THE GRAND THEORY OF PERSONALITY Some 17 Theories of Personality 1- Freud 2- Jung 3- Adler 4- Karen Horney 5- Erickson 6- Maslow 7- Rogers 8- Murray 9- Sheldon 10- Sullivan 11- Allport 12- Cattle 13- Dollard and Miller 14- Bandura 15- Skinner 16- Ellis 17- Kelly There are three forces in Psychology. 1- The first force is Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic or intra-psychic- it reduces humans to levels of animals 2- The second force is Behaviorism - it reduces humans to stimulus-response stimulus-response level 3- The third force is Phenomenology Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology- it restores human beings to their actual level There are a number of theories of personality that come under each banner. 1- The first force is Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic it includes: • Freud’s theory • Jung’s theory • Adler’s theory • Karen Horney’s theory • Erikson’s theory 2- The second force is Behaviorism. Behaviorism. It includes: • Dollard and Miller’s theory • Skinner’s theory • Bandura’s theory • Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike work 3- The third force is Phenomenology Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology. It includes: • Adler’s theory • Kelly’s theory • Murray’s theory • Maslow’s theory • Roger’s theory • Allport’s theory • Cattle’s theory • Sullivan’s theory
Freud’s Theory Freud’s theory includes the following: • Levels of Consciousness • Analysis of Mental Structures • Psychosexual Stages of Development.
• Defense Mechanisms • Means of Tapping the Unconscious • Instinct is an Inherited Condition that gives our Behavior Direction Two kinds of Instincts: 1. Life instinct or Eros: bodily needs, survival, pleasure (libido) 2. Death instinct or Thanatos: aggression, self-destructiveness self-destructiveness (Mortido) Basis of Character Types Major event is Oedipal Complex Anxiety = threat Reality: danger in external world Neurotic: fear of id out of control Moral: fear of conscience Ego defends against anxiety--often unconscious, more and less mature/primitive mature/primitive
Jung’s Theory The Personal Un-conscious consists of repressed or forgotten or not very vivid or clear memories. It consists of clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts which Jung labeled as complexes. A complex is a cluster of ideas connected together by a common feelings or emotions. The Collective Un-consciou Un-conscious s It refers to our ancestral experiences, experiences, memories from untold millions of years,so it is fragments of all human history that we inherit from our forefathers. Jung labeled these ancestral experiences as archetypes. • Persona • Anima • Animus • Shadow • Self The Psychological Types Psychological Types Psychological Psychological Types refer to orientation or the way an individual interacts with other people. Introverts Extroverts Stages of Development of Development • Childhood • Young Adulthood • Middle Ages • Life after Retirement Individual Psychology Adler’s theory The term individual psychology refers to the fact that individuals are unique, unique , they are characterized by inner harmony and a striving force to cooperate with fellow humans. It does not mean that human beings are selfish, aggressive and motivated to satisfy their own biological motives. 1-Adler proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality 2-and he developed birth order theory. theory .
Karen Horney’s theory Horney developed a theory based on two concepts 1- Basic Anxiety 2- Neurotic Personality In 1937, Karen Horney wrote a book called “The Neurotic Personality of our Time” in this book, Karen Horney tried to discuss that a child has two basic needs, which are safety and satisfaction. satisfaction. In 1945, Karen Horney in her book “Our Inner Conflicts” classified ten neurotic needs in three categories. 1- Moving Moving Towards Towards People 2- Moving Against People 3- Moving Away from People Relationship between Real Self Self and and Ideal Self The real self represents all those things that are true about an individual, the ideal self reflects what one would like to become.
Erikson’s theory 1- According to Erickson biology or genetics is one strong determinant of personality but culture is another important determinant. determinant . 2- Thus 2- Thus biologically determined differences between the two sexes can be explained e xplained as result of social expectations or cultural expectations . Ego Psychology It is Ego’s job to organize one’s life and to assure continuous harmony harmony with one’s physical and social environment. Erikson stressed the autonomy and role of ego, ego, we call his theory as Ego psychology. Psychosocial Psychosocial Stages of Development According to Erikson, every individual passes through eight stages of development and sequence of the eight stages is genetically determined determined and it is unchangeable. Each stage of development is characterized by crisis which can have a positive or a negative resolution.
The Stimulus Response Theory Of Dollard and Miller 1-Habit 1-Habit is the key concept in the theory by Dollard and Miller. 2-A habit is a link or association between a stimulus (cue) and a response. For learning (desired behavior) to take place within the subject: 1- One must want something (Drive) 2- Notice something (Cue-Stimulus) 3- Do something (Response) 4- Get something (Reward) Skinner’s Theory of Personality Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
He rejected the use of inner states such as anxiety as the explanation of our overt / observable behavior. behavior . Skinners Use of the of the Term Term "Operant." An operant is a response that operates on the environment and changes it. The change in the environment affects the occurrence of the response. When an operant response is conditioned, it is essential that the reinforcement reinforcement be presented after the occurrence of the response. Only in this way does the frequency of the response increase.
Bandura’s Theory 1- Bandura suggests most human behavior is learned by observation observation.. In Modeling we observe the behavior of others and use this information as a guide for our own behavior. 2- Bandura and his colleagues have demonstrated that subjects allowed to observe a set of responses performed performed by another individual (the model) tend to exhibit these same responses (observed model) when placed in a similar setting. Albert Ellis He is of the view that irrational beliefs are basis of all of our maladjustments maladjustments . These irrational beliefs are learned through socialization from Parents, teachers, peers, friends, religious, political leaders,Books, leaders,Books, films, media etc. 1- The Rational Emotive Behavior A-B-C Theory Personality “A” refers to an activating event. event . “B” refers to the belief system of the individual. individual . “C” refers to the consequence consequence.. Now in this A-B-C model of Personality quite later Ellis’s added D and the E component as well so it is A-B-C-D-E. Where “D” refers to Disputing or debating or challenging the irrational beliefs “E” refers to the Effect or impact of the debate on minimizing irrationality irrationality in one’s attitude.
There are three forces in Psychology 3- The third force is Phenomenology Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology. Psychology.
Maslow’s theory Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) postulated a hierarchy of needs beginning with physiological physiological needs at the bottom and self actualization at the top. An individual must meet the basic needs before trying to meet the higher needs. Roger’s theory 1- Phenomenolo Phenomenological gical theory of personality is that a person’s behavior is obtained through observation of his of his internal frame of reference. reference . why an individual thinks, feels, and behaves in a given way, it is necessary to know how that person perceives and interprets the world. 2. He puts the emphasis on positive aspects of life, life , free choices and personal growth experiences.
3. Actualizing Tendency : An innate need to survive, grow and enhance one’s self. 4. Fully Functioning Person :It is a term used by Rogers to designate individuals who are using their capacities and talents, realizing their potentials.
Kelly’s theory Kelly argued that personality is by its very nature embedded in a person’s interpersonal interpersonal relationships. relationships. For Kelly’s an individual’s personality personality is nothing more or less than his or her construct system. Sullivan’s theory For Sullivan personality is embedded in a person’s interpersonal relationships . The personality develops as result of interpersonal situations and events. Cattle’s theory For Cattell factor analysis is a method used to discover traits which he considers the building blocks of personality. An ability discovered in such a cluster is called a factor and in Cattell’s theory, the term factor is equated with the term trait trait.. Murray’s theory Personality reflects novel novel,, unique unique,, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviors. behaviors . Personality functions are to reduce conflicts, conflicts , satisfy individual needs and to make plans for attainment of future goals. goals .
