp prime minister npMHATb0 npMMy, npMM8Wb past npliiHRn,npMHJina,npliiHRnM (npMHMMBTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.)

cynepaa83Ail superstar TeBTpilnbHbiM theatre (adj.) Y'tBCTBOB8Tb' Y'tBCTByiO, Y'tBCTBYewb a(+ prep.) to participate in YAMBMTb" YAMBniO, YAMBMWb (+ace.) (YAMBnRTb' like 3H8Tb)

to accept

to surprise (someone)

npMHRTb peweHMe to take a

YHeCTM" (like HeCTiil 20.2) (yHOCMTb' like HOCMTb' 20.2) to carry away 'tMHOBHMK bureaucrat 'tMC:no number a 'tttcne ( + gen.) among

decision

nptto6pec:Tiil" npMo6peTj, nptto6peTiwb past nptto6pin, nptto6pena, -no, -nil


ccYHeciHHbl8 BeTpOM» What is the English name of this film? 2 The film was made in 1939. What reason is suggested for its absence from Soviet screens until 1990? 3 What main principle determines how English or American names are spell in Russian transcription? 4 Translate the eight underlined PPPs.

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LESSON 27

B 1937 rOAY, n6cne TOr6 K8K 6bJnO npMHHTO peweHMe CAenaTb ciJMnbM no poMilHy «YHeceHHble aeTpOM», areHT npoAibcepa A3&MA8 Cen3HMKa, Pilccen EiepAaenn, Hil~tan KaMnilHMIO a AMepMKe noKn6HHMKaM poMllHa 6bJn BAa!i aonp6c: KT6 *e A6n*eH MrpllTb CKilpnerr M Perra? IIIOAM nepecnlnM o6cY*A&Tb peanbHYIO APiiMy- poMaH aHrnlillifcKoro Koponil 3AYiiPA8 VIII c pa3BeAeHHOM aMepMKiiHKOM Y6nnec Cli!MncoH (a pe3ynbTaTe KOT6poro Kop6nb AHrnMM 6bln BbiHY)I(AeH OTpe'tbCH* OT npeCT6na). B K~OM C8Mb8 38 o68AOM cn6pMnM 0 T6M, '4T6, M6)1(8T 6b1Tb, rapM Kynep ... A ecnM 3ppon
OT npecT6na to abdicate ('renounce from throne')

342

28 YPOK HOMEP .QBA.Q~ATb B0CEMb VERBAL ADVERBS

28.1 Key Examples YxoAfj, racliiTe caeT. ywen, He cKa3ila HM cn6aa.

6H

As you leave, put out the light. He left without saying a word.

28.2 Verbal Adverbs ('Gerunds')

Russian has two types of verbal adverb (sometimes called 'gerunds' in old-fashioned grammars of Russian). They are fairly common in writing, and you may occasionally hear one used in conversation.

28.3 Imperfective Verbal Adverb

The basic meaning of this verb form is 'while doing something'; it generally corresponds to English verbs with the ending '-ing'. So yxoAfi (from yXOAMTb1) is 'while leaving'. As its name tells you, it is formed only from imperfective verbs. The characteristic ending is -R. Formation

Take the third person plural form of the present tense (the OHM form), take off the last two letters and add -R:

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LESSON 28

roaopMTb' 'to speak' (OHM roaopirr) roaop +II= roaopil '(while) speaking' 3Han.' 'to know' (OHM 3ttaiOT) 3Hlt +A= 3HU '(while) knowing' MATH' 'to go' (OHM MAYT) MA +A= MAR '(while) going' Verbs with the stress pattern of KYPMTb: A Kyplb, Tbl KjpMWb (see 4.9) stress the verbal adverb on the end:

yxQAMn.' 'to leave' yxoJKj, OHM yx6AAT: VXOA +A= yxoAfl '(while) leaving'

If the verb is reflexive', add -cb after the A: yn~:o168TbCA

'to smile' OHM yn~:o16810TcA: yn~:o168 + A + Cb = yn~o~68Acb '(while) smiling'

Note. Don't forget the 'spelling rule' which says that after r, ~ 4 you find a instead of A (see 12.11 ). So:

K,

x, *• '1, w,

cnewMTb 'to hurry' (OHM cnewliT) cnew + a (not A) = cnewa 'while hurrying' Y'fMTbCA 'to study' (A Y'fYCb, OHM j'laTCA) Y'f + a (not A) + Cb : Y'fltCb 'while studying'

28.4 EXTRA: Exceptions (a) Verbs ending -aaaTb, e.g. A&B8Tb1 'to give', keep the -aa- of the infinitive in the verbal adverb:

A&Biirb 'to give': A&BU 'while giving' (not Ad from OHM AltiOT) aCTaaltTb 'to get up': aCTaaltA 'while getting up' (not aCTltA from OHM BCTalbT) (b) Some verbal adverbs are unexpectedly stressed on the stem:

CToiln. 'to stand': CT6A 'while standing' (preferred to CTOR) cMA6n. 'to sit': CHAR 'while sitting' (not CMAR) (c) Some, generally short, verbs have no verbal adverb. The ones to note are eCTb 'to eat', nMTb 'to drink' (nMil is archaic), nMCiiTb 'to write', exaTb 'to travel' (but see (d) below), verbs ending ·HYTb (e.g. TAHjTb 'to drag') (d) There is an alternative ending ·Y'fM, which is used with 6b1Tb: 'to be':

344

VERBAL ADVERBS

6YAY'IM 'being'. Colloquially, this ending can be used with exaTb 'to travel': 8AY'IM 'while travelling'. MAY'IM 'while going' is a colloquial equiva" lent of MAR.

28.5 Use of Imperfective Verbal Adverbs (IVAs) Although we suggest the translation 'while Verb-ing' ('while going' etc.), the actual translation in context will vary. YxoAH, racr.tTe caer (common notice). As you leave/When leaving, put out the light. OHa jotMT cnoaa, CT6st Ha ronoae. (ronoaa 'head') She learns words standing on her head. B03BpaiJ4iSicb AOM6M, Mbl nenM pjcCKMe necHM. On our way home (While returning home), we sang Russian songs.

The negated IVA (with He) can be translated 'without V-ing': n6e3A MAih B XenbCMHKM, He 38XOAH B neTep6ypr. The train goes to Helsinki without calling at St Petersburg. He A083JKBR AO caeTo~6pa, caepHr.tTe Hanpaao. Before you reach (Without going as far as) the lights, turn right.

Notice that it is more important to be able to recognize IV As than to be able to form them. You can always avoid an IVA by using a clause beginning with KorA& 'when' or some equivalent conjunction: Y'fBCb B MOCKBe, Mropb JKMn B TennoM CTaHe means the same as KOTAS 6H Y'IMnCSI B MOCKBe, MrOpb JKMn B TinnoM CTiHe. Studying/When he studied/in Moscow, Igor lived in Teplyi Stan.

Basically, the IVA describes an action or state which is simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb in the main clause. As in English, the subject of the verbal adverb is the subject of the verb in the main clause, i.e. in the last example the person studying is the person living in Teplyi Stan. Common phrases based on verbal adverbs: CYAR no(+ dat.)

judging by (CYAMTb 'to judge')

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LESSON 28

CyAfl no aawel4 ~aMMmut, Bbl yKp8MH84. H8CMOTpil H8 (+ace.) HecMoTpil Ha nnoxy10 noro,qy, Mbl nownM a napK. He roaopil (YJK) o (+prep.) H8'1MHBR C ( + gen.)

Judging by your surname, you're Ukrainian. despite (not looking at) Despite the bad weather, we went to the park. not to speak of (not talking about) beginning with

EXERCISE 28/1

Translate: 1 3HBR, 'ITO Eaa aepHeTCR OO:JAHO, BliAMM abiOMn CTBKlJH ao,qKM. 2 npoe3lKSR MMMO TeaTpa, Mbl Y3HBnM, 'ITO M,qeT nt.eca ccTpM cecTpbl••. 3 OT,qbiXaR a KpbiMy, M3pM no3H&KOMMnacb c MHTepecHbiM npocpeccopoM. 4 Mbl wnM He cnewa, apeMeHM 6bmo MHoro. 5 3&HMMBRCb TPM 'l&ca KBlK,qbiM ,qeHb, BonoAfl BbiY'IMn aHrnMMCKMM R3biK 38 ,qaa ro,qa.

28.6 Perfective Verbal Adverb (PVA)

The closest English equivalent of the perfective verbal adverb (PV A) is 'having Verb-ed', e.g. 'having said'. PYAs are fanned from perfective verbs and have the characteristic endings -a, or, for reflexive verbs, -aWMCb. Formation

If the infinitive ends ·Tb, replace the Tb with a: cKa38Tbp 'to say' ,q&Tbp 'to give'

CKa38a 'having said' ,qaa 'having given'

If the infinitive does not end ·Tb, fonn the PV A using the rules for the imperfective VA, i.e. replace the third-person plural ending with -R:

=

yMTMP 'to go away' OHM yl4,qjT: yM,q + R yl4,qil 'having left' abiMTMP 'to go out' OHM abiM,qyY: abiM,q + R : BbiMAfl 'having gone out' npMHecTMP 'to bring' OHM npMHecjT: npMHec + R npMHecil 'having brought'

=

346

VERBAL ADVERBS

In both cases the stress is the same as on the infinitive. Most non-Tb verbs are verbs of motion based on MATM 'to go', aecrrlfl 'to lead', HecTM 'to carry' and ae3TM 'to transport', e.g. yi4TifiP 'to go away', yaecTifiP 'to lead away', npMBe3TM 0 'to bring by transport'. If you should ever want to form a PV A from a verb ending ·TIV-'Ib which is not a verb of motion, e.g. ne'lb 'to lie down', use the rule given in EXTRA (a) below. Reflexive verbs have -BWMCb: ynbi6HY,.bCR 'to smile': ynbi6HjBWMCb 'having smiled' npo~o~MTaa

nMcbMo, oHa cpaay •e no3BOHiilna MiiTepM.

Having read the letter, she immediately phoned her mother. The 'having done something' structure often sounds stilted in English. Simpler translations are possible in context. Boi4Afl a KOMH&yY, OH cen y OKHil. Coming into the room (rather than 'Having come into'), he sat down by the window. npo)I(MB B CM6MpM TpM MEtCR48, OH aepHyncR B Klflea. After spending (rather than 'Having lived') three months in Siberia, he went back to Kiev. 6H ywen, HM'Iero He CK8HB. He left without saying anything (having said nothing). Basically, the perfective VA describes an action completed (that's why it's perfective) before the action described in the main clause.

EXERCISE 28/2 Translate: I npoexaa TPM OCT8HOBKM, M3pM BbiWna H8 CTBH1.4MM «YHMBepcMTEtT».

2 HM'Iero He Kynlila B M8f83MHe, Bepa pewlflna OOMTM H8 pbiHOK. 3 3aMHTepecoaiiBWMCb 'leKMCT8MM, BonOAR Hil'lan npOBOAMTb ace cao66AHOe apeMR a 6M6nMoriKax. 4 He AOMAH AO npocneKTa, Mbl caepHjnM Haneao. 5 BSAMM ywen, He 38KpbiB OKHil.

347

LESSON 28

28.7 EXTRA: on PVAs (a) Non-Tb verbs can also form the PV A by adding -WM to the masculine form of the past tense:

yHecTH 'to take/carry away': past yHec, PVA yHecwM 'having taken away' n8'tb 'to lie down': past ner, PVA nerwM 'having lain down' (b) But note that verbs based on MATH (ylhH, BbllitTM etc.) have PYAs ending -WEtAWM (not -wenwM):

yihH 'to go away': yw8AwM 'having gone away' ab!MTM 'to go out' BbJW8AWM 'having gone out' (c) Some writers form perfective VAs from -Tb verbs using the formation rule for imperfective VAs. So you may meet forms such as yBHAA 'having seen' (instead of the more normal yaHA8B). (d) Note also that in nineteenth-century literature you may also meet -BWM where the modem language has -a. So cKa3ilawM 'having said' is simply an older version of cKa3ila.

EXERCISE 28/3

Translate the words in brackets, with or without verbal adverbs (your choice): l (Not knowing) pyccKoro H3b1Kil, Kapon He Morna H&MTH caolb rocTHHM'-"'Y· 2 Eaa ywna, (without saying), KYAB oHa M#¥!T. 3 (After drinking) ABB CT&KiHa B6AKM, BRAHM pewHn 38MTH K Bepe. 4 (After getting dressed - OA8TbCJI), Mbl C 6pBTbJIMM M#¥!M 38BTp8K8Tb.

28.8 Vocabulary for 'Peter the Great' 6ecnoaqitAHo mercilessly 6opoA8 ace. 6QpoAY pl. 66poAbl beard

6oilpMH pl. 6oilpe gen.pl. 6oilp (9.8n) boyar (powerful landowner)

348

VERBAL ADVERBS

6pMTb; (no-") 6p810, 6p6ewb to shave

38CeAiiHMe meeting, sitting H8 :taeeAilHMM at a meeting, sitting M:JA8"rb0 (like A&Tb) (t1:JA8BSTb;) (+ace.) to publish

6biT way of life aoeHHo-MopcK6e A6no naval matters, naval science ('war-sea matter'}

K83HMTb'1° K83HIO, K83HMWb to execute KS'IeCTBO quality

BoeHHbiM military BOCCTBHMe uprising acK6pe soon

a Kli'leCTBe (+gen.) as ('in the quality of')

KoneHo pl. KoneHM gen.pl. Kon6Hei knee no Kon6HM (ace. pl.) up to one's knees

BbiA810&qMMCR outstanding (29.3} Bbi8X8Tb0 (Bbi83JKiTb1) (20.4} tO depart (by transport} BbiRCHMTb0 BbtRCHIO, BbtRCHMWb (BbiRCHATb' like 3H8Tb) to find out, establish rnaail pl. rnilBbl chief, head; chapter

Kop86nb (m) gen.sg. Kopa6nA ship KpenOCTHM'IeCTBO sertdom KpenOCTH6M (m adj) sert, semi-

ao rnaae (+gen.} at the head of ronn8HAMR Holland rOCYABPCTB8HHbiM state, belonging to the state rpaHM48 border 38 rpaHMLIY abroad (motion}

slave in pre-1861 Russia KynbTjpHbiM cultural

Kyn(e)LI gen.pl. KYn1.16a merchant M8AMLIMH8 medicine Han6r tax Hanp8BMTb0 HanpiantO, HanpaaMWb (HanpaanATb like

38 rpaHMLI&M abroad (place} ABOPRHMH pl. ABOPAHe gen.pl. ABOPAH nobleman, member of gentry AQ6MUTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) (+gen.} (Ao6MTbcR0 A')6bl0cb, Ao6biWbCR) to work for, get, obtain eaponeM3ilLIMR Europeanization eapone(e)LI (8.6} European (noun} JK8HMTbCRi{0 JK8HIOcb, JK6HMWbCR (Ha + prep.} to marry (of a man) ('to wife on'} 3ilroaop plot

3H8Tb) (+ace.} to direct H8Y'IMTbCR0 ( + inf) (Y'IMTbCR') to learn to do sth Heo6XOAMMOCTb (f)(+ gen.) necessity (for) HenocinbHbiM excessive, over-demanding H6JKHMLibJ (pl.} gen.pl. H6JKHMLI scissors HOCMTb' (20.2} to carry around; to wear

o6p638Tb0 o6p6JKy, o6p6JK&Wb (o6pe3ilTb' like 3H8Tb) to clip, cut

349

LESSON 28

o6cepaaT6pMA observatory o6bJ'f8M gen.pl. o6bJ'f&ea custom 06R3biB8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) {o6A38Tb0 o6A)I(j, o6RJK8Wb) to compel, oblige OAHOBpeMeHHO at the same time opraHM38Top organizer OCT8HBBnMB8TbCA' tO stop OTCT8B8Tb' OTCT8JO, OTCT8iWb {OTCTBTb0 like CT8Tb) (O't + gen.) to be backward, lag behind (s.o.) OTCTBnOCTb (f) backwardness napnaMeHT parliament nepeAOBOM advanced, progressive nn6THMK carpenter no-eaponeMCKM in European style ('Europeanly') norM6HyYb0 pastnorM6,norM6na to perish OOI¥AMTb0 nolqtUKy, nO~¥AMWb (~¥AMTb') ( + ace.) to spare noceaqtiTb' (like 3H&Tb) (+ace.) (noceTMTb noce&qy, noceTMWb) to visit (a place) 0

nocnewMTb0 nocnewy, nocnewllfwb (cnewMTb') to hurry nonHOCTbJO completely npeAOPMRTMe firm, company, business npeo6pa30BBHM8 reform ( = pecl)opMa)

npeoAOneTb0 0peoAOneJO, -oneewb {npeoAoneailTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to overcome npM (+prep. (5.4)) at the time of, under

npM68rBTb' (npM6eJKitTb0 ) (K + dat.) to resort to npMrOHRTb' (like rOHRTb 20.2) (npMrHBTb0 like rHBTb 20.2) to drive (to somewhere) npMroaopMTb0 (K + dat.) {npMroaapMB&Tb' like 3H&Tb) to condemn to, sentence to npMKil3 order npM06aqtiTb' (like 3H8Tb) (K + dat.) {npM06&qMTb0 npM06&qy, -o6&qMWb) to introduce to (something) npoaeAiHHbiM (PPP of npoaecnt) conducted, passed, executed, carried out npOMbJWn8HHOCTb (f) industry npoMbJWneHHbJM industrial npOTMBHMK opponent pa66'fMM (m adj) worker pacnpaanRTbCR' (like 3H&Tb) (c + in st.) {pacnpilaMTbCA 0 pacnpaanJOcb, pacnpaaMWbCA) to deal with pe3KO sharply pecl)opMa reform pewllfTenbHO resolutely, with determination

POAHOM own (of family relationships); native caMOA8PJKBBMe autocracy cornicHe agreement c corniiCMA ( + gen.) with ('from') the agreement of co3AiiHMe creation COOC06HOCTb (f) ability cnoc66cTBOB8Tb'Cnoc06CTBYJO,

350

VERBAL ADVERBS

cnoc66CTayewb ( + dat.) to assist, facilitate cnycTR later, after (a period of time) cTpen(e)4 gen.pl. cTpenb40B strelets (member of privileged military corps in sixteenth/ seventeeth century Russia)

ToproanSI trade TJutdinbtM heavy, hard YAenRTb' (yAenfiiO, YAenflewb) (yAenMTbp YAento, YAenMwb) (+ace.) to give, devote YAenS!Tb BHMMSHMe ( + dat.) to give attention to

yaHSTbp (like 3H8Tb) (yaHaaaTb' yaHa!O, yaHaewb) to find out yKpenneHMe strengthening yMCTBeHHbiM mental yHM'tTOlKeHMe annihilation ycn6aMe condition YXYAWMTbCJIP (YXYAWSTbCH') to get worse ~M3M't8CKMM physical 48peBM't son of the tsar 4enb (f) goal, aim 4MBMnM384MJI civilization 3KOHOMM't8CKMM economic 3HeprMH energy

28.9 neTp BemliKMM Peter the Great (Translation in Key) neTp POAMnCJI 30 MBH1672 r6A&'· B 1689 rOAY2 OH )1(8HMnCJI H8 AO'tepM MOCKOBCKOro 6oRpMH8 EBAOKMM nonyxMHOM. 1.4ap8M OH CTan a 1696 roAy3 • 06n&A8H BbiA8tOiqMMMCJI yMcTaeHHbiMM cnoc66HOCTJIMM MorpOMHOM 3HepnteM, OH nOCTORHHO yotMnCJI. 3HSSI, 'tTO POCCMJI OTCTBiT OT nep9AOBbiX CTpaH 3Sn8A8, OH XOpOWO nOHMMan H806XOAMMOCTb 3KOHOMM't8CKMX, BoeHHbiX M KynbTjpHbiX npeo6paaoa8HMM. B 1697 roAY' 6H alitexan aa rpaHM4Y· B ronn8HAMM 6H HayotMncH CTpOMTb Kopa6nM, pa66TaJI npocTiitM nn6THMKOM. OH noce&q&n 38BOAb1, WKOnbt, MHTepecoaancJI MeAM4MHOM. B AHrnMM 6H M3yotiln aoeHHO-MopcK6e Aeno, noceTMn o6cepaaT6pMIO, no6btBiln Ha 38C8ASHMM napniiM8HT8. B aarycTe 1698 r6A&'. Y3HBB 0 BOCCTSHMM CTpenb40B B MocKae, neTp AOnlKeH 6bln nocneWMTb H8 POAMHy.

I TPMA48Toro MaR TbiCJI't8 wecTbC6T c8Mt.A&CRT BTop6ro r6A8 ( 17.11 ). 2 B TbiCJI'tB W8CTbCOT B6ceMbA8CRT A8BRTOM rOAY· 3 B TliiCJI't8 W8CTbC6T A8BJIH6cTO W8CT6M rOAY· 4 B TlitCJI't8 W8CTbC6T A8BJIH6cTO C8AbM6M rOAY· 5 B aarycTe TbiCR't8 W8CTbC6T A8BRH6CTO BOCbM6rO r6AB.

351

LESSON 28

3& rp&HtiU"eM neTp n03H8KOMMnCH C 6biTOM M 06bi'I8HMM BepHyawMcb a MocKay, oH CTan pewr.tTenbHO npMo6aq8Tb pyccKMX ABOPHH M Kynqoa K eaponeillcKoill qMaMnM3llqMM. KorA& 6oRpe MABOpRHe npMwnr.t no3APiBMTb neTp(l c npMe:JAOM, oH HO)I(HMq&MM o6p638n y HMX 66poAb1. BcK6pe 6bln M3A8H npMKil3, KOT6pbiM o6H3b1Ban ABOPHH OAeBaTbCH no-eaponeillcKM M6pMTb

eaponeill~a.

66poAb1. KynqiM niTp pa3pewr.tn HOCMTb 66pOAY· HO 38 3TO OHM nn&TMnM Hanor. neTp YA8nHn MHOfO BHMMBHMH BOnpocaM p83BMTMH npOMbiW· neHHOCTM MTOproanM. AaBBH KynqBM A6HbfM AnH C03ASHMH npoMbiWneHHbiX npeAnPMRTMM, OH npMrOHRn rocyA8pCTBeHHbiX KpeCTbRH B ropoA8 B KB'I8CTBe KpenOCTHbiX p&60'IMX. Ao6MBBHCb CBOMX qeneill, OH HM nepeA '18M He OCT&HBBnMB&nCH. CTpOH fOPOA neTep6ypr, OH He o6paaq&n BHMMBHMH H& TH)I(inble ycnOBMH. Pa60T8H B XOnOAe, nOA AO"'AiM, CTOH no KOneHM B BOAe M rpH3M, TbiCH'IM KpecTbRH norr.t6nM OT 6one3HeM, ronOA& M Henocr.tnbHOfO TPYAB· Co CBOMMM npoTMBHMK&MM neTp pacnpaanHnCH MHOfAB npM6er8H K MX ci»M3M'I8CKOMy YHM'ITO)I(eHMIO. B 1698 fOAY, BbiHCHMB, 'ITO BO rnaae BOCCTBHMH CTpenbqOB CTORnM 6ot1pe MMnocnaaCKMe, OH K&3HMn opr&HM38Topoa M 6onee TbiCH'IM CTpenbq6a. HeKOTOpoe Bp6MH cnycri neTp He nOII.\&AMn poAHOfO CbiH& AneKceH, y3H8a, 'ITO qapeBM'I Y'IBCTayeT a 3llroaope. B 1718 fOAY C cornaCMH OTqB AneKCeM 6bln npMrOBOpiH K CMepTM. 6ecno~HO,

Pecp6pMbl, npoaeAiHHble neTpOM, cnoco6cTaoaanM eaponeM3llqMM POCCMM. 0AHBKO 6H He CMOf nonHOCTbiO npeOAOneTb OTCTBnOCTb CTp&Hbl, T&K K&K ero pe4»6pMbl 6blnM OAHOBpeMeHHO H&npaaneHbl H8 yKpenneHMe C&MOAep)I(BBMH M KpenOCTHM'I8CTB8. npM neTpe )I(M3Hb H8POA8 pe3KO YXYAWMnacb.

28.10 Vocabulary for Solianka Recipe 6enbiM rpM6 boletus BblnO)I(MTb• (BbiKnSAbiB8Tb') to spread out ron6aKa little head (dim) ronoaKa nyKa an onion

rpM6H6ill mushroom (adj) A068BMTb• (Ao6aanHTb') to add AYXOBOM WK&cl» oven "'"P fat, grease 38M8HMTbP (38M8HHTb') to replace

352

VERBAL ADVERBS

38neKiiHMe baking

npM6ilaMTb0 (npM6aaniiTb') to add

K8CTpiOnH gen.pl. K8CTpiOnb

npOMbiTb0 (npOMbiBSTb') to wash

saucepan

thoroughly pbi:IKMK saffron milk-cap

KBilweHbiM sour, fermented KMnilaqMM boiling

c6pbi3HyT'b0 to sprinkle (with liquid)

naap6BbiM nMCT bay leaf

CKOBOPOAS frying-pan

n6MTMK slice

cMii38Tb0 (CMS3biB8Tb') to grease

nyK onions

sth with sth

Macnt'iHa olive

cM838HHbiM greased (27.7)

MMCKa bowl

CM8WSTb0 (CMeWMB8Tb;) to mix

Hap63an.P (Hape3iln.') to cut, slice

coniHbiM salted, pickled

06lUpMTb0 (06:1KilpMB8Tb') to fry

c6nb (f) salt coniiHKa solianka (spicy cabbage

all over

dish)

oryp(e)q cucumber OKOH'ISHM8 end

CTOnOBbiM table (adj)

OCTSBWMMCJI remaining

cyxilpb (m) rusk

O'IMCTMTb0 (O'IMaqSTb') to clean

cywiHbiM dried

nep(e)q pepper

TOMST-mope tomato puree

noAil'la serving

TOT :IKe the same

nOA6epe30BMK brown mushroom

yYWeHMe stewing

nOA*BPMTb0 (nOA*BPMB8Tb') to

yYWiHbiM stewed yYWMTb' (no-0 ) to stew

brown noKpb1Tb0 (noKpblaitTb') to cover

yKcyc vinegar

nOCbln8Tb0 (nOCblnBTb') to

sprinkle (with sth solid)

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 28/4 I Does this dish contain any meat? 2 What does the recipe tell you to do with the cabbage? 3 Apart from the choice of type of mushrooms, three instructions involve options. What are the three options? 4 Translate literally the seven underlined verbal adverbs.

353

•

LESSON 28

ConRHKa rpM6HaA A Recipe for Mushroom Solianka

(Note how the recipe uses infinitives as impersonal commands) Ha 500 r (nJITbCOT rpiMMOa) CaUtiiiX rp11160a- 1 Kr (OAMH KlllnOrpBMM) caeJKeiii Kanjcn.l, 1 (OAMH) coniHbliii orype~, 1 (OAHi) ronoaKa nju, 2 CT. (Aae CTOnoawe) nOJKKIII TOII8Ta·nl0p6, 1-2 (OAHii-Aae) ot8iiiHb18 nOJKKIII caxapa, 2 CT. (Aae CTOnOab18) nOJKKIII MSCna. KanfCTY H&p63&Tb, nonoJKm a K&CTpli»niO, A06lla111Tb 118cno 111 H8MHOro aOAbi. Tywlfrb OKono 'tSC8. 3a 15-20 IIIIIHjT AO OKOH'tBHIII.A yYW6HIII.A npiii6Sa111Tb TOMBT•nl0p6, caxap, COnb, nape~, naapoabliii n111CT, jKcyc. OotllfcTIIIa 111 nDOMtila rp1116ti1 (66nbl8, noA6epiaoaiiiKIII, ptiiJKIIIKIII 111 APfrllle), nonoJKMTb 111x Ha 10-15 MIIIHjT a Klllniii.I4YIO BOAY· 3aT6M H&pUaa nOMTIIIK&MIII, o6JK8p111Tb a MBCne. nonoJKMa rplll6bl a MMCKJ, H& TOiii JK8 CKOaOpoA6 nOAJK&piiiTb nyK Ill 38T6M C118WBTb ere) C rp1116SMIII, AQ6iallla H&p638HHbliii oryp6~, COnb, nepe~. nonoallfHy yYWiHOiii K&njCTbl nonOJKMTb H8 CMS38HHJIO JKMpoM CKOaOpoAj, H8 K8njC"ry atilnOJKIIITb nplllrOTOaneHHb18 rp1116t01111 noKpbiTb OCTilaweiiiCA K&njCTOiii. noctimaa K&njCTy cyxapHMIII Ill c6pti13Hya MicnoM, nocTiaiiiTb a AYXOaoiii WK&CI» AJIR 38neK8HIIIR. nep&A noAfloteiii Ha consiiHKY MOJKHO nonoJKMTb noMTIIIK niiiMOHa ltn111 M&cnMHbl. rp1116Hj10 consiiHKY MOJKHO nplllrOTOaiiiTb TilKJKe 1113 KallweHoiii unjCTbl, He A06&aniiA a troM cnj'tae jKcyca. Ca6JK111e rp1116bl MOJKHO 38M8HMTb coniHbiMIII ltn111 cywiHbiMIII.

354

29 YP6K H6MEP .QBA.Q4ATb .QEBSITb 'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES

29.1 Key Examples of Active Participles cneAyiO&qMM H&'IMHBIO&qMM BbiA810&qMMCA nilwy&qaA M&WMHKa JKenaiO&qMM ono:fA{IawMM B 3TOM AepeaHe JKMBjT niOAM, roaopil&qMe no-pyccKM. Mbl roaopilnM co CTYA6HT8MM, npMexaawMMM M3 MpKjTcKa.

following, next beginner ('one who is beginning') outstanding typewriter ('writing machine') wishing; person who wants to latecomer ('who has come late') In this village live people who speak Russian. We talked to the students who had arrived from Irkutsk.

29.2 Active Participles' Russian has two active participles, whose use is restricted to fonnal, bookish Russian (novels, scholarly works, some newspaper writing). The present active participle corresponds to English '-ing' verb fonns in such sentences as 'The man reading the newspaper is a spy'. The past active participle, which has both imperfective and perfective fonns, corresponds to 'who/which + the past tense' ('The woman who gave you all this money is a spy').

355

LESSON 29

Both participles are met quite frequently in written Russian (particularly in newspapers and scientific writing) but they are not used in the spoken language. They can always be replaced with a clause beginning KOTOpbiM followed by the present or past tense. Like the passive participles you met in Lesson 27, active participles are formed from verbs and have adjective endings. In some grammar books, these participles are called 'verbal adjectives'.

29.3 Present Active Participle (Who/Which is VERB-ing)

These participles are easily recognized by their characteristic -~- followed by the adjective ending -MM. To form them, take any imperfective verb in its OHM form (e.g. 'tMTBIOT), take off the -T and add -~Mii: 'tMTiiTb (OHM 'tMTBIOT)- 'tMTBIO + ~MM: 'tMTBIO~MM 'reading' roaopMTb (OHM roaopkr)- roaopR + ~MM = roaopR~MM 'speaking'

These adjectival forms agree with the noun to which they relate. The endings are the same as those of the adjective xopowMii (see Table 5.) SI3HBIO A8BywKy, otMTatO~YIO (f. ace. sg.) ra36TY. I know the girl reading the newspaper.

Notice that this sentence means exactly the same as: SI3HBIO A8BywKy, KOTopaR otMTSeT ra38TY. I know the girl who is reading the newspaper (see 18.9 for KOTOpbiM).

If the verb is reflexive, add -cR (which is never shortened to -cb in participles): AeaywKa, 38HMMatO~ pyccKMM The girl studying Russian R3biKOM, noApyra Bepbl. is a friend of Vera. (38HMMBTbCR 'to study': 38HMMBIO + ~MM + CR 'studying')

There are no exceptions to these rules for forming present active participles. Occasionally the stress is hard to predict (e.g. participles from -m verbs with the stress pattern of KYj)MTb (K}'ptb, KjpMWb, KjpRT) tend to have the stress of the first person, i.e. KYPB~M 'smoking', not KjpR~M), but the stress is of little importance since you will rarely have to use them in speech.

356

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES

EXERCISE 29/1

Find the infinitives from which the participles are formed and translate the sentences: 1 Mbl wnM no AOpOre, aagywelii a nee. 2 Bee yaaJK810T nMcllTenelii, nMWYIJ&MX npllBAY 0 KOMMYHIItaMe. 3 MMCTep noyn BCTpe'fileTCR C 6M3HeCMeHOM ('businessman'), CTpOR!J&MM HOBble 38BOAb1 B CM6MpM. 4 AnR Hilwero Mara3MHa Mbl ..t~qeM JKeHiqMH, yM8101J&MX OAeBllTbCR Kpac..tao. 5 B 3TOM cM614pcKOM r6poAe, cymecTBYIO!Jl8M acer6 AKRTb neT, yJKe 66nee nRTH TbiCR'f JKHTenelii. 6 AMpeKTop acTpe'fileTcR C pa60'fMMM, OTKS3bi88101QMMMCR pa60T8Tb B BOCKpeC8Hb8.

29.4 Past Active Participles (Who/Which VERB-ed/was VERB-ing These participles have the characteristic ending -BWMM, an adjective ending which agrees in number, gender and case with the noun to which it relates. It means 'who (or which) VERB-ed or was VERB-ing'. M3Y'fSBWMM' M3Y'fMBWMMP

who was studying who mastered

They are formed from both imperfective and perfective verbs using this rule: take off the -n of the past tense and add -awMiii: M3Y'fllTb' 'to study' (past M3Y'flln) - M3Y'fllBWMM: CTyA8HTbl, M3Y'fllBWMe' pjCCKMM R3biK, H&WnM MHTep8cHyiO pa66yY. The students who studied Russian found interesting work. M3Y'fHTbP 'to master' (past M3Y'fHn)- M3Y'fMBWMM: 6M3HecM8Hoa, M3Y'fMBWMXP (gen.pl) pyccKMM R3biK, O'f8Hb Mllno. There are very few businessmen who have mastered Russian.

If the verb is reflexive, add -cR (never ·Cb). 38HMM8TbCR' 'to StUdy' (past 38HMM8nCR)- 38HMM8BWMMCR: Bee AeaywKM, 38HMMilawMecR' pyccKMM R3b1K6M, BbiWnM 3ilMyJK 38 pjCCKMX. All the girls who studied Russian married Russians.

357

LESSON 29

If the past tense of the verb does not end -n, add -wMi (without the a) to

the masculine singular of the past tense: npMH8CTM0 'to bring' (past npMHic)- npMHiCWMi• 'who brought' Exceptions

The main one is MATM (and all its prefixed forms) which has the past participle form WSAwMi: BOMTM 0 npoiTil•

aow6Awt~i•

'who went in' 'who went through'

npow6Awt~i•

Note also: B8CTM' (to lead) npMo6pecT111• (to acquire)

aeAWMi' 'who/which led' npMo6peTwMi• 'who acquired'

These participles always correspond in meaning to KOTOpbiM + the past tense: 6M3H8CMHOB, M3yotMBWMX pYCCKMM R3biK, Oot8Hb MBnO = 6M3H8CMHOB, KOTOpbl8 M3yotHmt pjCCKMM RabiK, Oot8Hb MBnO.

EXERCISE 29/2

Translate:

l CryAeHTbl, ono3A{lawMe • Ha aKaiiMeH, O't&Hb 6ecnoK6MnMCb. 2 n!OA{ti, BMAtBWMXi neHMHa, Tenepb Oot8Hb M8no. 3 )1(6HiqMHy, H8WMJuYIQ° CJMKy, npOCRT nOAOiTM K 8AMMHMCTpirropy Teirrpa.

29.5 Participles as Adjectives: 'Has been Wife' A number of active participles, mainly present ones, are commonly used as adjectives (i.e. they are used in front of a noun and have little or no verbal meaning of action). They are listed in dictionaries.

358


Examples:

cniAYIOIQMM A&Hb nMWYUWI M&WMHK& BMY!llM p6nb 6necni!QIIR KHMra

the following day (from cneAOB&Tb 'to follow') typewriter ('little writing machine') (from nMcilTb 'to write') leading role (from aecTM 'to lead') brilliant ('shining') book (from 6neCTeTb 'to shine')

KMDR!Il8R aoA{l boiling water (from KMneTb 'to boil') BbJA8!01QMecR nMcaTenM outstanding writers (from BbiA&BiiTbCR 'to stand out') non-drinking, abstemious (from nMTb 'to drink') Henb!OWMM former ('has been') wife (6biBWMM is the past 6biBW8R :JKeHil npowgwee apeMR

active participle of 6b1Tb 'to be') past time, past tense (npoweAWMIII• from npoiiiTM• 'to pass')

Some are used as nouns:

Mbl npMrnawileM acex :JKenii!OiqMX.

We invite all those who want to come (:JKenii!OiqMM 'who wishes' fium :JKeniiTb).

6H pa66TaeT c H&'4MHii!OiqMMM. He works with beginners (H&'4MHii!O~qMIII 'beginning' from H&'4MHiiTb 'to begin'). Latecomers are asked to wait Ono3AflawMx np6cRT DOAO:JKAiiTb.

(ono3AflawMIII• 'who was late' from ono3A{ITb• 'to be late').

EXERCISE 29/3 Translate the words in brackets, using a participle or KOTOpbiM (your choice): I CrvAeHToa, (who wish- :JKeniiTb) M3Y'4i1Tb aHrnMIIIcKMM R3biK, 6'4&Hb MHOfO. 2 8 MHCTMTjTe Mbl pa3rOBBpMB8nM CO CyYA8HT8MM, (who are studying - 38HMMiiTbCR) pyccKMM R3b1KOM. 3 npe$8Ccop MMp14iiHOB '4MTileT neKLIMM o no3Tax, (who wrote') npM CTilnMHe. 4 AMpeKTop

npMrnacMn H& a8'4ep acex CTYA8HTOB, (who had arrived•) M3 Bn&AMBOCT6Ka.

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LESSON 29

29.6 EXTRA: Punctuation You may have noticed above that an active participle is always separated from its preceding noun by a comma. Russian has very strict rules for the use of commas. In English, we tend to insert a comma when we pause; in Russian, on the other hand, the placing of commas is detennined primarily by grammatical structure and only secondarily by meaning or intonation. The main rule: a comma is always used to separate a main clause' from a subordinate' or participial clause, e.g.: BBAMM cKa38n, 'ITO CKOpo npMAiT. Vadim said he would come soon. subordinate clause/ /main clause/

A comma would look most unnatural in this English sentence, but in Russian it is compulsory. If you miss it out, you look uneducated. Russian schoolchildren are not considered literate if they don't put the main commas in. KaapTMpa, a KOT6pollii 6H JKMBiT, 6'1eHb 6onbw6R. 'The flat he lives in is very large.' The main clause is KaapTMpa 6'18Hb 6onbWBR and the subordinate clause, separated by commas, is a KOT6pollii 6H JKMBiT.

Note the number of commas in the following (all compulsory): KB:IK8TCR, Te, KTO npMWin B BOceMb, CMornM KynMTb 6MneTbl, 8 T8M, KTO npMwen a A8BRTb, AMpeKTop cKa3iiln, 'IT6 ace 6Mn8Tbl np6A&Hbl. It seems that those who came at eight were able to buy tickets, while those who came at nine were told by the director that all the tickets had been sold.

By contrast, note that Russian does not use commas to separate time and place phrases from the rest of the clause. In English you can write 'In 1937, we lived .. .' but in Russian there is no comma: B 1937 rOAY Mbl JKMnM ... There are other differences between Russian and English punctuation, particularly in representing direct speech, but the use of commas is the only one likely to be noticed.

360

'BOOKISH' STYLE: ACTIVE PARTICIPLES: PUNCTUATION: SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES

29.7 Long- and Short-Form Adjectives

This grammar aims to be complete. That is, it deals with all the basic structures of Russian grammar, even with those which you are unlikely to use, because you will meet them in the speech or writing of Russians. One of these minor topics is the choice between the long and short forms of adjectives. You have met some short-form adjectives simply as vocabulary items, e.g. A6n>KeH/AOn>KH8JAOn>KH61AOn>KHbl 'obliged' (19.4), pa.q, p&,qa, p&Ao, PBAbl 'glad' (26). What has not been mentioned is the fact that most adjectives of the H6BbiM/MonoA6i/aenMKMM types (7.2), but not those ending ·CKMM, can have the short endings ·la/o/bl in certain circumstances. Short-form adjectives are met only in sentences of the type 'The film is interesting', 'She was grateful', in which an adjective used predicatively (i.e. with no noun after it) is linked to the subject by a form of the verb 'to be'. These short-form adjectives have only one case, the nominative, and therefore only four possible endings, namely masculine, feminine, neuter and plural. They are called 'short-form' adjectives because their endings are truncated versions of the nominative 'long-form' adjective endings you met in 7 .2. Here are the two sets of endings compared. m H6BbiM H6B

H6B8R HOBS

n H6Boe H6BO

pi H6Bbl& 'new' H6Bbl 'new'

long forms short forms

You will see that short-form adjectives have the endings you associate with nouns (consonant ending: masculine; -a: feminine; -o: neuter; ·bl: plural). If you want to say 'a new house', using the adjective 'new' attributively (i.e. in front of a noun), the only possible form is H6BbiM A6M. But if you want to say 'The house is new', you have a choice between A6M H6BbiM and A6M H6B. The difference is a stylistic one: in most cases, the long form is normal, neutral Russian, while the short form is bookish. This means that the long form is the one you have been using, but when reading bookish Russian (formal articles, speeches, scientific writing, poetry) you will meet many examples of short forms.

361

LESSON 29

Here are examples of short forms you may meet: BepgH,B8pHa,aepHO,BepHbl Kp8CMB,Kp8CMBB,Kp8CMBO,Kp8CMBbl MHT8pec§H,MHT8pecHa,MHT8pecHO, MHT8peCHbl xgnOA8H, xonOAHB, x6nOAHO, x6nOAHbl Hj}KeH, H)'lKHB, Hj}KHO, H)'lKH.til (HX"'Hbl also occurs) AQpor, AOpora, A6poro, A6porM

aepHbiM Kp8CMBbiM MHT8p8cHbiM

true beautiful interesting

xon6AHbiM

cold

HjlKHbiM

necessary

AOporoi KpBTKMM nirKMM

dear/expensive short light/easy

niroK, nerKa, nerKo, nerKM (r pronounced x before K)

TPYAHbiM aenMKMM XOpOWMM

difficult

TPYA8H, TPYAHB, TPYAHO, TPYAHbl aenMK,BenMKa,aenMKO,BenMKM xop6w, xopowa, xopow6, xopowr.t

great good

KpBT~,KpaTKB,KpByKO,KpBTKM

You may notice that the neuter forms are the same as adverbs (7 .16). Special cases 6onbw6i ManeHbKMM

large small

aenMK,B8nMKB,B8nMK6,aenMKM M&n,Mana,Man6,Manbl

Examples: 3ToA6poro. S1 6YAY KpBTOKIKpaTKB. 3TonerK6. Bawa AO'fb 6'f&Hb Kpacr.taa. Bonp6cbl 6blnM cnr.twKoM TPYAHbl AnR Hac. 31-oT CTyn B8M Hj}KeH?

That's expensive. I shall be brief. That's easy. Your daughter is very pretty. The questions were too difficult for us. Do you need this chair? ('Is this chair to you necessary?')

Points to note: Short-form adjectives are harder to form than long-form ones. While long-form adjectives are very ~egular and have fixed stress (see 7.2), short

362

'BOOKISH' STYLE: ACTIVE PARTICIPLES: PUNCTUATION: SHORT-t'ORM ADJECTIVES

forms involve irregularities. Although the basic rule for forming shortforms is 'Take off the last two letters of the masculine form (HOBbiM becomes HOB) and the last letter of the other three forms (HOB&JI becomes HOBlt, HOBoe becomes HOBO, HOBble becomes HOBbl)', there is a general tendency for the stress of two-syllable adjectives to shift to the end in the feminine (and sometimes in the plural as well). Many adjectives have other stress shifts, e.g. MOnOAOM 'young' has the short forms MOnOA, MonoAlt, MOnOAO, MOnOAbl. Adjectives with a consonant group before the ending, e.g. MHTepe{albiM, usually add -e- (or -o-) between the consonants in the masculine form only (CilMbM MHTep8qH 'The film is interesting'). Many adjectives, particularly all those ending ·CKMM and most soft adjectives (e.g. nocn8AHMM 'last'), have no short forms at all. Usage (l) As mentioned above, you can manage without short adjectives most of

the time because they tend to be bookish, while the forms you learnt in Lesson 7 are normal everyday Russian. However, there are a few adjectives (such as PIIA 'glad'- see above) which, when predicative (used with no following noun), are always in the short form. Here are the main ones: roTOBbiM 'ready' is only used in the short form TOTOB, TOTOB8, TOTOBO, roTOBbl in sentences such as 'I am/was/will be/would be ready': S1 roTog/roToBa. KorAll Bbl 6yAeTe roTOB.!;!!?

I'm ready. When will you be ready? (Note: With Bbl, short-form adjectives are always plural (ending ·bl), even when you are

talking to one person.) Be so good (in polite requests).

P8A, piwl, pltAo, pltAbl 'glad'. (Notice that in English, too, 'glad' is nearly always used predicatively: 'She is glad' is much more likely than 'She is a glad person'.) S1 TBK p8Af aac BMAe'noMb16jAeM~.

I'm so glad to see you (woman speaking). We'll be glad.

nox6lKMM 'similar': noxolK, noxolKa, noxolKe, noxolKM: Bbl noxolK.tt Ha KnlipKa r8l46na. You look like Clark Gable.

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LESSON 29

Hy:JKHbiM 'necessary' always has the forms Hy:JKeH, HY*Ha, Hj)J(HO, HY:JKHbt if it is used predicatively: BaHA - "Y*Hbnl 'lenoaeK.

Vanya is a useful ('necessary') person.

But

MHe HY:JKHB aawa nOMOJqb.

We need Vanya ('Vanya to us is necessary'). I need your help ('To me is necessary your help').

(2) If the subject is 3To 'this/thaVit' or ace 'everything', the predicative

adjective must be short: 3-ro A6porg (not AOporoe). Bci :JA8Cb MHT8peCHQ.

That's expensive. Everything here is interesting.

(3) As well as sounding more bookish, the short form may carry other con-

notations, depending on the situation: it may sound more categorical/ emphatic, or it may restrict the description to a particular situation- see (4). 0Ha T8KBA rnynaA. OHa TaK rnyna.

She's so silly (long form). She's so stupid (short form - more emphatic).

Note that 'so' is T&K with short adjectives (and adverbs) and T&Koiiil 'such' with 'normal' (long form) adjectives. (4) If the adjective has a dependent phrase such as 'difficult for me', '(too)

big for you', then the short form should be used: norOA8 XOpOW8A.

The weather is good.

But nor6A& xopowa A11A nbi:JK. 3-fo 0811bTO eMy B811MK2.

The weather is good for skiing. That coat is (too) big for him.

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EXERCISE 29/4

Translate: A Conversation with Short Forms ME: an: ME: an: ME: an: ME:

lAP&aCTayitTe, &epa neTp6aHa. P&A aac ar.1AeTb. st T6JKe piA&, MnbR Er6poBM't. abl roT6Bb1? Y•e rOT6aa. 5jAbTe Ao6pbl, nep8A&iiiTe nopTcp!nb, OH MHe HjJKeH. Baw nopTCIJ6nb nox6• Ha 't&MOABH. 3To aepHo. Ho aiwa cjMKa T6JKe 6blni 6bl nox6•a Ha 'teMOABH, ecnM 6bl Bbl 6blnM T8K JK8 3iHRTbl, K8K R.

EXERCISE 29/5

Translate, using short forms:

l I was glad. 2 She looks like her father. 3 That's good. 4 That's expensive. 5 They need dollars. 6 Tania, are you ready? 7 We'll be ready in ('tepe3) five minutes. 8 The hat (wanKa) is too big for ('to') her.

29.8 Vocabulary AAMMpameiCTBo Admiralty &HCiM6nb (m) ensemble apKBA& arcade apxMTeKTjpHbiM architectural 6ap6KKO (n indecl) baroque 6orllTCTBO richness, wealth aop6Ta (n pl.) gen.pl. aop6T gates aenMKonenHbiM magnificent B&nM'teCTB8HHO•np8KpBCHbiM majestically beautiful aepHbiM true; faithful

B03BbiWBTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) to tower ane'laTniiiO&qMM impressive (from aneafBTnRTb' (coli) to impress) B'b83AHble aop6Ta entrance gates BbiA&BiiTbCR' (BbiA8TbCR•) to project, stand out BbiCTyniiiO&qMM projecting BbiCTyniiTb' to project, stick out BbiXOAMTb' HB (+ace.) to look out on

365

LESSON 29

BbiC8AMTbCR" (BbiCRMB8TbCR') to disembark, land rapMOHM"'HbiM harmonious rnynbtM stupid, silly roT6Bia/o/bt ready (29. 7) AeKop decoration ABOp(e)4 palace Aaop46B8R nno&q&Ab Palace Square 3i1My>K BbiXOAMTb'/BbiMTMP 3iiMY* (38 +ace.) to marry (of the woman) ('to go out after a husband') McnonHeHHbiM executed, carried out PPP of McnonHMTbp to carry out, execute, perform KonoHHa column, pillar Kpbtno pl. KpbtnbR wing naHAWilcj)T landscape nbt>KM (pl.) gen.pl. ntit>K skis MacwT86 scale M&Tpoc sailor MOAenb (f) model My:JeiHbiM museum (adj) Hit6epe>KH8R (f adj) embankment, quay H&M66nee most Heo6bi"'BMHO extraordinarily HenOBTOpMMbiM unique HY>KHbiM necessary 66pa3 form; image; manner o6patqiH PPP of o6paTMTbp turned oKeiiH ocean

ono3Ai1Tbpono3Ail~.ono3Ailewb

(oni13AbiB8Tb' like 3H8Tb) (H8 + ace.) to be late (for) onpeAenMTb0 onpeAentb, -nr.twb (onj)eAeJ1Rrb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to determine, define OCHOB8Tb 0 OCHytb, OCHyiWb (+ace.) (OCHOBbiBaTb' like 3H8Tb) to found napiiAHbiM grand nonyoCTpoa peninsula nopTcpE!nb (m) briefcase n~CT&BnRTb' (npeACTSBMTb0 ) ce6e to imagine npoeKT plan. project npon6p4MR proportion pa3Hoo6pii3Me variety pacnonariiTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) to be situated, placed pacnono>KeHialolbt situated pewiTKa gen.pl. pewiTOK grille, railing, decorated ironwork CKnOH slope cTyn pi CTjnbR, gen.pl cTjntoea chair cy6Tponr.t"'eCKMM subtropical TOp>K8CTBeHHbliil grand, splendid, majestic TpoMHOM triple yKpiiCMTb0 yKpiiWy, yKpiiCMWb (yKp&WBTb' like 3H8Tb) (+ace.) to adorn cpac&A fa<;:ade "'eMOASH suitcase

366


29.9 Bn&AMBOCTOK Vladivostok (bookish style) Bn&AMBOCTOK pacnon6lKeH Ha nony6cTpoae, BbtAalinqeMcR a TliiXMM OKeSH. 3-ro OrpOMHbiM n6pT. CaM&R MHT8pecH8R 'f8CTb r6poA8 HB6epelKH8R. 3Aecb B03BbiWB8TCR KOnOHH8 C MOAenbJO KOpa6nR, C KOTOporo BbiCBAMnMCb M8Tp0Cbl, OCHOaBBWM8 Bn&AMBOCTOK B 1880 rOAY· ropoA, cnycKaJOJqMMCR no cKn6HaM K MopJO, 6'feHb Kpaclila. Era H806bl'fBMHO yKpawiiJOT HBnOBTOpMMbiM n&HAWBCin, cy6Tponlil'f8CK8R npMpOA&.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 29/6 I What is the connection between the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace? 2 What are we told about the location of the Winter Palace in relation to its Petersburg surroundings? 3 Find and translate the four active participles, the one verbal adverb and the four past passive participles.

3MMHMM ABOpS4 The Winter Palace (Another bookish text, not easily translated) KB)I(AbiM, x6Tb OAMH pa3 no6b1BBBWMM a 3pMMTBlKe, acnOMMHileT 0 HeM, np&ACT&BnRR ce6e aenlil'fecTBeHHo-npeKpBCHbiM 3MMHMM Aaope4- c&Moe 38Me'fiiTenbHoe MH&M66nee an8'faTnRJOJqee M3 nRTiil My38MHbiX 3AIIHMM. nocTpOeHHbiM B 1754-1762 roAilx no npoeK-ry CJ)paH'fecKo 6apTonoMeo PacTpennM (1700-1771), 6H onpeAenliln aenMKonenHbiM apxMTeK,.YpHbiM aHc8M6nb Ha 6eperj Heabt. MacwTil6aMM, 6oriiTCTBOM, pa3Hoo6pii3MeM apxMTeKljpHoro ABKOpa, 8 TiiKlK8 npon6p4MBM 'f8CTSM 31i1MHMM AB0pe4, MCn6nHeHHbiM B CTiilne pyCCKOrO 6apOKKO, C03A88T rapMOHM'fHbiM MTOplKKTBBH· HbiM 66pa3. Aaa Kpbtna c 38n&AHOM cTopoHbl o6pa~qeHbl K AAMMpanT81itcTay; rna&HbiM ct»ac&A. BbiXOAJllqMM H8 ABOP40BYIO nn6Jq&Ab, - H8M66nee nap8AHbiM. B C~HeM, Bbtc-rynaJOJqBM, 'fSCTM pacnonaraeTCR TpOMHaR apK&Aa BW3AHbiX aop6T, yKpaweHHbiX aenMKonenHoM pewiTKOM.

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30 YP6K H6MEP TPM.Qi..4ATb ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES

30.1 What's Left?

You have now covered all the basic grammar you need to speak correctly and to work your way through written Russian texts. Your main task now is to build up your working vocabulary sufficiently to be able to follow • Russian speech and read Russian books and newspapers without constantly hunting in dictionaries. This lesson deals with a few vocabulary points and then tests your mastery of Russian with a complete classic short story.

30.2 Dictionaries

You will need the largest Russian-English/English-Russian dictionary you can afford. The best three currently available are those published by Collins, Oxford University Press and Penguin Books. If you want a pocket dictionary, the best is the Oxford Pocket Russian-English/English-Russian Dictionary.

30.3 Russian Abbreviations

A feature of post-1917 Russian has been the widespread use of abbreviations, including acronyms such as TACC 'TASS' and 'stump compounds'

368

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES

(made up of parts of words) such as yHMBepMar 'department store' from lHB.!HUlCBnbHbiM Mfi[83MH 'universal shop'). Good dictionaries, such as those mentioned above, include the commonest ones. To read abbreviations such as MrY (Moscow State University MOCKOBCKMM rocyA8pcT&eHHbiM YHMaepcMTih), you need to know the names of the letters - see 1.5. MrY(MGU) ~PY(CIA)

CCCP(USSR) Kr& (KGB) Note CWA (USA)

[em-ge-o'o] [tse-er-oo] [es-es-es-er] [ka-ge-be]

Though the letters are [es-sha-8] the pronunciation is usually [se-she-8]

However, if the letters form a pronounceable word, they are read as a word (like Unesco or Nato in English): TACC IOHECKO

pronounced [tas] pronounced as in English [yoo-n8-sko]

Note the Russian predilection for abbreviations constructed out of parts of words (stump compounds), particularly for the names of companies and trading organizations. That is, rather than names of the type IBM (from International Business Machines) or BBC (from British Broadcasting Corporation), Russians prefer the type we find in Natwest (from National Westminster Bank). YpanMilw [oo-ral-m8sh] (from YpanbCKMM 38BOA TAJKinoro M&WMHocTpoeHMA) Urals Heavy Machinery Works in Ekaterinburg. co&MMH (coa8T MMHMCTpoa) Council of Ministers MMHnernpOM (MMHMCTepCTBO nirKOM npOMbiWneHHOCTM)

Ministry of Light Industry MMHMACOMOnnpOM (MMHMCMpcTBO MACHOM M MOnO'tHOM npoMbiW· n&HHOCTM)

Ministry of the Meat and Milk Industry rocTenepiiAMO (rocyA6pcTB8HHoe TeneBMAeHMe .. PBAMO) State Television and Radio (an analogy would be 'Britbroadcorp' for the

BBC)

369

LESSON 30

rl1ascaxanMH6yMnp6M (r11asHoe ynpasl1eHMe 6yMIVKHoil npoMbiW118HHocTM Ha CaxanMHe) Chief Administration of the Sakhalin

Paper Industry

30.4 Particles

Some of the trickiest words to translate are the so-called 'particles'' ('t8CTMI.Ibl). A particle is a (usually short) word, such as •e (5.2), which occurs only with other words, never on its own, to indicate such things as emphasis (•e), speaker's attitude (BeAb), emotion, or, sometimes, grammatical structure (e.g. 11M, indicating a yes-no question 3HaeTe 11M Bbl ... ? 'Do you know ... ?'). rAeMsaH? rAe •e MsaH?

Where is Ivan? Where is Ivan?

Other particles you have met are B8Ab, indicating that the speaker expec~s you to agree with his statement or to know the information already (BeAb OHa yexa11al She's left, you know); 6bl indicating doubt or hypothesis (SI 6bl KynMI1 ABB I would buy two/1 would like to buy two); BOT here/there is, used to draw attention to what follows (BoT no
That's just it/That's just the point. Such crowds!

-Ka which softens imperatives, making them friendlier or more like invitations. CK&)I(M·Ka ... Do tell me ... noAOMAM·Ka Come here, won't you? He wyMMTe-Ka You'd better stop making a noise. -Ka with verbs in the first person future indicates tentative intentions: 3a8AY·Ka K HeMy. I think I might call on him (example from The Penguin

Russian Dictionary). AB which apart from meaning 'yes' is a weaker, colloquial equivalent of a ('and/but')

370


npMHeCMTe MHe BWM, AS nocKop6el Bring me some vodka, and quick about it! (example from The Oxford Russian Dictionary) 111 'even', 'too', emphasizes the following word: 0H8 He att8na, "t1'6 111 6H OTKiJKeTCR. She didn't know that even he would refuse.

More examples: 86T He 0)1(MA8nl 86T CIOpnptial /J,a KHMry •e 386bll1 R e..Y nep8A8T~r-Tol Hy, AB nornJIAM •e H& MeHRI Hy, ~tT6 •e Tbl? Hy AS 66r c HMMI

I didn't expect this! What a surprise! Oh, but I've gone and forgotten to give him the book though! Well, but just take a look at me then! Well, how are you then? Well but what does it matter? (66r'God')

T6-TO Ill OH61 HyAS?I

That's it! Really? (astonishment with a note of distrust) Oh, no! (disagreement, unwillingness, refusal)

KaK 6bl He T&KI

Not at all. On the contrary.

30.5 Vocabulary for Chekhov's T6nCTbiM MT6HKMM 'Fat and Thin' 68TIOWKMI good gracious! 6naroroBiiHMe reverence 66r [boh] pl. 66r111 gen.pl. 6or6a God; god 66r c HMMIHeM good luck to him/her; what does it matter? 6or8TbiM (short form 6or8T) rich He 66MCR' (from 6oRTbCR) don't be afraid B6AOMCTBO department &enbM6•a grandee, big shot BeT'tMHa ham

BMWHR gen.pl. atiweH cherry BOCKnMKHyYb0 BOCKnMKHy, ·KH8Wb (BOCKnML!iiTb' like 3HBTb) to exclaim aoCT6p•eHHO enthusiastically ap6AB (+gen.) like BblrftRAbiBBTb' (like 3H8Tb) (BblrftRHyYb0 BblrftRHy, ablrnRHeWb) to look out BbJTRHyYbCR0 BbiTRHYCb, -HeWbCR to stretch; to stand erect

371

LESSON 30

:IKMBMT8nbH8R anara (coli)

BbiTRHyYbCR" BO ci»PYHT to stand

intoxicating liquor

to attention repocTpiiT Herostratus (who burnt

38CT8rHyYb" 38CT8rHy,

down the temple of Artemis at

38CT8rHiWb (38CTirMB8Tb') like 3H&Tb) ( + ace.) to fasten

Ephesus)

38XMXMK8TbP (like 3H8Tb) to start

ntMH83MCT grammar-school boy rMMH83MR grammar school

giggling (XMxMK8Tb' to giggle)

3B83Ail pl. 3ai3Ab1, gen.pl. 3ai3A

rnRAltTb' (no-•) rnR:IKy, rnRAMWb (Ha + ace.) to look (at)

star

rony6
M3·38 (+gen.) from behind

r6cnOAM! good heavens! good

M3YMMTbCR• M3yMn JOcb, M3YMMWbCR (M3yMnRTbCR' M3yMnRIOCb,

Lord!

ax Tbl r6cnQAMI

-ilewbCR) to be astonished

oh, good

heavens!

r.tcKpa spark MCKpMBMTbCRP MCKpMBnJbcb,

ry68 pl. rj6bl dat.pl. ry68M lip rjJq& grounds, dregs

MCKpMBMWbCR (MCKpMBnRTbCR'

AenapriMeHT (old word)

MCKpMBnRIOCb, ·R8WbCR) to

(government) department

become distorted, to twist

Altpeao wood (also 'tree')

K&3iHHbiM state, belonging to the

state

AnMHHbiM long

KBK 6bl as it were

AOcny•r.tTbCR• AOCny•ycb,

K8pTOHK8 gen.pl. K8pTOHOK

AOCny:IKMWbCR (AO + gen.)

cardboard box

(AOCnj:IKMB8TbCR' like 3H8Tb)

KMCnOTil pl. KMCnOTbl acidity,

to reach a position, the top

sourness

AP83HMTb' AP83HJO, APil3HMWb

(+ace.) to tease,(+ inst.) to

KMTil(e)4 Chinese (noun)

call someone a name (in order to

Knacc class, form TpeTbero Knilcca of the third

tease)

form

APYr APvra each other APYr Ha APvra at each other (30.6 note 3)

KHM:IKKB (dim 25.2) gen.pl. KHM:IK8K book, small book,

some book (tam)

AYWOH(O)K swell, smart lad •anoaaHbe (old word) salary

K6e-KilK (26.7) somehow, just, with

difficulty

•ene3H&R AOp6ra railway ('iron

road')

Konne:IKCKMM aceccop collegiate

assessor (eighth grade in fourteen-

:IK8HilT (short adj) married (of a

grade tsarist civil service)

man)

372


KociJ'iHwi coffee (adj) Kpac8a(e)4 handsome man no6wa6HMe (old word) kiss nOCHMTbCA' nocHIOcb, nOCHMWbCA to shine, gleam niOTepaHKa gen.pl. niOTepaHOK Lutheran (Protestant) Mr.1nocTMBbli (old word) gracious, kind Mll1na.1i M6il my dear MyHAMP uniform H8Bblb&iMTb" H8Bblb&iy, H8Bblb&iMWb (H8Bblb&IMB8Tb' like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.) to load (with) He66ca. (coli) probably H6KoTOpb1M 66pa30M somehow; so to speak HMKonaeacKBA •en63HaA AOp6ra The Moscow-St Petersburg line (named after Tsar Nicholas I) o6no6bla6TbCA0 (like 3H8Tb) (no6w38TbCA') (old word) to kiss each other OK8M8H6Tb0 OK8M8H810, ·H8eWb (K8MeH6Ta.') to turn to stone OTBepHjTbcA0 0TBepHJCb, -HiWbCA (OTBOpa'IMB8TbCA' like 3H8Tb) (OT + gen.) to turn away (from) OTKJAB from where OTKYAB Tbl B3RncA? where have you sprung from? owenoMMTb" owenoMnlb, -Mr.1wa. (owenoMnRTb' -MnRIO, •ReWb) to stun, astound

nanMp6cKa (dim of nanMp6ca) Russian-style cigarette nixno (past of niXHYTb' to smell) it smelled nixno oT Her6 (+ inst.) he smelled of nepeBeAiH (PPP of nepeaecTr.1) transferred no6n8AH6Ta.0 no6n8AH810, -Heewa. (6n8AH6"fa.') to turn pale nornAA6"rb0 (see rnAAiTb') (Ha +ace.) to take a look at noA&Tb0 PYKY to hold out one's hand nQA60p6A(O)K chin nQAipHYT{bli) (PPP of nQAipHYTb) covered, coated nOAJM8Tb0 (AyMBTb') (like 3H8Tb) to think for a moment nODTb0 nO)I(Mj, nO)I(MiWb (nO)I(MUTb' like 3H8Tb) (pjKy) to press, squeeze, shake (hands) nOKnOHMTbCA0 nOKnOHibcb, noKn6HMWbCA (nOKnOHATbCA' nOKnOHRIOCb, •R8WbCA) to bow n6nHol (coli) enough of that! n6nHwi (+gen.) full (of) noMr.1nyiTeP pardon me noM6p~A 0 noM6p~yca. nOM6p~WbCA (M6p~TbCA')

to crease, wrinkle; to frown

nopycMrip cigarette-case, cigar-case nocblnaTbCA0 noclilnneTcA to rain down

373

LESSON 30

no'tTMTenbHbiM respectful, deferential npeaocXOA14TenbCTBO Excellency (title of general and equivalent ranks) npMaaTHO (old word) privately npMII4Yp8HHbiM half-closed (of eyes) npMirrenb (m) friend npo6aaniiTbCSI' -niiiOCb, -nileWbCSI to get by, make do (coli) npo*e'tb" npo*rY• npo)l()l(eWb npo*fYT past npo*er, npo*rna (npo*MritTb' like 3H8Tb) to burn through npoii48HMe farewell, parting Ha npoii48HMe in farewell npontaHo disgusting, disgusted nyroaKa gen.pl. nyroaoK button cr6p6MTbCII" cr6p6nl0cb, ·6MWbCSI (r6p6MTbCSI') to hunch up, become bent cnitAOCTb (f) sweetness cne3it pi cne3bl, gen.pl. cne3, dat.pl. cne38M tear, teardrop cny*MTb' cnY*Y, cny*MWb ( + inst.) (no-") to serve, to work (as) CHSITb" CHMMj, CHMM8Wb (+ace.) (CHMMitTb' like 3H8Tb) to take Off cnenbiM ripe cnMHit ace. cnr.tHy, pl. cnrotHbl back cnplrran.cll" cnpil'tycb, -'teWbCSI (nplrraTbCR') (38 + ace.) to hide (oneself) behind CTaHMcnita Order of St Stanislas

(tsarist civil-service medal) cTitTCKMM (coaiiTHMK) Councillor of State (fifth highest civil-service rank) CTonoHa'titnbHMK (old word) head of a civil-service section cj3MTbCR" cy3MTCR (cj)I(MB&TbCR' like 3H8Tb) to become narrow CW)I(MTbCR" CW)I(yCb, CW)I(MWbCR (CW)I(M88TbCR' like 3H8Tb) to shrivel, shrink TilMHbiM (coaeTHMK) Privy Councillor (third highest civilservice rank) T6nCTbiM fat TOH tone TOHKMM thin TpoeKpitTHO thrice, three times TjnoBMII48 body, torso j3(e)n pl. y3nbl bundle ypo*AeHHaSI nee (indicating maiden name) ypoHHTb" ypoHIO, ypOHMWb (+ ace.) (pOHRTb' poHRIO, pOHR8Wb) to drop ycTpeMMTb" ycTpeMmb, yCTpeMHWb (ycTpeMnlrrb -nJ110, -ns1ewb) (rna38 Ha + ace.) to direct, fasten (one's gaze on) ycTjnKa gen.pl. yCTjnoK price reduction: concession yoteHr.tK gen.sg. yoteHMKil pupil ct»nipAOPBH:IK orange blossom (scent)

«<»Ypit*Ka gen.pl. «<»Ypit*eK peaked cap xepec sherry

374


xopoweHbKO properly, well and truly (25.4) x6-x6 ho-ho! xyAeHbKMM thin (25.4) '4eMoA{IH suitcase '4MHono'4MTilHMe respect for rank, kowtowing, boot-licking WilpKyHTb0 WSpKHy, WSpKHeWb (wilpK&Tb' like 3H8Tb) ( + inst.)

to shuffle

wilpKHyYb0 Hor6i4 to click one's heels (Hora 'foot')

WMp0'4ilMWMM widest (18.8) wTjKa thing, piece aqeronb (m) dandy 3«1Jtt8nbT Ephialtes (Greek traitor) H68AHM'48Tb' (Ha-0 ) (like 3H&Tb) to tell tales, sneak

30.6 A taste of Russian nineteenth-century literature, a complete early comic-satirical Chekhov story from 1883: T6ncTbiM MT6HKMM The Fat One and the Thin One Ha BOK38ne HMKonileacKoM lKene3HOM AOpOrM acTpeTMnMcb A&a npMHTenA: OAMH ToncTbiM, APYrOM TOHKMM. ToncTbiM TOnbKO '4TO noo68Aan Ha BOK3ilne, Mrj6bl ero, nOAiPHYTble MBCnOM, nOCHMnMCb, K8K Cnenbl8 BMWHM. naxno OT Hero xepecOM M«13-38 er6 CnMHbt BblrnHAbiB&na xYAeHbK8A lKeHaqMHa c AJ1MHHbtM noA6opOAKOM - er6 lKeHa, M BbtcoKMM rMMH83MCT C npMtqypeHHbiM rna30M - ero CbiH. - nop«
Kpacaae~,

K&K M6btn6 ! TaK6i4 lKe AYW6HOK M aqironbl Ax

Tbl r6cnOAMI Hy, '4T6 lKe Tbl'? lion1T? >KeHaT? SlY*' *eHaT, KaK BMAMWb ••• 3-ro BOT MOR )1(8HS, nytil38, ypo*A8HH8JI BilH~eH6ax ...

375

LESSON 30

mcrrepiiHKa ... A 3To CbiH MOM, Hact»&H&Mn, Y'f&HMK Tp8Tbero Kniicca. 3-ro, Ha~HR, p,pyr Moer6 A8TCTaal B ntMHB3MM aM8CTe Y'fMnMcb! H&CI»&H&Mn HeMHOro nOAYM&n MCHRn wiinKy. - B rMMHB3MM aMecTe Y'fMnMCbl - npoAOnlKiin TOHKMM. - n6MHMWb, K8K Te6R P,P83HMnM? Te6R AP83HMnM repoCTpiiTOM 38 TO, 'ITO Tbl Ka3iHHYtO KHMlKKY nanMpOcKOM npolKer, a MeHR 3ci»MiinbTOM 38 To, 'ITO R R6eAHM't&Tb nt06Mn. X6-xo ... ,QeTbMM 6blnMI He 66MCR, Hacl»iiHR! noAOMAM K HeMy no6nMlKe ... A 3TO MOR JKeHii, YPO"'AiHHaR BiiH1.4eH6ax ... ntOTepiiHKa. Hact»&HaMn HeMHOro nOAYM&n McnpRTancR 38 cnMHY OTI.4ii. - Hy, K&K lKMaewb, p,pyr?- cnpocMn TOnCTbiM, aocTOpJKeHHO rnw H8 APvra.- CnjlKMWb rAe? ,Qocny.MnCR? - CnylKy, MMnbiM MOM! KonnelKCKMM aceccopou y.e aTOpOM roA .. CTaHMcniiaa MMetO. >KiinoaaHbe nnox6e ... HY AB 66r c HMM8! >KeHii yp6KM MY3biKM ABiiT, R nopTCMriipbl npMaiiTHO M3 A8peaa A6nata. OTnM'tHble nopTcMriipbll no py6mo• 38 WTjKy npoABIO. EcnM KT0 10 6epeT A8cRTb WTYK M66nee, TOMY", noHMMiiewb, ycTjnKa. npo6aanReMCR K6e-KiiK. Cny.Mn, 3HiieWb, a AenapTiiMeHTe, a Tenepb ctaAii nepea&AiH CTonoHa't8nbHMKOM' 2 no TOMY JKe 13 a6AoMCTay ... 3AeCb 6YAY cnylKMTb. Hy, a Tbl KaK? He66cb, y•e cTiiTcKMM? A"? - HeT, MMnbiM uol4, noAHMMiiM noabswe,- cKa3iin T6nCTbiM.- Sl y•e AO TtiMHoro AOCnyJKMncR ... ,Qae 3a&3Abl MMetO. TOHKMM aApyr no6neAHM, OKaMeHen, HO CKOpo nM140 ero MCKpMaMnocb ao ace CTOpoHbl wMpo'taMweM ynbs6KoM; Ka3iinocb, 'ITO oT nMI.4ii M rna3 er6 noc.;manMCb MCKpbl. CaM 6H cl>ilKMncR, cr6p6MncR, cy3MncR ... Ero 't8MOABHbl, y3nbl M K&pTOHKM CbiJKMnMCb, nou6p11.4MnMCb ... ,QnMHHbiM nOA6oPOAOK JKeHbl CTan e114e AnMHHee; Hacl»aHaMn abiTRHyncR ao «<»PYHT M38CTerHyn ace nyroaKM caoero MYHAMPB ••. - Sl, aiiwe npeaOCXOAMTenbCTaO ... 6'teHb npMRTHG-C 15! ,Qpyr, MOJKHO CK83iiTb, A6TCTaa M ap,pyr abiWnM' 6 a T&KMe aenbMOlKM-cl XMXM-c. - Hy, nonHo!- noM6PII4MncR ToncTbiM. ,QnR 'tero hoT TOH? Mbl c To6oM APY3bR A6TCTBa - MK 'teMy" TYT 3To 'tMHOnO'tMTiiHMel - noMMnyMTe ... 'ho abl-e ... - 38XMXMKan TOHKMM, ell.4i 66nee

376

ABBREVIATIONS: NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS: PARTICLES

c'biJKMB&Rcb. - MlitnOCTMBoe BHMMiiHMe Bilwero npeBocxoAt~TenbCTB& ... BpOA8 K8K 6bl JKMBtnenbHOM BnarM . .. 3-ro BOT, Bawe npeBOCXOAMTenbCTBO, CbiH MOM HaciJaHalitn ... JKeHil nylltaa, moTepaHK&, HeKOTOpbiM 66p830M ... TonCTbiM XOTen 6bln0 18 B03p83MTb '"IT6-TO, HO H8 nMI.48 y TOHKOro" 6bln0 H80MC8HO CTOnbKO 6naroroBeHMR, cni!AOCTM M OO'"ITMT8nbHOM KMcnoTbl, '"ITO TSMHOMY coB8THMKY cTano npoTMBHO. OH OTBepHyncR OT TOHKOrO M OOA8Jl 8My H8 npolqiiHMe pyKy. TOHKMM nOJKiln TpM nilnbl48, OOKnOHMnCR BC8M TjnOBMiqeM M 38XMXMK&n, K8K KMTile4: «XM-XM·XM». >KeHil ynbi6Hyn&Cb. Ha.H&Mn wilpKHyn HOrOM M ypoHMn ciJypaJKKy. Bee Tp6e 6blnM npMRTHO owenoMneHbl. Notes:

'TOHKMM JKe (emphatic particle) 'As for the thin one, he .. .' 'CKonbKO 3MM, CKOnbKO neT! 'How many winters, how many summers' = 'Long time no see!' 3APYr H& APvra 'at each other'; in the structure APYr APvra 'each other', the first APYr is indeclinable, while the second declines like APYr 'friend'. Prepositions come between the two APYr words. 'BoT (30.4) He

OJKMAiln 'I didn't expect this.' 5See the particles section 30.4. The meaning

here is 'Look straight at me so that I can have a good look at you.' 6 T&KOM lKe Kpac8Be4, K&K .!! 6bln (30.4) 'The same handsome fellow that you (always) were.' 'Hy, '"ITO JKe Tbl? 'Well how are you doing then?' •see particles, section 30.4 •no py6mo 38 wTjKy 'at a rouble each.' '0 EcnM KTO ... 'If anyone .. .' "TOMY ... ycTjnKa 'he gets a reduction' ('to that (one) a reduction'). "CTonoH&'"IilnbHMKOM (inst.) 'as a section head.' 13no TOMY lKe al!AoMCTBY 'In the same ('that very') department.' "A? Eh? 15The -c suffix is short for CYA&Pb 'sir.' 16BbiWnM B T&KMe BenbMOJKM-c! ... 'you've become such a VIP, sir!' Note the change to Bbl. "K '"leMy 'why.' '"xoTen 6blnO 'was about to.' '"Ha nM4e y TOHKoro 'on the thin one's face.'

377

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

Declension of Nouns. N = nominative, A = accusative, anim animate accusative, inanim = inanimate accusative, G = genitive, D = dative, I = instrumental, P = prepositional

Masculine Nouns writer

table singular

plural

singular

plural

N

CT6n

CTOnbl

mtcliTenb

nMcliTemt

A

CT6n

CTOnbl

nMciiTenfl

nMcilTeneiii

G

CTOnlt

CTOn6B

nMcliTenfl

nMciiTeneiii

D

CTOny

CTOnilM

nMcltTemo

nMciiT&nSIM

CTOn6M

CTOnilMM

nMclheneM

RMciiT&nSIMM

CTOne

cTonltx

nMcilTene

nMciiT&nSIX

p

Englishman

museum singular

plural

singular

plural

N

My36iii

My3eM

&HrnM'IflHMH

&HrnM'IflHe

A

My36iii

MYHM

8HrnM'IflHMH8

&HrnM'IflH

G

My38R

My36ea

8HrnM'IflHMH8

aHrnM'IaH

D

MYHIO

My38SIM

&HrnM'IitHMHY

8HrnM'IitH8M

My38eM

My38RMM

&HrnM'IitHMHOM

8HrnM'IitH8MM

p

My38e

MYHSIX

&HrnM'IflHMHe

&HrnM'IflH&X

378

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

grandfather

boy

N

A G D p

singular

plural

singular

plural

MSnb"tMK MSnb"4MK8

MSnb"tMKM MSnb"tMKOB MSnb"tMKOB MSnb"4MK8M MBnb"4MK8MM MSnb"4MK8X

A6AYWK8 A6AYWKY A6AYWKM A6AYWK8 A6AYWKOi4 A'AYWK8

A6AYWKM A6AyWeK A6AYW8K A6AYWK8M A6AYWK8MM A6AYWK8X

uanb~~tMKa

MSnb"tMKY MSnb"tMKOM Milnb"4MK8

2 Feminine Nouns newspaper

N

A G D p

week

singular

plural

singular

plural

ra36Ta ra38Ty ra38Tbl ra36Te ra38Toi4 ra38Te

ra38Tbl ra38Tbl ra36T ra38T&M r&HT8MM ra38TSx

H8A6nR H8A6nl0 H8A6nM H8A6ne H8A6nei4 HBA6ne

HBA6nM H8A6nM H8AMb H8A6nRM H8A6nRMM H8A6nRX

surname

square singular

plural

singular

plural

N

nno~q&Ab

CIHIMMinMR

CIHI•MinMM

A

nno~Ab

nnolq&AM nn61q8AM

~8MMnMIO

~8MMnMM

G D

nn6~q&AM

nno~i4

~8MMnMM

CIHIMMnMi

nn61q8AM nn61q8Abl0

~8MMnMRM

~8MMnMei4

CIHIMMinMRMM

p

nno~q&AM

nnoiJ48AilM nnoiJ48AilMM nnolqiiARx

CIHIMMinMM

I

~8MMnMM

~MMnMRX

379

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

3 Neuter Nouns matter, business

N A

G 0 p

exercise

singular

plural

singular

plural

AMO Aeno Aena Aeny AenoM Aene

Aeni A&ni

ynp&lKHSHMe ynpalKHSHMB ynp8lKHSHMR

ynpalKHSHMR .ynpBlKHSHMR ynpBlKHSHMM ynpBlKHSHMRM ynpalKHSHMRMM ynpalKH6HMRX

A&n ABniM AttnBMM

ynp8lKHSHMIO ynp8lKH6HMBM ynpBlKHSHMM

A&nix

name, first name singular

plural

G 0

MMR MMR MMBHM MMBHM

p

MMBHBM MM8HM

MMBHB MMBHB MMiH MM8HBM MMBHBMM MMBHBx

N A

4 Pronouns who

N A

G 0 I

p

what

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

lfTO IfTO lfer6

Tbl Te6tli Te6A TB68 T066M Te68

OH ero ero

OHB

ee ee

OHO ero

BMY MM HiM

eM eM HeM

Mbl Hac Hac HBM HBMM

Bbl sac sac BBM BBMM sac

OHM MX MX MM MMM HMX

R MBHA MBHA KOrO KOMY lfeMy MHB KBM lfBM MHOM MHB KOM lfiM

KTO Koro

this

N A Aanim

G 0 p

ero BMY MM HiM

Hac

that

m

n

:hoT :ha aTOT aTy aToro aTy aToro aTOM aTOMY aTOM aTMM aTOM aTOM aTOM

aTO aTO aTO

pi

aTM aTM aTMX aToro aTMX aTOMY aTMM aTMM aTMMM aTOM aTMX

380

m

TOT TOT Toro Toro TOMY TBM TOM

TB Ty Ty TOM TOM TOM TOM

n

pi

TO TO TO Toro

Te Te TeX

TOMY TeM TOM

TeX TeM TSMM Tex

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

all

self

m

N A Aanim

G D I

p

B8Cb 88Cb acer6 acer6

pi

n

BCR BCIO

ace ace BCIO acl acei acer6 BCBMY acei aceMy BC8M acei BC8M Bcill acei aceM

ace ace acex acex BC8M BC8MIJI acex

m

pi

caM caM caMOr6 C8MOr6

c:8MIJI CBMIJI caMMX caMMX

n caM6 caM8 C8Moi* caM6 C8Moi* caM6 C8M6i C8MOr6 C8MOMJ caM6i C8MOMJ CBMMM ca116i caMMII ca11611 caM6i ca116M •orcaMy

caMMM caMMIIM ca11ilx

5 Adjectives new

N A Aanim

G D

p

m H6BbiM H6BIIIM H6aoro H6aoro

H6BOIIY H6BbiM H6BOII

H688R H6Byl0 H6Byl0 H6aoi H6aoi H6aoi H6aoi

n H6808 H6aoe H6808 H6aoro H6BOMy H6Bblll H6BOII

pi H6Bbl8

n pyccKoe pyCCK08 pyccKoe pyccKoro

pi pYCCKIJI8 pyCCKIJI8 pyCCKIJIX pyCCKIJIX pjCCKIJIII pyCCKMIIIJI pjccKMX

H6able H6Bb1X HOBbiX H6Bblll H6Bb1MIJI H6BbiX

Russian m

N A Aanim

G D

p

PYcCKMi pyCCKMi pyccKoro pyCCKOrO PYCCKOIIY pyCCKIJIII pyCCKOII

pYCCKBR pyccKyiO PJCCKYIO pyccKoi pyCCKOi

pJCCKOMY PYCCKIJIII pyCCKOII

pjCCKOi pjcCKOM

381

GRAMMATICAL TABltS

N A Aanim

G D I

p

good m xop6wttiii xop6wttiii xop6wero xop6wero xop6weMy XOp6WMM xop6we11

xop6wu xop6wy10 xop6wJ10 xop6weiii xop6weiii xop6weiii xop6weiii

last m N A Aanim

G D p

N A Aanim

G D

p

nocn'Att•iii nocn'Attttiii nocn'Attero nocn'AHero nocn6AH8MY nocn'AHMM nocn'AHeM third m Tp6TMiii Tp6TMiii

Tp6Tb8rO Tp6Tb8ro Tp6TbeMJ Tp6TbMM Tp6Tb8M

nocn'AHRR nocn'AHIOIO nocn6AHIOIO nocn'AHeiii nocn'AHei nocn'AHeiii nocn'AHeiii

n xop6waa xop6waa xop6waa xop6wero xop6weMy XOp6WMM xop6weM

pi

nocn'Attee nocn'Attee nocn'Attee nocn'AHero nocn'AHeuy nocn'AHMM nocn'AHeM

nocn'AHMe nocn6AHM8 nocn'AHMX nocn'AHMX nocn'AHMM nocn'AHMMM nocn6AHMX

TJMhb8 Tp6Tb8ro Tp{ITb8MJ Tp6TbMM Tp6Tb8M

382

xop6wMe xop6wu XOp6WMX xop6WMX XOp6WMM XOp6WMMII XOp6WMX

n

n Tp6Tb8 Tp6Tb8

Tp6TbR Tp{ITbiO Tp6Tbl0 Tp6Tb8iii Tp6Tb8iii Tp6Tb8iii Tp6Tb8iii

pi

pi

yp6TbM yp6'n.M TpeTbMX Tp6TbMX Tp6TbMII Tp6TbMIIM yp8TbMX

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

6 Possessives our (same endings for saw 'your')

my (same endings for

TB6ii 'your', cB6ii 'own') N A Aanim

G 0 I

p

m

f

n

M6ii M6ii Moer6 Moer6

MOJI MOIO MOIO Moeii

Moi Moi Moi Moer6

pi

m

MOM MOM MOMX MOMX M08MY •oeii M08Mf MOMM MOMM •oeii MOMM MOMMM MoiM •oeii MoiM MOMX

H8W H8W Hawero Hawero HaW8MY HaWMM HaWaM

pi

n

tt8wa Hawy

tt8wa Hawa Hawy Hawa Haweii Hawaro Hawaii HaweMy Haweii HaWMM Hawaii HiiWaM

HaWM HaWM HaWMX HaWMX HaWMM HBWMMM HaWMX

7 Numbers (See 22.3 for declensions of ABaiABe, TpM, 'feTblpe, nHTb, W8CTb,BOceMb,COpOK,nHTbA8CRT,BOC8MbA8CHT,A8BSIHOcTO,CTO, AB8cTM, nHTbCOT) one m

N A Aanim

G 0 p

OAMH OAMH OAHOr6 OAHOr6 OAHOMY OAHMM OAH6M

OAHa OAHY OAHY OAH6ii OAH6iii OAH6ii OAH6iii

twenty

three hundred

ABBA48Tb ABBA48Tb ABaA48Tb

TpMcTa TpMcTa

OAHOMY

OAHM OAHM OAHMX OAHMX OAHMM

OAHMM OAH6M

OAHMMM OAHMX

ABBA48Tbl0 'l'p8IIRC'TIMI TJ)ixCTaX AB8A48TM

n

pi

OAH6 OAH6 OAH6 OAHOr6

AB8A48TM AB8A48TM

8 Verbs The references are to lesson numbers active participles, 29 aspects (perfective and imperfective), 12, 13, 14,15 conditional, 19 future tense, 12, 14 imperatives, 15

infinitive, 4 passive participles, 27 past tense, II, l3 present tense, 4 reflexives, II verbal adverbs, 28

383

TPMCT8 Tpixc6T TpiMCTBM

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

Verb types Type 1

3H&Tb' 'to know' (imperfective example). stem 3Hll·

present

past

future

Sl

3H810

3Hlln(a)

6YAY3H8Tb

imperative

Tbl

3HS8Wb

3Hlln(a)

6YA8Wb 3H8Tb

3HSii

OH

3HS8T

3HM

6YA8T3H8Tb

nyCTb3HS8T

OHS

3HS8T

3Hllna

6yAC!T 3H8Tb

nyCTb3HS8T

OHO

3HS8T

3Hllno

6yABT3H8Tb

nycTb 3HS8T

Mbl

3HS8M

3HllnM

6YA8M3H8Tb

ABBllii(Te) 3H&Tb

Bbl

3HlleTe

3HllnM

6yAeTe 3H8Tb

3HSiiTe

OHM

3HSIOT

3HilnM

6YAYT3H8Tb

nyCTb 3HSIOT

pres. active participle

3HSIOiqlilii

past active participle

3HSBWiilii

verbal adverb

3HSSI

Type 1

npo'IMTSTb• 'to read' (perfective example)

past

future

Sl

npo'IMTlln(a)

npo'IMTSIO

Tbl

npo'IMTiln(a)

npo'IMTllewb

OpO'IIiiTSM

OH

npO'IIiiTSn

npO'IIiiTSeT

nyCTb np0'11i1TB8T nyCTb npO'IIiiTS8T

imperative

OHS

npo'IMTilna

npO'IIiiTSBT

OHO

npo'IMTilno

Opo'lliiTS8T

nyCTb npO'IMTBeT

Mbl

npo'IMTllnlil

OpO'IIiiTSBM

ABBllii(Te) npO'IMTlleM

Bbl

npO'IIiiTSnlil

npO'IIiiTMT8

npO'IMTBiiTe

OHM

npO'IMTllnM

npO'IIiiTBIOT

nyCTb npo'IMTSIOT

past passive participle

npO'IMTBH(Hblii)


OpO'IIiiTSBWiilii

verbal adverb

OpO'IIiiTSB

384

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

with stress on the end: same endings, except that stressed e turns into i

Type 1

BCTBBBTb1 'to get up'; present tense stem acTa-

present

past

future

BCTBIO

acTaalln(a)

6YAY BCTBUTb

A

imperative

Tbl

BCTBiWb

aCTaalln(a)

6YA8Wb BCTBBBTb

BCT&alli

6H

BCTBiT

acTaaan

6yABT BCT8BBTb

nyCTb BCT8iT

OHB

BCTBiT

acTaailna

6YABT BCTBUTb

nyCTb BCT8iT

OH6

BCT8iT

acTaaano

6yAeT BCTBBliTb

nyCTb BCTBiT

Mbl

BCT8iM

acTBaanM

6YABM BCTBUTb

ABBlli(Te) acTaaaTb

Bbl

BCTBiTB

BCT8BBnM

6yABTB BCT8BBTb

BCT8UMTB

OHM

BCT810T

aCTaaanM

6YAYT BCTBUTb

nyCTb BCTBIOT


BCTBIOU4MM


BCT8BBBWMi

verbal adverb

BCT8UA

Type 1B

JKMTb' 'to live', with stem ending in consonant IKMB-

present

past

future

A

IKMBY

JKMn(a)

6YAY IKMTb

Tbl

IKMBiWb

JKMn(a)

6YABWb IKMTb

IKMBM

6H

IKMBiT

IKMn

6yABTIKMTb

nyCTb IKMBiT

OHB

IKMBiT

JKMna

6yAST IKI'ITb

nyCTb IKMBiT

OH6

IKMBiT

JKMno

6yAeT IKMTb

nyCTb IKMaiT

Mbl

IKMBBM

JKMnM

6YABMIKMTb

ABBBi(Te) IKMTb

Bbl

IKMBiTe

IKMnM

6yA9TB IKMTb

IKMBMTB

OHM

IKMBjT

JKMnM

6YAYTIKMTb

nyCTb IKMBjT


IKMBYII4Mi


IKMBWMM

verbal adverb

IKMBH

385

imperative

GRAMMATICAL TABLES

Type2

roaopm' 'to speak' (imperfective example), stem roaoppresent

past

future

roaopMII(a)

6yAyroaopltTb

Tbl

roaoplb roaopltwa.

roaopMII(a)

roaopltT

roaopltn

6YABWb roaopltTa. 6YABTroBOpMTb

roaoplt

6H OHB

roaopltT

roaopltna

6YABTroaopltTa.

nycTb roaopltT

OH6

roaopltT

roaopltno

6YABT roaopltTa.

llbl

roaoplt11

roaopltnM

6YABII roaopMTb

nyCTb roaopltT ,qaaili(T&) roaopltTa. roBOpMTB nycTb roaopRl'

A

Bioi

roaopMTB

roaopltnM

6YABTB roaopltTa.

OHM

roaopRl'

roaopltnM

6YAYT roaopltTa.


roBO~IJ4MM


roaopMBWMM

verbal adverb

roao~

386

imperative

nyCTa. roaopltT

THE FOUR SPELLING RULES

Rule 1 (8.3)

M instead

of w after

r, K, x, lK, w, tt, aq

So KHriir.l!t (not KHriirw) 'books'

Rule 2 (8.10) e instead of unstressed o after

lK,

w, 't, aq, 4

So c C8wgii (not C8woii) 'with Sasha' (but B &onbW/lM TeBTpe)

Rule 3 (12.11) a instead of A after r,

K,

x, lK, w, tt, aq, 4

So 0Hrii Ytti.T (not j'tAT) pjcCKMii A3b!K. They're learning Russian.

Rule 4 (12.11)

y instead of 10 after r, K, x, lK, w, tt, aq, 4

So R Y'ti (not yttiO) pjccKMii A3bJK. I'm learning Russian.

387

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

In alphabetical order: a 6 a r A e e (e and e are treated as one letter in dictionaries) lK 3M MK n M H 0 n p C T yell X 1.1 't W 11.\ 'b bl b 3 10 R. This is a complete list of all the words given in the main lesson vocabularies, together with other words used in examples and exercises. Its main purpose is to enable you to find words whose meaning or grammatical forms you may have forgotten or want to check. The bracketed number refers to the lesson in which the word is first used or in which there is further information. Nouns. Gender is shown (as m, for n) only when it is not obvious from the ending (see Lesson 3). Mobile vowels are shown in brackets, e.g. OT(e)L!. Irregular plurals are also shown. If the noun is unpredictably used with Ha (+prep. 'in', 'at';+ ace. 'to'), this is shown as (Ha). Stress of nouns. Where no other information is given, e.g. aHaHac, the stress on all forms of the words is on the same syllable as in the nominative. Where the genitive singular (gen.sg.) of a masculine noun is given (e.g. cT6n gen.sg. cTona), the stress is always on the ending of all forms. If the nominative plural (pl.) of a noun is given, with no other forms, then the singular forms have the same stress as the nominative singular and all the plural forms have the same stress as the nominative plural. For example, ropoA pl. ropoA& means that the dative singular (dat.sg.) is r~POAY and the dative plural (dat.pl.) is ropoA&M. If only the genitive plural (gen.pl.) is shown, then the dat.pl, instrumental plural (inst.pl.) and prepositional plural (prep.pl.) have the same stress as the gen.pl., while all other forms have the same stress as the nominative singular (e.g. 3aepb gen.pl. 3aepel4 means that the stress is on the first e, except in the forms 3BepeM, 3aepRM, 3BepSIMM, 3BepRx). A very

388


few nouns, e.g. niOAM, have different stresses in the gen.pl., dat.pl., inst.pl. and prep.pl.; for these nouns, all plural fonns are given. Some f nouns (e.g. pyd 'hand') are stressed on the end in all fonns except the accusative singular (ace. sg.) and the nom./acc.pl. They are shown thus: pyKa acc.sg. pyKy, pl. PYKM. Verbs (see Lessons 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). The first and second person singular pres./fut. (the Jl and the Tbl fonns) are given. The other four fonns will have the same stem and stress as the Tbl fonn. If a verb is not nonnally used in the first or second person (e.g. npMXOAMTbCJI), the third person singular (the 6HioH8IOH6 fonn) is given instead. Any exceptions to this pattern, e.g. MOryT 'they can' (from MO'tb), are also given. Unpredictable past tense and imperative fonns are shown. Where the stress of the past tense is on the ending of all four fonns (m, f, n and pl.), the m, f and n are given (the stress of the pl. is always the same as the n). If only the m and f fonns are given, the stress of the n and pl. is the same as the f fonn. If only the f fonn is given, then the m, n and pl. fonns have the same stress as the infinitive. The perfectiveP or imperfective; equivalent, if one exists, is given in brackets. Abbreviations: ace. adj adv anim coli comp dat. dim

accusative adjective adverb animate colloquial usage comparative dative diminutive f feminine fam familiar fut. future tense gen. genitive imperfective imper imperative inanim inanimate indecl indeclinable inf infinitive inst. instrumental intrans intrans

IVA m mv n nom. past p

pl. pol ppp prep. pres. PYA sg. s.o. sth T u

389

imperfective verbal adverb masculine multidirectional verb (20) neuter nominative past tense perfective plural polite past passive participle prepositional present tense perfective verbal adverb singular someone something Grammatical Table (see pages 378-86) unidirectional verb (20)


Main list

A~pMKa (27) Africa

ax (18) oh

a (3) and/but (slight contrast) llarycT (17) August aaMaKOHB6T (10) airmail envelope

aaT66yc (4) bus llaTop (21) author areHT (27) agent aAMMHMCTpliTop (21) administrator; hotel manager

AAMMpameiicTao (29) Admiralty liApec (26) pl. aApeca address A3MJI (18) Asia &KTip (27) actor aKTplilca (27) actress BK48HT (23) accent AMepMKa (13) America &MepMK8H(e)4 (B) American (man) aMepMKSHKa (18) gen.pl. aMepMKSHOK American (woman)

aMepMKSHCKMii (7) American (adj) aHaHllc (24) pineapple aHrnliliicKMii (10) English aHrnM'IBHMH (5) pl. &HrnMLfiiHe, gen.pl. &HrnM'IliH Englishman (T1) &HrnM'ISHKa (3) gen. pl. aHrnM'ISHOK Englishwoman

6ll6ywKa (19) gen.pl. 6ll6yweK grandmother

SaiiKlln (18) Lake Baikal SanTiiliicKoe Mope (11) Baltic Sea 6aHliH (10) banana 6ap (18) bar 6ap6KKO (n indecl) (29) baroque 68TIOWKMI (30) good gracious! 6liWHJI (16) gen.pl. 6llweH tower 66raTb' (mv) (20) 6era10, 66raewb to run

6erj see 6e*l1Tb 6e)I(STb' (u) (20) 6erj, 68)1(MWb, 6erjT (no-•) to run 6e3 (10) (+gen.) without 6enblii (B) white 6eper (18) prep. Ha 6eperj, pl. 6eperll bank, shore 6ecnOKOMTbCJI' (14) ·KOIOCb, ·KOMWbCR to worry 6ecnoi48AHO (28) mercilessly 6M6nMOTSKa (23) library 6M3HecMeH (29) businessman 6Mn6T (10) ticket 6McllwTeKc (12) [-shteks] meat

AHrnMJI (5) England (also, loosely, 'Britain')

aHeKA6T (18) joke, anecdote aHcliM6nb (m) (29) ensemble anenbCMH (8) orange annOAMp/OBaTb' (27) -y10, -yeWb (+ dat.) to applaud someone

rissole, hamburger

6naroroaeHMe (30) reverence 6nM*lliiwMii (18) (23) next, nearest 6nlil*e (18) nearer 6nM3KMii (18) near 6nMH (8) pl. 6mtHbl pancake 6mOAO (12) pl. 6mbAB dish, course of

anpenb (m) (17) April apKliAa (29) arcade apxMTeKTjpHblii (29) architectural aTMoccll6pa (26) atmosphere

a meal

6orliTcTao (29) richness, wealth 6orl1Tblii (18) rich 6orll'le (18) (comp of 6orl1Tbli) richer

390

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY tte 66icJI'

see 6oRn.c:R don't be afraid

6piOKM (pl.) (22) gen.pl. 6p10K trousers 6YAHM (pi) (23) gen.pl. 6yAHei

6oK~n (21) wineglass

66nee (18) (22) more (forms camp of

weekdays

6YAHMM A(8)Hb (23) weekday 6YAY• 6yAew1o- see 6b1Tb 6YAY&qMM (17) future (adj) 6YAbTe A06plll (12) be so good

adj/adv); (+gen.) more than

(= 66n1owe) 6one3Hb (f) ( 11) disease 66n~owe

(9) (18) (+gen.) more; more

(introducing request)

than

66n1owe He (+ verb) no longer, no more 66n~owMi

(18) bigger

6on~owMHCTB6 6on~ow6i

(17) majority

(7) large

6opoA8(28)acc.66poAy,pl.

66pOAiol, gen.pl. 60p6A beard 66paq (3) gen.sg. 6oplqi beetroot soup 6ollpMH (28) pl. 6ollpe gen.pl. 6ollp boyar (powerful landowner)

60RTbCA' (15) 6oi0Cb, 6oMWbCR (+gen.) to be afraid (of)

6paK (22) marriage 6paT (3) pl. 6pBTbA gen.pl. 6pBTb8B brother

6paTb' (10) 6epy, 6epiw1o f past 6pana (B3ATb") to take 6pa'IHBA napa (22) married couple 6pecTM' (u) (20) 6p&Ay, 6p8Aiw1o past 6pin, 6pena, 6pen6 (no·•) to plod along

6pMTBHCKMM (7) British 6pMTb' (28) 6p610, 6p6ew1o (no_,) to

6yM8ra (21) paper 6yrep6p6A (8) open sandwich 6yri11nKa (9) gen.pl. 6yrblnoK bottle 6ycll"r ( 10) snack bar 61o1 (19) (conditional particle 'would') 6biB81Tb' (23) ·10, -ew1o to be (repeatedly/often)

6111BWMM (16) former 6111CTpo (13) quickly, fast 6111CTPioiM (18) quick 6biT (28) way of life, everyday life 6b1Tb (11) (only pres. form ecTb; fut 6YAY· 6YA8Wio, imper 6yAb(Te); past 61o1n, 61o1na, 6blno to be 610p6 (17) (n indecl) office B (4) +prep.;+ ace. (+prep.) in;

(+ace.) to (a place)

Bar6H (20) carriage BBJKHbiM (13) important aaniOTB (24) currency, hard currency BaniOTHioiM (9) currency, foreign currency (adj)

shave

BBM, BBMM - see Bioi (T4) you BBHHBA (f adj) (7) bathroom BaHA (m) (3) Vanya (familiar form of

6pMTbCA' (11) 6p6/10Cb1 -8WbCA (no·•) to shave oneself

6poAMTb (mv) (20) 6poJKy, 6p6AMWb

Ivan)

to wander

6poc8/Tb' (25) •10, •8Wb (6p6CMTb) ( + ace.) to throw, throw away

6p6CMTb" (25) 6p6wy, 6p6cMWb (6pocBTb) (+ace.) to throw. throw away

aap8Hb8 (16) jam, preserves aac - see Bioi (T4) you Baw (6) your (T6) BAPYr (13) suddenly

391


aereTBpM8H(e)4 (12) (male)

vegetarian

B3rnRA (21) view, opinion; look B3RTb' (12) B03bMj, B03bMiWb past

BereTapMBHK8 (9) g.pl. BereT&pMBHOK

B3Rn, B3Rna, B3RnO (6p8Tb') to

(female) vegetarian

take

BereTapMliHCKMM (12) vegetarian (adj)

BMA (18) view; form

B8AOMCTBO (30) department

BMABTb ( 11) BlllKy, BMAMWb (y-') to

BeAY, BBAiWb see BBCTit lead BBAb (9) you know/isn't it/aren't you

see BM38 (23) visa

etc. (indicating that the speaker

BMHO (3) pl. BMHB wine

expects agreement)

BMWHR (30) gen. pl. allweH cherry

Be31TII' (u) (20)

-3y, -iwb, past Bib,

BKnJO'I81Tb' (21) -10, -ewb

B83nB, B83n0 (no-') to transport

(BKniO'IMTb') (+ace.) to switch on,

BeK pl. Bed ( 17) century Bin, eena - see BecTII led

plug in; to include BKniO'I/MTb' (21) (27) -y, -MWb see

eeniiKMM ( 11) great

BKniO'IBTb'

BenMKo6pMTliHMR (27) Great Britain

BKYCHbiM (8) tasty

BenMKonenHbiM (29) magnificent

BnBCTb (f) (24) gen. pl. BnacTei power

B8nM'I8CTB8HHO-npeKpacHbiM (29)

BnaCTM (24) gen.pl. BnaCTei authorities

majestically beautiful

BneTBITb' (20) -10, -ewb (BneTeTb')

BenbMOlKB (30) grandee, big shot HpMTb' (21) BepiO, B8pMWb (nO-')

BneTeTb' (20) Bne'ly, BneTJiiWb- see

to believe(+ dat. = s.o.) (B +ace. = in s.o. or sth) BepHijTbCR' ( 14) -ycb, -iWbCR (B03Bpatq8TbcR') to return, come

BneTBTb' BM8cTe (16) (c

+ inst.) together(with)

BMecTo (16) (+gen.) instead of BMliCTO TOfO 'IT06bl (21) ( + inf)

back

instead of (doing something)

BepHbiM (29) true; faithful

BHM3 (15) down

eecinbiM (18) cheerful

BHMMBHMB (24) attention

BBCHB pl. BicHbl gen. pl. BicBH spring

BO Bp(IMR ( 17) ( + gen.) during

BecTII' (u) (20) HAY· B&AiWb, past

BO = B before

Bin, Bena, Ben6 (no-') to lead

Becb(11)(seeT4) all

BOAS (8) acc.sg. BOAY· pl. BOAbl,

dat.pl. BOABM water BOAMTb' (mv) (20) Bo)l(j, BOAMWb to

B8'1ep (16) pl. BB'Iepa evening;

evening party B8'18pHMM (7) evening (adj)

take on foot, lead BOAKB (3) vodka Bo8HHo-MopcK6e Allno (28) naval

B8'1epoM (15) in the evening BBLqb (f) (10) gen.pl. BeLq(li thing

Bfcll + consonant

(+prep.) in;(+ ace.) to (a place)

B8T(e)p (27) gen.sg. B8Tpa wind BBT'IMHB (30) ham

tb

fly in

matters, naval science B08HHbiM (28) military

392


BOT no'leMy (13) that is why

B03BP8!1WTbCSI' (14) ·IOCb, •8WbCSI (aepHjrbCst•) to return, come back

aowin, aowna - see aoliiTM entered

ao3apa!J46HM8 (26) return

anepal:i1e (27) for the first time

B03BbiW8JTbCR' (29) •8TCSI to tower

anepiA (20) forward

B03MTb' (mv) (20) BOlKy, B03MWb to

an8'1aTnfiiOIJ4MM (29) impressive

transport

apa'l (16) gen.sg. apa'la doctor

B03MOlKHOCTb (f) (13) possibility,

ap&AHo (14) harmful, it's harmful

opportunity

apeMst (9) gen.sg. apeMeHM, gen.pl. BpeMiH time

B03MOlKHbiM (27) possible B03p8lK81Tb' (14) -10, -8Wb

apoAe (30) (+gen.) like

(ao3p83MTb•) to object

BPRA nM (21) hardly, unlikely

B03pa/3MTb• {14) -lKj, ·3MWb- see

ace (11) (pl. of aecb 'all' T4) everybody aci {10) (see aecb 'all' T4) everything

B03p8lKBTb' aoliiHa (14) pl. aoliiHbl war

ace (25) (ace Bp6MSI) all the time

aoliiT.t• (13) aoliiAy, aoliiA~twb past

aci paaHo ( 11) all the sarne; it's all the same

aowen, aowna, aowno (aXOAMTb') to enter

acerA& (18) always acero (10) (also gen. of aecb T4) in

aoK38n (5) (Ha) station, terminus BonoAfl (m) (3) Volodia (lam form of

all/only

Vladimir)

ac8-T&KM ( 19) nevertheless

BOH TaM (5) over there

BCKBKMBa/Tb' (25) ·10, ·BWb (BCKO'IMTb•) to jump in/up

aoo6U46 (13) altogether, totally aonpoc (27) question

acK6pe (28) soon

aopoTa (n.pl.) (29) gen.pl. aopoT gates

BCKO'IMTb• {25) BCKO'Iy, BCKO'IMWb

aoceMHBA48Tb (22.3) eighteen aoceMb (22.3) eight

(BCKBKMB8Tb') to jump in/up acnoMMH8!Tb' (13) -10, -ewb

BOCBMbABCSIT (22.3) eighty

(acnoMHMTb•) (+ace. oro+ prep.)

BOC8MbCOT (22.3) eight hundred

to recall

BOCKnMKttlyrb• {30) -y, ·8Wb

acnoMtt!MTb• (13) -10, -MWb see

(aocKnMI.j{!Tb') to exclaim BOCKpeC6Hb8 {17) gen. pl.

BCnOMMHBTb' acTaaaTb' (16) acTalb, acTaewb,

BOCKpeC6HMM Sunday

imper BCT8BBM(T8) (BCT8Tb•) to get up

aocnMTbiBaiTb' (19) -10, -ewb (+ace.) to bring up (s.o.)

BCT8Tb• (16) BCTBHy, BCTBH8Wb

BOCCTBHMB (28) uprising BOCTOK (18) (Ha) east

(BCT8BBrb') tO get Up BCTp8/TMTbCSI" (19) ·'IYCb, •TMWbCSI

aocT6plKeHHO (30) enthusiastically

(BCTpe'IBTbCR') (c + inst.) to meet

BOCTO'IHbiM {18) eastern

(s.o.)

BOT (3) here/there (when pointing)

acTp6'1a (23) meeting

393


BCTp8'18frbCR' (19) •IOCb, •8WCR (BCTp6TMTbCR') (C + inst.) to meet

(BbiKnll,qblaaTb'} to spread out BbiHYAMTb" (27) BWHY>KY, BbiHY,qMWb,

(s.o.)

(Bb1Hy>K,q8/Tb' -10, -ewb) to force

BTOPHMK ( 17) Tuesday BTop6i4

(7) second

forced

axo,q (19) (a+ ace.) entrance (to)

BblnMTb0 ( 12) BblnbiO, BblnbeWb

BXO,qMTb' (13) BXO>Ky, BXO,qMWb (aoi4Tril0 ) to enter

(nMTb') (+ace.) to have a drink Bblpa>KeHM& (21) expression

a'lepa (10) yesterday B'b83p,Hbl& aop6Ta

ppp Of BbiHy,qMTb

BbiHy>K,q&H (27)

BbiCa/,qMTbCR 0 (29) •>KfCb, ·,qMWbCA

(n pl.) (29)

(BbiCOMB8TbCR' (29)) to

entrance gates Bbl (4) (see T4) you

disembark, land BbiCS>KMBa/TbCR' (29) •IOCb, ·8WbCR-

Bbl6er8/Tb' (20) ·10~ ·8Wb (Bbl6e>K&Tb0 ) to run out

see BbiC&,qMTbCR 0 BbiCKa/38TbCR 0 (27) ·>KYCb, ·>K&WbCR

Bbl6e>K8Tb0 (20) Bbl6ery, Bbi68>KMWb,

(BbiCKbbiBa/TbCR' •IOCb, ·8WbCA)

Bbl6eryT - see Bbl6erl1Tb' Bb16p8Tb0 (27) Bbl6epy, Bbl6epeWb

(38 + ace.) to speak for/in favour of BbiCKBKMBa/Tb'

(Bbi6Mp8/Tb' -10, -ewb) (+ace.) to

choose

BbiCKO'IfMTb0

BblrnR,qbiBa/Tb' (30) ·10, ·&Wb (BblrnRH/yTb• -y, -ewb) to look out Bbl,qa/BBTbCR' (29) •IOCb, ·iWbCR

BbiCOKMM (18) tall BbiCyYn8frb' (29) •10, •&Wb (BbiCyYnMTb 0)

BbiCTynl!iiOUIMM (29) projecting BbiTRHfyYbCR 0

(Bbi&3>KBTb') to leave (by transport) Bbi/3B8Tb0 (21) ·30By, •30B8Wb

BbiY'!MTb0 (13) BbiY'!Yo BbiY'IMWb (y'lriiTb') ( + ace.) to master BbiXO,qMTb' {15) BbiXO>Ky, BbiXO,qMWb

(+ace.) to summon BbiMTM" (15) BbiM,qy, BbiM,q&Wb past

(30) ·YCb, ·8WbCR to

stretch; to stand erect

(Bbl3biBBTb') to summon Bbl3biB8frb' (21) •10, ·8Wb (Bbi3B8Tb0 )

10 project, stick out,

step out

Bbl,q&IOUIMMCR (28) outstanding;

projecting

(25) -y, •MWb

(BbiCKBKMBBTb;) to jump OUt

(Bbl,q&TbcR•) to project, stand out

Bbi8X8Tb0 (28) Bble,qy, Bbl&,q8Wb

(25) ·10, -&Wb

(BbiCKO'IMTb 0 ) to jump out

(Bb1MTM 0 ) to go OUt BbiXO,q (15) exit

BbiW&n, Bb1Wn8, imper BbiM,qM(T&)

BbiXO,qHOM ,qeHb (17) day off

(BbiXO,qMTb') to go OUt

Bblwe (18) taller

Bbln&T8frb' (20) ·10, ·8Wb (Bbln8T8Tb0 )

BbiRCHfMTb 0 (28) ·10, ·MWb

to fly out

(BbiRCHRTb') to find out, establish

Bblne/T&Tb0 (20) •'ly, ·TMWb- see Bbln8TBTb' BblnO>KMTb0 (28) -y, ·MWb

ra36Ta (3) newspaper rapMOHrii'IHbiM (29) harmonious

394


racTp6nM (I pl.) (26) racTp6nei

roHAITb' (mv) (20) -10, -ewb ( + ace.) to chase, drive

(theatre) tour

racTpoH6M (17) food shop

ropa (18) ace. r6py, pl. r6pb1, dat.pl.

rAfJ (3) where rA6-HM6YAb (26) anywhere rA6-To (26) somewhere reHeplm (27) general repMBHMR (20) Germany rep6i (21) gen.pl. rep6ea hero

ropaM hill; mountain rop83Ao (18) much (with

rMA (16) guide (person) rMMH83MCT (30) grammar-school boy rMMHB3MR (30) grammar school rMTllpa (16) guitar rnaaa (28) pl. rnllabl chief, chapter rnllBHbiM (7) main rna3 (25) pl. rna38 gen. pl. rna3 eye rna3(6)K (25) pl. rnbKM little eye rny6lKe (18) comp of rny66KMM

comparatives)

r6pHM'IHSR (f adj) (21) maid r6poA (7) pl. ropoAfl town, city ropR'IMM (8) hot r6cnoAMI (30) good heavens! good Lord!

rOCTMHM48 (4) hotel r6CTb (m) (12) gen.pl. rocTei guest 6b1Tb B rOCTRX y (+gen.) to be visiting s.o.

MATM a r6CTM K + dat., to go to visit s.o.

rocyAflpcTaeHHbiM (28) state,

deeper

belonging to the state

rny66KMM (18) deep rnynbiM (29) stupid, silly rmiiA6Tb' (25) -lKy, ·AMWb (no-•) (H8 +ace.) to look (at)

rH&Tb' (u) (20) roHIO, r6HMWb, past rHanil (no-")(+ ace.) to chase, drive rHeBHbiM (21) angry roaopMTb' (4) -10, -MWb (no-•; cKa38Tb•) to speak, say r6A (6) prep. B rOAY· gen.pl. neT, dat.pl. roAiiM year rOAOB~MH&

(14) anniversary

ronnaHAMR (28) Holland ronoaa (28) ace. r6noay, pl. r6nOBbl, gen.pl. ron6a head ron6eKS (28) gen.pl. ron6aoK little head ron6aKa nyKa (28) an onion (nyK onion, onions)

r6noc (14) pl. ronoca voice rony6'4MK (30) dear friend, my dear

roT6Bia/o/bl (29) (short adj) ready rOT6BfMTb' (16) •1110, ·MWb (npM-') (+ace.) to prepare; to cook

rp&MM (9) gen.pl. rpBMMOB Or rp8MM gram( me)

rp&HM48 (18) border 38 rp&HM48M (21) (28) abroad (place)

38 rp&HM4Y (21) (28) abroad (motion)

rpM6 (12) pl. rpM6bl mushroom rpM6H6i (28) mushroom (adj) rp6MKMM (14) loud rpynna (24) group rpt13HbiM (20) dirty rpR3b (I) (11) prep. sg. B rpR3M mud ry6a (30) pl. rj6bl, dat. pl. ry6aM lip rynR/Tb' (17) -10, -ewb (no-') to take a walk rY~ (30) grounds, dregs

395


p,a (3) yes p,8BBTb' (12) p,alb, AdWb, imper p,aaai{T8) {p,aTb") to give p,aaH6 ( 13) long ago, since long ago

AS*• (14)

p,aK8H (19) dean (of university or insititute)

ABK6p (29) decoration A6na/Tb' (8) -10, -ewb {c-") (+ace.) to do; to make

even

A8iTe (8) give (imperative') p,aniKMi (18) far p,aneK6 (12) (oT +gen.) far (from) A&nbwe (16) further, onwards p,aTb" (12) p,a11, p,awb, p,acT, ABAMM, ABAMTe, ABAYT· past ABn, A&na, A&no {p,aaaTb') to give ABB (m and n)IAH (f) (22.3) two AHA48Tb (22.3) twenty ABBHBA48Tb (22.3) twelve AHPb (f) (3) prep.sg. a AB&plil, gen.pl. ABBP6i door AB6cTM (22.3) two hundred AB6e (22.10) two AB6p (26) gen.sg. ABOpa yard, courtyard; royal court

ABOp{6)1.4 (29) gen. pl. ABOPL46B palace

,qaop1.46BBR

nn6~q&Ab

that. ..

A{e)Hb (m) (3) day p,aHb poJKA6HMR ( 17) birthday A6HbrM (pl.) (8) gen.pl. A6Her, dat.pl. ABHwBII money p,anapTBMBHT (30) (old word) (government) department

p,ap6BHR (19) gen. pl. p,apea6Hb village; country (opposite of town)

A6peao (26) pl. ABp6BbR gen.pl. p,ap6ab8a tree; wood (material) A6CRTb (22.3) ten A6TM (10) (Sg. pe6iH{O)K) gen. p,aT6i, dat. A6TRII, inst. p,aTbMM, prep. A6fRx children A6TCK8R nnoli48AKa (26) children's playground

(29) Palace

Square

ABOPRHMH (28) pl. ABOPRHe gen. pl. p,aopiiH member of nobility or gentry p,ayx- gen. of AaaiABB A6BO'IK8 (25) dim of A6Ba 'maid' little girl

A6aywKa (9) gen.pl. A6ayweK girl ABBRH6cTo (22.3) ninety ABBRTHBA48Tb (22.3) nineteen A6BRTb (22.3) nine p,aaRTbC6T (22.3) nine hundred A6AYWKB (m) (6) gen.pl. A6AYWBK grandfather

p,aK86pb (m) gen.sg. p,aKa6pR December

A6no ( 19) pl. p,ana matter AMO BT6M, 'IT6 ... (13) the thing is

A6fCTao (17) childhood A•weane (18) cheaper ABWiBbiM (18) cheap AMp6KTop (23) pl. AMPBKTopa director

AnMHHbli (18) long AnR (10) (+gen.) for (benefit, purpose) AO (9) (+gen.) as far as; until AO CBMASHMR (3) goodbye AO T&K6i CT6neHM to such a degree A068BfMTb0 (28) -n10, ·MWb (Ao6aanRTb') (+ace.) to add A06aBnRITb' ·10, ·BWb - see Ao68BMTb0 A06MBBITbCR' (28) •IOCb ·BWbCR

396


(Ao6MTbcR•) (+gen.) to work for,

to reach a position, reach the top

AOCT8BSTb' (18) AOCTSIO, AOCT8iWbsee AOCTilrb• AOCTiiTO'IHO (19) (+gen.) enough (of

achieve

A06MTbCRP (28) A06bi0Cb, Ao6btiwbCR - see A06MB6TbCR' A66pb1M (7) good, kind

something)

AOCTBfrb• (18) -Hy, -ewb (AocraaiiTb')

A66pb1M A8Hb (3) good day AOB6nbHO (15) fairly, quite

(+ace.) to get hold of, obtain; to

AOroailpMaaiTbCR' (19) -IOCb, -eWbCR (c +gen.) to reach an

reach

AOroaop/MTbCR• (19) -lOeb, MWbCR

AOxiOAMTb' (15) -o)l(j, -6AMWb (Aoilr.t•) (AO +gen.) to reach A6'1K8 (16) gen.pl. A6'1eK (little)

(c + inst.)- see AOroailpMB8TbCR' Aoe3lK8hb' (20) -10, -ewb (Aoexarb•) (AO + gen.) to reach, go as far as

A6'1b (f) (5.6) gen.sg. A6'1epM gen. pl. AO'Iepeil, inst.pl. AO'I8pbMM

agreement (with s.o.)

daughter

daughter

A08xarb• (20) A08p,y, A08Aewb- see A083)1(STb' A6*Ab (11) (m) gen.sg.

AOwiin, AOWnil - see AOMTM reached AP83HIMTb' (30) -10, ·MWb ( + ace.) to

AO~ rain

tease (s.o.)

AOilr.t• (15) AOMAY· AOMAiWb, past AOWin, AOWna, AOWn6 {AOXOAMTb') (AO +gen.) to reach

AP8BHMM (18) ancient APYr (B) pl. APY3bll, gen.pl. APY38il friend

(on foot)

A6nro ( 11) for a long time AOneTBfrb' (20) -10, -ewb (Aonererb•)

APYr APYra (30) each other APY•6a ( 1) friendship APY3bR pl. of APYr friends AYMahb' (19) -10, -ewb (no-•) to think

to reach by flying

AOnererb• (20) AOne<~y, AOnerttwb -

AYW6H(o)K (30) swell, smart lad

see AOneTiiTb' A6n)I(8HIAOn)I(Hii/AOn)I(H61AOn)I(Hbl

AYXOB6il wKaell (28) oven ARAR (m) (3) gen.pl. AIJAeil uncle

(19) obliged, must

AOn)I(H6 6b1Tb (19) probably ('must eapone(e)4 (28) European (noun) eaponeM3iii.IMR (28) Europeanization

be')

A6nnap (9) dollar A6M (3) pl. AOMil house A6Ma (7) at home AOM6il (4) home, to one's home

eaponeilcKMil (21) European er6 (indecl) (6) [ye-~6] his/its er6, eMy- see 6H (T4) him 8AMM, 8AMTe, eAIJr see ecTb' eat 8AMHCTB8HHO (27) only

AOp6ra (25) road AOpor6il (8) dear, expensive AOP6)1(K8 (25) (dim of AOp6ra) gen.pl.

8AY· 8AeWb see exarb

AOP6•eK little road

AOC/nyMMTbCR" (30) •YJKYCb, •j)I(MWbCR

ee (indecl) (6) her (possessive) ee, eil see oHil (T4) her (pronoun)

397


63AMTb' (mv) (20) 63.-y, 63AMWb to go

.IKMp (28) prep.sg. B .IKMpy, pl. .IKMpbl tat, grease

(by transport) 8M, 8Wb, 8CT see 8CTb' eat

.JKMTenb (m) (9) inhabitant

ecnM (8) if

.IKMTb' (4) .IKMBy, .IKMBBWb, f past .IKMna {npo.JKMTb0 ) to live

ecTb (7) (8) is/are

.JKypHan (1) magazine

8CTb' ( 12) eM 8Wb 8CT 8AMM eAMT8 eART past en, ena, imper 6wb(Te)

.-ypHanMcT (13) journalist

(C'b8CTb0 ) (+ace.) to eat

.IKYPHBnMCTKB (27) gen. pl. .JKypHanMCTOK female journalist

eX8Tb' (U) (4) (2) &Ay, 6A&Wb (n0• 0 ) tO go (by transport)

38 (+ace.) (6) for (in return for);

e"'i (9) yet; still; more

behind (motion)

e"'i pa3 (15) again

38 (+ inst.) (16) behind (place), beyond; for (to fetch)

.JKanKo (14) it's a pity; to grudge

3a6aiKinb8 (19) region beyond (38)

.JK8noaaHb8 (30) (old word) salary

Lake Baikal

.JKSn/OBBTbCR' (21) ·YIOCb, •yeWbCR

386er8/Tb' (20) ·10, ·BWb {386e.JKSTb0 )

(no-0 ) (Ha + ace.) to complain

to call in (running)

(about) .JKanb (14) it's a pity

386e.IKSTb0 (20) 386erj, 386e.IKMWb,

.JKapKo (14) hot (of weather), it's hot

386erYT - see 386er8Tb' 386bJB8/Tb' (13) ·10, •8Wb (386b1Tb0 )

.JKA&Tb' (15) .JKAY, .JKAiWb, f past

(+ace.) to forget

.JKA&na (nOA0· 0 ) (+ace./+ gen.) to wait (for s.o./sth)

386b1Tb0 (13) 386YAY, 386YA8Wb

.JKe (5) (emphasizes previous word)

(386bJBSTb') (+ace.) to forget

.JKen8/Tb' (21) -10, -ewb (no- 0 ) ( + gen.)

(38BOpS'IMBa/Tb' ·10, ·8Wb) (38 +

to wish

ace.) to turn (round sth)

.JKen63HaR AOp6ra (30) railway ('iron road')

38BMAOB8Tb' (23) 38BMAYIIO, ·8Wb (no-o) (+ dat.) to envy (someone)

.IK8HS (6) pl. .JKtiHbl, gen. pl. .JKiH dat.pl. .JKtiHBM Wife

38BWC8Tb' (19) ·Wj, •CMWb {OT +gen .

.JKeH8T (30) (short adj) married (of a

to depend (on) 38BOA (16) (Ha) factory

man) .IKBHMTbCR'/0 (28) .IKBHJOcb, .JK6HMWbCR

3880pS'IMBa!Tb' (19) ·10, •BWb (38aepH~b0 )

to marry (of a man)

woman .IKMBMT8nbH8R anara (30) (coli) intoxicating liquor

to turn (a corner); to

wrap

.JK6HCKMM (15) female

*'""'""a (14)

-y, -iWb

38Beptt/YTb0 (19)

38aTpa (6) tomorrow 38aTpaK (16) breakfast 38aTpaKa!Tb' (16) -10, -ewb (no- 0 ) to breakfast

.IKM3Hb (f) (19) life

398

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 38HMMiJTbC~' (16) •IOCb, ·8WbC~

38roaop (28) plot 38A8BBTb' (27) 38ABKJ, 38AiliWb

( + inst.) to study (something)

(38Air~t•) to set, pose

38H~T

38,qir~o• (27) like ABTb, past 38A&n,

(25) (m)/38H~TB (f)/38H~TO

(n)/38H~Tbl (pl.) occupied, busy

38HRrb" (18) 38iiiMf, 381i1MiWb, past

38A8ni, 38A&no (311A8aBTb') to set,

3BH~n, 38H~na, 3BH~no (+ace.) to

pose 38,qi1Tb aonp6c (27) to ask a question

occupy

3883lKiiTb' (23) -10, -ewb- see

38n&A (18) (Ha) west

386X8Tb"

38nSAHbllil (7) western 38nac (18) stock, reserve

386X8Tb" (23) 386AY1 386A8Wb (3863lKaiTb') (K + dat.) to call on

38neKiHMe (28) baking

someone (by transport)

38nMcar~o•

38MHT8p8COaBTbC~•-see MHT8p8COBBTbC~'

38nrilcKa (15) gen.pl. 38nrilcoK note

38itrril• (20) ·At. Aiw~>, past 38Win,

38nMCb1BaiTb' (19) ·10, -8Wb

38wna, 38Wn6 (38XOAMrb') to call in

(38nMCBTb") (+ace.) to note down

38KB3 (27) order (for goods or

38nn8Karb" - see MBK&Tb' to start

services)

crying

38K838Tb• (23) 38K81Kf, 38KBlK8Wb

3apy66lKHbliii ( 17) foreign 38ce,qiHMe (28) (Ha) meeting, sitting

(38KbbiBBTb') (+ace.) to order (sth)

38CMe/RTbc~•

38KB3b1Ba1Tb' (23) -10, -ewb- see 38KpM'IIBTb" (20) ·f, ·MWb (KPM'fBrb')

3acrerHifrb" (30) -f, ·iWb

to shout, start shouting

(38crirMB8Tb'}( +ace.) to fasten

38Kpb1BiJTb' (17) •101 •8Wb (38KpbtTb") 38Kp/li1Tb" ( 17) -610, -6ewb - see

38cr6n~oe

38XMxMKa/Tb" (30) •10 1 •8Wb (XMXMK8Tb') to giggle, start giggling 38XOAMTb' (20) 38XOlKj, 38X6AMWb

(Kyprilrb') to smoke, light a cigarette 38M8HMTb" (28) 38M8HKJ1 38M6HMWb

(38iiirril•) to call in 38XOT6Tb• see xor6Tb' to begin to

(38MeHIIITb' -10, -ew~>) to replace 3&Mecrrilrenb (m) (23) deputy

want 381qMITMTb" (22) ·lqf, ·TMWb

38M8'firenbHbliii ( 17) remarkable

(3alqMiqiTb') (+ace.) to defend

38MYJK (29): BbiXOAMTb'/alitiiirM• 38MYJK 38 (+ace.) to marry (of a

(s.o.) 381qMiqifn.' (22) ·10, ·8Wb (381qMTMrb")

woman) 38HMMiJTb' (18) •101 •8Wb (38HRrb") to

(26) party

38T6M (17) then, next

38Kpb1BBTb' 38KypMrb" (15) 38KYPKJ1 38KjpMWb

(13) ·KJcb, ·iWbC~

(cMeilrbC~') to start laughing

38K838Tb"

to close

(19) 3BnMwf, 38nrilwewb

(38nMCbiB8Tb') ( + ace.) to note down

(+ace.) to defend (s.o.) 38~BMrb"

(21) 3UBnliJ, 38RBMWb

(38~anirrb')

occupy (something)

399

to announce


3HB'IMT (10) so (that means)

38JIBnRfrb' (21) ·10, •8Wb (38JIBMTb0 )

to announce

30BjT see 3B&Tb (they) call 36noTo (18) gold

38RaneHMe (22) application 3B8Tb' (4) 30By, 30BiWb, f past 3B&n{l (no-")(+ ace.) to call (s.o.)

M (4)

and

Mrp8Tb' (16) ·10, ·8Wb (CblrpBTb") to

3B83AB (30) pl. 3Bi3Abl, gen. pl. 3Bi3A

play

star 3Bepb (m) (18) gen.pl. 3aep8i (wild)

MATM' (u) (6) MAY· MAiWb, past win, wna (noiTr.i•) to go (on foot)

animal

M3 (10) (+gen.) out of, from

3BOttiMTb' (12) ·lb, ·MWb (coli 3B6HMWb) (no·")(+ dat.) to

M368 (25) pl. M36bl, gen. pl. M36

telephone (s.o.)

peasantconage

3BY'tBTb' (23) 3BY'IMT to sound

M3BKTHO (22) it is known

3ABHM8 (15) building

M3B8cTHbiM (27) well-known

3A8Cb (4) here

M3BMHr.iTe ( 11) 38 ( + ace.) excuse me

for

3AOP6Bb8 (26) health

M3BMtt/MTbCJI 0 ( 19) ·KlCb, ·MWbCJI

3APBBCTBYM(Te) (3) hello 38Mm1 (2) ace. sg. 38Mnl0, pl. 36MnM,

(M3BMHATbCJ1')

gen.pl. 3eMenb, dat.pl. 3eMnRM earth, land

M3BMHAfTbCJI' (19) ·IOCb, ·8WbCJI

3MMB (16) ace. sg. 3MMy, pl. 3MMbl,

(M3BMHMTbCJ1°) (38 + ace.) to

dat.pl. 3MMBM winter

apologize (for)

3MMHMM (7) winter

M3A8fB8Tb' (28)

3HaK6Mal'i (f adj) (26) female

acquaintance

M3A&TenbCTBO (23) publishing house M3A&Tb0 (28) (like ABTb) (M3A8Bi1Tb')

(+ace.) to publish

(+ace.+ inst.) to acquaint someone

M3·38 (11) (30) (+gen.) because of;

from behind

3H8K6MfMTbCJ1' (n0• 0 ) ·niOCb, ·MWbCJI

+ inst. to become acquainted with,

M3yM/MTbCJI 0 (30) ·nlbcb, ·MWbCJI

to meet

(M3yMnRfrbCJ1° ·IOCb, ·8WbCJI) to

be astonished

3H&K6MCTao (26) acquaintanceship,

first meeting

M3Y't8JTb' ( 4) ( 13) ·10, ·8Wb (M3Y'tMTb 0)

3H&K6MbiM (m adj) (26) male

acquaintance

(+ace.) to study M3Y'IMTb0 (13) M3Y"'Y• M3j'IMWb

3H8M8HMTbiM (7) famous 3H8Tb' (4) 3Hil10, 3HB8Wb (+ace.) to

know 3H&'IeHMe (24) meaning, significance

·10, -iWb (fli3A&Tb0

(+ace.) to publish

3H8K6MfMTb' (16) ·niO, •MWb (nO·")

with. to introduce someone to

(38 +ace.) to

apologize (for)

(M3Y'tiiTb') (+ace.) to master MK6pK8 (25) dim Of MKpa MKpa (25) caviare (fish roe) r.inM (9) or

400


MMelrb' (10) -10, -ewb (+ace.) to have

KBlKeTCR ( 11) (from KBaBTbCR) it seems,

I think

( + abstract noun) MMR (n) (6) gen.sg. MM8HM, pl. MMeHa

K8aBTbCR' ( 11) K8lKYCb, KBlK8WbCR (no- 0 ) to seem

(T4) forename, first name MHlK8H6p (16) engineer

Ka3iHHbiM (30) state, state-owned

MHMI.IM8TMB8 (22) initiative

K83HMTb'/ 0 (28) to execute

MHML!MiiTop (22) initiator

KaK(4) how

MHorA{I (9) sometimes

KBK 6bl (30) as it were

MHOCTpBH(8)4 (16) foreigner

KBK pa3 (20) exactly, just

MHOCTpBHHbiM (10) foreign

KaK6i4 (7) what kind of

MHCTMljT (5) institute

K8KOM-HM6y,qb (26) any kind of

MHTep6c ( 16) interest

KaK6i4-To (26) some kind of

MHTep6cHo (14) (it's) interesting

dK-TO (26) somehow

MHTepecHbiM (7) interesting

K&MnBHMR (27) campaign

MHTepeC/OaBTbCR' (16) -Y.ocb, -jeWbCR

KanycTa (12) (no pl.) cabbage

(38-") (+ inst.) to be interested (in)

K&paHA{Iw (16) gen.sg. KapaH,qawa pencil

MCKBTb' ( 11) M114Y· MU48Wb (no- 0 ) (+ace. or gen.) to look for, to seek

dpTa (10) map

MCKniO'-IfMTb0 (27) -y, ·MWb

K8pTOHK8 (30) gen. pl. K8pTOHOK

(MCKniO'IiiTb') to exclude

cardboard box

lilcKpa (30) spark

K&pT61tJenb (m) (no pl.) potatoes

MCKpMa/MTbCR 0 (30) •niOCb, ·MWbCR

K8C8frbCR' (21) ·IOCb, •8WbCR

(MCKpMBnRTbCR') to become

(KOCHyYbCR 0 ) (+gen.) to touch (sth); to concern

distorted, to twist Mcn6nHeHHbiM (29) executed, carried

'ITO KacileTCR (+gen.) as for ('what

out

concerns')

MCnyr8frbCR0 (25) ·IOCb, •8WbCR

dcca (1) cash desk/ticket office

(nyr8TbCR') (+gen.) to take fright (at)

K8CTplbnR (28) gen.pl. KBCTplbnb saucepan

Mccne,qoaaHMe (22) investigation,

K&TBITb' (mv)(20) -10, -ewb to roll

research MCTOpMR (16) history

KBTMTb' (u) (20) KB'Iy, KBTMWb (no- 0 )

MX (indecl) (6) their

to roll

MX, MM, MMM see OHM (T 4) them

K8'16nM (pi) (26) gen. pl. Ka'16neii swings

Mwy, MU48Wb see MCKBTb

KB'I8CTBO (28) quality

Mlbnb (m) (17) July

a KB'IecTae (28) (+gen.) as ('in the

MIOHb (m) (17) June

quality of') dwa (16) kasha, Russian porridge

K (12) (+ dat.) to (a person), towards

KB&pTiilpa (7) flat. apartment

KBlK,qbiM (9) each, every

KaaweHbiM (28) sour, fermented

401


KBM- see KT6

K6M • prep. of KTO

KeciiMP (8) fermented milk drink

KOMBHAMP6BK8 (19) (B 'on') gen.pl.

KMn6 (n indecl) (8) kilo (gram)

KOMBHAMP6BOK business or study trip, assignment

KMnorpaMM (8) kilogram KMH6 (n indecl) ( 11) cinema

KOMMYHM3M (29) Communism

KMHOTUTp (20) Cinema

K6MH&Ta ( 14) room

KMHOcllecTMBBnb (m) (27) film festival

KOMnBHM.R (14) (27) company;

KM6CK ( 1) kiosk

company, firm

KMmn(6)K (21) boiling water

KOMY - dat. of KT6

KMnHU4Mii (28) boiling

KOHaepT (10) envelope

KMCnOTB (30) pl. KMCn6Tbl acidity,

KOH(6)1.1 (18) gen.sg. KOHI.IB end

sourness

KoH6'1Ho (10) [ka-nyem-na] of

KMTB(e)LI (30) pl. KMTBiil.lbl Chinese (n.)

course

KMTBii (18) China

KOHTSKT (23) contact

Knacc (30) class, form

KOHTpSKT (23) contract

KnM6HT (15) client

KOHcjlnMKT (22) conflict

KH111ra (7) book

KOHI.Il!PT ( 11) (HB) concert

KHM)I(KB (30) (dim of KHMra) gen. pl.

KOH'I8/Tb' ( 13) ·10, •8Wb (K6H'IfMTb 0 •\!.

KHM)I(BK small book, some book

·MWb) to finish

KO = K before K + consonant, MHe and

KOHbRK (25) gen.sg. KOHbJIKB

cognac, brandy

aceiilaceM/aceMy

KoneiiKa (9) gen. pl. KoneeK kopeck

KOrA8 (5) when KorA8·HM6YAb (26) ever; sometime (in

the future)

(1/100th of a rouble) Kop86nb (m) (28) gen.sg. Kopa6nll ship

KorA&-To (26) sometime

Kop6nb (m) (27) gen.sg. Koponlii king

Kor6 [ka-v6]- acc./gen. of KT6

KOp6TKMii (18) (23) ShOrt

K6e-rAe (26) here and there

Kop6&~e

K6e-KaK (26) (30) badly, sloppily; with

KOCHfYrbCR' (21) ·HYCb, -iWbCR (KBCSTbCR') ( + gen.) to touch

difficulty K6e-KaK111e (pl.) (26) certain, some

KOTnl!Tbl no-K111eacKM (12) Chicken

K6e-
( 18) shorter

Kiev (Kornl!Ta cutlet) KOT6pblii (18) who/which K6cjle (m indecl) (5) coffee KocjleiiHblii (30) coffee (adj) Kpacaa(e)LI (30) handsome man Kpac111ao (14) it's attractive

assessor (eighth grade in fourteen-

Kpaci11Bblii (7) beautiful, attractive

grade tsarist civil sevice)

KpSCHblii (7) red

KOn6HHB (29) column, pillar

KPBCOTS ( 11) beauty

402


KpeMnb (m) (7) g.sg. KpeMnil the

nirKMM (18) easy

Kremlin (fortress)

nerna see nB'Ib'

KpenKMM (18) strong

ner'le ( 18) easier

KpenKO (26) firmly, strongly

nelKaTb' (30) ne.Y, nelKMWb (no-') to

KpenOCTHM'I8CTBO (28) serfdom

lie, be in a lying position ne3Tb' (u) (20) ne3y, n838Wb past

KpenocTH6i4 (m adj) (28) serf Kpen'le ( 18) stronger

ne3, ne3na (no·') to climb, clamber

Kp&cTbRHMH(11)piKpecTbiiHe

n8K4MR (18) (Ha) lecture

gen.pl. KpeCTbRH peasant

nee (5) prep. a necy, pl. neca wood, forest

KpM'IIllTb' (20) -y, -iiwb (38·') to shout KpoaltTb (f) (21) bed

n8cTHM48 (20) staircase

Kp6Me (10) (+gen.) apart from, except

neT (9) gen.pl. of r6A and neTo years;

Kp6Me Toro (12) also, in addition

summers neTBITb' (mv) (20) -10, -ewb to fly

KpblnO (29) pl. KpblnbR, gen.pl. Kpblnbea wing

neT8Tb' (u) (20) ne'ly, neTiiWb (no·')

KpbiM (5) prep. a KpbiMY Crimea

to fly

KpbiMCKMM (12) Crimean

neTHMM (7) summer

KTO (5) (T4) who

neTo (16) pl. naTa summer

KT6-HM6YAb (26) anyone

neTOM (14) in summer

KTO·TO (26) someone

nB'Ib' (25) nilry, nillKeWb past nir,

KyA{I (4) (to) where (whither)

nerna, nern6, imper nilr(Te) (nolKMTbCR') to lie down

KyA{I·HM6YAb (26) anywhere (motion)

nM (10) (13) (yes-no question word);

KYAB·TO (26) somewhere (motion)

whether

Kynbrypa (21) culture KynbrypHbiM (28) cultural

nMM6H (16) lemon

Kyn(8)4 (28) gen.sg. KYn48 merchant

nMHMR (12) line

KynriiTb' ( 12) Kynmb, KfnMWb

nMTepBTypa (13) literature

(noKynaTb') (+ace.) to buy

nM46 (21) pl. nrii48 face; person

KYPMTb' (4) Kyplb, KYPMWb (no-', 38·') to smoke

no6biRHMe (30) (old word) kiss nOlKMTbCR' (25) nOlKfCb, nOlKMWbCR

Kypcbl (pl. of Kypc) (13) classes, a

(ne'lb') to lie down; to go to bed

course of study

KfxHJI (7) (a or HB) gen. pl. KfxOHb

n6lKK& (16) gen.pl. n6lKeK spoon kitchen

n6MTMK (28) slice n6HAOH (4) London

naap6BbiM nMcT (28) bay leaf

nocttliiTbCR' (30) -lOeb, riiwbCR to shine, gleam

nbMTb' (mv) (20) nalK}', nB3MWb to climb, clamber

nyK (28) (no pl.) onions

n&HAWBCIIT (29) landscape

nf'lwe (18) better

nir - see ne'lb

nf'lwMi4 (18) best

403


nbllKM (pi) (29) gen.pl. nbllK skis mo6MMbllii (16) beloved; favourite mo6MTb' (6) mo6mo, mo6Mwb (no-•)

MBHWrbCR' (23) •IOCb, ·BWbCR to change (intrans)

M8cTO (8) pl. MBCTS place, seat M8cRLI (9) gen.pl. MeCRI.IBB month MeTp6 (n indecl) (5) metro,

(+ace.) to love, be fond of

mo661ii (15) any (any one you like) niOAM (16) gen.pl. moA&Iii, dat niOAfiM, inst niOAbMM, prep. niOAJIX people (pl. of 'lenoaeK 'person') niOTBpSHKB (30) gen.pl. niOTBpSHOK

underground

Mewii/Tb' (25) -10, -BIWb (no-•) ( + dat) to hinder (someone)

Mew(6)K (25) gen.sg. MBWKS bag, sack MMnliii.IMR (21) police MMnnMSPA (22) a thousand million

Lutheran (Protestant)

nflry see n8'1b0

(US billion)

Mara3MH (6) shop M&rHMTOcj)6H (13) tape recorder Malii (17) May ManeHbKMiii (7) small Mano (9) (+gen.) little, not much MBnb'IMK (13) boy MaMa (11) mother, mum (my) MSpKa (10) gen.pl. MapoK stamp M&pT (17) March MBCnMHB (28) olive Macno (B) butter; oil MSCTep (21) pl. MBCTepa Skilled

MMnnM6H (22) million MMnOCTMBbllii (30) (old word) gracious, kind

MMnbllii (30) dear, sweet, lovable MMMO (10) (+gen.) past MMHepanbHbllii (12) mineral (adj) MMHMCTepCTBO (23) ministry MMHY,.a (6) minute MMp (12) (18) peace; world MMCK8 (28) gen.pl. MMCOK bowl Mnl\AwMiii (18) younger; junior MHe, MH61ii - see R me MH6rMe (pl. adj) (13)) many (people) MH6ro (9) (+gen.) much, many

workman

MacwT86 (29) scale M&TBpMan (26) material MBTp6c (29) sailor M&Tb (f) (3) (5.6) gen.sg. MSTepM, gen.pl. M&Tepelii mother MBWMHB (10) car; machine

Morj, M6ryT, M6r, Morna, Morn6, Mornl4 - see MO'Ib MOA8nb (f) (29) model M6JKBT, M6JKBWb, M6JKBM, M6MeTesee M6'1b M6JKeT 6b1Tb (9) perhaps M6JKHO (14) it's possible, one may M61ii (6) (T6) my

MBAMLIMHB (28) medicine M8AnBHHbiM (18) SlOW M8JKAY (16) (+ inst.) between MBJKAYHBP6Abllii (27) international MeHee (18) less M8Hbwe (9) (18) (+gen.) less; less than MBHIO (n indecl) (3) menu MBHR- seeR (T4) me

MOnOA61ii (13) young MonoA61ii 'lenoaeK (18) young man Mon6JKe (18) younger MonoK6 (B) milk Mon6'1Hbllii (B) milk, dairy (adj)

404


MOn'tliTb'{16) MOn'ty, MOn'IMWb

(38-•)

HSAoeno (15) past of HSAOScTb• that's

enough, I'm tired (of it)

to keep silent. say nothing MoHr6nMA (18) Mongolia

Ha38A (13) ago; back

MOHTip (21) electrician

H83BSHMB (16} name

M6pe (5) gen.pl. Mopeiii sea

H83biB8/Tb' ( 11) -10, 8Wb (H83aSTb•)

MOCKBS (3) Moscow

(+ace.) to name (s.o./sth)

MOCKBM't (17) gen.sg. MOCKBM'IS

H83biB8/TbCA' (11) ·BTCA (+inS!.) to

Muscovite

be called (of thing, not person)

MOCK6BCKMiii (17) Moscow (adj}

HaM- (18) most (forms superlatives)

M6CT (7) prep. H8 MOCTj, pl. MOCTbl

HaM66nee (29) most

bridge

HaiiiTiil• (13) HBiiiAY· HaiiiAiWb past

M6'1b' (11) (13) (15) MOrj, M6)1(8Wb,

Hawin, Hawna, Hawn6

M6ryr past M6r, Morna, Morn6,

(HSXOAMTb') (+ace.) to find

Mornlil (c-•) to be able

HBKBHTb• (15) HSKB)I(y, HBKS)I(8Wb (HBKS3biB8Tb) (+ace.) to punish

MY* (6) pl. MY)I(bsl husband

MY*MK (25) gen.sg. MYJKIIKS

peasant man

H8KS3blaafrb' (15) -10, -BWb (HBKBaSTb•)

(+ace.) to punish

MY*CK6iii (14} male MY"''IMHa (m) (18) man

Haneao (5) to the left

MyHiii (5) gen.pl. My38ea museum

Han6r (28) tax

MyHiiiHbliii (29) museum (adj)

HBMH6ro (18) much (with comparatives)

MY3b1Ka (6) music

H8nMB81TbCA' (14) ·IOCb, ·BWbCR

MY3biKSHT (16) musician

(HanliiTbCA•) to get drunk HSnMCSTbP (13) HBnMWy, HBnMW8Wb

MYHAMP (30) uniform Mbl (4) we (T4)

(nMCSTb') to write

MbiCnb (f) (26) thought

HBnMTbCA• (14) HBnblOCb, HBnbiWbCR

Ms1co (8) meat

(HanMBSTbCA') to get drunk HBnOMMHli/Tb' (15) -10, ·8Wb

Ha (4) on H86epe)I(H8A

(Han6MHMTb•) ( + dat.) to remind

(someone)

(I adj) (29) embankment,

HBn6MH/MTbP (15) ·10, •MWb

quay HaaepHoe (21) probably

(HBnOMMHSTb') (+ dat.) to remind

H8BbKNfMTbP (30) -y, •MWb

(someone)

(Haab!O'IM&aTb') (+ins!.} to load (with)

HBnpaa/MTb• (28) -niO, •MWb

HSA (16) (+ins!.} above

(Hanpaam1Tb') (+ace.) to direct

HSASATbCA' ( 11) HSASIOCb, HSASeWbCA

to hope

Hanpaao (5) to the right HanpMMep (18) for example

HSAO (14) it's necessary, one must

Hanp6TMB (10) opposite (adv of place)

HSA~b' -10, -8Wb (HSA08c'rb•)

H8p8/38Tb• (28)

(+ dat.) to bore (s.o.)

to cut, slice

405

""'Yo •)1(8Wb (HapeaSTb')


Hap6A (13) people, nation Hap6~Ho

Henb3il (14) it's not allowed; it's impossible

(21) deliberately

HaCTSMaahb' (21) ·10, •8Wb (Ha + prep.)

H8M64KMM (18) German (adj) H8MH6ro (13) (+gen.) a little

to insist (on) HaCTORU(MM (16) real, genuine

H8MHOlKKO (14) (dim of HeMH6ro) ( + gen.) a little

HaCTpo6HM8 ( 14) mood Ha}"'MTbCR• (28) Ha}"'jCb, Ha~MWbCR {}"'MTbCR') ( + inf.) to learn to do sth HaXOAMTb; (13) Haxo>Kj, HaXOAMWb

HeMj,H8M-forrnsof6H,oH6(T4) him, it Heo6XOAMMO (14) it's essential He06XOAMMOCTb (f) (28) (+gen.) necessity (for)

{HaiiiTII•) (+ace.) to find HaXOAMTbCR' (15) HaXOAMTCR to be

He06bl~flMHO

(29) extraordinarily

HeOJKMABHHbiM (26) unexpected

situated Ha4MOHSnbHbiM (26) national

Henn6xo (6) not bad, not badly

Ha~ano

H800BTOpMMbiM (29) unique

(18) beginning

Ha't/6Tb• (13) ·Hy, ·HGWb past Ha~an,

HenocllnbHbiM (28) excessive,

Ha~ana, Ha~ano {Ha~MHSTb')

(+ace.) to begin sth Ha~MH6/Tb'

( 11) •10, •eWb {Ha~STbP)

(+ace.) to begin sth Ha~MH61TbCR

over-demanding H6CKOnbKO (9) (+gen.) several, a few H8CMOTpR Ha (+ace.) (26) in spite of HeCTM' (u) (20) Hecy, HeCGWb past

Hie, Hecna, Hecn6 (no-•) to carry

(11) •8TCR to begin

Haw (6) our (T6)

HeT (3) no

Hawen, Hawn& - see HaiiiTII

HeT (10) (+gen.) there isn't/there aren't

He (4) not

HeyA66Ho (10) it's awkward

He66cb (30) (coli) probably

He~ero

HeB03MOlKHO (14) (+ • inf) it's impossible (to do sth)

(24) [nye-chye-Jt.a] there is

nothing

Heaa (11) Neva River

HM ••• HM (24) neither ... nor HMrA6 (24) nowhere (place)

H6rAe (24) there is nowhere (place)

HMJKe (18) lower

Hero -form of 6H, oH6 (T4) him, it

HMJKMM (18) low

HeA&aHo ( 11 ) recently

HMKflK (24) in no way

HeA&neK6 (14) not far

HMKaK6iii (24) no; none at all; any

HeA6nR (6) gen. pl. HeA6nb week

HMKOrAfl (16) (24) never

HeAOCTSTO~HO

(27) insufficiently

HMKTO (24) nobody

Heiii, Hei - forms of OH6 (T4) her

HMKYAB (24) nowhere (motion)

H6KOrAB (24) there is no time

HMM, HMMM, HMX - forms of OH, OH6,

H6Koro (24) there is no one H6KOTOpbiM (17) some, certain

OHM (T4) HM~er6

( 11) [nee-chye-Jt.6] see HM~T6

nothing; it doesn't matter/

H6KYA8 (24) there is nowhere

that's all right

(motion)

406


HM'ITO (24) nothing

o6M>KBfrb' (25) ·10, ·8Wb (06MA&Tbo)

H6 (4) but

( + ace.) to offend, hurt

HOBOrOAHMM (26) New Year (adj)

o6n&ABfr~o'

HOBbiM (7) new

(27) -10, -ew1o (+ inst.) to

possess

Hora (25) ace. Hory, pl. H6rM, dat. HoraM leg, toot H6>KKB (25) (dim of Hora) gen. pl.

o6no6~ai38TbCR" (30)

(old word) to

kiss each other

o66M (m pl.) (21) gen.pl. o66ea

H6>KeK little leg, little toot

wallpaper

HO>KHMI.Ibl (pl.) (28) gen.pl. HO>KHMLI

66pa3 (29) form; image; manner o6paTMTb (29) (o6pai148Tb') (+ace.)

scissors

H6Mep (5) (21) pl. HoMepa number;

to turn o6pal48fr~o'

hotel room

-~qy,

HOCMTb' (mv) (20) (28) HOWy, HOCMWb to carry; to wear

HO'IIea8Tb' (25) -y10,

-10, -ew1o (o6pa/TMTb" ·TMWb) BHMMSHMB (24) H8

(+ace.) to pay attention to, note sth -yew~a

(nepe-")

o6pe3aT~>"

(28) o6pe>Ky, o6pe>Kew~a (o6pe38frb' -10, -ew~a) to clip, cut

to spend the night

HO'Ib (I) (9) gen. pl. HO'Ieiii night HO'IbiO (16) at night

o6pe38Tb' (28) see o6p{!38Tb" o6cepaBT6pMR (28) observatory

HOR6pb (m) (17) gen.sg. HOR6pil

o6cToiiTenbcTao (24) circumstance 06Cf>KA8/Tb' (27) •10, ·&Wb

November

HpBafMTbCJI' ( 12) ·niOCb, ·MWbCJI (nO. 0 ) to please

(o6CYAMTb") (+ace.) to discuss 06'bJIBMTb 0 (27) o6'bRBniO, 06'bRBMWb (o6'bRBnRTb') to announce

Hy(25) well

Hj>KeH/Hy>KH8JHy>KHO, HY>KHbl (short adj) (29) necessary

o6'bRBneHMe (2) announcement 06'bRBnilfTb' (27) ·10, ·8Wb

Hj>KHo (11) it's necessary Hj>KHbiM (29) necessary

(o6'bRBMTb") to announce o6bl'l&iii (28) gen.pl. o6bl'l&ea custom o6bi'IHO (13) usually

o (5) (+prep.)

about, concerning

o6R38TenbHO (15) definitely, without

=

o6 o before a, M, o, y, 3 66a (m/n) 66e (f) (22.4) both

tail

o6il3b1Ba/Tb' (28) ·10, •8Wb (06R3BTb 0

o6l!A (12) dinner; meal o68ABITb' ( 12) -10, -ew1o (no-") to dine, have a meal

06>KBp/MTb 0 (28) ·10, •MWb (o6>KapMB&Tb') to try all over o6MA8Tb 0 (25) o6r.f>Ky, o6MAMWb (o6M>KBTb') (+ace.) to offend,

o6R>Kj, 6ao~qM (9)

o6ii>Kew~a)

to compel

gen.pl. oao~qeiii vegetables

orp6MHbliii (18) enormous oryp(e)4 (28) gen.sg. orypl.li cucumber OA&BBfrb(CR)' ( 11) ·IO(Cb), •8Wb(CR) (OASTb(CR)") to dress (oneself) OA81Tb(cR)" -Hy(cb) OABB8Tb(CR)'

hurt

407

-ew~o(cR)-

see


OAMH (m)/OAHB (f)/OAH6 (n) (T7) one

opraHM38Top (28) organizer

OAMHBKOBbiM (21) identical

opraHM38"MR (16) <>rganization

OAMHH8A"'Tb (22.3) eleven

opr8HM3IOSBTb'/• (27) -y10, yewb (+ace.) toorganize

OAHSlKAbl (23) once, one day OAHOBpeMeHHO (28) at the same time

opMrMHan (13) original (noun)

OlKM,q8/Tb' ( 11) -10, -ewb ( + gen.) to

OCBo6oiAMTbCR• (15) ·JKYCb, -AMWbCR

expect (sth/s.o.)

(ocso6oJKA&'rbCst') to become free

63epo (18) pl. oaipa, gen.pl. oaip lake

OCB06olK,q8/TbCR' ( 15) •IOCb, •8WbCR-

OK83BTbCR• (20) (26) OK8JKYCb,

see ocso60AMTt:ocR• 6c&Hb (f) ( 16) autumn

oK8lK&WbCR (oKa3biB8TbCR') to find oneself; to turn out

6e&Hbl0 (14) in autumn

OKS3biSaiTbCR' (26) -IOCb, -8WbCR -

OCHOsBTb" (29) OCHylb, OCHyiWb

see OK83BTbCR•

(ocH6Bbl&aTb') (+ace.) to found OCHOBbiSaiTb; (29) ·10, •8Wb - see

OK8M8H6frb• (30) ·10, •8Wb (KaMeHenl) to turn to stone

OCHOBBTb•

OKBH'IMsaiTb' (13) -10, -8Wb

oc66eHHO specially

(oK6H'IMTb•) ( + ace.) to finish,

oc66bli (26) special

graduate from

OCT8BBTbCR' (14) OCT81bCb,

oKeaH (29) ocean

OCT8iWbCR (OCTBTbCR•) to remain

OKH6 (3) pl. 6KH8, gen. pl. 6KOH window

ocTasiMTb• (15) -n10, -Mwb (oCTasniiTb') (+ace.) to leave (sth)

6Kono (10) +gen. near; approximately OKOH'IBHM8 (28) end

ocTasnii!Tb' (15) -10, -ewb- see

OKOH'I/MTb• (13) -y, ·MWb

OCTBBMTb•

(odH'IM&aTb') (+ace.) to finish,

OCTBBWMMCR (28) remaining

graduate from

OCT8HBsnM&afTb(CR)'(13) (28) •IO(Cb),

OKTR6pb (m) (17) gen.Sg. OKTR6pil October

-ewb(cR) to stop OCT8HIOBMTb(CR)• (13) (28) -osnlb(Cb),

6H (3) (T4) he

•OSMWb(CR) to StOp

oHa (3)(T4) she

OCTaH6sK8 (20) gen.pl. OCT8H6BOK stop

OHM (4) (T4) they

OCTSTbCR•(14) OCTSHYCb, OCTBH8WbCR

OH6 (3) (T4) it

(ocTasBTCR') to remain, stay

ono3ABHMe ( 11) lateness Onp8A8niMTb" (29) -lb, ·MWb (onpe,qeniiTb') (+ace.) to

6cTpos (18) pl. ocTposa island OT (9) ( + gen.) from (a person), away from OT&e31TM•(20) -y, iWb, past OTBi3,

determine, define onp~~A&mVrb'

OTB83na, OTB83n6 (OTB03MTb;) to

(29) -10, -ewb - see

onp~~A&nMTb•

take somewhere (by transport) OT&epHjfTioCR• (30) •YCb, ·iWbCR

onp6c (27) survey

(OTBOpB'IMS8TioCR') (OT +gen.) to

oniiTb again

turn away from

408


OTB6/TMTb0 (13) ·'ty, •TMWit (0TB8'18frlt') (+ dat./Ha +ace.) to answer (s.o./sth) OTBe'IB!Tit' (13) -10, -ew1t see 01llfln,m,P OTB03MTit' (20) OTBOJKy, OTB63MWit see OTB83TM 0 OTABNTit' (25) OTA&IO, OTA&iWit (OTABTit") (+ace.) to give away OTABTit" (25) like A&Tb, past 6TA&n, OTA&na, 6TA&nO (OTA&BBTb') (+ace.) to give away OTA6n (B) section (of a shop) OTA6nbHbliii (18) separate OTAOXH/YTit" (12) -y, HiWit- see OTAitlxBTb OTA1t1X8frlt' (12) -10, -8Wit (OTAOXHyYit0) tO rest OT(6)14 (6) gen.sg. OTI4B father OTK8HTbCR 0 (25) OTKBJKYCit, OTKBJK8WbCR (OTKB3biB8TbCR') ( + inf) to refuse (to do sth) OTKB3biBa!TitCR' (25) -IOCb, ·8WitCRsee OTK8HTbCR0 OTKpltiB8frb'(14) ·10, ·8Wb (OTKpbiTit0) (+ace.) to open (sth) OTKpltla8frbCR' ( 11) •8TCR (OTKpWTbCR0) to open OTKp/IIITit" ( 14) -610, -6ew1t - see OTKpbiBBTb' OTKpbiTbCR 0 - See OTKpblaBTbCR' OTKYAB (30) from where oTnrii'tHbliii (26) excellent OTMiifTMTit" (14) -"ty, •TMWit- see OTM8'tBTb' OTM8't8frb' (14) ·10, •8Wit (OTMMMT1t0) (+ace.) to mark, to celebrate OTHeclrrii 0 (20) -y, ·iWit1 past OTHic, OTH8Cna, OTH8Cn6 - see OTHOCMTb' OTHOCMTb' (20) OTHOWy, OTH6cMWb

(OTHecTil•) ( + ace.) to take away somewhere (by carrying) OTHOCMTbCR' (13) OTHOWYCit, OTH6CMWbCR (K + dat.) to relate to, regard, treat (s.o./sth) OTHOW6HM8 (21) attitude OTOiiifrrii (20) ·AY• AiWb, past OTOWin, OTOWna, OTOwn6 (OTXQAMTb') to move away; to depart (of trains) OTCTa/BBTb' (28) ·10, ·iWit (OTCTBT1t0) (oT +gen.) to be backward, lag behind (s.o./sth) oTcTanOCTit (f) (28) backwardness OTCT6fTb0 (28) •HY1 -H8Wb- see OTCT8B8Tb' OTCIOA& from here OTTYAB (23) from there OTXOAMTit' (20) OTXOJKY, OTX6AMW1t (OTOiiiTrii•) to move away; to depart (of trains) 6T'tecTao (6) patronymic o'f"b63A (26) departure OCIIM14MBHT ( 12) waiter OCIIM14MBHTK8 (12) gen.pl. OCIIM14MBHTOK waitress ox6THO (25) willingly 6'teHb (4) very O'triiiCTMTb 0 (28) •lqy, -cTMWb (O'tMU4iTb' -10, -ewlt) (+ ace.) to clean owenoMiriiTb0 (30) -n.O, -riiwb (owenoMnNrlt' -10, -ewb) + ace. to stun, astound n6n(e)14 (16) gen.sg. n6n!t148 finger, toe n&nltT6 (n indecl) (7) overcoat naMRTit (f) (17) memory nana (m) (3) father, dad nanMp6ca (30) (dim nanMp6cKa) Russian-style cigarette

409


napa (22) couple napiiAHbliii (29) grand napMKMBx8pCK8JI (f adj} (23)

nepe/HOCMTb' (21) ·HOWy, •H6cMWbsee nepeHeCTM 0 nepeHo'l/eallTb' (25) -y10, yewb (Ho'!eallTb') to spend the night nepepli1a (17) break, interval nepecll>KMBa/TbCA' (15) •IOCb, ·8WbCJI (Ha + ace.) see nepececTb' nepeceniMTb' (21) -10, ·MWb (nepecenlrrb') ( + ace.) to move, resettle (s.o.) nepecenRITb' (21) ·10, -ewb- see nepecenMTb' nepelcecTb' (15) ·CfiAY. -cfiAewb, pastnepecen,nepecena (nepecll>KMB&TbCR') to change from

hairdresser's, barber's

napK (20) park; depot (taxis, trams) napnaMeHT (28) parliament naxHyrb' (30) n8XH8T, past naxno ( + inst.) to smell (of)

nepabliii (7) first nepeae/cTM' (21) ·AY• ·AiWb past nepeain,nepeaena,nepeaen6 (nepeaoAMTb') (+ace.) to take across; to shift; to translate

nepe/BOAMTb' (13) ·BO>Ky, ·B6AMWbo see nepeaecTM' nepea6A'IMK (21) translator neperoa6pb1 (m pl.) (23) gen. pl. neperoa6poa negotiations, talks nep8A (16) (+ inst.) before, in front of nepe,qa/aaTb' (15) ·10, -ewb (+ace.

one form of transport to another

nepecTB/a8Tb' ( 15) -10, -ewb see nepecTllTb' nepeCT8frb0 (15) •Hy, ·H8Wb (nepecTa/BllTb') ( +' inf) to stop (doing sth)

nepex6A (15) street crossing nepe/XOAMTb' (19) ·XO>Kj, ·X6AMWb (nepeiiiTM') ('1epe3) ( + ace.) to cross nep(e)4 (28) gen.sg. n8p48 pepper nepewen, nepewna - see nepeiiiTM n6cHR (25) gen. pl. neceH song neTep6yprcKMiii (17) Petersburg (adj) neTb; (16) nolO, noiwb (C·') (+ace.)

+ dat.) to pass (sth to s.o.), give a message

nepeA{ITb' (15) like A&Tb, past nepeASn,nepeA&na,nep8A8nosee nepeA&BBTb' nep8AOB6iii (28) advanced, progressive nepee3>K81Tb' ( 13) ·10, -ewb (nepe&xaTb') to move (house); to drive across

to sing (sth)

nepe/exaTb' (13) ·&Ay, ·6Aewb- see nepeea>KllTb' nepe>KMB8trb'(24) ·10, -ewb to be

ne'lanb (f) (26) sadness ne'lb (f) (25) gen.pl. ne'leiii (dim n6'-IKB) stove

upset, worry

nepaiiiTM' (19) nepeiiiAY· nepeiiiAiWb, past nepewen, nepewna, nepewn6 (nepexOAMTb') ('lepe3) (+ace.) to cross

nepetteelnt• (21) ·y, iwb (nepeHOCMTb')

newK6M (20) on foot nMao (20) beer nMp6r (10) gen.sg. nMpor8 (large) pie nMpo>K(6)K (8) gen.sg. nMpo>KKll small pie nMcllTenb (m) ( 17) writer nMcllTb' (13) ni41Wy, nMW8Wb (HB-")

( + ace.) to carry across; to transfer

(+ace.) to write

410


nMCbMO (5) pl. nlolCbM8, gen. pl. nJilceM

noaecyJIIP - see aecTJil'

letter

n6BOA (21) (AnR +gen.) cause,

nMTb' (12) nbiO, nbiwb, f past n111na,

grounds (for)

imper neit(Te) (Bbi·P) (+ace.) to drink

noaopil'tMaaiTb' (15) -10, -ewb- see

nnaaaiTb' (mv) (20) ·10, -eulb to swim; to

noaepHjTb" nOBTOpiMTb" (26) -10, ·MWb (nOBTOpm')

sail nnSK8Tb' (15) nnB'ty, nnS'IeWb (38•P) tO cry

(+ace.) to repeat nOBTOpN"rb' (26) •10, •8Wb (nOBTOpJIITbP)

nnaH (7) plan, street map

( + ace.) to repeat

nnaTMTb' (24) nna'ty, nnaTMWb (38-P)

norii6HyYbp (28)- past noril6, noril6na

(38 + ace.) to pay (for)

(norM68/Tb' -10, -ewb) to perish nornRIA6TbP (30) -)l(j, ·AMWb

nnan.e (25) gen.pl. nnan.ea dress nn6THMK (28) carpenter

(rnf1AeTb') (Ha +ace.) to take a

nnox6it (8) bad nn6~b

look at noroaopiMTbp (15) -10, ·MWb (roaopiiTb')

(f) (5) gen.pl. nno~ii (Ha)

square

to talk for a while

nnbiTb' (u) (20) -ay, -aiwb, f past nnblna (no-P) to swim; to sail

nor6AB (7) weather nOA (16) (25) (+ inst. +ace. + inst.) under (place); (+ace.) under (motion)

no (12) (+ dat.) along; according to; on;

noASfa8Tb' (22) -10, -iwbsee noA&Tbp

round no(17.12)(23)(+acc.) uptoand

nOABPMTbP (24) nOABpiO, noA8pMWb

including

(ABpMTb') to give, present

no-aHrnililcKM (4) in English

noA8p(o)K (19) gen.sg. noA8pK8

no6(1rafrb" (mv) (20) -10, -ewb (66raTb') to run about

present, gift noAATbp (22) (like ABTb), past n6A&n,

no6elKilw (u) (20) no6elrj, ·lKMWb,

nOAMB, n6ABnO (nOABBBTb')

-rjT (6elK&Tb') to run, start running no6neAH8fTbP (30) -10, -ewb

(+ace.) to serve, hand in nOABTbp PYKY (30) to hold out

(6neAH6Tb') to turn pale

one's hand

no6nillKe (18) a bit closer

noAA'ta (28) serving

no6biB8frbP (24) -10, -ewb (+prep.)

nOA6epi3oBMK (28) brown mushroom

to visit, spend time (somewhere)

noA6opOA(O)K (30) gen.sg.

noB83116 (13) (+ dat. of person) (s.o.) was lucky

noA6opOAKB chin noAipHyY/biM (PPP) (30) covered,

MHe noB83116 I was lucky noBe3TJIIP - see Be3TM' noaepttfYrbP(15)

coated noAlKitpiMTb 0 (28) ·10, ·IIIWb

-y, -iwb

(nOA*ipMaaiTb' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to brown

(noaop8'4MB&Tb') to turn (change direction)

noA3(tMHbiM (15) underground

411


nOAHMMBirb' (25) -10, -ewb- see nOAHfrrbP

(n03A!)8anlrrb')(+ ace.) (c + inst.) to congratulate s.o. on sth

nOAHMM8fn.cJI' (19) ·IOCb, -8WbCJI- see nOAHfrrbCJIP

n03A!)8Bn6HM8 (26) greeting, congratulation

no,:tHirrb• (25) •HMMj, •HMMeWb, past

n03A!)8&nRfrb' (23) -10, -ewb

n6AHJU1, noAHJU18, n6AHMO (+ace.) (nOAHMMaTb') to lift, pick up

no,:tHirrbCJI• (19) ·HMMjCb, ·HMMewbCJI,

(n03A!)llBMTb•) (+ace.) (c + inst.) to congratulate s.o. on sth

past -HMCJI, -HR.naCb, •HRn6cb

n03A!)8BnAIOI (6) congratulations! (=I congratulate)

(nOAHMMllTbCR') to climb; to rise

n03H8KOMMTbCJIP (16)- see

noAOlKAfllTb• (15) -y, -iwb, f past

3H8KOMMTbCJI' n03H8KOMbT8Cb (imper) (6) meet

nOAOJKA8118 (JKAIITb') to wait

(become acquainted)

nOAOJKAKre (6) see nOAO*ABTb wait (imper)

noooBMTB (6) (imper of no3ellTbP) call

no,:tnMcllTb• (23) •nMWy, •nMW8Wb

n6ti(Te) (25) (imper of neTb') sing

(noAnMCblellTb') (+ace.) to sign

noMITM• (u) (12) -p;ij, -Aiwb, past, nowen, nowna, nown6 (MATM;) to

noAnMCblaiiiTb' (23) -10, -ewb- see nOA"McllTbP

go, setoff

nOAPYr& (4) (female) friend

noKa ••• He (14) until

noA'fMI&Tb• (30) -10, -ewb {AYMSTb') to think for a moment

noKll HeT (15) not yet noK838Tb• (12) noKS.IK'f, nod.IKewb (noK83bJB8Tb') to show

noA1>63A (19) entrance, doorway no-eapon6MCKM (28) in European style

nOK83blaafrb' (7) ·10, ·8Wb (nOK838Tb•)

('Europeanly')

(+ace. + dat.) to show (sth to s.o.) noKn/OHMTbCJIP (30) -OHJOcb, •OHMWbCJI

n6e3A ( 17) pl. n083All train no63AKa (21) gen. pl. no83AoK journey noiT see neTb (16) (he) sings

(KnaHRITbCR' •IOCb, •8WbCJI) to bow noKn6HHMK (27) admirer

nollxaTb• (12) noliAy, noliAewb (exaTb')

noKonliHMe (26) generation

to go (by transport)

nOKplbJTbP (28) •010, ·OeWb (nOKpblellf

no>KllnyticTa (3) (pa-zhal-sta] please/ don't mention it/here you are/go ahead no)J({ITbP (30) nO.lKMy, nO.lKMSWb (nO.lKMMBfrb' -10, ·8Wb) (p'fKy) to

Tb' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to cover noKYnllTBnb (m) (10) customer nOKYnBfrb' (8) -10, ·8Wb (KY"MYbP) (+ace.) to buy

press,squeeze,shake(hands) no.lKMBllfn> (6) -10, -ewb to live, get along

n611A8Hb (17) gen. non'fAHR midday n6n381Tb' (mv) (20) -10, -ewb to crawl

n038B'Iep{l ( 18) the day before yesterday

non31TM' (u) (20) -y, -iwb, past n6n3,

n63Atto (16) [p6-zna] late n03A!)llBIMTbP (23) -n10, ·MWb

n6nKMn6 (n indecl) (9) half a kilo

non3na, non3116 (no-•) to crawl n6nHol (30) (coli) enough of that!

412


n6nHOCTbiO (28) completely

noltRnto (14) comprehensible(= I see)

n6nHO'tb (17) gen. nonjHootM midnight

nOHfm.• (13) noi.lMj, noi.lMiwb, past

n6nHbiM (30) (+gen.) full (of)

n6HHn,noHHnll,n6HHnO

nonoaliiHa (17) half

(nOHMMiiTb') to understand, realize

nonO.IIOfrb•(25) nono.!Kj, non6lKMWb

noo68Aafrb• (12) -10, -ewb (o68Aan>') to dine, have a meal

(KJ181CTb' ·AY· ·Ai&ub) ( + ace.) to put

nonp/OCMTb• (15) ·owj, •OcliiWb

nonrop8 (22) one and a half nony6CTpoa (29) pl. nonyocrpoaa

(npocli!Tb') (+ace.+ inf) to ask s.o. to

peninsula

dosth

nonyYopa(22)gen.ofnonTop8 one

nonyniipHbiM (13) popular

and a half

nop8 (14) (+ inf) it's time (to do sth)

nonY'I8frb' (9) -10, -ewb (nonY"'MTb")

n6pT (11) prep.

(+ace.) to receive, get nonY'IMTb• (22) nonY'Iy, non"Y'4111wb see nonY'IiiTb'

a nopTj, gen.pl.

nopy6s port nopyc~~~rllp (30) cigarette-case, cigar-case

nopTCjlenb (29) (m) briefcase

non'lacll (20) half an hour

no-pjccKM (4) in Russian

n6nb31oaaTbCH' (21) ·YKJCb, -yewtoCH

nocenlli!TbCH• (26) ·lOeb, ·MWbCH

(soc-•) (+ins!) to use (sth)

(nocenNrbCH' ·IOCb, -ewbCH) to

noMMA6P ( 12) tomato

settle, take up residence

noMiilnyi.lTe" (30) pardon me

noceTMTenb (m) (12) customer

n6MHfMTb' (18) ·10, ·IIIWb (+ace.) to

nocefrMTb• (28) ·IllY, ·TMWb (noceUiiiTh')

remember noMOrillrb' ( 12) -10, -ewb (noM6'1b•)

(+ace.) to visit (a place) nocel1!8frb' (28) -10, -ewb (+ace.)

(+ dat.) to help (someone) no-M6eMY ( 13) in my opinion

(nocefrMTb•) to visit (a place) nocMIA&Tb• -.!Kj, ·AMWb (cMA9Th') to sit

nOMOplq{MTbCJIP (30) ·YCb, •MWbCH (MOP1141!1TbCH•) to crease, wrinkle; to

fora while nocnliTb• (23) nowmb, nownewb (nOCblniiTb') ( + ace.) to send

frown nOMO'Ib• (12) nOMOrj, nOMOlK8Wb,

n6cne (10) (+gen.) after

noM6ryT, past noM6r, noMornll,

nocn&AHMi.l (7) last

noMorn6 (noMorliTb') (+ dat.) to

nocnjwaiTb• ( 12) -10, -ewb (cnjw8Tb')

help (s.o.) n6MOII.Ib (f) (19) help

(+ace.) to listen to nocMioTp6Tb• ( 13) -mplb, -6TpMWb

noH8A&nbHMK (17) Monday

(CMOTp6Tb') to watch; (Ha +ace.) to look at

no-H8M84KM ( 13) in German noHMM8frb' (4) -10, -ewb (noHfm.•) to understand

noc6nbCTBO (7) embassy nocnewlli!Tb• (28) -y, •MWb (cnewli!Tb')

nOHpSa/liiTbCJIP (26) ·IIITCH (HpiiBMTbCH') (+ dat.) to please (s.o.)

to hurry nOCTp6/MTb• -10, ·MWb- see crp6111Tb'

413


nOCTynatrb' (13) -10, ewb- see nOCTynm•

npeBOCXOAMTenbCTBo (30) Excellency np&AnpMirrMB (28) (HB) firm, company, business

nOCT/ynMTb" (13) -ynnlb, -ynMWb (nOCTynaTb') (a+ ace.) to enter (university)

np&ACBABTBnb (16) (m) chairman np&ACT8BIMTb" (27) -n10, -MWb

nOCTy'I/STb" (25) -y, -MWb (C'fY'I{!Tb')

(np&ACTa&nRITb') (+ace.+ dat.) to present (s.o./sth to s.o.)

(a+ ace.) to knock (at)

np&ACTSaMTb c:e68 (29) (+ ace.) to imagine (sth)

nocbrn8/rb' (23) -10, -ewb (nocn&Tb•) (+ace.) to send (s.o./sth) nocb.n/&Tb" -n10, -newb (28)

np&ACTaanNrb' (29) -10, -ewb- see

(nOCbln8/Tb' -10, -ewb) (+ inst.) to sprinkle (with sth solid)

np&ACTSBMTb np&Aynpe>KA8/Tb' (12) -10, -ewb

nocblnBTbCR" (30) nOCblnneTCR to rain

(np&Aynpe/AMTb" -JKj, -AMWb) (+ace.) to warn (s.o.)

down noT6M (12) then, next

npeJKAB (26) before

noTOMY 'ITO ( 12) because

npeJKAII acer6 (26) first of all, primarily

no-rpe6/oaaTb" (21) -YJO, -yewb

npe3MA8HT (27) president

(Tpe6oBSTb') (+gen.) to demand (sth) no-~paH4j3c:KM

npeKp{ICHbllil (24) beautiful, fine npeMb8pa (27) premiere

(4) in French

npeMb8p-MMHMCTp (27) gen.sg.

noxloAM'rb• (mv) (20) -olKj, -6AMwb

npeMb8p-MMHiiiCTpa prime minister

(XOAMTb') to walk about for a while

npeo6pa30a8HMe (28) reform

nO'teMY (4) why

(= pe4)6pM8)

nO'IeMy-To (26) for some reason

npeoAonetn.o (28) -10, -ewb

n6o-!Ta (5) (Ha) post office

(npeoAOnea81'rb' -10, -ewb) (+ace.) to overcome

nO'ITM (13) almost nO'ITMTBnbHbllil (4) respectful,

npenoASB8Tenb (m) (13) teacher, lecturer

deferential n0'11'6Bbllil (10) postage (adj) nolqSIAitTb" (28) -*Y, -Aitwb (lq8/AMTb") (+ace.) to spare

npenoASIB8Tb' (13) -10, -lkub (+ace.) to teach (sth) npepa/aTb" (23) -y, -ew~o, f past

no33MR (23) poetry no3T (23) poet no3ToMy (9) so, consequently np{IBAS (11 ) truth np{IBAS? ( 11) is that so? npllao (24) pl. npaaa right

npepaena (npepblaSTb' (+ace.) to interrupt npepbiBatrb' (23) -10, -ewb - see npepa8Tb• npeCT&pllnbllil (23) aged npM (5) (28) (+prep.) attached to; at the

npii3AHMK ( 17) [pr&z-neek] national holiday; festival

time of, under npM68BIMTb• (28) -niO, •MWb

414


(npM6aanNrb' ·to, -ewb) to add npM6erllfn.' (20) -10, -ewb (npM6mKiiTb") to arrive (running)

(nPMAYMbl&aTb') (+ ace.) to think up, invent "PMAYMblaafTb' (24) ·10, ·ewb (nPMAYMBTb') (+ace.) to think up, invent

npM6eriiiTb' (28) -10, -ewb (npM6ent/yrb' -y, -ewb) (K + dat.) to resort to

npM8:JA (23) arrival (by transport)

npM6eiJK8Tb' (20) ·rj, •lKMWb, •rjT

npM81X8Tb' (13) ·AY• ·ASWb (npM83lK8Tb') to arrive (by transport)

(npM6erSTb') to arrive (running) npMaaTHO (30) (old word) privately

npM83lK8trb' ( 13) -10, -ewb- see

npM&e3fnt' (20) -y, ·i!wb, past npMB83,

npMexaTb'

npMB83nB (npMBOlMTb') to bring by transport

npMiiiTM' (12) npMAY· npMAtiWb, past npMwin npMwna, npMwn6

npMaen - see npMaecTiil

(npMXOAMTb') to arrive, come

npMae/CTM' (20) ·PiJ, ·AiWb, past npMBin,npMaena,npMaen6

npMiiiTMCb' (25) npMAiTCfl, past npMwn6cb (npMXOAMTbCfl') (+ dat. of

(npMBOAMTb') to bring (by leading) npMa6T (26) greetings (informal usage)

person+ inf.) to be necessary, to be forced to npMK83 (28) order

npMIBOAMTb' (20) ·aoll
npMK8lBTb' (13) npMKaJKY,

npMIB03MTb' (20) ·BO)I(j, ·a63MWb (npMB83TM ') to bring (by transport)

npMKIDK8Wb (npMKB3biB8Tb') (+ dat. + inf) to order someone to do sth

npMBbi'IKB (16) gen.pl. npMBbi'IBK habit

npMKB3biBaiTb' (13) ·10, -ewb

npMrnaiCMTb' (18) -wj, ·CMWb (npMrnawaTb')(+ ace.) to invite

(npMKBlBTb') (+ dat. + inf.) to order someone to do sth

(someone)

npMneT81Tb' (20) -10, -ewb (npMneT8Tb') to arrive (by air)

npMr/H8Tb'(28) ·OHIO, -6HMWb (npMroHim.') (+ace.) to drive npMro&OpfMTb' (28) ·10, ·MWb (npMroaapMaafTb' -10, -ewb) (K + dat.) to condemn to, sentence to npMroHNrb' (28) -10, -ewb (+ ace.) to

npMneheTb' (20) -'lj, TMWb- see npMneTBTb' npMMepHo (22) approximately npMtteelrlil' (12) -y, ·iwb, past npMHiic, npMH8CJ1B, npMHecn6 (npMHOCMTb')

drive npMrOT6afMTb' ( 16) •niO, •MWb

to bring (by carrying) npMHMMilfrb' (27) ·10, •8Wb (npMHfm.')

(roT6BMTb') (+ace.) to prepare; to cook

(+ace.) to accept npw'HOCMTb' (20) •Howj, ·H6cMWb

npMAiTcfl'(20) (see npMiTMCb') it will be necessary "PMAY. npt~A~wb- see npMiiiTM' npMAYM8fn.'(24) •10, -ewb

(npMHecTM") to bring (by carrying) npliiH4Mn (23) principle npMHATb' (27) npMMy, npMMeWb, past npMHfln,npMHflna,npMHflnO

415


(npMHMMkrto'} (+ ace.) to accept npMo6pafc:nt• (27) -.,Y, -'riiwlt, past nPMo6pin, -o6pen6, -o6pen6 (npMo6peT&n.') (+ ace.) to acquire npM06peT6/Tto' (27) -10, -ewto (npMoCipec:Tit•) (+ace.) to acquire rtpM06Jqtln.' (28) -10, -8Wb (~ -y, -ltwto} (K + dat.) to introduce (to sth) npMIX»Aa (17) nature, scenery npMCT/ynMTb" (26) ·ynniO, •JnMWb (npMarynSin.' -10, -ewto} (K + dat.) to get down to, to start on

npMixcwnto (20) -xol!Cj, -x{Wiwto (npMiTit•) to arrive npMXOAMTbCR' (25) npMX{WITCR, past npMXQAMnOCb (npMiiiTMCb") (+ dat. of person+ inf) to be necessary, to be

npoain, npoaena, npoaen6 (npoaOAM1'111) to conduct; to spend (time)

npo/aoAMTb' (17) -BOlllj, -a{Wiwto (npoiMJC1'MP) ap6MR to conduct; to spend time

nporpiMMa (27) programme nporjnu (17) gen.pl. nporjnoK walk npGA8/B6Tb' (8) -10, -iwto (nPOAiW) (+ace.) to sell npoAIIB(6)14 (8) gen.sg. npoA11a46

sales assistant npo,qilKa (24) sale

npGAiTto like A&Tit, past n~X»Aan,

nPOABni, n~X»Aano (nPOABB6n.') (+ace.) tosell

npo,qoa6nbCTII8HHbiM (17) food (adj),

forced to

grocery

npM'IMH8 (21) ( + gen.) reason (for),

npo,qonlK6trto' ( 11) -10. -ewto (+ ace.) to continue sth

cause(of)

npMwin, npMwna - see npMiiTM • npMwn6cto see npMiiTitcto• npMU4yP/MTb 0 (30) -10, -ewto (nPMII4yPMaaiTto' -10, -ewto) to half-

npo,qonlK6trbcR' ( 11) ·eTCR to continue

nPQAyKTbl (m.pl) (8) gen.pl. npoAfKToa groceries, food

npoeuc6/Tb' (15) (20) -10, -BWb

close (one's eyes)

npMkrento (m) (30) friend nPMRnlo (4) pleasant (adv) npMRnlblii (10) pleasant (adj) npo6aanNnoc:JI'(30) ·IOCit, -ewbCR to get by, make do

npo6n6Ma (21) problem npolleAiHIHblii (PPP) (28) conducted, passed, executed

npoaen - see npoaec:nt npoa6p/111Tb" (21) -10, -MWb (npoaeplm.') (+ace.) to check

npoaepNn.' (21) -10, -ewto (npoa6ptm.•) (+ace.) to check

npoaatc:nt• (21) -Ptt, -,qiwlt, past

(npo6xan.•) to travel to/through/past npokT (29) plan, project npol6xan.• (15) (20) 4Ay, -6,qewto (npoa3)1C6Tto') to travel to/through/past npobK6'1to• (30) -JKJ'j, -J10Kiw1t, -JKrjT past npolldir, npo:IKrna, npc»Krn6 (npolKMr61rto• -10, -ewto} to burn through npo:IKMa61n.' (22) -10, -ewto to reside npc»KMB6101&4Mii (21) (m adj) resident npolKIVrb• (13) -at, -aiwlt, past np6lKMn, npolKMIIil, np6:1KMn0 to live (for a specified period) npo1130iifril• (22) -pfn past npoM30Wn6 (npoMcxOAMTt.') to occur

416


npoMclxoAJffl.' (22) -x6AMT- see

npoll.liiHMe (30) farewell, parting np6. . (18) simpler

npoM30Wnt'

npfiMo (5) straight on

npoi4TM<'(19) npoiiiAY· npoiiiA&Wb, past

npfiM6iii ( 12) direct, straight

npo/win, -wna, -wn6 (npoXOAMTb') to go through/past

npfiTaTb' (28) npfi'ly, npfi'lewb (c-•)

nponariltn.' (20) -10, -ewb

(+ace.) to hide

nTMI.IB ( 18) bird

(nponafr&n.•) to fly past or through nponer6Tb' (20) -'tj, ·rMWb- see nponeratrb'

nycKatrb' (25) -10, -ewb- see nycrMrbP

np6MToaapHbliii Mar83MH (17) non-food

(nycK{rrb)( +ace.) to permit; to let in/ out nycrb (15) let

nyCTMTb" (25) ny11.1y, nyCTMWb

goods shop

npoMibrrb' (28) -610, -6ewb

nyreeoA"renb (m) (10) guidebook nyrew6CTaloeaTb' (21) -yro, -yewb to travel

(npoMbla81Tb' -10, -ewb) to wash thoroughly

npoMbiWn&HHOCTb (f) (28) industry

nyrb (m) (20) gen./dat./prep./sg. nyrM, inst.sg. nyriM, pl. nyrrii, gen.pl. nyreii

npoMblwn&HHbliii (28) industrial

way

npon6pi.IMJI (29) proportion npoclfrb' (15) npowy, np6cMWb (no-•)

nyroeKa (30) gen.pl. nyroBOK button nbAHbliii (14) drunk

(+ ace. + inf) to ask s.o. to do sth

nJITM3TiJKHbiM (26) five-floor

npocneKT (4) avenue, prospect (wide street)

nJITHSAI.IBTb (22.3) fifteen nATHMI.IB ( 17) Friday

npocrMr& (3) excuse me/l'm sorry np6cTo (10) simply

nJITb (22.3) five

npocr6iii (18) simple

nJITbABCAT (22.3) fifty

np6cb6a (21) gen.pl. np6cb6 request

nJITbCOT (22.3) five hundred

np6TMB (10) (+gen.) opposite nporMBHMK (28) opponent

pa66ra (6) work

nporMBHO (30) disgusting, disgusted

pa66Tafrb' (4) ·10, -ewb (no-') to work

nporMeonon6JKHbliii (20) opposite (adj) npocllec:CMOHan (16) professional

pa66'1Miii (m adj) (28) worker p&BHO - See Bci p&BHO paBHOAYWHO (13) with indifference

(noun)

npoct*c:op (19) pi npoclleccop6

pjp/alolbl (29) glad

PSAM (10) (+ gen.)

professor

npoxiOAMTb' (20) ·OJKY, ·OAMWb (npoiiiTM') to go through/past

~o

for the sake of

[o] (n indecl) (5) radio

P&Aocrb (f) (13) joy

npol.llMr (22) per cent

pea (9) gen.pl. pa3

npoo~Mriltn.'

paaB&AiHHbliii (27) divorced

( 13) -10, -ewb (•omiTb')

(+ace.) to read

np6wnbriii ( 11) previous, last

a time

pa3881crMCb' (19) ·AYCb, ·AiiWbCJI, past paaBincfl,paaeenacb

417


(pa3BOAiim.cR') to get divorced pa3BMnte (21) development pa3a6A (14) divorce pa3/BOAMTbCR' (19) •BOJKYCb, ·B6AMWbCR, (p83BeCTMCb0 ) to get divorced

pa3roaapMaafrb' (16) -10, -ewb to converse, talk

pa3roa6p (10) conversation pa3A8a8iirecb (11) take your coat off; undress

pa3A811MTb 0 (21) pa:JAeniO, pa3ABnMWb (pa3ABIUHTb' ·10, ·8Wb) (+ace.) to share, to divide up

paaMep (10) size, dimension pa3H006p83Me (29) variety p83Hblii (9) various pa3pew8/Tb' (15) ·10, -8Wb (pa3p8WMTb 0 )

paccK83blaafrb' (12) ·10, ·ewb (paccK&38Tb 0 ) to tell, talk pac/TM' (24) -Tj, ·Tiwb, past p6c, poena, pocn6 (Bbl·") to grow peBnbHblii (27) real, real-life pe6iiH(o)K (10) pl.- see AS™ child peaoni01.1MOH6p (16) revolutionary peaon!OI.IMR (16) revolution p6AKMii (18) rare p63Ko (28) sharply peaynbTST (27) result peK8 (7) ace. p6Ky, pl. peKM, dat. pl. peK8M river peKn8Ma (27) advertising, publicity peM6HT (21) repair(s), maintenance pecTOpSH (5) restaurant pecj)6pMa (28) reform pewatrb' ( 13) ·10, ·ewb (pewMTb")

( + dat.) to allow (someone)

pa3pewiMTb 0 (15) -y, ·Mwb (+ dat.)- see pa3peWSTb' p8Ho (16) early pSHbWe (16) before; earlier pacn&A8frbCR' (22) ·eTCR (pacn8CTbCR" pacn~cR,pa&pacnancR,

pacnanacb) to break up pacnonaratrbCR' (29) ·eTCH to be situated, placed

pacnon6>Kettla/o/bl (29) situated pacnpaanWn.cR' (28) ·IOCb, ·ewbCR (pacnpaaiMTbCR ·niOCb, ·MWbCR) (c + inst.) to deal with

pacnpocTpaHiiHHblii (23) common,

(+ace.) to decide; to solve

peweHMe (27) decision pewiTK& (29) gen.pl. pewiToK grille, railing, decorated ironwork

pewMTenbHO (28) resolutely, with determination

pewiMTb 0 (13) -y, ·MWb (pew8Tb') (+ ace ) decide; to solve

p6aHo ( 17) precisely; evenly p6AMH& (21) (Ha) homeland poAMTenM (9) (sg. poAMTBnb m) parents

PQAMTbCR 0 (13) past PQAMnCR, poAMnSCb, poAMnMCb to be born PQAH6ii (28) own (of family relationships); native

widespread

paccePAMTbCR"- see C8PAMTbCR' to get angry

pacceRHHblii (19) absent-minded paccKia38Tb 0 ( 12) ·aJKj, ·8lK8wb (paCCKS3biB8Tb') to tell, talk

po>KAGHMe (17) birth poa6TKa (21) gen. pl. po36TOK elecricity socket, power point

p6nb (f) (24} gen.pl. poneii role poMSH (13) novel; love affair

418


PoccliiR (4) Russia

cBeTocii6P (19) traffic light

py6nb (m) (3) gen.sg. py6m1 rouble

calfA{IHMe (9) meeting, rendezvous

pyKil (22) ace. PYKY pl. PYKM, pyKliM

CBo66AHbiM (10) free

hand, arm

ca61ii (21) own

pyccKSSI (f adj) a Russian woman

CBOp8'fMaafTb' (20) ·to, -8Wb

pyccKMiii (7) (9) Russian; a Russian

(caepHyYb') to turn

(man)

caSIT61ii (23) (m adj) saint; holy, sacred

pllr6a (10) fish

cr6p6/MTbCSI' (30) ·ntocb, ·MWbCSI

piii6Hbllii (10) fish (adj)

(r6p6MTbCR') to hunch up

pbllKMK (28) saffron milk-cap

CAS'fB (9) change (money returned)

(mushroom)

CA{Inahb' ( 12) ·to, -ewb (A&n&Tb')

pllrH(o)K (8) (Ha) market

(+ace.) to do; to make

PRAOM (7) (16) (c + inst.) nearby; beside

ce61r (21) self ceaep (18)(H8) north

c (10) +gen.; (16) + inst.; +gen. off,

ceaepHbiM ( 18) northern

from; + inst. with

cer6AHR (7) [sye-y:6d-nya] today

ca,q (5) prep. a cap.y, pl. cap.br garden,

celii'fac (6) now, at the moment

orchard

ceKpeTapb (m) (15) gen.sg. ceKpeTaplr secretary (male or female)

ca,qMTbCSI' (15) CBlKYCb, ca,qMWbCSI (cecTb') to sit down; to take

ceMeliiHbllii (22) family (adj)

(transport)

ceMHSA48Tb (22.3) seventeen

CBnBT (12) salad

ceMb (22.3) seven

caM (m)/caMa (f)/caM6 (n)/caMM (pi) (13) (T4) oneself (emphatic)

ciiMbA&CSIT (22.3) seventy ceMbC6T (22.3) seven hundred

caMoaap (21) samovar, urn

ceMblr (12) pl. ceMbM, gen.pl. ceMelii, dat.pl. C8MbSIM family

C8MOA8fl:IKiiBMe (28) autocracy caMoniT (20) aeroplane

ceHTir6pb (m) ( 17) gen.sg. ceHTR6plr

caMoCTolrTenbHO (24) independently

September

('self standing')

cepAii!TbCSI' ( 11) cep>KVca., c8PAMWbCSI

ciiMbllii (18) very; most (forms

(paC·') to be angry

superlative)

cilpA48 (15) gen.pl. cepA8LI heart

cltxap (8) sugar

ceP8AMH8 (26) middle

c68rahb' (20) ·to, -ewb (68r&Tb') to run

cept.e3Ho ( 19) seriously

there and back

cecTpa ( 14) pl. ciicTpbl cecTiip

c6pbi3HYTb' (28) to sprinkle (with liquid)

CiicTp8M CSCTp8MM CiicTp8X

calw>68 (22) (gen.pl.) cail,qe6 wedding cae>KMiii (8) fresh

sister cecTb' (15) CRAY· cfrAewb past cen,

caepHyYb' (20) caepHy, caepHiiWb

cena (cap.MTbCSI') to sit down; (H8

(CBOp8'fMB8Tb') to turn

+ace.) to take (transport)

419


cen. (f) (21) gen.pl. c:en!H network; circuit

CM8138Tb 0 (28) ·JKy, •)1(8Wb

CM6Iipb (f) (3) Siberia

(cMll3blaahb; -10, -ewb) to grease

CMAlm.' (14) CM)I{j, CM,qiiWb (no-•) to

cMepyb (f) ( 17) gen.pl. cMepyeii death

sit, be sitting

cMeTliHa (3) sour cream

CKli)I(MTe (4) see cKa38Tb tell/say

CM8Wllfn.P (28) ·10, •8Wb (CMewMBafTb'

(imperative' form)

-10, ewb) to mix

CK838Tb 0 (12) CKa)l(j, CKDt8Wb

CMeWHO (23) (it's) funny

(roaopm') to say

CM8RTbCfl' ( 11) CMe!Ocb, CMe8WbCfl

(aa-•) to laugh

CK&M6MK8 (26) gen.pl. CK8M6eK bench (dim, of CK&MbR 'bench')

CMOTpeyb' ( 11) CMOTPKJ, CMOTPMWb

CKilOH (29) slope

(no-•) ((Ha) +ace.) to watch; look (at)

CKOBOpoA{I (28) pl. CKOBOpoAbl, gen.pl.

CM6otb0 (13) CMOrj, CM0)1(8Wb, CMOryT, past CM6r, CMOrnll, CMOrn6, CMOrnli

CKOaopOA,dat.pi.CKOBOpoA{IM frying-pan

(MO
CKOnbKO (9) (+gen.) how much, how

CHB'Iana (16) first, at first

many

cHer (20) prep. a CHery, pl. cHera snow

cKopo (20) soon

CHMM8frb' (30) •10, •8Wb (CHfiTb0 ) tO take

off

cKj-IHo (14) [sko'o-mna] boring, it's boring

CHOBB ( 17) again

cn&AoCTb (f) (30) sweetness

CHOM - see COH

cneaa (15) on the left

CHfiTb0 (30) CHMMy, CHMM8Wb, f past

cn6AyiO~Mii

(8) following, next

CHflnll (CHMMSTb') (+ace.) to take

off

cne38 (30) pl. cni3bl gen.pl. cni3,

co = c before c + consonant, MHoii,

dat.pl. cne38M tear cnliwKoM (10) too (excessively)

acero,aceM,aceMM,acex

cnoaapb (m) (10) gen.sg. cnoaapfl

co68Ka (10) dog

dictionary

co6Mp8/Tb' (26) -10, -ewb (co6pl1Tb0) to collect, gather

cnoao (8) pl. cnoaa word cny>IU4Tb' (30) cny)l(j, cnjJKMWb (no-•)

Co6Mp81Tbcfl' (26) •IOCb, ·8WbCfl ( + inf) to intend to

to serve cn9'1aii (22) gen. pl. cn9'1aea case

co66ii - see ce611 self

cnrtaiiHo (24) by chance

co66p BaclinMR 6n8)1(eHHoro ( 15) St

cnY'IfMTbCfl 0 ( 16) ·MTCfl (cnrt8frbCfl'

Basil's on Red Square ('the Cathedral

·eTCR) (c + inst.) to happen (to)

of Vasilii the Blessed')

cnywaiTb; (12) -10, -ewb (no-•)(+ ace.)

co6pl1Tb0 (26) co6epy, co6epiwb f past

to listen to

co6pana (co6Mp8Tb') to gather

cnblwi&Tb' (11) -y, ·MWb (y-•) (+ace.) to hear cnbiWHO (14) audible

c66CTaeHHblii (21) own, personal COHTHMK (30) adviser Coa8TcKMii Colb3 (22) Soviet Union

420


Cn84MMbHO (18) specially

COBpeMeHHbllii (13) modern, contemporary

cnewlliTb' (24) -y, ·MWb (no-•) to hurry

coaceM (10) completely

cnMHa (30) ace. cnliHy, pl. cnliHbl back

coaceM HBT (+gen.) none at all

cn6p/MTb' (27) ·10, ·MWb (no-•) to argue,

cornacMe (28) agreement

dispute

c cor.n8CMR (28)(+ gen.) with the

cnoc:66HOCTb (I) (28) ability

agreement of

cnoc66CTaoaaTb' (28) ( + dat.) to assist,

coA8J):IKSHMe (27) content(s)

facilitate cnp8aKa (24) gen.pl. cnp&aoK (piece

CO&AMH8HHbl8 WTlm.l AM8pMKM (12) United States of America

of) information

colK8118HMe (10) regret

cnp8wMBafrb' (13) -10, -ewb

K colK811eHMIO (10) unfortunately

(cnpocliTb•) to ask (a question)

C03AIIfBSTb' ( 17) ·10, ·8Wb (COOA{rrb•)

cnpocliTb 0 (13) cnpowy, cnp6cMwb - see cnp8wMBBTb'

(+ace.) to create

cnpWraTb 0 (21) ·'ly, ·'IBWb {npfmrrb')

c03A{IHM8 (28) creation c03A{ITb 0 ( 17) like ABTb, past c63Aan,

(+ace.) to hide

C03A8118, c63Aano (C03A8Blm.') to

CnpWraTbCR 0 (30) ·'IYCb, ·'18WbCR

create

{nplrraTbCR') (38 +ace.) to hide

coliilni• (20) ·AY· ·Aiwb, past cowen,

behind

cowna, cown6 (cxoA'ITb') (20)

cnycK8frbCR' (15) ·IOCb, ·8WbCR (cnycTiiTbCR•) to go down

(c +gen.) to get off, down

cnycTiiTbCR• (29) cny~ycb, cny-

c6K (10) juice

CTMWbCR (cnycKaTbCR') to go down

con8Hbllii (28) salted, pickled c6nb (f) (28) gen.pl. conelii salt

cnycnfl (28) later

com1HKB (28) solianka (spicy cabbage

cnyYHMK (16) travelling companion cpaaHIMTb 0 (22) ·10, ·MWb (CpBBHMaafrb'

dish) c(6)H (17) sleep, dream

·10, -ewb) to compare

COpoK (22.3) forty

cp83y (lKe) (21) immediately

coc8A(11) pl. coc8AM gen.pl. coc8Aelii

cPBA{I (17) ace. ci)&Ay, pl. cp8Ab1, dat.pl. cPBA{IM Wednesday

neighbour coc8AHMiii (20) neighbouring, next

cp&Aii (17) (+gen.) among

cnllnbHR (7) gen.pl. cnllneH bedroom

cp8AHMiii (10) average; middle

cnacli6o (3) (38 +ace.) thank you (lor)

cp6K (23) period of time; time limit

cnBTb' (16) CMIO, cnMWb (no-•) to sleep

cp6'1Ho (21) urgently

cneKT8Knb (m) (22) performance, show

cp6'1Hbllii (19) urgent

cneK}'m'iHT (24) speculator (black

CTBAM6H (20) (HB) stadium

marketeer) cnenbllii (30) ripe

CTBKBH (25) glass, tumbler CTBHfOBMTbcR' (16) ·OBnlbcb, ·6BMWbCR (CTBTb") (+ inst.) to become

cne4ManliCT (18) specialist

421


CTBHL4MR (7) (Ha) station (on metro or in

CTp6MTb ( 11) CTp610, CTp6MWb (no-•)

country) CTapliiK (26) gen.sg. CTapMK8 old man CTapywKB (26) gen.pl. CT&pyweK old woman CT8pwMiii (18) elder; senior CTBpbllii (7) old

to build CTp6MTbCR' ( 11) CTp6MTCR to be built

('build itself') CTYA8HT (22) student cyYn (29) pl. cTjnbR, gen.pl. cyYnbea

chair

cTliTCKMiii coaeTHMK (30) Councillor of

CyY'I/BTb; (25) -y, •MWb (no-•) (a+ ace)

State

to knock (at) CTb!AHO (14) shameful, it's shameful

CT8Tb• (16) CTBHy, CTSH8Wb (CT8HOBMTbCR') ( + inst.) tO become;

cy666TB (14) Saturday

to start (P only) CT8TbR (26) gen.pl. cTBT81ii article CTeHB (16) ace. cT8Hy, pl. cT8Hbl, dat.pl. CTeHBM wall cT8neHb (f) (17) gen.pl. CTeneHelii degree, extent CTMnb (m) (21) style CTMXM (23) (pl. Of CTMX) gen.pl. CTMX6B poetry CT6 (22.3) hundred CT6MTb' (9) (24) CT6MT, CT6RT to COSt; to be worth He CT6MT ( + inf) it's not worth

cy6TpOnM'48CKMM (29) subtropical Cy3MTbCR0 (30) cY31tTCA (cY>t
·eTCR) to become narrow cyMKB (24) gen.pl. cyMOK bag,

shopping bag cynep3883A8 (27) superstar cynpyr (22) male spouse, husband

CT6n (16) gen.sg. CTona table

(formal word) cynpYr& (27) female spouse, wife (formal word) cjTKM (f pl.) (23) gen.pl. cYTOK twentyfour hours cyxapb (m) (28) gen.sg. cyxapR rusk cywiiHbllii (28) dried

CTon6BbiM (28) table (adj)

cyiJ48CTBfoa8Tb' (22) -y10, ·Y&wb (npo-•)

CTOnOHII'fBnbHMK (30) (old word) head

to exist

of civil-service section CT6nbKo (10) (+gen.) so much, so many CTOpoHB (15) ace. CT6poHy, pl. CT6pottb1 gen.pl. crop6H side, direction CTORTb' ( 11) CTOtO, CTOMWb (no-•) to stand CTpBHB (12) pl. CTpBHbl country CTpBHHO (20) strange; it's strange CTpen(e)lt (28) gen.sg. CTpenbi.{B strelets CTpeM/MTbCR' (22) ·niOcb, MWbCR (K + dat.) to strive, try for

CXB8TMTb• (25) CXBII'fy, CXaBTMWb (XB8T8frb' or CXaBTblaafrb' •10, •ewb) (+ace. 38 +ace.) to seize (s.o. by sth) CXOAMTb" (20) CXOJKY, CX6AMWb (cxOAii!Tb') to go on foot (there and

back) cxoAiiiTb' (20) cxoJKj, cx6AMWb

(coliiTiil•) (+gen.) to get off, go down from

C'48cTbe (12) (26)[shsh8-] happiness, luck K CNiiCTbiO ( 12) fortunately eotMT6tn.' ( 13) -10, -ewb ( + ace. + inst.)

422


to consider, count (sth as sth)

TeppMTopMA (18) territory

C'biJKIMTbCAP (30) •YCb, •MWbCA

TecHo (25) crowded; tight

(C'biJKMB8frbCA' -lOeb, •8WbCA) to

TeX- gen.pl. of ToT

shrivel, shrink

Tirqa (19) mother-in-law (wife's mother)

C'b63AM'n>• (20) C1>631Ky, C'b83AMWb (63AMn>') to travel (there and back) C'b8CTb• -

see ec:Tb' to eat

CbiH (6) pl. CbiHOBbR, gen.pl. CbiHOHM,

dat.pl. CbiHOBbRM son Cblp (8) cheese

TMXMM (18) quiet Tllxo (14) quiet, it's quiet Tllwe (18) quieter TMWMH8 (17) silence, quiet To (12) then (in that case) To ec:Tb (22) that is

cro,q& (17) here (motion)

To, 'ITo (26) the fact that

cropnplt3 (10) surprise

To66i see Tbl (T4) you

TiiMHbiM COB8THMK (30) Privy Councillor

TorAll ( 12) at that time, in that case

T8K(6)

TorAllwHMM (23) (coli) then (adj)

ToallpM~q

SO

(25) comrade, friend

TaK KBK (10) since (because)

ToJKe (4) too

T8K 'ITO (26) so, so that

TonCTbiM (30) fat

TllKJKe (7) also, in addition

TOnbKO (8) only

T&Koi (10) such

TonbKO 'ITO (15) (+past) just(= very

T8KCM (n) (3) taxi TaM (5)

there

TllnO'IKM (11) gen.pl. TllnO'IeK slippers

recently) TOM8T·nrope (28) tomato puree TOH (30) tone

TBpenKa (20) gen.pl. TapenoK plate

TOHKMM (30) thin

TSCKlltrb' (mv) (20) -ro,-ewb to drag

Toproa(e)4 (24) (+ inst.) trader (dealing

Ta~· (u)

(20) TBUW, Til~wb (no-')

to drag TBOM (6) (T6) your

in) ToproanA (28) trade TopJK6CT&eHHbiM (29) grand, splendid,

TellTp (7) theatre

majestic

TeaTpllnbHbiM (27) theatre (adj)

TOT (7) (T4) that

T86fl see Tbl (T4) you

TOT JKe (28) (T4) the same

Tenealt30p (13) television set

T6'1Ho (9) exactly

Tenecj)6H (15) telephone

TPSMBlli (15) gen.pl. TP&Mallea tram

TeM - inst. of ToT

Tp66/oaaTb' (21) -yro, -yewb (no..P)

TeMa (16) theme, topic

(+gen.) to demand

Tenepb (4) now

Tp8TMM (7) third (T6)

Tenno (14) it's warm

TpeTb (I) (22) gen. pl. TpeMM a third

TinnbiM (7) warm

Tpix - gen. of TPM

Tepnm' (21) tepnnlb, T6pnMwb to

TpM (22.3) three

endure; to be patient

TPMA48Tb (22.3) thirty

423


TPMHiA48Tb (22.3) thirteen TpliCTa (22.3) three hundred l'p6rafrb' ( 16) ·10, ·8Wb (l'p6Htyn.• •Y -ewb) ( +ace.) to touch (s.o./sth) l'p6e (22.10) three TJ)O&KpaTHo (30) thrice, three times l'pOiiiH6iil (29) triple Tponneiil6yc (4) trolley bus TPYA (26) gen.sg. TPYAB work TPYAHO (14) difficult, it's difficult TPYAHOCTb (f) (24) difficulty TPYAHbiM (13) difficult yYan6T (5) toilet yY&n6THIIJI 6yMilra (21) toilet paper TYAB (9) there (motion 'thither') TjnOBMIJI8 (30) body, torso TYMiiH (11) mist, fog yYprpynna (21) tourist group TYPMCT (15) tourist

TYT (25) here

yB8>K6HMe (26) respect

YBWA'Sfb' (12) ·>Ky, •AJ4Wb (BMAfSfb') (+ace.) to see, (past) to catch sight of

yaneK81rbCst; (16) ·IOCb, -ewbCSI (+ in st.) to be keen on, enthusiastic about

yr(o)n (19) prep. aiHa yrny, gen.sg.

yrnil corner YA&nRhb' (28) ·10, ·&Wb (yABnfliTb' ·10, ·MWb) BHMMBHMe (+ dat.) to pay attention to

YAMBIIiTb' (27) -mo, -Mwb (YAMBnln'b') (+ace.) to surprise (s.o.)

YAMBIMTbCR' (26) -n!Ocb, ·MWbCSI (YAMBm1TbCst') to be surprised YAMBniiHHO (26) with surprise YAMBniiiTb' (27) ·10, ·&Wb- see YAMBMTb' YAMBnNTbCst' (26) ·IOCb, ·ewbCSI (+ dat.)- see YAMBiiTbCst' YAOaOflbCTBMe (16) pleasure,

TjctlnM (21) (f pl.) gen.pl. Tjctlenb shoes, house shoes

yYWeHMe (28) stewing yYWiiHbiM (28) stewed yYWMTb' (28) yYWy, yYWMWb (nO·') to stew Tbl (4) you (T4)

TbiCSI'IB (9) (22) thousand nuKenbiM (28) heavy, hard

y (10) (+ gen.) near; by; at the house of;

satisfaction

y83lK81n.' (14) -10, -ewb (yexaTb') to leave (by transport)

yexaTb' (14) y6Ay, y6A&wb- see y83JK8Tb' Y>K6 (6) already Y>K6 He (24) no longer Y>K6 H&T (11) (+ gen.) there is/are no more

j>KMH ( 16) supper j>KMHahb' ( 16) -10, -ewb (no-•) to have supper

chez

y6er8/Tb• (20) -10, -ewb (y6elK8Tb') to run away

y6e/lK8Tb' (20) ·rj, ·>KMWb, ·rYT (y6er81rb') to run away yBBlK&eMbliil (26) respected y88>K8hb' (21) -10, -ewb (+ace.) to respect

y3(e)n (30) gen.sg. ya.na bundle Y3Hala8Tb' (28) ·10, ·iiwb (y3HBTb') to find out; to recognize

Y3H8/rb' (28) -10, -ewb (Y3H8Bl1Tb') to find out; to recognize

yiiiTii• (12) YiiiAY. yii!Aiiwb, past ywen, ywna, ywno (yxoAIJiTb;) to leave

424


YKpaMH8 (5) (H8) Ukraine

yCT8UTb'(15) yCTalb, YCT8i!Wb

yKpii/CMTb' (29) -wy, ·CMWb

(yCTiiTb') to get tired

(yKpaw81Tb' -10, -ewb) to adorn

yCT81Tb' (15) -HY, ·HeWb- see yCTaBiiTb'

ylq)enneHMe (28) strengthening

yCTp8MB8/Tb; (21) ·10, ·8Wb (yCTpOMTb')

yKcyc (28) vinegar

(+ace.) to organize (sth); to suit (s.o.)

YIIM411 (4 )(Ha) street

yCTpeMIMTb' (30) -nib, MWb

ynbl68trbCR' ( 11) ·IOCb, -ewbCJI

(yCTpeMnNrb' -10, -ewb) to direct,

(ynbi6HfYrbCR' -ycb, -ewbCR) to

fasten (one's.gaze)

yCTp6/MTb' (21) ·10, ·MWb- see

smile

ynti16K8 (26) gen.pl. ynti16oK smile ~

yCTpaMB8Tb'

(13) -10, -eua. (+ inf) to know how to

YCTYnKa (30) gen.pl. YCTYnOK price

yMMp8/rb' (23) ·10, •8Wb ()'M8P&Tb') to

reduction; concession

YTpo (3) gen.sg. yYpa, but AoiC yYpj, pl.

die

YTpa, gen.pl. YTP. dat.pl. YTpaM but

yMHbiM (18) clever yMCTB8HHbiM (28) mental yHecna, yHecllo (yHocMTb') (+ ace.)

no yYpaM morning YTpoM (16) in the morning vxo (25) pl. ywM ear

to carry away

VXOAMTb' ( 12) yxo*Y, yx6AMWb (yiiTM')

yHeciTM' (27) -y, -i!Wb, past yHiic,

yHMaepcMTeT (5) university

to go away

yHM'fTOlKeHMe (28) annihilation

vxYAwiMTbCR' (28) ·MTCJI

yHOCMTb' (27) yHowy, yH6cMWb

(yxyAW81TbCR' - eTCR) to get worse

(yHecTM') (+ace.) to carry away

Y'fSCTB!OB8Tb' (27) ·YIO, -yeWb

ynSAM ( 15) - see ynilcTb

(a+ prep.) to participate in

yniiCTb' yn&Ay, yna,qiiwb, past ynan,

Y'f&HMK (30) gen.sg. Y'f8HMKil pupil

ynana (nSAaTb' -10, -ewb) to fall

Y'fMTellb (m) (16) pl. Y'fMTem1 teacher.

ynpalKHeHMe (3) exercise

schoolteacher

Ypan ( 17) (H8) the Urals

Y'fMTb' (13) Y'fY, Y'fMWb (Bbl·') to learn

ypoe(e)Hb (m) (26) gen.sg. ypoBHR level

Y'fMTbCR'(13) YOfYCb, Y'fMWbCR to study

ypoJKAiiHHM (30) nee (indicating maiden name)

yp6K (16) (Ha) lesson

(somewhere)

YOfpe*A&HMe (23) institution; office

ywKo (25) pl. ywKM, gen.pl. YweK

little ear

ypoHMTb' (30) ypoHKI, YpOHMWb (poHAI'Tb' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to drop

cj)aMMIIMR (6) surname

ycn6BMe (28) condition

cj)a~(29) facade

yCIIblwi8Tb' (20) -y, ·MWb (CIIbiW8Tb')

cj)eepanb (m) (17) gen.sg. cj)eepans1

(+ace.) to hear

ycneBii/Tb' (15) -10, -ewb (ycn8Tb') ( + inf) to have time (to do sth)

ycnlllrb' -10, -ewb- see ycneeiiTb'

February

cj)M3il'f8CKMM (28) physical cj)MIIbM (11) film cj)rilpMa (23) firm, company

425


cllniPAOpStOK (30) orange blossom (scent)

cllpaH4Y3cKMM (18) French

CIIPYKT (8)

a piece of fruit

ciiYHT (9) pound (weight and currency)

46PKOBb (f) (24) gen./dat./prep.sg. Lj8pKBM, inst. ...epKOBbiO, pl. 46PKBM, 48PKHM, 48PKBiiM, ""pKaiiMM, 48PKallx church 4MBMnM3ii4Mfl (28) civilization

cllyp6JKKa (30) gen.pl. cllyp&lKeK peaked cap

x6pec (30) sherry xne6 (8) bread xOAiffi>' (mv) (9) (20) xo.Y, x6,qMWb to go on foot (there and back)

X0311MH (25) pl. X03MB8 gen.pl. X03MB host, owner, master

x6nOA (11) cold xonoA!-4nbHMK (13) refrigerator xonoAHO (14) it's cold; coldly xon6,qHbiM (7) cold xopow6HbKO (30) properly, well and truly

'fai (3) tea 'fiiMHMK (21) kettle; teapot

'fllca but AB8f'f'PMI'I8Tb•pe 'facll, pl. 'f8Cbl hour 'faCTo ( 12) often 'fBCTbiM (21) frequent 'f&CTb (f) (18) gen.pl. 'f&crei part 'f&Cbl (17) (pl. of 'fac) watch; clock 'fiiWKB (21) gen.pl. 'fllweK cup 'fill48 (18) more often 'fero [chye-v6] gen. of 'fT6 'fenoaliK (18)- pl. see n~GAM person 'f&M (18) than; also inst. of 'fTO 'fiM - prep. of 'fT6 'I8C (6) gen.sg.

XOpOWMM (8) good xopow6 (4) well xo1'8Tb' (12.5) xO'Iy, x6<1ewb, x6<1eT, XOTttM, XOTMT8, XOTRT (38·') to want

'f&MOABH (29) suitcase 'feMY - dat. of 'f'T6 'f6pe3 (6) (+ace.) through; across; after

x6Tb (23) even XOTR (16) although

'fipHbiM (8) black 'f&Tallpr (17) gen.sg. 'feTaepra

xYA8HbKMM (30) thin xyA6i (18) thin

'fliTaepo (22.1 0) four

~e(18) worse

481)6BM'f (28) son of a tsar 48Pb (m) (5) gen.sg. 48PR tsar (emperor) L4BeT (21) pl. 488Tll colour 4en/0al1Tb' (26) ·Yio, ·YeWb (nO·') (+ace.) to kiss

(a period of time)

Thursday

'feTaiipTbiM (15) fourth 'fltTaepTb (f) (22) quarter 'feTblpe (22.3) four 'f&Tblpecnl (22.3) four hundred 'f&TbiPHIIA48Tb (22.3) fourteen 'fMHOBHMK (27) bureaucrat 'fMHOnO'IMTBHMe (28) respect for rank, boot-licking

Lj811b (f) (28) goal, aim

48Hll (10) ace. 46Hy, pl. 46Hbl price 48HTP (5) centre ~bHbiM (20) central

'fMcno (17) (22) pl. 'flilcna gen. pl. 'flilcen number; date a 'fMcne (27) ( + ge~.) among

426


'tMCTblii (18) pure, clean

~ronb (m) (30) dandy

'IMTiltrb' ( 12) -10, -ewb (npo-•) ( + ace.)

~M (pi) (1) gen. • " · dat. lqiiM, inst. ~MM, prep. ~ cabbage soup

to read

'tT6 (3) (5.8) (T4) [shto] what; that 'tT6 nM? (10.15) am I? is it? etc.

aK36MeH (23) (Ha) examination

'IT66bl (21) [sht6-bi] (in order) to 'tT6·nM6o (26) anything whatever

3KOHOMM'tecKMii (28) economic 3KCKYPcMA ( 17) excursion

'IT6·HM6y"" (9) anything 'tT6·TO (26) something

3MMrpMpfOB8Tb1' (23) •yiO, ·yeWb to

aneKTpo6priJT&a (21) electric razor

'tjaCTBIO&aTb' (21) -YIO, ·yeWb (nO·')

emigrate

3HeprMA (28) energy

(+ace.) to feel (something)

'tYAKHblii (17) wonderful

an6xa (23) era, epoch

waMnliHCKoe (n adj) (12) champagne,

aTli>K (7) (Ha) gen.sg. aTB>Kil floor,

3pMMTli>K ( 11) the Hermitage sparkling wine

storey

wllnKa (14) gen.pl. wllnoK hat (no

3TO (3) this/thaVit

3TOT (7) (T4) this

brim); cap

wllpKH/yTb' (30) -y, ·8Wb (w{lpKa/Tb' ·10, -ewb) to shuffle

10r ( 14) (Ha) south

wecTHliA48Tb (22.3) sixteen

KllKHblii ( 18) southern

WecTb (22.3) six

W&C'fbA8CAT (22.3) sixty wecTbC6T (22.3) six hundred wriJpe (18) wider WMp6KMM (18) Wide

A(4) I (T4)

tl6eAHM'IaiTb' (30) -10, -ewb to tell tales, sneak

tl6noKo (30) pl. tl6noKM, gen.pl. tl6noK

WMpo'tBMWMii (30) widest

apple

wK6na (7) school

ABilWTbcA' ( 16) ·IOCb, -ewbCA (+ inst.)

woKonfiA (3) chocolate woellip (13) driver

Rii46 (8) (yee-ts6] pl. tlii48, gen.pl. RM4,

WTfKB (30) thing, piece

wyMHO (14) noisy, it's noisy

to be dat.pl. RM48M egg Arii'IHM48 (16) (yeesh-nee-tsa] fried

wyMHblii (26) noisy WyYMTb' (23) WY'4Y, WyYMWb (nO·') to

eggs

AHUpb (m) (17) gen.sg. AHaaptl

joke

WyYK8 (11) gen.pl. WyYOK joke

January

A3biK (4) gen.sg. A3b1Kll language

427

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY

This quick-reference list will enable you to trace any Russian word you may have forgotten since you met it in one of the lessons. For more grammatical information about the Russian words, refer to the Russian-English list. Abbreviations:

ace.

accusative adjective adverb colloquial usage comparative dative diminutive feminine familiar future tense genitive imperfective imper imperative indecl indeclinable infinitive inf inst. instrumental

adj adv coli comp dat. dim f fam fut. gen.

m n nom. past p pl. pol.pl. ppp prep. pres. sg. s.o. sth T

428

masculine neuter nominative past tense perfective plural polite plural past passive participle prepositional present tense singular someone something Grammatical Table (see pages 378-86)


ability cnoc66HOCTb (f) 28

aim 4enb (f) (28)

about o (5) + prep.

airmail envelope aaMaKoHaepT (10) all B8Cb(11)(T4)

above HBA(16) + inst. abroad 38

rpaHiuo~ei

(28) (place);

allow pa3peWiiTb' ( 15) (pa3peWMTb') allowed: it's allowed MOlKHO (14)

38 rpaHM4Y (28) (motion) absent-minded

paccet~HHbliii

(19)

almost nO'fTM (13)

accent aKI.46HT (23)

alone OAMH (m)/OAHil (f)/OAH6 (n) (22)

accept npMHIIUTb' (27) (npMHRTb')

along no (12) + dat.

according to no (12) + dat.

already YlKS (6)

achieve AQ6Ma8Tbcll' (28) {A06MTbCII')

also (in addition) Kp6Me Tor6 (12),

acquaintance 3HBKOMBII (f adj.) (26),

TiiKlKe (7)

3H8KOMbli (m adj.) (26)

although XOTR (16)

acquire npMo6peTirrb' (27)

always acerAil (8) America AMepMKB ( 13)

(npMo6pecTM') across 'fepe3 (6) + ace.

American (adj.) aMepMKiiHCKMi (7)

actor aKTip (27)

American (man) aMepMKiiH(e)4 (8)

actress aKTp.tca (27)

American (woman) aMepMKiiHKa (18)

add A06aanfm.' (28) (Ao6ilaMTb'),

among CpttAM ( 17) + gen.

npM68BnRTb' (28) (npM6ilaMTb0 )

ancient AP'BHMiii (18)

address 8Apec (26)

and 11 (4)

Admiralty AAMMpanTeicTao (29)

and/but (slight contrast) a (3)

admirer noKn6HHMK (27)

angry rHeBHbliii (21)

advanced nepttAoa6iii(28)

animal (wild) 3Bepb (m) (18)

adviser COBeTHIIK (30)

annihilation yHM'fTOlKeHMe (28)

aeroplane caMoniT (20)

anniversary rOAOBiqMHa (14)

Africa AcllpMKa (27)

announce o6'biiBnRTb' (27)

after (a period of time) 'fepe3 (6) +ace.

(06'biiBMTb'), 3811BnRTb' (21)

after n6cne (10) + gen.

(3811BMTb')

again elqi pa3 (15), onkrb, CH6aa (17) aged npecTapenbliii (23)

announcement o6'bJIBnSHMe (2) answer OTBe'fiiTb' (13) (OTBSTIITb') any (any kind of) KBK6iii·HM6YAb (26),

agent areHT (27)

(any one you like) mo66iii (15), (none at all) HMKBK6i (24)

ago Ha311A (13) agree (reach agreement) AOroailpMBBTbCII' (19)

anyone KT6·HM6YAb(26) anything 'fTO·HII6YAb (9), (anything whatever) 'fT6-n116o (26)

(Aoroaop.tTbCII') agreement cornilc11e (28)

anywhere (motion) KYAii·HM6YAb (26)

429


anywhere (place) rA6-Hiii6YAb (26) apart from Kp611a (10)

attractive Kpaclilao (14), Kpaclilawil (7)

apartment Kaapripa (7)

August iaryCT ( 17)

apologize M3BMHRTbCR' (19)

author iaTOp (21)

(M3BMHMTbCR0 )

authorities aniCTII (f pl.) (24)

applaud annoAt~poaan.' (27)

autocracy caMOA&pJICI!iaMe (28)

apple i16noKo (8)

autumn 6ceHb (f) (16)

application 38Ran6HM8 (22)

avenue npocn6KT(4)

approximately 6Kono (10) +gen.,

average cp6AHMii (10)

npMII6ptto (22)

April anp6m. (m) (17)

away from OT (9) + gen. awkward HBYA66Ho (10)

architectural apxtneKTfPHblii (29) argue cn6pMn.' (27) (no-")

back (adv.) H836A (13)

arm pyKi (22)

back (noun) cn11H6 (30)

arrival (by transport) npM63A (23)

backwardness oTCTinOCTb (f) (28)

arrive (by air) npMneTiTb' (20)

bad nnox6ii (8)

(npMneTtr~o•)

bag (handbag) cjMK& (24), (sack)

arrive (by transport) npM83JIC6Tb' (13) (npM6X8Tb 0 )

arrive (on foot) npMXOAiiln.' (12) (npMiiTM 0 )

118w(6)K(25)

Baltic Sea 6anTiiliicKoe 116pe ( 11) banana 6aHiH(10) bank 66per (18)

article CT8TbR (26)

bar 6ap (18)

as far as AO (9)

barber's napMKMixepcK&R (f.adj.)

as for otT6 KacieTCR + gen.

(23)

Asia A3MR (18)

bathroom aiHH&R (f.adj.) (7)

ask (a question) cnpiWM&aTb' (13)

bay 6jXTa (29)

(cnpocir~o•)

be 6b1Tb' (11 ), (repeatedly/often)

ask (s.o. to do sth) npocliiTb' (15) (no-")

6biBiTb' (23), RBnRTbCR' (16)

be able 116't1o' (13)(15)(c-")

assignment KOM81fAMp6aKa (19)

be afraid 6oR1'bCR' (15)

astound owenOMnRn.' (30)

be angry C&PAMTbCR' (11) (pac-")

(owenoMiiln.•)

be born POAMTbCR' (13)

at aiHa (4), (at the house of) y (10)

be called (of thing) H83blaiTbCR' (11)

at the time of (under) npM (5) (28)

be interested MHTepecoaiTbCR' (16) (38-•)

+prep. atmosphere aTMocCIJ6pa (26)

be keen on yaneKiTbCR' (16)

attached to npM (5) (28) + prep.

be patient Tepnm' (21) (no-")

attention BHMMiHM8 (24)

be situated H8XOAMTbCR' (15)

attitude OTHOw6HM8 (21)

be surprised YAMBnRTbCR' (26)

430


book KHMra (7)

(YAJIBMTbCR 0 ) be upset nepeJKMaSTb; (24)

border rpaHM48 (18)

beard 6opoA{I (28)

bore (verb) H&AoeA{ITb' (H&Ao8cTb 0 )

beautiful Kp&CMBO (14), Kp&CMBbiM

boring: it's boring cKj'!Ho (14) [sko'o-shna]

(7), npeKpitCHbiM (24) beauty Kp&COTB ( 11)

both 66a (m/n)/66e (f) (22.4), M ... M

because noToMj 'ITO ( 12)

(22.4)

because of M3-38 ( 11 )

bottle 6yYIIInKa (9)

become free ocso6oJKA{!TbCR' ( 15)

bow KnBHRTbCR; (30)

(OCB06oAMTbCR 0 )

(nOKnOHMTbCR 0 )

become CT8HOBMTbCR' (16) (CT8Tb 0 )

bowl MMCKB (28)

bed KpOaBTb (f) (21)

boy Manb'IMK (13)

bedroom cn8nbHR (7)

boyar (powerful landowner) 6ollpMH

beer nr.tso (20) beetroot soup

66p~q

(28) (3)

brandy KOHbRK(25)

before (prep.) nep8A (16) + inst.

bread xne6 (8)

before (adv.) paHbW& (16), npeJKAS

break nepepbla ( 17)

(26)

break up pacn&A8TbCR' (22)

begin H8'1MHBTb(CR); ( 11) (H8'1BTb(CR) 0 ), CT8Tb0

(•

(pacnacTbCR •) Only) (16)

breakfast (verb) 38sTp8K8Tb' (16)

beginning HB'Iilno (18) behind 38 + ace. (6) (motion), + inst. (place)

(no-") breakfast (noun) 38sTpaK (16) bridge MOCT (7)

believe BepMTb' (21) (nO-")

briefcase nopTCIM!nb (29) (m)

beloved mo6MMbllii (16)

bring (by carrying) npMHOCMTb' (20)

bench CK8MbR, CK8M6MK8 (26) beside pfiAoM (7) (16) c + inst.

(npMH8CTM0 ) bring (by leading) npMBOAMTb' (20)

best nj'IWMiii (18) better nj'IW& (18)

(npMB8CTM0 ) bring (by transport) npMB03MTb' (20) (npMB83TM0 )

between MeJKAy (16) big 6onbWOiii (7)

bring up (s.o.) aocnMTbiBBTb' (19)

bigger 66nbWMiii (18)

Britain BenMKo6pMTBHMR (27)

billion (US) MMnnlliapA (22) (thousand

British 6pMTBHCKMiii (7)

million)

brother 6paT (3)

bird nTM48 (18)

build CTpOMTb' (11) (no-•)

birth poJKA6HM8 ( 17)

building 3A{IHMe (15)

birthday A&Hb poJKA8HMR (17)

bundle j3(e)n (30)

black 'lipHbllii (8)

bureaucrat 'IMHOBHMK (27)

boiling water KMnRT(o)K (21)

bus asT66yc (4)

431


business trip KOM8HAMPOBK8 (19)

change (money returned) cA6'fa (9)

businessman 6M3ttec:M6H (29)

change (transport) nepec6:M(MB8TbCR'

busy 3iiHRT ( 25)

(15) (nepeciiCTb')

but HO (4)

chapter rnaaa (28)

butter Macno (8)

chase roHiiTb' (20), rH&Tb' (20) (no-•)

buy noKyn6Tb' (8) (12) (KynMTb•)

cheap AeWiBbiM (18)

by y (10) + gen.

check npoaepiiTb' (21) (npoaepMTb•)

by chance cny-taiHo (24)

cheerful aecinbiM (18) cheese cblp (8)

cabbage KanyCTa(12)

cherry BMWHR (30)

cabbage soup 114111 (pl.) (1)

Chicken Kiev KOTniiTbl no-KMeBCKIII

call 3B8Tb' (4) (no-")

(12)

call in 38XOAMTb' (20) (38MTrot•)

chief rnaaa (28)

campaign K&MnaHMR (27)

Child pe6iH(O)K (10) pl. AiiTM

cap wanKa (14)

childhood AiiTCTao (17)

car M8WMH8 (10)

children AiiTM (10)

carpenter nn6THMK (28)

chin noA60pOA(O)K (30)

carriage aaroH (20)

China KMTai (18)

carry HOCMTb' (20), H8CTM' (20) (no-•)

Chinese (noun) KMT6(e)l4 (30)

carry across nepeHOCMTb' (21)

chocolate woKon&A (3)

(nepeHecTrot•)

choose Bbi6Mp6Tb' (27) (Bbl6paTb')

carry away yHoCMTb' (27) (yH&CTr.t•)

church 14iiPKOBb (f) (24)

case (incident, instance) cnj>fai (22)

cinema KIIIHO (n indecl) ( 11 ),

KIIIHOTaSTp (20)

case (suitcase) 'feMOABH (29) cash desk dcca ( 1)

circuit ceTb (f) (21)

catch sight of yBMA8Tb' (12)

circumstance o6cTORTenbCTBO (24)

cathedral co66p (15)

city r6poA (7)

cause (of) npM'fMH& (21) (+gen.)

civilization 14111BMnM3814MR (28)

caviare (fish roe) MKp6 (25)

clamber n63MTb' (20), ne3Tb' (20) (no-•)

celebrate OTMNTb' (14) (OTM6TMTb•)

class Knacc (30)

central 148HTp6nbHbiM (20) centre 148HTP (5)

clean (adj.) 'fMCTbiM (18)

century aeK ( 17)

clean (verb) O'IM1J4{1Tb' (28),

certain (some) HiiKOTOpble (17),

(O'IMCTMTb•)

KOe·K8KMe (26)

clever jMHbiM ( 18)

chair cyYn (29)

client KnM6HT (15)

chairman np&ACeA6Tenb (m) (16)

climb up nOAHMMBTbCR' (19)

champagne waMn6HcKoe (n.adj.) (12) change M8HATb(CR)' (23)

(nOAHATbCR') climb n63MTb' (20), ne3Tb' (20) (no-•)

432


clock 'I&Cbl ( 17) (pl. of 'lac)

congratulations! no3APaanA10I (6)

close 38KpblBBTb(CA)' (17)

consequently no~TOMY (9)

(38Kpb1Tb(CA)•)

consider C'lliiTBTb' (13)

coat nanbT6 (n indecl) (7)

COntact KOHTBKT {23)

coffee K6cj)e (m indecl) (5)

contemporary coapeM6HHbllii (13)

cognac KOHbAK (25)

content(s) COABPlKBHMe (27)

cold xon6AHbiM (7), (it's cold)

continue npoAOnlKBTb(CA)' (11)

x6nOAHO (14), (noun) x6noA (11)

contract KOHTPBKT (23)

coldly x6nOAHO (14)

conversation pa3roa6p {10)

collect co6MpBTb' (26) (co6p8Tb•)

converse pa3roaapMB8Tb' ( 16)

colour LIHT (21)

cook roT6BMTb' (16) (npM·•)

come (by transport) npM83lKBTb' (13)

corner yr(o)n (19)

(npM6X8Tb•)

cost CT6MTb' (9) cottage (peasant's) M368 (25)

come (on foot) npMXOAMTb' (12)

(npMMTM•)

count C'IMTBTb' (13) (co-•) country (opposite of town) ABp6BHA

come back ao3apaiJ48TbCA' ( 14)

(BepHjTbcA•) common pacnpocTpaHiHHbiM (23) Communism KOMMYHM3M (29) company CIIMpMa (23), KOMnaHMA (14)

(19)

country (state) CTP&Ha (12) couple napa (22) course (of a meal) 6mbAO (12) course (of study) Kypcbl (pl. of Kypc)

(27)

compare cp8BHMB8Tb' (22)

(13)

(cpaBHMTb•) compel o6A3biB8Tb' (28) (o6A38Tb•)

courtyard ABOP (26)

complain JK8noaaTbCA' (21) (no-")

crawl n6n38Tb' (20), non3TM' (20) (no-•)

completely coac6M (10), n6nHOCTbiO

create cowaaTb' (17) (co3A&Tb•)

cover noKpblaBTb' (28) (noKpbiTb•)

creation co3AiliHMe (28)

(28)

comprehensible noHJ'iTHO (14)

Crimea KpbiM (5)

comrade TOBBPMII4 (25)

Crimean KpbiMCKMiii ( 12)

concern K&CBTbCA' (21)

cross nepeXOAMTb' (19) (nepeliiT.t•)

concerning

o (5) +prep.

crossing (street) nepex6A (15)

concert KOH1.16pT ( 11)

crowded: it's crowded T6cHo (25)

concession yCTjnKa (30)

cry nnllK&Tb' (15) (38·•)

condition ycn6aMe (28)

cucumber oryp(6)1.1 (28)

conduct npoBOAMTb' (17) (npoBeCT.t•)

cultural KynbTjpHbiM (28)

conflict KOHCIInMKT (22)

culture KynbTjpa (21)

congratulate n()3APaanJ'iTb' (23)

cup 'IBWK8 {21)

(n03APiliBMTb•) congratulation no3AJ)8an6HMB (26)

currency aambTa (24), aambTHbiM (9) {adj.)

433


custom o6bl'talii"(28)

dine o66A&Tb' (12) (no-")

customer noceniTenb (m) (12)

dinner o66A (12)

CUt H8p8HTb' (28) (H8p638TbP)

direct (adj.) npRM6i (12) direct (verb) Hanpaans!iTb' (28) (HanpaaMTb P)

dad nana (m) (3) date 'tMcn6 ( 17)

director AMp6KTop (23)

daughter A6'tb (f) (5.6)

dirty rpR3HbiM (20)

day (not night) A(a)Hb (m) (3)

discuss o6cYlKA&Tb' (27) (o6cyAriiTbP)

day (twenty-four hours) CJTKII (f pl.)

disease 6on63Hb (f) (11)

(23)

day before yesterday noHa'tepa (18)

disgusting npoTriiBHO (30) divide up pa:JAens!iTb' (21)

day off BbiXOAH6i ABHb ( 17)

(PB3ABnriiTbP)

dear (expensive) AOpor6i (8)

divorce pa3B6A (14)

dear (nice) Aopor6i (8), Mriinbli (30)

divorced pa3B&AiHHbiM (27)

death cMepTb (f) (7)

do A6n&Tb' (8) (12) (c-P)

December ABKil6pb (m) (17)

doctor apa't ( 16)

decide pew8Tb' (13) (pewriiTbP)

dog co68Ka(10)

decision pew6HMe (27)

dollar A6nnap (9)

deep rny66KMi (18)

don't mention it nolKanyicTa (3)

defend 38U4111148Tb' (22) (38U411TriiTbP)

door ABBPb (f) (3)

define onp8ABnRTb' (29)

down BHII3 (15)

(onp&AenriiTbP)

drag TBCKBTb' (20), TBU4riiTb' (20) (no-P)

definitely o6R38TenbHO (15) degree cTenaHb (f) ( 17)

dream c(6)H (17)

deliberately Hap6'tHo (21)

dress (oneself) OABBBTb (cR)' ( 11)

demand Tp66oaaTb' (21) (no-") depart (of train) OTXOAriiTb' (20) (OTOMTriiP)

(OA6Tb(CR)P)

dress (n.) nn8Tb8 (25) dried cywiHbli (28)

department (of shop) OTA6n (8)

drink nMTb' ( 12) (Bbi•P)

departure on.63A (26)

drive roHRTb (20), rH&Tb' (20) (no-P)

depend HariiceTb' (19)

drive across nepee3lKBTb' (13) (nepe6xaTbP)

deputy HMecTrii.Tenb (m) (23) development paaariiTMa (21)

driver woe1J6p (13)

dictionary cnoaapb (10) (m)

drop poHRTb' (30) (ypoHriiTbP)

die yMMpSTb' (23) (yMep6TbP)

drunk nbRHbli ( 14)

difficult TPYAHbiM (13), (it's difficult)

during BO Bp6MR (17)

TPYAHO (14)

difficulty TPYAHOCTb (f) (24)

each KSlKAbiM (9)

dimension pa3M6p ( 10)

each other APYr APY'ra (30)

434


ear

YJCO (25)

epoch an6xa (23)

earlier p8HbWB ( 16)

era anoxa (23)

early paHo (16)

essential Heo6XOAMMO (14)

earth HMnfl (2)

European (adj) eaponeiiicKMiii (21)

east aOCTOK (18)

European (noun) eapone(e)L! (28)

eastern aOCTiNHbliii ( 18)

even ASlKB (14), x6Tb (23)

easy nirKMiii (18)

evening (adj.) aB'IepHMiii (7)

eat BCTb' (12) (C'bBCTb•)

evening (noun) a8'1ep (16)

economic 3KOHOMM'IBCKMM (28)

ever KorA8·HM6YAb (26)

egg Riii46 (8)

every (each) KSlKAbliii (9)

eight a6ceMb (9)

every(all) aecb(11)(T4)

eight hundred aoceMbC6T (9)

everybody ace ( 11) (T4)

eighteen aoceMHBA48Tb (9)

everything

eighty a6ceMbABCRT (9)

exactly TiNHO (9), K8K p83 (20)

elder cTapwMiii (18)

examination 3KUMBH (23)

ace (10) (T4)

electricity socket po36TKa (21)

excellent OTnM'IHbliii (26)

electric razor aneKTpo6plliiTaa (21)

except KpOMB (10)

electrician MOHTip (21)

exclaim aocKnML!&Tb' (30)

(aOCKnMKHYTb•)

eleven OAMHH8A48Tb (9) embassy noconbCTao (7)

exclude MCKn10'18Tb' (27)

(liiCKniO'IMTb•)

emigrate 3MMrpllilpoaaTb''• (23) end KOH(8)4 (18), OKOH'ISHMB (28)

excursion 3KCKypcMR ( 17)

endure TepneTb' (21) (no-•)

excuse (me) npocTIIii(Te) (3),

energy 3HeprMR (28) engineer MHlKBHep (16)

M3aMHM(TB) ( 11) execute K83HMTb' 1" (28)

England AHrnMR (5)

exercise ynp8lKH8HMB (3)

English aHrnlliliiicKMiii (10)

exist cy~TaoaaTb' (28) (npo-•)

English: in English no-aHrnlliliiicKM (4)

exit abiXOA (15)

Englishman aHrnM'ISHMH (5)

expect OlKMASTb' ( 11 )

Englishwoman aHrnM'ISHKa (3)

expensive AOpor6iii (8)

enormous orp6MHbliii (18)

expression ablpalKeHMe (21)

enough AOCTaTO'IHO (19)

extent cTeneHb (f) ( 17)

enter aXOAMTb' (13) (aOiiiTIIil•)

extraordinarily Heo6bl'laiiiHo (29)

enter (university) noctynSTb' (13)

eye rna3 (25)

(nocTynlliiTb•)

CIJacaiA (29)

entrance ax6A (19)

fa9ade

entrance (of block) nOA'b83A (19)

face nM46 (21)

envelope KOHHPT (10)

factory 38a6A (16)

envy 38aMAOB8Tb' (23) (no-•)

fairly AOa6nbHO (15)

435


faithful aepHbllii (29)

fly neTBTb' (20) neT6Tb' (20) (no-•)

fall n8A&Tb' (ynaCTb")

fly in aneTaTb' (20) (aneTeTb")

family (adj) ceM6iiHblii (22)

fly out Bbln8TBTb' (20) (Bbln8T8Tb")

family (noun) ceMbA (12)

fly past/through nponeTaTb' (20)

famous 3H&MeHMTblii (7)

(nponeTeTb")

far ASneK6 (12). (adj) ABniKMii (18)

fog yYMBH (11)

farewell (noun) npolq8HMe (30)

following cn6AY1014MM (8)

fast 6biCTpo (13)

food npoAYKTbl (m pl.) (8)

fasten 38CTirMB&Tb' (30)

food shop racTpoH6M ( 17)

(38CT8rHjTb")

foot Hora (25)

fat (adj) TOnCTwii (30)

for (benefit, purpose) AJIR (10) +gen.

fat (noun) lKMP (28)

for (in return for) 38 (6) + ace.

father oT(6)4 (6), nina (m) (3)

for (to fetch) 38 (16) + inst.

favourite ni06MMbiM (16)

for (time) Ha (23) + ace.

February ct~eapinb (m) (17)

for example HanpMMep (18)

feel 'ljBCTBOB8Tb' (21) (no-")

for some reason no'leMj·TO (26)

female JKeHCKMii (15)

for the sake of PlJAM (10) +gen.

festival np83AHMK ( 17) [praz-neek]

force BbiHYJKABTb' (27) (BiiiHYAMTb")

few (several) HecKOnbKO (9)

forced BbiHYJKA8H (PPP) (27)

few (not many) MBnO (9)

foreign MHOCTpBHHbiM (10),

fifteen nRTHlJA48Tb (9)

38py66lKHbiM ( 17)

fifty nRT!JA8CAT (9)

foreigner MHOCTpiiH(e)4 (16)

film ciiMnbM ( 11)

forename MMR (noun) (6) (T4)

nee (5)

find HBXOAMTb' (13) (H8MTM")

forest

find oneself OKB3biB8TbCR' (20) (26)

forget 386blaBTb' (13) (386b1Tb")

(OK838TbCR") find out y3H8BBTb' (28) (y3HBTb")

form BMA (18), 66pa3 (29) former 6biBWMii (16)

fine npeKpacHblii (24)

fortunately K C'IRCTbiO ( 12)

finger nan(e)4 (16)

forty c6poK (9)

finish KOH'IBTb' (13) (KOH'IMTb")

forward anepiA (20)

firm (company) cllttpMa (23)

found ocH6BbiB&Tb' (29) (ocHOBBTb")

firmly KpinKo (26)

four '18Tblpe (9), '16Taepo (22.1 0)

first (adj) nepablii (7)

four hundred 'leTblpecTa (9)

first (at first) CH&'Iana (16)

fourteen '18TbiPHBA48Tb (9)

fish pbl6a (10), pb!Hwii (10) (adj)

fourth '18TBipTbiM (15)

five hundred nRTbCOT (9)

free CB066AHbiM (10)

five nRTb (9)

French ciiPBH4j3CKMM (18)

flat KaapTI!tpa (7)

French: in French no·ciiPBH4Y3CKM (4)

floor 3TalK (7)

frequent 'IRCTbliii (21)

436


fresh caeMotiil (8)

get worse YXYAWBTbCfl' (28)

Friday RRTHM48 ( 17) fried eggs sni'IHM411 ( 16)

[ye'esh-nee-tsa]

(yxVAJUMTbCfl0 ) giggle XMXMK8Tb' (30) (38·') girl A6BYWK8 (9)

friend (female) noApyra (4)

give ASBBTb' (12) {ABTb')

friend APYr (8). npMfrrenb (m) (30),

give (present) ABPMTb' (24) (no-")

TOailpM!q (25)

give away OTASBiiTb' (25) (OTABTb')

P'A (short adj) (29)

friendship APY*6a (1)

glad

from (out of) lt3 (10) +gen.

glass (tumbler) CTBKiiH (25)

from (off)

c (10) + gen.

go (by transport) 63AMTb' (20), 6X8Tb'

from (a person) OT (9) + gen. from behind 113-38 (30) + gen.

(20)(no-•) go (on foot) XOAMTb' (20). MATM' (20)

from here OTCIOAS from there OrrYAB (23)

(noiiiTii') go ahead (please do) noJKanyiilcTa

(3)

from where OTKYAB (30) fruit (piece of fruit) CIIPYKT (8)

go away (on foot) yxoAMTb' (12)

frying-pan cKoaopoA!l (28) full n6nHbliil (30)

(yiiiTM') go down CXOAMTb' (20) (coiiiTiil•),

cnycKiiTbCfl' ( 15) (cnycTiiTbCfl')

funny CM8WH6 (23) further A!lnbwe ( 16)

go on foot (there and back) XOAMTb'

(9) (20) (c-•)

future (adj) 6YAY!qMM (17)

go out BbiXOAMTb' (15) (BbiMTM') garden CSA (5)

go past/through npoXOAMTb' (19)

gates aop6T8 (n pl.) (29)

(npoiiiTii')

gather co6MpBTb' (26) (co6p8Tb')

go to bed noJKMTbCfl' (25) (n&'lb")

generation noKoneHMe (26)

goal 4«!nb (f) (28)

genuine H8CTOR!qMM (16)

gold 36nOTO (18)

German (adj) H&M614KMM (18)

good xop6wMiil (8)

German: in German no-H&H4KM (13)

good day A66Pbliil A&Hb (3)

Germany fepMBHMfl (20)

goodbye AO CBMABHMfl (3)

get nonY'4BTb' (9) (nonY'IMTb')

graduate from oKiiH'IMBBTb' (13)

(OK6H'IMTb 0 )

get angry cepAMTbCfl' (11) (pac-•) get divorced pa3BOAMTbCfl' (19)

(p83B8CTMCb') get drunk HBnMBiiTbCfl' (14)

(H8RMTbCfl ')

gram(me) rpaMM (9) grand TOpJK6CTB&HHbiM (29) grandfather A6AYWK8 (m) (6) grandmother 686ywKa (19)

get off CXOAMTb' (20) (COMTM')

grease JKMP (28)

get tired ycTBBBTb' (15) (yCTBTb')

great B&nMKMM ( 11)

get up BCT8HTb' (16) (BCTBTb 0 )

Great Britain BenMKo6pMTBHMfl (27)

437


greetings (coli) np111a6T (26)

help (verb) noMoriTb' (12) (noM6'1b•)

groceries npOAfKTbl (m pl.) (8)

her ei (indecl) (6)

grocery (adj) npGAoa6nbCTB8HHbli (17)

here (motion) ciOA{I (20) here (place) :JABCb {4),

TYT (25)

group rpjnna (24)

here (when pointing) a6T (3)

grow paCTiil' (24) (abl-•)

here and there K6e·rA8 (26)

guest r6cTb (m)(12)

here you are (giving) nolKinyiCTa (3)

guide (person) rMA (16)

Hermitage 3pMMTDK ( 11)

guidebook nyYeaoAiiiT&nb (m) (10)

hero rep6i (21)

guitar r..Tipa (16)

hide npirraTb' (21 )(c-•) hill rop6 (18)

habit np111Bbt'IK8 (16)

hinder Mew6Tb' (25) (no-•)

hairdresser's napMKMilxepcKaR

his er6 (indecl) (6) (ye-xo]

(f adj) (23)

history IIICTOpMA (16)

half nonoaliiHa ( 17)

holiday np63AHMK (17) [pn!lz-neek]

half a kilo n6nKMn6 (n indecl) (9)

Holland ronnilfAIIIA (28)

half an hour nomacll (20)

holy caAT6i (m adj) (23)

ham &eT'IIIIHi (30)

home (motion) ,qoM6i (4)

hand pyKi (22)

home (place) ,q6Ma (7)

happen cny'!iTbCA' (16)

homeland p6,qMHB (21)

(cnY'IMTbCA0 ) happiness C'IBCTbe (26) [shshi-] hardly •PAA n111 (21) harmful Bp6AHO (14) harmonious rapMOHiii'IHbli (29) hat winKa (14)

hope Ha,q6ATbCA' ( 11) host X03RMH (25) hot (of weather) lKipKMi, it's hot

:IKipKO (14) hot (to touch) ropA'IMi (8) hotel roCTMHMI48 (4)

have (own) see 10.2

hotel room H6Mep (5) (21)

have(+ abstract noun) IIIM6Tb' (10)

hour '18C (6)

have supper jJKIIIH&Tb' (16) (no-•)

house ,q6M (3)

have time (to do sth) ycneaiTb' (15)

how KBK (4)

(ycn6Tv)

how many cK6nbKO (9) + gen.

he 6H (3) (T4)

how much cK6nbKO (9) + gen.

head ronoai (28)

hundred cT6 (9)

health 3Aop6ab8 (26)

hurry cnewm' (24) (no-•)

hear cnbiWBTb' ( 11 )(y-•)

husband MY* (6)

heart c6p~ (15) heavy TAlllinbli (28)

I (T4) A (4)

hello 3Af)ia"TByi(TB) (3)

I'm sorry npocTiii(TB) (3), M3BIIIHM(TB)

help (noun) n6MO&qb (f)(19)

(11)

438


identical OAHH6Koabli (21)

invent nPHAYMbl&aTb' (24)

if ec~" (8)

(nPHAYM8Tb•)

image 66pa3 (29)

investigation Hccn6Ao8aHMB (22)

imagine np&ACTBBnRrb'/

invite np111rnaw6Tb' ( 18)

npttACT6BHTb" c:e66 (29)

(npMrnacliTb•)

immediately cp63y (JKe) (21)

island 6cTpoa (18)

important aiJKHbli (13)

it Ho (3), OH6 (3) (T4)

impossible HBB03M6JKHO (14),

it doesn't matter HIJII'Ier6 (11)

H&nb3il (14)

[nee-c:hye-16]

in a (4) +prep.

it's time (to do sth) nop6 (14) (+ inf)

in addition TBKJKe (7)

its er6 (indecl) (6) [ye-161]

in front of n6peA (16) + inst. in my opinion no-M6eMy (13)

jam aap6Hb8 ( 16)

in no way HHK6K (24)

January RHB6pb (m)(17)

in spite of HBCMOTPil Ha (26) + ace.

joke (noun) wjTKa (11), 8HBKA6T (18)

in that case

TOrAi (12)

joke (verb) WYTHTb' (23) (no"")

include BKnJOII6Tb' (27) (BKnJOIIIiTb•)

journalist JKYPHBnliCT (13),

independently C8MOCTORTBnbHO (24)

JKYPH&nliCTK8 (27) journey no63AK8 (21)

indifferently (with indifference)

joy piAOCTb (f) (13)

p&BHOAYWHO (13) industrial npoMiilwnBHHbli (28)

juice c6K (10)

industry npoMblwneHHOCTb (f) (28)

July 1111bnb (m)(17)

information (piece of) cnpiaKa (24)

jump in/up BCUKIJIIB8Tb' (25)

(BCKO'tHTb 0 )

inhabitant JKiiTBnb (m) (9)

jump out Bb1CUKIJIIB8Tb' (25)

initiative HHH14M8THB8 (22) insist H8CT6HB8Tb' (21)

(BWCKO'IHTb 0 )

instead of BM6c:To (16) +gen.

June HlbHb (m)(17)

institute HHCTHTjT (5)

junior MniAwHi (18)

institution

Y'IPBJKA&tt• (23)

just (very recently) T6nbKO 'IT6 (15) just (exactly) KBK pa3 (20)

insufficiently HBAOCTiTootHo (27) intend to co6Hp6TbCJI' (26) interest HHrap6c (16)

keep silent M011'16Tb' (16) (38-•)

interesting HHT8p6c:Ho (14),

kettle 'liiHHK (21)

HHT8p6c:Hbli (7)

kilo( gram) Kllln6 (n indecl) (8),

international M8JKAYH8~bli (27)

KHnorpiMM (8)

interrupt npepbiUTb' (23)

kind A{)fipbli (7)

(npepa6Tb 0 )

king Kop6nb (m) (27)

interval nepeplila ( 17)

kiosk KH6cK ( 1)

introduce (s.o.) 3H&K6MHTb' (16) (no..)

kiss 148110a6Tb; (26) (no-•)

439


kitchen KjxHJI (7)

letter nMCbM6 (5)

knee KoneHo (28)

level ypoa(e)Hb (m) (26)

knock CyY'IBTb' (25) (no-•)

library 6M6nMOT6K8 (23)

know 3HBTb' ( 4)

lie (be in a lying position) nelK&Tb' (21) (no-•)

know how to yM6Tb' ( 13) known: it's known 1113B6cTHO (22)

lie down nolKMTbCJI' (25) (neot~o•)

kopeck (1/100th of a rouble) KoneiiiKa

life lKIII3Hb (f) (19)

(9)

lift nOAHIIIMBTb' (25) (nOAHATb0 )

Kremlin (fortress) KpeMnb (m) (7)

like (prep.) ap6Ae (30) +gen. line nlliHMJI ( 12)

lag behind OTCTBBBTb' (28) (OTCTBTb0 )

lip ry68 (30)

lake 6aepo (18)

listen cnyw&Tb' ( 12) {no-•)

land aeMnSi (2)

literature nMTepaTjpa (13)

landscape nBHAWBCi»T (29)

little (adj) MBn8HbKIIIM (7)

language Jl3biK (4)

little (a little) H8MH6ro (13) + gP.n.

large 6on~ow6iil (7)

little (not much) Mano (9) +gen.

last (final) nocnliAHMiil (7) last (previous)

np6wn~o~iil

little girl AliBO'tKa (25) (11)

live lKIIITb' (4) (npolKMTb•)

late n63AHO (16) [p6-zna]

long (adj) A"MHHbiM (18)

lateness ono3ABH111e ( 11 )

long (for a long time) A6nro (11)

laugh CM8RTbCJI' (11) (38• 0 )

long ago ABBH6 (13)

lead BOAMTb' (20), BecTM' (20) (n~•)

lOOk CMOYpliTb' (11) (13)(no-•),

learn (to do sth) Y'IMTbCJI' (28) (Ha-•)

rnHA6Tb' (25) (no-•)

learn (sth) Y'IMTb' (13) (Bbl·•)

look for MCKBTb' ( 11) (no-•)

leave (by transport) yealKBTb' (14)

look out a~o~rnfiA~o•aaTb' (30)

(yexaT~o•)

(ablrnHHyYb•)

leave (on foot) yxoAMTb' (12) (yiiiTIIi•)

loud rp6MKIIIM (14)

leave (sth) ocTaanRTb' (15)

love mo611iTb' (6) (no-•)

(OCTBBIIITb')

love affair poMaH (13)

lecture nliKL!IIIJI ( 18)

low HM3KIIIiil (18)

lecturer npenOABBBTenb (m) (13)

luck c<~aCTbe (26) [shsha-]

left: on the left cneaa (15)

lucky: I was lucky MHe noB83n6 (13)

left: to the left Haneao (5) leg Hora (25)

machine MawlliHa (10)

lemon nMM6H (16)

magazine lKJPHBn ( 1)

leSS M6Hee (18), M6HbW8 (9) (18)

magnificent aenMKonenHbliil (29)

lesson yp6K (16)

maid (servant) r6pHM'4H8JI (f adj) (21)

let (command) nycTb (15)

main rnaaHbiM (7)

let (in/out) nycdTb' (25) (nycTIIiTb")

maintenance peM6HT (21)

440


majestic TOp:IK8cTaeHHbli (29)

mental jMCTBBHHioli (28)

majority 6ona.wMHCTa6 (17)

menu MBHIO (n indecl) (3)

make A6nan.; (8) (c-•)

merchant Kyn(8)1.4 (28)

male (adj) MYJKCK6i (14)

metro MBTp6 (n indecl) (5)

man MYJK'IMH& (m)(18)

midday n6nA&Hio (17)

manage to 116ot1o' (13)(c-•)

middle (adj) cp8AHMi (10)

manager BAMMHMCTplhop (21),

middle (noun) C8pBAMHa (26)

AMp6KTOP (23)

midnight n6nHO'tlo (17)

manner 66pa3 (29)

military BoeHHioiM (28)

many MH6ro (9) + gen.

milk MOnOK6 (8), MOn6o!HioiM (8) (adj)

many (people) MH6rMB (pl.adj) (13)

million MMnnM6H (22)

map KAPTB (10), (of town) nnaH (7)

mineral (adj) MMHaplinloHioli (12)

March M&pT ( 17)

ministry MMHMCTepcTBO (23)

mark (celebrate) OTM8'16Tio' (14)

minute MMHjTa (6)

(OTIIMMTit•) market pbiH(O)K (8)

mist TYMiiH (11) model IIOAMio (f) (29)

marriage 6paK (22)

modern coapeMeHHioli (13)

married (of a man) :IKBHBT (30) (short

Monday noHBA&nloHMK ( 17)

adj) marry (of a man) :IKBHMTitcR'10 (28) marry (of a woman) awxoAiT~o'/

8WMTM0 aliMYJK (29) master (noun) xo311MH (25)

money A6HiorM (pl.) (8) Mongolia MoHr6nMR (18) month MKRI.4 (9) mood H&CTp08HMB ( 14) more 66nee, 66n1owe (9) (18) (22),

eaqi (9)

master (verb) BbiJ'IMTio0 (13),

M3J'IMTio0 ( 13) material M&TapMiin (26)

morning jTpo (3) Moscow MocKaa (3), MOCK6acKMi

matter A6no (19)

(17) (adj)

May M&i(17)

most (majority) 6onloWMHCTB6 ( 17)

meal o66A (12)

most (forms superlative) cliMioli (18),

meaning 3HB't8HMB (24)

H&M- (18), H&M66nee (29)

meat MRCO (8)

mother M&Tio (f) (3) (5.6), MaMa (11)

medicine MBAMqMH& (28)

mother-in-law (wife's mother)

meet (have a meeting with)

mountain ropli (18)

BCTPB'fBTioCR' ( 19) (BCTp6TMTioCR 0 )

move (house) nepe8311(8Tio; (13)

(nepe8X8T...)

meet (become acquainted with)

3H&K611MTioCR; (no-•)

move (resettle) nepecenm' (21)

(nepecenm•)

meeting ac:TP~Pia (23), 38c:eAiiHMe (28), CBMABHMB (9) memory naMRTio (f) (17)

Tt...- (19)

move away OTXOAMTio; (20) (oToiTM') much MH6ro (9) + gen.

441


much (with comparatives) ropa:JAO (18), H8MH6ro (18)

newspaper ra38Ta (3) next (nearest) 6nMMllliiwMiii (18) (23)

Muscovite MOCKBM'I ( 17)

next (then) noT6M (12), 38T6M (17)

museum MY361ii (5), MY361iiHbllii (29)

next (following) cn6AYIDiqMiii (8)

(adj) mushroom rpM6 (12), (adj) rpM6H61ii (28)

next (next door) coetiAHMiii (20) night H6'4b (f) (9) nine A6BRTb (9)

music MJ3b1KB (6)

nine hundred A&BRTbC6T (9)

musician MY3biKiiHT (16)

nineteen A&BRTHiiA148Tb (9)

must HiiAo (14), A6mKeH (19)

ninety A8BRH6CTO (9)

my M61ii (6) (T6)

no HeT (3) no (none at all) HMKaK61ii (24)

name (first name) MMR (n) (6) (T4)

no longer yM6 He (24)

name (of thing) H83BiiHMe (16)

nobleman ABOpRHMH (28)

name (surname) CIMIMMnMR (6)

nobody HMKT6 (24), (there is nobody)

H6Koro (24)

name (verb) H83blaBTb' ( 11)

(H83UTb•) nation H8p6A (13) national H84MOHilnbHbiM (26)

noisy wjMHbllii (26), (it's noisy)

native PDAH61ii (28)

northern ceaepHbllii ( 18)

WJMHO (14) north ceaep (18)

nature npMp6A8 ( 17)

not He (4)

near 6nM3KMiii (18)

not allowed Henb3R (14)

near 6Kono (10) +gen., y (10) +gen.

notbad Henn6xo(6)

nearby pfiAoM (7) (16) c + inst.

not far HBA&neK6 ( 14)

nearest 6nMMaliiwMiii (18) (23)

not much.- Milno (9) + gen.

necessary (adj) HYJKBH (short adj)

not yet noKil HBT (15)

(29), HYMHbiM (29) necessary: it's necessary HYJKHO ( 11 ),

note 38RMCK8 (15) note down 38RMCbiB8Tb' (19)

(38RMciiTbP)

HiiAO (14) necessity Heo6XOAMMOCTb (f) (28)

nothing HM'4T6 (24), (there is nothing)

negotiations neperoa6pbl (m pl.) (23)

H6'4ero (24)

neighbour coc6A (11)

novel poMaH ( 13)

neighbouring coc6AHMiii (20)

November HOR6p., (m) (17)

neither ... nor HM . .. HM (24)

now Tenepb (4), (at this moment) celii~tic(6)

network ceTb (f) (21) never HMKorA& (16) (24)

nowhere (motion) HMKYAB (24), (there

nevertheless aci-TBKM (19) new H6Bbllii (7)

is nowhere) H6KYA8 (24) nowhere (place) HMrA6 (24), (there is

New Year (adj) Hoaor6AHMiii (26)

nowhere) H6rAB (24)

442


opposite (adv) HBnp6TMB (10)

number H6Mep (5) (21), '1Mcn6 (22)

opposite (prep.) np6TMB (10) +gen. Object B03p&UTb' (14) (B03pa3MTb•)

or liinM (9)

obliged A6nJKeH (19)

orange anenbCiiiH (8)

obtain AOCTea8n.' (18) (AocTaTb•)

orchard C8A (5)

occupied 38HRT (25)

order (command) npMK83 (28)

OCCupy 38HMIIBTb' (18) (38HRrb•)

order (for goods, services) 38KB3 (27)

occur npoMCXOAiiiTb' (22)

order (s.o. to do sth) npMKB3biB8Tb'

(npoM30iTiii•) ocean OKUH (29) o'clock '18C (17) October oKTil6pb (m) (17) of course KOH8'1Ho (10) [ka-nyesh-na] off

(13) (npMK8RTb•) order (goods or services)

38KB3b1B8Tb' (23) (38K838Tb•) organization opraHMRI(IIR (16) organize yCTp8MaaTb; (21)

c (10) +gen.

(yCTpOMTb•) opr8HM30aiTbifp (27)

offend o6MidTb; (25) (o61iiAeT~o•)

organizer opraHM38Top (28)

office 6JOI)6 (n indecl) (17)

original (noun) opMrMHBn (13)

often 'IBCTO (12)

our Haw (6) (T6)

oil (cooking, lubrication) 118cno (8)

out of M3 (10) +gen.

OK xopow6 (4)

outstanding Bb!ABibutMicR (28)

old cT8p~o1i (7)

overcoat nan~oT6 (n indecl) (7)

old man CT&pliiK (26)

overcome np&OAonea8Tb' (28) (npeoAon8T~o•)

old woman CTapjwKa (26) olive MacnliiHa (28)

own (of family relationships) poAH6i

on Ha (4) +prep.

(28)

on foot newK6M (20)

own ca6i (21), c66CTaeHHbli (21)

once OAHBlKAw (23)

owner X03RMH (25)

one OAiiiH (m)/OAH8 (f)/OAHO (n) (9) one and a half nonTopa (22)

palace ABOp(8)14 (29)

one day OAHBJKAbl (23)

pancake 6nMH (8)

oneself (emphatic) caM (13) (T4)

paper 6YM8ra (21)

onions nyK (28)

parents poA!iiTMM (m pl.) (9)

only T6nbKO (8), acer6 (10)

park napK (20)

onwards A&n~owe (16)

part '18CTb (f) (18)

open OTKpbla8Tb(CR); ( 11)

participate Y'liiCTaoaaTb; (27)

(OTKPWTb(CR)•)

parting npolqiiHMe (30)

opinion 1131"nRA (21)

party a8'1ep (16), 38CT6nb8 (26)

opponent npoTiiiBHMK (28)

pass (sth to s.o.) nep&AaaBTb; (15) (nepeAiiT~o•)

opportunity B03M6JKHOCTb (f) (13) opposite (adj) npon~aonon6JKHwi (20)

past (prep.) MliiMo (10) +gen.

443


poetry not3HA (23), CTitXM (23) (pl. of

patronymic 6'Nectao (6) pay nnaTm' (24) (38-•)

CTitX)

pay attention to o6pa....._' (o6panhb")

police MHnllli1.41tA (21)

BHitUHM8 (24) H8 +ace., JA811Rrb; (28) (YA811HTb") BHitM6HitB + dat. peace Mltp ( 12) peasant Kpecri>RHHH ( 11) pencil Kapatt,qAw (16) peninsula nony6c:Tpoa (29) people nlbNI (16), (nation) H&p6A

popular nonynRpHbiM (13) porridge KAwa (16) port n6pT (11) possess o6n&A6Tb' (27) possibility a03M6JKHOCTb (f) (13) possible B03M6JKHbli (27) possible: it's possible M6JKHO (14) post office n6oml (5)

(13) pepper n6p(e)1.4 (28)

postage (adj) nO'tT6awi (10)

per cent npoi46HT (22)

potatoes KBPTOcl»enb (m)

performance cneKT6Knb (m) (22)

pound (weight and currency) ciJjHT (9)

perhaps M6JK8T 6b1Tb (9)

power an6CTb (f) (24)

period of time cp6K (23)

precisely p6aHo (17), T6'4Ho (9)

perish norlt68Tb' (28) (norllli6HJTb")

prepare rOT6BHTb' ( 16) (npH-•)

permit nycK6Tb' (25) (nyCTIIliTb")

present (gift) noAAp(o)K (19)

person '18110a6K (18), n1t1.46 (21)

present (verb) np&ACT&BnRrb' (27) (29) (np&ACriBHTb")

personal c66CTaeHHbiM (21) physical ciJH3M't8CKitM (28)

president npulfA6HT (27)

pick up nOAHHM6Tb' (25) (nOAHRTb")

previous np6wnwiiii ( 11)

pie (large) nHp6r (10), (small)

price 1.48H6 (10)

nHpoJK(6)K (8) pineapple aHaH6c (24) pity: it's a pity JKinKo (14), JIUIIIb (14) place u8CTo (8) plan nnaH (7), npo6KT (29) plane cauoniT (20) plate TapenKa (20) play 1trp6Tb' (16) (cwrp6Tb") pleasant npitRrHO (4), npHRTHbli (10) please noJKAnyicTa (3) please (verb) Hp6BHTbCA' (12) (no-•) pleasure YAOB6nbCTBHe (16) plod along 6pecTIIli' (20) (no-•) plot 36roaop (28) plug in BKn10'16Tb' (21) (8KniO'IMTb0 )

primarily npeJKA8 acer6 (26)

poet nm(23)

publishing house 1t3AiT811bCTBO (23)

prime minister npellb6p-MitHMCTp (27) principle npllliH1.41tn (23) probably AOnJKH6 6b1Tb ( 19),

Haa8pH08 (21) problem npo6n6Ma (21) professional (noun) npo41ecc:HOH6n (16) professor npociJ6ccop (19) programme nporp6MMB (27) progressive nep8AOB6i (28) project BbiCTJn6Tb' (29) (BIIICTJnHTb") proportion npon6p1.41tR (29) prospect (wide street) npocn6KT (4) publish lf3AIIB6Tbo' (28) (H3AiTb 0 )

444


punish H8KB3biB8Tb' (15) (H8K83i1Tb•)

refuse oTKil3biB8TbCSI1 (25)

(OTK83iiTbCSI•)

pupil Y'4BHMK (30) pure 'tMCTbiM ( 18)

regard (treat) OTHOCMTbCSI' (13) regret coJK&neHMe (10)

quality dotecTao (28)

remain OCTaaiiTbCR' (14) (OCTaTbCR•)

quantity KOnM'tBCTBO (22)

remarkable 38MB'taT&nbHbiM ( 17)

quarter ot8TaepTb (f) (22)

remember n6MHMTb' ( 18)

question aonp6c (27)

remind H&nOMMHiiTb' (15)

quick 6b1CTpb1M (18)

(H&n6MHMTb•)

quickly 6biCTpO ( 13)

repair(s) peM6HT(21)

quiet TMXMM (18), (it's quiet) Tl4xo (14),

repeat nOBTOpRTb' (26) (nOBTOpm•)

(noun) TMWMHii (17)

replace 38MBHRTb' (28) (38MBHMTb•)

quite ,qoa6nbHO (15)

request np6cb6a (21) research MccnB,qoaaHMe (22)

radio pii,qMo [o] (n indecl) (5)

reside npoJKMBiiTb' (22)

railway JKene3H&SI ,qop6ra (30)

resident npoJKMaiiiOIJtMM (m adj) (21)

rain ,q6JK,qb (m) (11)

resolutely pewi4TenbHO (28)

rare p8,qKMM ( 18)

respect (noun) yB8JKeHMe (26)

reach (by flying) ,qonBTiiTb' (20)

respect (verb) yaaJKiiTb' (21)

(,qoneTeTb •)

respected yaaJKileMbiM (26)

reach (by transport) ,q083lKiiTb' (20)

rest OT,qbiXBTb' (12) (OT,qOXHjTb•)

(,qoeX8Tb•)

restaurant pecTopiiH (5)

reach (on foot) ,qoxo,qMTb' (15)

result pe3ynbTBT (27)

(,qOMTM•)

return (noun) B03Bp&uteHMe (26)

reach an agreement ,qoroailpMBaTbCSI'

return (verb) ao3apaut&TbCSI' (14)

(19) (,qoroaopMTbCR•)

(B8pHjTbCR•)

read 'tMTiiTb' ( 12) (npo-")

revolution peaomb4MR (16)

ready roT6a (short adj) (29)

revolutionary peaoniO~MOHep (16)

real H8CTORIJtMM (16)

rich 6oriiTbiM ( 18)

realize noHRTb" (13)

right npilao (24)

reason (for) npM'tMHa (21) (+gen.)

right: to the right H&npaao (5)

recall acnoMMHltTb' (13) (acn6MHMTb•)

ripe CnBnbiM (30)

receive nonY'4i1Tb' (9) (nOnY'fMTb")

rise no,qHMMtiTbCSI' (19) (nO,qHRTbCSI•)

recently He,qiiBHO ( 11 )

river peKa (7)

recognize Y3H8ai1Tb; (28) (y3HiiTb•)

road ,qop6ra (25)

red KpiiCHbiM (7)

role p6nb (f) (24)

reduction ycTjnKa (30)

roll K&TiiTb' (20), K8TMTb' (20) (no-•)

reform npeo6pa30BiiHMB (28),

room K6MH8T8 (14)

peciM)pMa (28)

rouble py6nb (m) (3)

445


round no (12) + dat.

section (of shop) oT~ (8)

run 66raTb' (20), 6eJK6Tb' (20) (no-0 )

see BMA8'fb ( 11) (y -0 )

run (there and back) 66raTb' (20) (c-0 )

seek MCKBTb' ( 11) (no- 0 )

run about 66r&Tb' (20) (no- 0 )

seem Ka38TbCR' (11) (no- 0 )

run away y6er8Tb" (20) (y6eJK6Tb 0 )

seize XB8TBTb'/CXHTbi88Tb' (25)

run out abr6er8Tb' (20) (abl6elKaTb 0 )

(CXB8TMTb0 )

Russia POCCMR (4)

self ce6R (21)

Russian: in Russian no-pYCCKM (4)

sell npoA&BiiTb' (8) (npoA8Tb0 )

Russian (adj and noun) pYCCKMi (adj) (7)

send nocblnaTb' (23) (nocnaTV)

Russian woman pyccKaR (I adj)

senior cripwMi (18) sentence to npMroBilpMaaTb' (28)

sack Mew(6)K (25)

(npMroaopliiTb') K + dat.

sacred CBRT6i (m adj) (23)

separate OTAGnbHbli ( 18)

sadness 118'1Mb (f) (26)

September ceHTR6pb (m) (17)

sail nnaaaTb' (20), nnbiTb' (20) (no- 0 )

serf KpenOCTH6i (m adj) (28)

sailor MaTJ)6c (29)

serfdom KpenOCTHM'I8CTBO (28)

saint caRT6i (m adj) (23)

seriously cepbi3Ho (19)

salad canST ( 12)

serve cnVJKMTb' (30) (no-o)

salami Kon6acil (8)

serve (food) noA&BiiTb' (22) (noA&Tb•)t

sale npoA&Ma (24)

settle nocenRTbCA' (26)

(nocenMTbCR•)

sales assistant npoA&a(8)4 (8) salt c6nb (f) (28)

seven ceMb (9)

salted coniHbli (28)

seven hundred ceMbC6T (9)

same T6T Me (28)

seventeen C8MHII,q48Tb (9)

samovar caMoailp (21)

seventy CGMbAGCS'IT (9)

sandwich 6yYep6p6A (8)

several HecKonbKO (9)

satisfaction VAOB6nbCTBMe ( 16)

shameful CTblAHO (14)

Saturday cy666Ta (14)

share pa3AenRTb' (21) (J)83A8nMTb•)

saucepan K&CTprbnR (28)

sharply p83Ko (28)

say roaopMTb' (4) (12) (CK8HTb 0 )

shave (oneself) 6pliiTb(cR) (11) (28)

(no-•)

scale MacwT86 (29)

OH8 (3) (T4)

scenery npMp6A8 ( 17)

she

school wK6na (7)

ship Kop86nb (m) (28)

scissors H6JKHM4bl (pl.) (28)

shoes TjciJnM (I pl.) (21)

sea M6pe (5), MOpcK6i (29) (adj)

shop M8r83MH (6)

seat M8cTo (8)

shopping bag cjMu (24)

second aTop6i(7)

shore 66per ( 18)

secretary (male or female) ceKpeyapb

(m)(15)

short Kop6TKIIIM {18) (23) shout KPIII'IiTb' (20) (38-•)

446


show (performance) c:neKT81u1a. (m) (22)

smoke KYPtiTb' (4) (no-•, 38·")

show (verb) nowwaaTa.' (7) (12)

snackbar 6y~(10)

(noK836Tb•) Siberia CM6tipa. (f) (3)

snow cHar (20) so TBK (6), (consequently) TBK 'IT6

side CTopott8 ( 15)

(26)/ncm-GMy (9), (that means)

sign IJOAI'IMCblllliTb' (23) (110A11Mc:8Ta.•)

3tt8-IMT ( 10)

significance 3H8'tltHM8 (24)

so many CT6na.Ko (10) +gen.

silence TMWMHB (17)

so much

silly rnjnwii (29)

solve pewiTa.' ( 13) (pewt\Ta.•)

CT6na.Ko (10) +gen.

simple npocT6ii (18)

some (certain) H6KOTOpb1M (17)

simply np6CTo (10)

some (some kind of) K8K6ii-TO (26)

simultaneously OAifOBpeM6HHo (28)

some (various) K6e-ude (26)

since (a time) c (17) +gen.

somehow KiK·TO (26)

since (because) TBK UK (10)

someone KT6-To (26), K6e-KT6 (26)

sing 118Ta.' (16) (c-•)

something '11"6-TO (26), K6e-'IT6 (26)

sister CIICTp8 ( 14)

sometime KorA{I-TO (26), (in the future)

sit (be sitting) cMA*ra.; (14) (no·•)

KOrA{I-HM6YAJ>

sit down CSAMTbCJI; (15) (cecTa.•)

sometimes MHorAi (9)

situated pacnon6•eH (29)

somewhere (motion) KYAi-To (26)

six WeCTb (9)

son cwH(6)

six hundred weCTa.c6T (9)

son of a tsar 1.411p6BM'I (28)

sixteen weCTH8AataTa. (9)

song n6cHR (25)

sixty W8CTbA8CRT (9)

SOOn CK6po (20), BCK6pe (28)

size p83116p (10)

sound (verb) 3BY'IBTb' (23)

skilled workman MiCTBp (21)

sour cream CM8TaHa (3)

skis nlil)l(llt (f.pl.) (29)

south 101' ( 14)

sleep (noun) c(6)H (17)

southern lb•Hwii (18)

sleep (verb) cnaTa.' (16) (no-•)

Soviet Union CoaaTCKMii Colb3 (22)

slice (noun) n6MTIIIK (28)

spark ticKpa (30)

slice (verb) Hape38Tb' (28)

speak roeopt\Ta.' (4) (no-•)

(Hap63an.•)

special oc66wii (26)

slippers TanO'tKM (f.pl.)(11)

specialist CneqM&IIMCT (18)

slope cKn6H (29)

specially oc668HHo, cneltM6na.Ho

slow M6An&HHWii (18) small MineHa.KMii (7)

(10) spend (time) npoBOAtiTb' (17)

smell (of) nfmtyno' (30) (+ inst.)

(npoBeCTti•)

smile (noun) ynlil6u (26)

spend the night IIO'IIIBin.' (25) (nepe·•)

smile (verb) ynw68TbCR' ( 11)

spoon n6•Ka (16)

(yna.I6HjTbcR•)

spring aecHi (16)

447


square nno~ (f) (5)

summon Bbl3blaBTb' (21) (BW3B8Tb')

stadium CTIIAIIOH (20)

Sunday BOCKP8CiHb8(17)

staircase n8c:THIII48 (20)

supper jlKIIH (16)

stamp M8pKa (10)

surname $8MrilnMJI (6)

stand CTORTb' ( 11) (no-•)

surprise (noun) c10pnpri13 (10)

star

3Be3AB (30)

surprise (verb) YAMBnRTb' (27)

start CT&Tb' ('only) ( 16) state (adj) rocyA8pcT&eHHbli (28) station BOK38n (5), (metro/in country)

CTBHL{IIJI (7)

(YAMBMTb') survey onp6c (27) sweet Mrilnbli (30) swim nnaaaTb' (20), nnbiTb' (20) (no-•)

stay OCT8BBTbCJI' (14) (ocTiiTbCJI')

swings Ka'fenM (pl.) (26)

still eaqi (9)

switch on BKniO'fSTb' (21)

stock 38nic (18)

(BKniO'fMTb')

stop (halt) OCT8HBBniiB8Tb(CJ1)' (13) (28) OCT8HOBMTb(CJ1)' stop (cease) nepecT&BBTb' (15)

(nepeCTBTb')

table CT6n (16) take 6paTb' (10) (12) (B3J1Tb') take (transport) C&AriiTbCJI' (15)

stop (noun) OCT&HOBK& (20)

(ceCTb') Ha + ace.

storey 3TBlK (7)

take a walk rynRTb' ( 17) (no-•)

stove neotb (f) (25)

take across nepeaoAriiTb' (13)

straight npJIM6i (12)

(nepeaeCTril')

straight on npRMO (5)

take fright nyraTbCSI' (25) (Me-')

strange CTpBHHO (20)

take off CHIIMBTb' (30) (CHJITb')

street yn1114& (4)

take somewhere (by carrying)

street map nnaH (7) strong Kp(lnKIIi (18)

OTHOCMTb' (20) (OTH8CTM') take somewhere (by transport)

student CTYABHT (22) study (something) M3Y'fBTb' (4) (13)

OTB03MTb' (20) (OTB83TM') take (lead) BOAMTb' (20), aecTril' (20)

(113Y'fMTb'), 38HMMBTbCJI' (16)

(no-")

study (somewhere) Y'fMTbCJI' (13)

talk (converse) pa3roB8pMB8Tb' (16)

study trip KOM8HAMp0BK8 (19)

talk (speak) roaopriiTb' (15) (no-'),

stupid rnynbli (29) style CTMnb (m) (21)

pa3roaapMB8Tb' (16) talk (tell) paCCKS3biB8Tb' ( 12)

such T&K6i ( 10)

(paCCK83iTb')

suddenly BAPYr ( 13)

talks neperoa6pbl (m pl.) (23)

sugar caxap (8)

tall BbiCOKIIM (18)

suitcase
tape recorder MarHIITocj)OH (13)

summer naTo (22) (noun), neTHMi (7)

tasty BKJCHbiM (8)

(adj)

tax Han6r (28)

448


taxi T8KCM (n indecl) (3)

thing Be1J4b (f) (10), wTjKa (30)

tea 'IBM (3)

think AYMBTb' (19) (no-•)

teach npenoABa8Tb (13)

third (adj) ypeTIIii (7) (T6)

teacher (school) Y'IMTenb' (m) (16)

third (fraction) TpeTb (f) (22)

teacher (institute, university)

thirteen TPIIHBA48Tb (9)

npenoABa8Tenb (m) (13) teapot 'IBMHIIK (21)

thiS 3TO (3), 3TOT (7) (T4)

thirty TPtfA48Tb (9)

tear cne311 (30)

thought MbiCnb (f) (26)

tease AP83HMTb' (30)

thousand niiCfl'IB (9) (22)

telephone (noun) Tenecii6H (15)

three Tpll (9), Tp6e (22.10)

telephone (verb) 3BOHMTb' (12) (no-•)

three hundred ypMCTB (9)

television set TeneaM3op (13)

through 'l&pe3 (6) + ace.

tell paccK83biBBTb' (12) (paccK838Tb•)

throw/throw away 6poci1Tb' (25)

(6p6ciiTbP)

ten A8cRTb (9) territory TeppMT6pllf1 (18)

Thursday '18TB8pr ( 17)

than '!eM (18)

ticket 611neT (10)

thank you cnad6o (3)

ticket office Klicca (1)

that 3TO (3), T6T (7) (T4)

tight TKHO (25)

that (conjunction) 'IT6 (5.8) [shto]

time Bp8Mf1 (9), (a time) pa3 (9)

that is (i.e.) T6 ecTb (22)

time limit cp6K (23)

theatre TeliiTp (7)

to (a person) K (12) + dat.

their IIX (indecl) (6)

to (a place) BIHa (6) +ace.

theme T&Ma (16)

to (in order to) 'IT66bl (21) [sht6-bi]

then (at that time) TorA& (12)

today cer6AHf1 (7) [sye-IIOd-nya)

then (in that case) T6 (12)

toe nan(e)4 ( 16)

then (next) noT6M (12), 38TeM (17) there (motion 'thither')

TYP/J (9)

there (place) TBM (5)

together BMecTe (16) toilet T'f&neT (5) toilet paper yYaneTH&f16yMara (21)

there (when pointing) a6T (3)

tomato nOMIIA6P (12)

there is/are ecTb (7) (8)

tomorrow 38BTpa (6)

there isn'Varen't HeT (10) +gen.

too (also) T6lKe (4)

there is no time HeKOrAB (24)

too (excessively) cn.twKOM (10)

there is nothing H6'1ero (24)

topic T&Ma (16)

[nye-chye-va]

tOUCh K8ciiTbCf1' (21) (KOCHyYbCf1P),

Tp6r&Tb' (16) (Tp6HYTbP)

there is nowhere (motion) H8KYAB (24) there is nowhere (place) HerA& (24)

tourist T'fPMCT (15)

they OHM (4) (T4)

towards K ( 12) + dat.

thin T6HKIIM (30), xyAC)ii (18),

xYA8HbKIIM (30)

tower 68wHf1 ( 16) town r6pGA (7)

449


turn off caop8'1MaaTb' (20)

trade TOprOBnfl (28) trader TOpr6a(e)&~ (24)

(caepHY,...•) turn out od311188TbCfl; (20) (26)

traffic light cBBTOCIJ6p (19) train

nile3A (17)

(OK831liTbCf1P)

tram ypaMaai (15)

turn pale 6J18Aiflrrb' (30) (no-•)

transfer nepetiOCKn.' (21)

twelve AB8fi8AABT~o (9)

(nepeHecnfP) transfer nepe&OAM'rb' (13)

twenty

Aa8AI48T11 (9)

two AB8 (m/n), AB8 (f) (9), AB6e

(nepeaec:Tiir')

(22.10)

translate nepe&OAMTII' (13)

two hundred Aa6C'rll (9)

(nepeaec:Til•) Ukraine YKpaiiHa (5)

translator nepea6A'IIIK (21) transmit nep8Aila8Tb' (15)

uncle ~ (m) (3)

(nepBAiTV) transport e03i1Tb' (20), 883Til' (20) (no-•) travel 63AIIT11' (20), oaTil; (20)

under nOA (16) + inst. {place)/(25)

+ ace. (motion) under (a ruler) np11 (28) + prep. underground (adj) nQA36MHIIIi (15) underground (railway) M8Tp6

(no-•), nyYBw6C'rao88Tb' (21) travel (there and back)

63AIIT1t' (20)

(n indecl) (5)

(C'b-•)

understand noHIIMBTb' (4) (noHfiTb•)

travel past npo831Kir11' (15) (20)

unexpected HBOJKMAaHHIIIi (26)

(npoexaTb•)

unfortunately K COJK8116HMIO (10) uniform MYHAMP (30)

travel through npo83JK8Tb' (15) (20)

(npoexaTb•)

United States of America

travelling companion cnY,.HIIK (16) tree

CGeAMHittHwe WTaTIII AM6piiKII

A6Jieao (26)

(12)

triple TpoiH6i (29)

university YHIIBepcllriT (5)

trolleybus yponn6i6yc (4)

until (conjunction) nod .•. He (14)

trousers 6plbKII (pl.) (22)

until (prep.) AO (9) + gen.

true a6pHwi (29)

up to (and including) no (17.12) (23)

truth np8BAB ( 11 )

+ace.

tsar (emperor) 148PII (m) (5)

uprising BOCCTiHII8 (28)

Tuesday &T6pHIIK(17)

Urals Yp8n (17)

turn (a corner) 38BOp8'111BBTb' (19)

urgent cp6'1Hwi (19)

(38aepHjTII•) turn (change direction) noaop8'11188Tb' (15) (noaepHY,.~o•)

urgently cp6'1Ho (21) use n6nb3088TbCfl' (21) (aoc-•) usually o6lii'IHO (13)

turn away (from) OTBop8'11188TbCfl; (30) (OTB8pHY,.bCR•)

variety pa3Hoo6pUII8 (29)

450


various pii3Hbli (9) vege~ables

68outM (m pl.) (9) vegetarian aererapMBH(e)at ( 12), 88ntT8pMBHK8 (9), 88ntT8PMBHCKMi (12) (adj) very OoteHb (4) view 83rnRA(21), 8MA(18) village A8p68HR (19) vinegar yKcyc (28) visa 8M38 (23) visit (a place) noe81q8Ta.' (28) (noc:enln.•), no6a.la8Tb• (24) visit (a person) 6b1Tb 8 rOCTRx yiMATil 8 r6cnt K (12) vodka 86AKB (3) voice r6noc ( 14) wait ~Tb' (15) (nOAO-") waiter OCIIMltMBHT ( 12) waitress oCIIMatMHTKB (12) walk (noun) nporjnKa (17) walk (go on foot) xOAifra.' (20), MATM' (20) (noiTil•) walk (take a walk) rynm' (17) (no-•) walk about xOAilno' (20) (no-•.) wall CTeHB (16) wallpaper o66M (m pl.) (21) wander 61)0A11Tb' (20) (no-•) want xoma.' (12.5) (38-") war aoiHa (14) warm Tinnbli (7), (it's warm) Tenn6 (14)

warn nPBAYnpa~Tb' ( 12) (np&Aynp&AiiTa.•) wash thoroughly npoMblaBTb' (28) (npoMiirra.•) watch (timepiece) (17)

~tacbl

(pl. of 'tBC)

watch (verb) CMoTp6Tb' ( 11) (no-•)

water BOAii (8) way nyYa. (m) (20) we llbl (4) (T4) wealth 6orBTCT80 (29) wear HociiTa.' (28) weather nor6AB (7) wedding ca8Aa.6a (22) Wednesday cp8A8 ( 17) week HttAMR (6) weekday 6JAHMi A(e)Hb (23) weekdays 6yAHM (pl.) (23) well (adv) xopow6 (4) well (particle) HY (25) well-known M3a8c:ntbli (27) west 38n&A (18) western 31in&AHbli (7) what '4T6 (3) [shto] what (what kind of) KBK6i (7) when KorAl! (5) where (motion 'whither') KYAB (4) where (place) rAe (3) whether nM (13) Which KOT6pbli (18) white 66n~o~i (8) who (interrogative pronoun) KT6 (5) (T4)

who (relative pronoun) KOT6pwi (18) why n0'18MJ (4) Wide WMp6KMi (18) widespread pacnpoCTpaHiHHbli (23) wife JK&Ha (6) willingly ox6THo (25) wind 86T(e)p (27) window OKH6 (3) wine 8MH6 (3) wineglass 6oK8n (21) wing Kpbln6 (29) winter 3MII8 (16), 3iiMHMi (7) (adj) wish JKM6TIII (21) (no-•)

451


with

c (16) + inst.

worse xj)l(e (18)

without 6e3 (10) +gen.

write nMc8Tb' (13) (Ha-•)

without fail o6R36T8nbHo (15)

writer nMc8Tenb (m) (17)

woman >K6Hup.tHa ( 14) wonderful 'IYA6cHbiM ( 17) wood (forest)

nee (5)

wood (material) A6peao (26)

yard

AB6P (26)

year r6A(6) yes AS (3)

word cn6ao (8)

yesterday B'lepa (10)

work (noun) pa66Ta (6). TPYA (26)

yet eaqi (9)

work (verb) pa66T&Tb' (4) (no-•)

you Tbl (4) (T4), Bbl (4) (T4)

work for (an aim) Ao6MaSTbCR' (28)

young MonoA6ii ( 13)

{Ao6MTbCJIP) + gen. worker pa66'1MM (m adj) (28)

young man MonoA6ii 'lenoa6K (18)

world MMP (18)

your Ta6ii (6) (T6), aaw (6) (T6)

younger Mon6>Ke (18). MnSAwMM (18)

worry 6ecnoK6MTbCR' (14),

nepe>KMaSTb' (24)

452

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS

1/1

I [ba-re'es] Boris. 2 [da] yes. 3 [nyet] no. 4 [bal'·sh6y] big. 5 [spa-se'e-ba] thank you. 6 [ro'o-ska-ya az-boo-ka] Russian alphabet. 7 [borshsh] beetroot soup. 8 [chay] tea. 9 [sa-har] sugar. 10 [zhoor-nal] magazine.

1/2 I [a-e-ra-p6rt]. 2 [boo-fyet]. 3 [ga-ste 'e-nee-tsa]. 4 [dee-ryek-tar). 5 [za·krf-ta]. 6 [za-prye-shshye-n6]. 7 [een-too-re'est). 8 [ka-ssa]. 9 [ksye-bye). 10 [nye koo-re'et']. II [at sye-bya). 12 [pa-reek-ma-hyer-ska-ya). 13 [p6ch·ta]. 14 [rye-m6nt]. 15 [rye-sta-ran]. 16 [too-a-lyet).

1/3 I BAR. 2 PRAVDA (the newspaper). 3 TAXI [tak·se'e]. 4 STOP. 5 MOSCOW [mask·va]. 6 LOS ANGELES. 7 PIZZA HUT [·hat]. 8 Vladimir Lenin [vla-de'e-meer lyfl.neen]. 9 IZVESTIYA (newspaper) [eez-vyfl.stee-ya]. 10 NEW YORK [n'Yoo-y6rk]. 11 glasnost ('openness') [glas-nast']. 12 ROLLS-ROYCE. 13 The Beatles. 14 Shakespeare. 15 HELSINKI [hyeW-seen-kee]. 2/1

453


2/2 [ve·e-skee] whisky [een-flya-tsl-ya) inflation [mar-kye-teenk] marketing [myo ·o-zeekl] a musical [no-oo-ha-oo] know-how [pyer-sa-nal'·nl kam·p'yo'o-ter] personal computer [pree-va-tee-za-tsl-ya) privatization [rok·mo·o-zl·ka] rock music [streep-te 'es] striptease [ek·sklyoo-ze 'ev·na-ye een-ter·V'yo 'o] exclusive interview

2/3 I [shsheet]

2 [shit] 3 [brat] 4 (za·la·ta·Va·l6-sa·ye) 5 [za-shshee-shsha-yoo-shshee] 6 [na-ka-oo·te 'e-ra-vat'] 7 [ek-spye-ree-myen-te ·e-ra-vat'] 8 [da-sta-pree-mye-cha·tyel'·na-stee] 9 [chye-la-vye-ka-nye-na-ve 'est-nee-chye-stva]

454


311

!Ja

:ltem Jmo

Cnacucfo

JJoo~ JlfYlPO

1Jo6'pou:t fjR-Hb

1Jo~

lf'poofJUIJ11£

JTOJICa.J.yilcma

B~

'limo J9e

og,wt

F

3/2 1 86TOHB. 2 86TOH. 3 86TOH6. 4 86T6H.

5 86TOHB. 6 86TOH6.

3/3 1 31-o'fai. 23Topy6nb.

3 HeT, ~TO BMH6. 486TOH6.

3/4 1 3APBBCTByiTe. 2 npOCTI.tTe, 'fTO tTo? 3 3To BMHO. 4Cnact16o.

455

rYl(JU


5 nolKanyMcTa. 6 HeT, 3TO 66p114. 7 rAe CM&TBH8? 8 npocn1Te, nolKanyMcTB, rA& BiiHR? 9 B6T6H. I0 CnacM6o. Ao CBMABHMR.

3/5 I [vla-dee-va-st6k] (m) 6H. 2 [ska-va-ra-dee-n6] (n) OH6. 3 [ab-lo'o-chye) (n) oH6. 4 [chee-ta] (f) oHa. 5 [slyoo-dyan-ka] (f) oHa. 6 (bay-kal•sk) (m) 6H. 7 [mask-va) (f) oHa.

3/6 I [hree-stee-an] =Christian (m). 2 [yoo-lee-an] =Julian (m). 3 [ar-kS-dee] = Arkadii (m) . .4 [ma-ya]= Maya (f). 5 [e'e-gar'] = Igor (m). 6 (yoo-de'ef'] =Judith (f). 7 [lyoo-b6f'] = Liubov ('Love') (f). 8 [nee-nyel'] = Ninel' (a female name created by spelling Lenin backwards).

4.13 (I) Here are Vladimir Smirnov and Mary Robinson. They are in Moscow, in the Hotel Russia. They are speaking Russian. VS: Hello, my name is Volodia. And what's your name? MR: Mary. I'm English. VS: You speak Russian well. MR: I'm studying Russian here in Moscow. (And) do you speak English? VS: I understand English but I don't speak (it). Where do you live, Mary? MR: In Vol gin Street. And you? VS: On Peace Prospekt. (2) V: Hello, Natasha. Are you going home by bus? N: Hello, Vania. No. I'm going by trolleybus. (3) A: Why is Mary going by trolleybus and not by metro? B: I don't know. (4) V: What's your name? E: My name is Eva. And what's yours? V: Vadim. (5) E: This is Natasha. V: Pleased to meet you. I'm Vadim. N: Pleased to meet you.

4/1 I 3HB!O 'I don't know.' 2 roaopi!I 'He doesn't speak Russian'. 3 roaopm 'You speak English well.' 4lKMBiD 'Where do you live?' 5 lKMBj B J16HAOH§ 'I live in London.' 6 M3Y'IBU 'We are studying Russian.' 7 lKMBi.I B MocKBt 'Mary lives in Moscow.' 8 SAII Ha a&T66yc§ 8Ati Ha TponneM6yc§ 'Ivan is going by bus and

456


Mary is going by trolleybus.' 9 6AJa 'They are going home.'

4/2 I npocTMTe. 2 Sl He 3H610. 3 Sl He noHMMiiO. 4 8bl roaopMT8 no-eHrnMMCKM? 5 rAe Bbl )I(MBeTe? 6 KaK aac 3oajT?

4/3 l Misha, Vania, Marie. 2 Misha: Vavilov Street (ynM48 BaaMnoaa). Vania: Volgin Street (ynM48 B6nrMHa). Marie: in Moscow. 3 She knows English, she's studying Russian and already speaks it pretty well; she doesn't know French.

Translation: A: Hello, Vania. Where are you going? B: Home, to Vol gin Street. Are you going to the university? A: No, I'm going home too. I live in Vavilov Street now. B: Let me introduce you. This is my friend Marie, she's English. She's studying Russian here in Moscow. Marie, this is Misha. V: Hello, Misha. A: Excuse me/l'm sorry, are you called Mary? V: No, Marie. It's a French name. But I don't speak French.

5.12 Dialogues (l) A: Where's Moscow? B: In Russia. (2) A: Where's London? B: In England. (3) A: Where's Kiev? B: In the Ukraine. (4) A: Where's Yalta? B: In the Crimea. (5) A: Where does Uncle Vania work? B: In (St) Petersburg. (6) A: What are you talking about? B: About Russia. (7) A: Are you talking about Mary? B: No, we're talking not about her but about you (fam). (8) A: Where do you live/Where are you staying? B: In the Hotel 'Russia'. A: And where are John and Margaret staying? B: In the 'Russia' too. (9) A: Where is Irkutsk? B: In Siberia. ( l 0) A: Where does Mary Robinson live? B: In Moscow, in Volgin Street. But in England she lives in Bristol. (ll) A: Tell me please, where is Volgin Street ('Street of Volgin')? B: Straight on and turn right. (12) A: Tell (me) please, where is the toilet here? B: On the left. A: Thank you. B: You're welcome. (13) A: (And) where do you live, Ivan Petrovich? B: I live in Voronezh, in the centre. (14) A: Is Mary studying Russian at the university? B: No, she's studying Russian at the/an institute. (15) A: Excuse me, please, do you (don't you) know where the post office is here? B: House (building) number 2. A: And where's that? B: Over there on the right. A: Thank you. B: You're welcome.

457


5/1 1 B n6HAOHe. 2 B PoccliM. 3 B rOCTMHMI.\8. 4 B Hb10-M6pKe.

5 B Aacrp6nMM 'in

Australia'. 6 B AM6pMKe 'in America'. 7 B r6poAe 'in the town/city'. 8 B CM61ipM. 9 B Kpb1My. lOB A6Me. 11 Ha ynMI.Ie.12 Ha nn6tqaAM.

5/2 1 0 BliHe. 2 0 MapliM. 3 06 ~BliHe. 4 06 AHH 6p(lyH. 5 0 Heiiil. 6 0 HiM.

5/3 1 rAe ryan6T? 2 3To 66pll4? 3 Bbl.lKMBiTe (poi)/Tbl.lKMBGWb (lam) B 1.16HTpe? 4 SI.IKMBY a AHrnMM, a 6KcciJopAe.

5 Mbl roaopliM o aac (pol)/o re66 (lam).

5/4 1 Dublin Ay6nMH. 2 Hamburg raM6ypr, Germany repMBHMJI. 3 Anton Pavlovich Chekhov AHT6H naanOBM'I "46xoa. 4 Rostov-on-Don PocT6B-Ha-AoHy.

5/5 1 (mask-vii]. 2 [zdril-stvooy-tye). 3 [shto e-ta?]. 4 [pa-zhill-sta].

5 [e-ta k6-fye?]

(rise-fall on [k6-]). 6 Cnacli6o. 7 no.JKanyiicTa. 8 Ao CBMABHMJI. 9 npocTiiTe. 10 "4r6 3ro? 11 3ro 'l&ii? 12 npocrlire, KaK aac 30ayr? 13 Bbi3Hiere, rAe Merp6? 14 Bbl roaoplilre no·aHrnliliicKM? 15 SIJKMBY a AHr nMMIMBH'I&eTepe/ AY6nMHe. 16 Sl He 3Hino. 17 Sl roaop.O no-pyccKM. 18 Sl 6AY H& aar66yce. 19 OHM !:AYT AOM6ii. 20 6H lKMBiT a MocKae. 21 0Hii lKMajT a CM6MpM. 22 Ha nn61148A"· 23 0Ha M3Y'4BeT pyccKMM Jl3biK a PoccliM.

6/1 1 M6ii cbiH. 2 Hawa A6'4b. 3 Er6 MaTb. 4 Bllwa/Taoll rocTttHMI.\8.

5 Ei MY.JK.

612 1 st mofin.O MY3b1Ky. 2 OHa n!OfiMT My.IK8? 3 no3oalilre, no.JKanyiicra, nl066ab Bn&AMMMpoBHy. 4 noAO.JKAMTe MMHYfY.

5 Cnacli6o 38 '18M. 6 Cnaclifio 38

B6AKy.

6.17 Dialogues V: Are you fond of music? E: Very. I like Glinka and Borodin. V: And (do you like) Prokofiev? E: Not very much.

458


KM: Hello, Mikhail Petrovich, how are you? MP: Not bad, Konstantin Mikhailovich. And how are you? KM: I'm all right too. MP: Where are you going? KM: To work. And you? MP: I'm going to the shop. And how is your wife, Natalia Borisovna? KM: She's well. Tomorrow she's going to Moscow. Our daughter Nina has been living there for a year. Do you know her husband Andrei? MP: Yes, I know him. KM: And their son is called Misha. MP: Their son? So you're already a grandfather, Konstantin Mikhailovich. Congratulations!

6/3 1 no3oaliTe, no)l(anyiiicTB, lo1aaHa. 2 no3oa11Te lilropR neTpOBM'Ia. 3 no3oa11Te, no*anyiiicTa, HaTawy. 4 no3oa11Te, no)l(anyiiicTB, HSTanbiO AneKCltHAPOBHy.

6/4 1 :JApaBCTBYMTeiA66poe jTpo, lo1aaH neTpOBM'I. 2 rAe Haws roCTMHM48?

3 Cnacll6o 38 BMH6. 4 no*llnyiiicTa, noAO*AMTe MMHjTy. 5 3To aawa *eHa? 6/5 MMxalln CepreeBM'I, niOAMMna AHAPMBH8. MapK TaeH (Mark Twain) C3nMHA*&P (Salinger), AraTa KpllcTM (Agatha Christie).

7/1

1 3anaAHM.. 2 PyccKMiii. 3 H6aafl. 4 KpacHM. 5 lionbwja. 6 7 nywKMHCKM. 8 lipMTaHCK~.

ManeHbK~.

7/2 1 nocneAHfiB. 2 311MHI§. 3 Tp6Tl!!M. 4 TpeT.I!B.. 7.18 Dialogues A: Moscow is a large city. Moscow has an attractive river and a famous university. You already know Red Square, the Bolshoi Theatre and Tverskaia Street. B: I do.

459


Tverskaia Street is the main street. A: (Points (to them) on the map' Here is Tverskaia, here is New Arbat, and here is the old Arbat. a very old :street. This is the Hotel 'Russia', a very large hotel. Here is the Kremlin, nearby is the Great Stone Bridge, and this is the British Embassy, on the embankment. Here is the American Embassy, and here's the Canadian (one). A: Good morning. B: Good day. A: Why are you

in(~

wearing) a winter coat? The

weather is warm today. B: This isn't a winter coat, it's a summer one. We live in Moscow. We- that's me Pavel Pavlovich Petrov, my wife Svetlana Aleksandrovna and our daughter Elena. At school they call her Lena but at home we call her Lenusha. My mother, Zinaida Egorovna, lives in Moscow too. She lives in an old house in the centre, while we live in a new flat in a new block in the southwest. Our block is on Prospekt Vernadskovo [pras-pyekt vyer-nat-ska-va]. Do you know the 'Yugo-Zapadnaia' (underground) station? We live on the third floor (second floor in Britain). In our flat there is a hall, a

large-room(~

a living room)

and a bedroom. There is also a small kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet.

7/3 I B 3iln&AHOM CM6rilpM He lives in Western Siberia. 2 Bbl 3HileTe H6Byto

rocTriiHM4Y? Do you know the new hotel? 3 0Hril MAP H& KpilcHyto nn6~q&Ab They are going to Red Square. 4 0H8 B 3MMHeM nanbT6 She's wearing a winter coat. 5 Bbl 3HiieTe MOIO BTopyto >KeHy? Do you know my second wife? 6 B 3TOM Mara3ri1He pa66TaeT Moil A6'1b My daughter works in this shop. 7 0Hii nod3biB&eT H6aoe 3MMHee nanbT6 She is showing (her) new winter coat. 8 - KaKiifl cer6AHfl nor6AB?- Tennafl 'What's the weather like today?' 'Warm.'

7/4 I rAe KpiicHafl

nn6~&Ab?

2 0Hii Ha KpiicHoiil

nn6~AM.

3 Mbr MAiM (on

foot)I6AeM (by transport) Ha KpiicHyto nn6~q&Ab. 4 3TA KHrilra aiiwa/Taofl? or

3TQ BiiWafTBOR KHrilra?

7/5 I Along Nikol'skaia Street (HMK6nbCK&fl ynM48) and north-east across Lubianskaia Square (Jly6fiHCK&fl nn6~Ab). 2 Manezhnaia Square (MaHe>KH&fl nn6~Ab). nn6~8Ab,

3 Go straight on (north) up MaHe>KH&fl ynM4a to MaHe>KH&fl turn left into TaepcKiifl ynM48 and go straight on to nywKMHCK&fl

nn6~Ab·

460


8/1 I YI1M41ll 'streets'. 2 Tponn6it6ycll! 'trolleybuses'. 3 yHMBepcMTBT!!! 'universities'. 4 WK011!!! 'schools'. 5 My36!! 'museums'. 6 npOA&B~ 'sales assistants'. 7 n!tcbMl!. 'letters'. 8 nn61q&A!! 'squares'. 9 MMHYTill 'minutes'. 10 He,q611!! 'weeks'. II cllaMMilM.I!!. 'surnames'. 12 KHMr.tt 'books'. 13 A3biKB 'languages'. 14 nMpOIKKti 'pies'. 15 AO"'tmf 'daughters'. 16 AOM(l 'houses'. 17 aHrllM"'BH§ 'Englishmen'. 18 nec(l 'forests'. 19 T&Kcti 'taxis'. 20 CbiHaazB 'sons·. 21 MM§tl6. 'names'. 22 lr6nOK.I!I. 'apples'. 23 APYaB 'friends'.

8/2 I pyccKg KHMr!! 'Russian books'. 2 3T.!!t A3b1KM 'these languages'. 3 neTH!!§ AH.!!t 'summer days'. 4 HBW.I!I. cbrH~ 'our sons·. 5 cTilp!!!§ ropoAil 'old towns'. 6 MOM APYM 'my friends'. 7 6onbw~ Mara3MH!!! 'big shops'. 8 T~ r6AJ;!l 'those years'. 9 ailw.11 MecT(l 'your places (seats)'. 10 3T.!!t ynpaJKHeHMB 'these exercises'.

8.12 (I) Groceries/Food. M: What kinds of food do Russians buy in a/the shop? V: In a/the shop we buy salami, cheese, milk, eggs, butter, potatoes, sugar. And bread, of course, black and white. Russian bread is very good ('tasty'), always fresh. We are fond of making ('very like to make') open sandwiches. M: What about fruit ('fruits')? V: Fruit we buy at the market. It's ('They are') expensive but fresh. We buy apples and oranges. if there are (any). M: Where do you buy meat? V: In the shop the meat is bad. There is good, fresh meat only at the market. (2) Fruit. A: Where do they sell oranges? B: Only at the market. A: What about apples? B: There are apples in the shop, but they're bad. (3) At the Market. A: Are these pies yours? B (a trader): Yes ('Mine'). A: Are they fresh? B: (They're) fresh, very good. A: Give me a kilo, please. (4) In the Shop. M: Tell (me), please, in which section do they sell kefir (yogurttype drink)? Sales Assistant: In the dairy (section). M: What about eggs? SA: In the dairy section too. M: Thank you.

8/3 1 ECTb K64le?/K6clle ecTb? 2 ECTb CBeJKMe 6yYep6pOAbi?/CB6JKMe 6yYep6p6Abl eCTb? 3 rAe BBWWTBOM APY3bfr? 4 Slnro6nrb pyccKMe 611MHbl. 5 ~epHbiM xne6, nOIKBI1YMCT8. 6 AflitTe 3TM anellbCMHbl, nOIKBI1YMCT8.

461


8/4 1 6enopyc Belorussian (White Russian). 2 aannM(e)4 Welshman (mobile e after a vowel replaced by M). 3 aeHrp Hungarian. 4 Mpn8HA(8)4 Irishman. 5 McnaH(e)4 Spaniard. 6 naTiirw Latvian. 7 nMT6a(B)4 Lithuanian. 8 HeM(e)4 German. 9 noniiK Pole. 10 cj)p&H4Y3 Frenchman. 11 pyccKMM Russian (the only nationality whose Russian name is an adjective). 12 yKp&MH(B)4 Ukrainian. 13 waeA Swede. 14 WOTnBHA(B)4 Scot. 15 3CT6H(8)4 Estonian.

9/1 1 py6ni!. 2 nMCbM{l. 3 CbiH!l. 4 )1(8HI4MH.!!J.. 5 MOCKBhl. 6 KHMr.!!. 7 A6'1!UHI. 10 K6cj)e (indeclinable).

8 MonoK{l. 9 CBMABHI!Ifl.

9/2 1 Aae KoneMKM. 2 HeT caxapa/Caxapa HeT. 3 Tp111 cn6aa. 4 Aaa clirHa. 5 Aae H&AenM. 6 ynM48 B6nrMHa. 7 My)l( Maw111 (M after w). 8 6yYiirnKa aMHa. 9 H6Mep A6Ma. 10 ~~R HeT!HeT 'IBR.

9/3 1 py6no '5 roubles'. 2 AOM.Qil '10 houses'. 3 HO'IU '6 nights'. 4 )I(MTend '300 inhabitants'. 5 aTa)l(jij_ '7 floors'. 6 KHM[ '126 books'. 7 ynp8)1(H8HMM '12 exercises'. 8 ap&'lft '19 doctors'. 9 6yYep6p6AQ!l '5 sandwiches' 10 M&C! '20 places (seats)'. 11 raaet '40 newspapers'. 12 ananbCMHOB '9 oranges'. 13 aMepMKIH~ '200 Americans'. 14 TbiCR~ '5000'. 15 116nOK 'a kilogram of apples'. 16 APY3U '6 friends'. 17 A8H!H: 'There's no money'. 18 Kon8§K '40 kopecks'. 19 nMcg '11 letters'. 20 aHrnM'IB.tt '70 Englishmen'. 21 H&A8ll.lz '11 weeks'. 22lll! '450 years'. 23 Moptii '7 seas'. 24 MMI.tt '8 names'. 25

&HrnM'IBH~

'90 Englishwomen'.

9/4 1 AecRTb py6n§M TPMA48Tb Kon~. 2 nRTb 'fac.Q&. 3 nRTHBA48Tb MMHY!. 4 nRTb HBAb· 5 86CBMbABCRT ananbCMH.Qil. 6 nRTbABCAT A6nnapa. 7 Aa8A48Tb Atlft. 8 nRTb MeCR!Wl. 9 CT6 cn6g. 10 AaecTM wecTbAeciiT KB&pTMg.

462


9/5 1 MMHYT!;!! (gen.sg. after 3) '3 minutes'. 2 MMHYI '5 minutes'. 3 MMHYTA '21 minutes'. 4 r6AA '2 years'. 5lll! '10 years'. 6 AHH '123 days'. 7 A6nnu '1261 dollars'. 8 A6-IIRJ!. '4 daughters'.«? ofi KoneMKil '41 kopecks'. 10 oAH2[2 CTYASHTA 'I know 21 students' (anim ace.).

9/14 (1) A: Please give me three coffees, three teas, five open sandwiches and five pies. B: That will be ('From you') 4 roubles 28 kopecks. A: Here you are. B: Here's (your) change- 5 roubles 72 kopecks. A: Thank you. B: You're welcome. (2) A: Please give me 200 grams of cheese and half a kilo of salami. B: 7 roubles 26 kopecks. (3) A: What (How much) does this cost? B: 12 roubles a kilo. A: 400 grams, please. B: Here you are. 4 roubles 80 kopecks. (4) A: Please give me a kilo of apples. B: Anything else? A: How much are the oranges? B: 14 roubles. A: Half a kilo, please. B: That will be ('From you') 16 roubles. A: How many inhabitants are there in Moscow. 2 or 3 million? B: No, more. 8 million. But in St Petersburg there are fewer inhabitants- 4 million. A: And how many in Russia? B: I don't know exactly. Perhaps 150,000,000.

9/6 1 ABBALI&Tb oAiiiH. 2 n>•cR'4a ABecTM. 3 rblcR'Ia aoceMbC6T ceMbAecHr rpM. 4 ASBRTb TbiCR'4 (gen.pl. of TbiCR'4a). 5 ceMbC6T nRTbAeCRT nRTb.

6 nRTbAQCRT ABa. 7 nRTbAQCRT. 8 TPMALI&Tb nHTb. 9 TPMALI&Tb wecrb py6nei' W8CTbA8CRT KOnHK.

9/7 Q.1 Eleven weeks, four days. Q.2 Two or three times a week. Q.3 'Sadko' is expensive and she gets only £120 a month from her parents. V: How many months have you been ('are you already') in Moscow, Mary? M: Three months, or, to be precise ('if precisely'), eleven weeks and four days. V: How are you getting on? ('How are you living?') You're a vegetarian, aren't you ('you know'), and Russians are very fond of meat. M: I buy a lot of food at the market. I go there two or three times a week. Sometimes I go to the 'Sadko' foreign currency

463


shop. There they have ('there are') various dairy products, a lot of vegetables and fruit, but everything is ('costs') expensive. A kilogram of cheese costs five pounds, ten eggs cost two pounds. I get ('receive') only £120 a month from my parents, so I buy very little there.

10/1 1 Does Vadim have a wife? 2 He has a Russian female friend. 3 Does Eva have a brother? 4 She doesn't have a brother (stress on doesn't- so HBT at end).

5 Y 88C eCTb 6ltnoe BMH6? 6 Y HMX 8CTb A6-ib MABB CbiH8. 7 Y Hei ecTb A6HbrM?

10/2 1 pyccKoro APvra Mary receives letters from her Russian friend. 2 6onbw6ro TeittTpa There is a metro station near the Bolshoi Theatre. 3 Bon6AM Volodia is not at home ('Of Volodia there is not at home'). 4 APY36iii, xopowero

BMHS For our friends we are buying a bottle of good wine. 5 pa66Tbl, C8wM Today after work everybody except Sasha is going to the theatre. 6 KMnorpaMMB ca6)1(etiii Kon6acbl Please give me two kilos of fresh salami.

10/3 1 Do your Russian friends have any children? 2 Why haven't you any fresh fruit? 3 Near our house there is an institute of foreign languages. 4 They are not at home.

5 BoT nMCbM6 OT Moji{ pjCCK~ nOAPYr.l!l. 6 {0AH6) KMn6 3T.I!ll 6onbWU R6noK, nO)I(SnyiiiCTa. 7 Y H8C ecTb HKKOnbKO KHttr AnR BSWI!XfTBOU APY3ti.· a~ 6yTblnK.I!t KpacHgm aMHIM OAH8 6yTblnKa pyccKa a6AKI!!.. 9 Y Her6 {eCTb) MH6ro MHT&p6CHbiX KHMr. 10 Y Hac H&T pyccKMX A6Her.

10/4 1 MOB aMepMKittHCK.I!ll APY3ii 'She knows my American friends.' 2 aMepMKittHCK.I!ll A6nnapa 'Thirty-five American dollars.' 3 6onbWU

6yTblnQ!S/OAHi Man&HbKWl6yTblnKlt 'She is buying five large bottles of juice and one small bottle of wine.' 4 MHOCTpaHHIIJX (gen.pl.) R3b1KA (gen.sg.) 'Mary knows three foreign languages.'

10.17 (1) A: Do you have tea? B: No, but there's juice. A: And is there coffee? B: Yes (There is). (2) A: Do you have any bananas? B: No. There aren't any. A: What

464


have you got then? B: There are apples. There is no other fruit. (3) A: (And ) what have you got to drink? B: Wine. White (and) red. There's no vodka. A: Please give (me) a bottle of white wine. B: Here you are. A: Tell me please, do you have ('don't you have') any airmail envelopes? B: Yes. A: And what does such an envelope cost? B: An airmail envelope costs fifty-four kopecks. A: Two envelopes, please. B: 1 rouble 8 kopecks. A: OK. A: Tell me please, do you have a map of the town? B: Unfortunately, we haven't any at the moment, but there's a guidebook. A: What about maps of Russia? ('And are there maps of Russia?') B: Yes, we have maps. Have a look at this one. A: No, this map is too small. Don't you have a big one? B: There aren't any big ones., But there's this medium-sized one ('here such [a map], of average dimensions'). A: OK. I'll take ('I take') this one. How much is it? B: Fourteen kopecks. A: Only fourteen kopecks! So little! What a pleasant surprise! Customer: Tell me please, you don't have any meat, do you? Assistant: No. this is a fish shop. Fish is what we don't have. Where they don't have meat is at the shop opposite.

10/5 V: Do you have any (postage) stamps? I have three letters for my English (British) friends but I have no stamps at all. E: I have only two six-kopeck stamps. Ask ('at') my parents. V: That's awkward. I borrow ('take') so many different ('various') things from ('at') them- yesterday several English newspapers. this morning two English

dictionaries . .. [answer to Q.l]. E: Since they don't have a son [Q.2 Eva has no brothers], you are like a son to them. You have the right (10.4) to take (borrow) anything you like ('anything that you want'). V: And who am I to ('for') you- your brother, am I? E: Of course not. You are simply one of my friends. V: Thank you. So I am simply one of your friends. But your parents are fond of me ('love') me. E: Yes,

today mother is making an apple pie ('pie of fresh apples'), specially for you [Q.3 Evidence that she does].

10.6 I Sl He noHI!Mato. 2 Bbl roaopliiTe no·aHrnlili'icKII? -normal form. Also possible: roaopli!Te n11 Bbl no-aHrnlili'icKII? 3 Bbl lKI!BeTe a MocKae? ()KMBeTe

n11 Bbl B MOCKBe?) 4 Bbl (He) 3HBeTe, rAe n6'4Ta?/CK8lKMT8, nolKanyi'icTa, rAe n6'4Ta? 5 6H He roaopliiT no-pyccKI!. 6 Cnaclil6o 38 ni!CbM6. 7 KaK ('how') ee MMA 11 6T'IecTao? 8 Sl MAY (liAYl Ha KpacHyto nn6~Ab. 9 Sl He 6'4eHb nto6ntb SopOAIIHB (if emphasis on Borodin)/SI 5opOAIIHB He 6'48Hb nto6ntb (if emphasis on 'not very fond'). 10 KalKeTcA, MaKA6HanAc Ha nywKIIHCKOM nn61q8AII. II Molil APY3bR lKIIBYT Ha :hoi'i yn11148. 12 ABBAL48Tb nATb

465


A6nnapoa. 13 B6T A6M Moer6 APvra ~BaH.@ (gen.). 14 Cer6,qHR HeT Monod. 15 Y BSC 8CTb SHrmiriiCKMe KHMrM? 16 npoCTMTeiCK8.lKMT8, no.lK8nyriiCT8, y aac ecTb K6cj)e? 17 Y MeHII (ecTb) MH6ro pyccKMX APYHrii. 18 Y HSTawM ecTb ABS ManeHbKMX CbiHa. 19 ,qllriiTe 6yYblnKy xop6wero 6enoro BMHa, no>KanyriicTa. 20 Bbl 3HaeTeiTbl 3Haewb 3TMX A8ByweK?

11/1 1 6bln Ivan was in Moscow. 2 6blni Masha was in Moscow too. 3 6bln (man)/6blna (woman) I was in Kiev (for) two days. 4 pa66TSnM They worked all day. 5 pa66Tan (man)/pa66Tana (woman) I worked/was working yesterday. 6 3HanM, 6blna Did you know that she was/had been in Berlin? 7 alll,qenM Have you seen/Did you see my husband? 8 Morna She couldn't work. 9 wnM We were walking slowly. 10 BM,AeniBMAena, wen When I saw him, he was going to the shop. 11 6blnM Did you have friends in Moscow? 12 6bln She had a Russian friend. 13 ~ 6blnO There was no milk in the snackbar. 14 HI 6blnO We had no Russian money.

11/2 I ynbl6aeTCfl. 2 OA8BanMCb. 3 OTKpbiBaeTCR. 4 OTKpbiBanMCb. 5 H8'1MHa8TCJI.

11.9 (l) VP: Have you been in Petersburg? E: Yes. Last year. I was there for four days. VP: What did you see there? E: I saw Nevskii Prospekt, the (River) Neva, the Peter and Paul Fortress, I was in the Hermitage, of course. I didn't know that Petersburg was such a beautiful city. I had heard a lot about the ('that') city but all the same I didn't expect such beauty. (2) E: When does the concert begin ('itself')? V: At seven o'clock, I think. Why are you smiling? E: I know that there are no tickets left ('already no tickets'). But there's a good American film on at the cinema. Mother saw ('watched') (it) yesterday. She says that everybody was laughing. (3) KM: Welcome! Come on in! Take your coat off ('Undress yourself). Here are some slippers. AB: Klara Mikhailovna. I'm sorry I'm late ('Excuse for lateness'). I hope you're not angry. I spent so long looking for a taxi. KM: Never mind. Please, go through (to the main room). AB: There were no free cars at all. I didn't know what to do. KM: Let me introduce you. This is our neighbour, Vladimir Petrovich. He was in London recently. AB: Pleased to meet you. My name is Anna Borisovna. And what did you see there? VP: Unfortunately, because of the fog I didn't see

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anything. AB: Really? Why are you laughing? VP: It's a joke, of course. There weren't any fogs. But it rained all the time.

11/3 The Russian Tsar Peter the Great considered it necessary ('that it is necessary') to build a new port on the Baltic Sea. This was (is) the city of Saint Petersburg, or Petersburg, as it is usually called. This new 'window on to ('into') Europe' was built ('[they] built') on the River Neva, where the Peter and Paul Fortress already stood

on an island [Q. I so the site was not empty]. Petersburg was built ('built itself') quickly. For the construction of the city thousands of peasants were sent every year from all corners of Russia. They worked in the (winter) cold, it rained

constantly, it was windy, they stood up to their knees in water and mud. Every year thousands of people perished from diseases, hunger and overwork [Q.2].

12/1 I Sl noMorj. 2 Bbl noM6>KeTe!Tbl noM6>Kewb? 3 Mbl yBMAMM ee 3ilaTpa. 4 Mbl noliAiMino8AeM Ha KpacHyiO nn6&qaAb. 5 OHM He no8AYT· 6 Sl Kynmo 3Ty KHMry. 7 Mbl OTAOXHiM. 8 6H He npMAiT. 9 Sl 6epy 3Ty KHMry. 10 Sl CKa*Y AB8 cn6aa.

12/2 I "'T6 Bbl XOTMTel"lT6 Tbl X6"1eWb? 2 Sl XO"'Y noex&Tb' B CM6Mpb. 3 Mbl He XOTMM. 4 OHM XOTRT KynMTb' B6AKY. 5 Tbl (He) X6"1eWb BblnMTb'?

12/3 I BaM I'll give you 5 dollars. 2 MHe Will you help me? 3 >KeHe I'll show the letter to (my) wife. 4 Eae M B&AMMY I'll phone Eva and Vadim. 5 C"'BCTbiO Fortunately, the Russians want peace.

12/4 I Moeti >KeH§ to my wife. 2 aawt.M¥ pyccK.QMY APYI'Y Bon6At to your Russian friend Volodia. 3 3T.QMY MHTepecH.QMY aHrnM"'BHMHl£ to that interesting Englishman.

12/5 I HiiWMM POAMTenB.M to our parents. 2 3T.I!M ynMI.IlM along these streets. 3 T§M aMepMKBHLII.M He's helping those Americans. 4 MOHM APY3bHM I'll phone my

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friends. 5 CoeAMHiHHJzi.M WTiTilM She's an expert on the United States.

12/6 1 pyccKMM. APY3bii.M o HBW.IIX. A8TBX I told our Russian friends about our children. 2 ac:u pyccKu AOMQ, o COGAMHiHH.!!!X WTBTR In all Russian homes (houses) people often talk about the USA. 3 :hu Mara3MHtm, HaM We don't like the food in these shops.

12.19 Waitress: Hello. Customer: Hello. W: What do you want. C: We want to have a meal. W: Certainly. C: What have you got? W: We have mushrooms in sour cream, fish salad, meat rissoles, Beef Stroganov, Chicken Kiev. What would you like? C: My wife will have ('take') the mushrooms and the Chicken Kiev and I'll have ('take') the mushrooms and Beef Stroganov. Is there any mineral water? W: Yes. C: And what (alcoholic) drinks have you got? W: There's champagne and wine. C: Please bring my wife a bottle of mineral water and red wine for me ('to me'). W: All right. I'll bring you our Crimean red. C: Waiter, excuse me ('Be so good'). W: What can I do for you? ('I'm listening to you.') W: I'm a vegetarian. Do you have vegetarian dishes? W: Yes. Would you like fish? C: No, I only eat vegetables. W: All right, I'll bring you potatoes, cabbage and tomatoes. C: Thank you. E: Where shall we go? V: Let's go to (see) your friends. E: Which ones? ('To whom shall we go?') V: (To) Vera and Oleg. V: Would you like a drink? E: No thank you. I want a sandwich - and Pepsi, if there is any. V: I'll have a drink. E: I warn you: if you (will) drink a lot, (then) l'llleave without you.

12/7 E: Let's go and see ('to') my friends. V: Vera and Oleg? E: No, Natal'ia Petrovna and her family. V: I don't want to go there ('to them'). They live in Sokol'niki, don't they? That's a very long way [Q.l First objection]. E: There's a direct metro line (i.e. no changes). V: On top of that. Natal'ia Petrovna constantly talks about small children. I find that boring [Q.l Second objection]. E: Her husband will talk to you (tell you) about the countries of Western Europe. Boris Karlovich is an expert on the European Union, he often travels around these countries. V: I don't want to listen to an economics lecture [Q.l Third objection]. Let's go and see Vera. E: think ('To me it seems') you don't want to go and see Natal'ia and Boris only

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because they don't drink. (While) Vera will let you have a drink. V: How can you?! (You should be ashamed.) You know very well (lKe is for emphasis) that /like the sober lifestyle of Natal'ia Petrovna and her husband. E: In that case, Jet's go to visit my abstainers. [0.2 Eva manoeuvres Vadim into protesting that he's not looking for vodka and admires her sober friends). I'll just ring them/1'11 ring them right now, and then we'll ring mother to say that we won't be in for dinner ('we to dinner won't come').

13/1 Eva and Vadim were walking (action in process, unfinished) along Tverskaia Street and talking (action in process, unfinished) about her friends. Suddenly Eva remembered (single completed event) that she had forgotten (single event) to phone (386b1Tb is followed by p infinitive, meaning one hasn't done what one should have done) Vera. Usually she rang (repeated action) her every morning, but today she hadn't rung (failed to do what she should have done). 'I want (present tense) to make a phone call (single event),' she said (single completed event) to Vadim. 'We need to find (single event with a result) a phone box.' They searched (action in process, unfinished) ('for it') tor ten minutes and finally found (completed; result achieved) one near the 'lntourist' Hotel.

13/2 I We asked if she knew ('knows') Boris Petrovich. 2 Eva didn't know whether she would see ('will see') Vadim. 3 s:t He 3Hlno, roaopliiT 11M 6H no·pyccKM. 4 s:t He

3Hluo, no3BOHMT0 11M oHa 38aTpa. 5 Mbl He 3HBI1M, roaopliiT 11M oHti ('if she speaks') no·aHmliliiicKM. 6 0Hil cnpoclil11a 0 , aMepMKiiHe4 (m}/&MepMKiiHKa (f) 11M R ('whether I am') 7 s:t cnpowyo ee, x6'1eT 11M oHll noiiiTiil 0 a TeiiTp.

13.9 NN: When did you begin to study Russian? M: Four years ago. NN: Do you like Russian? M: Very much. But it's very difficult. NN: What languages do you know, apart from Russian? N: I speak a little French. In our schools almost all children learn French. And I can read German but I don't speak it. NN: Is Russian popular in your country ('at you', 'chez vous'). M: Many people want to study it, because everybody knows that it is a very important language nowadays ('in the modern world'). But there aren't many opportunities in our schools. I myself went to evening classes. I was lucky: in my town there is an institute where they have been teaching Russian for a long time. In general the English (British) are not very interested in foreign languages ('regard foreign languages indifferently'). They

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usually think that the whole world speaks English. NN: And why did you decide to study Russian? M: The thing is that several years ago I began to read the novels of Dostoevskii- in English, of course. Then I got the urge to read Russian literature in the original. That's why I decided to take a course ('enrol on a course'). I don't know whether I'll manage to master the language, but I've already read three Dostoevskii novels in Russian. NN: I think you've already mastered it. A journalist was conducting a survey on the streets of Moscow. 'Excuse me, where were you born?' 'In St Petersburg'. 'And where did you go to (finish) school?' 'In Petrograd.' 'And where do you live now?' 'In Leningrad.' 'And where would you like to live?' 'In St Petersburg.'

13/3 Vera was born in Moscow. She lived there for three years, then the family moved to Irkutsk. There she finished school and entered an institute. When she was studying at the institute, she fell in love with a young lecturer. Since he taught English and was translating (action in process) an English novel, she decided that she too wanted ('wants') to study English. So she started to go to evening classes.

13/4 1 Sl M3}"4iuo (or Y'~Y) pyccKMiii R3biK (yJKe) TPM MeCR4a. 2 Mb• xoTMM BbiY'IMTb pyccKMiii R3b1K. 3 M3pM nepeexana a MocKay M6biCTpo Bb1}"4Mna pyccKMiii R3biK. 4 Sl He 3HBIO, roaopl4r nM B&AMM no-aHrnl41iicKM. 5 EcnM 6H roaopi4T

no·aHrnl41iicKM, R eMy A&M 3ToT poMaH.

13/5 Brezhnev was travelling in his car along a Moscow avenue. He decided to take a look at the living standards of ('how lives') the Soviet people [0.1]. He ordered his chauffeur to stop the car at a tall block of flats. He went into the block and rang the bell of ('into') the first flat. The door was opened by a small boy. Brezhnev asked the boy if his home had a television [0.2]. 'Yes,' answered the boy. 'Is there a refrigerator?' 'Yes.' 'A tape recorder?' 'Yes.' 'Well then, it was I who gave you all these things!' The boy laughed with joy. 'Mummy, Daddy, Uncle Misha has come from America!' [Q.3 The family could only afford luxury goods thanks to the generosity of a relative in the West.]

14/1

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pyCCKMM Jl3biK. 4 3ii&Tpa J1 6YAY pa66T&Tb. 5 8 MocKBll J1 6YAY roaopMTb T6nbKO no-pycCKM. 6 OHM 6YAYT 3BOHMTb KfuKAbiM ABHb.

14/2 1 When we are ('shall be') in Moscow, we'll stay (be staying) at the 'Russia' Hotel. 2 If you write ('will write') her a letter, she'll answer. 3 If Vadim drinks ('will drink') a lot, Eva will leave without him. 4 We'll tell you when you come ('will come'). 5 When we've had dinner ('shall finish having dinner'), we'll watch television (for a while)/ After dinner we'll watch some television. 6 KorAlr Jl 6YAY ('shall be') a MocKae, Jl

6YAY roaopriiTb T6nbKO no-pyccKM. 7 KorAlr Eaa npMAiT/npMliAeT ('will come'), 8&AMM no3BOHMT HaMIH&M no3BOHMT. 8 EcnM Bbl ASAMTe eMy AliCJITb A6nnapoa, 6H ASCT aaM 6Mn6Tbr. 9 Sl He 3Haro, 6yAeT nM OHa A6Ma.

14/3 1 'Aren't you cold?' 'No, I'm actually ('even') warm.' 2 In Moscow in August we were hot. 3 'May I open the window?' 'Please do/Go ahead, but it will be noisy.' 4 Tomorrow it will be necessary to (we'll have to) buy a hat. 5 3Aecb MO>KHO

KynMTb BOAKY? (Put the place word 3A&Cb at the beginning unless it's stressed.) 6 8 3Toi KOMHaTe 6"1eHb x6noAHO. 7 8aMITe6e He 6yAeT cKj"'Ho. 8 8aAMMY H&nb3R nMTb.

14.8 V: Will you object if I go ('will go') to Al{:)sha's place ('to Alesha') on Saturday? We're going to celebrate the anniversary of his divorce. Men only ('in male company'), of course, no women. E: I see. So you're going to drink vodka all evening. You know drinking's bad for you ('While to you to drink is harmful'). V: I'll drink a little, just to relax a bit. I know that I mustn't drink too much ('one must drink in moderation'). E: If you get drunk, you'll feel ashamed afterwards. V: Don't worry.

14/4 VP: Where are you going to spend your summer holiday? AM: In the south, in the Crimea, not far from Yalta. It's very beautiful there. VP: I don't like the Crimea in summer. It's very hot. And it's hard to find somewhere to stay ('to find a room') [Q.1 Two of the reasons]. AM: And may I ask you what you're going to do (be doing) in August? VP: You'll think this is funny, but we've decided to stay in Moscow. We're going to stay ('sit') at home and watch television. AM: But that'll be boring, won't it? [Q.2] VP: On the other hand, it'll be peaceful. All the neighbours

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will go away, we won't hear any drunken voices, any swearing or any loud rock music [Q.l The third reason]. AM: In our block the soundproofing is good. VP: Ours is very noisy ('In our place is very noisy'). Then in autumn, when everybody returns ('will return') to Moscow, we'll take a holiday in Sochi, at my sister's place

[Q.3]. 15/1 l A8i1Te. 2 nocnywai(Te). 3 0AeBai4cJI!0AeBai4TeCb.

15/2 l npMHeCMTe. 2 YXOAMIYXOAMTe. 3 KynM/KynMTe. 4 nocMOTplii(Te).

15/3 l 0CTBHbCJI/0CTBHbTeCb. 2 0TBeTIJ0TBeTbTe. 3 3a6jAb (familiar form going with the intimate form BaHR).

15/4 l Corne and see us on Saturday(' invitation). 2 Would you open the window?

(P request). 3 'May I smoke?' 'Go ahead' ('a general invitation, not a command). 4 Answer two questions (P single command). S Give me your telephone (number)

(P single command/request). 6 Do have a pie(' invitation). 6 Don't go away (' negative command/prohibition).

15/5 l no3BOHM(Te) MHe DBTpa. 2 CKB>KMTe, nO>KanyMCTB, TAe BOK38n? 3 He 386fAb(Te) npMH&CTM COK. 4 nMwM(Te) HBM 'IBCTO. 5 CBAMCIJCBAMT&Cb. 6 A814Te ABB 6MneT8, nO>KanyMCT8. 7 He OTKpbiBaii(Te) OKH6. 8 :hoii KOMHBTe xonOAHO.

15/6 I Let's have a drink. 2 Let's go and see Eva and Vadim. 3 Don't be angry. Let them go if they want to. 4 If Volodia phones, tell him I've left. Tell him to (Let him) phone tomorrow. S Aaaaii(Te) roaopMTb' (noroaopMMP) no-pyccKM. 6 Aaaaii(Te)

no3BOHMMP Eae. 7 Aaaai(Te) He 6yAeM AYMBTb o pa66Te. 8 nycTb M3y'laeT' (j'IMT') cj)paH4Y3CKMii (R3b1K), ecnM (oH) xo'leT.

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15/7 Yu: Have you read [ 15.11 (8)] the novel Anna Karenina? Sh: Not yet. I bought

[ 15.11 (9)] it last year. I wanted/intended [15.11 (3)] to read [15.11 (9)] it, but I was working a lot [15.11 (2)(3)(6)], I got very tired [15.11 (6)] and hadn't time to do anything [15.11 (4) (6)]. But this August ('Here in August') I'll be on holiday [15.11 (3)]. then I'll definitely read it [15.11 (9)/15.12 (b)]. Yu: When you've read it [15.11 (11)], we'll talk/have a talk [15.11 (9)] about whether Tolstoi understood [15.11 (3)] the female heart/how women feel.

15.14 Tourist: Could you tell me how to get to the station? V: Take trolleybus number 4, get out at the square and change there to any tram. Tourist: Could you tell me how to get to ('reach') the 'Russia' Hotel? E: Let's look at the city map. Here's the hotel. not far from the Kremlin. We're here, near McDonald's on Pushkin Square. Turn right and go straight on along Tverskaia Street. At the 'National' Hotel you'll see a pedestrian subway. Go down the steps ('Go down'), then straight on, then find the exit to Red Square. Go towards St Basil's ('the cathedral of Vasilii the Blessed'). To the left of the cathedral you'll see a large modern building. That's the 'Russia'. E: Excuse me, could I speak to Vadim, please? NN: He's just gone out. Is that Eva? E: Yes. NN: He rang you

Pno result 15.11 (2), 15.12 (c)] ten minutes ago,

but you weren't at home. E: Tell him that I'll be at home in the evening. Ask him to ring again. NN: I'll do that. LP: Tania! What are you doing? Stop it! T: But I want to. LP: I don't allow it! You mustn'tl T: Why mustn't I? LP: Tania, that's enough I T: I'm not afraid of you. LP: I'll punish you. T: If you punish me, I'll cry.

15/8 B: Could I speak toR, please? ('Please call R') Secretary: I'm afraid he's busy. Ring in an hour. B: Don't hang up, please. Could you tell him that B rang?S: OK, I'll tell him. B: Ask him to ring me on 125-36-47 [Q.I]. S: Don't worry, I'll tell him. B: Excuse me for troubling you. This is Evgenii Matveevich Borisov. Could I speak to R, please? S: He's already left. B: How can he have left? Why didn't he ring? S: I don't know. I told him you rang. B: Please remind him again tomorrow. S: Will do. [0.2 She couldn't call R because he was busy. She didn't hang up. She says she told R that B rang but she doesn't mention having asked R to ring B. So she carried out at least two of the instructions.]

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B: Hello. It's Borisov. Is R in? He's in but he's expecting a client. B: When he's free,

remind him that I asked him to ring me [Q.3]. S: OK, /'//leave him a note [Q.4].

15/9

I Sl XO'IY KynMTb• wanKy. 2 Mbt JKM/1111' a rOCTMHM48 «IIIHTYPMCT». 3 - Bbt 'IMTanM'ITbt 'IMTan(a)' poMaH «AHHa KapeHMHa»?- HeT, He 'IMTan(a)'. 4 Mbt 'ISCTO 3BOHMnM' BBAMMY M Eae. 5 - Bbt npMAiT&PITbt npMAiWb• 3SBTpa? - Sl npMAy•, ecnM cMorj". 6 EcnM 38aTpa y Hac 6yAeT apeMA (38aTpa), Mbt no3aoHIIiM• (HSWMM) APY3bRM. 7 Mbr 6yAeM JKA&Tb' aac/Te6R. 8 Sl OTAOXHjP, noT6M fl nOMAVO H8 KpacHyiO nn6f148Ab.

9 Hea03MOJKHo/Henb3R OTKpbiTb• 3yY ABepb. 10 noJKanyMCT8, npMH8CMTe• MHe 6yYbtnKy MMHepSnbHOM BOAbl. II noJKanyMCT8, He OTKpbtBSM(Te)' OKH6. HaM x6nOAHO. 12 nMwlli' MHe 'ISCTO. SI6YAY nMCSTb' Te66 KSJKAYIO H&A6nl0 (ace.). 13 He 386YAb(Te)•, 'ITO 3SBTpa Mbl MAiMI6AeM (pres.) k HaTanbe neTp6aHe. 14 CSAIIiTecb. Sl npMAY 'lepe3 H6cKonbKo MMHjT. MHe HSAO no3BOHMTb A6TAM. 15 ,Aaaatl(Te) He 6yAeM roaoplliTb' o A6TAX.

16/1 I aapeHb§M. 2 n6JKK~. 3 jTpoM. 4 JKeH614 MA6'1ep~. 5 Caw~. 6 48PiM HMKOnat.M.

16/2

16/3 I

pyccK~ MY3btK~

I have been studying/involved with Russian music for a long

time. 2 6p8TQM My brother and I were on holiday in the Crimea. 3 MonoKQM.,

anenbCMHOB.III.M c6KQM Vadim is drinking coffee with milk and Mary is drinking vodka with orange juice. 4 MOHMH pyccK.I!I.M.!!!. APY3~ I want to introduce you to ('acquaint you with') my Russian friends.

5 Hell, HSMM What's the matter with

her? Why doesn't she want to talk to ('with') us?

16.11 In the morning my brothers Sergei and Aleksandr and I get up early, get dressed and go to the kitchen. We usually breakfast with father. He sits at ('behind') the table, drinking coffee with milk and reading the paper with interest. He hardly ever speaks to ('with') us at ('behind' as in 38 CTon6M 'at table') breakfast. He used to

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be a schoolteacher and while breakfasting always prepared lessons. That's why he's in the habit ('has such a habit') of reading in silence at the table. But when we sit down at (38 +ace. =motion behind) the table, he says: 'Good morning, boys. Good morning, my little girl ('daughterlet'). How did you sleep?' 'Well, dad,' we answer. Then we start to eat. My brothers usually have kasha. Seriizha eats with a spoon and Sasha with his fingers, since he knows that father isn't looking at him. I have bread and cheese. We drink tea with lemon or jam. Sometimes Mum fries me some eggs with salami, but usually she gets up late. Our mother doesn't like breakfast. She gets up after us and goes to the factory where she is chief engineer ('works as chief engineer'). In the evening she comes back home, Dad makes supper, and we all have supper together. After supper we sit in front of the television, but usually we don't watch it. Mum sits between me and my brothers and we talk. I enjoy that. Unfortunately, sometimes instead of our talk Serezha plays the guitar and Sasha sings. Although I'm interested in music, I can't listen to them when they give such a concert. They say they want to become professionals but in my view they'll never be real musicians. When they start, I say that I have to study and I leave the room. But Dad is very keen on these concerts and enjoys listening to his sons.

16/4 V: Where do you want to go today? M: I want to get to know the sights of Moscow. Will you be my guide? V: With pleasure. Let's go to the centre. I'll just get a city map. Right. Let's go first to Okhotnyi Riad. That used to be Marx Prospekt [Q.l One]. Going along it we'll reach Theatre Square- it used to be called Sverdlov Square [Q.l Two]. And, see, here is the famous Bolshoi Theatre. Beside it is the Malyi Theatre. Then we'll continue to Lubianka Square. After the Revolution Lubianka was for a long time called Dzerzhinskii Square [Q.l Three]. M: Who was Dzerzhinskii? If I'm not mistaken, he became famous for something rather unpleasant. V: Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinskii was one of the first Chekists (secret policemen). To be more precise. he was the chairman of the All-Russia Special Commission Against Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (the Cheka) [Q.2]. M: Feliks Edmundovich?Was he a foreigner? [Q.3 Mary thinks, correctly, that his name doesn't sound very Russian.] V: By birth he was Polish. M: And what happened to his Special Commission? V: That organization changed its name several times: now it's the KGB, the Committee of State Security. If you like, I'll tell you Dzerzhinskii's life-story. M: Thank you, I don't suffer from insomnia. V: I'm sorry, I don't follow. M: It was a joke. Why are you so interested in that subject? V: My favourite subject at school was history. I was very interested in the Old

475


Bolsheviks- Lenin, Krupskaia [0.4 fending], Trotskii, Bukharin., Kamenev, Zinov'ev, Kollontai [Q.4 since the person is female, them -aiii ending doesn't decline], Dzerzhinskii and others. For a long time now I've been working particularly on Dzerzhinsky and his assistants. Although many now consider that the Chekists were criminals, even murderers, I think that they were genuine revolutionaries, passionate believers in Lenin's ideas ('devoted to the ideas of Lenin') [0.5]. M: Perhaps we'll come back to the subject in the evening. But what about our route

rn•.!~d

Moscow? V: OK. Then we'll go along Nikol'skaia Street. In

front of you you'll see ('will open itself') a view of Red Square, the Lenin Mausoleum and, behind the Mausoleum, the Kremlin wall with its towers.

17/1 1 On Sunday. 2 It is now six o'clock. 3 It is now twenty-five past two. 4 B cp6Ay.

5 AecRTb MMHYr nHroro. 6 6e3 ABBA48TM ABeH8A4&Tb. 17/2 1 She'll come at five to eight. 2 Let's go there on Saturday at half past two. 3 The film begins at ten past seven. 4 We'll arrive at ten p.m. 5 Sl npMAY (npM6AY) e

cp6AY e weCTb ("1ac6e -can be omitted in conversation). 6 CI)MnbM HB"'MHSBTCR 6e3 ABCRTM ceMb. 7 OH no3BOHMT e nonoeliiHe nAroro. 8 B n6HAOHe OAMHHBA48Tb ... ac6e ee"'epa (Ae8A48Tb rpM "'acs).

17/3 1 The main holidays in the USSR were 1 January, 1 May, 9 May, 7 November. 2 Lenin was born on 22 Apri11870. 3 They arrived at 6 p.m. on Monday, 31 December 1990. 4 Wecr6ro anpenR TbiCR"'8 ABBRTbC6T ABBRH6CTO nepeoro r6A8· 5 8 A6BRTb "18C6B yrpa B nHTHM4Y OAMHH8A48TOro RHB8pH. 6 6e3 nRTH!iA48TM ("16TBepTM) WBCTb ABCHTOrO OKTR6pH TbiCJI"'8 ABBRTbC6T

C6MbA8CRT C8AbM6ro r6AS.

17/4 (1) A: How old are you? B: I'm thirty-four. A: When's your birthday? B: On 23 March. A: How old are your children? B: My son is ten and my daughter is eight. A: Have you been in Moscow long? B: Since last Friday. (2) A: Vania, in which year did you become a teacher? B: In (19)63. A: How old were you then? B: Twenty-three.

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(3) A: Could you say when this shop is open ('works')? B: From 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. (4) A: It's now a quarter past four. B: What ('How')?! On my watch it's not yet four ('yet isn't of four' (gen. after HeT). (5) Tourist: Could you tell me when the Russian Museum is open? Eva: Every day except Tuesday, from nine to six. T: Thank you. E: You're welcome. (6) A: Could you tell me when this shop opens? B: At eleven. A: And when's the lunch break? B: From two to three. (7) A: When is GUM's lunch break? B: GUM doesn't have one. (8) A: Which day are the food shops closed? B: Food shops don't have days off.

17.15 M: When do Muscovites have lunch ('have a meal in the afternoon')? V: Some (lunch) at twelve, some at one, some at two, some even at three. Some shops close from three to four, sometimes even from four to five. Many shops don't close for lunch. M: And when do they open in the morning? V: Food shops at ('from') eight, other shops (non-food shops) at ('from') ten. M: When do they close? V: Late. Most stay open until eight, some until ten. But offices close earlier, about five. M: What about weekends ('Saturday and Sunday')? V: Food shops are open every day. Offices are closed on these days. Guest: When does the train leave for Voronezh? Girl: At eleven p.m. Gu: And when will I be able to pick up my ticket? Gi: Tomorrow morning. Gu: OK. I'll come at eight. Gu: That's (too) early. The office opens at nine. Gi: But tomorrow I won't be able to come at nine. Our city tour ('excursion round the city') will start at eightthirty. Gu: In that case we'll expect you ('be waiting for you') after the excursion. We're open ('work') until eight p.m.

17/5 1 CK6nbKO eiii neT? 2 MHe TPMA48Tb wecTb (neT). 3 B TbiCR'IB ABBRTbCOT BOC8MbA9CRT BOCbMOM rOAY eMy 61irno copoK (neT). 4 Sl npMA'J/npM6AY BO BTOPHMK 6e3 nRTHlrA48™ ('llhaepTM) TPM AHR. 5 nolKlrnyiiicTB, no3BOHM(Te) MHB ABCHTOrO nocne wecTM ('IBCOB). 6 Mbl 6'JABM B CM6MpM c ABBHTOrO MlrR no WeCTHlrA48T08 (Ao W8CTHlrA48TOro) MrOHR. 7 SllKMBY B n6HAOH8 C (TblCR'IB AeBRTbCOT) ceMbAeCRT TpeTbero r6AB.

17/6 1 Ptitr ll'ich Chaikovskii (Tchaikovsky) was born in the Urals in 1840 (Q.11l

477


Tb!CR'tl aoceMbC6T copoKoB6M rPJW). He started to compose music when he

was still a child. He received his musical education at the St Petersburg Conservatoire. From 1885 (Q.I c Tb!CR'ta aoceMbC6r a6caMI!AICRT n(rroro rW) Chaikovskii lived near (in the vicinity of) the town of Klin, not far from Moscow. He moved into the house which is now the Chaikovskii Museum in May 1892 (Q.I B MH TbJCR'tl BOC8MbC6I ,Q.eBRH6CTO BTOp6ro r6A&). Here was everything which Chaikovskii had sought for so long: wonderful countryside, peace and quiet, and the chance to compose. [Q.2:] He got up between seven and eight [I], until nine he studied English and read [2]. At nine-thirty he started work [3). He worked until one p.m. [4]. He spent an hour on lunch [5], and then went for a walk which lasted exactly two hours [6). He always ('without fail') walked alone, since during these walks he almost always composed. From five to seven again he worked [7·). After work he went for a walk or played the piano [8]. At eight supper was served. [9) After supper Chaikovskii entertained ('spent time with') his guests, or, if he had no guests, read [IO]. At eleven he went to his room, where he wrote letters [II] and before bed did some more reading [12]. In this house Chaikovskii composed ('created') his last works, among which was the brilliant Sixth Symphony. Nowadays Klin is Chaikovskii's town. His house in Klin has become a museum. Twice a year, on 7 May [Q.3), Chaikovskii's birthday [Q.4], and on 6 November [Q.3], the day of his death [Q.4], musicians from Russia and abroad come here [to the museum]. And here once again Chaikovskii's wonderful music is heard [0.4). Then many listeners recall the words of the great Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov: 'I am willing to mount a day-and-night guard of honour at the door of the house which is the residence of Petr ll'ich.'

18/1 I Which wine is better? 2 These oranges are dearer. 3 Do come and see us a little more often. 4 Hurry up a bit, please, it's already half past seven. 5 Eva is younger than Vera. 6 In Moscow the weather was better than in Petersburg. 7 Russian is much more difficult than French. 8 War and Peace is a longer novel than Anna Karenina. 9 Vera was wearing a more expensive dress than Eva. 10 Mary is a lot more interesting than Eva. II Mary is less interested in Dzerzhinskii than Volodia is (not 'than in Volodia') 12 Please give me something easier to do ('work which is a bit easier').

18/2 1 ny'twe In London life is better. 2 MeAiltHHae aac/re6a (,'taM Bbi!Tb!).

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3 HBMH6ro (ropi13Ao) AOP6:1Ke, -.eM a M&ra31i!He Vodka costs much more (is much more expensive) in a restaurant than in a shop. 4 66nbwe EBbl

-.&""' (66nee

(, -.eM Eaa). 5 66nee MHTepecHble nMCiiTenM, -.eM ToncT6M. 6 -.acTo), -.eM B6AKX (ace.) I buy wine more often than (I buy) vodka.

18/3 1 We'll buy the most expensive tickets. 2 We live (are staying) in the best hotel. 3 Lake Baikal is the biggest in the world. 4 6H Kynliln ciiMyiO Aeweay10 a6AKY.

5 3To ciiMoe nerKoe ynpa:IKHeHMe. 18/4 1 KOT6pg (nom.f sg.). 2 KOT6pmi_ (in st. f sg.). 3 KOT6p.ld§ (ace. pl.). 4 KOT6pXJ:Q (ace. f sg.). 5 KOT6poM (prep. m sg.). 6 KOT6p2rQ (ace. m anim sg.).

18.12 V: Do you remember Viktor? M: Is he that young man you were talking to ('with whom you were talking') in the bar yesterday? V: No. He's the one who got us tickets to the Taganka Theatre. M: He isn't that thin man who(m) we talked to at Vera's? V: Come now! That's a different Viktor. I'm talking about the ('that') Viktor you wanted to get to know better ('with whom you wanted to become a bit more closely acquainted'). The tall one, taller than me, with a nice voice. M: Oh yes, I remember. Who tells jokes better than anyone else. V: That's the one. Well then, he remembers you and wants to invite you to a lecture which he's giving ('reading') on Wednesday. M: On what subject? I hope his lecture will be more interesting than the one on the Chekists you took me to the day before yesterday. V: Don't worry. Viktor is our finest expert on the Russian theatre.

18/5 Siberia occupies the greater (6QnbWMM 'larger') part of Northern Asia from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific in the east and from the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the north to the southern steppes and the border with Mongolia and China [Q.l]. The Siberian rivers Ob', Enisei and Lena are among the ten biggest in the world. Apart from rivers, Siberia has very beautiful large and small lakes with extremely pure water. One of them, Lake Baikal, is the oldest, deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world [Q.2]. Siberia has more than half of all Russia's natural resources: coal, oil, gas, gold, diamonds and rare metals. And it is the world's number one source of hydroelectric power [Q.3]. Siberia has a most

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varied range of wild animals ('most various wild animals .. .') and birds, it has very valuable fish- for example, sturgeon and salmon. Geographers normally divide Siberia into Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, wl1ich they consider a separate region [from Siberia]. The Far East is an enormous ter.ritory which includes Kamchatka, lakutia and the island of Sakhalin [Q.4]. Its most important cities are Khabarovsk and Vladivostok.

19/1

I If she had spoken more slowly, I would have understood (If she spoke more slowly, I would understand). 21fwe had known that you would be ('you will be') in Moscow, we would have phoned. 3 Vadim would write Eva a letter if he had time (Vadim would have written Eva a letter if he had had time). 4 Vera would like ('would want') to talk to you ('have a talk with you').

19/2 I EcnM 6bl 6H 6bln a MocKae, 6H 6bl HaM no3aoHiiln (6H noaaoHiiln 6bl HaM).

2 OHM 6bl npMwnlil (6bl), ecnM 6bl Bbl MX npMrnaclilnM. 3 EcnM 6bl Eaa 3Hilna, 'IT6 BBAMM nb8T c HiiMM BMH6 (c HiiMM), oHil 6bl paccepAiilnacb (6bl). 4 Sl 6bl xoTen(a) (6bl) aac npMrnacliiTb.

19/3

19/4 I to give back or give away money. 2 to hand over or transmit a letter. 3 to cease to love a husband ('dislove '). 4 friends and foes. 5 to look around a town/city. 6 a suburb of Moscow. 7 departure from work. 8 to rebuild (extensively alter) a house. 9 to reach ('travel as far as') the station. lOa stray('horneless') dog.

II penultimate day. 12 to foresee the result. 19.9 M: Excuse me, do you know where Professor Mirchanov is? He was supposed to meet me here at two o'clock. What ('How') do you think, should I wait? Secretary: Yes, yes, I remember that you and ll'ia Egorovich agreed to meet today. He must have forgotten. I think he's already gone home. I would have reminded him, but unfortunately I was with the dean all morning. M: If I had known he was so absentminded, I would have telephoned in the morning. But how I am to find him? It's

480


urgent. Tomorrow I'm going on a study trip to Zabaikal'e (the area beyond (38) Lake Baikal). 8: You must go out of the institute, go straight on, then turn the corner at the shop called 'Podarki' ('Gifts'). Cross the street there, go as far as the traffic lights, walk past the metro entrance, find house number 6, go in at the third entrance, climb up to the fourth [third in UK] floor and ring the bell of flat 42. M: Thank you, I've noted all that down.

19/5 A year ago Elena and Pavel Sidorov had a daughter, Tania. Lena thinks that life would be easier if grandmother was close by. 'I wouldn't object if my mother lived

with us,' says Lena. 'She would help me to cook and to bring up Tanechka.' [Q.l Elena wants her mother to move in to help her cook and bring up her one-yearold daugher.] 'I think I help you enough,' Pavel objects. He thinks that his mother-

in-law should stay in the country [Q.2].

'If you

didn't help me, I'd divorce you!'

Lena answers seriously. 'But all the same it would be better if I didn't depend only

on your help.· [Q.3 She doesn't, though she implies that he's not the world's best househusband.]

20/1

I Last year we went (m) to New York (and came back). 2 Every day my wife takes (m) the children to school by car (she makes round trips). 3 Yesterday she took (m) her small son to the park (and they came back). 4 Where are you lugging ('dragging') (u) those huge dictionaries to (one direction)? 5 Usually I get up at eight, have breakfast and at nine go (u) to work) (stressing the trip to work; obviously I come back from work, but not at nine in the morning). 6 Time flies (u) (in one direction only, at least in the world we and the Russians inhabit)! 7 Run (u) (one direction)! The film starts in five minutes. 8 Every year my husband and I go (m) to the seaside (there and back). 9 Have you ever flown (m) in a Russian plane (number of directions irrelevant)? 10 I can't (don't know how to) swim (m) (direction irrelevant, since I don't succeed in moving in any direction). ll Don't go (m) to that film (no motion). You'll be bored. 12 Don't go (u) so quickly, we still have time (you're already moving i.n a particular direction and I want you to keep moving, only not so fast). 13 We don't like running (jogging) (m) before breakfast (direction irrelevant).

20/2

I XOAMmt (there and back). 2 neTaeM (round trips). 3 MAiT. 4 non3iT (see ex 20/1 (6)). 5 6poAMnM (many directions). 7 HeciT ((a) the champagne is on a one-

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way trip; (b) even though the waiter is going to go back again, remember that i multidirectional verbs can be used for a single round trip only in the past tense 20.2 (1).

20/3 1 We walked around the shops then went to (set off for) the cinema. 2 We made a three-day trip to Paris. 3 The children ran around in the park for a while, got tired and went home. 4 This morning we took Tania to the doctor (and brought her back).

5 We're going to swim in the pool every morning (in many directions or

direction irrelevant). 6 Would you run to the shop for some bread (and come back with it)?

20/4 1 He will soon arrive in London. 2 She entered the room. 3 He left (went out of) the shop. 4 When you reach the corner, turn right. 5 Please move away from the window. 6 Let's cross the road at the traffic lights. 7 He went up to her. 8 Go away.

20/5 1 MAiM (u). 2 neTMM (u). 3 6erjT (u) (somewhere). 4 x6AMTe (m) (round trips).

5 63AMnM' (m). 6 no&AeM• (u) (CM3AMM" (m)) a r6pQA. 7 a83iT (u). 8 XOAM(Te) (m) Don't go to that bar. The beer's bad there. 9 npMX6AMT. 10 npM6A8T". 11 y6elKflna•. 12 npMHeciT". 13 npMB83MT8°. 14 BbiWnM•. 15 npM83:1KBnM'.

20.10 'Tania, please take this dirty plate (away) to the kitchen and bring a clean one." Tania ran off. Ten minutes later I went to look for her: I went into the kitchen [and came out again], she wasn't there, then I went into the bedroom to see grandmother. 'Did Tania pop in here [run in and out]?' 'No. I think I heard her voice in the flat next door." 'Strange," I said. 'The Abramovs went to Germany a month ago." I ran next door ('to the neighbours'). It turned out that the Abramovs had just flown in from Frankfurt. Tania had heard them arriving ('how they arrived') and had run out on to the stairs. 'Yes, Tania is with us," said the neighbours, laughing. 'She came (running) about fifteen minutes ago. We'll bring her back home soon." 'Daddy, look what lovely things they've brought (by transport)!' shouted Tania. 'I want to go and live in Germany!' A: How do I get to the Central Stadium? B: It would be best to take the metro to ('as far as') 'Sportivnaia'. A: How long does it take ('how much [time] there to

482


travel')? B: I think it takes half an hour. A: Excuse me, how do I get to the 'Russia' Hotel? B: You'll have to get on a bus and travel three stops. A: Thank you. 8: You're welcome.

A: Excuse me, how do I get to ('reach') the 'Russia' Hotel? B: Take the metro to 'Kitai-gorod' ('China-Town'). A: Can I get there by bus? 8: Yes. Take the 24. It goes along Kitaiskii Prospekt ('Chinese Avenue'). But the metro is better.

20/6 IP: Write down how to get to our place. You should take the metro and go as far as

'Profsoiuznaia' ('Trade Union Street'). Walk towards the last carriage (i.e. make for the exit at the rear end of the train) and out to the street. Turn left . .. E: Hang on. I'm writing it down: out on to the street and turn which way? IP: Turn left, go to the

corner and cross over. Turn left again and go along the avenue until you reach our street [Q.1]. E: Ivan Petrovich, isn't there a simpler way? IP: If you're going to be at Vadim's, it's better to take the bus. The 57 goes along his (Vadim's) street. You

need to travel four stops and get off at the fifth, by the cinema. You won't go past it, it's a big cinema, right opposite the stop. Go along the avenue a little way until

you come to our block [Q.2]. You can also take the number 10 but it turns left into Narodnoe Opolchenie ('People's Militia'/'Home Guard') Street and doesn't go as far as the cinema [Q.3].

20/7 1 KyA8 Tbl M,qiwb? 2 Sl M,qy HB KpacHyiO nn6~b. 3 OHM nownl1 B KpaMnb. 4 Sl 'ISCTO XO>Ky B KMH6 ('ISCTO). 5 B cpe,qy J1 ea,qMn(a) !i H6aropo,q (B cp{l,qy). 6 Mbl ea,qMM B PocCMIO nO'ITM d>K,qbiM r6,q. 7 Sl nl06ntb 6erBTb (m) nepa,q 38BTpaKoM. 8 l.fepa3 TPM ,qHR R nonB'Iy (yn8'1y) a TannMHH ('lepa3 TPM ,qHR). 9 Mbl XOTMM no!;tn1 HB pbiHOK. 10 0cj)M4MSHT HBc:8T (npMH6CMT) 66p1J4. 11 KyA8 Bbl HBC ae,qi!TB (HBC)? 12 LfSCTO M,qi!T ,q6>K,qb/.Q6>K,qb M,qiiT 'ISCTO?

20/8 1 I don't know (3HSIO). I don't speak (roaoptb) French. I live (>KMBY) in England. 2 I'll give (,qaM) five dollars. 3 We're sorry we're (npMwnlt) late. We couldn't

(Mornlt) find a taxi. 4 Show (noKB>KMTB) (me) that, please. Give (,q8MTB) me two, please. 5 If I knew (3H8n(a)), I would phone/If I had known, I would have phoned

(no3BOHMn(a)). 6 Please may I speak to ('Please call') Mariia FEidorovna (Map1t10 cDe,qopoaHy) or Ivan Petrovich (HaaHa naTp6BM'Ia)? 7 I can't open this door (3TY ,qaapb). 8 Please bring five bottles (6YTt>•noK) of mineral water (MMHepanbHOM

483


BOAbl), three teas ('laR) and five pies (mtpOlKKOB). 9 I (MeHR} have no Russian money (pyccKMX A8Her). 10 Viktor is a specialist on Russian theatre (pyccKoMy Te8Tpy). II Help them (MM), please. Help these tourists (3TMM TYPMCTaM). 12 Let me introduce you to my new friend (MOMM HOBbiM APYrOM). 13 I want to meet your friends (BaWMMM APY3bRMM). 14 Do you have any books in English (aHrnMiiiCKOM R3bld)? 15 We talked/were talking about him (HiM). 16 BXOAMTe (3aXOAMTe), nOlKanyiiiCT8. C8AMT8Cb. 17 Sl XOTen(a) 6bl noiiiTM B 50nbWOiii Te8Tp. 18 CK8lKMT8, nOlKanyiiiCT8, K8K npoeX8Tb B MHCTMyYT (AOGX8Tb AO MHCTMyYT8) H8 MeTpO? 19 nolKanyiiiCT8, AlliiiTe (MH8) AB8 6Mn8T8. cJIMnbM H8'1MH88TCR B nonOBMHe BOCbMOrO? 20 li13BMHMTe (npOCTMTe) 38 ono:JA8HM8. Sli1no 6'1eHb TPYAHO H&iiiTM Baw AOM. 21 B'lepa R roBopltn(a) c BnaAMMMpoM CMMPHOBbiM (B'Iepa). 6H cKa3iln, 'ITO R AOnlKeHIAonlKHa (MHe H{l.qo/HylKHO) (BaM) n03BOHMTb BBM. 22 8 MOeiii KOMH8Te x6nOAHO. Kp6Me TOr6, 0'18Hb WjMHo/lil 0'18Hb WjMHO. 0KHO He 38Kpb1BBeTCRIH8nb3R 38Kpb1Tb OKHO.

23 HeT yYaneTHoiii 6yMarM. nolKanyiiicTa, He roBopltTe, 'ITO R AOnlKeHIAomKHa KynMTb .. npaBAY"· 24 Sl nepe'IMTan(a) nMcbM6/npo'IMTan(a) nMCbMO eaqi pa3. Sl He Mory er6 noHRTbiSI er6 He noHMMBIO. 25 nepeiiiAMTe ('1Gpe3) AOp6ry, npoiiiAMTe MMMO M8r83MH8 M noBepHMTe (cBepHMTe) HanpaBo.

21/1 Why doesn't Ivan know where his (ero) ticket is? Why can't he find his (CBoiii) ticket? He doesn't know where his ticket is because his (ero) wife gave his (ero) ticket to her (cBoelii) friend.

21/2 I cBoiO. 2 Omit (cBoi also possible). 3 Ero lK&Ha- Moiii ceKpeTapb. 4 cBoi, cBoi.

21/3 1 803bMM(Te) ei C co6oiii. 2 P8CCK8lKM(Te) H8M 0 ce6e. 3 0Ha C'IMTBeT ce6R 0'18Hb MHTepeCHOM.

21/4

I Mbl 8AeM B Pocclt10, 'IT06bl M3Y'IBTb pyccKMiii R3biK. 2 Sl xo'ly, 'IT66bl OHM npMwnM/npMexanM 3i1Brpa. 3 6H xo'leT, 'IT06bl Bbl n03BOHMnM Be'lepoM.

4 A&iii(re) (MHe) ABe KoneiiiKM, 'IT06bl no3BOHMTb. 5 Mbl cKa3anM, 'IT66bl oHa B3Rnll(cBoi)nanbTO.

484


21.10 Tour-Group Translator: Hello. I have a request to make. Mr Thornthwaite wants to be given another roorn. He says that his room has no power socket and he wants to make himself a cup of coffee. Manager: There is a power socket, behind the bed. But as a general rule we don't like residents to plug in heating appliances. Tell him that the maid will give him boiling water from her samovar. T: All right, I'll tell him. Ten minutes later. T: Mr Thornthwaite is not satisfied ('Mr T that does not suit'). He says he doesn't want to use the maid's samovar. He says that the maid's samovar is probably dirty, that he has his own kettle and that his own kettle is what he's going to use. M: And did he find the power point? T: He did, but he claims that it doesn't work. He also complains that he can't plug in his electric razor, that there's no toilet paper and that he doesn't like the colour of the wallpaper. M: All right, I'll call the electrician to check the socket and I'll tell the maid to bring toilet paper. As for the wallpaper, there's nothing I can do. All the rooms are the same. T: Speaking for myself, I can't stand Mr Thornthwaite. He thinks only of himself, he's always angry and loses his temper over everything. When we were in our hotel in Moscow and he couldn't find his shoes, he demanded that I call the police immediately. The police came and it turned out that the shoes were under his bed. Instead of apologizing, he announced that the maid had deliberately hidden his shoes in order to sell them later on the black market. An Englishman approaches with an angry expression on his face. T: Mr Thornthwaite demands to be moved to another room immediately. M: All right. We have rooms free on the ninth [eighth in UK] floor, although there's redecoration going on there and he's unlikely to be any better off. I can request that he be moved up there. T: Thank you very much. M: Tell Mr Tiran ... what's his name ... tell the English guest to go back to his room. I'll get the maid to help him move his things.

21/5 The well-known Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, author of tile novel Fathers and Sons ('Fathers and Children'), was born on 28 October (9 November new style [i.e. by the Western calendar introduced in Russia after the 1917 Revolution]) 1818 [Q.l], in the town of Or€JI (or Orel) [Op(i)n 'Eagle' Q.2]. south of Moscow. Although Turgenev felt a deep love for his homeland and his people, and for his people's culture and language, he spent a lot of time abroad ('beyond the border') [Q.3]. He studied in Berlin, spent a long time in Paris, travelled in the countries of Western Europe and visited England, where in 1860 he spent three weeks on the Isle of Wight and in 1879 received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford. It is generally considered that the main reason for his

485


frequent journeys abroad was his attachment to the French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843. But many people think that he felt more- comfortable ('better') in Western Europe than in Russia [Q.4]. Although he wrote about the problems of his own country, he was a European writer. He published his best novel, Fathers and Sons, in 1861. Many people in the West know this novel and its hero, the 'nihilist' revolutionary Bazarov. Turgenev respected his strong hero, but he did not share his views. In order to understand his ambiguous attitude to Bazarov, one must bear in mind that Turgenev was well aware of all the problems of his backward country, but he considered himself a liberal, not a revolutionary. He didn't believe that Russia needed a revolution. He was a westernizer, that is, he considered the western European, capitalist path of development appropriate for Russia [Q.5 Neither, but he believed that backward Russia had lots of problems which could be tackled by learning from the more liberal West].

22/1 1 He'll come between 3 and 5 o'clock. 2 She earns more than $4,300 a month. 3 Our shop sells books in eighty-two languages.

22/2 I OAMHHBA48T.!! (gen.) 2 ABYMil (inst.). 3 BOCbMM (prep.). 4 TPMALIBTM OAHOr6 (gen.).

22/3 I TPMA48TM ABYX We were/have been in thirty-two countries. 2 nomopa (nom./acc. form) We travelled for an hour and a half. 3 A8BRTM, nRTH The shop is open ('works') from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 4 o6§M.r.ut (I inst.) I met (got to know) both girls. 5 MH6rMx We visited (were in) many Russian cities/towns. 6 HecKOnbKMMM We talked to ('with') several Russian engineers.

22/4 1 ABYXC6T nRTMAeCRTM We walked about 250 km. 2 ABliCTM nRTbAeciiT We walked approximately 250 km. 3 nRTbiOCTBMM copoKil He arrived with $540. 4 nRTbC6T c6poK When he arrived, he had $540. 5 A8CRTbiO M OAMHHBALI&TbiO I'll come between ten and eleven o'clock. 6 OAMHHBA48TOM I'll come between ten and eleven ('in the eleventh hour'). 7 wecTM MMnnM6Hoa nRTMC6T TbiCR'I More than 6.5 million people live in Moscow. 8 wecTb MMnnM6Hoa nRTbC6T TbiCR'I The population of Moscow exceeds 6.5 million.

486


2215 1 Y H&C ABOe ABTeiil. 2 Hac Tp08. 3 HSAO exaTb Tp6e CjTOK. 4 Hac JKA&nM AB6e MYJK'IMH. 5 Y MBHA 6blnQ 66nbwe (or 66nee in formal style) CTa A6nnapoa.

22.14 In 1982 the population of the USSR was more than 268 million people, of whom about five million were students studying in 900 universities and institutes. In 1982 there were about one million doctors. In the same year Moscow had more than 8,350,000 inhabitants, who watched performances in twenty-six theatres. Moscow children attended 1,000 schools.

22/6 If one compares ('If to compare') the number of divorces in a year with the number of married couples existing at the beginning of the year, one finds that ('then') in the course of the year only about 1.5 per cent [Q.l] of married people ('spouses') get divorced, that is, in a year only about 15 out of every 1,000 families break up. In 1950 for every 1,000 marriages there were 32 divorces. In 1977 for every 1,000 marriages there were already 323 divorces [Q.2]. Research has shown that onethird of all divorces take place during the first year of married life and another onethird affect families which have existed for between one and five years. Of every 100 marriages ('new married couples'), 11 break up in the first year, and 22 break up within five years [Q.3: 22 per cent]. We know that in the case of married couples without children (a quarter of divorcing couples [0.4]), husbands take the initiative in half the divorces. But in families with children, women are more likely to initiate proceedings - two-thirds of all divorce applications involving families with one or two children were filed by women (70 per cent of all divorces involve one or two children ['of such are 70 per cent of all breaking up families']; only 5 per cent involve a larger number of children). In this way women seek to protect children from family conflicts. They consider that the children will be better off without a father than with a bad one.

23/1 1 B cy666Ty a C8Mb ('1&C6a). 2 B 3TOM rOAY· 3 Ha np6wnoi4 HSA8ne. 4 Bo ap8MA aoiiiHbl (B aoiiiHy). 5 Mary sees ('meets') Volodia 'I&Tblpe pba a HSA8niO.

487


23/2 I ABBAI48Tb MMHjT. 2 HeA6niOIOAHY HeA&niO. 3 Ha TPM M6cR148. 4 Ha nRTb MMHjT. 5 3& ABe H&A6nM (also possible a ('within') ABB HBA6nM -stressing the speed). 6 38 ~tac.

23/3 I KorAi (or n6cne tor6 K&K) R BbiY'fY pyccKMM R3b1K. 2 noKa Eaa He no3aOHih. 3 You must hide the bottle AO tor6 K&K Eaa aepHITCR (Ao ao3apa~qeHMR Eabl).

23/4 l 8 np6wnoM rOAY Mbl 63AMnM B Poccli10 (a np6wnoM roAy). 2 >KM3Hb 6YABT nj'twe a ABBAI48Tb nepaoM a6Ke. 3 Ha cn6AYIOIJ4&M (6YAYIJ4BM) H&A6ne Mbl no6ABM (if you mean to do it on foot say noAAAM newK6M) a CM61ipb. 4 netOM Eaa M 8&AMM (c B&AiiMOM) noiAYT B tlnty H8 MeCR4. 5 8 TOT (:hot) ABHb Mbl BCTSnM B WBCTb ('t8COB) ytpil. 6 IIIBSH netp6Biol't :IKMn1/np6:1KMn• B AMepMKe ABB r6A&. 7 OH 6YABT pa66t&Tb ac10 HeA&niO (ace.) 8 51 6bln(a) taM AB8 pB38. 9 MapM npO'tMTilna cc80MHj M MMp» 38 (B) WBCTbABCAT ABB 't&Ca. 10 80 BpBMR BOMHbl OHM pa66tanM BOCBMbABCRT 't8COB B HeA6niO.

23.7 V: Congratulate me! In a month's time they're sending me on a business trip to London. E: Congratulations, but I'm jealous too. How long will you be in England (Britain)? V: From 29 May to 1 June .. Unfortunately, I'm only going for four days. E: What will you manage to see in such a short time? V: Probably only the City, St Paul's Cathedral and perhaps Big Ben. After all, I'll be in meetings ('conducting negotiations') in various offices ('institutions') all day. E: Are you going by train or by plane? V: By plane, of course. By train it takes ('one has to travel') almost fortyeight hours ('two days and nights'), while by plane I'll get there in three and a half. I've got to order the ticket today ('already today'), before five o'clock. What are your plans for the day? E: I'm going to the library. Then I'll call on Viktor Pavlovich at ('into') the institute for half an hour. From there I'm going to the hairdresser. I'll phone you about six, after I get back. V: I won't be back from the town before (I'll return from town not before') half past five. I won't get my ticket in less than three hours. Then I'll call on Volodia. But I won't leave until you ring. E: You're going to see Volodia? V: Don't worry. You know very well (:IKe- emphasis) that we never drink on weekdays.

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23/5 Kl: Good morning. My name is Kuznetsov, Konstantin lvanovich. I'm the deputy director in charge of contacts with foreign publishers. RP: Good morning, Konstantin lvanovich. My name is Pope. Richard Pope. Kl: You speak Russian with almost no accent. Do you visit Russia often? RP: No. In the last twenty years I've been here only three times. But I've been speaking Russian since I was a child. My father emigrated from Russia at the beginning of the twenties, during the Civil War. His surname was Popov [Q.1] then, but two years after arriving in England he decided to change it to ('become') Pope. Kl: Why? 'Pope' means the head of the Catholic Church, doesn't it? RP: Although Popov ['son of the priest' (non)] is one of the commonest surnames in Russia, in England it sounds funny [Q.2 Popov sounds like 'pop off']. For example, when in the eighties elderly Soviet leadersBrezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko- were dying one after the other, the English joked that the next one would be called Popov, and the one after him would be Abouttopopov. As for the name Pope, my father was well acquainted with the work of the eighteenth-century English poet Alexander Pope. Of course. most English people are rather indifferent to poetry, but my father, as a real Russian. had great respect for poets, including foreign ones ('both his own and foreign'). Kl: Very interesting. But I must interrupt you. It's time to meet the director. He is usually here only in the afternoons, but this morning he has come from the ministry specially to see you. He is very keen that we should sign ('He very hopes that we will be able to sign') a contract with your firm in (the course of) the next two or three days. RP: How times change! When I was last in Russia, at the end of the seventies, I phoned the then director of this (publishing) firm three times a day, but he had no desire to see me [Q.3].

24/1

1 BHMM6HM8 Pay no attention to them. 2 HM OAHmSl noAApu I didn't buy/haven't bought a single present. 3 :hmg We don't want that. 4 B3rnt1Aa Turgenev didn't share Bazarov's views.

24/2 1 R B8M He A8M (B8M) HM O,qH6iii KOneiiiKM. 2 nooceMy Tbl He Kynlltna BMH6 (gen.)? 3 He noKynaiii(T&) 3Ty KHMry (ace). 4 He Ba,qMM Kyn.tn BMH613-ro He

8a,qMM Kynlltn BMH61BMHO Kynlltn He Ba,qMM. 5 R nptt,qy/npM{I,qy He B nRTHMLIY• aacy666Ty.

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24/3 In each case either choice is possible, but the preferable ones are: 1 BMHi - gen. (any wine). 2 6111n8Ta- gen. (any ticket); 6111n8T- ace. (possible if stress on He AOCTina). 3 AHIO- ace. (definite person, and stress on 'didn't see'). 4 ap(IMeHM -gen. (any time).

24/4 1 HliiKOrAB 1m nOMOrieT. 2 HM'ter6 1m nOHMMB8M. 3 Hlil'tSM. 4 Hill m: KOr6. 5 HS 6tolnO HM'ter6. 6 H8T HMrA6.

24/5 1 In this town there's nothing to do in the evening. There's nowhere to go. There's nowhere to drink coffee or beer. We're bored. 2 Vadim doesn't know, Vera doesn't know, Marina and Viktor don't know either. There's no one else to ask. 3 I'm sorry, I can't help you. I don't have time, I'm very late ('I very hurry'). 4 There was no one in the cafe. There was no one to talk to.

5 Mary read (all) Turgenev at home in

England, because she knew that in Moscow she wouldn't have time to read.

24.10 E: Was it you who brought the pineapple? VP: No, I didn't bring any pineapple. Where did you see a pineapple? E: Tania says there's a pineapple in a bag in the kitchen. VP: Pay no attention to what Tania says. She's never seen a pineapple in her life. She doesn't even know what a pineapple is. V: Eva, why did you tell Marina there was a pineapple in the kitchen? E: It wasn't me. It was Tania. She was the one who invented (it). V: No, she didn't invent that pineapple. I happened to find it ('I bought it by chance') at the market. I wanted to give it to Marina and Viktor as a present. Now it's no longer a surprise. E: Don't be upset. It doesn't matter. It's still a splendid present. M: I can't buy any bananas. There aren't any anywhere. V: And there's no point in looking for them. I have never seen bananas anywhere in Russia, neither at the market, nor in the hands of ('at', 'in the possession of') speculators. Bananas don't grow here. M: And do you think there will never be any under any circumstances? V: No, I don't say that. We used not to have any foreign (convertible) currency, there was nothing to buy them with ('on'). But soon everyone will have hard currency, then you won't be able to move for banana sellers.

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24/6 T: Excuse me, can you suggest how to get to Sergievskii Posad? I've heard that there are many attractive churches there. I want to go alone, without a guide. 1: Unfortunately, I can't help you. We only sell tickets for excursions. We don't give information. If you want to go independently, then, unfortunately, I can't help you in any way. T: I want to go to Sergievskii Posad, and nobody can help me, and they

can't even suggest how I can get there. 1: They'll tell you everything at the station. But we are a commercial organization, we sell services and tickets for excursions

[Q.I]. T: I see. But all the same I want to visit Sergievskii Posad. 1: By all means ('Please do'), you can go with a group on Friday. T: Thank you. But I don't want to go with a group. I want to go by myself ('self'), independently [Q.2]. 1: In that case

you can order a car and a guide twenty-four hours before the trip [Q.3]. T: Can I go there with a guide on any day I like? 1: Any day except weekends. T: Tell me, why not at weekends? T: In principle you can, but the church authorities asked us not to send tourists at weekends. They would prefer not to be disturbed during services [Q.4]. T: I see. Thank you. 1: You're welcome.

25/1 I KoneiiiKa 'kopeck'. You wouldn't have a one-kopeck coin, would you [pol.)? 2 6MneT 'ticket'. Could I have your ticket, dear [friendly, as if talking to a child]? 3 6yYb111Ka 'bottle'. Could I trouble you for a bottle of mineral water [pol.]? 4 TaTbiiHa 'Tat'iana'; wanKa 'hat'. Tanechka, be a good girl and put your hat on [talking to a child]. 5 EneHa 'Elena'; nn8Tb8 'dress'. Just look at Lenochka. What a lovely little dress [tenderness)! 6 BOAR 'water'. Give the pussy cat some water [talking to a child). 7 'IBM 'tea'. How about a nice cup of tea [polite, friendly]? 8 MKpa 'caviare'. Could I interest you in some nice caviare [ingratiating]? 9 pyd 'hand'. What dirty little hands you have [talking to a child)! 10 ABepb 'door'. Close the (car) door [not specially polite, since a car door is a small door and is commonly called ABliP48l- 11 MMHYrB 'minute'. Just a moment, please

[MMHyYO'IKa from MMHYTKI!. is a double diminutive- 'little tiny minute'- meant to suggest the shortest possible of delays]. 12 OKH6 'window'. Take a look out of the window, dear. Perhaps it's stopped raining.

25/2 1 I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you. 2 I'm sorry, I seem to have taken ('occupied') your seat ('place'). 3 Excuse me, I hope I haven't disturbed you. 4 Excuse me. if it isn't too much trouble, could you bring a clean glass? 5 Excuse me, could you tell me where the (nearest) post office is ('where here is post office')?

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25/3 (a) A: Ow! B: I'm sorry, it was accidental. A: That's all right. (b) A: Let's go to my place. I've got some good cognac (at home). B: I don't object! V: I've no objections either! A: Serazha, will you come with us? My wife will make us supper. S: Count me in. Delighted. A: What about you, Volodia? V: Gladly. I'm game. A: Well then, let's go. (c) A: Vadim, is that you? We're all ('We've all gathered') at my place, we're celebrating this ('one' meaning 'a certain') friend's birthday. Come on round ('Call in'). V: Quite impossible. I'm very busy. A: Well just come for a quick drink. V: Out of the question. No way! You know Eva doesn't allow it. A: Well, how about a glass of tea? V: I don't feel like it. Let's leave it until tomorrow ('Let's better tomorrow'). A: Listen, forget about Eva. Think of us. Don't forget your friends! Get a taxi and come round! V: No, and I mean it. I don't want to hurt Eva. A: You absolu1ely refuse? A pity.

25/4 Once upon a time, [We've added this phrase to compensate for the untranslated folk-tale diminutives] a fox was walking along a road and found a rolling-pin. She picked it up and walked on. She came to a village and knocked at the door of the first cottage. 'Knock-knock.' 'Who's there?' 'It's me, little sister fox, can you put me up for the night?' 'We're short of space as it is' [Q. I] ('In our house even without you is tight'). 'But I won't get in your way: I myself will lie down on the bench, my

little tail will go under the bench and my rolling-pin will go under the stove [Q.2]' They let her in. She (herself) lay down on the bench, with her tail under the bench and her rolling-pin under the stove. Early in the morning the fox got up, burnt the

rolling pin, and then asked 'Where's my rolling-pin then? I want a hen for it' ('Give [using the imperfective, which as a request is impolite compared with A&iiiTe] me in return for it a hen'). The peasant had no choice ('there was nothing to be done'-

24.8) but to give her a hen for the rolling-pin [Q.2]. The fox took the hen and goes along singing [the change from past to present tense is quite common in Russian narratives]: 'A fox was walking along a road, she found a rolling-pin. For the rolling-pin she got ('took') a hen!' She arrived at another village: 'Knock-knock.' 'Who's there?' 'It's me, little sister fox, can you put me up for the night?' 'We're short of space as it is.' 'But I won't get in your way: I ('myself') will lie down on the bench, my little tail will go under the bench and my hen will go under the stove.' They let her in. The fox lay down on the bench with her tail under the bench and the hen under the stove. Early in the morning she got up nice and quietly, seized

the hen, ate it [Q.4] and then said ('says'): 'Where's my hen? I want a goose for it.'

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There was no help for it, the host had to give her a goose for the hen. The fox took the goose and goes along singing: 'A fox was walking along a road, she found a rolling-pin, for the rolling-pin she got ('took') a hen, for the hen she got a goose!' She arrived in the evening at a third village. 'Knock-knock!' 'Who's there?' 'It's me, little sister fox! Can you put me up for the night?' 'We're short of space as it is.' 'But I won't get in your way: I myself will lie down on the bench, my little tail will go under the bench and my little goose will go under the stove.' They let her in. She lay down on the bench with her tail under the bench and the goose under the stove. Early in the morning the fox jumped up, seized the goose, ate it and then said ('says'): 'But where's my goose? Give me a girl for it!' [Q.5]. But the peasant didn't want to part with a girl. He put a large dog in a sack and gave it to the fox [Q.5]. 'Here's ('Take''- invitation 15.3 (4)) a girl for you, fox!' So the fox took the sack, went out on to the road and says: 'Little girl, sing to me ('sing songs')!' But the dog in the sack started to growl. The fox took fright, threw down the sack and started to run. At this ('Here') the dog jumped out of the sack and gave chase ('after her'). The fox ran away from the dog as fast as she could and ran into a burrow under a tree-stump. She sits there and says 'Ears, ears! What did you do?' 'We kept listening.' 'And you, legs, what did you do?' 'We kept running.' 'And you, eyes?' 'We kept watch.' 'And you tail?' 'I kept getting in your way ('I all the time hindered your running').' 'Ah, you kept getting in the way! Well, just you wait, I'll show you!' And she thrust her tail out of the burrow: 'Eat it, dog!' At this the dog seized the fox by the tail, pulled her out of the burrow and gave her a thrashing! [Q.6]

25/5 1 ween! ropoAflx (prep. pl.) In six days we visited six cities/towns. 2 rpeMII pyccKMMM CTYASHT&MM (inst.) We talked to three Russian students. 3 'teTblpex A611napoa (g.pl.) I won't give you more than four dollars. 4 OAHY H&Aemo (ace.) We'll be in Petersburg for one week. 5 OHa mo6MT r6nbKO ce611. 6 OHiii a caoeM H6Mepe/0HM y ce611 (B H6Mepe). 7 Mbl npMSX811M B POCCMIO, 'tT66bl roaopMTb no-pycCKM. 8 Sl XO'ty, 'tT66bl 6H M3BMHM/1CR. 9 0Ha 3AE1Cb OAHB. 10 Y HMX rp6e AeTSM. 11 Hac 'tSTBepo. 12 Sl HMKOr6 He 3HBIO B lllpKyTCKe. 13 0Ha He noHMMaer HM OAHOr6 cn6aa. 14 HeKoro cnpocliirb. 15 EM He c KeM 6bmo roaopliirblpa3roaapMB8Tb.

A: Mr Smith, my wife and I want to invite you to our house ('to ourselves at home'). 6: C YAOB611bCTBMeM. A: Will you be able to come the day after tomorrow, on Friday? 6: K COlK811SHMIO, R He MOrf. Sl 6YAY B Kliieae TpM AHR. A: Then come on the twenty-seventh. 6: B r6r AeHb R 38HRT. A: On the thirtieth? 6: KaJKercR, y

MeHII COBCSM HeT BCTpe't (HMK8KMX BCTpe't HeT) n6cne ABBA48Tb AeBRTOro.

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A: Fine. We expect you on the thirtieth, aftercseven o'clock. 26/1 I 'IT6-To. 2 'IT6-HM6YAb· 3 HIJN8r6. 4 'IT6·HM6YAb· 5 KT6-HM6YAb· 6 KYAB·TO, K8KMM·TO. 7 nO'IeMj·TO. 8 KOrAB·HM6YAb·

26/2 I Te66 3BOHMna K&KBJI·TO JK6HutMH8. 2 0H6 'IT6-To Kynlilna. 3 B MocKB6 H&T 6aHBHOB. 4 Ha crone neJKina pyccK&JI KHMra. 5 KHiilry npMHecna M3pM (3To M3pM npMHecna KHMry). 6 Sl Te66 no3aoHIO 36arpa. 7 36aTpa Jl no3BOHIO BSAMMy.

26.13 Letter, Note, Greetings Dear Professor Nikifirov, I'm sorry that I haven't written for so long. I was intending to write to you immediately after my return from Moscow, but I had too many things to do. Last week I read your splendid book about the Bolshoi Theatre. I liked it very much. A couple of weeks after my return to Bristol I telephoned our National Theatre and spoke to your acquaintance (the woman you know there). She said that she had already collected a number of materials for you, so, when you are in London in August, you will be able to start work immediately on your article about the Bolshoi's tours in England. If nothing prevents it, (then) Richard and I will be in Moscow again somewhere around the middle of July. If I can help you in any way (pass on something from your acquaintance or anything else whatever), telephone me. Thank you again for the excellent book. Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Barbara Pope. My dear Annushka, Greetings to you from Paris. There are so many interesting things here that I've no time to write letters. I'll be back on Thursday, after six. Come and visit me, I'll tell you all about it. Love and kisses ('I kiss firmly'), lura. Dear Piitr lvanovich, May all sorrows remain in the old year. May happiness come to live in your house! I wish you a cheerful New Year party, smiles, joy and health. I wish you success in your life and work. I wish you the things you wish yourself. Yours sincerely, Eva Antonova.

2613 Volodia and Mary entered the courtyard of a five-floor block of flats. Although the busy ('noisy') avenue was not far away, the yard was quiet, there were big old trees, and in the very centre there was a children's playground with swings. Old

494


men and women sat on benches while children played in front of them. 'Good morning,' 'Hello,' Volodia kept repeating. 'Do you know everybody here?' asked Mary in surprise. 'Of course. I grew up in this yard, you know. There's a special atmosphere in these old Moscow houses. Sometimes two or three generations live in them. These old women over there knew my grandfather and grandmother, they watched my father growing up, they watched me growing up, and my sister Masha too. They've spent their life here. And they love both this building and all the people who live in it.'

26/4 Dear Mrs Pope, Please do not be surprised by my unexpected letter, in spite of the fact that it's already eight months since we met. The thing is that only you can help me and my friends. But first of all I'll remind you of a few things about myself. My name is Vera. I'm from Minusinsk. That tiny little Siberian provincial town which you and your husband visited on business in May last year. I'm very sorry that I didn't write this letter immediately after your departure, but as we say here 'Better late than never.' After I met you in our museum [Q.I]I had an idea which has never left me since. My idea is that I want somehow to get to know more about your country, its customs and its people [Q.2]. This has now become more realistic than it used

to be. Probably that is primarily connected with the thaw in political and cultural relations between our countries, but apart from that, having become a student. I've taken up ('started to study') English, which is taught quite well ('at a not bad level') at our institute [Q.3]. So I would like you to help me to make contact with someone at the university in Bristol who is interested in the history of Siberia [Q.4]. If I can

help you in any way, I'll be pleased to. I wait eagerly for your reply. My address: 660022 Krasnoiarsk (the r is for r6pOA 'city'), Abakanskaia Street, 33/2/315 (see 26.10), Vera Petrishcheva. Excuse me for troubling you. Yours sincerely, Vera.

27/1 I Everything will be done. 2 The shop called GUM was built in the nineteenth century. 3 This novel was written by Tolstoi. 4 No one and nothing is forgotten. 5 The festival was organized by students. 6 We were invited to a party in the House of Friendship. 7 Not all the questions were dealt with ('solved', 'decided'.) 8 The work is finished. 9 The oranges were imported ('brought by transport') from Africa. 10 The programme will tell about ('In the programme will be told about') life in Siberia. II Two-thirds of the films shown at the festival were bought by Americans. 12 Many of the students accepted by ('into') the institute are foreigners.

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27/2 1 noK838H. 2 HHRTbl. 3 peweH. 4 38AaH pyccKMM "'YPHantlcvoM. 5 3&KpbiT. 6 06'bABneHO. 7 npMHRT.

27/3 1 Bee 6Mn6Tbl np6A&Hbl. 2 38aTpa MYHM 6YAYT 38Kpb1Tbl (3ilaTpa). 3 3To MKTO HHRTO? 4 6Mn6Tbl 6YAYT 38KB38Hbl HBTpa. 5 B HBWMX M8f83MH8X TPYAHO HBMTM KHMrM, HantlcaH.Hid§ (or KOT6pble (61ilnM) Hamiica.!:8!!) COBpeMeHHbiMM pyCCKMMM nMcaTenRMM.

27/4 (a) On Wednesday it was announced that all the tickets had already been sold. We were very surprised, because in the director's letter it was written that tickets for us would be bought on Thursday.

(b) On Wednesday they announced that they had already sold all the tickets. We were very surprised, because in his letter the director wrote that they would buy tickets for us on Thursday.

27/5 Gone with the Wind [Q.1] ('Carried away by the wind')

In 1937, after the decision to make a film of the novel Gone with the Wind was taken, Russell Birdwell, the agent of the producer David Selznick, launched a campaign in America: the novel's admirers were asked who should play Scarlett and Rhett. People stopped discussing a real-life melodrama - the love affair of King Edward VIII and the divorced American Wallis Simpson (as a consequence of which the British king was forced to abdicate). At mealtimes every family argued about the relative claims of Gary Cooper, Errol Flynn and Clark Gable. Ninety-five per cent of those who took part in the survey named Clark Gable as the only possible Rhett Butler. As for Scarlett O'Hara, 45 per cent were in favour of Bette Davis, who already had two Oscars. But she refused. Selznick chose the English theatre actress Vivien Leigh. The film made Vivien Leigh a superstar. In 1943, four years after the premiere, during her concerts in North Africa she was applauded by General Eisenhower and General Montgomery. The film of Gone with the Wind was first shown in Russia in October 1990. Earlier it had been included in the programme of one of the Moscow international film festivals but for some reason it was excluded at the last minute. Probably certain bureaucrats took a dislike to the contents of the film [Q.2]. The rights to show Gone with the Wind were acquired

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from ('at') the American company United International Pictures. At the premiere in the October Cinema, the film was presented by the president of UIP, Ted Turner. There were many guests, including Jane Fonda, the well-known English actor Ben Kingsley and his wife, and the journalist Carol Thatcher, daughter of the then British prime minister. [Q.3] Names are transcribed into Russian as far as possible according to how they sound in English, not by the letters. So 'Leigh' is not neMrx but nM, 'Gable' is not ra6ne but reA6n, 'United' is not YHMT8A but IOH6AT8A. When transliterating the other way, from Russian into English, we use the opposite principle and work by letters. So AocroeacKMA is written in English as 'Dostoevskii' even though Russians pronounce his name Dastayefskee.

[Q.4] npti!HRTO (from npMHATb) 'taken', 'accepted' 36A&H (from 38AitTb) 'asked', 'posed' Bb1Hv-A8H (from BbiHYAMTb) 'forced' noK63aH (from noK&HTb) 'shown' BKniO'IiH (from aKniO'IMTb) 'included' MCKnJO'IiH (from MCKniO'IMTb) 'excluded' npMo6pereHiil (from npMo6pecTtil) 'acquired' np&AcTianeH (from nJM!ACTBBMTb) 'presented'

28/1 I Knowing that Eva would return late, Vadim drank a glass of vodka. 2 Driving past the theatre, we learnt that Chekhov's Three Sisters was on. 3 Holidaying in the Crimea, Mary met an interesting professor. 4 We walked without hurrying, there was plenty of time. 5 (By) studying three hours every day, Volodia learnt English in two years.

28/2 I After travelling three stops, Mary got out at the University station. 2 Having bought nothing in the shop, Vera decided to go to the market. 3 Having become interested in the Chekists, Volodia began to spend all his free time in libraries. 4 Before we reached ('Not having reached') the avenue, we turned left. 5 Vadim left without closing ('not having closed') the window.

2813 I ~or TaK KBK lsjnce) oHi He 3Hina' Russian, Carol couldn't find her hotel. 2 Eva left He CKaaia or a fH6l He cKaaina•, where she was going.

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3 &limu or 06cne ror6 KBK <23.6) OH ablnMn• two glasses of 110dka, Vadim decided to call on Vera. 4 OgawMcl!, my brothers and I go for breakfast or~ 6DiTI!RMM OA&BieMcR. nor6M M,QiiM uarpaK&TI! (We get dressed, then ... ).

28.9 Peter was born on 30 May 1672. In 1689 he married Evdokiia Lopukhina, the daughter of a Moscow boyar. He became Tsar in 1696. Possessing outstanding mental abilities and enormous energy, he studied constantly. Knowing that Russia lagged behind the advanced countries of the West, he fully understood the need for economic, military and cultural reforms. In 1697 he went abroad. In Holland he learnt to build ships, working as a simple carpenter. He visited factories and schools and took an interest in medicine. In England he studied naval matters, visited the observatory and attended a sitting of Parliament. In August 1698, having learnt of the streltsy uprising in Moscow, Peter had to rush home. Abroad Peter got to know the everyday life and customs of Europeans. On his return ('Having returned') to Moscow, he took determined measures to introduce Russian noblemen and merchants to European civilization. When the boyars and noblemen came to welcome Peter home ('congratulate Peter on ['with'] his arrival'), he cut off their beards with scissors. Soon an order was issued requiring noblemen to dress in European style and shave their beards. Peter allowed merchants to wear beards, but for this they paid a tax. Peter gave a lot of attention to the development ('questions of the development') of industry and trade. As well as giving ('While giving') merchants money to start ('for the creation of') industrial enterprises, he drove state peasants into the towns as serf workers. In the achieving of ('While working for') his goals he stopped at ('before') nothing. When building the city of St Petersburg he paid no attention to the harsh conditions. Labouring in the cold and rain, standing up to their knees in water and mud, thousands of peasants perished from disease, hunger and overwork. Peter dealt with his opponents mercilessly, sometimes resorting to their physical annihilation. In 1698, having established that the streltsy uprising had been led by the Miloslavskii boyar family, he executed the organizers and more than a thousand streltsy. Some time later Peter did not spare his own son Aleksei, having found out that the Tsarevich was a member of ('participating in') a plot. In 1718, with his father's permission, Aleksei was condemned to death. Peter's reforms ('The reforms conducted by Peter' 27.7) facilitated the Europeanization of Russia. However, he could not completely overcome the country's backwardness since his reforms were at the same time intended to strengthen ('directed at strengthening') autocratic rule and serfdom. Under Peter, the life of the (common) people got considerably worse.

498


28/4 Per ('to') 500 gm of fresh mushrooms, 1 kg of fresh cabbage, 1 pickled cucumber, 1 onion, 2 tablespoons of tomato puree, 1 or 2 teaspoons of sugar, 2 tablespoons of butter/oil [0.1 No]. Chop up the cabbage and put it in a saucepan, add the butter/oil and a little water. Simmer ('Stew') for about an hour [Q.2 first part]. Fifteen to twenty minutes before the en.d (of the simmering) add the tomato puree, the sugar, salt, pepper, a bay leaf and vinegar. After cleaning and washing the mushrooms (boletus, brown, saffron milk-cap or whatever [Russians are enthusiastic mushroom gatherers, and all these terms belong to everyday vocabulary]), put them in boiling water for ten to fifteen minutes. Then slice them and fry them in butter/oil. After putting the mushrooms in a bowl, use the same frying-pan to brown the onion and then mix it with the mushrooms, adding ('having added') the sliced (PPP 27.7) cucumber, salt and pepper. Put half of the stewed cabbage in a greased (PPP 27. 7) frying-pan, spread out the prepared (PPP 27. 7) mushrooms over the cabbage and cover with [inst. case] the remaining cabbage. Sprinkle rusks and butter/oil over the cabbage and put it in the oven to bake. [Q.2 second part]. Before serving one may add ('put on') a slice of lemon or olives [Q.3 (!)].Mushroom solianka can also be made with sour cabbage (sauerkraut) [Q.3 (2)], but in this case leave out the vinegar. The fresh mushrooms can be replaced by pickled or dried ones [Q.3 (3)]

(Q.4) O'IMCTMB (from O'IMCTMTbP) having cleaned npoMbiB (from npOMbiTbP) having washed thoroughly Hape38B (from Hap638TbP) having cut, having sliced nonolKriiB (from nonolKriiTbP) having put A06ilaMB (from A06ilaMTbp) having added nocbmaa (from noCbln8TbP) having sprinkled He A06aam'IR (from A06aam'1Tb') not adding, without adding

29/1 I aecTril 'to lead'. We walked along a/the road leading into a/the forest. 2 nMciiTb 'to write'. Everybody respects writers who write ('writing') the truth about Communism. 3 CTpOMTb 'to build'. Mr Pope meets/is meeting a businessman (who is) building/who builds new factories in Siberia. 4 yMeTb 'to know how to'. For our shop we seek/are looking for women who know how to ('knowing how to') dress well ('beautifully'). 5 CYIIIBCTBOBiiTb 'to exist'. In this Siberian town, which has existed ('existing') for only ten years, there are already more than 5,000 inhabitants. 6 OTKil3biB8TbCfl 'to refuse'. The director is meeting workers who

499


refuse ('refusing') to work on Sunday.

29/2 I The students who were late lor the examination were very worried. 2 There are now very few people who saw lenin. 3 The woman who found(lrom HaiiiTIII 'to find') the (hand)bag is asked ('one asks') to see ('go up to') the theatre manager.

29/3 IJKenaiO~MX (gen.) or KOT6ptole JKenSIOT. 2 38HMMSIO~MMMCR (inst.) or KOT6ptole 38HMMSIOTCR. 3 nMcaawMx (prep.) or KOT6ptole nMclinM. 4 npM6xaawMx (anim ace.) or KOT6ptole npM6xanM.

29/4 IE: Hello, Vera Petrovna. I'm glad to see you. VP: I'm glad too, ll'ia Egorovich. IE: Are you ready? VP: I'm (already) ready. IE: Please would you pass my briefcase, I need it. VP: Your briefcase is like a suitcase. IE: That's true. But your handbag would be like a suitcase too if you were as busy [PPP - notice same endings as short adjectives] as I am.

29/5 I Sl 6tom(a) p8,q(a). 2 0Hi noxoJKa Ha (caoer6) OTLja. 3 3-ro xopow6. 4 3To A6poro. 5 MM HYJKHI:II A6nnaptol (stress on 'dollars')/Aonnaptol MM HYJKHbl (stress on 'need'). 6 TiHR, Till roT6aa? 7 Mtol 6yAeM roT6Btol 't6pe3 nRTb MMHjT. 8 WinKa eii aenMKi.

29.9 Vladivostok is situated on a peninsula projecting (pres. act. part.) into the Pacific Ocean. It is a huge port. The most interesting part of the city is the quay/promenade ('embankment'). Here is the tall column ('Here rises the column') with the model of the ship which landed the sailors ('from which disembarked the sailors') who founded (past act. part.) Vladivostok in 1880. The city, which slopes down ('descending [pres. act. part.] on slopes') to the sea, is very attractive (short form -bookish). The unique landscape and the subtropical vegetation ('nature') are striking adornments.

500


29/6 Even if you have paid only one visit to the Hermitage, you remember it, seeing in your imagination the grandly beautiful Winter Palace. The Palace is the most remarkable and most impressive of the five buildings which make up the Hermitage Museum [Q.l]. Built in 1754--62 to the plans of Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-1771 ), it determined the form of the magnificent architectural ensemble on the bank of the Neva [0.2 first detail]. By the scale, richness and variety of its architectural decoration and the relative proportions of its parts the Winter Palace, constructed in the style known as Russian baroque, creates an image of harmony and splendour. Two wings on the west side face the Admiralty [Q.2 second detail]; the main far;ade, which overlooks Palace Square [Q.2 third detail] is the grandest. In the central, projecting, part is the triple arcade of the entrance gates with their magnificent decorated ironwork. [Q.3] Active participles:

no6biBBBWMiii (no6biBBTb 'to visit') who has visited ane'lamluo~ee BbiXOAJl~Miii

(Bne'laTnRTb 'to impress') impressive ('impressing')

(BbiXOAMTb 'to go out') looking out

BbiCT}'nBIO~eiii

(BbiCTyn8Tb 'to project', 'step out') projecting

Verbal adverb: npeACTa&nRst ce6e (npeACTa&nRTb 'to present') imagining ('presenting to onself') Passive participles:

nocTpOeHHbliii (nocTpOMTb 'to build') built (long form) McnonH&HHbliii (Mcn6nHMTb 'to carry out') carried out, executed o6pa~eHbl

(o6paTMTb 'to turn') turned

yKpaweHHbiX (YKPBCMTb 'to adorn', 'decorate') adorned (long form)

30.6 At the Nikolaevskii Station two friends met. One was fat, the other thin. The fat one had just dined at the station, and his grease-coated lips gleamed like ripe cherries. He smelt of sherry and orange blossom. The thin one, on the other hand, had just got off a train and was weighed down with suitcases, bundles and cardboard boxes. He smelt of ham and coffee grounds. Behind him could be seen a thinnish woman with a long chin - his wife, and a tall schoolboy with one eye partly closed -his son. 'Porfirii!' the fat one exclaimed, seeing the thin one. 'Can it be you? My dear, I haven't seen you for years.' 'Good gracious!' cried the thin one. 'Misha! My childhood friend! Where have you sprung from?' The friends exchanged the traditional three kisses and then gazed at each other with tears in their eyes. Both were pleasantly shocked. 'My dear!' the thin one began after the greetings.

501


'I didn't expect this. What a surprise! Well let's have a good look now! The same handsome fellow you always were. The same smart well-dressed charmer! Good heavens! Well, how are you doing then? Are you rich? Married? I'm married now, as you see ... This is my wife here, Luiza, nee Wanzenbach ... a Lutheran .. And this is my son Nafanail, he's in the third form. This, Nafania, is a friend from my childhood! We were at grammar-school together!' Nafanail thought for a moment and took off his cap. 'We were at grammar-school together!' the thin one went on. 'Do you remember what they called you? They called you Herostratos because you burnt a hole in one of the school's books with a cigarette, and they called me Ephialtes because I liked sneaking on people. Ho-ho ... We were children! Don't be afraid, Nafania, come a bit closer .... And this is my wife, nee

War~zenbach

...

a Lutheran.' Nafanail thought for a moment and hid behind his father's back. 'Well, how are you getting on, my friend?' asked the fat one, gazing with delight at his friend. 'Are you working for the government? Have you got on?' 'Yes, old pal! I made collegiate assessor two years ago and I've got my St Stanislas. The salary's bad ... but then that's life! My wife gives music lessons, I make wooden cigarcases in my free time. They're splendid cigar-cases! I sell them for a rouble a time. If you buy ten or more, then I give a reduction. We get by. I was working in a government department, you know, and now I've been transferred here as a section head, still in the same department ... So I'll be working here. Well how about you? You're probably a grade five already, eh?' 'No, my dear, go a bit higher,' said the fat one. 'I've got to grade three ... I've got two stars.' The thin one suddenly turned pale and his body went rigid, but soon his face wriggled itself into the broadest of grins; his face and eyes seemed to be showering sparks. His body became shrivelled, hunched and even thinner. His suitcases, bundles and boxes became shrivelled and creased ... His wife's long chin became even longer; Nafanail stood to attention and fastened all the buttons of his uniform ... 'I, Your Excellency ... Delighted, Sir! A childhood friend, so to speak, and suddenly such an important personage, Sir! He-he-he.' 'Come, enough of that!' said the fat one, frowning. 'Why this change of tone? We're childhood friendswhat's the point of this servility!' 'Pardon me ... How could you, Sir .. .'giggled the thin one, becoming even more shrunken. 'The gracious attention of Your Excellency ... is like the finest wine ... Here you have, Your Excellency, my son Nafanail ... my wife Luiza, a Lutheran, in a manner of speaking .. _.The fat one was going to protest, but the thin one's face wore such an expression of awe, delight and abject deference that the privy councillor felt disgusted. He turned his face away from the thin man and extended his hand in farewell. The thin one pressed three fingers, bowed with his whole body and giggled like a Chinese: 'Hehe-he.' His wife smiled. Nafanail clicked his heels and dropped his peaked cap. All three were pleasantly shocked.

502

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

accusative:

active:

adjective: adverb:

agree:

animate: aspect:

bookish: case:

case form primarily used for the person or thing affected by an action - 'Ivan kissed her', MaaH npG'IMTBBT ra36TJ ('Ivan will read the newspaper'). verb form in which the person carrying out the action is also the subject' of the verb: 'opened' in 'Ivan opened the door'. Cf. passive. a word which can fill the gap in 'It's a __ thing' (e.g. fine, blue, beautiful). a word which can fill the gap in 'Ivan did it __ • (e.g. slowly, yesterday, well). Russian adverbs (always indeclinable) typically end -o (xopowo 'well'). (of verbs or adjectives) match the gender/number/case/person to the gender/person/case/person of the relevant noun. In M8neHbK8JI TaHJt y6eJK8na 'Little Tania ran away', the endings (feminine singular) of ManeHbKIB and y6eJKana agree with the feminine singular noun TaHR. a Russian noun denoting a person or an animal, e.g. lllaaH 'Ivan'. co68Ka 'dog', ntt46 'person'. how the action takes place in time. 'The door was opening' (unfinished imperfective• action), 'Ivan opened the door, then closed it' (completed perfective' actions). used in formal style, not in everyday conversation. 'Construct' is a bookish equivalent of 'build'. an ending (sometimes meaningful, sometimes not very) on a noun, pronoun or adjective which links the noun, pronoun or adjective to other words in the sentence. A6M MBBHI. (genitive case) 'Ivan's house', Mawr (accusative case) nlb6MT MaaH

503


clause:

colloquial: conjugation:

(nominative case) 'Ivan loves Masha'. sentence component consisting of a finite' verb with its subject' (if it has one) and any dependent words. 'Ivan, who is always helpful, opened the door and showed them in' contains three clauses: 'Ivan opened the door', 'who is always'. 'and showed them in'. used in informal style, not in formal situations or official letters. 'Hi' is a colloquial equivalent of 'Good morning'. list of the personal forms of any verb (in the present, past or future). The present conjugation of 3H&Tb 'to know' is: 3HBIO, 3HB8Wb, 3HB8T, 3Hii8M, 3HB8T8, 3Hii10T.

conjunction:

a word which joins phrases or clauses, e.g. 'and', 'but', 'although', 'that' in 'I know that she's married. dative: case form whose primary meaning is 'to'.lllaBH3£ 'to Ivan'. list of all the case forms (singular and plural) of a noun, pronoun declension: or adjective. CT6n 'table': cT6n, cT6n, CTona, CTony, CTon6M, cTone, cTonbl ... etc. noun with a suffix' suggesting smallness, tenderness, intimacy diminutive: cT6nMK 'small table', Bep~ 'dear Vera'. any verb form with a nominative subject: 'He opens the door', finite verb: 'She was opening the door'. the 'I' form (first person singular) or the 'we' fonn (first person first person: plural) of any tense of any verb. case form whose primary meaning is 'belonging to'. A6M IIIBBH!l genitive: 'Ivan's house'. hard: any consonant pronounced without a [y] sound. Cf. soft'. the form of the verb used to tell someone to do something imperative: 'Open the door', 0TKD6MD A&epb. imperfective: the Russian verb aspect' which names the action or state without saying anything about completion- OTKpblaBTb1 'to open', OHB '4MT8na' 'she read/Was reading'. a Russian construction in which the person affected is either in impersonal: the dative or omitted. .EM! H{l,qo MATM 'He has to go', M6lKHO OTKPbJTb OKH6? 'Is it possible to (May I) open the window?' inanimate: any Russian noun not denoting a person or animal, e.g. cT6n 'table', KpacoTa 'beauty'. indeclinable: a word which has only one grammatical form, so that its ending never changes, e.g. er6 'his', xopow6 'well', M3pM 'Mary'. infinitive: dictionary form of a verb, e.g. 'to open'; in Russian, usually ends

504


instrumental: intransitive: neutral:

nominative:

Tb in, e.g. OTKpbiTb 'to open'. case form whose primary meaning is 'by means of': lilaaH ecT n6JKKmf 'Ivan is eating with a spoon'. a verb which cannot be followed by 'him' in English or the accusative in Russian: 'The door opens', 'Ivan smiled'. a word which can be used in any style or situation (unlike bookish' or colloquial' words). Most words- 'house', 'build', 'red' are neutral. the case form in which nouns, pronouns and adjectives are given in word lists; the case form used for the subject': lilaaH, oHa, HOBbiM.

noun: participle:

particle:

partitive: passive:

perfective:

possessives: predicate:

prefix:

preposition:

a word which can fill the gap in 'He's talking about (a/the) __ • (e.g. book, Natasha, beauty). verb form with the features of an adjective or adverb - Pa66Ta 6b1na cA6naHa (f sg.) 'The word was done', nlilwy114Miii 'writing', 3HBR '(while) knowing'. a (usually short) word which occurs with other words, never on its own, to indicate emphasis, speaker's attitude, emotion or grammatical structure, e.g. JK8 (emphasis), B8Ab (expecting agreement), nM ('whether'), He ('not'). a use of the genitive which means 'some'. 6epliiTe xn66D (gen.) 'Take some bread'. verb form in which the subject' of the sentence is the person or thing affected by the action: 'was opened' in 'The door was opened by Ivan'. the Russian verb aspect which describes an action as a completed whole, e.g. OTKpb1Tb0 'to open' (completed act), 0Ha npo'lMTana• KHiilry 'She read (and finished) the book. words, similar to adjectives, which indicate ownership, i.e. my, your, our, his, her, its, their. the part of a sentence or clause which contains the verb and its dependent words; everything which isn't the subject'. In 'Little Tania went to visit the neighbours', 'Little Tania' is the subject and 'went to visit the neighbours' is the predicate. piece added to the beginning of a word, e.g. un- (meaning 'not') in 'unfriendly', or no- (meaning 'a little') in rm66nbwe 'a little more'. any word which can fill the gap in 'Ivan talks __ the table' (e.g. under, near, by, about).

505


prepositional: Russian case form used after the prepositions a 'in', Ha 'on', o 'about', np111 'attached to'. a word which can replace a noun and whose meaning depends on pronoun: the context, e.g. he, it, this, that, self. a verb ending -cH, sometimes corresponding to 'oneself' in reflexive: English, e.g. OA8YTbCH 'to wash oneself'. the basic part of a word, the core to which prefixes, suffixes and root: endings are added, e.g. 'friend' in 'unfriendly'. second person: the 'you' form of any tense of any verb. In Russian, Tbl is the second person singular, and Bbl is the second person plural. soft: any consonant pronounced with a [y] sound. In Russian, consonants are soft when followed by e, i, 111, 10, 11 or b. stem: the part of a word (often the same as the root') to which the grammatical endings are added. 3Ha- is the stem of the verb 3H8Tb 'to know', JKMB- is the present tense stem of the verb JKMTb 'to live', H6a- is the stem of the adjective H6Bb1M 'new'. a syllable' (marked ' on its vowel) which is pronounced more stressed: prominently than the others, e.g. t6 in 'photography', B6A in B6AK8.

the noun or pronoun which determines the ending of the verb, 'Ivan' in 'Ivan opens the door'. In Russian the subject is in the nominative case MU!:i OTKPbiBB&T AB&pb. clause' which could not stand on its own as an independent subordinate sentence but depends on a main clause which could stand on its clause: own. In 'Ivan knows that Tania is at Masha's', 'Ivan knows' is the main clause and 'that Tania is at Masha's' is a subordinate clause. meaningful piece added to the end of a root', eg. -ly in 'friendly'. suffix: a vowel with its preceding consonants (and the following consosyllable: nant(s) if it/they are not part of another syllable). 'Manchester' is three syllables: man-che-ster. Syllables are determined by pronunciation, not spelling, so 'house' is one syllable. tense: the time of the action in relation to the moment of speech. 'The door opened' (past), 'The door opens' (present), 'The door will open' (future). third person: the he/she/it form (third person singular) or the they form (third person plural) of any tense of any verb. transcription: representation of the pronunciation of any word. A transcription of cer6AHH 'today' is [sye-v6d-nya]. Cf. transliteration'. transitive: a verb which can be followed by 'him' in English or the accusative case in Russian: 'Ivan knows/likes/ killed him'. subject:

506


transliteration: representation of Russian letters by English ones. A transliteration of cero.qHA 'today' is segodnia. Cf. transcription'. unstressed: the less prominently pronounced syllables (with no stress mark ' ), e.g. pho, gra and phy in 'phot6graphy', or MocK in MocKsa 'Moscow'.

unvoiced: verb: voiced:

pronounced with little or no vibration of the vocal cords, e.g. p, f, k, s. word, expressing an action or a state, which will fit in the gap in 'Ivan wants to _ _ • (e.g. 'kill', 'go', 'sit'). pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, e.g. b, v, g, z.

507

INDEX

This index includes the abbreviations used in the lessons. The figures on the right are lesson section numbers, unless preceded by 'page' or 'table'. The sign ' marks technical terms which are defined in the 'Glossary of Grammatical Terms' above. abbreviations accent acceptance accusative' case' active' participles' addresses adj =adjective' adjectives'

adv = adverb' adverbs' age alphabet anim = animate' animate' nouns' anyone (indefinite pronouns) apologizing aspect'

30.3 2.5 25.6 6.3, (anim nouns) 6.4, 10.12, (pronouns) 6.7, (uses) 6.8, 6.9 29.1-29.5, (pres.) 29.3, (past) 29.4 26.10 table 5, 7.2-7.8, (prep. case) 7.11, (ace.) 7.12, (gen.) 10.9-10.10, (with numerals) 10.13-10.14, (comparative) 18.1-18.5, (superlative) 18.6--18.8, (short) 29.7 7.16, (comparative) 18.2-18.5 17.13 l.l-1.3 6.4-6.6, 10.12 26.1-26.7 25.5 12.2-12.4, 15.12, (fut.) 12.3,14.3, (past) 13.1-13.3, (inf) 13.4, (imper) 15.3, 15.6, (verbs of motion) 20.3, 20.8, (summary of usage) 15.11

508

INDEX

be (6b1Tb) bring case' cf. = compare collective numerals colloquial' commas commands see imperative comparative ('better') conditional ('would') conjugation' counting dat. = dative case date dative' case'

days of the week declension' demonstratives ('this', 'that') dictionaries diminutives' ('little table') each other (APyr APvra) e.g. = for example emphatic particle' JKe endings f=feminine fam =familiar form (Tbl) familiar form of address (Tbl) feminine gender fill vowel = mobile vowel first person' ('I', 'we') fleeting vowel = mobile vowel fractions fut. = future tense' future tense' gen. = genitive' gender

3.5, 8.9, (fut.) 14.2 20.5 4.10 22. 10-22.11 4.4 29.6 18.1-18.5 19.2 4.4, Table 8 9.2 17.10-17.11 12.6, (pronouns) 12.6, (nouns) 12.9-12.10 (uses) 12.12, (adj) 12.13-12.14, (impersonal constructions) 14.6 17.2 Tables 1-7, (foreign words) 5.9, (proper names) 5.11 Table 4, 10.11 30.2 25.1-25.4, (adj) 25.4 30.6 note 3 5.2 Tables 1--8 3.8 4.2 4.2 3.8 8.6 8.6 22. 13, (one and a half) 22.5-22.6 12.3, 14.2-14.5 3.8

509

INDEX

genitive' case'

'gerunds' see verbal adverbs give go see verbs of motion greetings handwriting hard' consonants hard' sign ('b) have (own) hours imper =imperative' imperative'

imperfective' aspect' imperfective' verbal adverb impersonal' constructions (HSAO) impossibility inanimate' nouns' indeclinable' nouns' indefinite pronouns ('anyone') indirect (reported) speech inf = infinitive form infinitive' form inst. =instrumental' instrumental' case' intonation intransitive' verbs inversion it italic forms IV A =imperfective' verbal adverb learn

9.3, (sg.) 9.4, (pl.) 9.6-9.8, (uses) 9.5, (with numbers) 9.3, 9.5, 9.9, (quantity words) 9.12, (have) 10.2, (pronouns) 10.3, (HeT +gen.) 10.5, (preps. with) 10.6-10.7, (partitive) 10.8, (possessives) 10.11 28.1-28.6 12.7 3.1 2.1 2.6-2.7 1.2, 20.9 10.2, (MMeTb) 10.4

17.3 15.2-15.10, (first person 'let's wait') 15.7, (second person 'wait, please') 15.2, (third person 'let him wait') 15.8, (aspect) 15.3, 15.6 12.2, 13.1-13.4, 14.3, 15.3, (summary of usage) 15.11 28.3-28.5 14.6 14.6 6.4-6.6 5.10 26.1-26.7 13.5 4.3 4.3 16.2-16.8, (uses) 16.5, (with PPPs) 27.5 5.3 11.6 16.ll 3.7-3.9, 3.12 1.4 13.7

510

INDEX

letters (correspondence) like (Hpa\BMTbCR) lit. = literally locative = prepositional' long versus short adjectives' m = masculine gender masculine gender mobile (fill) vowels months motion verbs multidirectional verbs more

must n = neuter gender names names of Russian letters nationalities NB =note necessity negation ('not', 'nothing' etc.) negative pronouns ('nobody') neuter gender nominative' case' not (He) nouns' number adjectives ('first') numbers

numerals see numbers obligation omission of verb 'to be' omission of OHM

26.11, 26.13 12.8

29.7 3.8 3.8 8.6 17.10 20.1-20.9 20.2 (66nee with adj/adv) 18.3; (66nbWe with nouns) 9.12, (66nbwe or 66nee with nouns) 22.15 (Ha\AO) 14.6, 19 3.8 6.10--6.15, (intimate forms) 25.3 1.5 exercise 8/4 (Ha\AO) 14.6, (AOnJK8H) 19.4 4.8, 24.1-24.8, (gen. or ace. after negated verb) 24.2 24.6, 24.8 3.8 4.10 4.8,24.4 Tables 1-3 17.5 9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.9, 9.11, (endings of nouns after numbers) 9.9, 9.11, 22.2, 22.7 (one) 9.10, 22.3, (with adj) 10.13, (gen. forms) 17.6, (declension) 22.2-22.3, Table 7, (with animate nouns) 22.9, (verb agreement) 22.12, (collective numerals) 22.10-22.11 (Ha\AO, HJJKHO) 14.6, (A6nJK8H) 19.4-19.5

3.5 8.12

511

INDEX

ordinal numerals ('first') own (ca6it) participles'

particles' partitive' genitive' ('some') passive' participles' past passive' participles' past tense' patronymics perfective' aspect' perfective' verbal adverb permission (M6lKHO) personal pronouns' pl.= plural planned future plural pol. = polite form (Bbl) polite form of address (Bbl) poL/pl. =polite or plural possessives' ('my', 'your', etc.) possibility PPP = past passive' participle' prefixes'

17.5 21.2 27.2, (passive) 27.3-27.8, (PPP) 27.3-27.7, (PPP with ·biM endings) 27.7, (present passive) 27.8, (verbal adverbs) 28.1-28.7, (active) 29.1-29.5 30.4 10.8 27.3-27.8 27.3-27.7 11.2-11.5,(reflexives) 11.6,13.1-13.3 6.11, 6.12 12.2, 13.1-13.2, 13.4, 15.3, (summary of usage) 15.11 28.6-28.7 14.6 4.2, Table4 14.5 (nouns) 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, (adj) 8.7, (possessives) 8.8, (ace.) 8.9 4.2 Table 67, 6.2, (ca6it) 21.2-21.3 (M6lKHO) 14.6, (M6'4b) 11.8

19.6-19.7, (no- with comparatives) 18.2, with verbs of motion) 20.3-20.5 prep. = preposition' or prepositional' case' prepositions' (with ace. case) 6.8, (with prep. case) 5.4, (with gen. case) 10.6-10.7, (with dat. case) 12.12, 12.16, (with inst. case) 16.5 4.11, (adj) 7.11, (exceptions) 5.6, (sg. nouns) prepositional' case' 5.4, (possessives) 7.14, (pronouns) 5.7, (pl.) 12.17 4.4-4.6 present tense' prohibition (Henb3R) 14.6 Table 4 pronouns'

512

INDEX

proper names (nouns with capitals) 5.11, (foreign names) 5.9, 6.10-6.14, (B «npiiBA&») (intimate forms) 25.3 punctuation (commas) 29.6 21.7 purpose ('1T66bl) PV A =perfective' verbal adverb 9.12, (declension) 22.8 quantity words ('many', 'few') 11.6 reflexive verbs' 25.7 refusal relative pronoun ('who', 'which') 18.9 13.5 reported speech 25.5 requests 19.6 root' second person' (Tbl, Bbl)

4

self

(·CR) 11.6, 21.6, (ce6R) 21.4, 21.6

sg. = singular short adjectives'

29.7

soft' adjectives'

7.5

soft' consonants

2.5, 2.6

soft' sign (b)

1.2, 2.5

spelling rules

page 387, (M not bl) 8.3, (e not o) !!.10, (a not R) 12.11, (y not tO) 12.11

state words (HSAO)

14.6

stem'

4.4

stress

2.2, 2.3

stress patterns

4.9, 16.10 (note), R-E vocabulary

subjunctive

19.3

subordinate' clause'

29.6

suffixes'

(reflexive suffix ·CR) 11.6, (dim suffixes) 25.2

superlatives

18.6-18.8

surnames

6.14, (declension) 16.9

syllable'

1.2

tense'

(present) 4.4-4.7, (past) 11.2-11.5, 13.1-13.3, (future) 12.3, (differences from English) 13.5, 14.4

than

18.2

513

INDEX

that

3.7, 7.9, (conjunction) 5.8, (T6T) Table 4

third person' (he/she/it/they)

4

this

3.7, 7.9, 7.10, (3ToT) Table 4

time

17.1-17.13, 23.1-23.6, (for a time) 23.4

time (clock)

17.3-17.4, 17.6--17.9

to ('fT66bt •in order to')

21.7-21.8

time expressions see time transcription'

1.5(2)

transitive' verbs'

11.6

transliteration'

1.5(2)

transport

20.7, Ex. 20/6

unidirectional verbs

20.2

unstressed' syllables'

2.10

unvoiced' consonants

2.8

verbal adjectives see participles' verbal adverbs

28.1-28.6

verbs'

Table 8, 4.3, (pres. tense) 4.4-4.7, (past) 11.2-11.5, 13.1-13.3, (future) 12.3, \4.2-14.5, (with numbers) 22.13. See also aspects, conditional, imperative

verbs of motion ('go', 'take' etc.)

20.1-20.9, (with vehicles) 20.7

vocabulary learning

3.10

voiced' consonants

2.8

want

12.5

wh-questions ('what', 'why' etc.)

5.2

what ('fT6)

3.1

what kind of (KaK6i4)

7.8

when

5.2

where

3.~

whether (mt)

td.t5, 13.6

which (KOT6pb1M)

18.9

who (KOT6pb1M)

18.9

w~1rd

26.8

order

years

17.11

yes/no questions

5.3, (nM) 10.15

514

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